PRESENTED BY :

BHIM DHOBLE (701016)

SWAPNIL DIVEKAR (701017)
SAISHRAVAN DUBE (701018)

1
 Dozers are self contained units equipped with a
blade.
 They are designed to provide tractive power for
drawbar work.
 The amount of material the dozer moves is
dependent on the quantity that will remain in front of
the blade during the push.
 They are used for dozing (pushing material),land
clearing, ripping, assisting scrapers in loading and
towing other pieces of construction equipments.
2
 Moving earth or rock for short distances.
 Spreading earth or rock fills.
 Back-filling trenches.
 Opening up pilot roads through mountains or rocky
terrain.
 Clearing the floors of borrow and quarry pits.
 Clearing land of timber , stumps and root mat.

3
 Dozers are classified as

1. Crawler Dozer 2. Wheel Dozer

4
Sr. Wheel Dozer Crawler Dozer
No.
1. Good on firm soils, concrete and Can work on variety of soils
abrasive soils that have no sharp edged
pieces.
2. Best for level and downhill work. Can work over almost any terrain.

3. Wet weather causing soft and slick Can work on soft ground and over mud
surface conditions will slow or stop slick surfaces.
operation.
4. Good for long travel distances. Good for short work distances.

5. Best in handling loose soils. Can handle tight soils.

6. Fast return speeds, 8-26 mph. Slow return speeds, 5-10 mph.

7. Can only handle moderate blade loads. Can push large blade loads.

5
 The usable force available to perform work is often
limited by traction, which depends on
1. Coefficient of traction of the surface being
traversed.
2. Weight carried by the drive wheels.

 Coefficient of traction= Usable force for traction

Weight of running gear

6
 Manufacturers provide dozers with variety of
transmissions but primarily available options are
1. Direct drive
2. Torque converter and power shift
transmission
 Some less than 100 hp dozers are available with
hydrostatic powertrains.
 Larger dozers are always equipped with power shift
transmissions.

7
 Power is transmitted straight through the
transmission as if there is a single shaft.
 This usually happens when the transmission is in its
highest gear.
 They are superior when the work involves constant
loading conditions.
 Example : A job where full blade loads must be
pushed at long distances

8
 Transmissions that can be shifted while transmitting
full engine power are known as power shift.
 These transmissions are teamed with torque
converters to absorb drive train shock loads caused
by changes in gear ratios.
 It gives superior performance in applications
involving variable load conditions.

9
Reference : Figure 6.4 Construction planning, Equipment and Methods – Peurifoy 6 th edition 10
 Most of the wheel dozers are equipped with torque
converters and power-shift transmissions.

11
Reference : Figure 6.5 Construction planning, Equipment and Methods – Peurifoy 6 th edition 12
 Data : Working surface is Dry clay loam
Coefficient of traction factors
Rubber tires = 0.5 – 0.7
Track = 0.9
Dozers having power shift transmission.

The usable drawbar pull is = Weight x COT

Crawler = 20666 kg x 0.9 = 18599.4 kg
Wheel = 20580 kg x 0.6 = 12348 kg

13
 The two machines have approx. same operating
weight and power, yet because of effect of traction the
crawler can supply one and a half times the usable
power of Wheel type dozer.
 Therefore the wheel type dozer must be heavier
(approx.50% ) than crawler type to develop same
amount of usable force.
 But if the weight is increased then a larger engine will
be required to maintain the weight to horsepower
ratio.

14
 A dozer blade consists of a moldboard with
replaceable cutting edges and side bits.
 Push arms and tilt cylinders connect the blade to
dozer.
 Blades vary in size and design based on specific
work applications.
 The hardened steel cutting edges and side bits are
bolted for easy replacement.

15
 Basically only five blades are common to earthwork
1. The straight “S” blade
2. The angle “A” blade
3. The universal “U” blade
4. The semi-U “SU” blade
5. The cushion “C” blade

16
Straight “S” Blade Angle “A” Blade

17
Universal “U” Blade Semi – U “SU” Blade

Cushion “C” Blade

18
 Tilt – This movement is within the vertical plane of
the blade. It enables the concentration of dozer
driving power on limited portion of blades length.

