]]wpfckvHk;wpfNyifvHk;}}

(1) pma&;q&mESifhEdkifiHa&;orm;
(2) NrefrmawGEdkifiHa&;ynm&Siftawmfrsm;
(3) {&d,meJU EdkifiHa&;
(4) bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
(5) 1990 aemufydkif; vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taBumif;
(6) tem*wf u d k b ,f v d k o G m ;
(7) tcsdefumveJU udkufnDrI
(8) uREfky fwdkY b,folawGu d k a &G ;cs,f cG if h &rvJ
(9) or®wudk b,fvdka&G;
(10) vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f a wG r S m bmwm0ef & S d
(11) Nynf a xmif p k v T w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f a wG b ,f v d k w wf o d x m;oif h o vJ
(12) wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkY ) Nynfe,fvTwfawmf
(13) EdkifiHa&;orm;&JUwm0ef
(13) arsmuf a qmh o vd k b mh a Bumif h a &;
(14) udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkBunfNcif;
(15) uRefawmfaNymcsifwJhEdkifiHa&;pum;
(16) bmoma&;0ef x rf ; wd k U \aysmh u G u f
(17) ud k , f y d k i f t awG ; tac:qd k w m
(18) q&m0ef(pma&;q&m)]]udkwm}}odkYwrf;Ncif;
(19) tNzLr[kwf&iftrJ ESifh udkudkpufrIwuúodkvf odkY nDnDpufrIwuúodkvf&JU
tdwfzGifh tBuHay;csuf
(20) arsmuf - tHk;oD; &ovdk
(21) t&dk;om;qHk; ? wm0eftausqHk; eJY tvGJqHk;
(22) qif c snf a omBud K ;ES i f h B uuf c snf a omBud K ;
(23) vG w f v yf p G m aNymqd k a &;om;cG i f h
(24) ES p f b uf o G m ;rD ' D , m
(25) rOÆdrowif;XmerS rSm;,Gif;azmfNyNcif;udk aNz&Sif;Ncif;
pma&;q&mESifhEdkifiHa&;orm; / pma&;q&mESifhEdkifiHa&;orm;bm uGmovJ /
pma&;q&muawmh olwifNycsifwJhtNrif tawG;awGudk b,folYudkrS rxdcdkufapbJ
wifNyygw,f / b,foluawmhNzifh bmvkyfoifhygw,f / bmrvkyfoifhygbl; vdkY
axmufcw H t hJ Nrif uefUuGuw
f hJ tNrifawGukd w,fraNymBuygbl; / aNymcsif&if aNymEdik Bf uay
rJh raNymbJaevdkuvJaeEdkifygw,f /
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;uawmh qef U usif N cif ; ? uef Y uG u f N cif ; ? axmuf c H N cif ;
qdkwmawGygatmif aNymzdkYvdkygw,f / Bum; ae&ifawmif 'Dudpöudk Bum;ae ygw,f vdkY
aNymvdkuf&ygw,f / tJ'gaBumifh udk,fu b,fvdk&yfwnfaNymqdkrSmvJ/ EdkifiHa&;orm;
ae&muae &yf w nf a Nymqd k r ,f q d k & if Nywf o m;pG m taNzxk w f N yD ; axmuf c H N cif ;
uefYuGufNcif;udkaNymqdk oifhygw,f /
]]tm;vHk;nDnDnGwfnGwfeJY vkyfBuyg }} qdkwmavmufeJYawmh EdkifiHa&; pum;rNzpf
ygbl; /vlv,f 0ifvkyfwJhpum;tqifhavmufbJ&Sdygw,f / tvG,feJYnDae&ifbmrS aNymzdkY
rvdkygbl; / nd§r&vdk uGJvGJaeNyDqdk&if b,foluawmhNzifh bmudk avQmh yg / b,fbuf
uawmh bmudkavQmhygvdkY wdwdusus aNymqdkaxmufNy rSomvQif EdkifiHa&;orm;
wpfa,muf&JUpum;Nzpfvmygvdrfhr,f /

NrefrmawGEdkifiHa&;ynm&Siftawmfrsm; / ppfwk&ifupm; aewJh upm;0dkif;

