FM 5-20

DEPARTMENT DF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

CAMOUFLAGE

HEADQUARTERS. DEPARTMENT DF THE ARMY

MAY 1968
 ·'M 5-20

....M..,~l
FM !S-20
HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT OF TH E A RMY
WASH INGTON, D.C" M al/ t O 1988

CAMOUFLAGE

CKIoPID 1. INTRODUCTION
L
a.
DJ:TECTION
CONC J:ALlIEN T
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.. CAMOUP LAGE F OR THE INDIVIDUAL • •• • 11_17 26

Ii. J'IELD F ORTIFICATIONB • l a-.-U 81

_on "
t.
D.
VEHICLES AND ARTILLERY
Voddeloo • •
Arilll...,. __• •
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8li,ze
86
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CIUPTM 7. AI RCRAF T 27"1 '9
a. BIVOUACS, COIIMAND POSTS AND
SUPPLY POINTS ._ ___ 82-88 57
II. LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVJ:LT
PERMANE NT INS TALLATIONS ~5 III
10. DECOY INSTALLATIONS /+-7' &6
"""'''''''' REFE RJ:N CES __ __ _ 102

. ..... _ _ ... . . - PIll I-JI. II 1 _ PIll 1-11 . II ••_ _ , _ .... . . . - _ ,., 1-JOlI. II .........
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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. PI,I.P'O" gnd SCClpe
a. This IIULnuai pr ovid"" a comprehensive
refere nce and guide in all aspecto at camou_
nag<!. It de.crihes In detail the pr inciple.. In_
volved in coneeaiing Or disguising troops. vehi-
ciell, weapons, and field installations. The IllKt
cluIpter di.cu98l!111 the p1&n.ning l or and the
operation at decoya and decoy InstallatlOllll.
For technical lnfonnation regarding th e
natu ral and artificial mate rials and equipment
aVllilable lor both concealment and visual
deception, the reader la relerred to TM &-.-200.
b. InfortIUltion and data presented in this
t: nual ..... appllcable to both nuclear and non_
clear warfare. It must be remembered that
n the event at a nuclear bunt near a camou-
Raged position. the thermal radiation lIULy ig-
nite the eamouflage if It Ia 01 .. flammable sub-
stance. In addition. radiological decontamina-
tion operations ma y be hlnderad by the
presence 01 elaborate eamouftBi"e conrlrndion.
Thfl8e are calculated riaka and must be taken
into consideration when planning camouflage
meallu"",.
2. Comment
Users 01 this man ual are encouraged to submit
recommended chan&e8 Or eemmente to improve
the manua!. Commento should be keyed to the
speeitk: page, paragraph, and line 01 the text
in which the change is recommended. Reasons
should be provided for eILCh conunent to insure
understanding and eomplete evaluation. Com_
menta should be forwarded directly to the Com-
Il1llndant, U. S. Army EJ1i"ineer School. Fort
Belvoir, Va.• 22060.
3, r..pon.lbilltle. for Ccrmouflclge and
Deo»ptlon
a. Individual. The Individual soldier is re-
•
sponaible for his own concealment. Hia respon-
sibility here is just as great .... hia responsibil _
ity lor hi. rifte, and he must know as much
about camoonage .... he d08ll about his weapon.
Just u trainilli" in ma rkllmanahip tea.ehea the
soldier to hit a target accurately. so does
knowledge 01 camouflage teach him how to ea-
cape becoming a target himself.
b. Command. Overall unit camouflage is th e
responsibility of the comman der . He must in-
slIre the complete understanding by every man
in hill command 01 the Importance, principle!! ,
and techniques of eamounage. In addition to
his responsibiliti"" in the trnininll" and super_
vision of the Individual soldier's concealment
efl'orts, he must plan snd execute camouflage
measUreli lo r the operational, administrative,
and logistical areaa 01 his command. Finally.
to insure the etrectiveneaa at all camoufl~
measures, he is raponsible for th e strict en-
f orcement at camou8.&ge discipline.
4. Impartano» of camouflage
Camoufl~ is one of the basic weapons of war.
Correctly used, it can spell the difference
between a succeesl ul campaign and defeat; to
the individual it can moon the difference be-
t ween lil e and death. R~rdless of the type 01
warl~l out nuclear Or Inter nal delenae
operations--umounage remains important.
Small semi-independent unitll mullt l urn ish
their own security, r econnai88l1nce, and sur-
veilianee. They muat be able to exist l or long
periods 01 time with s minimum of control
and support from hi~ headquarten . AI. a
r esult, their success will depend to a larg e
extent upon their Ilblllty to remain concealed
lrom the enemy. This in t urn will depend upon
the knowl~ and proper execution at the
principlea of camouflal"e.
,
 CHAPTER 2
DETKTION
5. IntrodudicHI
Before it.ls posalble to employ dedi.,. eamou-
nage it is DeeeolSary to know aomethlnll' abou t
observatiOD. Then are two broad eateror:lO!lll of
observatlon--dil'llCt and Indil'llCt.
6. DI..d Observation
Direct obeervatloa refera to that prooeea
w~reby the observer __ the aubjeet php-
leally. that iA. with bbl ~ed or ullllided..
Exampl O!lll of thbl type of observation lnelude
an obeerver elttinll' on a hilltop wlth blnocuIan
or an aerial observer vlewllli' the landscape
frtml an ai rc raft. Direct obeervatlon hae many
advante~: It offers immediate InfoMlUltion
on whieh action may be baeed; the picture bI
seen In the true third dimension and la easily
evaluated by the brain; the eye la nonnal1y lUI
accura te a nd leIIJIiti ve receiver; and It allow.
obaervatlon of movement. It hae four major
dieadvantages: There Is no permanent record
for future direct comparieoD; weather and
time of day may limit It; the oblerver's ex-
perienee and mlsllion m&ylimlt the lnfonnation
obtained; and human error may result In 111_
complete and Incorrect Infol'1lLation.
7 . Indirect Observation
In indil'l!<:t observation the observer ..... a
picture or an imap of the subject, and DOt the
physle&l aubjeet itself. Photography. radar,
infrared, and televlaloll are aaed in Indirect 0b-
servati on. The adVaDtall'ea of Indll'llCt aberva_
t10n are: Sueces&ive photol! of the aa.me &n\ll
may detect changes which have taken place; It
reeulta In a pel1llll.Dent record; it lnc_ the
.pectrum for ob8ervation to th<l infrared /Uld
other apectrulWll invisible to the human ey<l; it
ClIn be diatributed to an eclIelonl for thoir
•
~uJar ne<ldl; the photographe may be
.tOOled at length; It I'<lduees diatane<l of obser-
vaOon by enlargement: and radar- will uaually
d<ltect a IIl<ltaI.llc object behind a nonmetallie
eereea, aucll all a conventional bl.lrlap-
garnlabed eamounap net. Ita dlsadvantaMw
are: The time required to develop photoi"raphl
and dluem.inate the Infonnatlon; weather may
interfere with llt!r1al photograph; the skill of
the photointerpre\er may limit Infonnatloa 0b-
tained ; and there la a lack of the third dlm<lD- 1
. lon . excepton apeelallte reophotography.
a. Aerial Ph ot ogra phll. I n modem warfare
aerial photography h.. Il6llUmed a place ~'
extreme Importance• .IIld In reprd to ~ ,
nap deteetion and lDa~tion. photography ha..
reached a .\;age where it ill indiBpenaabte.
Military photoi"raphe Ire divided Into three
ca.tell'llrlea: vertical, hill'h oblique, .IIld low
obllque.
(1) Vmie"l. The vertical photorraph i.
one taken directly ahove the . ubject. It show.
practlealJy no detail In the third dlmenalon
other than Ihadow Ind can be eompared with
a pJan view of bulldlllll'll on a blueprint. Whell
taklDlf' a vertical photorraph, the line of Bip t
on the camera la perpendleular t.:> the Une of
f1lpt of the ain:raft (ng. 1) . In vertleal
photo Interpl'l:!taUon. th<l proeesa of stereo-
vieioll la used extensively. By taking two pho-
t.orrapha of th<l BlIllIe subject and .tereoacople
glaasea. the third dimensi on, depth. beeOIl1<lll
apparent. Thil Is 01 rreat advantage In exam-
IniDlf' enemy camouna.ge or In inspectiDlf' our
OWD~.
(2 ) High. oblique. High oblique photo-
rra.pha are thoae taken at an aDlf'le ral8ed floP1
the vertical so th at th e apparent horizon aho~
On th<l photo. It aleo mOW'll a partial thil I ~
 Vertic".1
dimen.ion by gi ving the s ide and top view of
the "ubject ( fill' . 2) .
(1I ) Lo w oblique. T he low oblique i8 . imi.
lar to the high oblique except that it dOl.'fl not
show the horiwn. T his is accomplish ed by
taking the photoKrnph at an angle I"". than
SO " from the p"'rvendicular to the line of flight
(fig. S).
(4 ) Filnu. There are fou r t ype" of fi lm
WIed In aerial photography ,
(<I) Bl.Mk and u·hit e. Black lind white
film recoro.. images in tone gradation between
white lind black. While not reproducing color,
It d<>ell provide a pennanent record of tonal
ditferencell. Select tllteMl are often used to im-
pro ve the photollTaph or to r ecord on ly the
light that is known to give th e greatest tonal
"ffereD. '" between natural b&ckground. a nd
object bei n ll' s oug ht (fill. 4) .
(b) Cowr film . Color film will detert
camouflage which does no t match th e "01 0r8
in the background. However, th is film IUl-'l
many oPt'rationll l difficult ies a nd ~i ves b"s t
resultll O)nly u nder ideal conditiO)ns, CO)lors
tend W blend together a t h i~h a ltitudes ,
shadO)w density is not ll-'I accu rate on this fil m
as on the black and wh ite f,lm, a nd atmospheric
conditions must be ideal in order to obtai n l\
clea r photo~rllph, F or t h....e fea.<;<JllS, th is f,lm
ill not w idely used (fig, 5 ).
(c) I n f ra r ed film , Inf ra red waYe" or
rays re fer to a portion of the elect l'Om s lO1 eti c
spectrum wh ich is invisihle to th e human eye ,
Most thinll" in nature, s ueh as livin ll', ll'reen
vesretation , reflect these infr a red ,,'aves rea dily
a nd in larg e quantities, :\10st artificial rna _
•
 lIigh Oblique
teri ll1s normally do not ...1I..,t th ....e inf ra r<'<i
wa veII to the same e xtent. T blUl. infrared 111m
wh ich ls notllinK more t han blll.C k a nd whi te
film that is BeMitive to Iuf rar ed wav.... can
result in a picture showinK contr""liI l>clween
natural mllt.er illla and artillcial materials. The
natu ral materials will ahow up u a Iill'ht to ne
of In'1Iy while the artificial materials win ahow
up ILl a dark tone of lITay. Inf rared fil m hill!
a nothe r impo rtant use. It een be used !A> tAke
phoWgra!.ha a t lI i ~t if til"..., Is a SOU rce of
infrared ra diati nn. To counte r the detecting
abili ty of this film , camouft a ll'1l p&in lil a nd dyes
have been d""elop€'d that have a hlll'h lnf ranod
....fl ectance, aimila. to foHa~. All c>L!I1oufl" Il'''
materi als lire now i."ued with thl. type of
colori nll !<O t h"t infrued fil m Mil no longer
detect di tl'e rences between I1Jlt u ....1 and arli tl-
•
cial camoull ~ that 11M I.>een t~ wiUl such
pa in t a nd dye (flg . 6 ) .
( d ) CamoujW.Qe detecti<m film. Thi.
film w.... delligned specifi cally to detect green
colored a rtificial camouflage by r<:o::ordinll' it &8
blue to blu&--I"ree n in con trast to a red r<:o::orn_
inll' or nat ural veg etati on. It combinf!8 th~
advantai"'" ot both int~ a nd colo r films.
Th e st ructu re of the film is such \.hat high
infrared reaeeu ve objee~natural VegetatiOll
-c-reccrd as red ; low infra red rellect ive objecb
record aa blue or lrfOOn .
b, Radar. Radar detecting dev ic.... emit radio
sigtla19, usually in the f orm of pulses of an
ultrah igh t r l.lqUency, wh ich are reflected from
t he object bein g viewed an d r<:o::eived hack
the point ot transmiuion. By analyzin/C th
 Low Obliq u e
minute r ellected si/lTlal• • the characteristics of
the ohject un der obsen-alion may 00 'I....
tennine<!. Concealment from rada r dependll
upon th e r!'duction of thi s refled ion. Thi. ca n
be accomplished by diggi ng in ce by use of a
defilade. It is important to ""memlwr t hat
foliage cover a lone "",,,not be relied upon com_
plet..1}· to deCeat detection by rada r.
r. I Nfra red . There a re two types of infrared
detecl.£lTll: Adi ve (nea r) which req uires illu-
minati on of the target by ..,me light worce .
slIl'h a8 in!ra rm spot o r lloodllg hta or the S U D ;
snd pa&&i"" (fa r ) which d eled .. the heat emit-
ted by the ta rlr"t a nd convem the ai KJl"I to a
visual picture lfTa ph or M UDd rt!<'ord . Concea l·
ment f ro m active inCrarOO dependa on the reduc-
n of ,. .11...,18""" cont ract between the ob ject
lin d ita s ur round inl(>l . I f t he ohjed a nd ju bl<Ck_
grou nd are of th e same rellectance and te xtur e,
total concealme nt is a chie ved. Concea lment
from passive inf rared ill dependent upon re-
dueing heat em;"";oo of olJj et"t!I wh ich are hot-
ter than th eir . u rroun dinll'll. Therefore. hOme
in. ul at ion or sh ield mu"t be " ",-'<1 , Defilade,
heavy bruah, or even tree COVer will a t le""t
a tk nuate t he hea t ra d ia t ion , To w ha t e xtent ,
de pend., upon the de M ity or L,ick n..... ,
8, f octoR of Recogni Tion
Rega rdl""" of t he method or observat ion em_
ployed, there a re ce rtain factol'll wh ich must
...1...a )." be p nt to h..ll' t he eye lind hrtl;n
identi fy a n obj t. Th....e a re k>rmed facto J'll of
reco&,ni tlon ( fi r . 8 ) .
r
 a. PoRiti01l.. An abject is often identi fied by
it.. posit ion with relat ion to it>< surroundi n l/:s.
A long object on a railroad tl'lU'k is .....umed to
be a tra in: aimihl.r objects on a river a n d pa r-
allel to its banks are lUIsumed to be \)oats o r
barg"". A llU"lf" structu re in a IO'oUp or frame
buildin!C" might be a b" rn. Position is nothiIlJ(
more than t he ,...la tive space rela t i<lnsh ip of one
object to another object or objects.
b. SIw./w . Ex per ience Maeh es poople t o as -
sociat e an object with its sha pe or outl ine. At
"' distll nee . the outli ne of ob ject.' ca.n be
recognized IanI/: befo,... the details of makeup
can be det<.'rmined. Trucks, gU118, tIInks . a nd
other com mon milita ry item~ of equipment all
have distinctive outl in.... that help to identi fy
them.
c. Shadow . Shadow may be even more reo
vealing th a n th e ohj ect itself . Th ill. i. particu-
larly trn.. when viewed fmm the air. Such items
•
as fll.<:"tory chimneys, utilit y poles. vehicles,
bri dl/:es, a n d ten ts ha ,'e rlietlnctiv e shadow•.
Sometimee it may be more im portant to brea k
up or d isruj>t th e shadow of a n obj ect than it
is to conceal the object itself.
d. Tc" fur .., Textu re r efer. to tl ,e abi lity of
a n object to retlect, absorb, and diffuse light.
It may be defined .... th e r elative smoothness or
roughneaa of a surface (fig. 9) , A ro ugh sur·
face, sue,h a.. a field <>f g fll.."", ,...flec\.S litth
lil/ht a nd casts many shadow. on itself. Can.
s''<Iuent ly it a pl'<""'s very dark to the eye or oa
II photograph. A smooth surfa<:e, such a.. a~
ai ""trip or the roof of a buildin g , ,...flecb
more llgh t on an aeri al photograph. Thus, all
airstrip. even t h ough it might Ix· pa inted th t
same color .... the surround ing terrain, would
show up lUI a li!!,hter ton.. on a photograph.
The almoet to tal absence of text ure rellulbl .
shine, One of the most revealin g br each
ea"""" t1.III~ d ;""ipli ll~ ill ah ill~. 'IlIh1 . Ion<! r . 1I
allnct . t.... l1l..... t.<>. ",,".tiOll u lld<>r ~"""')' ,....
........Iion I"f'P.nI leM of th~ t)"l~. Shi n~ il lII~n_
~"'Iy """, ial<'<l ...ith Uw ,.."...·Ii,," "r ~"nlilllhl
from wi nd ield". ,,·indo m..... k illl. a nd
othrr ~u" h alm...t te "l u l ~u rla<' ..... E" rn
th.. lr ll...... " C fi..ld 11I1" ,,·h.. 11 u't"d ill d i,....·'
,u nlilllhl . rR" " ·11....t " lJri l(1lt "hi".. "i mi"' r t..
that "r K mirro r. (S" mt· "u!.J.tanee.•• """h ''"
,·...-t,, 11I 1,1".•t i,·". "·"" rd l"., , "r th e d "jl"l"" "r
textur... "t ill [l,..-,.. "t a 5lt i n~. )
' . ( ·" /n,,. /'" I" r i, a ll a i,1 t" " " "b"en'~r wI"·,,
til...... 1. r "" lra, t L>o.t....... n th .. rol" r or a ll obj..o:t
Ind it.< I",...kl(r""nd. Th~ lI:...... t..r the ",mlr""t
in ,""lor. th .. mo.... ,·i. ibl.. th .. object al.I_ .....
• "hi l.. ""'''r . Ion.. w ill W1 ually not identi ty . 11
,"'"I. it iI <of...." .11 aid in Ioc.tilli" the ubj«:t
or co nfirminlll a tentati.... i....lltifieat ion. A
_na ry ....l\IIidfonti".. iI t .... «.ne "r a t'<llo,r.
Thil il u... mooi liratiull oC rolor i ll nryi nll"
......d..... 115uan.\· darker ,ha""" of a ~" en .."l"r
" 'ill be .... like l)' It> at1n1rl a ll obaen 'er's a t-
I<'lItioll lh llll tI,.. lilllhler. mo,... h rilli "nt ,h ad.....
f. ." ",-n",·"t. Th.. Ia..t Cado r oC ......oj(nitioll
is m"wn"'nt lin d a lth""jl"h th i. (ado r ,,'101 ,,11\
reveal" tJ,,· i,l"nti ty of a n ohj ,~- t hy It><,·lf. it i"
ll". m", t iml . "t",,! ""l' f" r r"v,·"li"l( ,·.bu·",·,·.
Eve n t ho"KIt t h other fa rt" .. "f "''''''jl"n it ion
have I....." '·""' I.I..le ly elin, in.. t.-.i, .. n " "f"IIIy " I..
.... I"\·.. r " '111 b.. aU rarlt>d. t.<> Ih.. a ...... ir .... w""
ment i. ,."t r"n t rol led. II.. m,,~' ",-"" be ron_
r en tn>li lla: h i~ a lle ntlo n " II anme uth e r 10""
hu t h.. ...ill not Ca il t.<> d..t...·l mo~ .....enl ill
another atal thruua:h h is prriph.. nl v ilion .
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SHAPE

SHA DOW RELATIV E PO SI TI O N

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COLOR

TE XTU RE
MO VEMENT
 CHAPTER 3

CONCEALMENT

9, ' riM.1n
S iti ng. di~lpll ne, and eOD5truction a re the
three princi pla employed. to elim.inat. the fac-
ton of ~ition, Good eamo<l ll&¥e is ob-
tainable onl,. thfOUl'h a thorou gh lindei'''
ItaD.ding of the fKto", of recognition and <:an-
ful nalu&tlon &lid IltiliiW.lon of theae prm.
cipla (If eor:K*.lmlmt.
... S itiA#. Slt mlf ia nothi... m,," thaD adtd-
mg the m.... advanta.-a pomtion in .. hith
to hide • mAn, . n object, or an &clint,' (ftp:.
10 th rwJh 14) . l'o matter wh.t kind of t.r..
rain It b , ...... a n a PJl&"'ntly f_tu .......
d......rt. the... la . l .... ys lIOIne d j".,.,rnible pat.
wm. natural o r manmade, .... hleh can be uaed
to «>nefti or . t Ie. st blur the tactically vital
. ign. of military activity. If th ese fu tu ....
U1! uti lized. eon~.lment " ,ill often be effectl ve 1 W~ ON G

with"ut em ployme nt of . rtiflc ial eamouft &ie

cond r uct ic.ll meu ures. Experience hll.8 shown
that a V IllIt m. J"rlty of . n concealment prob-
lem. can be solved by proper siting. The re are
ereee iOvem lnlf fado", for aite selecti on.
(1) M;, fflm . Thi. ;.. p .. ramounl A certain
IocatioD may be excellent f rom the conceal ment
.tandpoint, but If it m.. ke. it impoM ible to
ca rry oot the ml&o ion, it la pointless.
(2) DUpen;..... The req uirement for d i...
~nion dktat. the AWl of the aile. A. site la
......... if It ,,"II Dot permit enough d isp"nal
for d ectlft operation.
(S ) T....... i" pottl~ The fina l point to
borp ill IIlind la '"What, it . ny, disturballCe in
the terraill pattem ,,"II this parti""iar li te
lIectU1tate r The ana... er ahould be '"nona..
Thia ia 't'ital line" any cha nge in aD exi.atilll"
p&itenI wtll lmm ldiately mdicate the pneftlCf
fA. lOme kti't'ity. The foar I"enerali:r.ed tern in

.
po.tterm.-n1ral. urbalI. wooded, and t.~ ,....... 1... c........ ., -".....
 WRO NG
F;'-.. 11. E n ",plo _, ~ '; Ii"l/ •
~oI r ~ .g . lo lod
an hllve dlsti nctlve eha rac"' I'i.UCll. which a ce
nee......,.,. to preoerve.
( II) R.""ll t............. Th i. terni " i.o 1"e<' ''II''
Jilied from the ai r b,. vi rtue "f Ita peculiar
dlec . ertxo.rd pattern. Thia III • "",ult of the
illere"t tn>- of crope. . Dd veptation found
molltf.,.m...
(II ) U""'" If"ITa..... A picture f rom the
Ur of ~ llrb&ll terrail>ll ;" clLll rac teri.... by
fDnn or _ urtifo rm rn.... of l>ou&inr. inter-
W'O¥ftl with llt f'ft'tA• • nd punrtnatfod by r . .....
fnDylncated tr- ....d IhrubL
(c) W ""","" I""",,,. The pictu re that
thil terni" p.--nta to the aerial ot-rver ;"
a natural, Irtej'\lla.r work of na ture. u"l ib the
almo»t e-netric pattei'll of the manmade rural
u d urban \.errain.
(d) B lIrrnt Urrui.... U ke the ..ooded
l.er,.,.i", b.,.ren terrain pre!!ent th e a..rial 01>.
""rver with an uneve... lrregulllr work of na_
ture. without the abru pt patt...rna "t t he run l
and urban .re....
b, C,,_}faI1~ DWriplilU.
t tl The ....,.,Dd bulc co..dlt lon fo r the
llrb~tmt of auccE'fIS in a..,. cam ou na p elTon
is the . t rid mai ntenaDce of camoul\a.re d Ja..
cipli lle, by both the unit .. a . hole and the
iIodividual ..\dier. Thill IDeS...... oI.u- of any
actirity that clLlln ps the ' PPHran« tit an
or ,,"",Ia tile PreM'DCOl of military equip.
...L It II • continuous. muDd-tIl_l""k necea-
tr u d . ppli_ to evfl)' individ ual. If the
RI GHT
...c oi ' _I ,... .. iw.
t.mIiw. 1M ).
rigid routine "f l ueh d i.scipli"e, both vi"ua l a nd
audio. i.o not followed by only one man, tile
entire ra moullllll'e ~ffon will fa il. Careleuneu
alld l""n... . m undoubtedly m eal the poa\.
ti on to the e....my. Tracb. apoil. and debria
are the ......t common aigna of military .etivity
. hirh indi<'ate t'OlI'CNled obj""lll. Th.more.
_ t..clta ahoold f olio_ exlatl ~ patha, I't*da,
fe_ . o r ruotural lin~ in the terrain patUrn.
E1poMd mula do not end at a pollitH>n, but
a re ut.ndecl to another lolO.al tennination. If
practicable. n Jl'lMd tnckt are camoufta~ by
bruminll' out or coveri " g. Spoil and debris
are covered or placed to blend with the &ur_
rn und inp ( lip. 15 t hrouKh 17). A camou na~
SOP ll.ti nll rul"" like the un"" mentioned
will hell>• g rea t deal in ~nf<>...i"g camOU na ll'e
diacipllne, It ahould ....ill"ll to certai n In-
dividual. the ,....I"'n~ibility of ~" f<> rci njl: thi.
diaclpU"". It should list ru les for conduct of
i nd i vid ua l~, units , veh icle d ri ve"" etc.. in
comba.t. In blvou""". or In any other Ilt uatl on
which rna,. b<! apprnpriate to th e unit.
(2) No 1eoI important II the atriet ob-
... rv~ of bl,a., . ""t rules. At nig ht, ..indo. ...
hatth... entnMea, and otMr openlnp th~
. hieh llKht U n &h ine muat be covel'ed with
shutlen, ac........... curtai ..... and other aped al
opaque ma teria1a to P""~t tmem,. V'OO nd and
air ot.en'era f rom not irinlf the interior illll-
miruoti on. Fltt!ll ca n b<! Ht'ht.d lJIll,. in apecially
deaignated and equipped anu. Smoklnr la
forbidden n.ar the enemy... i' the d iapla,. of
"
 RIGH T