19
 Pitch – This is a pivotal movement about the point of
connection between the dozer and blade. It increases
the angle of cutting edge attack.

 Angling – Turning the blade so that it is not

perpendicular to the direction of the dozer’s travel is
known as angling. It causes the pushed material to
roll off the trailing end of the blade.

20
 A dozer’s pushing potential is measured by two
standard ratios:
1. Horsepower per foot of cutting edge- It provides
indication of the ability of the blade to penetrate and
obtain a load. The higher this ratio the more
aggressive the blade.
2. Horsepower per loose cubic yard of material
retained in front of the blade- It gives blade’s ability
to push a load. Higher ratio means dozer can push a
load at greater speed.
21
 Stripping
 Sidehill cuts
 Ditching
 Backfilling
 Shifting of rocks or frozen ground
 Spreading
 Slot dozing
 Blade to Blade dozing

22
 A dozer has no set volumetric capacity.
 The amount of material dozer moves is dependent on
the quantity that will remain in front of the blade
during the push.
 The factors that control dozer production rates are
1. Blade type
2. Type and condition of material
3. Cycle time

23
 Straight blades roll material in front of the blade.
 Universal and Semi–U blades control side spillage
holding the material to move to center.
 In U and SU blades quantity of loose material will be
greater than that of S blade.

24
 It affects the shape of the pushed mass in front of the
blade.
 Cohesive materials will boil and heap.
 Materials with slippery quality or having high mica
content will ride over ground and swell out.
 Cohesionless materials will not exhibit heap or swell
properties.

25
 The sum of the time required to push, backtrack and
maneuver into position to push represents the
complete dozer cycle.
 The time required to push and backtrack can be
calculated by considering the travel distance and
obtaining a speed from the machine’s performance
chart.

26
 Methods to calculate Blade Load are
1. Manufacturer’s blade rating
2. Previous experience
3. Field measurements

27
 Vs = 0.8 WH2
Vu = Vs + ZH(W - Z) tanx0
Where,
Vs = capacity of straight or angle blade in lcy
Vu = capacity of universal blade in lcy
W = blade width in yards
H = effective blade height in yards
Z = wing length measured parallel to blade width
x = wing angle
28
 Obtain a normal blade load
The dozer pushes a normal blade load onto level
area.
Stop dozers forward motion and reverse it.
 Measurement
Measure height(H) and width(W) of the pile at the
inside edge of each track.
Measure the greatest length of pile.

29
30
 Computation
Calculate average height and width.
If the measurements are in feet the Blade load
in lcy is given by,
Blade load (lcy) = 0.0139HWL

31
 The dozer production in lcy per 60 min is given as
below,

Production = 60 min x Blade load

(lcy/hr) Push time(min) + Return time(min)
+ maneuver time(min)

32
 Data : Track type dozer with power shift
push an avg. blade load of 6.15 lcy
the material is silty sand and avg. push
distance is 90 ft.
Calculate production in loose cubic yards.
 Solution :

Push time: 2 mph avg. speed (sandy material)

Push time = 90ft x 1 x 60 min/hr
5290ft/mile 2mph
= 0.51 min 33
Return time: second gear because less than 100ft
Maximum speed: 4 mph
Return time = 90ft x 1 x 60 min/hr
5290ft/mile 4mph
= 0.26 min
The chart provides information based on steady state
velocity. But the dozer must accelerate to attain that
velocity. Therefore allowance of 0.05 min is made for
acceleration time.
Return time = 0.26 + 0.05 = 0.31 min
34
Maneuver time = 0.05 min
Production = 60 min x 6.5 lcy
0.51 min + 0.31 min + 0.05 min
= 424 lcy/hr
This is based on ideal condition of working for 60
min. But on field job efficiency is affected by
conditions of equipment or difficulty of work.
So, efficiency factor is expressed as working minutes
per hour.
Example: 50 min/ hr or 0.83 efficiency factor
35
 To calculate the production in bank cubic yards ,
percent of swell is required.
 So in previous example assume % of swell 0.25 for
the silty sand and efficiency equals to 50min/hr
 So, actual production = 424 lcy x 50 min
1.25 60 min
= 283 bcy/hr