wpf0ikd ;f qd&k ifawmif tvG,ef YJ tBuHay;r,frxifyg / ud,
k x
hf ufvnf; vuf&nfNrifah ewJh
upm;orm;ES p f a ,muf upm;ae w,f q d k & if tNrD § ; uk y f em;&G u f r vI y f b J
NidrfBunfhaerSmrvGJygbl; / tJ'DvdkygbJ .......... ... udk,fhudk,fudk,f ar;yg / ig
ppfwk&ifcsefyD,Hwpfa,mufNzpfovm; / igabmvHk;csefyD,H wpfa,muf Nzpfovm; /
csefyD,Hr[kwfaBumif; tvG,fodomygw,f /
tweftoifh awmfwJh tm;upm;orm;wa,mufNzpfzdkY cufcJwJh tm;upm; rSmawmh
udk,frpGrf;aBumif;tvG,fodaeBuayrJh / 'Dxufav;eufwJh usKyfwdkY NrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJY
ywfoufvdkYuawmh ya&mfzufqmBuD;wa,muf avoHrsdK;eJU wGufudef;trsdK;rsdK;udk
tvG,fxkwfay; aeBuwJh olawG tawmfrsm;ygw,f/
udpöwckudk xJxJ0if0ifavhvmzdkUrvdkbJ tvdktavQmufwwfol ? atmfwdkrufwpf
wwfol ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdygw,f / yxrtrsdK;tpm;uawmh 'dAÁpu©K &wJhol NzpfNyD; 'kwd,
trsdK;tpm;uawmh (...........) aygh /
{&d,meJU EdkifiHa&; / Ed k i f i H a &;qd k w m rl v txnf u d k , f N 'yf r &S d y gbl ; /
ynma&;udpö ? usrf;rma&;udpö ? pD;yGg;a&;udpö ? w&m;pD&ifa&;udpö ? Oya'NyKa&;udpö ?
tkyfcsKyfa&;udpö ? ppfa&;udpö pwJhpwJh ]]txnfudk,f &SdaewJh ta&;udpö awG udk
aNymqdkaqG;aEG; nd§EdIif; a0zef taNzxkwf}}ae&wmudkbJ EdkifiHa&; udpö qdkNyD; Nzpfvmwm
ygbJ /
odkYaomf e,fy,f{&d,muawmh oD;oefYpD &Sdaeygw,f / usrf;rma&;udpöawGudk
cG i f h N yKcsuf & S d N yD ; om;rl a bmif a wG x J u ae pG r f ; pG r f ; wref v k y f a qmif v d k Y &ygw,f /
tJ'gusrf;rma&; {&d,mxJuaeNyD; EdkifiHudktusdK;NyKwJh EdkifiHhta&;Nzpfygw,f /
ynma&;ud p ö a wG u d k cG i f h N yKcsuf rl a bmif & S d N yD ; om;twG i f ; uaeNyD ; pG r f ; pG r f ;
wrefvkyfaqmifaer,fqdk&if ynma&;eJY --- wdkif;Nynfudk tusdK;NyKwJh EdkifiHh ta&;udk
vkyfaqmifaeNcif;Nzpfygw,f /
ynma&;udpö ? usrf;rma&;udpö awG twGuf cGifhNyKcsuf rlabmifawG taBumif;udk
aNymqdak qG;aEG;vdw k ,fq&kd ifawmh Edik if aH &;{&d,mxJuaeNyD; Edik if t
Hh a&;awGukd vkyaf qmifae
Ncif;Nzpfygw,f /
vlwdkif;rSm vkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;&Sdygw,f / udk,fpD;wJhNrif;txD;truGJzdkYbJ vdkyg
w,f /

bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; / rnfonfh bmom omoem rqdk .... omoemh

