Bie 22 A closed, S-m-tall tank is filed with water to a depth of 4 m. ‘The top portion of the tank is filled with air which, as indicated by a pressure gage at the top of the tank, is at a pressure of 20 kPa. ‘Determine the pressure thatthe wale exerts on the bottom of the tank, fi= 20x/0M “fp N Ae ptth = zoxii 2 +9.80x/0 93 (4m) = S02K10M, = 592 kPa (0) a Sif2.3 A closed tank is partially filled with plycerin. Ifthe air ‘pressure in the tank is 6 Ib/in2 and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the pressure in Ib/ft? atthe bottom ofthe tank? park f= (720 B, Yoo fe) (oH (eee) o oe = 1650 2, 24 2.4 Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) (0 the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). As shown in Video V2.2 such pressures are commonly measured with a mercury mano- meter. A typical value for this ratio for a human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would these pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mm Hg, would it be suilicient for normal driving? i pevh (A) For 120 mm big: ps (132 x07 45 )(0, 120m)= Le0eR For To mm Hig: p= (133 x1 & fo. 070m)= 731 #R ~# Ibhin® () For 120 mm ig: ps (14.0 x10" )itesoxi0 am) = 4,92 pst Since a typical tire pressure 1s Fo-35P3¢, /Zommty Ys pot subhicrent for normal driang.2.5 2.5 An unknown immiscible liquid seeps into the bottom of an ‘open oil tank, Some measurements indicate that the depth of the unknown liquid is 1.5m and the depth of the oil (specific ‘weight = 8.5 kN/m”) floating on top is 5.0 m. A pressure gage Connected to the bottom of the tank reads 65 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the unknown liquid? Baron ™ (38:1) (Sem) + (BJU Sem) where Ya unkennun Mju y= Fate = bis (5mm). psx - (25x08 )(=m) am = Is xo 5g- Me. aBm = J,53 Yuoere FerxeN, 2.6 2.6 Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths in the ocean, What is the pressure at a depth of 5 km, assum- ‘ng that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m*? Express your answer in pascals and psi. perd+e At the surface ff =0 30 Thet P= (0.11107 BN 210% m) = 505 x0 H = 50.5 MP Mso, pe (G05 x1 # Nieso xi" im ) 7320 psi 2kpeaezan] 2.1 For the great depths that may be en- countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea~ water may become an important consideration. (a) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater is constant and derive a relationship between pressure and depth which takes into account the change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use (a) d = oor anry Thus, dp. dz aa ae integrating &4.U), Since, Ccont) of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus of 2.3 x 10° Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m’ at the surface. Compare this result with that ob- tained by assuming a constant density of 1030 kg/m’ (2g. 2.4) a) It p ss « funchon of p, we must dettrmne P=#(p) before ap Cee h3) Ey* ’. then ba IP p 4 fr ff 2 iA so Tht pik kee 2 Thus, rrh e* where p22 at pro 7 pro at surface From &4.0) i 7 es i sen where ,h= %-2,, the depth below surlece2.7 __J (con't) (6) From part a), agt eee ai ) so thet at f= bb = -(asxiot )4n f - eres | 43x07 = bx = 614 Pe ce) For constant density perk: pgk = (03 x10?) (a1 % Nlexsem) = 6046 MA 1-52.8 2.8 Sometimes when riding an elevator or driving up or down a hilly road a person's ears “pop” as the pressure difference between the inside and outside of he ear is equalized. Determine the pressure difference (in psi) associated with this phenomenon if it occurs during a 150 ft elevation change, ap=voh = 0.0765 4, (rset) Lf = SF Tb n= = 0.0797 psi 2.4 Develop an expression for the pressure variation in a liquid in which the specific weight increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + 7, where Kis.a constant and is the specific weight at the free surface. (Eg, 24) 2-6+2010 (cont) 72.10 Inacertain liquid at rest, measurements of the spe- 60 107 cific weight at various depths show the following variation: a nd 90 14 nto) ‘yabite) 100 us _—_——__ 0 70 10 c The depth A = 0 corresponds to a free surface at atmo- 20 si ~ spheric pressure, Determine, through numerical integration 30 a of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding variation in pressure and show 40 the results on a plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in 50 oo feet). op = =i fr) ae x & t [tee see ere ae That cla=-ch and there bre ops ~rd2 = rdh Thus, 2: Ae [o> i tah oO ° or he pez fxds a) ° where p. 1s the pressure at depth 4. Equation (1) Can be integrated numerical! the trapeZordal rule, at aw : Se eG, shes so that Ths _ pager SH M, ~— -2.a77 «G2 oe miCoan poe fs 2-122:16 | 2.16 Pikes Peak near Denver, Colorado has an elevation of 14,110 ft. (a) Determine the pres- sure at this elevation, based on Eq. 2.12. (b) If the air is assumed to have a constant specific weight of 0.07647 Ib/ft’, what would the pressure be at this altitude? (¢) If the air is assumed to have a constant temperature of 59 °F what would the pressure be at this elevation? For all three cases assume standard atmospheric conditions at sea level (see Table 2.1). 2) é a 2% {1- az ) (4, 2.12) for fyz diterds , 2000357 F , grazie Ta = 918.67°R , R= 111e EH, and slag: asia 5262 _ pela | as: fo (‘me i 7a) 200807 % ) . 5.152 on ‘ air ie (0.00357 M4 s10#) pe (ane.z ali nicer as = [240 ae (ats) (6) pzaR—xh = a2 B. ~ (aoner £, )ry ott) = 1040 B (abs) icicle Geek Eg.210) te) Pat e ®t (e3 al = 1270 1, (as) 2=|3,Z17_| | 217 Equation 2.12 provides the relationship | between pressure and elevation in the atmo- sphere for those regions in which the temperature varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equa- tion and verify the value of the pressure given in Table C.2 in Appendix C for an elevation of 5 km. a d [e--4[9 (E39. 