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!'iouro 13, I n "'Ou{,,, urN," '.""iu, mu"""11 obj«t.
patt".,.
," u ot b, ,i,.d I"".U,' t o ,,00 cw" '. Ii" ...
lir hts of any type~. Combat a nd t ransport
vehicle. can he a llowed w travel on ly with
their lights turned off or obllcu red. Aeria l
photographs taken at night by the liJ;ht of
lIares or by the use of imllKe intensification
equipment ca n pick up breaches in "amouflaJl,"e
discipline, wh ich a r e more likely to occu r at
night than in the da ylight ho u,"". Coru;equently ,
the 8am e 8tandard of camouflage di8ciplin e
m""t /", ndh cred t o by night as by WIV.
( 8 ) Troops must lJay special attent ion to
,ound eamou flal(e durinl( night movement a nd
app ly a ll t he pr inciples of !lCoutiIlK and patrol_
ling. During nighttime r iver eros_ings. the
noise from the paddles sh ould be muffled. Re-
veaHnJ( sounds from tank and truck movement
from engineering work can be m uflled by
stro nl(er "'>u nds . e .g .. s o "alled s oun d .cree n, .
• eated by the fir ing of m achineKUIlII and a r_
. Iery p ieee. : til<' r unning of tanks, prime
movers, a nd t racto r engines alo ng a broa d
front; or by t he opel"at i" " of sou nd pr ojection
. tations which can imitate variou " battle
soun d,.
c. Cam o"f!ag~ Cons truot ion . The th ird and
lInal princi ple on wh ich !loud eamouflajl:e is
based is camoufla ge const ruction . When the
terrain an d n atural veJ(etahon a re s ucb th at
n at unol conceal ment is not possible, artificia l
cam ou Aa l((' i. ad ded . Ar tificial or natural
materials ar~ used to h~lp bl~nd the object or
in dividu al with the s urround ing t errain .
Camoo fl age const ruction sho uld be resorted to
un/y whe n s iting a nd disc ipline cannot prod u"e
the desi r ed coneealmen\' :"at u ral matR ria!s are
p referred over artificial m ateria ls, s ince the
former r ea"",ble the s urroundin!,: vejl:etation.
If a rtificia l ma terials are us ed. they must l.oe
110 arranged as t o blen d with t he surronndinlJ'"
to the lD""ate.t ]IOBsible d ellTee. They mu st be
of sturdy con,truction to wi tl,atand va ryi ng
weather cond itions a nd be constantly check ed
and m aintained. The con st ruction work mu.t
be hi d den~ wi th the "'ork partie. observing the
str idest d iseiplin e. If ]>o"s ihle. all e nJ(ineerinl!:
work s hould he carried out at ni!,:ht, with all
trac~s of the n il(ht's activit ies r.amoufla l!:ed be-
f ore morning. Th ere should l.oe no dis rup tion
of t he terrain Jl'lt te rn ; no rle.tnlction of plant s
or trampled llT""ses; n or should there be any
new m a ,L. or ope n d itc h"" vb ible. T hi.' is d iffi_
cult to do, b ut unl ess strict discipline is main_
tainer! durinl( s lIeh r onstrud ion. t here i8 lit tl e
point to the ca moul1 a l(e effort.
10, Camauflage Methods
T he re are three funda men tal w ays of conceal_
ing i"aud latiu lla and actid ti es, H id ing , hlend -
ing, a n d di sguising.
u. llidino. lJi rling is th e com plete c"nceal-
ment of an object by som e fonn of ph ys ir.al
s('reen. Sod ov er t he m inea in a m inefield h id""
the miMS; the ove rhead canopy of trees hi d""
tlte obj ects beneat h it f r<>m aeri al obs ervation;
a defilade hid es object.. from g rOllnd observa-
tion; a n et hides obj.., ta beneath it; a road
screen h ide'S the obstacle behi nd it. In wme
r.a.' ea, the screen it.. elf n"l,V L.... invi sible to the
enemy. In other inatanc"" , while viaihle to the
en"",y, a screen con"eal s the amount 'Ind type
.
 -
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TUH~
IS
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I N D EfI N I T H Y ,

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.

J'ipu,.. 16 . H i. " b ~ "",", M", lo . ..... th o ,,,, (romt<!
ub..,.,·.,., that '''M a<ti ,~t~ .. takmg pfa<. at both
(£) .. ..4 ® aM b..... _t<~ ;"V'
of activity lwhind it . F igu re 18 illustrates two
examples (Of hid ing.
b, Bk ndino. Blending is the arrangement or
a pplk.ation of eamoutlal'(e ma terial. on, ovcl.~·
and around the object 80 that it ap pears to II'
part of the background . F or exam ple, the in:
dividual soldier can apply stic k f ace paint to
the ex posed areas of the skin ; add " urla",
paint, ll11d live vegetati on to his helmet IlJld
d othing so that he ",..i ll closely r esemble or
blend into the background. The same things
can be done to equipment a nd structur es to
ma ke them inconspicuous. Blending dimnctive
ma nm ade objects into a natural termin pat-
tern Is necesllflry to maintain a normal a.nd
natural "attern (figs. 19 a nd 20) .
c. DisouiBing. Disguising is the third method .
It involves the simulation of an objed o r
activity of military sign ificance. Clever dis-
KIl i_ will mislead the enemy ll. to ident it y,
strength, lind intention, and will draw his fin
f rom the real target.
,
"
" -
- -
- -~-
_uldbod _ •
• ~"" to . un thl. _ dbl • •k ...ltlw
F,-" 11. E~4""'lu 01 :::~.t otopplnll" to """"nnoIOo, .
T hl. 1<","" h14... f",m ..",un4 o!>M.... .tlon tho omount ond typo or tum. u,i,,~ !hi .
Impor tant mol n .oppl, rou'" In Ko.......
F;,. .. lI--(A>nU.. ....t.

"
,.
"
 CHAPTER 4
CAMOUFLAGE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL
11 . Introduction
a. Individual carnou flali"~ is the ccncearment
a I<lldler \lUll In combat to surprise, decelv~,
and outwit hla ene my. He muat bo... how to
YM the JrlUUnd. fu, m U3t adapt hi. d.... to
bIeDd with h.. bacl<P'O'I od. He mUit eantou,.
aeI«t hil routel beh,",n ~til)fLl to pill aucll
~ma.t u .. .-sib" wh.iko he 11 in
motion. The li mple prind pl_ In th ll chapter
have been battlft tested. It the IOldler · ....ms
.nd practk~o them continuou oly in tnJ nlng he
...m know what to do in actual battle.
1>, Individull ca moutla~ acl ivltiu Ire de-
. Iptd. to deceive two kind. of nelll)' obM... ers
-tTOUnd and a ir . V ....... from the '1'O\lnd a ",
fami liar, but vWon from the alr .... \lIU&Ib'
quite ..nfamiliar. In n...... warfare the .......,.
pllta much rellanee OIl aerial photllgrapha for
Infonnation .. 1.0 our .....tivili. and intftlUons.
1t I. important to become fam tliar ,.-ith the
" bird 'l-f!ye-view" of the te rl'1l.in all well ... the
rround view In order to learn how to roard
a(&lnst both ki nd. of observation.
e. Eff ective conculment of lbe Individual
~ pri ma rily on the choke of bAckrround
"""Del in.. a ~ _II
and Ita prope r \IlIC. 8ack....,und II t~ sur_
from t~ Ilf'O\I nd a nd the
alr. It ....,. be uythin,-_ portloa of the
jUIlJle. an a"", in a "-nen roc-k)' d<!IIert. a
fal'1ll yard, or a city street. It ia the cont rolling
element in individual CllJn(>u tla.« and flOvernll
every concnlment measure, The clothes that
arlO worn mult blend with the predominant
color of the bad [rround. Sk ill and light colored
equipment a re to lled do_ for the ..me pur-
poM. The Individual IOldier mlllt pl'lll:tiea
blandi.... with the ~kfT'O'lnd by hidin.. ill
aAadoonI u d avoidi nr oontrasl betr",n ' hi.
lin-.ette and the batk~,nd. Il l' muat a_ id
.
movement . hleh the ilT,mobIle bAcl<.rn>und will
emphuize, T o keep the appearance o{ the
background t ree of lism which point to the
prwence of military porsonnel a nd acti vities,
~ moat foil.... hidden l'Outee, and c.o""'eaJ.
. poil. traeb, .cjulpment, a nd llIItallationa.
12. DiI""l,I", the He"-t
'nM OUUi H or the beIIne\ .. ODe of the striu.,
characterial.lea or a aoIdien eq ui pmml,. and ita
curved familiar . hape can be -...ill' Idmtlra..l
by the enemy. One of the IIl'1t ~pa for in-
dividual eamoutla~ II the dilruplion, both of
th e f onn of the helmet and the atr<>nll' It ral llht-
llned lhado.... It eaata. There an eeveral ....ys
of dolllg th b ( fig. 211 . l mprovh,ed h''';i'!
(Oftr'I ean \It made f rom ein:ular p1..cs
", u bolll, burlap•. or othu cloth , 20 lllChes I.
dlaJnetn. A l .lad> hero .. M'1I"III around the
M ..... a draW'ltrinr ia pulle<l th .....[fh It , and
the -...hole _er ia poW tlahtly onto the hel-
met. D10carded .... d hap, beca\IHC of their
appropriate abe make " cellent Improv loed
covera. The oaek la t ucked UP i..to the helmet
end the lin.r then replaced to hold It t1nnly in
plal:e. The cove.... I"l'If&rd..... of what they a n
mad&, ahnuld be pa.l.nted to breal< up the IOIid
eok>r. Two-hw:h allta art art III the _ r to
allo.... rot' the I_rtion of f~~ or bo_ N.
~ ....hat killd of helmet _ t l are I. uMd.
it II incomplete if the ahado"w beneath the
helmet ia not broken up by arranli nlr a bit of
folia~ or ral'll!shing loll that pie>celll of It hanl
over the ri m of the helmet. Small lr re«ular
placea of eloth, . lmllarly arranred, ,.-ill aceam-
1I11.h the _ thing.
13. Canvea fquipnwnl
Are and ~I.old wuhlnlP will fade C&llvai
equ ipment. When th i!. 0ttU1'I it mud. be
d.arl\ened ....ith pai nt. mud, ...". rcoal. .... an.
th in, el8e thal will reduce the tonal contraat. ..
111 ~

,. ........ .
4

eli
,..4 ',, '
''''''
1
4

4.)
4. _
. • •4

21 I II" I. ~• •I• • • 11 . .. 1. ....1. . . ! . ..... 1 .. . ... '.1. m 1 ,,1•• ~ . I .... co ••• " "" 0 • • •• •• 4 •• ~ k ••
..114 .. I., ~ .I . , 1 " . 1• ••• 1 4,

(Jl ~ 4" 4 ~ ,. 4 1; 4 1' 1 • 4 , " tto ..

•••••• ....104 n 41 1 4• • • •
• ,.u, k_ "-•.

"Woo'" 01. 1'....... _ ....... , _ .._ ........ "'" .......

14. Slo in toninl' tMm down in a" ...."'" colo r (til'. 221 .
Fwt:o. n...... a nd hands ahouJd be toM<! dOWD WM n llIl nl' d illl1l pti"" pain ti nl' the ""lter1lS
""intin, th..m in a dioru pti"e pattern o r by ahou ld eut ac n- the n""", Ii ...... eh...... bon...

"
eye sockets, and chin lines . Bu rnt cor k and mud
can be used , or in the absence C>f natural rna.
terials, the t"" .. paint sti ck may he u.. ...J. A
mesh mosqu ito nettin ll'. pro[m rly to ned down,
i. an effecti ve way ot break ing up the outlines
ot the face,
15. Weapon Tonedown
One ot the aimplest way. to diatort the gi v~
awa y (mtline ot a weapon i. by wra pping it
with burlap garni.hing or st rip. ot clot h dyed
to makh the uackground , Pattern paintin g ti,e
weapo n i. an oth er excellen t method of distort_
ing the weapon outl ine. The sh iny parts can
be covered. by cloth, pai nt, or m ud , Care must
be taken wh en camoollaging II w....pon not \<,
CIlUse interfere nce in the sight in g and firing ot
it (lilr. 23 ).
.
16. Shiny Objeds
ReOection t rom brightly .hin ing ouject.'! i8 t
com mon urell('h at c"mauOalf\' discipline, A~
sh iny obj ect.'! must be concealed. This incl udes
such item s as watches , rings, belt buckl...,
and mesa k it item• . A common breach of m..-
cipline is the wearin g of goggles on the helmet.
This is a v iolation wh ich sh ould he avoided.
17. Camo uflag e Clothing
Indiv idual concealment requi res a little
plann ing and thought and ingeniou s use of
materi al. at hand . Th is applies to ti'e carnou-
!lage of clothing aJro. In the absence of iss ued
camou!lage unitortn s, th e llOldier can make hill.
own carnoullage sutt, adaptin g it.'! color a n d
pa ttern to the terrain l>ackll'l'Ound. Any color_
M .6 0 MA CHINE GUN 'HIl APPED WI TN CLOT H

R I Fl E P A TT ERN P AI N TE D

A'
" COYER SHINE WITH MUD

"
;nll' mat<.>rhll ~ ~an 1><> " ,<.'<1, sU"h lIS dye.<, ~ r .." k·
~lISP oil, or ewn II mi xtu re of mud lind 1l''''''II.<e,
The imporUlnt th ing is to make the dothinll'
look leoss like a u nifonn an d more like the
t<.>rrain in "'hiah it ia to be wo n , ( til(, 24 ) . For
u"'" in SIIOW cover<.'<l terrain ili e re is a vailable
II whit.. Il'I'mumt d~.. ilrlle<l to blend with II
white o r mo ttl<.'<l white lind blac k l>ar kll' roulI,l.
T he ano"'su it d<>l"!l nnt oonc{'al t he aman
patch "" of shlldow thllt sur ro und a human iiI(.
ure, b ut this is nnt """ ""-<lIry si n~e IInow
country is seldom a ll whi te-it does contain
nu merous d u k 8po\a and ~h lld"wlI. If ~ertai n
anow a~ a re lin white with l\lJsolutely no
"had"w8, use is m"de of defil"" . anow drifts,
-~ ;"'"
F",." . U. S.l/......d. ""' ....fl~' • ... ilo
lind natural t old" in the ground. It mu.. ,
remember ed th at ~lImo u flage d otb inll' .J
cllmouflal(erl equi pment a lone won't conceal,
The to n<.'<lown, the N•.mouftlll(<.'<I helmet . tho
I",in ted auit, the covered shi ny ob jecbl a rt
j u.t th e bejrinni ngll of the Concealment job,
Too often, men have r elied with com plete fllith
on 1\ climouftllll'<.'<I helmet lind a climouftlll(ed
auit, th inki llll' them.w lves mir",," 10u.qly in-
viaible, and com pletely disrell'llrrlillll' an tho
balli c elemenlil of camouft aj1;e. Thill invariably
1",,01. to di AAlltrous rCAulto. ThCfle me""u .....
ma ke it ea..ie r to conC<'lll, but on ly when taken
in oonju nction with the p n ncipl.... or scouti ng
....d plitrollilllC (FM 21- 75 ) ,
~I• • d tAto ""lr<>l ...... • A. ,...........
 CHAPTER 5

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS

18. SitIng creating a silhouette sgainst the sky or against

(;. After the demands of the military ~itua­
tion and the mission have been met, siting
with proper background 10 the /\rat considera_
tion given to the concealment of a fortitlcatiC)n .
From the standpoint C)f ground obl!ervation,
the emplacement should be oited to avoid
a background of contrasting colC)r. To avoid air
observation, the emphwement should be located
under t rees , bWlhEll! , or in dark are&ll of the
terrain.
b. It is equal!}' important that the conceal_
in&" cover chosen 10 not isolated , since II lone

"
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...«>ilI... ... opo,... •• tho "",hi Ia~ftah ... ","O t . , ('<> ft .id....d "'hos fa""'isg
.10<1 "'• • ' ....,li.g . ", pla..."'.d.)

22. Morlan grounei observ ation ill fllir ly _~y. I'roPl"r

» ol'ta rs sllOuld alwa ys be sited in deFIlade.
Since " m"rta r cove ring a d,,,,ig na t e<l tarll"el
Ill'Wl h"" 1\ wider choice of poIlition t ha" the
other "maile r welll'"n ', lIud l eietillleie ea n alm""t
Ilways be fou n d lind eollCoolment from direct
siti ng in shad ow a nd bro ken " round .>attern
RI/I ki nl/ .....rta in t here ill the Ill":'''' :'''')" o" e"head
d oora nce tor flrinl/, tOll"elhe" with int<:lIi jl"ent
use of natul'IIl "nei II lti 'lcifl l mater ial. " lfer the
required mortar concea lment fr om the ai r .

"
.
 otAPTER 6
VfHICUS AND ARTILLERY
SlCtlcwl L VlHICLES
23. 1__ ling Foctoos
A badly concea ~d nhid e clln lead to much
mor e t han just II. lost vehide ; it may mean
dis""very of a unit, di!IClMure of an important
tactical " ...... or romplete cIestrurlIon of lIll III-
rtalllltion. Camouflage o! ..-<!hld e. l5e'pendl DOt
only on concull~ the vehiclea tbemael.vea.
their shi ne, shadow. and m.pe.
but equally 00
prevent inlr and concealinll" their al l.revNllnr
tr..cks. (It Ihould not be forll"o\tl!n th at enemy
pou n ~ and ae r ial observlltl on Is drawn quick.
eo.t by anythin. that mova, and that Ilothln.
n be done to ooncee.l -hiel'" movinll" throa.Il"b
Jndervowth or aloog "'t-<I rn ut<es. )
... T.....,h . Track. are "peeially t""·M lln. to
the aerial obse rver. They indicate type, lcca-
u cs , strength, .nd even Int.!nt iollS of a uni t.
The gradual tu rns of wheeled v....icl.. . re di...
t1IlKUiAhable f rom the skiddi!ll" turns of • tnck
laying vehicle. and o~n • aillll"le tnck acrou
an . ...... of low veget&tion Is d e..ly Yiaihlot. The
lu t ia "' recially t rue In t he Ntly morning
hour s when there is a heavy dew. Tr ack.
should follow cloooely and. be parallel to hedj-...
f"""",, cultiva ud ftekk, and DUll'!' u tural
teJTain lin.. ill or .wr to nma.ill iboCOOUlpicuo,,"
f .... m the a ir. Alao. tnclq allould alway" COIl-
ti nue put the poeilion to a logical terminal ion.
( I ) Complet ely concealed roads r arely
u ist. E ven th e comparat ively Imall am ount of
t imber whieh must be cut down to el. r a
.....d"·.)· th ro urll • wooded . ...... loee,·. ...1IIt III
the o,·em . d eover that are clearly __ fram
the air. Partia lly oonouled rna"" do ex ist 1Iow_
ever , a nd they are bettA! r than ex posed on...
R""onnaiMll nce I,. rties ahould l"""te them.
Any g. p' in over head eover on such a l'OII.d call
be eoncealed by erectinll" overhead ""..',,,'. or
either a rtl/kial or n.tural materia.. OD ab ort
. t n1ch.., expoMd t rac kll mal' be erased by
brushinll' leav"" and debr la over them. All eon-
cealed routes should be ma r ked in adva nce of
WIe and Il""&rdt posted to inaure mi" imum dU-
t url>aDu in the area.
(2 ) If poouible, before a Wlit OttIlpl• •
position. a quartering party should flnt mUe
a reeonnalManee a nd lay out a cnneealed In<:k_
plan. No vehicle should enter the new a....
until then. Thla plan should be laid <MIt to fit
Into th. ter rai.. pattern ... incolUlpic:1loualy ...
poouible by tal<lnll" . etvantap of exlati.ng I'O&da,
_ riIead cover, and . ha do.. can..... Ua__
Many f acton mu.t be ron. iden d ill _ h a
plan: d uration of occupation; time allo..M\ for
ent.!rin lr lind leavlnll"; aize, cha r acter , and tIlls-
alon of oceupylnl!" unit; d iat.a_ f rom the
",emy; and .....ther e1'recl on viribilllJr. A
atandard trvk pla:ll ia Impoouibl indi _
vidual kllution is requ i~ for h iIlIltaila-
li on. In add ition to lll.yi nll" <MIt • plan On the
g round IW If. a plan should te Iketched on
either a ma p overlay or lI. sketch of the &.rea..
Parking a......,. ahould be ind icated ... ",ell u
th... portio... of routo!a to be patrolled by
t ratlic ~d ....
(') Si""" a uoit may have to ",,",u p)' •
position wIthout l' rio r !llConna i....nce, unit
eamout\l' "e tra ining must Inlu te that aU
peoraonne1 are t ra.i ned to follow ~rr.in patterua
a nd utili... all o"emead eover. ...hen pmaible.
Partic ular . ttention muat be dir«ted to traIn-
inll" of vehtele d ri ven . kl that they will follow"
th_ ru lea automa tically, even i n the abaence
of NCO'a lind ofl!cer ". The officer. and NCO'.
mU l t inatruct all pe rso nne l th at when the first
vehicle enters a n a rea. "",rds mUlt be . ta-
 t ioned at critical pointA to di rl'Ct t r al'llt. Thl.
prev.. nl ~ unn"".......I')· v.... icl.. . lmv.rio"·n. ~l"l"
,in... M jammiq on . road". y.
(4 ) In _ COVt'I'N Urrai n. ro....... hnMlt
01 .......11. in • ma jM problt'm. EW'n in Iirht
. 1lO'II", t.ra..b m.aJ«, .Wong shadow lineo vi~ibl ..
f l'Ol'l\ ~.t d i irtan~. Sharp turns . h<>llld be
. YO\ded beo:& ...... tM .....ultln.. . now ridgn cut
.....ell hMvier I-haoo..1l. Th.. u~ l'Ii nriplet
at.-...l th......pout t hn d iacuu.ion
InlOW' «>WrM teninn . with . bit more emphaala
.ppl,. to
an following Daw r . l shedow ca.sti ng terrain
Une•. It i. abo important that all ,·ehlel...
keep to th e same tn.ckl. Vehiel.... leavinll" the
track or road may achieve ahort perl oda of
tn.c k eoneea lment by dri vinll" directly Into or
.....y from the aun, ....hado1l'1l ca.st by th......
tnc'b willllOt .... . ,parfllt until tM . un . t rl b"
them from an . nlrle. Short lenCha of tracka
ma.r to. ob liUra ~ If they . ... not too dwp, by
t ram p/in.. t hem with .no....' - .
• • 51..... Siting and t nlCk diociplilM! do midi
.to con<ftl a v.... ic~. but .hIDe ea.n nullib thO'
bett alle a nd finest tnck d iol'ipline. Shi llt' ill
alw.Y" IlftI'Mt _t- there • liPt in u'e 10k,..
HnUPt. moonlight. or tha Ii«ht of t1a...... It ia
CAuoed by windlh ield. headlirht . cab ..indow.
wet vehlele body. and even by the ligh t p..int
of th e In. ignia . Th...... d..nger spot. mu st be
conce.led by any mea lUl. The betray inll" nat ur..
of I hln. M ould nev..r be unde......tim at<'<!. E v..n
v,.
unlkr .... overh..ad co\.... ...hiny obj.., ta m.y
be rev_led through the lma ll~t of,..pa.
e. 54a4<nD. There t wo kind.. of lhadowa
to canaider in <:amou lla One i. the evncuUn..
ahadow eut by object. on th.. Irf'Xlnd. F rom
the alr . these aPPMr 10 dark that a vftIide
partied. wi thin tillm hu a cood dian« of re-
maininl: undetecled (IiI:. SO). III the norlherll
hemio.phere, the north aid. lIf a n obj ec1 hllther
than th~ vehide ift the beat ftide on which to
park; the east and ......~ , ides . re da np roua
for hal f . day. The lither kind of . ha dow ~o
consider I. that c....t 1>y Ihe vehid e i1llell. Th b
rev tinll . hadow moat he hidden by pArkinl!"
eith in t he ~hadow o r II larvr obi",t h. f'lt.
plained. above, or by pIIrklnll" on the . unny side
of the object (fig.lI l) . In add ition . th .. ImlIllfr
&hadow . reas eontained. within the vt'hlele
itaelf aueh &II the I hadow lin", lIf the truck body
ia and around the CAb. beneath th.. fendt'ra.
withill the w' -I&. a nd in tM lIpen bad< lIf the
..
carp a~ must be /;IIo('ked. out fllr tht'r toll
facilitate ldenti lirati on. I n .nowy ' reM with
little o r no eaver, vehid ea ca n be parked. fad
d ireo::t1r inLo the IUn 100 nodlin' tM •
which u n tht'll ),., fu rther red uced and brolIn
u p br large _balk o r d~ ho'" dg,. in the
I~. Snow th rown on t he _h~ helps ta
diarupt tltia tell.tale ...
24. Co_ fla.. M.a ....
.. S ili d ~. A. is alwaY" the
.,.". in nomouftal'f. the ai m of rood ...... ide
aiti ng is to occu py the w l'I1lin ..ithout alterinl
it.s a ppea.ranc... TlI do th ill, '·eh id... should be
parked. under natur al COVer wh enever evan,
a ble. When cover is inadequa te, they should be
parked. ItO that the sha pe of the v....ic1e will
disappear Into th.. .ur""",ndin,.. Before a
driver ea.1l al tt hia Vt'h iclf to takf advalltap
of the collCalment ~bmti.... 01 his au...
rooudiap, he must know hc>w the difterent
tenaina \o<lk from thO' ai r . hl combat 10.-
this knowledp la aa imp::>rtant &II kIlowilll how
to drive the 'f'fhldea.
• • UN 01 N. t. rtd M.'~. Wbile «wd ail--
in.. and d iapenion . re _ two -...un-
they .... not ..nough. Gn.\.er concealmfDt ea.n
be had by au pplementi ng th..... m",,,ureI wi
natural materiaL. to br eak up t he , ltaPf an
, h..dow. of the vehic1l!ll . Thi. mat erial Is . 1-
m08t a lway• • va ilabie nea r a pa rk ing site and
ca n be erede<l alld removed. quiekly. When Cllt
folia j(e ia used. it ah(,uld be rept&c«l &II 110OII
aa It . tarts to ... ith.... (ti..... 1I2 I nti 33 ). Alter -
ing the color of vt'h icletl o r addi llll" tu t ure to
them are other ....Y'!' to au pplement slti q and
diapenion. Color may be cb&nKed. by a pplrilll
mud to the bod,. aDd tarpaulill. folloorilla:: Uw
~t!.t'rn.i nlr prinei""" ,;Vftl ~. . Texbl~
may be . dded all or in pa ttenl aha"", by
attac:binl If,o\'M, b ..,. ........ 01 coline IaDd
to the aurf"",e with an adh""ive.
c. Pat"'" Painting. Pau..m painti ng of a
vehicle i~ not a t ureal1. It i., ho....ever, • v.lu.
able l upplmlent to othe r cAmou/lall"f meullr....
Addf<l to F.>Od siti ng. di~peraion , dlseipllne,
a nd the """ of neta, it inc. . - th .. ben efit to
be der ived. f rom auch m..&IIu rn. Vehicle pa].
terns An df6icned. to d iarupt the Cllbe &hape of
vehic l... from al l angIee of vie..... to dil rupt
I h.adowa. a nd to tie ill with the . ha dow at tM
rear of • vehicle wht'll it it faced. into the
alln. &II wfll .. thO' large dark Ihadow a reta of 4
wiDdo_ "'~ ......... and Ullder-.,
 __ . ._.c~ ~ _