0efxrf;awG [m vlom;csif;pmemwJh tultnDudpöawG ? vlrIa&;udpöawGudk cGifhNyKcsuf
rlabmiftwGif;ubJvkyfcGifh&Sdygw,f / tJovdkenf;eJU EdkifiHta&;udk yg0ifwm[m
ydkrdkwdk;wufwJh bmom omoem wpfckNzpfvmapwmygbJ /
cGiNhf yKcsurf al bmifawGukd NyKNyifaNymif;vJzYkd udpu
ö awmh Edik if aH &;e,fy,fu Edik if t
Hh a&;
udpöNzpfaewmaBumifh yg0ifywfowfzdkYroifhawmfygbl; / yg0ifywfoufwmudkvnf;
uRefawmf rvdkvm;yg / wdk;wufwJhtawG; tNrif&Sdol rnfolrqdk vdkvm;rnf r[kwf
yg /
EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udpöawG EdkifiHh ta&;awGrSm bmoma&;&Iaxmifh ? bmom
a&;tNrifudk vufudkifxm;ol wpfa,muftaeeJU pOf;pm;wm[m rrSefEdkifyg / vlawG&JU
avmuDudpöawGrSm -
Oyrm -- acG;&l;a&m*g umuG,fzdkY acG;avacG;vGifhawGudk owfzdkYudpö &Sdvmyg
w,f / BuufiSufwkyfauG; Nzpfvm&if BuufiSufawGudk owfNzwf okwfoifzdkY &Sdvmyg
w,f / aoG ; vG e f w k w f a uG ; umuG , f z d k U Ncif a wG avmuf v ef ; awG u d k owf N zwf
ESdrfeif;zdkY&Sdvmygw,f / vlqdk;awGudk zrf;qD;tNypfay;ta&;,lzdkY&Sdvm ygw,f / omoemh
0efxrf;wpfa,mufeJU b,fvdkrS o[Zmwr Nzpfyg /
 avmuDta&;t&m Oya'udpö eJU bmoma&; qdkif&m usifh0wfydkif; udpö awG[m
vlom;awGudk xdrf;aBumif;yJhNyifvdkNcif;wlaewmawmif ... bmoma&;rSm vufawGUqefwJh
tNypfay;ta&;,lw,fqdkwmr&Sdyg / (tpövmrfomoemwGifrl ta&;,lrI&Sd)
Oyrm ---bmomomoem qdkif&m omoedu ypönf;rsm;udkzsufvdk zsufqD;
,liifo;kH aqmifvo kd w
l Ykd \ ab;&efrS umuG,w f m;qD;zdYk ukd bmoma&;&Iaxmifrh rS aqmif&u G f
Edkifyg / Oya'aBumif;t&om wm;NrpfEdkifNyD; omoem qdkif&m i&J ^ ewfNynf ^ edAÁmef ^
aumif ; uif b H k awG e J Y vH k N cH K atmif rxd r f ; od r f ; Ed k i f w mud k owd c syf o if h y gw,f /
obm0rwlwmudk tav;xm;zdkYvdkygw,f /
rnfonfhbmom\ omoeduypönf;rsm;udk rqdk Oya'aBumif;t& w&m;qGJqdk
cGifhr&Sdap& ? uH uH\tusdK;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmftwdkif;om Nzpfap&rnfqdkvsif
bmom omoemawGawmif uG,faysmufoGm;Edkifygw,f /
tJ'gaBumifh bmoma&; [m cGifhNyKcsufrlabmiftwGif;uaeyD; vlom;awG
udkapmifha&SmufwJh vlrIa&;vkyfief;&,f ? vlom;awG&JU udk,fusifhw&m;udk NyKNyifwJh udp&ö ,f
udkom 0ifyg oifhNyD; / EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fu EdkifihH ta&; udpörsm; rSmawmh uif;&Sif;
&efvdktyfygw,f /

1990 aemufydkif; vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taBumif; / vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIeJU EdkifiHa&;

