SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT

2022-23
Mahendra Milind Gadgil
Roll no. : 104
F.Y.B.Ed.
GVM’s Dr. Dada Vaidya College Of Education, Ponda –
Goa.
 Laws Governing The Universe
Statement
Since the very beginning this universe is governed by certain laws of physics.
1) Laws of Thermodynamics
2) Laws of Electromagnetism
3) Laws of Gravitation and relativity
4) Laws of Classical Mechanics etc.
5) In this session we will be learning in detail about a section of classical
mechanics that is the
6) Newton’s three laws of motion.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

History
 Sir Isaac Newton presented his Three laws of motion in the "Principia
Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis" in 1686.
 Maharishi Kanad had precisely mentioned about Laws of motion in his
book named ‘Vaishesika Sutras’ in about 600 B.C.

Statement
An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by some external net.
 Lets look at an example
Football at Rest -> Ronaldo Kicks -> Ball Moves->Eventually comes to Rest

Forces acting on a body in motion

 So does the Newton’s First Law fails in this case?
 Even for a car to move or for a plane to fly, a constant force is required to
keep them moving which is supplied by its fuel.
 So does the Newton’s first law fails here too?
 To get the essence of this law we must consider all the forces acting on a
body in motion.
  Our planet is a complicated system and when we move around in our
atmosphere we experience things like wind resistance and other forms of
friction.
 This forces of friction slows down a object requiring application of
constant force to keep an object moving.

Discarding Forces of Friction

 Now if we remove the forces of friction and then apply force to an object
so as to make it move then will it continue to move forever?
 For example : Skating Rink where the ice is very slippery which has very
less friction.
 Now imagine that there is a surface that is completely free of friction. If
any object is glided over this surface it will move indefinitely with the
same speed.
EXAMPLES
 This is the kind of frictionless motion that can be seen in the vacuum of
space.
 Stars, Planets, asteroids and satellites; these objects have roughly constant
velocity and they never stop moving.
 So for a better understanding of this law we should be considering motion
in space rather than motion on earth which has forces of friction.
 In Space, a spaceship just accelerate to a certain velocity and then turns
the engine off and it will continue to move with the same velocity until
and unless it is stopped by application of force

Inertia and Mass

 The capacity of an object to resist changes in the state of its motion is
called its inertia.
 Force has to be applied to an object to initiate or terminate its motion.
 Only is the absence of force constant velocity will be maintained.
 Inertia is proportional to mass of the object.
 More mass = More Inertia
  For example: The sailboat is set into motion with a gust of wind and can
stop if something comes in its way. But the cruise ship needs huge
engines to accelerates from rest and then to decelerate it to rest.

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

Force equals mass times acceleration.

F = ma
Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly an object is changing speed.

Acceleration
• An unbalanced force causes something to accelerate.
• A force can cause motion only if it is met with an unbalanced force.
• Forces can be balanced or unbalanced.
• Depends on the net force acting on the object
• Net force (Fnet): The sum total and direction of all forces acting on the
object.
• Net forces: Always cause acceleration.

Balanced Versus Unbalanced

Balanced forces cause no acceleration.
Unbalanced forces cause acceleration

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion

Statement=>
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force exerted on
the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
f=m.a (where f is force exerted, m is mass of the object and a is acceleration of
the object.)

What does F = ma mean?

 Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Imagine a ball of
a certain mass moving at a certain acceleration. It has some force.
  Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the mass) but keep
the acceleration constant. F = ma says that this new ball has twice the
force of the old ball.
 Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the original acceleration.
F = ma says that the ball will again have twice the force of the ball at the
original acceleration.

In Other Words…
Small Force = Small Acceleration
Large Force = Large Acceleration
So….if you push twice as hard, it accelerates twice as much

But there is a twist….

• Acceleration is INVERSELY related to the mass of the object.

More about F = ma
 If you double the mass, you double the force. If you double the
acceleration, you double the force.
 What if you double the mass and the acceleration?
(2m)(2a) = 4F
 Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the force.

What does F = ma say?

 F = ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass
and its acceleration.
 Force is measured in
Newtons (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
OR
kg m/s2

In Summary
 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force &
inversely proportional to its mass.
 F = ma
  Force = Mass x Acceleration

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

The third law of motion states that when one object exerts a force on another
object, the second object instantaneously exerts a force back on the first.
 These two forces are always equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.
 The two opposing forces are also known as action and reaction forces.
These gives us an alternative statement of the third law of motion i.e.,
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Applications of Newton's third law of motion

Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot gases.
These hot gases then push against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out
the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward, the rocket moves in
opposite direction.
 Walking of a person – A person is able to walk because of the newton’s
third law of motion. During walking, a person pushes the ground in
backward direction and in the reaction the ground also pushes the person
with equal magnitude of force but in opposite direction. This enables him
to move in forward direction against the push.
 Birds depends on newton’s third law of motion to fly.
As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their
wings up and gives them lift.

Conservation of Momentum
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM: -
The sum of momenta of the two objects before collision is equal to the sum of
momenta after collision provided there is no external unbalanced force acting
on them.
This statement can alternatively be given as:- the total momentum of the two
objects is unchanged or conserved by the collision.

Applications of law of conservation of momentum

 Bullet and Gun:-When a bullet is fired from a gun, gun recoils in
opposite direction of bullet. The total momentum before firing was zero.
So the total momentum after has to be zero.The gun moves with a
negative momentum because the bullet moves with a positive momentum
and they cancel out, the total momentum stays zero.
 Skaters -When skaters push against each other one moved forward and
had a positive momentum, so the other needed to move backwards to
have a negative momentum, so the total momentum stayed zero.
 Rocket propulsion -
 Before firing the rocket, the total momentum of the system is zero
because the rocket is in the state of rest.
 When it is fired, chemical fuels inside the rocket are burnt and the hot
gases are passed through the nozzle with greater speed.
 According to the law of conservation of momentum, the total
momentum after firing must be equal to zero.
 As the hot gases gain momentum to the rear on leaving the rocket, the
rocket acquires equal momentum in the upward i.e. opposite direction.