( ""..0 Ii'"
-.J '-
~ ~ .

--- -
- - -- -~ -~ -_ . _ ~- -

,~ H. U ... ., _ _ ~....
•
earria~. Th. patteI'M m t boP bold '""""'~ to
be .1'1".... li.... a t a dista Wh it.. or lip t .... r
paint i. a l'l'!iO'd. to u.. undor-nurl_ o f u..
v .... k~ to ca u,,", 0....... to n-ftfct liJrht. thua
lilfht..n i.... the darll ahado wa of the u ndoor·
ca r rialCt'. T hia is U>nn'" ""ou nt..",hadi ng." A.
" reviou.I ·. tated . patw rn 1,,.intin l1 IOlone ,..ill
not "m"" 1 It which.., To I... ~ffe<:ti\"e, it mu.t
b<' .umhi n~d ,,~th l' n ,pe r haekjl"round a nd
ai ti njl". Ile<-au ... today'a m,..t.. rn mechan ized a nd
hiKhly m....ile unib have the ca pability of
t ..vel i.... Il"nfIt di.tan<:ft ove r n ried t..rra in
a nd Il"l"<>wth. patte rn painlinll" el'l"edi\'e one day
Imoy be totally i....il'« 1A e the .......t day. In
fact. the patwrn Imoy f\..... prove to be a de-
tri nt b)' rencleri the "ehieloe C"OIlBp...........
In 'here is a daily problem, , -HIid e
cono:"flllme nt is Imode m h .... itot if the \'eh irle
ia painwd ... ith the "n pattern allO"'"11 in liIl"-
u.... 3-1 Th.. nlltional .~"Tllbol. lin', ' -n Mt
oil' the " ..hkle in t he fol1" ...injl" i!1u . l ....t ion. in
o rder to .h"... th e I"'tt~ rn mote d'·lItly.
Whethe r or ..ot to d im inate Ihe m and oll'er
com mon v.·hieula r mll rk ir:~ m Ullt br d.....
l<'nnined by hill"he r lIuthori ty.
d. ....~ 'a. The pri""il",l . r1itlc ial material-
~ to cooc....l veh iclft a re d l1lpe neu. Tho:)"
are .....y to use. q uick ly .NCted, and qu ickly
.....".,....... Dra"," IM.'t5 e"". ll'i \'" ........ 1"1ft. COlt-
....Iment ap iMt d inocl ",,-"a l ion. but , _
with ..-I; a rtifirial ("llmoul'la!r" maw riBl.. ("II.
f""'<lllfll tly br drt«ted by ph"totmol oh ie 0
....n ·.tion I« a u... Ihey or"'n fIo il In 1>1
properly w ith the ......·kjl"rOu nd. In "" e ry ,.
however, properly .u"pendP<l lind . u PI'0rti'<l ,
dr a )""" do r"nr~lll the ;d,·n tit~· uf II wh icle,
even (hough t h.. drllpe net il.<elf may 1.., d...
lected. :>Ina a.... n.-.t ..,.."m nl<'nd..t in s now
aN!a&. They ""'<lu i.... e~~i ~.. mai nt .
cannot aupport • ano... looad. and Ilt'COIlle rt.
frozen, blilky . and hard to hantlle.
e. Di,l,l;",l I . , In a deoe rt" or a ny 0,,",
t..rnon te-rrain, the ],ower an ,.., j«! ;.. to u..
VOUnd, the omaller is ita ..,.,... and the
easier it is 10 ro~l from rial ,"_no'ation.
Wh en the .ituation pennitll. ,,'·et)· e il'o rt m _
be mad.. to d ill: in important ' ·.... id"". :>lot on ly
. .... th ..)· mort' eL. ily ron,..... If'd LuI u" .~....... al...
prut..rt..d from f raJl"ffienb . An n ell""tion iI
nUllle , wit h a . Ia nt ill/I: IIp1'r h ,.nd th~ wh iclo
i.. ]IIIrked in the l,iL San,I l(lf ",... u....J to form
a ....'· plm.... 1 fu r I'roteeti"n a ..d t h whole thi n,
ia co,·.. red with .. net. The net i•• I"I'M Ken UT
out to the tid. a ..d alaked d n . F ina lly . tho
"Miele t ....,kB to the p<lI!iti on a hnl~hed 001
o r cove red.
FVo<... n . ,....,. .......... "'- "h".~ . f ...... ..4 ........
f.l• .. ....." ..,. ito "" . wI • __
.
I

_n._ _ "_. ._004. . . ._ .._-

e..-,._ 01_ .... ......,..
~

I .
 a li.. dfO b and .... ' 10 rN b1""d with reddish deu . 1 bad ll"ounds . O,h.. li';'l
col".s wulu! in du el" are sand "nd earth yellow . p"""",, break u p "ngul'"
lines ,

.
III Wh" . on, . 1... ,hob f ~ b,,, ' ,,, ,,,,,, ,, 0' ond "... Ao " "" II, . H",;"
"b~ . ; , blool onJ whd •. I, , " ow , "." ,.., ,; , , ;, 00' "'co..",

.,
 Section II. ARTILLEIY
2.5. R. _a llnt fackl ..
AI 18 the t ue ...ith all other imped.lm..ta of
....rfare. aklilful ~o"" ...lm"" t of artilluy
"''''''PO''' a n add iJnlMasu..bly to the eIemel:lt
of sv rprIM all '" thmu to the defNt of the
mom,.. EMm,. obaerven .re tnilled to -reb
for certain "'el'miw lIigM whleh indicate the
presenee of artillel'J'-imperfeo:tly t&moulU.aed
"'Npo1l poAitiOlll,. blut a.... Ih tar. I'Atha OJ'
...hee' t rvka, ....... in the eu.e of • mlulle aiW.
the e~~i ve u rtJ" rom lll" .,an III the t.erraiD
pa ttern n _itated. by a level ftritllr pad aDd
fv"'inr entn~ and exlta, etc. E ven thourb
the WN polIa them.oelves . re hidden, auth limo
are dead RiveawaY" of the p.......nce of artillery,
These l ir n. may not of themtelvea IndIcate
the e~li.Ct nat ure of th e po.ltlun. but they
do at tract enemy a.t tent ion and Invite more
t llretulobaervBtinn .
26. Camouflage M.cnVrM
... COl''''''''''" F'ad on. Camoullage Il1eUUJ"8!l
va ry with the . ituation ....d are a lf«ted by the
followin~:
(I ) There wi.II be litUe opportunity to
camOQ llal!'! poaitiona extenllively ... Ilea their
oceupa nQ" will be of M ort d u...ti on, If it lhould
dev""'p that the "'",pona mn st remalll Ionl!'!r .
their Iocat!..... un then be improved by better
l iti hjl' and hidiq:.
(2) Wh,," the b&«eri.,. a re deployed for
a c:oonl lnlte<l attN:k, the lou\l on l>f each bat-
tery and uf ea.cll pie<:" ahl>uld be t lretully
....lect..d
( 8) In a defenlive lIetll>" . extensive
cllmoull,,1l'll II devel oped, Utmost pr ecautl on
.
mtllt ~ tlke n to deceive Ihe en.my all to tIk.
""'allon of the iu tailatiolL
b. Sitioo#. T h.. eIacl ...-ition for the elemmta
of a battery. ...ithin the uaigned ....,... mt1lt
po , """"ral qualifieationa:
01 'nil requi~ field of fire .
IZ) Room f or disp"..ioa of ..._ po.... ve-
hie. . alld other equiPmeDt onranle to the bat-
...".(a) Opportunity to establish oommuniea.- I
tiou without e..... ti"lr attenllon ptti.... ~od
ecan and patha.
HI Opportunity f or a<:<:+Q and l upply
routell. It 11 desirable to have ro ulM auilable
to the front, llanka. lind rear. Thl l 11 lmporta.nt
In l ituatlona whe re it may be nec""",,ry to
make l udde n cha nges in position, When per_
IOnnel, ammunition. equipment . and other
aupplies' a", moved into poIIltll>n, they moo
follow .. prepa red traflle plan ( pa ra 2SlI (2 )).
e. Nf t.. Wherever natn n l ooncealmeot is
lmpoaibla or difficult., lIuitably p milhed hoi...
neta a nd t hicken wire are qu ick and e1'I"edi
nwana of co...,.bnent. Care mu.t be takHl
fl>l.lo... the oolT'e<'t methoda in theit nM! (
s-tOOl . Wire nettillll". althoull"h heavier Uld
bull<i..... hc*il ita f orm better. ia more durable,
and I. Invalua ble for poIINona of a relatinl,.
permanent uture. The t wine neta. belli&'
Iipter a nd eaai..r to hand le a re better ada pted
to mobil....ituatl onl and tem porary """iti ona.
Both kinds an be ll"amillhed wilb doth I m lll
and natunl materiall ( fill'll . s.G and 361.
<to Patt ,,", Pai"ti..". P attern pa inting or
artillery plecel a n be an etl'ective aid to ece-
eealment alld ill designed f or use in varyi.nr
t.errain. ( till", 87) .
Hq....1 J"~ ".;..ilo """"". 10<1 by _ 01 ft" ural ",..loon . l,

F ;""... 65. T_ ..... p 01 ...._H... "'_ . ..

.
Not .. pplo...... t1 ...........rsl ria.. f o ' _ I..... " _ J ..... ",i. .l...

"' U _C_li.. -t.

F .... n . IV" _ ..".,....,..., _ ...,.......... - - . l • _
h .... _.~_.

"
 ,
"._._ ..... . ... ..
-_._-- ~

_. ........
---_ .. -
_ I. . . . . .. ~ ....... -

-__--
.....- ....._.. , ...
_ _

,.. - ...
•
... _.-.
• 1 .. - . .

,._
...~
,~
.
'",

,.' : :.-: ".". , .:

 CHAPTER 7

AIRCRAFT

27. Introduction operlitional requirement wit h which camou_

The measures for concealing aircraft on the
rround follow the same principles of camou_
fiage as those for the conceal ment of any ve-
hicle or it em of eq"ipment. However, the
Can10uftage of fixed and rotary wing aircraft
poses some un ique prob lema which. must be
consi dered. These are the effects of propeller
and roto r wash ; the size and ohape of the air-
croft; the difficult g round handling character_
istics; and t he delicat e nature of cont rol aur _
flage must not interf~ te. Aircraft parked in
line are extremely vulnerable. Pa nicu ler ca re
should be take n to select parking sites in which
the aircraft may he blended with the natural
vegetation, wh ile at t he ""me t ime obs" rving
prop"r disper.ion (fig. 38). Good sit ing in it-
self does not eliminate possible detection.
Wher e nat ural overhead cover is non"xi.tent,
improviSllt ionocan he "fI'eetive ( fig. 39 ).
29, ShiM ond Inoi9nio

'
l&cell, an tennaa, and aircraft skin.

Siting
Light reflections from the m"tal and plexiglass

I
surfaces may be observed shining t hroug h ,wen
rcraft must be situated in an area with easy the best of overhead concea lrrlent---natural or
cess to taxiways and r unways. Thi. io an artificial. The moment lin a ircr aft is plirked

Prope, dl'p" roion m",n. "'0'" tIl.n jut .p.ciTlll" porked 01' 0-..1•
• t • di.tonco f rom one .not~ er •• ohown . I>ovo

Fig~TO 3~ . Air.....' . p.rking ,

.
 )ll iI;,*", obj«&a .._ bo
_ cIunoop f ",..
a nd r amouflal/e beg un , a ll II'la.., plutlc, an d
ahiny m etal auri""e" must be r.,\'ered , E xtre me
ca re must be used when coverfng a lrcrd t
su rlllr ea, All coven m ust l"., " "' Ul'ed a.ud it i.
recom mend,>d. thllt ""me means fo r ma.r king
each coVe r be u...-d to pr e,'ent attempUd a k a-
off w h ile aur h coven a nd clUt\oufla~ mater ialt!
a... a ttachoed.
30. Su~_ti"9 e-~l ....nt wittt
Artitida l """'''rial,
In man,. c__ it "'ill be n..........ry to n&o"
to
the uM of a rtilXial camoufl.altt materiaIJI to
""ppleme nt inadeq uat e ""t ural temi n feaw....
andv~t1on,
... Slti>do.., ,'{ eta. Shadow neta " laced on the
In a .......... ""' I....... to
~ _ ..tad
lfn>u nd, under the c ra ft , will b re ak a n d diator
the ouUine of th e llh!<d ow, even it t he cra ft ~
in t he open (fllt:, 40 ). Wh en aur,h mate r ia ls an'
used , t hey must be tightl y sceu re d to wen
anchored .tak"" or other s ui\lib le atUirh m. nll
Oth e rwise, (I.mou fla lle ma te rial. m ay I... d r• ..,
int o th" rotor blad or proJM'lI...,. " f ai r ve~
d ...... Add itionally, ell m ust be u e rd sed 'hoI
e~n ll' or placin g a rtillci..l m.. 1.o'rialJl, .
to p " ...,t <brna~ to th" a il't"raft a nd not iI
terr ,Ith oP'l'rations a nd maintena..... ...
ill.ll' p "" a M post-llip t in.op«tion ..
1>, H ~Ica, A twine or ... ire Jl<'t ha.m1llOll
hunll _ n t.....". I/i'..... additional o\'f'th
prot«-t ion in ll)lll.rael)· ......ooed ,, ",U , T ....
_ ..
- ~

._ ..
_

_. _
..... .....
-_.. _ ..-...... _--
. _ ~
_
~
_~

"-_._-
--_,-..._. . .._,
_....

-_ - .... . . .
....-- ~--'"
_
..
....._. _"".... .-
-_ --
, - ~
_ "'_ . "~

_ - ""-
- - - ~-, -
- ~_ .~

.
 -- -

,,, , --
-
,
,,
..
b
I
N
,
•
,
, -
•
, -

10· Border of dark 60% Black pnithinc;l

Oflen Oarnishinljl 40% OCi ve drab
(1. '4*Qf' zone)

Hoi.. in net
to distort
paUw"
5hod.....,,. a •• ,...,... Aa ge ..a ta va m i..... d to OP l>" ' CI . lI"""P 01 ,,,-.gula r 6ar ~ pille"" • .
If rt.. .." i, not . "",I,bl• . dark c1 eth with ~ oI n 'om in i l ~ .. boo used sucuufu lly. or
d,'" pote ht. eOtl bt p'o6Jcitd by bumini tCl p . br...... or ."'.. N bri. Ie produce aslln ...
..... by pourin g c:ro..kC1lH ..,."."p <WI t"- gr_d . lol a" end cloth do ,,",U tI.t od'UM ....
in , th.y <;<Ill ... ......... If "" ,cop'-" .... 10 l....d ond lah olf u ..ets or d .....
co , be 10k.. to -"or "'"' he.... l, •.,..i,,11 the wind c ..1 by ",,.,OfOt ble d .

. rv-... u. s. - .....
III II .....~ ...I eo _ .oood_ _ ,
ftopo <5 ~_ . ~ I _ _ ..... . 0
..........., "" .0 _.,., be ~ ,,_ _ _ ._

"..".... i f. H_ ..- . . . . . , .. 00 .
can be ll"arnl~hed with either artificial or nat- to l u~pend ;, l eri es of overhead tram
ural rnaterlal.o, or • combination of Ix>th (/\g. umbrellaa f rom wires Itrung bet.... n "
41) . (1Ill'. 42 ) . Davi. "" of this t )·pe a ~ oUltable fe
~. V",btvll<>. Stffnu. Another techn ique II &ma ll alrc ~t only.

... -- - -~ ~--- - ..
0- - - - -

1i",,'i1 o' • ..,in'il M igllb ~bow ..... oi,..""". I~" ~",Do .l l o. ..... 1....... . topS T bo,
al low q.id 8*10• • , ... d ,....,icin'il_ Gco ", i.~in'il _ , ...... i . t oI louolol>, . ,..1. 001, gl,..
libe" chi 1....1-., .. h ..h foli, ge ("" I, ,,.. _ • • be 1II0i~ lOinod ... d f9Sta<<<I II
i• • hi l-

..
 D ro l"., To conceal compld ely againlt
't enemy oUaervd ion, draPM mUlt be 10-
ted near t reea or bmhell. or on Jrround brok....
by low lIC ru b /fro"o"th. If the terrain II ba~ of
trat1&lion. l it ina: should be- in the ahadow lide
fI folds In the vound or within mottled .......... d
pstterns, . uch as are f ormed by rock outerop-
piap. In Iucb tern.in, drape nN win llide the
llntity of aircraft bli.t ..-:ill not COftce&l them
-.pletely fro m enemy aerial photo interpnta-
... ~
n. ' 0""" 'ol~n9
Proper l>ainti nr he lps an aiRran blend with
its surroundi ngs by di!torti1ll' r.h...acteristic
1.lu..... min imlli n&" eolor cont rut. a nd r ...
ducin&" .hine. This i, all it will do, Whll. these
elements of recognition au the r avealln&" ones.
~ i. more often that the aircraft'l , h &pe.
lhadow , li.nd a ccom pa nying evidenc e of acti vity
&I'll the pri m.ry c.u,e.. of enemy detection.
The value of pattern paintin&" mU8t, th erefou.
be rewarded u an &.<let only. wbml I.IMd lu
~;uuctioa with camou.tlap prineiplel and
r;;;;,;~~od~.:.:'~;.t .. I"OOd ,mIlK. diapenioa. track-
nt, d iaclpline. and the InWln~ot .....
a nd n atural ma teriUt. It l ol»wl
J>altern ~intw.. 01 aircraft k of limited
when eoruidoeri n&" a:round tD air ot-........
of 10.. all d medium _level. aiRraft.
.. B~ C~. The paint I hOllld boI llJ8l.er l....
IIld of the pnodominaht color fo und in the
tw'al terrain patl.ema in .. hieb the a lr<:ra.tt
be aited. In tem pe... le &0_ a ad j un&"1e
ar M. and partl&lIy snow covered tern.in. th e
color recommend ed is oli~'e dra b. Tn pr'fdom_
ina ntl}· Inow COVerN terrain, a"" h ... the arctic
and IUl tarctie . ..... the crafl ahould be com_
pletely wh ile .. ithout a disro pti~ pattern. In
d_rt ten-alna. b«aw.e of th.. varlalJons. Do
u nci" color ia recoonmendf'd. ool ....th..r, deoert
....nd, euth yellow. earlh red. or m ixtu.ree of
theM l\C)!Iln.,
/.I. DiInopt"" P tltl#'IU. Although th e buic
oolor p l"OYid<!ll a h igh ~ of camoutlaJre. in
lOme eaAeI. d ilru p!;i ve patt.el'1lll add a m..1Ti...1
iD.<:1'tiH. The ptl nci p l... of pattO'rn palnlJ llK
di3euued in pa raea ph 24~ ar.. th e aame for
ain:raft-irrep lar. JaJve. and bold, and of a
c"lor U> blend with t h.. terrain pa tte rn. (Color
fond bri&"htn_ contl'll"ts not pr ..... "1 In the
bfoc\<&"ro und become ccnsptc uoue a nd Ihould
alway, be avoIded.) Black i l recommended for
the disrupUv, pa.ttern color In tem perate ZllIlell .
j u nillell . u d deserts. except area. ot the dllert
havi n&" Ii&"ht sha do... in ...· hir.h c.... ollve drab
II more ell'.ctlve. I n partially In"", caverN
terrain apill oUv.. dra b is r«onunended. III
the &rctk alld u ta rrlic th.. craft Ihould be
romple"ely white without a ny dia nJpti ¥. pat.-
tern. Wben t«hnic.al eonsidll"lltiOll8 make it
practicable. rotor bladell cn heIJeopte n esn be
pai nW--the upper anrf..... oIi" e d rab and
nnder aurf_ black. In arctic Llld lWltarrlX:
areal the uppel' lurface IhoIlld be white. Fij'-
ure -is iUuatratea _ill'" plttem&. Th_ a~
l imply I Unesti on.-no c De set pa.tt.. rn ahould
be follo",.-1 ...Iiciously aince YltI ",y ia a1 "'ar-
deeirable in eny eam ou llage ........." .....
.
~
~O@~
 CHAPTER 8