taNymif;tvJawGNzpfwu hJ pd u
ö akd vhvmBuwJt h cgrSm *vdb k ,fvu
kd af Z;&Si;f udk arhrxm;oifyh g
bl; / bk&ifpepfawG ? wpfOD;aumif;wpfa,mufaumif;oabmxm;awGay:rSDwnfwJhEdkifiH
tkyfcsKyfa&;awG[m *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;eJYtwl wdrfNrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;ygw,f /
aysmufuG,foGm;BurSmyg /
tJ'vD ykd gbJ -- vlxv k yI &f mS ;aygufurJG yI pkH aH wG ? taxGaxGreG ;f BuyfraI BumifNh zpfvmwJh
aygufuGJrIawmfvSefa&;yHkpHawG[mvJ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;aBumifhbJ aysmufuG,f oGm;&yg
w,f / rGe;f usyfraI wG[m ]]y&yf&mS uGwu f m}} eJY tvm;o@mefwyl gw,f / y&yf&mS uGwu f m
rSm &kwfw&ufBuD;raygufuGJ&atmif &nf&G,fNyD; 0dwfwHk;wifxm;wJh y&uf&Sm ta&Smh
Am;aygufazmufxm;ygw,f / txnf;u [if;udkEl;eyfapzdkY y&uf&Sm Nr§ifhzdkY vkyfxm;ovdk
raygufuGJatmifvJ &DvdAf Am;ayguf azmufxm;wmygbJ /
1990 aemufydkif;rSmvnf; NynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; ? pD;yGg;a&;rGef;usyfrIawGudk a&SmhcszdkY
taygufazmufxm;wmeJUwlaewmu NynfyxGufNyD; tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;&SmEdkifwJh
taNctae&,f ? EdkifiHa&;cdkvHIcGifhxGufayguf&Sdaewm&,f[m y&uf&SmuGwfumeJY
tvm;o@mefwlaeNyD; b,fawmhrS raygufuGJapawmhyg /
aemufyD; 1988 rwdkifrSD 87 avmufuwnf;u bdkuav;rSm]] qef;av;}} oabFmudk
qefvkwJh NzpfpOfawGNzpfvmwmrsdK;[m trSefwu,f iwfrGwfaBumif; aygufuGJrIudk
tpysdK;cJhwmyg / aiGpuúLawG vHk;0NyefvJray;bJ odrf;qnf;vdkufwm[mvnf;
Nynfolw&yfvHk;&JU onf;acsudk xdcdkufapwmygbJ /
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG rsufaphv,faewmuawmh ..... wdk;wufrIaeSmifhaES;wmeJU
aygufuGJrINzpfatmifusyfwnf;wmudk ygbJ / 1988 rSm ta&SUawmiftm&SrSm Nrefrm[m
tqifrh edrv hf aS Bumif; ,ckuawmh tawmf uGm[aemufusaeaBumif; udNk rifBuaNymBuayrJh
tHk<urIwpfck[m wNcm;EkdifiHawGeJU odyfNyD;,SOfNydKifwmr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkY taNctaeudkom
t"duxm;NyD;Nzpfay:wmudk arhaewmygbJ / rdrdwdkY&yfwnfrIeJY vdktyfcsuftBuD;tao;
tay:rSmom wnfrSDNzpfay:w,fqdkwmudk arhaewmygbJ /
1988 eJU rwlwmu vHk;0BuD; iwfoGm;atmif aiGNywfoGm;atmif taNctaersdK;
r&SdovdkrdrdwdkY pdwftyef;aNzp&mawG wyHkBuD; &SdNyD; tJ'DtaNctaexufwdk;wufzdkY
vd k v m;aomf v nf ; &&S d N yD ; taNctaexuf qd k ; 0g;qk w f , k w f o G m ;wmud k a wmh
b,folrSrvdkvm;Buygbl; / vwfwavm 'ku©udkawmifrcHvdkawmhyg / tdk;ydkif tdrfydkif
v,fyikd f &Sad eolawGu olYwYkd yikd q
f ikd rf aI wGukd wd;k wufzYkd vdv
k m;ayrJh e*dk ydik q
f ikd rf aI v;awGukd
zufwG,fxm;NyD; rpGefYvTwfEdkifBuovdk a&mifh&Jom,maeEdkifygw,f / 'gudk rNrifawmhbJ
vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIeJUoGm;csifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG[m taNctae&JUom;aumifNzpfoGm;Edkif
ygw,f / 'DaeYvdk taNctaersdK;udk vDeifeJU armfpDwHk; ESpfa,mufaygif;NyD; vHIYaqmf&ifawmif
cifAsm;wdkYarQmfrSef;wJh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsdK; rNzpfawmhygbl; /
tJ'gaBumifh 1990 aemufyikd ;f rSm &DaAmfv;l &Si;f yHpk [ H m tm;enf;cJ&h NyD; tDaAmfv;l &Si;f yHpk H
awGubJ tem*wfudk azmfaqmifay;EdkifaBumif; ? tJ'g[mvnf; *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;
aBumifh qdkwmudk owdNyKrdwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;enf;yg; ygw,f /
1988 aemufydkif;udk tcsKyftm;Nzifh oHk;oyf&&ifawmh ppfwyf[m EdkifiHa&; tawG;
tac:wqifhwufvmNyD; vufESufudkif EdkifiHa&;orm;Nzpfvm w,fvdkYaNym&rSmNzpfNyD; /
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG uawmh oHk;oyfEdkif pGrf;awG avsmhenf; usqif;vmNyD; vufESufrJh
ppfom;awG Nzpfvmw,fvdkY aNym&rvdk Nzpfvmygw,f /
vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIeJY oGm;wJh &DaAmfvl;&Sif;yHkpH[m 1990 aemufydkif;rSm acwfr&SdawmhbJ
tDaAmfvl;&Sif;yHkpHeJUoGm;wJh EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;[m tem*wftwGufatmifNrifrJh
EdkifiHa&;yHkpHNzpfvmygw,f /