36
 Final step is to calculate the unit cost for pushing the
material.
 The ratio of cost to operate to amount of material
moved gives most economical machine for job.
 In the previous example assume an owning and
operating cost of $40.5/hr and a wage of $15.5/hr.
 So, unit cost = $40.5/hr + $15.5/hr
283bcy/hr
= $0.197/ bcy

37
 Given by equipment manufacturers International
Harvester.
 Production(lcy/60min) = net hp x 330

(D + 50)
Where ,
net hp = net horsepower of dozer
D = one way push distance in feet

38
Production curves are based on following set of ideal
conditions
 A 60 min hour (100% efficiency)

 Power shift machines with 0.05 min fixed time

 The machines cuts for 50 ft

 A soil density of 2300 lb/ lcy

 Coefficient of traction

 The use of hydraulic controlled blades

39
Reference :Figure 6.12 Construction planning, Equipment and Methods – Peurifoy 6 th edition40
Reference : Figure 6.4 Construction planning, Equipment and Methods – Peurifoy 6 th edition 41
Equipments used :
 Crawler dozer with earthmoving blades

 Crawler dozer with special clearing blades

 Crawler dozer with clearing rakes

42
 Constant speed clearing
Production = width of cut (ft) x speed (mph) x
(acre/hr) 5280 (ft/mile) x efficiency
43560 sf/acre
 American society of Agricultural Engineer’s

It is based on 0.825 efficiency

Production = width of cut (ft) x speed (mph)
(acre/hr) 10

43
 Only trained workers should be allowed to operate the
dozers.
 It should be kept far away from overhead power lines.
 Do not use dozers on materials having more height
than that of dozer.

44
45
A loader is one of the most commonly used heavy
machinery in the construction industry, used to
handle and transport bulk material , such as earth
and rock.

The main purpose of using a loader is to excavate

and upload sand , debris, dirt and mud into other
vehicles.
46
Loaders are also used in the farming, mining,
urban engineering projects, small earthmoving
works and logging industry.

The hydraulic-activated lifting system exert

maximum breakout force with an upward motion
of bucket.

It does not required any other equipment to

level, smooth or clean up the area in which it is
working.
47
Loader, is a machine usually wheeled,
that uses a wide tilting bucket on the end
of movable arms to lift and move
materials.

Often the bucket can be replaced with

other devices depending on the nature of
the work.

The loader assembly can be removed or

permanently mounted. Usually, the
bucket can be replaced with mount forks
to lift heavy pallets
48
Basic feature
The loader is versatile piece of equipment designed to
excavate at or above wheel /track level

49
1) Crawler–tractor mounted 2) Wheel –tractor mounted
(track mounted ) (wheel mounted)

50
 Track mounted  Wheel mounted

1. Due to track, speed and mobility is 1. Wheels provide better mobility

low. and speed.

2. They are mainly used to load
sharp edged materials, debris in
construction sites
3. There is no rubber tyres.
2. used in the areas where the
ground is soft and muddy.
3. there is the chance of rubber tyres
being destroyed .

4. Stability can be increased using 4. Stability can not be increased

long and wide track

51
52
Depending on the sizes and the nature of work to be performed, loaders can be classified
in to various types

1 .Skid Steer Loader 2 .Telescopic Loader

53
3. Backhoe Loader 4 .Wheel Loader
5 .Scraper Loader 6.crawler Loader

 The capacity of a
bucket in a loader can
be anywhere from

0.5 to
7 .Skip Loader 36 m³.