BI VOUACS, COMMAN D POSTS, AND SUPPLY POINTS

n. Introduction ....moutlaj{<' mu ~t be ..t its l- t (11K. It ) . The

_~ all.it ill. bi,''''''''' ill ..rticalarly vullM'nW le to>
_ y ......i .. 1 ~n'at ioo. .. nd ..ttack """-liM
ill ..Itm..,b .. re CO!lI'IPnt raW<:! in a smal ler a rna
than usual; and. uupt for th.. ,,",urily ..Ie-
_ nta. th.. m"n ...... rest iDJl:' and 1""", .....rt than
OIl th .. field (or haUl... It ill at such a li me th..t
unit mll-. t not only co"...,.1 i......lf Quio:kl)· and
..m..ientl).. but Ill t . ... oid the da nren of
bl'1/Ja("h... in arnotlll di""ipli n...
33. SID, " of o......lopment of 0 l i...o _
The.... .. .... four . tl&ges in th.. d.......lolom..nl of ..

sr
 bivoul&C- plann inp;, ""'Cupation, ma int.<onance,
and eVlCllation. Since it ia often pollaible and
pl'<lloable thal units mUllt mo"e with oot oppor -
t un ity fo r r tannina:, t hi" "tloa:e may be lacking.
In thia caM,. the five poinb: liated ~k>w in
pa ,.,.,.raph .. must be satisfwd in the . 1'ftI on
. nd alt er nrival.
•. Pllllu i ~" .
f'ftquent biv~ .,.. d!&lac-
teri.atie of modem mobile .... rf. n. Th ere ia
oeldom time or fllciliti"" for daboraw colllltrue-
t ion; in..teM. bivou&cll ..... quickly enten:<l .nd
qu.ickly evac ua ted. No lD/lttar how . 'll'in u...
operatlon or how limited .... Urn, . nd faclJ...
iti.... the eornm. nd"r of • unit mud "b n for
concealment in bivou"". The gener. l .rea at
the bivOlIl( la determ ined by 1M! tl.ctieal pl.n.
Before ROl nl{ Into thi" area. th e qua rter ing
pa rty ahou ld become familiar with t he terrain
pattern th ro ull'h a careful "tudy of mapa and
aerial photoa-rllph9, and be tully IlCqllainted
with the taot k al plan ..nd th e camouflage
Nlquil"fml'flu . There . re live cr it ical pointa fo r
the party to keep in mind :
(I) Mia ionof the uniL
(2 ) A ttelIlI routes..
(a ) E lI;i.I;tina: oonee&Iment in thearea.
(. ) SiR of t ho area.
U J Concealml!l1t af all . !'<lun d defense
elenlent of the poo<ition.
II. O«upatiorl. A carefully eoatroll..t t~
pl.n (~ 2301( 2» mu t be rll(id ly adheftd
to while th" units move into poo itlrm. Guld...
poated . t route juDcl:ion". fully awar. of the
camou fl&£"e plan, enfo,,"e C&D\aU flalfe dlecipline.
Tum_i na mllat be ma rked to pre vent widening
of comer. by vehicle3. F oot troop. mU&t foHow
marked pa t h" th ro ugh t h. area. Thil< b a
crit ical period and had cam ouflage db clpline
can neglte any f urther effort at coDC....lmenl
There mull be no oonge&ti on of vehlel"" or
IICtivit iet . nd d ispenlioo lIhould ~ alltomati e.
,5t,ldorn ...· ill vehic..... be Jey than SO meters
. part in ordinary terrain or Iesa than 100
meu,.. in d _ rt terrain. The three main COD_
lI'""ted arua-kitchen, maintenance. and the
comm&D<t peal mlll<1: be dir.peraed.
c. JI~it\tr'lo.<l.lO('". Ke rl to the occupatloa ltaee ,
tl'le .....inle ua nce stalfe la the moot en t ial. If
.
the occupat ion h.u been &uc:r:eafful f n>m •
camauflaa-e &tandpoint, th e mal ntr"anc"""
relativ. ly .im ple. Succ..... rul matnten B~"')
voivee f Nlq_ t 11Ilpecti<ln of in,.tallaliQn•• IIC-
tive patrol measures for dixipline. and ...hl!ll
_ rble, aerial obroervatiol\ . nd phol.olf1"llpha
CritkaI aetivitiN of a uBit i n bivouac an
thoae that caU for the <:<lIIll'J"f'P.ti on of tJ"or>P',
of whkh meain. la the beat U lIo/llp le. It iI
h.... that the tracl< plan must be ri~ d17 .....
f orced. Ottell It ma,. be ""'_ ry to p""" idl
artiftc:lai O"er Mad cover, ....,h u lldtopo; /If
d rape nets. ~, ""heft uBed, mm be c. ..
fuU,. mal ntaiMd. Ga~ d lapoo<al pits m ll9l
be ~ed. with special c. re Iflven to tbl
spoil Maintena nce ef nili'M d i&ci pli.... iI
a nother dllllculty. Men t end to re lu at nip;ht
The &lIJn' sta ndard of C&D\ou~ all"e dhw: ipliM
muat be cbeerved by night ILa by dIIy, sinc.
nilfht a~rla\ photog raph y will ot1ffl reveal I
unit th" t ha. become lax in thl. reapect. 'V ir"':
and taped pathe must be followed. Bla.ckout
wnt r ol mllllt be enforced.
4. E~ Camoudaa:e meuu l'ftl tak~
at . blvouae do not end ..heD the unit pn!pa ....
to move alit. An evac:uated .ru can be ~ ' '
auch a .~te of dil!&rRJ" that . erial
win 1"t'V e&l the rtrmgth alld In- of the •
itt Iquipon.n, aDd even itt drstinatir>n . II il U
importazlt ~rt of r:amoullap to Jo.ve the UIlII
Jookin. UIUl.!.turbed.
M .thn nil In larren T_ift
Es.perjenc. on the defiert hu taulChl m
. bout eol'l«lllmmt in alWla .,..h~ h0l'J"e.
ve nien t O\'e rh.,.d cover i. ..\dem found. ~
a,..,.., eomparable to the dl'Ae rt u far
eam.oulla p Ia concerned, an un plowed liel
rocky areal , gr .....lallds, and othe r wide op
apac el. The delert has taught that eoncealme
In such anu is not impauible ( i'tp;. ( 5)
Cwtain killdll of predomina nUy flllt terra
ha ve l hadowa cu t by f olds In the ~u
ial'ee el'lOU a-h to allo.... lOme col'ICealment
eittill,f . 1_. J udie inua ..... of drape
C&Il n.o.der objerta IncoDJIpir:uo.... E ven in
_ ti ally baf"ftn teTrain exee1Jent COD'~"~
iR poaable when the eonl'tgu ratiOll of
.rrnund Is Il'ftgU lar enoup to produce a ;,,~
Ihadow patWrIl..
35. li¥auoa In Snow e-..... h rr ..
Althourh conceaiilllf. blvoUAl' in Rna eo
!ermin follows eXllctly the Slime principles as
other clIJnoufla~, it presents several unique
problems. A blankd of .now or~n eliminates
much of the g ro und pat~rn, makinl{ blemd inl{
difficu lt. Differenc~", in ~><ture lind color dis_
' p!"'a r or Loecom e le:lll marked. Snow cove red
lerrain, however, is rarely completely wh ite,
and by taking advantage of dark fe.~tu re. in
the lands,'a!,e. comm unicatiOOl lines, st ream_
beds, evergreen tr""s. bush"", shlldows of sn ow
drifts , fo lds in the grou nd, and the blllck
,hadows of h illsides, a un it on the move or in
bivouac may often blend iL.elf suc-ce.-fu lly
into the terrain. Good route selection is usually
more important t han ,my other cllmouflage
measur es. Because of the ex posed tracks, skis
and snowshoos must not be ulled nellr the IIrea
'nee their marh are more sha r ply defined
n foot trach. To avoid track ing up lin area,
sonnet. veh icles, and material should be r e-
st ri ck<! from the oP<'n a reall. Bivouac.. which
have been we ll concealed in sn ow terrain for
some length of ti me ca n be .,." .i ly identified
when the snow melta, unle.. procautions lire
taken. Compacted snow on much used paths
melts more slowly than the uncompacted
snow, l,.,.ving clear ly visible wh ite lim's on a
<!.a rk background. When t his ",,-cu rs, the '!I"W
must he br "ken up lind s pn .,.d out to qui cken
melti nl{. The beat way w minimize conspicu_
ousne.. of t racks when mnving "r in bivouac
is to follow comm un icat ion lin es " r other lines
which a re a natu ral Pllrt of the terrain. Tracks
coincid inK with .uch lines lire hllrd to identify.
A turn-olf f rom such lines must be concealed
a nd the t tllcb themselves continued beyond the
point Windswept drift lim's cast shadows and
should he followed " . m uch a. possible.
StralKht tracks to an imp"rtan t ins le. llation
mus t he avoided.
..

36. Command Potts
c. Th e ~mmand post ~ . imply c .pedallzed
kind of bivouac. with a f _ ad(lltional prob-
lema of w ncealment p""ullar to it.. The eom·
mllnd poIIt i. the nerve cpnt er of II milita ry
unIt and lJeeause of thi~ ia I/. much aoug ht t l/. r·
~ by the eneroy. Command posts han , f unc·
ue...... re<l ui"""en'" ..hieh ........It in ~ e"'-
tioll of cJluad;erlrtle aignll, by ..hieh th ey ma r
be ftAdily iMntilied. Some of th_ aA;
( 1 1 Con~rlti ng ~mm un ielltion lin_
wire and r oad.
( 2 ) Concent nl.t1on of vehi d e•.
(S) H N VY t l'llffic whlch al U_ widen~
t llm-iDs.
(4 ) Nn- acceea rou tft to a poIoitiooll ...hlch
eoul d bo!.I... .. CP o
(5 ) Protective wire and other ba r rinl
l urroundin g the inltalla.ti on.
( 6) Deten. lve wea pon. emplsc ementlJ
a round th. iMtallati o...
The umou ~ .. ll'" lOiutio1:l to th_ problema u
m""h the u.me ... that for , bivouacs. The
pr illUU'y facton an intellllf"Ilt use of the
te rrain and ba cksrround, and . trlct e..force-
ment of cam oufl all"e discipline.
b. The aite re<luinmen ta of a Iarp <:ommll nd
poat are _ Ilt ially the aame IU fo r a aood
bivouac: pre]imina17 rectln..u..s.nct and lay.
out, qUllrte r illll" pa rties, rapid eone lment of
elem entA, e..moufl"Sl'e d ilOCipline, d Il well
policed t rack ptan to prevent vi.l tor. from
viola.ting it. There la " ne important addit lon&l
ro""idenlioon. A luge h~uarten ill likely
to remain In an a' " for .. ,.-.ter 1eD.Jrth of
ti me tha.. a bivouadted uniL It la for th ia
rtlUOII that the aite mU&t be capa ble of be ing
conti nlJOul ly occupied while olferl nK a mi ni-
mUm cha nce of being disclOlled by chanSl'el in
the terra in pattem . It is unwise to \ocate a
hMdquarten in ~ o nly Iar l" bu ilding within
an extoo....ive a.- of military ope ...tio..... It ill
too obviO\l5 .. pl~ for auch • poIot whether
aigna ind ic.. te it I. be ing used 1.1 a head-
quarter. or not , and i. likely t o draw enemy
fire. If the comma nd poot Ia located in a buil d-
Ing. the"' mWlt he ..nooKh other buiklinp in
th.. area to p",,·tnt pinpointinl" th.. taryet..
c. Communicati ona ...... the l ife blood of a
~mmand poet . Comma nd poetl ,ited to take
advantall"e of e][iat in« .oa lb a nd tele phone ~
;;7;
telo-rr;;.ph wi...", ...... f'a.~ieot to ~_l ain<:f'
ronununntio,," nHd. not lot c""'ted and the
te. l"lI.in can . etI'Ulin unch.nlCf'd. Wh... l>eW" rom-
munication mean. mu_,t be c",/lt.!'d . nat ural
cover and terra in linp" llre u . eel (fi&", . 46
throuSl'h lit ) .
d . After the aite haa t -n ""l...,ted and atlf'.
carnou~al[t baa ~ eno:l.f'd to aupl'lemtnt
_ hatev e. natural eonrea lmf'nt i5 available at
the l ite, eont in ued conceal_ nt depe nda on
d il d pline. Track8 a . alwa,. must be cont rolled,
veh id"" Ihould, if l- ., Ible be park..c aeve. , l
h und red mMe,.,. from the command poaL Secur-
ity weapona and ..mplll<'ement8 mUlt be ron-
cealed; tncb to them. mu lt be inronapicuOUL
AU apoil must be cea ee..led. P rotlPctin wire
an d communica t ion ... i .... must follow terrain
lin.... and be ~ well concealed as poMil.ole.
Night blackout d loeipline mu.t be r igidly
ellfo~. Rout... to pa rkins a rea.a for v\alton.
mun be ma intained in a«or dane e with the
t rack plan.
e. I n open ter ...ln where natunl concea.lm~
il affor ded only by small IlC t ub !l"rowt h
rock., ev..r hMd cov'" can be r>llLa lned b)' usl
d... pe neb or fl..ttops. E v.... in detoert te. ... ill,
broken c round and IIc: ru b V"ll"'tation form
i. retrU1ar patt..rna " 'it b whic h artitlci..l ma te-
ri al. may be blended. DilltJli nlt in T1i'd uc...
M adow and ailhoucttes . " ..d siml,h fies dnpinr
of em phlrements or tentlo . In open terrain
d isi",•• ion i. pa rtio ula . ly importanL Rout ...
bet ween element>. must be ronce..led 0. madt
by ind inct c<>Ur--.l'f" ...r in atnigbt Ii.......
I . H1"adquarten in ex i.t inlt civilian atrue-
tu re. p........nls the problem or hid ina: mo,'..ment
b)' da y and cone... ling th e evidence of activit,'
at niKhl , wh en hlae1ol<>ut cond it io"" u.ually
prev ai l. )liIil.ary mm'ement In .. villa$:e 0. I
/lTOUP of farm bui ldin,", is not ......ily diJ,.
CO" ered if kept to a minimum_ Al.tmIpta to
all.er th a ppeal"lUlCe or bundin,", by dl~n1 p­
uve pa int ing i. ~idenM' " f t>Ccupat ion ond
"imply reveuls a milita ry Installation. E rec:ltoD
<:>f II sma ll "t rue lnre . imulating • new ganil
o r oth1"r auxil iary civilian build ing ill unliUb
to an>UI<I l uspielon. bl.l t a n)" ma jor . ha n,..
...iIl be c10Mly """n ned by " DI'mJ" ai r ob<.1"n·e
Wh en bulldinga are pa rti llll)" detlt royed I
• 1',. ..... U. ''''1'' "' 0.' ...........>WI ,... ,.
 fig . ... 11. 1"To,... I g, .. ! of "no"""'", ..i ....
d"bri~-litW rro . i"stalla,i"". ..,IlY I... cI<.., ou-
fl ail"" with d"bris 10 bie n" with the r<>uj{h a n d
jll"". ri Ii""" of Ihe sllrrollnri i" j(• . A f"w
hroken t iml... ra. pier•• o f lath . pl".I. r, Ilnd
. c;oU" ....'<l ru ll'" will Ilcoompliah ' lu k k lind effec_
t ive ""n'...... I..,e .. l . othe r debrt. ullua ny a vai l-
a ble incluri.... ru bble, ""np meta l, w"""ked
ve hid.", a nri f urn itu re_
37 . s.. ~y Points
" . The probleln5 in cam<Ml ll• • i" r . upply
l.,inu inrlud. a ll t he difl\(,u ltiell o r both
b ivOWl< . 1Id "'''''mand t-t concea l",,.,,t. pi,,,
• numl.. .. of pa rt;.,ul>t.r ly lroubleooln" facl.o'"
(lC<"uliar to .apply poi nts a l" ..". Su p" l)' po ints
"
" alj' In .i.... f rom la r l/." t' rom·...,l ra l i<>n" of JIll.
leri alo In T61<r areas U. "m,dl pile.< or all!' pli"
in Ute forward 'ire,,,. F r"m a ,'amOU!la~
v iew l,."int , the la l'Jl'e conoen tr "tl<,,, "r m..teri
io t h" m" in prob lem. U UIft' " m" un tll " r "'l"i
ment Dr "n kinds a re broul(h l " I' 'I" ic kly, mUll
Loe Ilnl""df>d a..d roncea led q uit-kly, lind ) -.1
m"'l lit> eui ly lUXeS.~ible f<:>r I'f<t ial r ibut.i
F laltol'" n e ffecti ve "olu tion if the au
po in t. not too lallE". if t ime a ..d .....te .
. re . va ila ble. a nd if t h"y can t... made to
....ith tlw ~rn.i ll . F or au ppl y poi n tll tha t tall
be ~ Ied, ~ ..y poin\.<. w ill ofWII dR
th" ,f).....
nl a n """-""y att,..,k .
1>. Su pply pointll make u"'" " f nlliural en
 C-"'.... iCCl i... .. i•., c' ~ ,," liM by nmn ing ., I... g I~"'l i n I~e tu.n to deslin ch .... x o., ..ode
"
b, bur,in g cobin o, e c"",,, I.d b, loll.,.. ing •.,.,d'l ed9'" Ill ". _, be I!r Llllg fr_ 11.. I" I . u ,
lIf, .. """ pol., .... ne ce n .,." Ihey ,h"" ld be pl" c"", o long e. iJl ,ng .e. roin li nes . Mo in' enonce
cre.., es pec iolly mus l be• .,•• 01 ",., ~ i ng trod, .. hi d . c... ~ • •go 10""'" c",","'ond posl
Fit/aro 10. ~ /a , .f ,;" , .

ond eonr.."lmen t wh enever I'... ."ihl... StArk . of
, upplie" lire d i",,,,,.,,ed to mi n im i .~ dllmnlle
lrom II oi" lIle IIUnok . New IIeee "a r"n,lll lire
panned 1<, u"" exiatinll" o,'c rhclld cover. In
II\{)re pe1"mll"e nt iMtaliation~ . t r"" k. ru nni np;
thm Ulfh shu rt upe n II ","" rll n be ' nt><....le<l hy
.....rIIead n..ta alunr t w ~ n t rt'<'S. T .. tt;" con_
trot i ..... lurI... measu to "tlneN I ..ct i'·ity and
lIIO'"em.. nl I t. ttl , and from the in. tallal ion.
Enoa when nalu..1 cove r iOl . , or non_
flimo nt, nato..1 ter ..in IN l u an IIU'd to
l4vanlalle. Thfon a ... few k indo o r te r ..i"
rilich . ilI nut ha,'" to be u oed to .tore "UI'S~"'"
d th e.... an I....· k inds. of terni" for whj"h
re " no lOluLion. In "" h i\-atN lWlda. Ml P.
pli.., elln I", laid out "I""il r " lIi" "ti" " line.
a n d k .t" t~d with .trip-p;lI rni.•h...1 t wine neta
1<, re , ,.,,,lIl,, 1I1-11",1i" l1 ,tllhble. Fi ll"re r,2 iIl",,-
tra!.<'11 l", w 1111'I,li,'" ";i" loe "t a"kPd ror d""ep_
t iM . The I' lowed f<cld " , ,,a lly "111,11" t roll!'I,' to
"ttemptll lit t·.. m"uflnl(c, b" t ' '' PI.Ii.... <art be
..ta<kl'd ... ra llel 10 the r.....,"'.... lid <"" <'red
with ...rth <o lort"d bu rla p_ From Ihe a it . th i~
is ..ffect ive CUllCi'a ln.ent_ A"".....~ rou l"'" ...
mad.. . Iunlt th.. f urro", s and "" u nna t ural lin....
a p pea r on t he JIllIt.>r n_
e, C&mO<l nllK\' dhl<iphn.. lTtl'W'u a l ~u ...
ply pointa inc:ludt' t rad < plan s lhat ull in a
m in im um of ..h anr=s in thP a IOi_ ra ....e of
1<'Tn'.;n• ...,nl rol d dt'l,r ;.. "" t hat il dc_ ""I
llttU mutate a nd a ltra.:t enern)- .. u.-n1.ion. ron-
t

' ". ... ~ • . IIr .... _"', a lO ' Ptlr rHJ (UI,..,j -... .,. _ it"""
1'..... .:0. SMAll,.. ......... ...... ,.,. ...;...... Qrn..
_,....u _,... F'ip .. 01. r~ _ I ' " _ ,-...r....,.u -t.