tem*wfudkb,fvdkoGm; / twdwftaBumif;awG udkavhvmoHk;oyfEdkifrS

tem*wfudk b,fvdkoGm;rvJvdkY qHk;NzwfyD; ,aeYwnfhwnfhrSm avQmufvSrf;Edkifyg
vd r f h r ,f / wyf r awmf tpd k ; &csNywJ h zG J U pnf ; yH k u d k Nynf o l v l x k u axmuf c H
twnfNyKvdkufygw,f /
 usm;usm;rD;,yfrvkyfoifhygbl; / NynfolvlxktaeeJU 'DaeYtaNctaerSefrSm
avQmuf v S r f ; p&m tNcm;vrf ; rNrif vd k Y a xmuf c H w myg / zG J U pnf ; yH k u d k , f x nf u d k
tBudKufqHk;r[kwfaomfvnf; ,aeYEdkifiHa&;taNctaerSmawmh zGJUpnf;yHktwdkif;oGm;wmudk
tBud K uf q H k ; rd k Y axmuf c H B uwmyg / 'D z G J U pnf ; yH k [ m ,aeYrsuf a rS m uf u mvrS m
taumif;qHk;EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;vdkY Nynfoltrsm;pku oHk;oyfygw,f /
twdu k t f cHvyk af ewJh Edik if aH &;orm;awG udk tm;r&wmvJ ygEdik yf gw,f / tJ'gaBumifh
zGJUpnf;yHkudkaxmufcHvdkufBuwmNzpfNyD; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlaumif;vlawmfawGa&G;
cs,fa&;[m 'DaeYtaNctaetwGuf ta&;tBuD;qHk; EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfNzpfygw,f /
,ck v uf & S d zG J U pnf ; yH k u ay;xm;wJ h rl a bmif t cG i f h t a&;xJ r S m tawmf q H k ;
taumif;qHk;udk b,fvdka&G;cs,frvJ qdkwm[m vufawGUuswJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfygbJ /
tawmfqHk;taumif;qHk;awG b,fvdk0ifygEdkifatmif0dkif;vkyfay;&rvJ eJU b,folawGu
wm0ef,lBurvJ qdkwm ta&;BuD;qHk;yg / ('gav;udkerlemBunfhyg)/
tar&dueftpdk;& pmtkyf pmrsufESm - 12 / 1787 arvwGif zDvm'JvfzD;,m;NrdKYü
Nynfe,frsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif; 55 OD;onf tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhBuonf/
tpnf;ta0;onf 4 vwdkifatmifBumNrifhcJhonf/ trsdK;rsdK;aqG;aEG;tNiif;yGg;cJhNyD;
aemufqHk;wGif um; taNccHOya'wpf&yfudk a&;qGJEdkifcJhBuonf/
udk,fpm;vS,ftenf;pkuom xdktpnf;ta0;\tcsuftvufrsm;udk auseyf
vufcHcJhBuonf/ trsm;pkum;vGwfvyfrIqHk;&HI;rnfudk pdk;&GHUaecJhBuavonf/

tcsdefumveJU udkufnDrI / teft,fvf'Dudk a0zef&&if tcsdefumv rSm;,Gif;

aewmudkawGU&ygw,f / tqifh 1 vkyf&rJhtcsdefrSm tqifh (2) udk vkyfNyD; tqifh (2)
vkyf&rJhtcsdefrSm tqifh (3) udkvkyfrdaeygw,f /
OyrmNy&&if -- nDvmcHusif;ycsdefrSm zGJUpnf;yHktaBumif;udk aocsmaqG;aEG;NyD;
vdtk yfwmudk NyKNyifxyfaygif;ay;zdYk tqifu h kd &oavmufvyk &f rSmNzpfaomfvnf; nDvmcHukd
oydwfarSmufNyD; twkta,mifvdkYaNymygw,f /
zGJUpnf;yHkxGufvmawmhrS zGJUpnf;yHkudk NyKNyifzdkY tcsuftvufawGudkaNymNyefyg
w,f / zGJUpnf;yHktwnfNzpfvmawmhvnf; Nynfoltrsm;&JUqE´twdkif; qufoGm;wJhtcgrSm
taumif;qHk;tawmfqHk; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG udk a&G;Edkifa&;vkyf&rSmudk rvkyfbJ
tqifh (1) udkNyefaNymaeNyefygw,f / tJ'Dvdk tcsdefumvudk rydkif;Ncm;EdkifwJh acgif;aqmif
rIawGaBumifh 'DaeY NrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rSmwyfrawmfu Oy"d&kyf taumif;qHk; NzpfoGm;ygNyD /
'gudbk J vufcaH y;NyD; Edik if aH &;orm;awG&UJ a0pkNzpfwhJ NynfoYlvw
T af wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
330 ae&meJU trsdK;om; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 168 ae&m udk aumif;aumif;
arG;NrLoifhygw,f / aumif;aumif; &,loifhygw,f / tckvdk tBuHay;csufawGudk
ypfy,fvdkY &ygw,f / xGufvmwJhtaNzudk awmh aNymif;vJvdkY r&Edkifawmhygbl; /
uREfkyfwdkYb,folawGudka&G;cs,fcGifh&rvJ / NrdKUe,fwpfcktwGif;rSmaexdkifwJh
Nynfolwdkif;uwdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fay; &rJU ol(4) a,muf&Sdygw,f -

(1) NynfolUvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f ( wpfNrdKYe,fvsif wpfOD;us )

(2) trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f ( wdkif; (odkU) Nynfe,f wcktwGuf 12
a,mufNzpf&m - Oyrm &efukefwdkif; (22)NrdKUe,fwGif 12 a,mufNzpf&m
e,faNrcGJí teD;pyfqHk; ESpfNrdKUe,fcefY vsif wpfOD;us a&G;ay;&ygr,f )
(3) wdkif;a'oBuD;(odkY)Nynfe,fvTwfawmfudk,f;pm;vS,f
(wpfNrdKUe,fvsif ESpfOD;us)
aygif; ( 4 ) OD; udk Nynfolvlxku wdkuf&dkufrJay;a&G;cs,f&rSmNzpfygw,f /

or®wudk b,fvdka&G; / Nynf o l a wG w d k u f & d k u f a &G ; cs,f a y;vd k u f w J h Nynf o l Y