29) ” let prp for 420, A~p fr 422, and T=T,-A2. Thus, - z “~ .. ¢ (| —— ¢ eR / ne te t ae e alt L- a oar be aes 4| a fn (Ta ol = § [Aon 4.7] ali #) and tuking logarithm of both sides 3 eguation yields iP ie (1- ea)* (4, 2.12) For 22 5h with 5 A i A= 0.000505 | Re 287 s a 4 Ta 8 28R IK, 52 28074 | Ante ; eee een ps 207,2)b,oves) polos ay Tk oN = StO x 10 ah (From Table 62 to Appendie C, p= S405x10'H -) 2alt2.18 — As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. stan- dard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa (abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere, the temperature remains constant at —56.5 °C. Determine the pressure and density in this layer at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s? in your calculations. Compare your results with those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C. For ssethermal conditons, ~ 2 C42) et eae (£4, 210) SJ “ let f= likn pr22thr Rear )G@2 78, and — Tr 565°C + ATI = DObEk Thas, ; igen et || 4: (22442) é (ae )(2u.egk) = lal &Pe 3 a 2 palate = 0,195 #8 2 ma (297 Fu (2b ere) (Ge Table C4 in Appendix C 5) Pla kPe and : 4 f= O194e SF ) 3 2152.19 (See Fluids in the News article tied “Weather, barometers, and bars,” Section 2.5.) The record low sea-level baromettic pres- sure ever recorded is 25.8 in, of mercury, At what altitude in the standard atmosphere is the pressure equal to this value? For record Jow Pressure, P= Vig 4° coun, (25-2) ak -): iab ie (2 (4b ine From Table C.1 in Appendis C i @ OF altitude ps LG E> @ 50th clhtude p= 12.228 4b tn. Assume linear variation change in Raessure per Foot, Thus, pressure change per foot > Mb9t tha —l2228 te Feo Fe = 4. 93b xi’ Ye, per fe an fe me mu a Ca) [4.930 x10” t= le ao So thet a: 4250 Ft2.20 2.20 On a given day, @ barometer at the base of the Washington Monument reads 29.97 in, of mercury. What would the barometer reading be when you carry it up to the observation deck 500 ft above the base of the monument? Let (), and ( }4 correspond to the base and observation deck, respectively. Thus, with H = height of the onment, Pro ~ fod = Gin = ZbSKIO™ ip (500 ft) = 38.5 F, But P=tigh, where by = 847-2 and h=barometer reading, hl iy ( 2227 #1) Uy hag = 38-5 Fs i: hog =(2E Ht) - eh HEA) - cones ting) tie = (29.97 -0.S 45) in. or hy = 29.43 in. AT2.2) 2.21 Bourdon gages (see Video V2.3 and Fig. 2.13) are commonly used to measure pressure. When such a gage is attached to the closed water tank of Fig. P2.2! the gage reads ‘5 psi. What is the absolute air pressure in the tank? Assume standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi. a aa lee - Bw FG, = By. Wine Ghi+ n7# 2)— (ee )lernh, air m FIGURE P2.2) 27182.22 Onthe suction side of a pump a Bourdon pressure gage reads 40-kPa vacuum. What is the corresponding absolute pressure if the local at- ‘mospheric pressure is 100 kPa (abs) Plabs) = Plpage) + p latm) = ~WhR + woh = bo4R_ 224 2.24 A water-filled U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure {inside a tank that contains air. The water Ieve inthe U-tube on the side that connects to the tank is 5 ft above the base of the ank. The water aie level inthe other side of the U:tube (which is open to the atmosphere) is 2 fabove the base. Determine the pressure within the tank. Bair +h (SH) “be, GH) =0 or fir = - GME, = -(3n)(62.4 B) 2-/?2.25 2.25 A barometric pressure of 29.4 in. Hg ‘corresponds to what value of atmospheric pres- sure in psia, and in pascals? (inp) P= UA = (o47 ft, ) (B84 ay LE ) = ne psca Vy (th Pa) pz ahs G34 )(anin )lasv0 x16 ) = 19,3 4 (obs) 2-202.26 — For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns in barometers containing one of the following liq- uuids: (a) mercury, (b) water. and (c) ethyl alco- hol. Calculate the heights including the effect of vapor pressure, and compare the results with those obtained neglecting vapor pressure. Do these results support the widespread use of mer- cury for barometers? Why? (Tneluding raper pressure ) Plate) = rh+ b, where B ~ vapor pressure thas, f= Phin)~ Pe Yr x ay rt Jo] «10° 2, - Lexi (A) For mercury: R= 133 «10° 0.154 an sly. > foi 1b 2 = h77x10 # 4) for weter’ 4 7.80x10° & = 10.1 am «e) For ethy] , vorxso? -s90 e, alcohe/ ? = x VIEXIO Pe Is negh@i column (3 Feasenable, (Wrthovt vapor pressure ) p latn ) = th ds 4 Plat ) ¥ ay 101 £10 aya ane 133x1D ae barameters the effect of vapor pressure and the reguired height of The mercury2.27 2.27 A mercury manometer is connected to a large reservoir of ‘water as shown in Fig. P2.27. Determine the ratio, hy/tg, of the distances i, and hy indicated in the figure, Or = %ahy + Shin but fi fo = %n(2hn) BFIGURE P2.27 Thus, Sy hw t+ bub = 2% hm or (By) by =(25n- Yu) Pm so that thw Bint) 22 56-1 , where S6m = ie <13.56 bn ow i 2 a =2.