.i_ __,.
~-' ~I_ ~

';__ 1 . ...!", Io<>p is ..... .<4. Tb o . " l r ;" _ .." .., . V _ _ .. ~ .... _~ 19 nVI...... ,........ _..-.. EI,.,.
__roo .".,.. _....., .._ _ /' .too . , . . - ""~,.. ..r•• •• ,- .,...r ...... __
_ _ _.. e«-t•• f in. ,..... ,._01•• _ .... iIdolt . - . , I.
..... . - . _iffl f. ,.,.." ...:f;"''l' ~ . ..
--..I. of • ,w , ,.. f.- ,4< CPo r~ ior r. l"ft""'l _.... • .- _ ..
•d ................"" .
ealment u d rontr<>! of trw:b ....flin' w "'....'"
--
I\JPpliell. . nd Jnllintenanu "f ca""",II"£f
31,. e -floge of Waler Points
.... Faeton which a id in the con<'e&lme" t of
...u.r pointa a re:
(1 ) Ad!<luau.ly con<'e1\led r oad net at
poi nt.
(2) Suffldenl nat ural conce"l m~" l to hide
"",itinJ{ vehlclea.
( 3 ) Ad"'Quate concealment-ali:ift<'ial or
""t ural fOf Op" r&tin J{ personnel, etorall"e \anu,
Illd pumpl nll" an d puri ficati"n "'I" ;I,m...,t,
(4) Strict enron ement of camou ll"ll"e d i&-
d ptiDe.
(Ii) Colltl"ol of apilled wate r. ad"'Quate
d....inajrP W pfe\'ent "\.llnd in« pool. of Wau.f
wilicll rel\ect mud> lighl
/l, Fol~~ not auffid ently thick tor perle<1
COIll'elI.1ment ill aupp1emented by Datural lIlA-
teriala. llattt> or dn.pes. Co ncealmeat ia re-
quil't!d tor ter point equipmeat ; the obi""
of wasee in the tanks; and amall open areas
t hat muat he c.roMed by vl'h kl e. or Pl'l'8Oll.I1el
in operaUn/t t he poi nt. Shi ne on wate r CIOn be
eonc....led by canvll.li COven; or fo1!~ IOnd the
charac teristi c "hal'" of \.anh ca n be di,,\I,rted
by foliage of a rtificial mater ial! .
e. CllllIoul'la«e d i..:ip line " t 1\ ....ter point
f "'luin. • wa ter supply ..chedole lo r W1i nr
unitll . I_ k of a ..chedule. or ... io.>h..ti on 01 a
""hedDle, lMually produces a con<;ent.... tlon of
"''''iti nlr veh iel<os ...hich cannot be e<>n«oaled .
.
 CHAPTER 9
LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVELY PERMANENT INSTALLATIONS
39. I~rod uctiotl
T1>e princl ple. &rid methoda of eamou.~
st.-ed throupout this rnan ua1 are aPJlliu~
to the camout\~ of find and f'P!ativ.ly ~r_
man"",t In.tallationa. Any d il'f~nce is merely
one of dlPKl'H of detailed planrdna Uld extnt
of eamoo l'laJrf construction proj«ta. Giv", the
ti me, matf,rIal, and labor, tMore b abnost DO
limit to the eonee&Iment that U n be &oeom_
I'li.hed, If the importan...e of the 1I1.lItaUation
jU. l.i nH loch expenditures. If ita importance
d~ not ~an for all-out camo...n" !l"e, ita visibil_
ity can .till be r educed materi ally by t he simple
method of tt>nl'do.... n. Thi s cha puor presents
' UggeotloM for analyzing camou l'l a~ prob-
lema, prf'l'il r inll" d...ilrfl s, a nd .ul>enoiaiull"
proj""u . T M 5-200 roveD the COl\lltructlon
maleria b and camouftllJl"e teehniq....... .... hich ca.n
be modit\1Pd to Ml it va ri ati ona In " fl"'<'i'" i n~
!<ta11. UOlUI.
40. OMi,," QIXI lity of Como llflo e-
The kind and ~ of n.rnouftaln' dosired i.o
doU"" inlPd by the l olk>wing l ac toN.:
• . Important<! of in5bI.llation (how d illkult
it .....uld be to "'1'1_>.
b. Vulnf'l'a blHty of installation ( diapNllion
a nd au....."ti Lilit y to ~) .
e. P ro/.>a.ble ....l'IIIy Irnowled ll"" and evaluation
of in. tallatl"n.
d. Exttont and effJciency of alr. warn ing
fadliti"" lind deleree or ai r sUl ,,,riori ty.
e. ProLable heights, dlrecticns of approach,
and t iml'" of enemy <lb.""rvati on ft. 11.11110k.
j . P robable .....1... of enemy obooern t lon.
g. Ave.... 1l"f' visibility ( rain, fOll". and other
almo5pMr1c conditional .
4 1. IlHtrictive Fad'on
F acton wh ich may limit camOllfta" l-..ibil~
ties a~:
G. P rom lnHlt landmarb which o.en·e u
ref.........,. poInu for _ y pilob. P ncliWity
of obaeuri n. th _ landmarks M ould be COII_
sldered .
b. Normal operational d.......nda of ilUltalb.·
tlon.
e. Area Involved and ti me allowed.
d. Expected lVlef ul life of in.tR llRl ion.
Innuen~H deci.<lon on short or lonle 1'/1
"",",oulla~ proJ(ram .
e. A~ of auitable a~ for a decoy.
/. Availa billty a nd lnoes o t eam " ... ftllllt
mateort.la, labor, and eqnipment.
fl . SeNonal change< and ""'I'".-ted ma la-
ten.o.noe. determi ned from d ud,. of 'l eAr r0un4
....\her ronditi o.... (rainfall. t..ml>eratun
....nJ(S, lJIIowload. and "';nd ) . . I
AI . Proboo.ble enemy II'" of ae n.l jWw\.op .I>III
of ...... I
i s...,lIr ily requ irem....ta. indud inll" """ recy
d uriTlJ[ oonatnlctlon. I
i. S . t uu of adjllC.... t in.tallllti " "". eal"""ially
with NIIlpect to exillting or planned eamOllft are. 1
Th i. Is important .... hen . ...eh ilUltallllt lon. aI'S
under oontrol of another IIU!1lOri t y.
1<. Dell"ree of cOftl'erat ion to be ex p"<"te<l fl'Olll
unit. .... h....e activiti es will "If""t . ... cce... of
final ca. mou nall"e &Cherne.
4 2. Pr'OC.cIII"S
Beto... form ulati ng II fi nal pla n tor a p roj
a decision mun be made as to the l>eIIt
 udl on pr""edu re t o follow. 'The f"llowinlf
t SUlfj{elItf, M>me of the poMibilit i.... 'Thlt lIna l
choia! de pends on th.. situati on u..( ..·m exisl
d the site at \.he ti mlO the work Is Initiated.
Comp lt'te carnoufla~ a pplied . tep by atep
d.
durin.. eoMtruc t ioll or d urioj{ a halt ill the
o~t1onal activiti....
b. Complete eamoulla~ applilPd to .~ive
oeetiODS of the inet&llatioll durlnj{ operati onsl
acti" itia.
c. Complet. amoufla~ APplieod lin t only
to vita.! parte of a lar~ illlltallation.
d. n u ty temporary camoullell't me... ll..... to
be I'e1JIACed or alllP11ente.:! by mo re wtnprehen.
,i ~e and more venn,,"nent wol1<.
, . Slm ultAne<ms development of complete ly
camnuflal("d Installation and decoy.
/. Gon. trudlon of a day or night d..,oy while
rea l Installat ion ia gi~en toneodown t ......tnw nt.
4.3, h qnflal l .f.,Mee Data and Aich
e materiabo _hieh ahoald be ll'athmod prior
t the plan and whlcll m ovld be u-t .. m_
~ and a idA io c reatilll': the plan a re :
.. MlPd iultl ..,<1. ~ ~ph ic mapa
of the immtd lilte a .. d adjacent &"""'.
b. Aeronautical cbubo.
~_ A controllPd moaaic, at a _ I.. not
..... ~r than 1:26,000 or th.. project a"",; and
a cootrolleod or """, icontrol led moAaic at A
IIaIle not lIJnlIller than 1:50,000 of th e "llr _
roundi ng a rea .
d. Aeri al ~erti,,"1 photogTa pha of the proj ect
area with II. mininm m o~erlap of fiO pe rc.. nt nnd
oblique photograph. _ taken from cardinal
direction. or mOllt likely approach Ilngl"".
c. Town p1.ns and counby ma ps.
44. Sch.-lule of Op&nlfioM
" oclIedu le of 0pen.ti0lla should be p~
....ly In a eamou llage ~tion pro jed..
Thill lIChedulu houJd be planned 110 that:
.. The projt'Ct d.,.." not intnfere at an,. ti me
wi th the functio nin&" O)f the inatallation.
:r.t . t.riAls CA.II be o rde red and deliv..ri....
uled to .~oid a llton.ge problem.
c. Djfr~ re .. t t yl..... of work do ""t n, ,,lli<l hy
oonj( ca rried 0" . 1 th.. ""m.. t imlO In lhe "IUlle
a rea.
d.. One type of work can be- 8uu.l il uW for
another In the c....e of unfo.......... <lela)'...
45 . layo ut Grid Control
o . A ,,10.11 of the area to ~ camoulla.pd
".llOuld ~ d,....·n at a ....,,1.. of not t- than 16
f....t to th.. inch, a..d ~hou ld ~ gridded al .s-
r.....t Interv..ls, usinJ( th.. m"d ula r .y. t.em. Th..
.t-foot i.. te-rva.I. or modul... i8 a llnit ...f m o re-
ment for N'l('U lalinj{ prol'Ortion•. Ita woe the
bU la fo r a plall will re<iuc.. bUlldin j( c,,",to, offer
the d",,;gner a simplifi ed mo>th"d of dimen"ion_
inJ( d ra ,,~ nj(., eliminal<! the n.-::....lty fo r murh
..xp..n"ive detalli nli(, and offer II "}'"wn, of re_
petitiv e module, 4 f ....t in dlm enaion, on wh ich
repetitl~e ""l'eda "f the ranloufl"l(e ('an he oon·
. t ructed by an /WleOlbl)' line type of prod oe-
lion. The 4·foot interllll "'"lfCl iM "," th" aising
o r d itrenont matu i al" on a common bAai. so
that wh..n ......,.,bled th ey can "," MLdily IItIed
together to fonn A complete stnJctol'e. 'fh.e
better the componenta f rom dill"e,..,nl ma nllrac-
lure", can be fttte<l toJ(oether, the I.... _ ill be
the r vtti nlf and adj ll<;tm~ta n'q llired on the
j ob. Plannlnlf for the 1I..... of modular prodllda
d""" nflIl h am per d~ilnl"'" in e......ti nj( r&mOll_
1l.a,rP COTUI1.nIrtion to m<'l't any ......d. It .impl,.
mean. that d ilnlc" . prod'lffra of buil d inll
prod OJCta. ooil<l and cra1b<m.... aU work 10-
J(l'th..r on a ""mmon basi" ""i nj( " eoordina ted
. )'Stern <>1 d lm......ioninj(.
h. Preparation of workinj( draw inll" on a
modular halo i. (flg. 53) i. not e... .."tially
different trom that CUglomalily t olluwed in
archit ectu ral practice. However, a new faet or
hAA been ..dded-the disci pline of th~ g rid.
(1 ) TILe ",od1(la,. flrid. Coordi nat ion of
bu ildinll prod OJCta in II stnJcture ill bued u pon
a ....inch cube represented a 4. inch llrid on
plans_eIevallon. , and aedio 1 d ...... inp.
(2 ) SIIWIll ntJh d ratriftga. At ....... of
Iaa than. 1 Inch to th.. foot, it til not p,...,ticLI
to Mo'" If ri d linft, An a""hit«ta ata1e pennita
dnwingr. to be laid. oot in multi pl... of . incha.
PlAns and ~J ....ationa for umoull~ con~truc_
tion are to be laid oot URing a 4 ioch Irid.
 r t<E CUM

, <, !"'-'
. • . . ' .. • • .
..
~ Y--fI •
'1
-e-
n« G~IO

CD

O I " [ ~S' ~ SV"' OOL.S

CD

(S) MOOMla r d Pla.i&. A 4 inc h lITid ;" u......t
in d....ina: typieaI d<!Uils at a _Ie of 3 i....,...
Or I I,Ij inth" ~Ii nlf 1 f ool. TM vid i. the
bull of «IOrdination and not M e , nly .
d i_nsion of md e ri all.. Ma tfria lA a n' shown
all arlual lize a nd "ith locaW on , o r relaW
to, • !(rid line by • "'f 1K'<! d imet'L'lion. Di·
mm.iom on r;rId linea &r1' . ho...· n b y &lTOWIi ;
t ho. .. not on Ifri.t lin"" by dots,
46. Marking Ih Area
Attn the lAyout plan is determi ned, .. gTid of
16-foot "'10' " 14 modol....) Is l ra""fe r ..... to
not va ry mo.... than I foot from the deoIiJr1l to
main tain the ~ of the d.... ign. V.riati DIII
in _ I.. mak.. it di ffic1.llt to ma trh patt<1nlJ, at
. id.. ....11. alld roor. and "'"""'"_ ~. U -
rAll ~ ma rkO!<i On the ~nd w.inlf a tftI,nit
court m&rker. chalk lin. , or any otheT mark-
ing device. With the lI'rid Ii..... u 1l\Iid.... til,
pattem OIltJinefl . .... the n drawn .
47. Discip lina
Camoufl a"e di"dpline l. vllal durinlj' all COlI·
. tro<1ion pkuM , t any site to be um""l1~
E IJed.ive d;.",;pli.... ""lu i_ COMtaot ... ~

.
the JrI"OU od. Li nee rnuUd OQ the lrf'Ound must visi on when eonsbuction ia deo.irn«\ for
 I'(e a rea. C learin~ fo r building " "houl d 00
'. ited to the a rea to be occupied by the bu ild·
ing . Bu il,ling locations ea n be .hifted . Iij(h tly
to a void cuttin g do","!! tr..... that will make .ub-
""Juent ca moufl age """,ier . Sc ra p lu moor, pack_
ing box,,", empty p>lint caM, and other forms
of reru>;e nnd debris, as well as the spoil f rom
excavations should be di sposed of or camoo-
flal'(M as soon"" po.sible. P a rk ing a""..as a re
best disper.ed lind c oncealed and w a itinl':
poinla lind turnarounds . hou ld be marked.
Equipm ent not in use and stock pi1€'8 of s upp lies
must be con r~'I\I ..d or removM f rom th e s ite.
Work iIlll" eq uipm.e nt m ust be llCreened for "ecu-
rity. Ttl prevent ""a lTing the earth "roun d
•mall eoner ete s lr uct u res. 8uch lUI pilllJOx es,
raJ.Nt platform" Can be u"'-'.l f or eoncret<.> m ix"
inl'(, suppii"", and spoil, AU personnel m u"t be
fa milia r w ith the pla n"" it concerns thei r own
individu"l a ct iv it i,,,, ( fi ~. 54 lind 55 ).
48, lnspe<;tion
During eonst rudion , materials s houl d be con-
8ta n tly d, .... ked for suitabili ty, quali ty, rolor,
a nd proper app lieation . The pai nts 81w ulrl be
ehecked for color a nd t ype; cotton net.. anrl
wire nett inl( "h ould be insp';,d .ed h.-forc U ' l"
w ith particula r attention given to t he I'(arni.h,
T he overall eonstruetion plan sh oul d be che:-ked
freq uent ly on the ground and al80 by "erial
rh oto J'( TIlphs for in rl irect analysi s. F re·q uent
n iJ'( ht inspection s are v"luab le w di ' cover an y
\~olati on of the pr inei ples of l;oo<l ea m oufl a ge.
49. Ca mo uflag e of Buildi ngs
The b"sie m ethod s of eoncealme nt-blend inll',
h id inll', 'Inri ,lecei vi nll'__ ean he applierl eit her
to existing huildin~ or to n ew construdion .
Con cealmen t is much easier, ho w'-"\·er. when the
cam ou ftltj(e ""h em e is in corpora te d in t h,- dt'--
s igns for new eomtrnction .
a. DiBrupting Shape and SIw.dow. The s ha pe
an d, to a limited degree, th e sha dow of build-
ings eRn be d i. rupt ed by pattern paint inl; th e

I
Yii'''' H , Carol... and wid..p,<a<i .a,'~ ocarn~u I. cau ..d b~ loilu.. 10 •• Iobh, h a ''''/fie plun , iod..m m_
i. .,. .... 01 ","'h"''''''''Q ' 9"'P"I'"'' a"d ' ao ","e~ <a" «"" ,,'d h 1....,. II" u oad oI""';"Q ' 0 fo <ililot< """. tn.<-
"'". A " , " f" .c.d ''''/fi< p14" , ,,' "p d.. "';~u tho plao~;"U ,,' OQ' " 'auld ,llml~a l . ..... , h af ' h. ' '''oali'Q ..,a "
n Ihi> pic,.....

..
F ...... u. W.w.. . "' __ ., , .. ~ .. ....._ J
•
..,.. tA. """" ••_ . , ... , ..
u.. ,

I
....... do.. po".......... , ~ "'~ , I U • • • • /lI .. ,.......- _0 1 ..... .... __ t, ... nd t..6.0,

"' 11.118, o.e roof, aM the ~u rround ; n.ll: groum\.
''''Tll''' lrr<'11ul" r pattern . of t wo or th ...... N,1 "...
airnulati nl!' the ] ()(,1l1 terrain patt..rn elln I....
a ppli•• 1 in " Llr ~ " way"" to Im'ak t h" atr,Lilo[ht
ed ll"" . fi"",,",,' th e J"<)<,r 1"'11 ",,\.'1 more lil'(ht tl", n
a ny othPr »Rrt of th,. buil dinl':. the l,,,tt prn
. hould he clJ,rker lind the roof should he tex-
t u l'<'<l h.·f" .... 1"'; 111/ l' a inl>'<l. Th e da rk l'" tt.-rna
" n \Jl.. roof " " carriO'<\ down onto til. wa ll
. urla.... to b"",k t he line of t he structure I fip..
Sf; a nd l,7) . Th.. It' rou nd ('a n "" . p rnJ'<.'d .... ith
bhu:k b itu m ;n" u. ....uL< i,m to ....,ak th"
ahadow; e... ~ tll1t ul'l'd m. ria'" BUTh a>; cill_
d.. rn. ,Ial(, o r .....1 ...""he r ....t u""" """ (,.. . 1' <1
matllke a ro und . bu ilding in an iTn'lnlLar t-
tl'm to oboo:u"" th e .hadow; or thx,k .h nlbt ry
Or tftftI a.n t. I'lan t.ed. if I'l'lIICtieabI... e~ to
th .id of • bu ildinlf. Ri~d oilhouetuoo. . ddO'<!
to 1M v... or t he buildinp will distort tMit
oha pe (fiJI'. rJl ).
b. D i,Ul ;"g. Ir til. tfon'ain I _ ita, • nt'W
I'\nlctUI"l' can t". parti.11y d Ull:" in . in ord. r to
r,..'l u{·. ti", h..,lt"ht a nd 1n tu m ti1 .. . hlld" ", (fIt"!'
r;~l) . Buildi ngs of metal or 0"..., h " u"lnll" m.·\( ,
mllwri.. l. ma y he ..on...... I,'<I f " ,m " u ll,r a n"
i " frllr"l dt'teo:'t ors by pili nll" dirt in " Il"nuhml
. 1" 1/1' u p to the eav'-"I ",,,l pilld nll" ,q ,pr" , i.
nULwly 3 inr h'll of soil on the root. ITh e n",:"-
l u re ... "nw " t of the "" il UM'" in t hi. ma"" "r
mu., t l.oe kel,t a t a pp roxim ately th 01.. "" thlll
or th.. lI u rround inll:" !!Oi18. or II ....tl ·uo ...·.. <l ilf.., ·
" OU'e ", ill I"" c """W to n<'ll:"att> the ..o"'·....ln'..nl
nlu...)
c. SeNNI'''". Bui ldi ngs eIlO I"" conc""kd by
........,.. or p m i...."'" n<.'ttinlf'l ( fill>'. ( .0 Ih ruurb
62 ). \\1Ine cnn«al rneot rrom c"- ot~.liOD.
;.. .....Iuind the nettinll" . hou ld 101"'" lI:"m.
ually to the r;round. Di8rupti l" UcI'1\ll Ilt&J"
I... 1 1...; ov.r netti nll:". ro<.r ral"'"-'"l111
....al F or ot:nlctu~ .nth roo" . tc.prr th.u
:vi ' , the TH"Uinll:" mu st _ v"r tM buildin...
d. ~um.f1. The naWI"I' .. nd oi or builoJ.
inp ca n t". dioi!U iHod in man" ....) l fip _ gs
Ih roult"h 70 ) .
NOT E: S

TH E: SE: PATTER NS SHOULD B E:

E X TE ND E D T O AD J A CE NT
GROUN D AR E AS
o
F ig ..... .,. A "",h. , ..<th.d .f hnaJ<iMg id e><tilvift g . /tad . ..,. ;., '" .., ,,,.h
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Ft,..... "-ContinU«!.
"
f'i guro "" U' o" " d "W'" of 0 ",moufl"g,rl m, ..Aa ll of" m u.ition, faoto , ~ in IJ ri..b.",. Au. ',"ii. (19;.'1. TA.
fal .. """I ' "u 'iu"" ou ov.~ ' Ao buUdi.g a"d lu m ina'" 10g;""II~ at ~ ",~t. ;"",,1",", T h,. it 0" oxe<U".1
. x o m pl. 0./ "o muuf!"yi"y 0 p " rn u ", ~ 1 i", ' oIlal"''',

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 •

SO. l ood. Dnd Parking A . th...... i• • cboicc , thc s ite s hou ld providc "'.
muoh natu ral ovcrn...d MV" r ... p.....",I.. for
R.-b can be romplEUly ( ollC lfd for Mm_
spu r trw b , buck ""rbI. _ra~ RrNa, wan-
paratiVi'ly _ha rL . tn-khlOl only . H ow"""", inter_ boIl_ . a nd .......... rout.... Th.. rai lhnrl iw
MdiollS, tnom. c; ..,18. short ..,~ road• • a nd ahou kl he- at -... ;nu,l1TI<'d ial<! IM';nl. nol
~in .. . rNa, ..h.n th..,. ..... IaDdma rb, can thc f"Ild of th c rail linc . (Fa " .. tradul lfoa<Iinlf
be madto inco....I.;.,UOUlI bJ.' ton~. teduri"«. to a dftooy ... ilh... d ia pro<.hlr til.. bNt ooIut;'-'"
""......., inlt. tn.noplantint 11'HII. n'I, ,,,atinll'
roads. Dr by makiOll' deeoy .-dA. Tonf'do"" o
for """ fllSina- u... .........
~. ~n- a';"" anti ...,.
tarl. ) Th,. j unction with th,. """i nli ah".. loI
I*i nti .... nod~ the d istil fmm .. lIkh • bIO inc...... I.;.,UOUS lU. ~i"I ... S i!ir t .... h·
road ra n ........." . How .,Il«ti, thio mf'thoct i. nlq u a. -
d<'[><'TIdlo on haw ,,"'-1,- the lfoxtu an d color
usN ma\.c h. tbo8e of ad~.....t It i. dim. ~. Add inll CItra balb... t to c,w... Ii"".
cu lt to (~,tIli n t h., prope r ton.. v•.1u" by 1",,;"1- b. Ma kin j{ ou(.(>r ffl!t"e11 of ball.....t ifr11(U hu .
inll' R ~ ," ~. \ ... tu . ;n j!" t he _u,(,.,." ",-ill .."I,. (fi lt.
r . I'I""i 1111 fllW IICr"" n . h..tw,~·n ,u,<I on 'i ,l"'"
7 1) .
of rail•.
51. Ra ilhead . , Railways, a rM:! Rolling Stock d. ~: r"'·tj nll n..ttin!t" " Y" r , i<l ;"II". Iwt wf'<'n
h uil rlin!t" (,., conceal loadi nll: plntf" I1TI", "r "ver
An of the uvNl1inll' cha rncterl ><tica " f ti,,,
activ- ace..... rou\.<olo (,., . tornj{e a r..a•.
iti"" lind col\l<t ructinn """",i..W wilh. II rail_
I'U<Id . ", u tTfJll'\e1y diftk ult to camourlall'e. Th"
e. Enf in.. a t rack plan for \·.... kles will
k....p vi.i b a;lfJIa of unmal...l ....Ii" il i'" "I a
railwaY" th......lvell . .... ......"I{ll iuod l>y thei r
m in im um.
10.... l*rall elli n.... g radual co "" ligh t roIo......
b&l\aAt in th.. roadbMs. a nd th h in.. from , . ("'amoun.~ of . u ppli.... • U,"'" in v... "I ,,"n.
ma.inlilW t ...."b. The nlilh...ts lW'<l«IIiud fl . Di_ in.. f~ .-bt can. ""~ oti v ".-It;.
by th .i r aiM .nd th" aUrndanl. ti vil }", Cam· c ........ nd Pl>l;..... Thi. i• • n l I' ·.ul....
....,1'1 ..,. """"'0"", at ' - . an ...u.. thf' i.,<tal- .nd is _ uti&! .. ~ nUwr camotlll.lf" ... i ....
I&l.ion ,pPI'. r unprofttabl. to 0.. ",O'Il'ly . W hIM> l..-ibl<e.
 ,
ro
1. E.te';Qr , jew
Figu,. rt. T'o rkiwg 0",0 ........ ,,1
52. Bridge s
While .. br idge is d iflk ult t n hi,le , t he re are
• number of "a",nulla....-,> !.rick s w!li"h may
deeeive th e enemy "," W its location lind, moat
imporumt, its con dition . Simu latPd ' Ta h ',., can
be pai nted on til,- d,,,,kinll: and NIWl'€d . After
an attack, they "an he eXl" ,,,-><I . Decoy t;, nk8
and othe r doco}' vehid "" can he plac ed to ,im o_
late a trllllk c ti,LUP aft<>r th e "t t.;,,·k . Portions
of th e &id e ra:ilinl( C.an he removed. Fo r t h is
pe of der"l,tio" to 1)(" "onvi nri nll". it m il'!
2. Inter;or .i.,w
from 00 ."""';0....
appear tha t an alternate r iver croII"ing ette is
he inJ{ prepared . Ap pro"d,,,,, muat be well wo rn
on I~ >'lh banks. If there is a line of near_mw
craters n,.i.e the bridJ{c, one or mol1' of them
"" " uld be filled. If a. bridll:e has be<.-n a.ctually
,b"""Ift'<l, it mar be made to a pp<'>l r re pa in'd
and w<llble by filling II. lI"'P with wi re fnun....
wor k covered with dc>th . Then it aJ(ain I...:omeg
a IOlrieal cro..s inJ( a nd proud .. the actual cn:wc-
inJ(. If a riv"rl>ed is 5uitable a nd til e water . low
and muddy, bridlrC8 may he constructed with
"
the deck .ubmerl"ed ju,t below the su rface.
The .hpe &nd oh&do... of a detltroyed b ri dge
ma y be u!Oed 00 help cono:eal a ponton bridge
eonstnJcl.ed alonpide. ]f a decoy e.....ing i5
bu ilt at a 10lfiea\ place, lIOIYIe dioL"U1u a way.
tM n ped.ient hu a r;re&ter chaDa! of eocaping
det«'tion . I n a=rtain <:UelI it may be p"".ible
00 rubIMr lte a POlltoll brid~ wil.leh hu pneu-
matic: llQ&to by ~ g ai r from the 1'I<>o.ts.
By th l• ...-..... the bridge call be hiddell durilll:
daylijrht houn and refloated for ..... a t ni"'L
S3 . Wi.. Li.,..
A well canlou l'l aged .tructure b of little v.lue
jf a conapieuoo. line of communic.tion wire
term inate- at the Installati on. It I. di"""trous
to ..Uow unconcealed cable un ee to end . br uptly
a t what 10 mellnt to a ppear aa a n Innocent hill
b ut II II't ually e n Important comma nd post. A
decoy muot continue put the Insto.Ualion to a
l(>J"ical t . nnl....tion or the real Ill'l mllal be
camOIlI'l I&"'d. Imitation U..... can be made of
ro pe. wire. cord. or other Ii milar materi als.
The p","Da! of a line can be cotlU*led to a
j[n!I.t eXUnt b y carefully Iocatl nl" it alo ng ter-
rain linea. lrngularly aiJ'ld IUPl'OrU nl" poIeo.
with the 1..", left OIl, let at IrrefIl lar interYaia
....d atane red to eonf'orm kI the lITOund pat-
tern . are lesa eomopicuoul than Ii.... ft«1Ilarl y
l paced and a1illed. Spoil taken f rom the pole
holm must be earned a way or hiddl!'l1. Care
m\lllt be taken d urin&" rna inte....."" to a void
mak inj( a n obviolla pat h alonJfthe line of pula
504 , Pipel i.,..
Pipeline. Ihould be laid along leCond..ry rot«Is
wh enever p"""ible. When cro"'-I:oont ry 11lyinll'
i , necaasary. terraill feato...... Mou ld be fllll y
Util iled, To elimillate the . h. dow of the pi I\(!.
di rt or debria blended with the bac q rouoo
M ould be banked gently alo ng both lid"" o r the
pi pe. A toned own color a pplied 10 the pipe
hel~ blend it wi th the backVO\l ud. Tanu a nd
pumpin j( f!(Iwpment mould be f«e..ed in pil.3.
di l p"ned. and con~Jed by natura! cover or
"",to. F alae pip"lin... a~ il)' . ;m uIaW b)'
the a . of ditdlinl" equ ip n t : &fter....,h day'.
wor k. "" 'eral po1el :U>ould be Jeh .t the e nd of
.
the d itch to . imula t e a .act of unlaid piP'".
5 5. Airfj aldl
a, The lin t . tep in the camoul'l"l«! of a n II
field o r Iandill&' lite. as in all eam<>U flll.f[ e opera-
liD.... ia a thorough stuo!y of the terrain by air
oleerYaUon a nd aerial Photoll'nplw. After tile
ground formation. pred ominant colo"., . nd
patterna of t he a na are . nall"'ed. t he c. moo-
ll.,;e deme can be planned..
b. D10pened parki ng rite. ohou ld be lon.ted
within dart< and b ....vily terlnJ"l'd paN of the
a,... avoid,nl' sites ....he~ the . ireraft would
be In aha rp eoIltrast to their wrroundinp or
clOOle to an UIl\llltlW or iooiated ter rain fll'lll.tu re.
UB!' . hould be made of overl>ead con«alment.
clomps of buohes . 'lCnlb Il'l'Uwth. f(lld, in the
gT<lund . Alld other . hadow-eaotl nll" lrl"'el'\lla r.
Itie• .
c,Cireul. ti nl' traffic should be confi ned. if
poMible. 10 "'tilting road. a nd plIthl for mow ·
ment withill the &reIII and for -«_ to """urity
outpoata. New route.. eh(lu ld be kept to a min-
Imum. Ad vanlaj'e Mould be take n of o""rhead
~IMnl and vehic.... shonld be . ited c.......
kI and alona natllraJ terrain 11_
d. The rreater t he tnlfic . t . n airlleld
more dilllc\llt it ~ee to eamoutllll'e 1"\lII'
oral'S a nd taxi.....ys. Sod .irlle1d1 d<> Ilot ordi-
naril y preo.ellt too p-ee.t a prob~ unl _ he.vy
u..e hall c,...W worn pathl a nd Itri ps. If th is
d""," happen it lilly be ~b1e to extend the
path or a\ri p Into an alread y n ilt.ing fOUd or
t rail. thereby con«aling ito actual pUI'J'O'l". Ia
thi . .... pecl. oooperation on t he ,,,,rt
of the
pilota by reot ri cting their landing!!. takeoff's,
and tU l'Tl&round. W delligna ted lire.... i. vitally
n8CeM&l'}', Hurd run wa y" a nd taxiwaYI may
be textured lind painted to blend with t he bacl<-
ground . nd road. can be l imulated I.CI'OlIIl
t hem.
e. The <:UI!oul'lage of revl'tmellia ia diftkult
I.«anoe of their canl&in N shadow. It they a re
partially d ul' into the sidee of hillll. the probll'lll
i. Iimp/ifWd. T he mono i ~lar the , lu.I>" and
the more vadllll the . 10....... the e&lioo t the)' . ...
to eamoul'llll' e. E.o.rtJ....on. revl'trnellta .....y blI
......sed to I'i"" thlMIl tnto .... . nd color and to
ronual n.....· &poiL F llrthe r impron me nt ......
be m. .... by plantiDg sma ll ah nl '" o r " 'Mll •
. eak up the form a nd . hadow, If ti me ",ud fam iliar wit h t he land in" area t he aida are
. ,ilities permit, tree planting i. an effeetiV(' removed and di.~lllyed on ly for viaiti nl< ai r_
m ea.,\u rt'. craft. Field llghtinll' muat be concealed to pr....
, . The operational struct.ut'f!ll asaoei &ted with vent ground or oblique lU.'r ial oboervation.
airfields are lrea~ M any other buildi njt or Ught emitted f rom airfield lill'hti nlt' IIdu"",
can be conl...! ;..1ed by u.e of the roml>at hOXHl
position and a re cw ered in other parbI of the
a ttached to all lbtures fo r th is llul"J>O!'e. Fix_
manual.
teree ma y be blendEod into the terrain .'. tloom
g. Panels and other landing aida an! dis- by use of natu ral ma terial. or by pai nting and
played only when ~uiNd. When r,ilot.s are t.erlurinll' to makh the terra in color.