54
General purpose
•General purpose (one-piece)bucket is made up of heavy duty , all welded
steel .
•The replaceable cutting edge are bolted onto the bucket proper .

•Replaceable teeth are bolted onto cutting edge.

Multipurpose
•Multipurpose (two-piece) hinged-jaw bucket is made of heavy duty, all
welded steel.
•This is four in one bucket used to dig like 1)normal bucket , 2)blade ,

3)clam , 4)grapple
55
Types of Bucket / attachments

1. Rock bucket :- having V shape cutting edge used

for loosening rock.

56
2.Side –dump bucket:- used in confined areas ,
along roads in trffic , for filling truck .

57
3. Forklit:- forklift can be attached to
loader in place of bucket

58
4. other:-
demolition bucket, plow blades for snow
removal ,brush racks for clearing appication

59
Struck capacity:- it is volume actually enclosed by bucket with no
allowance for bucket teeth.

Heaped capacity:-it is net section bucket volume depending on

angle of repose. (i.e. PCSA &SAE use 1:1 angle of repose ,
CECE specifies 2:1 angle of repose)

Fill factor :- it is percentage that ,when multiplied by a rated-

heaped capacity, adjust the volume by accounting for how the
specific material will load into bucket

it is depending upon type of material & voids present between

material particles

60
The rated capacity of loader bucket is expressed in cubic yard
for all sizes ¾ cy or over.
It is measured in cubic feet for all sizes under ¾ cy.

Rated capacities are stated in intervals of 1 cf for buckets

under ¾ cy,

Rated capacities are stated in intervals of 1/8 cf for buckets

under ¾ cy to 3 cy,

Rated capacities are stated in intervals of ¼ cf for buckets

over 3 cy,
61
Table fill factor 9.6

62
63
•Unlikeshovel or hoe , to position
bucket to dump , a loader must
maneuver and travel with the
load .

•A shovel or hoe simply swing

about its center pin and does not
required travel movement when
moving the bucket from loading
to dump position.

64
•SAE has established operating load wt limits for loaders

1)wheel loader is limited to an operating load , by weight i.e. less

than 50% of rated full turn static tipping load considering the
combined weight of bucket & the load , measured from the center
of gravity of extended bucket at its maximum reach ,with standard
counterweights and non ballasted tires.

2) For track loader operating load is limited to less than35% of

static tipping load

Most buckets are sized based on 3,000 lb/lcy material

65
•Two critical factors to be
considered in choosing a loader are
:-

1) The type of material,

2) Volume of material to be
handled.

66
Wheel loader production rate
•Wheel loaders are excellent machines for soft to medium-
hard material.

•In medium to hard material production rate of wheel

loader decrease rapidly.

• At the time of loading Height that the material is to be

lifted is also important factor.

•Wheel loader attains its highest production rate when

working on smooth surface and sufficient space to
maneuver.

67
•Wheel loader work in repetitive cycles, constantly reversing
direction, loading , turning, dumping

•The production rate for wheel loader will depend on:-

1. fixed cycle time required to load the bucket

2.Time required to travel from loading to dumping position
3.Time required to return to loading position
4.Volume of material hauled each cycle

68
69
70
Loader size wheel loader track loader
Cy sec sec
1-3.75 27-30 15-21
4-5.5 30-33 --
6.0-7.0 33-36 --
14-23 36-42 ---

71
Calculation of wheel loader production

A 4-cy wheel loader will be used to load trucks from a quarry

stockpile of processed aggregate having maximum size of 1 ¼ in.
the haul distance is negligible . The agg has a loose unit weight of
3100lb/cy estimate the loader production in tons based on a 50-min
hour efficiency factor. Use conservative fill factor.
Step 1:- size of bucket 4cy,
Step 2:-bucket fill factor (for agg. over 1 in) is 85-90%;using 85%
load weight=4cy x .85=3.4 lcy
3.4 lcy x 3100 lb/lcy(loose unit weight) =10,540 lb
From table, 4-cy machine static tipping load at full turn is 25000 lb
Operating load is 50% of static tipping load,
Operating load=0.5 x 25000 lb=12500 lb
72
73
74
As the actual load (10,540 lb) <operating load(12,500 lb)
………………….o.k.
Step 3 :-Fixed cycle time for 4cy loader =30 to 33 sec
Using 30 sec,
Step 4 :-Efficiency factor=50 min hour
Step 5 :-Class of material , aggregate 3100 lb/lcy
step 6 :-Probable production:-