(13.56)-| = 2el428 2.26 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank ‘containing air and water as shown in Fig, P2.28 At the closed end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft a ‘on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight of the air columns in the manometer. Gage tuis (7=90 o/h) m FIGURE P2.28 hr Up Ga) + Uy, GA) = Pressure age Thus, - Page = (in a mr ba Yive 3) oo No + (e244, (2 #4) = on ZB, = (on 2.) ie.) £67 pst 2-232.24 A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hem- ispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown in Fig. P2.29, The liquid in the top part ofthe piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of | the system are filled with water. I the pressure gage reading at ‘Ais 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, atthe top ofthe dome (point C). (a) 4 % = (03 &R oS aaa a, x) + (S64) Gm) + 4,, (2m) = By = CoAR + (0.8)(fa1 (Rr Aten), 24k ¢ 2%, %, 4 “4 My To evaluate AR the neyehve sia 1s used since bh20 for Are. Tabulated values of SR for various values of are given 1h the Following table tor different values of (with b, =1014R Gnd Uy, = 123 BN/m2) A plot of te data follows, hi patm —-Yhg % _Ah(hy= 0) Ah(h=0.025) Ah(hy=0.05) an(h=0.075) anvh=0.1) (m) (kPa) (kN/m3) (kPa) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 0.025 © 10113 0 ° 0 ° ° 0 005 = 101433 30 ° 0.0110 0.0212 0.0308 0.0304 007s 1011380 0 0.0182 0.0354 0.0517 0.0872 ot 101133, 90 0 0.0231 0.0454 0.088808 74 101133, 420 ° 0.0268 0.0528 0.0781 0.1026 ici emeeissett asa 0 0.0296 0.0585 0.0867. 1143 tor 133,180 o 0.0318 0.0680 0.0896 0.1236 yor 138,210 0 0.0335 0.0686 0.08910 1312 wt 1330 9 0.9360 0.0698 0.1037 otra 101) | 438. Zo) 0 00362 © 0.0721 0.1075 1426 or 133300 0 0372 0.0742 0.1108 4470 | 0.16 + T ee a | | h= 0.10 0.14 + = | | 0.12 L E | | n= 0075 ge O1+ ) i 4 [ 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.02 | h=o , —| 0 50 100 180 200 250 300 350 Pos KPa 2-332.40 The inverted U-tube manometer of Fig. P2.40 contains oil (SG = 0.9) and water as shown. The pressure differential between pipes A and B, pa ~ pp, is ~5 kPa. Determine the ifferential reading, mriGuURE Paw 4%, (arm) + bi, (k) + % | (a3m) = 4, Thus, 4 (F—-24) + Ving (0.2) ~ Yingy (0.3m) THRE TMi (OR Bigs HA? fe Yoi 1 sx %, ~ (4 goxu*¥,)(0.1m) = 0449 am 8.95 x10°-%, oes 2-37241 2.44 An inverted U-tube manometer con- taining oil (SG = 0.8) is located between two reservoirs as shown in Fig. P2,!#1. The reservoir on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride, is closed and pressurized to 8 psi. The reservoir ‘on the right contains water and is open to the ‘atmosphere. With the given data, cetermine the depth of water, fin the right reser Let p, be the air pressure Can be written as FIGURE P24 in TeEL veseryoir. Menometer eguabor Bot Leg (FH 1e-tce ort) +X, (nrhe)-¥, , (R-ite-14t) =0 Jo that A Fy + Yece, (0344) + bois (0.74) + 24 Sago Wt a ott (3 vy a )+(995 2.) (0.3%) sro flore) oZy von 2-352.42 2.42 Determine the pressure of the water in pipe A shown in Fig. 2.42 if the gage pressure of the air in the tank is 2 psi. ow fr ~Gyh, ~ (0.90 ha +8shs =fain BEISURE P24 or f= Pair thulh * 9.9 ha- hs) = 2p (eRe) +624 (- H+0.9(4#)~/#) oF 25 fe 2-36DUET, 2.43 _ In Fig. P2.43 pipe A contains gasoline (SG = 0.2), pipe B contains oil (SG = 0.9), and the manometer fluid is mercury. Determine the new differential reading if the pressure in pipe A is decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure in pipe B remains constant. The initial differential reading is 0.30 mas shown. FIGURE P2.43 for the tavhal Configuration * Py + Ugas (0.30) ~ Ying (03m) — Yi, (Ota) * by a bite a dcrese fy te 4 Shown on figure. Thiss, for” (4h) ~&, (opera) =2 ey Bit Ge, (0.3-2)- 8, ig cs Where all lengths are in rm, Subtract Fg {2) trom Fg.01) to obtarn, gage fluid levels Change @s Anal Con Figuretion : Bod + Gea’*? 4, (0,3 -h) + & ja) =0 «7 Since 2a 4bh= 0,3 (see tgure) then a= 23-4hh z ana trom Fy 63) * 0.3 fy Py + Yas ( Thus, ate tet + Tyas (0.15) ~ Ging (0.3) +b) (0.15) =, + ae + Be and with 4 hao Af 2° EE + (0.210931 BM Yloutem) ~((23 2% loam) + (0 04812) — 133 AY (or) Gx BH) + 9049144) th) = diy (o3-an) + dis (2254) = 0,100 ™ 2a372.44 The inclined differential manometer of Fig. P2.44 contains carbon tetrachloride. Initially the pressure differential between pipes A and B, which contain a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the ma- nometer give a differential reading of 12 in, (mea- sured along the inclined tube) for a pressure differential of 0.1 psi. Determine the required angle of inclination, . FIGURE P2.44 When b-ty is increased to t'-t, the left column Falls 4 distance, a, and The right column vises a dislance b along The thclined tube 4s shoun in fgure. Br This final tontiguraticn « Be %, Ch. a)- Yea, (a +bsino)- ds, (4, -bsing )= 43 We + (4,- Lay, a rbene)-o ag The ditferential reading, Ah, along The tube is ahe sh rb Thus, trom 84.01) Tal te) + (ly Yeas, \(h vine *2 and with f'nf's Ovlepst otk) 4 BS 17g ma ee Wane ACS Ts = 0. 46k [Contes &.)- nist] (EH) fr dhe iain. Th ae) 0227.8" a-3e2.45 Determine the new differential reading along the inclined leg of the mercury manometer of Fig. P2.45, if the pressure in pipe A is de- creased 10 kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains unchanged. The fluid in A has a specific gravity of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water. FIGURE P2.45 Fer the initial configuration B+ Y,(01) + ty, (0.06 sin 30°) - Yip (0.08) =f, 0) where all lengihs ave in m, When p decreases left column Moves up a destence,a, and wignt tolumn moves down @ distance a, aS shown in figure. For the firal conbiguratiin : i 30%, ae: Eads Te ¥ fol = 4 sin3o') + {hy ( @ sin30” + 0,08 sin 30 +a)— = a a Yano (0.08+a) = 4 ) where A 4 the new pressure in pipe 4 Subtract £3.02) from gl) to obtain Be-t + Y (a sin30*) ~ hig & (Sin 30%!) + ¥, 4%) Th = = Cam!) I SAAB Ti G1 SE Sd Y Stn 30° — Ying (sin 30's) + uno For A-he 10 AR AN — 10 =e m ase acre eee ineeeitrieitettdinecesdsticscasitanansnstocossoase (0,919.81 #5 )las) -(i33 #Y ose) + 9.204%, O, 0540 mm Mew differential veuding, Sh, measured along inclined tube is equal te & mn) Saie ef 008 @. Ahm Depth, d(m) Water rise, «, (m) 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.007 0.200 0.016 0.300 0.024 0.400 0.033 0.500 0.044 0.600 0.049 0.700 0,057 0.800 0.065 0.900 0.073 1.000 0.080 0.080 : 0.070 z 0.060 0.050 0.040 2 0.030 — + —— 0.020 +- += 0.010 0.000 = 0.000 0.200 0.400 +©0.600 += 0.800~S 1.000 Depth, d (m) 2-43Bzeo0, 2.50 A Bourdon gage (see Fig. 2.13 and Video V2.3) is ‘often used to measure pressure. One way to calibrate this type ‘of gage is to use the arangement shown in Fig. P2.500. The container is filled with a liquid and a weight, W, placed on one Burdon Ga fa side with the gage on the other side. The weight acting on the liquid through a 0.4-in.