Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Internship Report
17th Jan, 2011 – 11th Feb, 2011
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
Electronics Engineering Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise unto Almighty Allah, the lord of all worlds, who endowed me with the ability to
complete successfully this period as internee, though I did not conceal myself capable to
do so.
I am highly obliged for the kindness of OIC Mr. Jawaid Shams and for great cooperation
provided by staff of the Electronics Engineering Depot. I am extremely thankful for the
cooperation and help provided by Mr. Muzaffer, Mr. Iftikhar, Mr. Saeed, Mr.Jafry, Mr.
Shamim, Mr. Tahir, Mr. Majid and Mr Junaid in their sections Nav. Aids., VHF/UHF, GE,
Telecom, HF and RCWS respectively.
Last but not least, I am also thankful to all those personnels’ who always have sincere
feelings and guided me at their best.
2
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Overview of EED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Nav. Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Terminal Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Components of (ILS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Localizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Glide Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4
TDME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Marker Beacons . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 En-route
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
NDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
VOR. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Comparision between D- VOR & C-VOR. . . . . .
......................................6
DME .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2. VHF/UHF Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.General Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 4.
Telecom Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. HF Department: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 6.Radar Central
Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .11
Diff. between Primary & Secondary RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14
List of Test Equipments/Benches available in RCWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14
Specification of model of Radars in Karachi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is a Public sector autonomous body working under the
Federal Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Defence. It was established on
7th December, 1982 as an autonomous body.
The CAA not only serves as a regulatory body on behalf of the Government of Pakistan,
its functions include provision of services such as facilitation, air space management, Air
Traffic Control and Fire Fighting Services. The Authority is also responsible for the
planning, development and maintenance of all civil aviation infrastructures in the
country.
For the fulfillment of its function as a regulatory body, the CAA ensures conformity to the
standards laid down by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO), regard to
flight safety, aircraft maintenance and medical fitness of pilots, air traffic controllers and
engineers. It is also responsible for negotiating of air services agreements with other
countries.
Overview of EED:
CAA provides communication, navigation and surviliance through its stations all over
Pakistan.Electronics Engineering Depot is the service and maintenance depot of Civil
Aviation Authority, it's work is to facilitate the CAA stations all over Pakistan with its
service of maintenance and repairing of the Electronics Equipment.
The Basic working of the EED is to install the equipment or supervise the installation
incase of installation/upgrading is done by contractor and test the latest equipment that
have been brought from abroad for Civil Aviation Authority and also to repair the
equipments at different stations, either by going there or bringing the equipment to the
EED,Karachi.
4
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
In EED, there are various departments that deal with different types of equipments.
Nav. Aids:
Navigational Aids department deals with the equipments of navigation and aiding that
compromises of Terminal Navigation and En-route Navigation.
Terminal Navigation:
Components of ILS
Localizer :
5
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
The localizer signal provides information to guide the aircraft to the centerline of the
runway
The localizer antenna is located at the far end of the runway.
The approach course of the localizer is called the front course.
The course line in the opposite direction to the front course is called the back course.
The localizer signal normally usable 18 NM from the field.
The Morse code Identification of the localizer consists of a three-letter.
Glide Slope:
A glide slope (GS) or glide path (GP) antenna array is sited to one side of the runway
touchdown zone. The GP signal is transmitted on a carrier frequency between 329.15
and 335 MHz using a technique similar to that of the localizer. The centerline of the glide
slope signal is arranged to define a glide
slope of approximately 3° above horizontal
(ground level). The beam is 1.4° deep; 0.7°
below the glideslope centerline and 0.7°
above the glideslope centerline.
TDME:
Terminal Distance Measuring Equipment (TDME) gives the information of distance from
touch down point. Terminal DME, referred to as a TDME in navigational charts, is a DME
that is designed to provide a 0 reading at the threshold point of the runway, regardless
of the physical location of the equipment. It is typically associated with Glide Slope.
Marker Beacons:
The inner marker is used only for Category II operations. The marker beacons are
located at specified intervals on the extended
center line. All marker beacons operate on a
frequency of 75 MHz.