75
A 2-cy track loader having the following specification used to load
truck from a bank of moist loam. This operation require the loader to
travel 30 ft for both the haul and return .
Estimate loader production based on 50 min hour efficiency factor
Travel speed by gear for 2-cy track loader
Gear mph fpm
Forward first 1.9 167
second 2.9 255
third 4.0 352
Reverse first 2.3 202
second 3.6 317
third 5,0 440
76
Assume that the loader will travel at an average of 80% of the specified
speeds in second gear , forward and reverse.

Step 1 :- size of bucket = 2cy ,

Step 2 :-bucket fill factor (for moist loam)=100-120%,

using 110%,
load weight=2 cy x 1.10 =2.2 cy ,
unit weight moist loam from table=2,580 lb lcy
2.2 lcy x 2,580 lb/ lcy =5,676lb
from table 2 cy machine static tipping load=19000lb

77
 Operating load (35% tipping load)
0.35 x 19000 lb =6,650 lb
5,676 (actual load) < 6,650 (operating load)……….ok
Step 3:- Fixed time cycle time for 2-cy track loader=15-21sec
taking 21 sec,
Travel loaded:30 ft , use 80% first gear max speed

Return empty: 30 ft, use 60% of second gear max sped

78
79
1.Fixed time 30 sec 2 cy track loader
2.Travel with load 13sec 30 ft ,80% first gear
3.Return travel 12 sec 30ft ,60%second gear
Cycle time 55 sec

Step 4:- efficiency factor, 50-min hour

Step 5:- moist loam , swell 25 type

Step 6 :- probable production=

80
81
 High travel speed, low hauling cost, high degree
of flexibility.

 Main classification:-
1. off-highway trucks

2. Highway trucks.

82
OFF-HIGHWAY TRUCKS HIGHWAY TRUCKS

83
1.The method of dumping the load- rear dump, bottom
dump, side dump.

2. The type of frame- rigid or articulated.

3. The size and type of engine- gasoline, diesel ,etc.

4. The kind of drive- two wheel, four wheel or six

wheel.

84
5. The no. of wheels and axles and their
arrangement

6. The class of material hauled- earth, rock, coal

etc

7. The capacity- gravimetric or volumetric

85
1. suitable for
carrying any type
of material .
2 the shapes used
are flat or ’v’
shaped bottoms

3. The body is
made of high
tensile steel.

86
 ADT is specifically designed to operate over
rough or soft ground.
 An articulated joint & oscillating ring between
tractor & dump body permit all wheels to
maintain contact with ground.
 ADT can climb steeper grades up to about 35%
 High hydraulic dumping pressures with steeper
dump angles

87
88
89
 An economic hauler when material moved is free
flowing as sand, gravels etc.
 Reduces the time required for unloading the material

 Time advantage over rear dump trucks

These trailers should be considered when:-

1. Material to be hauled is free flowing

2. Unrestricted loadings and dump sites

3. Haul route grades are less than about 5%

90
1. Gravimetric – expressed as a weight
2. Struck capacity – if the load was water level in
the body
3. Heaped volume – if the load was heaped on 2:1
slope above the body
 The heaped volume:-
The volume of material that truck can haul when
load is heaped above sides

91
 Check to ensure that volumetric load does not
cause a condition where load weight exceeds
gravimetric load.
 If possible Overloading should be avoided.

