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Assignment 2
ES 112

1. Define Force.
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with
another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force
upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer
experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.

2. Give 5 examples that shows force.

Gravitational forces, electric forces, magnetic forces, nuclear forces, frictional
forces are some examples of force.

1) A force can move a stationary object

Example : The force of motor  makes a stationery fan to move ( rotate). 

2) A force can change the speed of a moving object.

Example : When a hockey player hits a moving ball, the speed of ball increases.

3) A force can stop a moving object.

Example : The force of brakes can stop a moving car.

4) A force can change the direction of a moving object.

Example : In a cricket match, when a moving cricket ball is hit by a bat ,then the
direction cricket ball changes.

5) A force can change the shape of an object. 

Example : When force is applied on flour dough, it changes its shape .

3. Define Newton’s Law of Motions. Give 3 examples each.

Newton’s first law: the law of inertia
Newton’s first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a
constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving
in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.

Place a ball in a box and slowly push the box.

Abruptly stop the box. The ball will keep moving. According to Newton's
first law, an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by
an unbalanced outside force, so the ball keeps rolling even though the
box has stopped.

A roller coaster has inertia. When it starts a drop it wants to continue moving in the same direction at a
constant speed. It doesn't, however, because the tracks act as an outside force that changes the roller
coaster's direction.

The second part of Newton's first law is sometimes forgotten – you have to remember that it applies to
bodies that are moving at a constant velocity, not just those at rest.
A stationary car will never move unless pushed to start moving.
A moving car would never stop unless a force acts upon it. These forces that reduce its speed are friction
and drag.

Newton’s second law: F = ma

Newton’s second law is a quantitative description of the changes

that a force can produce on the motion of a body. It states that
the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in
both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it. The
momentum of a body is equal to the product of its mass and its
velocity.

 Riding your bicycle is a good example of this law of motion at work.

Your bicycle is the mass. Your leg muscles pushing pushing on the
pedals of your bicycle is the force. When you push on the pedals, your
 bicycle accelerates. You are increasing the speed of the bicycle by
applying force to the pedals.

F=ma
Use  

It will take twice the amount of force to accelerate the wagon with 20kg as the wagon with 10kg. But in
order to make an object accelerate or move you have to apply a force.

Example 3
Because the mass of each ball is different, each ball will travel a different distance and at a different
speed when it is hit with the same force.

Newton’s third law: the law of action and reaction

Newton’s third law states that when two bodies interact, they
apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. The third law is also known as the law of
action and reaction.

For example, when you jump, your legs apply a force to the ground, and the ground applies and
equal and opposite reaction force that propels you into the air.

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Skater A pushes against skater B.
Skater B will accelerate to the right according to F=maF=ma

Skater A will accelerate to the left because there is an equal and opposite force.
Releasing a balloon full of air has an equal and opposite reaction.

Air is pushed out of the neck of the balloon but the balloon reacts in the opposite direction by moving
upwards.

4. Define Mass.
mass, in physics, quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental
property of all matter. It is, in effect, the resistance that a body of
matter offers to a change in its speed or position upon the
application of a force. The greater the mass of a body, the smaller
the change produced by an applied force.

5. Define Weight.
Weight, gravitational force of attraction on an object, caused by
the presence of a massive second object, such as
the Earth or Moon. Weight is a consequence of the universal law
of gravitation: any two objects, because of their masses, attract
each other with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them. Thus more massive objects, of
course, weigh more in the same location; the farther an object is
from the Earth, the smaller is its weight.