Grade 8

FORCE
 A force is a push or a pull.
 It describes the interaction between two objects. .
 A force is a vector quantity. It has a magnitude as well as direction.
2 Types of Quantity
1. SCALAR QUANTITY – has magnitude alone.
Example of scalar quantities are distance, speed, volume, mass, temperature, power, energy,
and time.
Distance- is the measure of the interval between two locations measured along the actual
path. Examples: 12 meters, 14 km, 5 miles
Speed- tells how fast an object is moving. Example 5m/s.
Volume- is the quantity of 3-d space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Commons units of
volume include liters, cubic meter, gallons, milliliters, teaspoons, and ounces. Example 1.5 L
Mass- quantity of matter that a body contains. Example 45 kg.
Temperature- is the measurement of how hot or cold an object is. It is measured by a
thermometer or a calorimeter. In another context, temperature is a measure of internal energy
of a system. Example 37 ̊Celcius, 76 ̊Fahrenheit, 0 Kelvin
Power- rate at which work is done. Example 1308 J/s. (J= joules)
Energy- ability to perform work. Example 33.75 Joules
Time- is the ongoing sequence of events taking place. The past, present, and the future. The
basic unit of time is second (s). Example 5 o’clock in the morning.

2. VECTOR QUANTITY – has both magnitude and direction. Example of vector quantities
are force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, and momentum.
Velocity- the rate at which an object changes its position. Example 55 mi/hr, east.
Acceleration- the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if its
changing its velocity. Example 10 m/s, SE.
Displacement- is the measure of the interval between two locations measured along the
shortest path connecting them. Example 2.7 km, N.
Momentum- defined as “mass in motion. All objects have mass; so if an object is moving,
then it has momentum- it has mass in motion. Example, the bowling ball is moving 10
kg∙m/s westward.

 The SI unit of force is newton, represented by capital letter “N”.

 A force of one newton is the force that gives a one kilogram mass an acceleration of 1 m/s 2.
 In nature, there are two general types of forces: fundamental forces and nonfundamental
forces.
o Fundamental forces includes gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear
force, and weak nuclear force.
o Nonfundamental forces includes push and pull, friction, and others.
 Contact force- forces that result from direct physical contact between two objects.
 Grade 8
Non-contact force- force does not include physical contact. Example are the fundamental
forces.
LESSON 1- NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 Motion- is the change of position of an object with reference to time.
Newton’s Law of Motion
1. Newton’s First Law or Law of Inertia
o Inertia is the property of a body that tends to resist a change in its state of motion. Mass
is the measure of inertia. The greater the mass of the body, the greater its inertia. The
greater the inertia, the harder it is to change the state of motion of that body.
o Newton’s first law of motion states, “an object at rest will remain at rest or when in
motion will continue to move with constant velocity unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.”
o An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by external force.
 Example: a stalled car must be pushed to start its motion; a ball stays in place until
you kick it; trees stay in place unless carried by force of water during floods.
 An object in uniform motion will remain in uniform motion unless acted by an
unbalanced external force.
 Example: a passenger tends to move outward when the car makes a sudden turn; in
a bus, a person moves with the same velocity as the vehicle while inside it. When
the bus suddenly stop, he experiences being thrown forward; use of seatbelt.

2. Newton’s Second Law or Law of Acceleration

o Acceleration is a measurement of how quickly an object is changing speed.
o The second law states, “when a net force acts on a body, the body will accelerate in the
direction of the force.” The acceleration is directly proportional to the force. Furthermore,
the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

Fnet
a=
m

3. Newton’s Third or Law of Interaction

o It states that “for every action of force upon an object that object in return will exert an
equal and opposite force upon the other object.” It is commonly stated as ̶ “For every
action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
o Newton’s third law dictates that forces always come in pairs, that is, an action and reaction.
For instance, two objects are exerting force to each other. The force exerted by the first
object on the second object is the action force. The force exerted by the second object on
the first object is the reaction force. The two forces are called action-reaction pairs. They
have equal magnitude but opposite in direction.
o Example: in order for you to walk, you use your feet to push the pull the floor backward. The
reaction of the floor is to exert the same amount for reaction force directed forward; rowing a
 Grade 8
boat, you apply a force propelling the water backwards, and the water provides an equal and
opposite force propelling you forward.