.
 CHAPTER 10
DECOY INSTALLATIONS
56. loca t io ns
Decoys must be located In logical positi ons,
far enough away from actual target.. to pr e-
ven t enemy tir e on the deooy from hitting the
real illlltalla:tlollll. In all eases the loca t ion of
r ea.! installations must be u refully oonsidered.
The distance depends 00 the sl'e of the installa-
tion, the type of enemy observation. and fire
expected. Decoy br idsres, depot.., railheads, a nd
airfields ma y be 3 to 8 k ilometers f rom the real
objael Decoy artillery batteriea may be leas
than 1,500 meters from the act ual 1>"8i t ion or
separated f rom the position by m uch !,:relIter
distances depending upo n the type battery
being simulated, the t ype warfa re, a nd the
mi.sion of the un il To deceive the enemy, a
docoy sim ulati ng a la rg e rear area illlltal lati on
should have approximately the same r elation-
. hi p to nea rby landmarh as the target il qelf,
since landmarh " ill be used ll.$ enemy refe r_
enee points.
57. Theory of Decoy Deception
a. Direct and indirect ""ria.! study must be
made of each installa t ion th at is w be . imu-
lated. There i. no standard to fo lklw as every
installa ti on ha. its own peculiar siJ<Ilatures~
even two of the liollJIle type will have in dividual
and unique charact eristics.
b. A decoy In.stalla.tion must be con_
80
structed that its di""l""u re a pp8lI n; to be the
result of poor camoutlage. There are various
methods of doing this, sUt h as exposed part.a
of a decoy, exposed tracks. incomplete oo"",elll-
ment of shadows of docuys, or the im p roper
use of surface texture and oolor, If a decoy
draw. attention f rom a real in.tallation for
but a moment, It serv es its purpose. A decoy
.
position wh ich has been discovered to be such
by the enemy may later be occupied as an
actual pos it ion.
c. To be effective, the decoy installation must
incl ude feat ures normally a AA<oc ia ted with t he
real lI15tallati on and m un be properly main-
tained. For ins tance, decoy pla nes on an air_
field mu. t be moved f rom time to ti me; in the
ea.e of decoy trucks, a few reo.l truch should
be used to make track. ; in every ease. indi_
cation of norma! act ivity shou ld appear .
d, Deeoys intended to divert attention f rom
r eal object.s or illlltallations a re effettive only
when the real objects a re completety carom
ftaged .
58. Signoturel
<I. The chan<cteristic telltale signs of mili_
tary activiti es are called si!,:na t url'S. Track,
are th e most importa nt an n ol..,.ious si!,:naturE
of any military activity, with their d istinctive
f eatu r es easily differentiated from simila r d·
vilian acti vities (fig. 72) .
b. The vari ous tYl'eIl of t l"8Cks ma y be . imu-
la t ed in the followin!,: ways ;
(1) FQot trtU'h , The deaired tracks should
be made by actual f oot traffic . ~traw or ha~
may be scattered to Il'ive the effect of mon
extens iv" use. Tracks in a llre,um ahl,v ".:-c upled
po;sition must be constantly increased in w.....
a nd "idth.
(2) W lleeled t'ellitle trod,s. The best
method of providinJ( wheel t racks is to run
several vehidea through the area to create the
m\lllion desired. Cha ins or 101(., m"y be dra,,1(ed
to "reate .. J(reater flClIl'ring of the ground.
(3 ) Tmrk~d 1,pJl i cl , tmr h . It is desira1l
to use an actual t racked vehicle to make th. .
 T YPE OF nACK

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~b. Ii...e they im...-i ble to duplieate

lOon
........teIy by any other _ No. Such l.rIcb do
net -.d to boo fftle ..ed All fnqu _ Uy ... the
ether two tn-.
c. Spel l il UI..... ny eo""pKcuOUl n....r a ll d ug
pclitionl. If. ho.".l!'VeI'. the quality of the cam·
oul'I ll¥'" di!lC ip line of . uTround;nll' trool'" il ll'ood
and th ey di.po.e of their spoil, th b .ame prac-
tice mu .t lie {ullowed with the oimu laWd unite.
On the oth er hand, i f the camoulla«e di""ipli n e
i.I n <Jt li,'ood and . poil a ppelill"ll a round the dug
IID6itiono , It mu.t be ....producfld at tlle decoy
pollitKm. The '-t .... y to produce tlle apr-r-
"""'" of opoil ,. It> AJ.read the ....rtll f rom a .....1
n co""tKm. althoup the "'leavalion nHd not
be All d~ nor th e l poil pi.... All h igh All in tlle
_ ui pcaiUon. The In.mpling of ttle IlI'OO Dd
by rlrinr poorti... II","",. ~tion aDd
ecm{lllCtl the IlI'OOnd AO ttlat the lfl'ft."u fl't frl
011 al l but bare ..,.k Dr oa.nd ill to make the
nd .... TT'DIIDdIna' the snptaument a ~
tel" hI toM than ita nzroundtn p.
a. Shelten. Judi ... dUgWb Dr 110*. Jhow
All dad J pob in a light . . - of 1n<b and
.........plin• . Spoil ill .... p.--t. Airina- bIaA-
kft:J and .iml la r items may aJ.... be vlaible.
Tentirljf or ahacluI a re <llIoIlil1 inlprovNil.
~. I....u; n"' lN! an lL>&X"ia ted r...lure of ellPl'}'
""",,up ied . it.e. Th~ y IN! u.uall y di."loIoNI by
t rllcl<o IlOnverJrinll' and beooming mo re marked
"" ti me p. ........
I . Buried cable i . freq uently an .djund of
imporl.it.nt head'luartero and may a IM t.. """""
d ated with rado.r in.~WlatiOM. It a ppeara All
a tnw: k. .....a ny st rai ght with . nlfllb r t urns.
its viJIibi lity _.-.eo
a Dd lig ht in lone. W ith the \IUIlIP ..{ tlme
oll/Chtly.
g. Barbed -.rI re i_ a feature of .m-t aD
in fant ry COInbat JXlfIiti...... The -.rIre lbelf ( aft-
not be _II on aerial pho t.ogn.plv., bIlt i t. p...
en« 1nII)' be rev""liN! by t he tract. WId tnIIl-
plin. of the w iring party. After _raJ 40)'1 u.e
""'_lion of t h "'; re IJ di.dDMd by a faint If'I)'
line under the wire wh ich lfe~ dark er and more
pronounced u time PAMf\II ~&u<e of the ac_
cum ulation (If Ullt:r&mpled ~tion. Ca ps In
the ... i.... are ottom the mealUl of dillCl"" inI ita
p.........,., b!al.uae of tracb ...hich convef'P a nd
diverre ....ithout appa ren t f.ot>ol(napltic re&lIOn.
• . )fi nel'!elda. like wi,. n>ay a bo be loc.aW
OIl aeli al photo,raph,. by an otherori"", un,",,_
p1a.inable coo.... l'I'oce.,f ~b. but they will
mono commonl,. be ide nti tled by 1M "'Plar
patterns of exea.....tiona .... ltich abow li P ... Ilpt
patch.. EVl'n minHWld.o ....hich are n<Jt laid
to a gndant p&lUrn tend to abow n p OIl an
aerial phott>lTaPh. not .....,,_ one mine holoe
ill riaible In itlO!lf but twra~ a n umber of
u.ht patch.. COfItO'Tltr&ted in .,.... l pot dra.....
th e ~ to u..t. r-.
59. Commo.. o.fech
FoDowiol 1& a n.t of the defeda that most
fnlquenUy _ a dece ptloo to fai l. It will be
noted that they are of C"!eral application and
that any one of th .... mal' .......der wurth l......
th e oth ~ oe mOl!t perfect der oy.
o. Rell'llJari t y of t rack..
b. Lack of 1Itm" aaaociated with military oc-
cupati on,
e. Flato ee.s (no ~U!I'M!ICOpic relief) ,
d. F ailure to fa.it hfu lly simulat e a \.artic ular
type of lnatall&tlon.
• . Abaence of motor tra n_porta-tion an<l I"" k
m movemml
J. No daily cha nge In a ppearance.
fl. l ""Ornd taetkal po8itionlng.
l. Unl"eNONble . pHd of bui ldup or ......0.... 1.
L ~ of rM.I ai r defl!'Mell.
t- F ailure to . imutate a nK Iry compon<'Rt
of . particular inatallatioa.
60. DKoy f"..Jcj fo,li lKat.....
II, E "' pla.r....11lU '''Ld ' " t.......,,II>........ u . In aim_
Watinl" any dug-In ~ pe raonnel or weapofUl
emp1aetmenb. auch .. fOIh oJes. t.....nd •.,.. &lid
mortar or maclUnt!I"\lD em ~ tt.... .....
aatiAfa<:tory I lmull.lJons are made by actually
dial"&" Into the ll'Ound. H<>we"oou. it is not
.
n-=-ry to d ig the daoys .... deep u their
r MI counter l'a rtll, A deplh of at le.A I f,~,1
u<ually . ufficient to provide enuujI'h "I"'il f
II I'l ra\>el: &round the em pl&<'f'rnent lind IA>
rl'8te the proper illUll ion of d"Pl h to the iii r-
II\IUl I nd .. u l ..1 photo inte rp, m r. A d ,.,n!«'.
illualon of depth may ),. obt.ained by pa rtially
tilling tho- I h..11ow l'lII pla<'fln<'nt with '<1,nLw •
h nl"h , ha )", or 1eIl.va. Thi3 b...ks up the ~llfoC_
t lon of lirht from the bottom of t he ern" , -
ment and .PJM!&nL f rnm the ai r 1.<, 1... much
~ than it actu.. ll,. is (tI.o;a. 711 and 74 ) .
b. Pi11l>tJu~. Pi llbo,u'" .. ~ ........tf'd ..t the
moo<t lib l.,. I""",Ueoo of ~emy al'p,..,.,h. Th .
. nemy b o.... thi.a ..nd <an I.('<' urate ly "._
thetr genenlloeati on. H.,...-p,·u . if .. pillbox io
....11 camnulliged . b\<'Rdf'd into j tr. !IU lTl:lllnd_
Inp, or du srul.aed .... a rock. bul h. ho~. nt
oUler object wh ich will make it inronapicuom
In Ita pa rtieu lar settit\l', the ..........y II r'""<'R ted
f rom a potti nlt: it accurately. To further <ll......t
th. eMmy from th... resl piln><»: , d..::oy pilI.
bo n .. ma y be oon.rtructe<i and in_u tflCi ently
ca.rooullall'OO 10 that the ~l'IIIy ('an II" ot them
with little d ifficult y (til<. 75 ) .
r. Alltimrr lulni!rd m,.t"cl",". Anli m...11
nlted nh-t...c1." are often h.,all'd on rev.r
.lo~, ArOun<l curves, and in or hel,;nd n..tura
"cn-....n. to conceal t h<.'!l1 from IhO' fne mv li nd
to lDl; n l urpri . e. Decoy anti m" 'hllnizL'<'! <l iteh ea
lire ntten effecti ve in luri n,<r ...nem y t.,nh inlo
reIll camoun.." ed ditches. Such" ditc h need be
only ahout 2 feet d...p to r ff'" le Ihe prnl'er
llluslnn of det>th and i. COl18t ruc ted in the Mme
ma.Ilnoor ... "re trenrh ~ . • ·iJnlre 7(, IIh,.t "'"....
a d<lMpti <m lICheme u.'l.ing I'ml am:! decoy an_
t imechllni..... ditch... an d pilll",....... wlI"riher.
0«0" d l1lgon"1 teeth a "" abo ..t!'rive In p id .
in.. the enemy into .......u t ral" , They may bot
UAed in eonjunction with real I nd de<:oy an-
t imechani..... ditch"". Obstac..... lik.. dnLj[OQ'.
teeth d101l1d nat be aimll!aW in 1.-. not
covet'ed by I ntimerha.nit ed l'iT'l' ( ti ... 17) ,
d. M"~~. A . imulated minefi.eld may \w
... d'ri"" UI oblo:t&C'\e r.~ a .......1 fiel rt 1"",..,""
the t"!lf'I'Il)" must check ...:h . imula ti nn to bot
« nai n It i. nnt a rea.I on.... Surh .. minefield iI
el!ectl..a apirn;t aerial oW",abnn. Si mple
wal'l to c..... t.e a decoy minefll"kl are: dim n..
up the g m und in a &ta.odard miM'fiel.d pa ~~
e~tin l a minefield ma rk ing f..nee: and crea"
 1 _ I)IGGING COT "- I _ Tlmc;.. ~ m l> w" ..
SH"- LIOW '''N('' I Il\JS.. TO SIMlIU.n 01''''''

J _ V1!W SHOW ING ~"- ' UfT . _00'''-1'0' VIIW Of

"-"I> • • ~ HUEI> TItNOl OfCOV 11' ..eM

A ,i"oU ,,,",A a , it ... b . ;"g d~g "od a, ; , app.an do ,._~ p ,'" " h. d o"d fill«l w itA ~ ,....A .
"••• Ii> . b,.".A jil/;"9 """'eo 'A, <ompl. ,«! '"'ft<A app . ar mu ,A dark" tila" tho ~ftjiU <d ...<~ ck.

,' ig ~ ," n An"'h" ","Aod 10 .'",. Ia', '" 'Tlft,A"".t ... W pia.. b.rlu p or <lot h ;n Ii> , ""tim, d".;,..d a M
U"
,A... fi ll ;. Ih • • im~lul,d ."""v,",d por';,," wi'k ...... ' . aU, ,."i,,', or .<ra p.. uf Ita,k "", .. ""I, NM. 'Au'
' h,
,imulat.d I'a,up.' " lor""o bU .. lIiw~ ~"d,r !A. «Ig.. of a lorg. p;u , al burla p oml c-r<oH"U 'h . illlUw"
01 til, ,"ouwd 01 a I'm'o,,,, b~ piling .aN d ,,"a... 'A, b ~r l" p .au... T h. . ..."""u"d POT';"" 01 th• • lit 'Tlftck
io ri,"~ lu t.d in IA;, figu," b~ " '.,,. oil "",I d",k "" io"d ,Mvau, "'"p'.

.
1'.. . .. 74. d. _ ,,;II" • ......1...... 001 . , ~ "'; I ~ • • 041>• • • • • • d .".... )'<d ,..; ,~
,..;. , ' "
II
~l 1• . S. od • ...f olio' _ . b
.......04
."..;.kl .,, ~ . ,~ ....,,..i.1 ,.
h . ,., p _
g;," it ............I,b ,u......
inll" the ch"l"ILcleri~tic zill"Ull" JVl.tv r ruo of Il"ap. be . potW if tl1 e WelillOn we ....' ",,'11 "am o u_
t h rou ll"h . min..tlel d. Raked.
e. Drocoy I_ itio". may boo rJmu lal<'d by d i.._
61. Arti l"ry gin.. in a oh.lln.... pi t of thr co .......-t d ialMter
G. n..-..,.. .rtillf.ry l~tioM. in atrOrda..... " nd , tor a ""rtieular . rtill....' · ..i ...... an
...ith ..... lJa,.k ••rinci..,w of . n milital')' A;m ula- pili" .. t AI"" I al'Ollnd it lilt • •oaral ",1 or
tion. mIlA tlD<I fonn to poIIilionin.. ""'Iui_ formin.. a pt'! of hay. stra.... empl,. ..ra
......nLo ot 1' ......1 n t<'...... rto.. &om<>ti...... old I... rrrb. o r d irt on thO' If ..... nd a ...... nd
th.. ramoufta o f th_ detoy """ition. is di!fi· thf' cI..n.oy. E ",·itho",t the " ... of Ai mulaW
rult. In "I"'n ....... ~ th.. ...... ot "ultahl,· p l'. !fUM or "'lui ..",,,,,I. a d...,..,. artillery f"'"Jti<>ll
nWlf'd n.u ;. hi~ly df'si r.bif'. It nf'to ..... not r",,, l-... . imuta W ,... rled ly m......ly by "",kin..
nailal~... ramoo fta lt.. is nbtai by "I'OJIf'r1y bI&lIt marks and ..",u.-rin.. drbria. Tn . no.
J'O"itinnin.. ..arh pi...... or "" u~ t 10 I>lf'nd t...-n in. b1a:ot marb apl...... blark••nd in r lorar
....ith ou r_l nd, n .. Il"I""U nd f ...l u"", For n - ~in th..y a ppear li.. ht 1<. dArk .. ray. ' " ' -
am,,,,,. in "rrha r"". l'lI<"h pif'o.. of "" ui, lmr"t a "ery M" .·i.....i " ... On .. or It... 1 1 .nd . im.
rna)' l>f' pl, K'f'd "" h .... Ii tr... hAA I...... n rrmovrd ; l' l t ......,.. ot .i mul.ti"ll" . n _ rtill y ......ilioD
in hooll"rrow ....u nt ry eq ui p""'n t TJ\IIy I,.. I'I""ffi i. to 1>1,.,.1' partia lly rarnonft"Kl'<'I . in, ul" W
in cl~l\ rO'<l "1"'1.0 ill Ihe hrdll"r . Wh ~ll prot...·ti nll" W""'llOn . in ,·"raW p<JlIition . r"nn,' rl~· "'"<'U '
a" in<luRtria ) "r~" or a l" rll"" In.tallat ioll which pilod h~' r enl w"","",",
F IIIRh .innll"" ... may
cann"t hI' "" "("~llI lod . oftI'll no " tt..ml'l iR made II<' i"du 'lo..-l wiU' ""'h . im ula ti" " " ',,' ,,"""
to concral t hr llO. il ion. !hI' tJ,... ,ry I..;nll" th at w ith !hI' ... me l"t'lfUl ari ty a. the ....111 "'....1,..,"".
th...." .. my ,,·ill l... cautiouR in at lNkinll' II h..av_
il~' d.. r.." df'<\ tII t~-t. 62 . Bivo ......
10. " lac in.. I dun,n, ~' " , nd ............ n. Wh.... . imlll"t;"1{ I,;,·......... il m uoJ I .....
......n"'ry _ i p t in ~ n 1,. ,oart " r .........1"'"'<1 that ear.h arm or ..-n ·i.,.. 1$ ,.
lh.. j"h 01 .. roo:ti" ~ artillf'ry l-.i lion. diotinrti,·. . .,,,.... no...... ,",'hiorh 1 t "'1.....
Tnt.. mllAt I... rnadf' "round """ilion all i" d ........ tn makO' thO' d..-oy M."·j i".. to tht
. .....1 t.tt<'ry rm~nt. 1 " ,_ il i. I.... .........y .ir ""-n·..... ",.. s i", ula t ion or h",'""""
t ka that moot ott.n di.. ~ ,,,,,,iIKon to i . of rtkulat im po rta ....e in .....1' a,...,.. h<-ft
th rial ""-......1'. With..." t I tu . a .......110" .......n · nd t...1 mo ,":nll" unlt>\ 1
poIIitinn IoMlta t. b : ""'1"00\"'1'. il orould rarrly ....." W. F:....... y .ir n'Con~ eee ;. Jl"rt
 lNOI."
•

-- - •
..
-::-
a' cg80
:::J 0 aBo 8
~o • • g8~o
GCJQCl(JO
Ov0
8 - " .., !>ITCH CJ

---
0..... /)IfCH CONCI" "D

0 tl", ","to. CONa",ro

• DKO't" . .,to.

