Bibliography

https://www.britannica.com/science/Newtons-laws-of-motion

https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-
laws-of-motion/

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-
3/Newton-s-Second-Law
Certificate

This is to certify that Sahil Kumar Jaiswal a student of

class XI has completed the research on the below-
mentioned project under the guidance of Mr.
Dhananjay Parker during the year 2024-2025 in
partial fulfillment of the Physics Practical
Examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Introduction

Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that

establish the science of kinematics. These laws describe the
relationship between the motion of an object and the force
acting on it.
It was Isaac Newton who established these laws, and he
used these laws to explain many physical systems and
phenomena. These three laws were first published by Isaac
Newton in his in 1687, which is the basis of classical
mechanics. Newton used these laws to explain and
investigate many physical phenomena.
Think of it like this: if you've ever kicked a ball, ridden a bike,
or wondered why things fall down, Newton's Laws have the
answers. These laws are like the secret code that unlocks the
mysteries of motion in our everyday world.
So, let's get into it! We'll explore Newton's three laws, break
them down into simple terms, and see how they help us
make sense of how things move and why they move the way
they do
Newton’s First Law of Motion and Its Applications

Newton's First Law of Motion, often called the Law of Inertia, states: "An
object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced external force."
In simpler terms, it means that objects like to keep doing what they're
already doing – if they're sitting still, they want to stay still, and if they're
moving, they want to keep moving.
The equation for Newton’s first law is as follows:
F= dp /dt
or
F= d(mv)/dt

If m=constant
Fnet=m⋅a

where:

• Fnet is the net force acting on the object,

• m is the mass of the object,
• a is the acceleration of the object.

According to Newton's First Law, if Fnet=0, then a=0. When acceleration

is zero, it means the velocity of the object is not changing. Therefore, an
object at rest will stay at rest (v=0) or an object in motion will continue
moving with a constant velocity (v≠0) when no net force is acting on it.
Real Life application and Examples
A carbet is beaten to remove dust

When you beat a carpet with a stick, the dust particles fall off because as the carpet is
beaten, it moves backwards, i.e., it gets into motion, but the dust particles continue to
remain at rest. This example again explains the inertia of rest, i.e., the tendency of a body
to remain in its initial state.

Fruits fall of while shaking branches

Have you ever wondered why fruits and leaves fall off when you vigorously shake the
branches of trees? It is because when the tree branch is shaken, it comes in the state of
motion under the influence of the force you apply, but the leaves and fruits continue to
stay the same due to inertia of rest and tend to fall down.
Car Safety Systems

Seatbelts and airbags in cars are designed with Newton's First Law in mind. In the event
of a sudden stop (due to a collision), the passengers tend to keep moving forward, and
these safety features help prevent severe injuries.

Space Exploration:

Spacecraft continue moving through space at a constant velocity unless external forces
(like thrusters or gravitational pulls) act on them. So no extra fuel is required to keep it
moving. This aligns with Newton's First Law.
Newtons Third law of motion

Newton’s third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply
forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.
The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces
acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first
object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of
the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the
second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-
reaction force pairs.

Note on Action and Reaction Forces

• Action and Reaction forces are exerted by different bodies and not
by the same body.
• Action and Reaction always occur simultaneously, and they are
always in pair.
• Opposite direction
• Same nature
• Act along same line
Some Applications and real life examples

Walking

When you walk, you push the street; i.e., you apply an action force on the
street’s ground, and the reaction force moves you forward.

Firing a Bullet from a Gun

When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun applies a force F to the bullet which
can be considered as (action force) whereas simultaneously the bullet also
applies the same force on the gun called the recoil of the gun which can be
considered as the reaction force.
Catching a Ball

A fielder catching a ball experiences a force on its hand by the ball (action
force) and the same amount of force is also observed by the ball (reaction
force). The image given below shows a fielder catching a ball, when the fielder
catches the ball it experiences the reaction force.
Motion of a Boat in Water

How a boat move in water is the best way to explain Newton’s Third Law of
Motion. If we observe a boatman rowing the boat we see that when the
boatman pushes the water backward with his oar (action force) the water
pushes the boat forward (reaction force) and in this way, a boat moves in the
water.
Swimming

Swimming is also an example of action and reaction forces. When a person

swims and pushes the water backward with the help of his hands and feet, the
water exerts an equal force on the person in the forward direction. The action
in swimming is the person pushing the water, and the reaction is the water
pushing the person.

Slapping

When you slap someone, your hand feels pain and so does the cheek of the
victim. The pain in the cheek is due to action force, and the pain in the palm is
due to reaction force
Newtons Second law of motion

Newtons second law defines force to be equal to change

in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Momentum is
defined to be the mass m of an object times its velocity V. According to this
law, the rate of change of a body’s linear momentum is directly proportional
to the external force applied to the body, and this change always occurs in the
direction of the applied force

Momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and

direction. A force applied to a body can change the magnitude of the
momentum or its direction or both. Newton’s second law is one of the most
important in all of physics. For a body whose mass m is constant, it can be
written in the form F = ma, where F (force) and a (acceleration) are both vector
quantities. If a body has a net force acting on it, it is accelerated in
accordance with the equation. Conversely, if a body is not accelerated, there
is no net force acting on it.

Fnet = dp/dt

= d(mv)/dt

= m . dv/dt + v . dm/dt

If m=constant

= m . dv/dt

= m.a
Second Law of Motion Examples and Application
Carrying a Cart

Pushing an empty cart is easier than pushing a filled cart because moving an
object with a significant mass requires a large amount of force. Because a
filled cart has greater mass, pushing or pulling an empty cart is easier than
pushing or dragging a loaded cart.

Racing Cars

Reducing the weight of racing cars to increase their speed, engineers try to
keep vehicle mass as low as possible, as lower mass means more
acceleration, and the higher the acceleration the greater the chances of
winning the race.
Rocket launch

For a rocket to leave the earth’s orbit and enter outer space, a force called
thrust is required. As per the second law of motion given by Sir Issac Newton,
the force is proportional to the acceleration; therefore, to launch a rocket, the
magnitude of thrust is increased, which in turn increases the acceleration.
The speed achieved by the rocket finally helps it to escape the earth’s
gravitational field and enter space.

Riding Bicycle

Riding your bicycle is a good example of this law of motion at work. Your
bicycle is the mass. Your leg muscles pushing on the pedals of your bicycle is
the force. When you push on the pedals, your bicycle accelerates. You are
increasing the speed of the bicycle by applying force to the pedals.
Table of contents

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgements
3. Introduction
4. Newtons first law and its application
5. Newtons second law and its application
6. Newtons third law and its application