~diameter opening creates a pressure that is transmitted to the gage. This arrangement, with a series of ‘weights, can be used to determine what a change in the dial movement, 8, in Fig. P2.S0b. corresponds to in terms of a change in pressure. For a particular gage, some data are given below. Based on a plot of these data, determine the relationship between @ and the pressure, p, where p is measured in psi? ‘w ab) | 0 | 1.04 | 2.00 | 3.23 | 405 | 5.24 | 6.31 ee) 80 [100] T: W FIGURE P2.50 2 = = 776Wb) a) free Ey)? 4 (where pts tn pst) From graph Ww = 0.0522 8 So that from &3.U) p (psc) 7.46 Plps') = 04/146 O = 0.05226 ann Theta, deg. W, Ib 0 0.00 20 1.04 8.00 210.0822 6 | 40 2.00 | 60 3.23 80 4.05 100 6.24 120 631 ° 50 100 4180 ‘Theta, degrees 2-442.51 You partially fill a glass with water, place an index card card on top of the glass, and then tur the glass upsice down while holding the card in place. You can then remove your hand fom — the cad and the caré remains in pace, holding the water in the ain glass. Explain how this works In order to hold the index card in place when +he glass is inverted, the pressure at the card-waler pee interlace , p,, must be 4 -W, where Ais the upright area of the glass opening and Wis the card weight. Thus, f, =-W/A. Hence, pz = f,-th, or Pr =~ W/A-th (gage). Since the amount of air in the glass remains the +2 same when it is inverted, GAN, =QAH: , where u and ¢ subscripts refer to the upright and inverted condityons. Thus, inverted w He & H, Bot p=eRT so that o ‘s = (oo) = t provided the temperature remains constant‘ T: = Ta . Note! Since we are using the pertect gas law the pressures myst be absolvje — gy, = fain, P= fo<-WA-Ph+ fal Hence, trom Eqs. (1) and (2) Psoh= aor ( H, ={——#la —) 1, That is, when the glass is inverted the colomn hie } of air inside expans slightly, casing a-smal! gap of size AH between the lip is the glase and the index card. From Eq.(3) this AH is Pin ee Fae Tf this gap is “large enorgh" the water wovld tlow ovtef the glass and air into if Ff if is'small enovgh;'surface tension will allow the slight pressure ditference across the air-water interface Ci,e., p, =-W/A) needed to prevent flow and thus keep the index card in place. Recall from Equation (1121) in Section 1.9 (4) AH = Hy-Hy (i (con't) 2-452.51 | (con't) that the pressure diffenence across an intertace is proportional to the surface tension of the liquid, 0, and the radins of curvatyre, R, of the infertace. That is, p,~ O/R Thus, for small enogh gap, H, which gives a small enoigh interface radius of cumvafure, ZR, sortace tension is large enough to keep the water from flowing and the index card remains in place. Consider come typical numbers to obtain an approximation of the gap prodyced. Assume h= Zin. =0.25H, H= 2in, = 0.1874, pyly, =/47 pig, and W/A<<0h. That is, the weight of the card is mich Jess than the weight of the water in the glass (¢- 2, W< For eguilibriam, ZMy=0 So That i (21.0120 ~ 20m) = pl Miom)* Clam) can pe (3,43 x0* W)C 1012) = Tk T Clan)*(an) a. 2-532.59 2.59 Along, vertical wall separates seawater from freshwater. Ifthe seawater stands ata depth of 7 m, what depth of freshwater is required to give a zero resultant force on the wall? When the resultant force is zero will the moment due to the fluid forces be zero? Explain. For a are resultad force Frs = Reg WA As =H Ae Ae Thus, for a unit Sength of well o (10.1 ay) (le (ts x tn) = (9.80 82,)(K om) (44 Loe) Pe Pe TAl tet In order for moment to be 70, Fe, and Feg must be collinear, For Fes: _ Dee 4 hrm) (40)? 4 rane zm sb de fa’ % (Delincimy 2” Similarly for Frgt Ue! lm Cam it eae (Zt) (Ten xm) Thus, the dhstunee to Fes trom the bottom (pornd 0) 1s Tom he2em = 233m. For Fay this distance 1s Film =4.Jem = 237m. The forces are rot tollnear, No. 2-S42.60 Sale Ae si ee shown in Fig. P2.60. The circular-plate valve ited in the short. es discharge pipe on the tank pivots abou: its diameter A-A and is held shot against the water pressure by ¢ latch at B. Show that the force onthe latch is independent ofthe supply pressure p, and the Pressure P-———— SF height of the tank, h i Water oF 3 @ FIGURE P2.60 qT te is the same Sere wt a bh ci eae as shown in the figure. & M, =0, or (ye-X) Fe = RF where F=f A= Sh (TR) = (ptth) (mR) an aR* cE yee petra tec Ren 2) YrYe* YA (EER) rR = E(B thy Thus, from Eqs, (land (2) = 4 ok 2 Fy = Jeet k — aeBany (PAH TR) or Fg = XBR? which is independent of both p and h. supply 2-552.61 2.61 A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate weighing 800 Ib is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Fig. P2,6! Water acts against the gate which is hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable. Re ¥AA there hz (Et) sm bo? Thus, Fs bruh, ME Noite Miter +f) = 3390 Ib TaIbeUEE,, Ie? x ve where 4,2 3tt so That / a 7 GANLEY gyg2 BOO. ates 40H (3 Fe (CAs 4A) Br eguili'brium, =M, 26 d T CattNor bo} = 9 (964) tosbet) + By (244) pe Geodata Nis boty Gate Ib) (2 Fe) 7 (8 FE) Cain Go") an = 1350 tb2.63 . 