"", " r< 11. II", ;. n ro", ..{ ,I. ", ~ d""v"n ', , .. ' h ""d " , '<c o ~ Onh,."ho o i..d "i/ck. A ,"," o "~" u ..1 rool dl' ck
.. ,," 'k, I"".o",,,od, "",,,,.d ~ ';' h >vi" "./t;OU, . 1"lk , ,,"d ."..-1.

Dlu ly ......fu l in s","uti n i. injl" . ....... h.... ind IhO'
front (or illditati oM of bu il<lul > o f troo"" or
"'luil'IT"'n t wh ich "'<>\l ld ind ira tf> ( UIU .... altMb.
Rat bi VOl.l.a<'ll a.re gen..ral ly Ioratod in a .......
tllat p rovide Ul.. '--t c........m-.t for pon.mnO'l
"'luipmoont from ~rial an d ground .x-r_
on; d i' I""'n.ion ; communications f ...iliti....;
l'ro\.erlion from a ttMk in th .. vid nity of na t,..
u ....l olostac l....; and wate r s u ppl>·.
b. I'-rom thO' ai r, th.. rha"",,~ ,,'hich
....."" r-<li ly idfontify a bi voua<" a .... t"", 8 .
"Miclfto It)· a nd .h .... o r " 'h ich will idmti fy
thO' uni l ), I'llthS. trails, and \n.oh and liUn
r.aUlOt'd 1:». po"'r ca moullag<' di ..,ipli"". Hi\"OU&C$
ate more difficult t o conceal in snow.-eovered,
barren or desert a reas, than in other type, of
terrain, because tracks a nd trails are almost
impos,ib le t o conceal or obliwrate. Decoy biv-
ouacs in th is type of terrain can be realistically
sim ulated by making many additional t rac ks
which do not lead to a real ins tallati on, or by
digging shallow trenches and emplaeements in
the an(lW or sand and filling them with grass ,
leaves, ele. Brush piles with paths radiatin g
fro m them resemble command p"'ts or supply
or llItlmunition sto rage areM. A good way W
ma ke a decoy bivouac ill to exa mine aerial
photos of a reptellentative I'$l installation and
duplicate the track plan and some of the cam _
<:>Ufi aged objects in a simulated fash Ion b ut in
~ somewh at more cOM pic uous ma nner.
63. Command POits
a. &>me of the signs which indicate to the
observer the poss ible pr esenee of a command
post a,--
(1) Convetl!in g wire lines a n d ve hicle
t rackll. Also, there may be variOUll types of
a nten na a r rays for radio communicatione .
(2 ) Concentration of veh icles.
( S) Heavy traffic causing widened t urn_
ins.
(4 ) !'-'ew vehicle tracks w a position
wh ich could h ous e a command post,
( 5) Protec ti ve wi re, foxhQles, and other
barriers surround in g the installati on.
(6 ) Defe nsive weapons emplacements
around the installation•
•
b. When it is impossible W conceal r-om the
air the fact that a COIIlIIllUld ])06t is in a certain
area, then a d"""y command ])06t may be ro n_
atru cted in the vicin ity. In this instance it is
obvious that the decoy must l()()k more like the
real thing than its genuine counterpart , in
()rder to make wnstruction of any decoy worth-
while. Dillgui~e of th e ge nuine b look like a
decoy may be feasibie. Certain characteristic
signs of occupancy ,hould be made a t the decoy
includin g CI'Olls.-eountry traeklI sim ulati ng those
made by a wire_laying detail , antenna arrays
to sim ulate r adio comm unicati ons facilit ies ,
smoke a n d occasional lights, a f ew poorly earn-
ouflSKed tent.., new t racks from day to day, an d
vehicles in the area all well a, othe r sill'M ...
activity. ..
64. Troop Concentrations
Variou ~ troop concen t r st ion points " re !(en-
erally identi fied by a collection of bivouac
areaa, moto r pools, su ppl,' poin ts, Qr entrench-
ments , with other associ"ted acti vit ies .
65. Motor Pg,lcs
Around a motor Qr heavy equ ip ment park there
a re innumerable scars , t nl("ks, slit trenches,
and a continual shift in ll' ()f equipment. I n ~im u ·
lati ns: these ins tallati ons , all such cha racwr_
istics m ust be faithfully rep ro duced. other
items th at may be required fo r deceptive d is-
plays are ref use pil,,". mes~ ten t:., bivou ac"
latrines, and command posts. In desert Qr o\Jler
barren terrain, motor parks or w hick con·
cen t ra ti ons a re best prot ecwd fr om enemy at-
tack by dispersion over a wide area , Here the
value 01 decoy, is mOllt appu rent bec.1u ,,, rea l
vehicles and equ ipment are extremely diffic'ult
to conceal or camouflage. Decoy vehide co
centrations a re exceedingly valuable in d n
in g the enemy's a ttack an d d i "per~in>( h i~
fort.
66. Tonic Concent rations
Decoys of armored par kll a nd bivouacs sho uld
follow the sa me gen eral t echn ique, a, de""ri bw
in paragraphs 62 an d 65. Distine,bve t rack,
made by tanks and other t racked vehieles both
locate a nd ident ify the un it.
67. AIrfield.
The re a re two disti nct types ()f d...·oy airfield"
day fields and n ight field.<! . The day decoy field
consists of p repared runways, bu ildinj(l< , artl'"
road " h uts storage. and the a u xili!try features.
The nigh t dec()y field cm1.~ism enti rely of lil'hts,
and should n<>t be visible during the da y. r\ 0l'
mally t he day and nil'bt dt'<'.oy fl eld, a re ' ep-
arate installati ons.
a, Offset Distance. The d i,tance I>ei-ween thl
decoy airfield a n d its real counterpart .houl4
be from 6% to 121,'f! kilometers , b ut all;ail
depend . on the type of wa riare , However
decoy situa ted more more than 12 k ilom
.,... th~ ~I airll~ld is li kely to ~ ~Ilrded
• lin e nti ri!'lr Mpa nd e a i.-n.1d and caWle
enm1)' a ir attac kers or oIl<wrvera to _ n:h
f urthu for the eamou Raged mU lIekI.
IJ. o",....,li..- P I'¥'....qMYiI • • • S" jt.able tftTaill
..,.;0. aMqual.e d rail\aK'O! m IlA ~ ~ red for 1M
d«or lirlo.ld.
t. P....!i/>. ;. ,1 V ....,., ;.. Rrblt i"" to LA .~
...rh . M far &I pouible. II. dl!'<'(l)' lirfteld
tJr...,\d be 10 aito>&W that ita relatioJl to im por_
tant land........ a nd ~ n , ,... ...
lake., Ii....... raill"O"'s. hl ys, wooded
'"""""', and cult ivatf:d lIi!'lds i. <'J mllar to that of
the I"NoI . imeld . In "me ea&eO It ma y be p raoe-
u C1I1 to .lm u l.~ lOIT1e of th_ n~ .........)' land-
markll. in dummy fashion, a t the same time
.... the r onlltrlJt'ljo " of the d"""y airfteld ia pro-
" . .....inK.
d. R ela/ I,m of Drcoll to P robabk Rout~ of
K ll r ... ~ App rD<u !l, M II. rule II. d""""y &l rtleld
should be wated I" the path of til. ..-t Ilk*,
.pp......,h an HIeltly would follow to t.M "",I
llirid. The dee<ly will then be Hell. br .-D1
olwonvf'n bdo~ th y ~h th.. I'MI fteld. It i.
ti my ro-NbIe, 110........... . u..t in Ill"" CUM
('O"..;.J.,ntion in lJ'OIIitioooi-.: ...., have to
fo~. 1lw tuni.. « " ill t 1M ' of p l"Olft-
iMtlt Ia" dmarlc. , ma~' ind iea w II. mUoeh mono
d....irllhle lilo! In lOl'tIe od1er direcUoD trl'llll tM
th."
........
rNI fitold th.at 01 p robable enemy ...,..
~. 5 iu 01 D....... AirM/d. A Ib.y d~y l'irid
sh"..ld bll ahlIut the 1Aln" size ... the re&I tMld
or Ihe ata nd.rd size of lIimila r kno"'n o pera-
ti on. 1 l\eld... Thi. I. importa.nt beau.... memy
.."riMI l,hoto,: Mll'h interprelenl "". I~ il4i act u. l
size tOI' coml", n soD with thei r know leda'e of
the nul field ''' ' Iheir k nowl"d,n of our normal
. ized Ilj .t\...ld~. Sub3tanti &i di veJ"lI'tnU In &lu
may faU"" the field W be au~pectM and prob-
ably idt'ntl ll..t , Ul'on further nconn&iaaanee.
as .. (Ilke, O~ the d""oy ia id"nWled . . .""h.
air . UKke" .... iII be briefed o n how to avoid
" I. Ain:.../ 1 Att.....I.,. If the _ y ill able to
da lld 011" _ d iolalln' f rom Ule ..... ,'ftUd a ir .
field . nd ot.erve it, a complete at-nee of &ir
tr&fl\c " ollld ,."v~1 the dft,eption. If intelli-
re indicate. that aoeh • aiilLatioD II prob-
, -. ~ should be tak.... to Jive " ...iaimum
ind icati on of air acti vity poaaibly thl'<lugh Ul"
u.... of light pla n"" wh ich .,.,..1<1 ...,..rate from
" rou, h . t.r1p.
fl. Cooult'l<rlioa.. After the . il.c for the .....,.".
air6eld Ie .... fded. eonstnIctiOli II euritd out
ill the followina: order:
(1 ) R- . . . SlDce it b the' ru n.... )'&,
taxiwaya, aIId hard.al4inds that ma ke the deeo,.
look lib .n . irllel d, they recti lin t p ri ori ty
in COft&tnoctloa. A pn>per\y .......,...1 layout
with eamul aUtlltl Oll. to sharp, eftr. alrsirht
Ii...... of the promi ...... t falll"", ia vahl&ble.
U_111. the laY<"'t can be c:oMtrvo:Wd aimw -
taneoualy by bu lldozing and l'O\I. h g radin• . A
th in layer of e" ,. hed roc k, u nd o or IlT&vf'I ia
~ma n "" rive aubsti w l.c for l rading.
A well del\ned dik:h will *",,,,,tu"t.e the l'>Utl lnCll
of taxl W. YI , ru nways, and h.r dau.ndl. For
dl:'Ceivin. thl d t obI"rver. thl moat important
Item hi deooy airfield oollIItruction I. tJ,,, ..,_
eenluatlon of th_ prominent feat" . ... " nd "ny
prominen t atnocturetl. rather th. n detailed
,...,Ile... o r a11 1_tllretl of the' ...... ins ta llation.
S o more dl!t4il I. neo:essafJ th/UI tha t req uired
to produce the effect of " <:amoulland .ll"lIeld.
GI"Ilde variaUolUl may be pennitied; ""'" a:rad-
IlII' is . - roequi rM.
( 2 ) A"ffa . "" ,",",ie~ ""'.t.. RO&Ib 1t&d.
ilia: to the aJrlWld f rom m.a.ill hlgllw. ya, aM
.......-ic:. l"CI&dA """nfd,i nr the har~lAtands with
the bom b atonre area. PI' atoraP . . ... mai..
buildifllfl.. h.ave d OOle priority ... t'"
actual
run..,... ",_ roads may be rormed in the
same man ner .. the run..... ya " nd tax iw"y_,
.tom,,,
(3) (1(" tut4 oollll> "ffll.
.t<J",.g"
Th""" t wo f..,mties . re impor1,.oon t. Th" . .....
ollne ~toralrt ta nka m.,. be .i mul.ted by •
lumber frame work covered with burl ap or by
. u itable u .1va jtt mlllen ll!. Bomb SWIlll" pita
mlly be lndiea.ted by aemielreular Pllra.peto of
ell.rth pu&hood UI' by II bulldowr In • lolric.l
position. a lona: the Itrvice ,.,..;I.
(4) Cp lt'04 /olt'1'J' " ,, " h i/di" g. Control
to.... en aod other pt()Jllinenl lItnIctu ..... .-xl-
atM ,.;th a il1\1'Ida ..... " "'a1ly , imulattd in
dUIlllllJ fo"" in the eonatr.rUoll 01 d~y ai r_
fOtldl in ..... r area.s. H~. in ~lIr
a decoy of a fo~ . irtleld. th""" lItfllCWl"fI
. re Iotldom _ted , lin"" lentil or tniltn onH-
....n ly Itrve .. the operation ..... to>n . t for_
~n1 """
 (5) C" ''''''' fI..q~. A deo:oy .irf\..ld 8hould
r«eiv~ th e ...1lW! ~.mou n&p all doea • .-I
fteld-simulated terra in patte rn J on " 'n.... Y*"
. nd dianl ptive pattern paintl ne on bull d inp..
Ilflol"ll doinr thia. it is adv iaabl.. t~ ""udy t he
rNl aiJ1\o.ld b1 ...riaI obMt'vlItion and photo-
lfTllPhs ift om..r to deUmli..... tn.. ..xtl1lt to
whid! thO' domy airliHd should be ~t1ared..
61 . Suppfy ,on.
• . Suppl,. poinb vary in Nw.Dd .p~ .......
.........dinr Upoll. their partkular fllnclioa. Tbey
do. h_ er. ""a re tII~ rommon ~harac:teNtieI
of ertenIllve tra.eking. lIcl:lvltJ'. ud location
adj annt \<) l ra naportatlon ar" tenll auell lU h&r-
oon, rallroads. . ..d road neta. Vn lMl unllluaJ
m...",,1'e'\ . re talc ~n. they . re IIsually . Pll.....nt
to eve n l:&IIu.l ae rial observ.Uon.
b. A decoy supply point ~hould be near
enough to appea r to be tile flllli in. taUa tion
a nd far molIrh . ...a y to allo,," tor p008ih~
~rron In marbrnanahip of a ny a ttacker.
P rom i.... nt Jandma rb mm be notN a nd the
decoy 10clatMI In thO' ....... ~attonahi p to th.....
tha t the 1 inatallation ........ Id be. In .o1lW!
. . - til 1Idmarlu may be si mulatM. 1-1«111"11
78 allows thO' rei"';' aah ip of _raJ <Woy
~ pply points to • .-Iw.pp)y poinL
e, Th.. domy mnot &pPMr to h.ve • ton-
vincilllr .-ll nft of the sam.. pa" , m II thO'rMl
inatallau.... In addition, troopa must. be .....
tailf'd to th.. decoy site .. maintaift thO' appear_
. .....
.:; .\"";
"
'\'
\...:-
u oo
,~
II.... ~ 1fS ooo.os cO...•.. , K>
c:I lIt<D't _ aQ.<OS
CJ II.... IOoOoC
anc<1 of ...ti vity. ~"'" t.....,b . .... n1 on . .
ground. mo.....m.. nt of ~k~ • • nd f. l.... JIII
pli..... r.. -..UaJ ehanooct..ri~t.k. for th decoy.
If . t an poealble, it ia deoi rabl.. to rout.. IUld
MTl ~",1 t hl'Ollp thO' d«oy a U t.rall\c lo or from
th.. ""I point. If ............f. 1 detO'rti- Is _
"'""ti.l, th'- _ r e ",-ill ,;rNtly ..... ha ... th..
deeoy'a ~hante of au<:eeNI. In the illtemlt of
"reali~ • eonvind llr dL<play it m.y .Ia<> be
dellirablcll to k>e.ate incidental real illltaJ1atiofll,
lOCh .. . salvage ya rd. .d~t to ~ cl«oy.
I.. Ute IaUO'r <:aIIIe. tN .-ribilit;r of a UMk on
the decoy should bf' """",d~ and appropria~
protecUn mea...u rea tak..... For nl/(ht d_1'-
tiM, certai n typea of Digllt liJlltin«, . uch u
. imulated bu iklln « li /(hb. M o inr thrw..h
lent openInp,. nd deeoyli .... . 1'11 ry ~I'l"....tiv~.
69. 011 R..ft i•• clnd T(lnk Fc,"".
o. on relln..ri u.. so difficult t o ennce,,1tIIat
~p"ndit.u ..... for cam<>ufta j(e and d"""y ~on-
strucUon .re not lr"'neraUy j tll\a~. ~ ipt
deo:o:l)'B of th _ b.~tallation~ a re, er. quil.f'
practl ~.b"' . In poaitioniIIK oil ref\n..." """'ora,
it i_ v..ry important to fOO,.... tilt ........ ~n..
la)'O'llt ..... to pla.ce tMm i. au nou.d'np
ilar to tll_ . t the real i....talla t w-
IJ. Tallk f. nna .re of\en i"..ludt<i in rrii....
en.. but Jna7 bf' ....parate. If til")" ea.ll te
e rrtetin ly eamou~ deo:o:l)'B . ... W'Orthwh i\e.
Cono!.nllction of a doeMj- tank fann f'I'Clllires
• ,"",t dPaI of t'ft'o rt and in,.....ity if the_
_ •I
• _uhj "'d to periodic oU""ITa tlon by the en emy.
. .I..... ,.""tion of a d<,<'o,\' " 1\d",. ,·" n,iru,"t ;on (>U-
viou"ly rob, the decoy of it.< value. The camou _
fl"!l"e of th e ft',,1 farm a nd erection of the decoy
may 1''',.0:-''''<1 s im ulta noously on ly if en em y ob-
....rvatinn j, im pr oba ble. If a"bjed to J",riod i,'
obscrvation, the docoy should not be rew a l",]
until i t i5 w mpl eted , ink rim camoufl.." e l><>in "
req u ired, an d the r oo] f arm ..h ould not he cun-
"""led before the decoy is revealed. Redud; (>n
or visibility of the rt'al installation by dark
paint ann ""n,,· ca mo ufla ge ma y of coune pr....
eMe a ny activity_ Fi gur e 79 d"l'icts a dt""y
1,.:","brm (A) on one s ide of a ri ve r ,md two
deocoy l",,,lrnarh "'TO'" the r iver wh ich cor_
resp.mrl VI th",e a t tit" ft"d ;,,,talla li on a bout
3 k ilomete", a way.
70. RClilh ead$
SidiUI(>l ior unl oad !u" aU l'pHe" . Ii ro ad net . lind
ato ras;re apace a re e.,"entia l facmti.." for a rail ·
head. ""he re poosil.>le , railheads are ....ta l.>li"h.d
in a r eas a ffording the """t cuVe r an d con~eal·

'.

/i';pro 79. v . "". 'ank farm aft<! land""" ko. Not", t haI ", a,,~
of Ih, d<co~ lo. k. 0"' ro",o~)lagod "",h
pa;K"d 'roof. and .;m"Ia<,d 'roado '" ",,~I. ,h, ~!""im< of 0 ho..,iwg d,v ,lop.., . t. Th, d,,,,~ ;, ",,,,,_ilog.d
i" th ,om. manK.,- "" ,.. " 01 mnk fo rm, bM' ,. "'0"' ob. iouo, '· o"""d~ . 0 ..a«loHght "'0.
",aT , ~ . , ~ ~..,h
OK tho oppo. ;t. "". 01 , ~ . "0" ffilm ,h. ,,«I (• • taUo ,jon. A ! t~, d,,,,~ ,d o' a ,im MI<tt.d <~~,< h (H) ha. b• •n
boil' aM. tho ..u"hli/lht ( I') ha. b.~" ,"o v,d f'om th, ",ul . it, to tho d,,,,,V ,it• .

"
ment and may be supplemented by camouflage,
air defense facilities and other defensive meas-
ures . Supplies are unloaded from ruilway cars
onto trucks and ea.rried to a storage point.
Since this is standard practice and known to
the enemy, a decoy breakdown point is es-
sential in diverti ng enemy attacks. It should
be more exposed and obvious than the real one.
71. Towns
In flat, barren country or in country with
vridely dispersed llIllaU settlemenm, it may be
desirable, at times, to construct a decoy of the
more obvioua feat ures of an enttre settlement .
This might be nece&'!!ary in the construction of
a decoy of an important inatallation located
near such a settlement. Figure 80 shows a
decoy town.
72 , Night Decoy InltollCltionl
a. Introduction. A U night decoys employ the
same basic equipment; lights, firea, and pyro-
technics. All have the common purpose of con-
fUlling the enemy and diverting him Crom vital
targets to areas oC little or no importanet. The
effectiveness of night decoys is dependent upon
t he following factors: poaiti<)ning, weat her an d
visibility, pr oper construction, proper opera-
tion and control , maintenance, and C&lIWuflage.
A decoy may consi.g.t of a 3ina-le or multiple
installstion, vaI)'ing in size f rom a small .g.imu _
la.ted st reet light to a complicated instalJa.tion
composed of hundreds of flremaking and light-
ing devices which, when ignited, will sim ulate
a burning supp ly depot , factor y, airfield, town ,
or city. There are three types of night decoy
installations.
(1) Type I civil decoy, are t hO<le repre-
sentative of brea<:hes in blackout discipline in
factorie<!, warehC>\lSea, dock areas , freight
yards, toWIlS, and cities.
(2) Tl/pe II air field M OO1/S are thoBe rep-
r esentative of runways, marker lights, obstruc-
tion llghts, wind indicators , and ai rcraft on
the gro und.
(8) Tl/Pe III field force Mews are those
representative of bla<:kout breaches of supply
.
points, convoys, quarters , and shelters.
b. Faetpr3 of Ef!edivet1"s",
(1) Air defeme. Aircraft flying over
strange terriwry at night are str<)ngly at-
tracted by any light, an d perronnel are often
willing to accept any r easona ble resemblance
of the tar get as t he genuine one. Effectiveness
of decoys is proportiona l to the pr essure under
which the attack is made. If the air defense is
unable to simulate speedy delivery, the cha nce
of sueceesfu l deception is greatly diminiahed.
(2) Enemv pirot. The determining f ll"tor
in the design of a. night decoy is im appearance
to the enemy pilot. He must be able to reason-
ably identif y the target either b y vision or by
radar and he must be pernuaded that it is the
target he is seeking.
(3 ) Parent tat'lJe/ camou flage. A decoy of
a real target will be successful only if the real
target Is succe8l!fully hidden. Since night de-
coys use light to attract the enemy they are
succeasful only when the surrounding territory
is completely blacked out. All meas ures which
make the real target more difficult to locate
than the decoy will incre&'le the effectiveness
of the deception. Fires started b y bombing
the real target must be extinguished Ill! soo
as po!!sible. If 1I fire exists at the target as the
result of the attack, further deception opera_
ttcne are not worthwhile against successive
waves of attackers unless an equal <)r more
convincing fire at the decoy is started which
will have an equal or better chance of enti cing
followup attackers.
c. Site S eleclion. The success of a decoy in-
stallat ion will be largely influenced by the ade-
quacy of the site. In the selection of a site the
foll owing f""tursa should be considered :
(1 ) The site must be a plall8ible one. The
installation mwrt be in an area where one
would expect the target to be l.-.cated.
( 2) The site .hould provide close similar
r eference points , discernible at night , to those
surrounding the target. To the aerial observer,
heavy f <)ream, bodies of water, an d open coun-
try al'f! distinguishable fro m each other. Varia-
tioM in grad e up to R percent are not dist in-
guishable .
(3) The sit e should pennit the decoy.-
be ori ented in the same compass bearing as
tar get.
••

