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ʹ Describe the theory of early warning system
including TCAS
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 ͻ TCAS stand for Traffic alert and Collision

Avoidance System
 

ͻ TCAS is a special system designed to reduce the



incidence of Mid-air Collisions (MAC) between
m aircraft.

ͻ According to ICAO, all aircraft with MTOW over

5700 kg or carry more than 30 passengers are
compulsory to equipped with TCAS.
  

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  Worst MAC in History

^Saudi Arabian Airlines VS


Kazakhstan Airlines , 1996
(349 people killed)
m
^Bashkirian Airlines collided
with DHL,2002 (71 People
Killed)

A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or

more aircraft come into contact during flight.
  
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ͻ TCAS operates similar as Secondary Surveillance
  Radar (SSR), but in air to air role.



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 ͻ TCAS consists of antennas on aircraft body,

computer processor & TCAS display inside cockpit.
 

ͻ TCAS antenna continually surveys the airspace


 around an aircraft & transmit the signal.
m ͻ Other aircraft that also equipped with TCAS in the
surrounding area will reply the signal.
ͻ TCAS continuously calculates tracked aircraft
position, therefore TCAS display constantly
updated and provide real time position
information.
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ͻ Targets (other aircraft) are displayed on the
 
TCAS screen as different symbols which show
level of threat.


ͻ Aircraft relative altitude also will be displayed.
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ʹ Relative altitude is the targets altitude in
relation to the aircraft. EX: -03ј depicts a
target 300 feet below and climbing.
ͻ TCAS can not display aircraft without TCAS
antenna/transponders.
 

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R Rx
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R Intruder be at 45 ͞Traffic, Traffic͟

 
help the pilots in the visual search and 35 seconds
for the intruder aircraft, and alert

 them to be ready for a potential from the collision
resolution advisory area.
m
 
 
R   R
Intruder be at 30 ͞Climb, Climb͟
avoidance maneuvers and 20 seconds ͞Descent,
recommended to the pilot.
from the collision Descent͟
area.

ͻ Range = 14 NM
ͻ Maximum number of aircraft processed = 30
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ͻ Highly accurate distance measurements, with a
  one-second refresh rate.


ͻ All threats taken into account
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ͻ Detection of all transponding aircraft, including
those which are not displayed on the air traffic
controller͛s screen
ͻ Independent system, which acts as a last resort
measure to avoid mid-air collision when other
safety precautions fail.
ͻ TCAS reduced the risk of mid-air collision
 |


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ͻ No detection of aircraft without or not
  operating transponders (e.g. VFRs, military
flights)



ͻ No knowledge of the pilot͛s intentions and of

m
the ATC separation minima
ͻ Basic display: no identification, no past
positions, no speed vector
ͻ Sometime generate   

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