2.63 An area in the form of an isosceles tri- angle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of 8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank which contains a liquid having a specific weight of 79.8 lb/ft’, The side slopes upward making an | angle of 60° with the horizontal. The base of the triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the base. Determine the resultant force the fluid ex- erts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the base of the triangular area. Show, with the aid of a sketch. where the center of pressure is located. Yer (3,)4 fn s A043 ft he = Y, sin bo® jae CRA = (74.8 oe #4) sm bo') (4)( eee 864) = 33,900 Ib = + be where DL. 4 (oes\en) ae GANG) Ye eee A * lak FE (A043 44)(4)(6 feat Ht) wl The force, 4, acts Through The center of pressure which is located a distence of 22 py we th = 249 64 sihbo? above the base of the trianle 2s Shown jn shetch 2-57exam 2,64Solve Problem 2.63if the isosceles triangle is replaced witha right triangle having the same base width and altitude as, the isosceles triangle center of Pressure (see solution fo Problenr 2.63 ) ieee eee ie) mee ce (3, 2.22) Where 2 A Dey = cesela deste) = 324% (see Fig. a.i24) and — Ye= 20.43 ft [see solution f Problem 2.63) Thas, 32 Ft? ‘ Gove eneen) ~ 3% = 2,07 ft The lerce fy, acts through The center of pressure witu Coordinates %t 2.07 FE ant 2 249 Ft (see sketch),2.65 2.65 A vertical plane area having the shape shown in Fig. P2.65is immersed in an oil bath (specific weight = 8.75 N/m’). Determine the ‘magnitude of the resultant force acting on one side of the area as a result of the oil FIGURE P2.65 Break aren into two parts as shown th tiqure For areal: Gs rh A = (9.15 uy 4 2 Nm 44m) = 290 Ly For area 2: eo rhe Ar = (9.95 8 )( #0 E) (4m etm) = 93.3-4N Thus, Faz Ft y= AgoAn + 1334N2.66 | 2.66 A 3.m-wide, 8-m-high rectangular gate is located at the | end of a rectangular passage that is connected to a large open tank filled with water as shown in Fig. P2.66. The gate is hinged at its bottom and held closed by a horizontal force, Fy, located at the center of the gate, The maximum value for Fy is 3500 KN, (a) Determine the maximum water depth, h, above the center of the gate that can exist without the gate ‘opening, (b) Is the answer the same if the gate is hinged at the top? Explain your answer. NE FIGURE P2.66 Br gate hinged at bottom ZMy =0 So That u Ye he4e Gm) Fy = L Fe (see Giere) (1) and -faw's ayn) Lh eben Fg= Ohh = (720% )(4)(3mx¥m) = = (9.90 x24) AN Bx I : Yez Ete ny , Emm! 9 As htins = ean ec A Cm fm) ; Senos HL) Thus, haya Ae Blok) = 4 8B ana From yl) (4 m)(3500&N) = (4- EBN 480 24)lb) AN so that a= 162 mmCtont) For gete hinged at op = My =o So that a ee (4m) Fi, = by Fe (see figure) tH) 2, where i i Le 4p- h-4) = (232 +4) - (A-u) ® = Sg8 +9 fate (ha) Thus, From &3.0) Com) (3500-4N) = (EB? +4Y980x24) A) bw and A= /3.51m Maximum depth tov gate hingea at top 13 less than maximum depth fr gate hingea at Lottem 2-61ZO 2.67 A gate having the cross section shown in Fig. P2.67 closes an opening 5 ft wide and 4 ft water reservoir, The gate weighs 500 Ib and its center of gravity is 1 ft to the left of AC and 2 ft above BC. Determine the horizontal re- action that is developed on the gate at C. F=V 4, A, where $e = B4br 264 Thus, Fxler4B, iott)(ste est) = 15,600 Ib % locate Fi, Lac band FIGURE P2.67 42.67 Ft 4° ga, te where Ye, = Ef wash = 12,58 = So That cae GHUSHY gras te iu Ca. SPE NEFEK St) Alse, Ra th, whre A=U, Ceterete) 0 that 3 For eguilibrim, ZM, 26 Bee Nyy (AAA) = or. By Vizte)(3 exs#) = 11,230 Ib eel ge a) + WH) - R)(ate) — & eee) e 50 Tat io fe os (15; 600 b)(12, 67 fe ott) + (500 le) (1 #8) ~ 1,230 b)l2 £4) B 330 Ie 2-62,22.63 2.62 The massless, 4ft-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.68 piv- ‘ots about the frictionless hinge O. It is held in place by the 2000 Tb counterweight, W. Determine the water depth, h Water For eginh’bruim, = M, =° h d= wah) where do deg } So that h _ (2ee0 lb )(2 #4) 2 iy MEE ves (Meee Ik (GF) | (GARY NEM) d= S.2468 2-631Z.B4 *2.6% A 200-Ib homogeneous gate of 10-ft- width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and held in place by a 12-ft-long brace as shown in Fig. P2.62. As the bottom of the brace is moved to the right, the water level remains at the top of the gate. The line of action of the force that the brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a) Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the gate by the brace as a function of the angle of the gate, 0, for 0 = 0 = 90°. (b) Repeat the calculations for the case in which the weight of! the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as 0-0. 4) For the tree-body -diagram of The gate (see fugure), Zhzo So that RUF) + WIE cose) = (fy cos 6)(Lsii0) + [Fy s04)(Deore) Also, : | BL sthQ@=L sing Cassumng hinge and end of | brace at sume elevation) | | Ree eet eer i sin f= = 38 ana Ree vh As x (AS (Dur) where ur ts the gate widin, Thus, &g.0) can be writen as | 3 (LY sm dur + WA 050 ~ FA (tosh sin + si $0080) | so That pe ay | B= (Le) sine + Y ose (2) bane a & eres a c2) Cosp 576 + Sing asd Cosh tan + Sing For Y=02.4 b/f?, L=5tt, w= soft, and W = 200/6, Pe (624 #, 5H)? (oft) fang + 22 _ 2600 tab +100 | Ces tend +sing cos g tend + sing (con't) | 2-642.649 (con't ) Since sing = sing = and for @ glia 2 7 Cn be determined, Thus, £3.) cun be used to determine Fi for 4 given 8. Sin and fs Sft, L=l2# (b) For W=0, £3.