92
 Advantages of small trucks to large trucks
1. More flexible In maneuvering
2. Achieve higher hauls and return speed
3. Loss in production is less when truck fails down
4. Easier to balance between no. of trucks & output
of excavator

93
1. Difficult to load & small target for depositing
the bucket load
2. More time is lost in spotting the trucks as large
no. of trucks are required
3. More drivers are required to haul the truck
4. Due to large no. there may be bunching at the
pit, along the haul road or at dump

94
 Data:-
 3-cy shovel,90° swing ,no delays for haulers
 20 sec cycle time
 The time for travel cycle includes travelling,
dumping and returning to shovel times will be
6 min. for several sizes of trucks.

95
 If 12-cy trucks are used
(12/3)=4 no. of buckets to fill truck
Time required to fill the truck will be
(20*4)=80 sec. or 1.33 min.
The roundtrip cycle for truck
6+1.33=7.33 min.
Min no. of trucks required to keep shovel busy
(7.33/1.33)=5.51

96
6 trucks:
The time required to load the truck
(6 x 1.33)=7.98min
Thus shovel will lose(7.98-7.33)=0.65 min
The percentage time lost will be
(0.65/7.98) x 100=8.2%
Operating factor 91.8%

97
 If 24-cy truck used
It will require(24/3)=8 trucks
Time required to fill the truck will be
(8 x 20)=160 sec or 2.66 min.
Min. roundtrip required=8.66 min.
The min no. of trucks required to keep shovel busy
(8.66/2.66)=3.26
If 4 trucks are used them loading time
(2.66 x 4)=10.64min.
98
Loss of time will be
(10.64-8.66)=1.98 min.

Operating factor
(8.66/10.64)x 100=81.4%

 It will be advisable to use 6 trucks of 12-cy with

greater operating factor

99
balanced number of bucket = truck capacity(lcy)

bucket capacity(lcy)

 It will determine the number of excavator bucket

loads to load the truck.

100
 Load time=number of bucket swings x bucket
cycle time

 Truckload(volumetric)= no. of bucket swings x

volume of bucket

 Truckload(gravimetric)= volumetric(lcy) x
unit weight(loose vol. lb/cy)
101
 Haul time(min)= Haul distance(ft)
88fpm/mph x haul speed(mph)

 Hauling should be at highest safe speed & in

proper gear to increase the efficiency.

 Haul speed can be determined by manufacturers

performance chart

102
Return time(min)= Return distance(ft)
88(fpm/mph) x return speed(mph)

103
 It will depend on type of hauling unit &
congestion in dump area
 For rear dump it is 0.7 min in favorable & 1.5 in
worse conditions
 For bottom dump it is 0.3 min in favorable & 1.5
in worse conditions

104
Truck cycle time=
Load time+ Haul time + Dump time + Return time

105
 Number of trucks= Truck cycle time(min)
Loader cycle time(min)

 The no. of trucks must be an integer number

106
Production(lcy/hr)= truck load(lcy) x no.of trucks x
60 min.
truck cycle time(min)
 If there is not sufficient no. of trucks then there

will be loss in production

107
 The production calculated above is based on 60
min. this can be adjusted by efficiency factor
 Longer hauling distances result in better driver

efficiency
 It can be increase up to 8000ft and then remains

constant
Adjusted production=
production(lcy) x working time(min/hr)
60min
108
 Data:
 Hauling sandy clay
 Capacities struck 14.7cy, heaped 2:1,18.3cy
 Net empty load = 36860lb
payload = 44000lb
gross vehicle wt. = 80860lb
 Hydraulic hoe of 3 cy
 l(haul road)= 3-mile, downhill grade 1%
 Earth is poorly maintained
109
 Dump time = 2 min
 Hoe cycle = 20 sec
 Loose unit wt of sand=2150 lb/cy
 realistic efficiency 50 min-hr

110
  Therefore bucket fill
factor is 110%
 Bucket volume=3x1.1=3.3
cy

Reference: Table 8.4,construction planning, equipments & methods-Peurifoy, 6th edition