En-route Navigation:
6
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
NDB:
VOR:
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system for
aircraft. A VOR ground station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the
station's identifier, voice (if equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is morse
code. The voice signal is usually station name, in-flight recorded advisories, or live flight
service broadcasts. The navigation signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to
determine a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR
station in relation to the Earth's magnetic North at the time of installation). VOR stations
in areas of magnetic compass unreliability are oriented with respect to True North. This
line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from
different VOR stations on a chart provides the position of the aircraft.
7
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
DME:
VHF/UHF Section:
This section deals with all the equipments of VHF/UHF used for the communication
between Air traffic Control to the plane or in other words ground to air communication.
The maintenance of all the VHF/UHF equipments from all over Pakistan comes under this
department. There are various types of antenna used in Communication of VHF/UHF, like
whip antenna, long wire antenna, umbrella antenna, half and full dipole antenna, VHF
extended antenna etc.
8
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
VHF extended:
9
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
FM W/T
Motorola GP2000
• 99 Channels
• Front Panel Programming
• 12.5125 kHz Channel Spacing
Nuisance Channel Delete
• Channel Alias
• Coded Squelch. Adjustable Squelch Level
• 3 Scan Lists (each with priority channel)
• Selective Call
• Receive-only Channel
• Time-Out Timer (from 0 to 10 minutes)
AM W/T
Vertex Standard
150 regular memory channels and 100
preprogrammed "Book" memory channels
• Automatic Noise Limiter
• Ambient Temperature monitor
• One-Touch Squelch (Monitor) Control
• External DC Jack (12V)
• 8.33 or 25 kHz Channel Steps
• Stop Watch and Count Down Timers
• PC Programmable
GEN. Elect. :
General Electronics deals with the equipment that is used in general
and cannot be categorized under any of the other department.
• Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS)
• Public Address System
Formely VLS was used for recording all types of conversations, works
on the analog principle of magnetic tape recording. The VLS tape can
record a day’s recording and has to be replaced the other day. The system is
being replaced by the DVLS. It isthe most important and major equipment
with which GE deals. This is the Latest machine use for the recording all
types of conversation. recording stuff is reserved for 30 days in DVD-RAM .
The model of DVLS used byCAA is Marathon Evolution.
10
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
PA Systems:
A public address
system (PA system) is
an electronic
11
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
Telecom Section:
This section was actually for installing and repairing intercom system. Now intercom is
replaced by PBX.
A private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular
operates for many businesses or for the general public. PBXs make connections among
the internal telephones of a private organization—usually a business—and also connects
them to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via trunk lines. Because they
incorporate telephones, fax machines, modems, and more, the general term "extension"
is used to refer to any end point on the branch.business or office, as opposed to one that
a common carrier or telephone company
HF Section:
HF section deals with the equipment of direct communication in Long Range, providing
maintenance repairing and upgrading of HF communication equipments, for four
purposes:
• Ground to Air Domestic
• Ground to Ground Domestic
• Ground to Air International
• Ground to Ground International
HF SSB is used for ground to ground communication between CAA stations throughout
the country.
Latest HF Equipment used by CAA is:
HF Transceiver Codan NGT ASR
Codan NGT ASR HF SSB 1.6-30MHz 100W
Emergency selcall
Smart monitoring
Voice Encryption for communication security (COMSEC)
Fax, data, email and internet using 9001 (fax and data) modems
supports phone calling, and remote diagnostics and configuration
Frequency Range: 1.6 to 30 MHz ; Receive: 250 kHz to 30 MHz
Memory Channels: 600 Channels
Message call up to 90 characters
GPS call (with a GPS receiver)
Status call for remote testing of parameters
Over-The-Air (OTA) remote capabilities
12
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
13
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
14
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
15
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
16
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
Reply from Transponder = 1090 MHz (This is not part of SSR Equipment)
1. AFIT-1500 In Circuit digital IC Tester (Excluding RAM & EPROM ICs) up to 24 Pins
Digital / TTL ICs only.
4. Frequency Counter
5. Power Meter.
7. VHF Switch.
8. Relay Actuator
17
Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN
18