(3) reduces te Ei = 2600 tind a ape rere | ana Egl4) can be used to determine Fy hr o gwen 8. Tabulated data of Fy vs. 6 for 4th W=Z00lh and Weo lb are given below. 8, deg Fg, lb (W=200 Ib) Fp, Ib (W= 0 Ib) 90.0 2843 2843 85.0 2745 2736 80.0 2651 2633 75.0 2563 2536 70.0 2480 2445, 65.0 2403 2360 60.0 2332 2282 55.0 269 2210 50.0 2213 2104 450 2165 2085 40.9 2125 2032 35.0 2084 1985 30.0 2075 1945 25.0 2089 1911 20.0 2083 1884 150 2130 1863, 10.0 2250 1847 50 2648 1838, 20 3858 1836 A plot of the date is given on The following Page. (on #) mw 2-6542.69 Force, Ib | | fs w0 | att | | 0 - | 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90 Theta, deg (b) (cond) As 0-70 me value of Fe cay be debermmed trom Eg), B= 2600 tan® © ts$ tno tesing Since Sing = = Sim00 it follows That cosp=V1- sith = V/- 6E)3inb and there bre emote 2600 — (EF )*si5 = sj, 1- ()*s'9 tnd + 2 sing N-E)snte + F008 Thus, as 0-90 2600 ae eae (ne (+ = /84o Physically Ths result mens tut for 62 0, The value of Fy tS tndeferminate, but far any “very small” value of &,4 will @pproach 1840 /b,2.7) An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side baitin contains gasoline with a density p = 700 kg/m at a depth of k 4m, as shown in Fig. P2.70.A rectangular gate that is 4 m high and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition, ‘Water is slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what depth, i, will the gate start to open? @ FIGURE P2.70 Fag = % te, As Where 9 reters to gasoline. fe (Too 48, )(4.91 2) (zm) (tmx 2m) = [lox N = lloRN Feu = Fin Fear Ave where us refers to water. Fe (4.80xp°)(4) (2mxh) where h is depth of water R= (4.80 xiv) 4? For eguilibrium , =M, 22 so that 4 4 Fe. tr © Fig fy wit 2 = Zana kgs gm Thus, (4.80. 109)(h*)(4) = Cio nln) (4 m) And he 3.55 m0 Whieh 13 the limiting Value for h 2-672.71 2.71 A 4eft by 3-ft massless rectangular gate is used to close the end of the water tank shown in Fig. P2.71. A 200 Ib weigh attached to the arm of the gate at a distance ¢ from the friction- less hinge is just sufficient to keep the gate closed when the water depth is 2 ft, that is, when the water fills the semicircular lower portion of the tank. If the water were deeper the gate ‘would open. Determine the distance €. patie ye aa a sate DS waco Cee SB FIGURE P27) Fat UheA have het $e (see Fo. 2.18) Thus, if Fat ie (SCE) = an p,)(408)("-Ge") = 333 Ib Te locate Fa, ie JR” ep doe = oleasR 4 SE (5. e218) Qe lft 4p ‘2R) (ret) 7 y = (6.1098) (2 fe)" 4 (2f) = Lie $4 (LEP) ee GH) Ge)" + Sr Foreege beim e: os Min =e o That = Fy (1% + 4a) ee Lae wines) . 3.43 ft Zoe Ie 2-68Be 2.72 A rectangular gate that is 2 m wide is Water | | located in the vertical wall of a tank containing nie water as shown in Fig. P2.72. Itis desired to have Ye YR the gate open automatically when the depth of water above the top of the gate reaches 10 m. (a) At what distance, d, should the frictionless hor- pi ‘zontal shaft be located? (b) What is the magni- tude of the force on the gate when it opens? FIGURE P2.72, (4) As depth increases the certer of pressure roves tousrd the centroid of the gate. Lf we locate hinge at Y_ when depth =lomed, the gate will open automatically for any further increase in depth Since, 5 Tne Hi (am Cam) 7 + 2 cmesemrent fam = lalla Re ya tk Cm (tom x 4m) then d= Yy-lOm = Jallam ~ 10m hires (b) For The depth shown, Be YAM = (2.404" Viam)(om x 4m) 2-649ATs 2.73 A thin4-fi-wide, right-angle gete with negligible mass . is free to pivot about @ frictionless hinge at point Q, as shown Wisth= 4 in Fig, P273. The horizontal portion ofthe gate covers aI-f- aig age gto diameter drain pipe which contains air at atmospheric pressure. Determine the minimum water depth, h, at which the pate will pivot to allow water to flow into the pipe. W FIGURE P2.73 Por eguili briam =M, =e Rahs neh a) Rerhe A, = (624 (4) (45 xh) = /25|h* for the force on the horizontal portion of the gate Cuhch 1s balanced by pressure on both sides except for the area of the pipe) Fes Yh(BG#) = Gav Bn lay = 49.0h Thus, Prom 9.01) with 2,24 ana Lz aft Cash?4) = G40) (3#) h= L&eft2.74 An open rectangular tank is 2 m wide and 4 m long, The tank contains water toa depth of 2 m and oil (SG = 0.8) on top of the water to.adepth of 1 m. Determine the magnitude and location ofthe resultant fluid force acting on one end ofthe tank. oe eeeee Use the concept of The pressure ei foes Ca] 2 Ion prison (see figure) . = ‘1 - Fa= G4, 4 ens I ee 50 Thak Fes ae i Fe, = (0,2)(0.01 28 Yim z2m) al = 745 4” Let Ure width = 2m Fro BAa where B Is pressure of depth 4,. Thus, Fea = (Giz 4,) Cher) =(0,8)(9.81 2" Mim Namatm) = 3142N Aso, Festa 4 Ay 30 Thad Fiat Ugg (BVA sr) = (1.408% 22) (am xd) = 39.2 bw = Thus, Fae Fay t Fax they = 7.854 + 314k + 39.2 -2N = TE SAN To locate Jum moments around axis through 0, 50 That a oy eee reie) tates where dy ts distance to Fe. Since Fey, Figg andl Fey act Through The Centrojds of Their respective pressure prisms it follows That A= Flim), y= lt lm 2m, dg bm +3 (2m) 4, + hy ds and fren E40) _ (18SAWNZ Vim) + (31. ¥AW) 2m) GBa2ku ime 2) ‘ 7e5kw = 2.03 m Chelow oil free surface) ee 2-7172.75 (Cont) | "27S Anopen rectangular seting tank contains @ liquid 20 123 | suspension that ata given time has a specific weight thal varies 24 127 approximately with depth according to che following data: 28 129 32 13.0 Se 3.6 BI hm) 7 (kNimn') remnant Free ene ee ac 0 10.0 04 10.1 ‘The depth h = 0 corresponds to the free surface. By means 08 102 of numerical integration, determine the magnitude and lo- 12 106 cation of the resultant force that the liquid suspension ex 16 113 ents on a vertical wall ofthe tank that