111
 Balanced no. of buckets=(18.3/3.3)
= 5.5
≈ 6 buckets
We will investigate for both 5 and 6 buckets
Load time=5 x 20/60=1.66min
Load volume= 5 x 3.3= 16.5 lcy
Check with load wt.= 16.5 x 2150= 35045lb
< 44000
ok

112
 6 buckets
load time=6 x (20/60)=2 min

load volume=(6 x 3.3)=19.3

this will equals truck capacity & excess will spill off
check for load wt.= 18.3 x 2150= 39345 lb
<44000 lb
so ok

113
 114
Reference: Table 5.1,construction planning, equipments & methods-Peurifoy, 6th edition
 Rolling resistance 100-140 lb per ton using avg.
value as 120

Grade resistance(%)= rolling res. per ton/20 lb

per ton
= (120/20)=6%
 Grade resistance = -1%

 Total resistance = 5%
115
 Description 5 buckets 6 buckets

Empty truck net wt. 36860 lb 36860 lb

Load wt. 35045 lb 39345 lb

Gross wt. 71905 lb 76205 lb

speed 16 mph 13 mph

116
Reference: Fig.10.9,construction planning, equipments & methods-Peurifoy, 6th edition117
 Haul time 5 trucks= ( 3mile x 5280ft/mile)
88 x 16
= 11.25 min
 Haul time for 6 trucks = 13.85 min

118
 Now for return journey grade resistance will be
1%
 Total resistance 7%
 Empty truck wt= 36860 lb
 Speed = 22 mph
 Return time = 8.18 min

 Dump time is 2 min

119
 Description 5 bucket 6 bucket

Load time 1.66 2

Haul time 11.25 13.85

Dump time 2 2

Return time 8.18 8.18

Truck cycle time 23.09 26.03

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 Description 5 bucket 6 bucket

Truck cycle time 23.09 min 26.03 min

Loader cycle time 1.66 min 2 min

No. of trucks 13.9 13

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 For 5 bucket loader if 13 trucks are used
production = 16.5 x 13 x 60/23.09= 557 lcy per hr
if 14 buckets are used
production = 16.5 x 23.09/1.66= 596 lcy per hr
 For 5 bucket loader if 13 trucks are used
production = 18.3 x 13 x 60/26.03= 548 lcy per hr

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 Adjusted production = 596 lcy per hr x 50/60
= 497 lcy per hr

Adjusted production = 497 x 2150/2000

= 534 tons

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 The selection of proper tire size & correct air pressure
in it will reduce the rolling resistance
 For rigid road such as concrete low diameter & high
pressure gives low rolling resistance
 For soft soils large diameters with low pressures gives
low rolling resistance
 Tires are about 35% of truck’s operating cost
 Tire manufacturers provide ton-mile-per-hour
(TMPH) limit for there tires

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 TMPH job rate=
(avg. tire load x avg. speed during day’s operation)

Avg. tire load= empty tire load+ loaded tire load

2
Avg. speed(mph)=round trip distance (miles) x no.
of trips
total hrs worked
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 Data
 empty truck wt=70000 lb
 loaded truck wt = 150000 lb
 wt distribution for empty truck=50% rear &
50% front
 wt distribution for loaded truck=67% rear &
33% front
 Truck has 2 tires in front & 4 tires at rear end
 truck works for 8 hrs with 14 trips per day & 5.5
miles one way haul distance 126
 Description Front ,2 tires Rear, 4 tires

Empty wt 70000 lb 35000 lb 35000 lb

Loaded wt 150,000 lb 50,000 lb 100,000 lb

Empty wt per tire 17500 lb 8750 lb

Loaded wt per tire 25000 lb 25000 lb

Avg. tire load 10.6 tons 8.4 tons

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 avg. speed= (2 x 5.5) x14
8hr
=19.25 mph
 TMPH job rate = 10.6 x 19.25 mph
= 204
 while calculating the TMPH job rate select max.
highest load

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Thank you!!!

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