vTwaf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f ( 330 ) &,f ?Nynfou l wdu k &f u kd af &G;vdu k w
f hJ trsdK;om;vTwaf wmf
udk,fpm;vS,f ( 168 ) a,muf&,f wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,f ( 165 ) a,muf &,f
pkpkaygif;&vm'f[m ]]NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf}} BuD;tNzpf wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk wm0efcHrSmNzpfyg
w,f /
yxrqHk;vkyfBurSmu EdkifiHawmf or®wa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJUudk zGJUygr,f / tJ'DtzGJYu
NynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f Nynfola&G;wJh ( 330 )txJu 'kor®wwpfa,muf ?
Nynfola&G;wJh trsdK;om;vTwfawmf ( 168 ) a,mufxJu 'kor®wavmif;wpfa,muf ?
wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,f ( 165 ) a,mufxJu 'kor®wavmif;wpfa,muf&,f
a&G;cs,fay;&ygr,f /
tJ'D 'kor®wavmif; oHk;a,mufudk NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfBuD;u udk,fpm;vS,fawG
0dkif;NyD; rJay;Bur,f ... rJtrsm;qHk;olu or®wNzpfygr,f usefwJh ESpfa,muf[m 'kor®w
ESpfa,mufNzpfvmygr,f/
tJ'Dawmh Nynfola&G;wJh txJu trsm;qHk;tcGifhta&; [m or®w wpfa,mufeJU
aemufxyf'kor®w wpfa,muf NzpfEdkifNyD; / tenf;qHk;tcGifhta&; uawmh 'kor®w
ESpfa,muf NzpfEdkifygw,f /
wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,fawGbufu trsm;qHk;tcGifhta&;u or®w wpfOD;
NzpfEdkifNyD; tenf;qHk; tcGifhta&;u 'kor®w wpfa,mufNzpfEdkifygw,f /
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGrSmbmwm0ef&Sd / NynfolUvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
awG trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG tJ'DESpf&yfaygif;rSm 25 &mcdkifEIef;ygwJh
wyf r awmf o m;ud k , f p m;vS , f 168 a,muf t ygt0if Nynf a xmif p k v T w f a wmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m or®w udka&G;cs,fNyD;wJhaemufrSm or®w u tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU&JU
acgif;BuD;ydkif;awGNzpfwJh 0efBuD;tqifhawGudk a&G;cs,f&ygawmhw,f Nynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmfBuD;u twnfNyKvdkuf&ifawmh twnfNzpfvmNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUopf
ay:vmrSmygbJ /
w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUawGudkvnf; or®w &JU tqdkNyKcsufeJU NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU
twnfNyKcsufudk&,lNyD; zGJUpnf;ygr,f /
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&JU aemufxyfta&;BuD;wJh t"duwm0efuawmh
w&m;Oya'NyKa&;wm0efygbJ /
NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfBuD;uOya'NyK&rJh Oya'NyKpm&if;udk 2008 ckESpfxkwf
]] Nynfaxmifpkor®wNrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHktaNccHOya'rlBurf; }}pmtkyf pmrsufESm
181 Z,m; (1) ]] NynfaxmifpkOya'NyKpm&if; }} rSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f /
aemufxyfta&;BuD;qHk;u ----
pmrsufESm 185 / NynfaxmifpkOya'NyKpm&if; u@ 9 ( vlrIa&;u@ ) rSm ---
(u) ynmoifBum;a&;qdkif&m oif&dk;nTef;wrf; ? oif&dk;rmwdum ? oifNyenf;pepf ?
okawoe? pDrHudef; ? pDrHcsufESifhpHrsm; ?
(c) wuúodkvf ? 'D*&Daumvdyf ? odyÜHponfh oifwef;rsm;ESifh tqifhNrifhynm tNcm;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm; ?
(*) NynfaxmifpkuowfrSwfonfh pmar;yGJrsm; ?
(C) udk,fydkifausmif;rsm;ESifhoifwef;rsm; ? ----------------
------------------------ vdkY ygygw,f / tJ'gaBumifh NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
rSm yg0ifciG &hf wJu
h ,
kd pf m;vS,af wG[m tJ 'D Oya'awGukd olwYkd NyKcGi&hf BurSmyg / awmfawmf
ta&;BuD;ygw,f /

Nynf a xmif p k v T w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f a wG b ,f v d k w wf o d x m;oif h o vJ / /

NynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU Oya'NyKpm&if;rSm ygaewmu ---- EdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m
ynma&;u@ ? pD;yGg;a&;u@ ? Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &;ESihf vHNk cHKa&;u@ ? Edik if NH cm;a&;u@
b@ma&;ESifh pDrHa&;u@ ? pwmawGygaewmaBumifh ........
Oya' rlBurf;wpfck[m Nynfaxmifpk vTwfawmfudk wifvmcJh&if twnfNyKay;zdkY ?
uefUuGufNyD; y,fzsufypfzdkY qdkwm[m Nynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf tzGJU0ifawG&JU wm0efawG
NzpfvmygNyD / t&nftcsif;awGNy&ygawmhr,f /
 bmawGudk pOf;pm;NyD; twnfNyKay;BurSmvJ / bmawGudk axmuf&IqifNcifNyD;
uefYuGuf y,fcsrSmvJ / tJ'gaBumifh Nynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf &JU udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk
a&G;cs,f&mrSm EdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m ynma&;u@ ? pD;yGg;a&;u@ ? EdkifiHawmfumuG,f
a&;ES i f h v H k N cH K a&;u@ ? Ed k i f i H N cm;a&;u@ b@ma&;ES i f h pD r H a &;u@ ? awG u d k
qifNcifpOf;pm;EdkifavmufwJh tawG;tac:&SdolawG Nzpfae&ygr,f /
tJ'gaBumifh NynfolawG[m rdrdwdkUa&G;cs,f&rJh NynfolUvTawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG ?
trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ra&G;cs,fcif ppfaq;Bu&rSmu EdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m
ynma&;u@ ? pD;yGg;a&;u@ ? Edik if aH wmfumuG,f a&;ESiv hf NkH cHKa&;u@ ? Edik if NH cm;a&;u@
b@ma&;ES i f h pD r H a &;u@ ? awG r S m b,f a vmuf awG ; awmod N rif x m;ovJ /
qifNcifpOf;pm;xm;ovJ qdkwmudk ay:atmifppfaq;Bu&r,f / tJ'Dynm&SifawG
tay:b,f v d k o abmxm;ovJ q d k w m ppf a q;&ygr,f / tJ o vd k p pf a q;zd k Y [m
NynfolYwm0efbJ / 'Drdkua&pD&JU wm0efbJ / ]]arsmuf tHk;oD;}} 'Drdkua&pDrsdK;rNzpfapzdkY
usKyfwdkUNynfolawG tJ'gudk aumif;aumif;ppfaq;wwf&r,f / ppfaq;csifpdwf&Sd&r,f /
1990 a&G;aumufyGJrSmwHk;u uRefawmf udk,fwdkif ]] acG;udktNr§D;NzwfNyD; carmuf
aqmif;ay; rJxJh Bur,f }} vdkY a<u;aBumfcJhbl;w,f / r&ifhusufao;wmaygh /

wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkY ) Nynfe,fvTwfawmf / wpfNrdKYe,fudk ( 2 ) a,muf EIef;eJU

a&G;cs,fvdkufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGudkawmh wdkif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf tNzpfzGJUpnf;ay;
rSmNzpfw,f/ pmrsufESm 188 rSmNyxm;wJh]]wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkY) Nynfe,f Oya'NyKpm&if; }}
rSmygwJh Oya'NyKcGifhudk &&SdBurSmNzpfygw,f /
olwdkUuawmh vlxkeJU teD;qHk;rSmNzpfNyD; / olwdkYudka&G;cs,fr,fqdk&if a'otwGif;
Nidrf;csrf;a&; ? zGHUNzdK;a&; ?w&m;rQwa&; ? oefY&Sif;aomtpdk;&Nzpfvma&; ? vlrIa&;awGeJU
ygwfoufNyD; b,favmuf qifNcifpOf;pm;xm; ovJqdkwmawGudk ppfaq;ay;Bu&r,f /

EdkifiHa&;orm;&JUwm0ef / vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG[m Edik if aH &; orm; vdYktac:

cH&ygr,f / wcsdKUaom EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu ]] EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwm ynma&;udpö ?
pD;yGg;a&;udpaö wGudk wwfodem;vnfp&mrvdkbl;vdkY}} awG;xifaeBuygw,f / trSefuawmh
ynm&Siftqifh (pD;yGg;a&;ynm&Siftqifh ? ynma&;ynm&Siftqifh) rsdK;udkwwfodem;vnf
NyD;tao;pdwfodzdkYrvdkwmrSefaomfvnf; ....
b,foluawmh ynma&;ynm&SifNzpfaBumif; ? b,foluawmhpD;yGg; a&;ynm&Sif
NzpfaBumif; qdkwmawGudk cGJNcm;odzdkY&mrSmawmh rdrdudk,fwdkif ynma&;?pD;yGg;a&;pwmawG&JU
taNccHtaBumif;w&m;awG eJU acwfumvqdkif&m tul;taNymif;oabmw&m;awG
pDrHcefYcGJrIawGudk ESHESHpyfpyf avhvmem;vnfxm;oifhygw,f / ynma&;? pD;yGg;a&;awG&JY
taNccHtaBumif;w&m;awGudkavhvmod&Sdxm;zdkYvdkygw,f /
odkUaomf udk,fwdkif 0ifa&muf pDrHcefYcGJaeNyef&ifvnf; rSm;aeNyefygw,f / udk,fu
]] pd w f 0 if w pm; OD ; aqmif a qG ; aEG ; ol ? OD ; aqmif taumif t xnf a zmf o l }}
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ae&may;zdkYvdkNyefygao;w,f /
tJ'Dvdk vkyfwwf&if ? vkyfEdkif&if ? oabmxm;rSefeJYae&may;wwf&if EdkifiHa&;orm;
wm0efausEdkifygw,f /