( 4 ) Where l""",ibl... it i_ d.... ral;l" to ( II ) If Il n illM "'''-01' on ly. th......... . hould

cll ",- II site J<x"aW<i /lkJllIl' the prolmble lin e provide ......y r OI><"..II]m .. nt du ri nj{ da yli, ht
of /lpproo~h .
(1'» The rol lA! muat ptv\; de .... a retl sum.
"'D.d . Sit, P rr pG ru fio... l n ......."' ri nj( t l>• • it. ('O r
ci<>nt f,.r Ih.. li..ht l", tt.-rn u n .. n ad"'lua~ ""a~. nill'ht d.....,)· installa ti on. it i. ftW'I'ltial that
A th......-qUlln--r "".1.. ,,'ill Ml If",.. if the f ull ind ica tioM o ( con~ rurtion a nd ch..nl\'.... 'II the
ocal" ca nnot hoo u..... . &JIlIN"'''''' of the tlornl.in be k"1't to • min-
(6) ThO' ~; t.- shou ld I... with in .. .....,.. ,n _ imum. S ormal ..,ti v iti fll a""h as furn ;.... a nd
able d",tance of thO' ~"- ""augh to t... If'"llli n« Mould boo continued ..h P<*ible.
.....f u--\ with it. ""t not on c.... that t.he . ,... Th_ p ...... utio.... not only ...n -.. to'> 1' /11 l IMo
" poor 1I<>mbi ...,...rvy ov"",",p11 the ta tw<'t .......y from. Iotatin ll' and mappin« nill'lI t .s-.y
i or oth,.,. vilala __ oj """ duri n.. thfo day. but lI .... hoPlp to ~
(7 ) W~ I"-.i ble the .t-.y ~Id ",,"al .....,.....,.. Th.. COftWottion .iIl ,..d l.
~ b. to ado<luat.. ....... 5 a nd "",,·.,r h ...... itatftl if tM- fol lo";nll' I' ~ ", ill foil, ;

.,
 (1) F",t"bli..h locati on o( a ll devices, pay-
1II1( partirul"I' attention to servke ronds and
pl'ilvisions (or llervicing the equipment.
( 2 ) It..mo\'e tr<.'<'S or brush whi~ h may
constitute a ftre hazar<!, lakinl( care not to ,.;,ar
the l" nd>;("lIl'e,
(3) Cut wred" to minimi.e the spread of
the fire, estab!i..hing an 8_foot band o( bare
earth, 20 to 30 reet in diameter, aro und ea.:h
tiremakin/( unit.
~. Mnt..r;" la, The type a nd amount o( equip-
m... nt u~ in lIillht decoys wi ll depend upon the
nature a nd sra le of the targ"t to be lloimulated,
materiala avai lable, and the deslgnerl!l ingenu_
ity. In all lnstanees the ch_pest, least critical,
anil most readily obtaillllble ma.terials that will
nerve the pUl"jlO8e should be used.
/. Opel'<ltWn.
(1) I n the operation of nlilrt decoY'!, pro-
vi!!oion mullt be made (o r territorial ~entral
control and fol' local control. The central con-
trol, whi~h receives immediate informal ion
(rom ... 11 00"""'" d nrin/( nn att.u:k on Ihe a rea.
determines whieh decoy aite should be fired and
Kives the order to the loeai controller con -
rern"", ".-ho pMSO!'S it on to the detachment!<
in charJl"e of the eites. In the event of a break-
down in communicati o,,-" , the l<X'al controller
munt have authori ty to ad on his own initia-
t ive.
(2) The n umber of men req uired to oper_
ate a ni/(ht docoy varies with the size of the
dl'Coy. The amaller aites req uire 3 men and the
larKer dial,la,Vs about 20 men.
(~) Sucr"""ful operation of a niJl"ht doc,(l,V
will req uire on the part of the operator an
undel"lltand;nJl" of the problem and con.iderable
inJl,"enuity. Variety and "life" fire essential.
Th....., a re obtained by varyinj( the w...tt&l(es
of the I&ll1 Jll1 uned, particularly in "bad black·
out" effecta. "" thai as a h""tile ... ireraft ap-
pl'OfICh"" closer to a aite. the lower powered
lillhti nll co mi'!< within his range ur vision. ~'ur­
u'ennore, screens may be erected to obaeure
obller..,...t ion from oertain directions, and .ky-
lights may be tilted at variillla angl"" so \h&t
a.s an aircrnft drd ...... a sue the l'l<twrn of the
decoy ill. alwaY'! ch&nging in a life-like manner.
..
Time switches may alao be used to switch auto-
matic...lly on and off certain devices . ueh .
the open d",,1' light. thus introducinll "Ii,-
wit hout ... prohibit ive outlay in e...ble for sep-
arate cireu itll.
(4) SlIInrla rd ization I...youts for construe-
tion of decn,V~ ll.re not Pl"MTlisaible because no
two decoya sho uld contain any familiar pattern
or re/(ulari t y. Rather, the d.....i/(Tler ,,~Il have
to employ whatever oornrtruction th e immed iate
problem requires. Night decoys should be
checked and rec hecked from the air by an
experi enced o:>!>se....-er. Visibility conditions
identi~al to th""", under wh i~h the enemy will
observf! the dewy sho:>utd be chosen. T he layout,
background, d ummy construction, and adjust-
mentll of light intensiti es should be checked
unde r a n umbe r of· different Il.tm05pheric eon_
dltlona and . t different aititud"" .
fl. Rill", to Empha!ize.
(1) Do:> not t urn on the decoy liSl:ht!< while
under enemy obBe rv ati on.
(2 ) Be sure 1;0 switch olf primary tight..
I
when the enemy a pproach ea.
(3) Do not switch tightll 011 and nff
attract attenti on.
(4) If enemy fails b.! bomb, do not swit<:
primary ll/(hts back on until the enemy is well
out of ranI(".
(5) Do not light large fires until . ure t hai
the attae k is a rai d in force : do not set oil
decoy fo:> r a u uiu nee raider .
(6) Do nnt liJl,"ht fires later than I ho:>ur
before dawn.
(7) R«nove firing plugll duri nll the <lay_
ti me to prevent lil(htninJl," (rom stal1.inJl" the
ft~.
(8 ) If electricity faila use the stand-by
Jl,"enerator.
h. Mainl""" ''',.-e, On tI niJl"ht decoy mainte-
nance will consillt o:>f the following:
( I) Reb uilding an d reruelinK fire devices
after s ra id. S ufficient material should always
be on hand to operate the dewy for three con-
secutive nights.
(2) Repairing damage after ra ids and
erad io:a.ti nll" bomb bla.~tmark.s.
t
(3) Cleaning and check ing generator.
 (4 ) Check lnJi" ...11 wire a nd contact.-. J~ri­
• ca ll}'.
l r.) Lifti nJl,' a nd ~layinll" wtree if required
by t h., u.... of thot Am.
i . C""'()fI.fldf/'. In d- r t or a rctie wrrain,
or in "P"11 ('OlInby ...h...... n ildll deeoys ins talllo·
lion 1nIIJ' be d ;""em ible d,"iq the day, the
ra.......lhon of t ...... dootor. tw-omes important
un'-' the ....,. is ....... day.......,.. In an,
"'""t. u..........,. lilf\lti"" and ti.... ~ _ ill
ha..... to beo ~... . Simp le do/YXel ilia,
be
c.,•.-fl'l"d 'rith ... lIa tlop .... d ~ Mt. ~ m~
dah<>ra~ ~ may bf. rowrftl ... ith dummy
buildinr;!' or the hutall&tioto may be INl<H into
... day aftd nill'h t ~ """Y. in wl\irh ...... ttrtai ll
lill'htinll" 8IuiJl"'en t may remain n P<>Nd. Sornoo
sim olat<>r ~ n iPt deooyl in open Wr'ain
...1"" h/I'"" th. Il<Iv.nl~ of ~ur n i!1ht time
~OII. I:>«A~ Mc Oy li re in ... fl at IU"Nl m ay
prod u,,", ..nmllrh lilflll to N'\'H.1 th# 'MI" na ture
of th.. Me. It the d«oy Lt !lOt ... dual pu~
day ;I.Ild Ililril! dKG Y, it w ill boo neusMry to
refill and corw:""l bomb en.ten or dama~ in
th e an'll of th O' nl lf\lt d« o)", Ind~ti "" of i ~_
"Cable attach up"n innocent COIInt,.,., evi dent
i j ill!' day n'C'Ml". i......nu. will immedi ately
..ntify thO' . ite . 1 ... IIllTht decoy to the enemy
ob6<.'n,.,r .
73. Smoh Operation.
Smoke h..... tim"" functioll8 in deception ope l"ll-
li"ns :
II. Smoke mu~t be u..oo in ronjunclion ", ith
'Wn')'~ ,.jmu l~li nll' th"".. i" . tan..tions or .itua_
tions tha t would ....nnal ly » roduce lll'OOke• • urt.
u bctori ..... J>m'·.. r I,lan.... a nd dee<»" danuolt"e.
b. Lilt"ht """,. e mllA' be . - I in w nj un<:tion
with nil("ht dl'roY. wh the vi. ibility . nd lil("ht
ronditioruo .... aueh to n~ ~ decoy. In
this s ituation, ..... ite .moke mal' be u"'<l to
. imllla.te It"round hue or 1hi8t.
e. Smoke may I» UHd to -';: rH'!I the .ite of
all," act,.iYi ly, Smok. rnay .1100 be WIed to aim u-
!at. ..,ti\·it y . ithoat the aid of aimulated ron-
strudion. The nature of ~ dflroy_ ,uMd
adivity may be d i...IOMd , apparently u nin_
tmt>onally, by ",,&tin.. it to ......... oI.her _tirny
or d is play. This method of efferli" de.eepl,ioa
,
i~ we ll ad"l'l<ffi to river N"O~"inlf p r..p.. r" ti on,
h<o....h ..... " " It conc..n trAtion, lind fi5 . .. mloly
"olntlO. Th.. ......... ",:onomy . a nd 'I~ with
" 'h irh t hia Iype or v i~uar d""oy c. n I~ Imp;"
.......ted u. IIMqU&l1ed by otht't vi.U&l method..
FllrtM"""~' i f il ill !>"'I...rty .......t a nd ita
n ur ch.a.....trriati.... . ... ~ured. th'" IYI~
of y is alrnnot.l imJ>O""i ..... to ....... t ity. 1'11..
IIlIO' n r lOHiou. limilaUon.. Si ron..
or ....pidl,. d umlrin.. wind.o ""'. .. III.. II '" of
........e d ift'lrlllt, in ~ "r the <>peBti... ......._
...n nel . MI 0....""", nl " f ....ner.au n.. <'<lui r"
meonl requ;nd. For ~ \a of """"'e ...noe<ti n..
o.........UoM. _ n.r ~ .
74 , o-c.y Do Il'109"
e. Simu1&ted danu. ~ i . lUI ....1'.".;allY valu.
abl.. and "ractieal m""," of Mr"""" <>n for in•
stalJati ..... whkh . ... im J>1'1lI.1k. 1 to rollC'Ml.
Simulated da m8.6t' th"'- ."~",, ......1 may In.
d uce th.. e nemy to st<>" (>I" I_ n th.. nllmbe r
u d fon:.. or hb at:UIcko on wlLat hot i. led to
bel i..... ill a cri p pled iIll'ltAllatio n. De<-oy dllma....
ma,. be II - t effectively on t>il ~II"""' ...., n.l l-
I'OIld .ld inJlll, han ll"anl, l"'..'.. r "I. nlll . " rldll""l.
w harvt!ll, .... reh<>U""'I, wa ter to......".. a nd oth...
larlfe inatana tion...
b, Damall"e from bombs lind Ii...... i" the WlUal
ty l''' lIim ula ted. S imula te<! <l"m" ll"" ill lH'''I", red
In a<lva ne..; ....lvaged material a nd d..brla ar..
n. .tJy lltac ked to ron rO.1m with exilltinll" pa.1-
terno a nd a re ""aUen<! immed iately "ft". a n
e r>emy a tt..o.ek to .simulate bomb h ila on the
. t r ....t"Tft, Sha llo.. h "j.... mlly II(> dUIf or l,bI. vd
to si mu late bomb erate... and "l,rayed 'Wio.
......... oil or bl..... pai nt 1.0 a ppea r d....I>; th _
. ~ e01't'Rd u nti l th e a ttuk i. in p~ or
until after the attack. Dllrinll" th .. a u...r k. ""'"
pared eh.al'1n!li . nd amoke pymtech n..... may be
....... and t1...... ill'll ited. After a n a tta.<k, th..
P~l""red dama~ ill revuled . If dee.ptlon or
thili k inel ill to he .. If..... t".... . ~ ;11 _ ntial.
Penonnel Mould be tn.iJ><'<! a n d o rplliPl! to
f otlnw a ..·..11 rHl.... ......cI d rill in 0... ...·..nt thai
the natu of the lIu ......... ftdin__ ""'" is _ h that
ac1ua1 bml b c",1en . ..'a)' f rom the i ....tai·
Iation may com promi.<t' the dec-elotioll.. !".ome
proriaioa may be l"e'qu ind to COIK'SI 0 - real
cno,..... Clip. ~I .nd ll;.!) .
..
,..,..... ... v.-, _ _ . ... . - ...
'"
 APPENDIX
REfERENCES

1. Depa.I"..... of the A.rm'( .-.It.....

DA P..n 108-1

DA Pam 8 1O-Mrw.
-,_....
ladn of Arm:r Motio: PletIlN&. FfIm StriPS. Slidfl'. T_ and Phono-

Jruln_ 1'vt&iD.lD.& to AdmiIliJtr&ti... TniDint'. Maintoma- , &lid

2. o.pa,h_1It of the A.rmy It-e' I, lion.

AR lI2O-6 DlctioualT of Ull.ited St.-toes Army Tel'mL
AR 82<1-60 Allth oriud Abb.....utiON.

...... .....,
3. fieW Mo_I•
ChemieaJ. BioioPW. and Radiological (CB R) Oper. tio....
.... .....
FM s-es
ED£i:eer ()per. tioDi and Or.-ni...tiONl.
Eqineoer Field D. ta.
Eqineer ~femlee and Lofiatleal Data.
FM 21...50 Military T rainlnll.
FM 21_16 P.trollinj".
FM SD-I 0 Terrain Inte1li~noe.

4. Technical Manual
TM 5--200 C.moufla ll"e Materi..1•.

.,
 INDEX

... _~ .. ~.
, . . ....... -,,
Adi,... Infr. ...... ,IP,..ninR d• • i.... . . . _

Airfi. ld.,
{''''..... . I..... t
._ •••••••• _• • •_ Ch 7
7e
A.rial I,hol"l't," phy •. ••.,• • •• • •• • • •• 10. 9 b / 21
Ai",r.n •• .
4, 15
F",,"'r.. or ""'OJ(fIi' ioo _. _...
Fa< ior....T<'<! ,lo-t..ninK d.....
Fiold rort iftc.lion• • • _._
I'ilo... .__
i"".
_.. . • • • •• •
.~I lo>," foe LI""k ..01 whi 'a film • • • •7o ( ~ )( 0 )
Ch~
70(41
g
le
,,
at

Simol.l ion • F ix«l In..... lI. lio.. ••• ••• • C/l9 M

Artille ry : Fool t.r&<ko . imo laol" n . _•••••• • • • _ 58h(l) M
('. .. ..... Im.n' _••• _• •• _• • • • • __• aa
Simolali,," •• _. _•• • _• •• • • ._ "
00
Foxhole ""....... • __ ••• ••• • • • _. .. 20
ta
Ao<lio .am""R . p di ..,i pl,
Bar"", 1e,,"I. :
_.
"
lI","moc" fo r Ai<t' oft "".....1.... "' •
11.1.-\ .am"""OV •.• _• • • • • • _••
IIid ln ~ _. __._ ••
•
• • • • • • • •• _• •• _. ,~
U ""
Bh 'ouao " ",oc a lm. ,,' ••••••••••
!'at t.",.
:u
. __ ..•. __.. _... _. .. 9<> (3 ) (d)
H;"h ohI1G'" photovaph • • • • • • . • • __ 7a (2 ) "•
as•
Ind ir ",t oboerv.tion __• • _••• _• • • _. . 7
B ;.ou ,c.' Individua l ,," m o u ~ alr" _. . . eh 4
C"".... lm. " t •••• •., _•• _• • _• • __
1'l ;mo lati on ._ ._ •• _•••••• _• • __._
32-:J5
62 ",
00
Individual • • moullo!r" fa eo pain' •••
In!.ooed d,t<.tinjf d"i...
22
7<
as
,
Black and white ~ I .., •• • __•• __• __• • 1G(4 ) (4)
kou , ea m ou ~ a R ' di . <ipli •• • • • • _. 9b( 2}
,".
Infrare d film _•• • • • • • • • _••• _•• 70 (1 )1<)
«) ,•
I
In./norod " lI,<lont p.int '._ 1a(4 )
ding . _• • _• • •• • _••• _•• _• • __ l Ob In. taUa l ion " t...p ..01• • • • _.. Ch 9 M
01.,.. . _••• _•• •• • ~2
sa lnlrenohm.nt , imutot lon GOo
" uildinK' ._._+_•••• •__ . _.. 49 ""
'"• ",
Layout grid oontrol •• __ •••••• • •• • • • 15
c.",o. n.I<'" ,1...'Clio. ft lm _• • ••• _• •• 10 / 4 )( 011 Low ObliG pholog'oph• • • • •_• • _. . 10( 3)
C. m<lUn"Ka di.d pli . . _•• _... . . . . . n is llI_hln."" pl..,,,,,,,,,,,t ••••• __. _. 21
{'''' ,,,-., "'I.i l"'''-.'
CloIhlOJt ••
._.... .. . . .
. _• • ••• _ • • _.. ...... .
13
17 "as :\l"'bod. af <omou~ _. . . . . .
~li n m.l d . im" lotion •• _..... . . .. . . .
10
F>8~
""
AA
Cnlor. a r.... 'or or ...... ,"'.i.;.,n
C""". fil m
llt
._. 74 (4j(bj
•s )lndol • • • y,,,,", ••••• • • • • ••• ••••••
:\lorta n . _•• • • • • • • • ••• •• • • •_. _
4S
22 "eaaa
Cnmm• • d po" . : ~10t0 . I"' rk . ";mui. tian 6~
c<>."",lm.mt
S imol. , io n
00
~
)1o""",, "t. a f. cto. of "",,~" ' ti o o • Sf
•
C<>mmand .....pon .iLilitlu (or cam · N.l ur..1 m. lo . I.I.
'"" U
,
",
ooR •••• • • •• • • _•• __ a N~... i.rr. .....1 <Io........ n. ~;..,o ..._
• ,.
Conculmen!. deIi.l t i..... _• • _• ••• •• _.
Con,troction , pd n<"ipl. or ""..... 1·
"" nt . _•• __• • _•• __• • _• • __._
Con"roct loll o! fi. ld !ortl n'. ' i"" , . _. .
" "sa
".to ,
Ai",rArt >'O. "". I" .nt ._ • •••••• _
Mtllt.ry ..n".,. b....."t • • _••• _• • •
V. hId , _ ..oJ "",nt • • _••• •• • _.
~.
~
21<1,.
.
as
eov.•• foe fo.hol aa N i~ h l """",uflop di .. lptl .. _•• • • • • _ 90(2 1
_• • _• • __. _
'" ss
N iKht d.. o~ i" .tall_tlo"a • • • • _• • • _.
" "
%
Vamag< . imui. t ion ••• • • _•• _• •• _. . .
Deception
74
• • _•• _••• _• • __• __• • __ 10" e h 10 20,8fi Ohtiqu. p hoto:o;.aph, 7a( 2 ).
•."
"",
Dt<oy in,t. U. lion> •• _•• _•• _•• __.__ CillO (3)
In_ ion film • ••• • • _•• __• • _• • _• • • 7~(I)(d) OLo,,,,.\ioo ,
Digging in:
BuilJinR , on.lruotlon _• • _•• _•••
V.h..," ",no,. tm.nt
...". Di.... t __• __•• • • •• • • • __•• _•• •_.
Indi....,t ._ • • • • • • • • • _•• • • • _. __•
0 """",,1• • imo l.tion •• • • • • • • • __•• _.
6
7
llOe .••
Dinol oboo",a,ioo ._ •••••••••• _•••
Plaenn, nto,
• Oil ....ftnor ie••imulation . _• •• _. . . ...
P . n.hromot l, film • ••• • • •• •• • _• • _ . 1 . ( ~ ) l m l
69
"'•
t
I
C"'"~ftn g.

Simulation
• • •• •• _••• _•• __• • •
••••• ••• - • • ••• • - •• •
P&<k;ng
P ..... iv. I"f d.t«tl"" dovl..... •
_. . . btl
7. ,
ea

'"
 P.,,~", p.ln llnt '
Ai.... n _

*" ..
. Silinl"'
Al..... rt
""illo., .._
,
••
'I.
......" .•".
ArUlloorr •• •

".
Ilft_ . .•_ F l..-till........

-,.. .•.
Ai. .. _. _.. _. .. . __ .. _ hi of • . ._
V.to....... •• •• __ •• __ . _. _
n
._._.__...._
Y. ~ "'"
SIlio _. • • • __
W. ._
" " ' - _ i -..l
as"', __
• __ ._ . •

. ~ . .
• _
.
_ ~.
~
s- _
._--
_. _-------_. __
nou.; ... _•• ..
n

-.. •".• - -
P' 1
• "
.•
Pil . . __ . . S- __ io, _. _•••
P;.... i . •• • __
I.·• •r -.. ..... __ . __ "
•
'M
~

.. ..... _._.
-
~ '_ . r ~ v .to , •••• _ n.(4I .
Prinri of • _
•
QIoanrri
Radar _
!\.o il• • d . :
"
•
• _ _•• _ ••
_
. "• _... -- ----_._
t3oo ll) SOP ,., ...-lIap
Sooad _ ..... dioocipli..

S ' - ofdo . . ..........n l or. bi.

.. ...
_
_ UI
-
M l1)
( I)

u
""
"
c....cu lmon, . __•• •• _
ee SIo_ ph.otoenpn, _
"•
S;", ~ la l; OIl

Ro1\n. ri • •
R. v..",.nl.
. _• •
,
. _. _••.
•
•
•
.,
_
_
....'" .",
u
S~ppl , polnta '
COn...l....nl
SImulation
• •
.
ToO )

:IT

.. ".
C,
se
••
~Ili on footon _.
Rel.li•• fIO'Iltlo,., • f. ctor of ....
op;u"n . • ._ __
_
• "
..
T.nk to"" . lm" l. li on
Tonk olmut. tion
.. .
.
U
••
.•
T... ral. 1'0110..... _•• • l'o( ~ .
t_
.
RNpo...l'ollltlH for ....... 11. • Tni'll.., • 01 .........itiOll _
a - __. . __________ to
a
Too<o ...~ ._ . • __
""
80.
Rolli.t _ k
Ilu.ral "". .......
•
.... ..(lH. 1
•
11
•.
•rr
Tradl
T
lFd 1101
Io,d,ll... __ ••
...... . 1%
n _ n __ n _ n __

._ •• _ ._. _. _ M i ll.

- "",
-,
~.

T _1tIo _ k . ... loClwo _. __ " '131

.sr.-.I.., _. .. •.. _. • •• 1111 T _. • •• ._ t300lU

. ..
T"'" . . . . . __

..
~I

--- •
A r_ of .........1.... ••• _ T _ oiorooloUo. _. ._ ••• _ _
Aiftntl _ _• . _ T .._ "
8ooild'" _ 1
....to.... _ .....,
_
_
.••
t' _ _ ...--
c_ ,",""" ,..1_
_
.•"
-.
"(ll l . 1

_.i.. . . _._._.
. _

...
V........ •__ •. •_._ ___ :I2-:U
S
~
S......... . ,...- 0' V_ inl I I 1 a l.pInt ... n ;. 0 1
•
•••
SIoi..: •__• • • . W.Ior, poIoU _. __ • • •• :Ill
"'.11 W.. • ._ 1.
Ai ...... f1 _ 1 _

.
D
~U ( : )
Wlft llM..hlolt I......k ..... "I . IMHo
WMrIod • U
V. ~ l<lo ...........\....nl _. D'
" Wood<;! ..rrain p.l... rn . iI<> ( ~ ) «) •
Fly Ord8l" of the Secretary of the Anny:
" "
HAROLD K. JOll~ SO!\.
G• • • ""I. U Nil«1 Sf"v. A.....r.
0tIIei&1: Chi. ! o! St"6 .
KEN:"l ETH G. WICKHAM.
N . j o. G",<trd. U",W S ti lt . A .....
Till A dj ...... t cnllt'l'llL

DiotribuUon :
To be distributed in ~ ..ith DA . 'onn 12- 11
Princi ples and Field Camoulla.aw.