arsmufaqmhovdkbmhaBumifha&; / udpöawGudkpOf;pm;BuwJhtcgrSm taNzt

rsdK;rsdK;xGufvmwwfygw,f / pOf;pm;yHkuvnf;trsdK;rsdK;&SdwwfBuygw,f / odkYaomf
udpw ö pfckudk pwifrpOf;pm;rSDrSm 'Dudpeö JU ywfoufwJhtcsuftvufawGudk t&ifpkaqmif;
zdkYvdkygw,f /
odkYrSom --- ay;xm;csufawG ... pHkvifrSom Nyóem&JU taNzudk eD;eD;uyfuyf
vG,fvG,fulul csOf;uyf&SmawGUEdkifrSmNzpfygw,f / NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsufawG &SdrSom Nyóem&JU
taNz[m eD;pyfygvdrfhr,f / wpfpdwfwydkif; tcsufwckavmufeJU rvHkavmufEdkifyg /
wpfckvHk;wpfNyifvHk; avhvmzdkYvdkvmygw,f /
tJ'gaBumifhbJ arsmufaqmhovdka&;vdkuf&ygw,f / acgif;pOfuGJwckeJU wck[m
bmrS rywfoufaomfvnf; 'Dtcsuftm;vHk; NcHKiHk em;vnfvdkufNcif;[m taNzwckudk
ay;vdkay;Nim; apwemeJU ]] aqmh }}vdkuf&ygaBumif; /

udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkBunfNcif; / udk,fhudk,fudk,HkBunfNcif;udk b0ifNrifhNcif;eJU

tawmf a&maxG;wwfygw,f / b0ifNrifhNcif;rSmawmh igomtawmfqHk;qdkNyD;awG;ae
wmyg / wNcm;olawG&JU aNymwmawG ? a&;wmawGudk em;axmifzdkY zwfzdkY rvdkawmhbJ
wa,mufwnf;wwfaewmaygh /
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,ckvdkaNz&Sif;ygw,f /
rsm;rsm;em;axmifygw,f / rsm;rsm;zwfygw,f / tJ'DuaeNyD; a&mifNyef[yfxGuf
ay:vmwJh rdrdt,ltqudkvnf; &J&JBuD;aNymqdkygw,f / &J&JBuD; a&;om;ygw,f /
&J&JBuD;NzefYa0ygw,f / ,aeYtcsdefrSm rSefaew,fvdkY &J&JBuD;,HkBunfNyD;awmh vkyfyg
w,f / rSm;csifrSm;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f / trSm;&JU 'PfudkcHygr,f / rSm;w,fvdkY odwJhaeY
Nyif y gr,f / rS m ;aeaBumif ; tusd K ;oif h t aBumif ; oif h a xmuf N yEd k i f w J h o l & S d & if
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&J0HhpGmawG;awm aNymqdkaeNcif;[m ,HkBunfNcif;bJNzpfygw,f /

uRefawmfaNymcsifwJhEdkifiHa&;pum; / ,aeUrSm wdkif;NynfzGHUNzdK;zdkYvdkaewJh ?

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b,folawGub,fvdkvkyf&ifnDnGwfEdkifrvJ /
trSefu twdkuftcHtiftm;pkawGeJU vuf&Sdtpdk;&tBuD;tuJawG&JU NyóemawG
xnf;rSm NynfolawGu zGHUNzdK;oifhoavmufrzGHUNzdK;&wmyg / wu,fhtrSefwu,f
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aqmifwJhtpdk;&NzpfaeygNyD / vuf&Sdtpdk;&udk qefYusifaeNcif;Nzifh EdkifiHa&;rvkyfoifhyg /
zG J U pnf ; yH k u ay;xm;wJ h tcG i f h t a&;awG x nf ; rS m rS rd r d w d k Y taeeJ U wd k i f ; Nynf u d k
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twdkuftcHawGbufu pwifaNymqdkzdkYvdkygw,f /
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aBumnmoifhygw,f /
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wdkifyifoifhygw,f /
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trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudkwnfaqmufoifhygw,f /
twdu k t
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vdkufygw,f /

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odYk aomf &ky&f iS 'f g&du
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Buw,f /
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ukvm;av; csdKwul;udkvJ ac:oGm;BuowJh /
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---------------
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Nyifqifay;BuygOD;As /

aersdK;a0
( 12.8.2008)
wqifh
01 600190 ^ 01 600374