is 6 m wide. The depth of fluid in the tank is 3.6 m. The magnitude of the Fluid free, R, an be found by summing The ai Fhereabas forces actiig on The horrgiatal strip shown Wi The Fryure. Thus, a ow fe [4G bf pan a o ‘o where p is the pressure at dept 4. To fui p we use Ep. 24 d. Sf =-4 and wih dez-dh 4 pa) [var a) apegor dal rule, c.e., Ts ¢ Fr, hee \,- x) Where Yu, xn bh and 73 number of dake positty The pressure astributen is given below, Equation?) Can be iategrated numerccally esis The if 7 ai el him y,kN/m*3_ Pressure, kPa 0 10.0 ) 04 10.1 4.02 08 10.2 8.08 12 106 12.24 16 13 16.62 20 123 21.34 24 127 26.34 28 129 31.46 32 13.0 36.64 36 13.4 41.86 a (cont) iL*2.75 Ceen't ) Eguahen(l) Can now be integrated numeri cally Using The tHrapegordal rule with Gu P and xo 4 The approximate valve of the ~vitegral is 107 ¥. Thus, wits # [pes = 7h07 by 5 -” B= (bm (1.07 2 ) = 426 &N To Iecate fe sum moments about axis termed by sotersectioy of vertical walt and Hatd Surface, Thus, Ek: feed (3) The integrand, hp) Can Now be determined ana fs tabulaten below. hm Pressure, kPa h *p, kN/m 0 0.00 a4 4.02 161 os 8.08 6.46 12 12.24 14.69 16 16.62 26.59 20 21.34 42.68 24 26.34 63.22 28 31.46 88.09 32 36.64 117.25 36 41.86 150.70 Egaation 13) can new be lategrated mumerically using the trapezoidal rule witr grhp and ex h. The approximate Value of me integral is /7% YAN. 4 w Thus, with {tpek Sei ) tt pollows trom £3,(3) That A g: $ Shas = Gmili7e ha) i z & #26 4M ac The resultant force acts 246m below £huid surface 2-732.76 2.76 The closed vessel of Fig. P2.76 contains water with an air pressure of 10 psi at the water surface. One side of the vessel contains a spout that is closed by a 6-in.-diameter circular gate that is hinged along one side as illustrated. The hor- zontal axis ofthe hinge is located 10 ft below the water surface. Determine the minimum torque that must be applied at the hinge to hold the gate shut. Neglect the weight of the gate and friction atthe hinge. 6:in, diameter ante FIGURE P2.76 let G~ free due t aiv My pressure, ant F.~ force due ae ul ee to hydrostatic. pressure cstri bubin a aye of water ¢ hye F Ho Ueelalee A= (io #, Yivy te (2) (& Bp T= By = Uo ths Yow )E)(8 ee) 3 = 283 |b and RrY4A ubee hye oft + [Buhler] = tours se That F,= (024 # $a) ( tor#t)(D) i“ #) = 124 bb Alsey a s Ix Jo ft Jer cai +4 where Y, = ae +tL(ta)sar so that ¢ 3 ea? (ByCa ee) + lbg2 fE > 1b.G2Ft 2 (nar AEN A)* For eguihibrium, Zalisee tt mee RH ta “B ) C= 083 bE te) + (129 (16.92 F4 ~ Be = /02 £t-lb a-7t2.77 2.77 A d-fisll, 8-in.-wide concrete (150 Ib/) retaining wall is built as shown in Fig, P2.77, During a heavy rain, water fils the space between the wall and the earth behind it io a depth A. Deter- ‘mine the maximum depth of water possible without the wall ipping cover. The wall simply rests on the ground without being anchored twit. For equilibpivm, EM, #0, 07 BFR =(4in) W, where with L= wall length, 7 h ‘ Sarerote V = (1509) EMAL = 400L Ib = Ss an. Fa= fol = th.A =(62.44,)(B)Lh= 221" Also, : Ire fa i ah f= 3 - Ope) = B- FG 3 _GLe bh «4 (ih zh-f-4 Thus, Eq() becomes h (31.21 h2) = & (oot) Ye 4 4 iene ae (ee) Ta determne yy consider the pressure distnbuhox on the botone: = Fre wh & i 5 LRA yy Summing mements about A, RY? BE"2.78 Ceon't) se tht y= Fels & (ge) i 5 where F> Ft Bz. Subshitahen of expressions rr Fe and Fe yield y= 4 (ee Ah) Rt+h, For eguilibriam of tue dam, ZMp=0, so thet 4 - WN -~Ay + 4,20 is and with §= 62.4 i/ft?, ¥ = 150 Mhffe>, and Rsloft, then = 3/.2 £2 = = Biz E Re 3128 W= book Rs 2s 4, a Re 342 (Rri10) L 4° 2 CPE) Cigars Rehr 3K +10) Substitution of These expresscons sitto £3.) yields, (312 42%) ~ (Goo02) (FQ) - (222 \(12) a + [ar2 Chery All GReielt 7°) Which con be simplified to 32h? + 20.9 L'h ~ 39960? 10,400 - 6 ) Sin’ Thus, for a given 2, 6 can be determined from the condition +tanB=80/L and Eg.(2) solved fy h. the dam widths specitied, The maximum water depths sey Given below. Noke Dhak for ‘the tuo largest dam widths The water would overtlow The cam berore st would topple. Dam width, ¢, ft Maximum depth, h, ft 20 20 611 0 ne so a1 60 0: 2-772.79 279 (See Fluids in the Nows article tiled “The Three Gorges Dam,” Section 2.8.) (a) Determine tie horizontal hydrostatic force on the 2309-m-long Three Gorges Dam when the average depth of the water against iis 175 m. (b) Ifall ofthe 6.4 billion people on Earth were to push horizontally aguinst the Three Gorges Dam, could they generate enough force 0 hold it in place? Support your answer with appropriate calculations. (a Ra vh A= (480 x10" ) CE ) sim « 2, 307m) Pa = FM xio"N “ E B.ULxKIOv {bY Requires averaze force per person= Te Nv ib Ul eaiean (12.2 a) Yes. Tt ts \Wely that enough force could be generated Since Veguived auerage force per person is relatively Small. 2-782.8! 2.81 A 2-ft-diameter hemispherical plexiglass “bubble” is to be used as a special window on tke side of an above-ground swimming pool. The window is to be bolted onto the vertical wall of the pool and faces outward, covering a 2-ft-diameter opening in the wall, ‘The center of the opening is 4 ft below the surface. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force of the water on the hemisphere. Ek =o or yee fr This, Fy Sh A= 62.448 (HH EH = 7041 Uorightl | Dewar and . LA -0 oh =WH=kV =e EIR 2, i fH where R=/# Y LT Thus, Fy= 624 Bam HP /e) = 131 1b (donn on bubble) 2-792.82 2.82 Two round, open tanks containing the same type of fluid rest ‘on a table top as shown in Fig, P2.82, They have the same bottom weight, of gud supported area, A, but different shapes, When the depth fy of the liquid in by Mnclined walls the two tanks i the same the presuefoee ofthe ligudson the Ls Ll bottom of the two tanks is the same, However, the force that the table exerts on the two tanks is different because the weight in each of the tanks is different. How do you account for this apparent paradox? nels Baa M FIGURE pP2.s2 For the tank with The inclined walls, the pressure on The bottem is due fo the weight of The ligui ii The column Girectly above The bohom as shown by the dashed Mies ta the figure. This is the same werjnt as thet for the tank with the straight sides. Thus, the pressure on the boom of the two tanks 13 the same. The add:hoiel Wweight th the tank with the theluied loalls 13 supported by Tue Inclined Unlls, 43 illustrated 1h the figure. 2-802.83 ——4 2.83 Twohemispherical shells are bolted together as shown in Fig. P2.88. The resulting spherical container, which weighs 800 Ib, is filled with mercury and supported by a cable as shown, ‘The container is vented at the top. If eight bolts are symmetri- cally located around the circumference, what is the vertical force that each bolt must carry? Fl ~ free in one bolt pr pressure at mid-plane Aw area at md-plane Ww» weight of mercury im boltem helt My” “oe shell - Wi» weight of bottom half ef shel] Br eguilibriam, L Frertrcal mee Thus, PE = PA t My + Ws Bl B(F0}) + Hla )(Eo')+ 4 (oo) (847 ol SAVE) (544) 07 2) YE llone) + 122 f, = _/870 2-8]Zoe 2.84 The 18-ftlong gate of Fig. P2.S4is a quarter circle and is hinged at H. Determine the horizontal force, P, required to hold the gate in place. Neglect friction at the hinge and the weight of the gate. FIGURE P2.84 oe k P ; o For egushioriim (trom fret-boly~diegram F | ek Fluid mass), a4 | My gd Zhe ¢ mf Se thet a 6 ° % Bhs hb, = 24 Bs Forte set) = 29200 1b Simi larly , =F, ze So That Re W = Yi (velame of Hutt) = (62.4 Be) [FGA ‘eee. 31,800 1b Also, yg He) ok gy (see Fig. alee) i aT x and y= tf = 2fe Br eguibibriam Cfraon free-body-diigum of gate) 2M, =e so That P (ott) = Fy Gy,)+ & &) (20,r00 b\2 £4) + (31, R001b)( & F) = Ib aed 10,2002.85 2.@5 The air pressure in the top of the two liter pop botle shown in Video V2,Sand Fig. P2.65is 40 psi, and the pop depth is 10 in. The bottom of the bottle has an irregular shape with a ein ameter: diameter of 43 in. (a) If the bottl cap has a diameter of 1 in, 0 pst ‘what is magnitude of the axial force required to hold the cap - in place? (b) Determine the force needed to secure the bottom 2 inches of the bottle to its cylindrical sides. For this calcula- tion assume the effect of the weight of the pop is negligible. (e) 22in By how much does the weight of the pop increase the pressure 10h 2 inches above the bottom? Assume the pop has the same spe- cific weight as that of water. [4.3 in dameter m FIGURE P2.95 (Reap? Tay * Arete, = (to ne in) = 341 jo etCe) Dare | | Fosaec? F,= (Pressure @ 2 in. above botom) | ieee x Brea) Fides | a = (Yo B.\(#) (4.3in)* F oe (ec) a vh = fo +(e Ee ging aj) Ib lb bee tt) 0:8 tao Cumich is less Tan |e of air pressure). bottom Thus , The tnerease in pressure due 40 weight = O284 pst 2-832,86 2.86 Hoover Dam (see Video 2.4) is the highest arch {gravity type of dam in the United States. A cross section of the am is shown in Fig. P2.96(a). The walls of the canyon in which the dam is located are sloped, and just upstream of the dam the ‘vertical plane shown in Figure P2846) approximately repre- sents the cross section of the water acting on the dam, Use this vertical cross section to estimate the resultant horizontal force of the water on the dam, and show where this force acts, 4 @ W@ FIGURE P2.86 Break area into 3 parts as shown For area | * 5 = dh Az(62.4 BaV5 (us QY) (ose inch) = 457 X10" Ib Por area 3: 'e,? ee 157x105 Ib For Grea 2: Fe? Yh, Ay = dau SV!) (75 $4) G40 4)Gis#) = 413x/07 lb Thus, fae ipt fet Fag 157X0 + AL3x 10%, + Ls7xp0% ls 7.77X 10" Ib Since The. moment of The resultant force about the base cf The dam must be egaal + the moments due to Fi, Fa. and Fy, (+ telows Wat (con €) ata2.86 | (cat) Rxd=f Abst) + (4) Gist) + fe (2 )(us#4) ae (is7x10%ls E )( ste) + (443009 ING) (0542) + (sw QE) (ns#) 7.77 x 107 Ib = 406 #4 Thus, The resaltent heriqontal force on The dam 1s ZIT x 10" Ib acting Yok #¢ up trom The base of The dam along The _auis of symmetry of The area87 2.87 A plug in the bottom of a pressurized tank is conical in shape as shown in Fig. P2.87, A) tora Air ‘The air pressure is 40 kPa and the liquid in the tank has a specific weight of 27 KN/m’. Determine the magnitude, direction, and line of action of the force exerted on the curved surface of the cone within the tank due to the 4¢KPa pressure and the liquid. Liquid For eguilibriam , ar ver dice! So thet fap A the force the Cone exerts =o where FL is of the flucd. Alias Pap Ae (ARM )(a*) = (404K )(F Yi. (5m) HLF AN and we ¥ t Gm) ~ F(A] " fr a FIGURE P287 amie acl a tan 30°= d= 249n 30°: 1.155 am volume of tone? © F(s)ay = yma (22-1) = (27 88 \(n)(1.385m) (Fm) = 754 bw Thus, Fos 47 AN + 15,44N = TITAN and the force on The cone has a magnitude of JITRN and 1s directed vertically downward along the Cone axisslightly and lets the water flow under it. Determine the weight of a) (2) (2 “#4 (s) (6) (7) 2.88. ‘The homogeneous gate shown in Fig. P2.88 consists of one Quarter of a circular cylinder and is used to maintain a water depth of 4 m, That is, when the water depth exceeds 4m, the gate opens ae i Ae Consider the free body diagram: of the gate and a portion of the water a gate EMo=0 , o wid BW +B, - fle - Fy lp20, where Fy =CheA = 9.8%10° fs (5m) (Jm)(Im) = 343 kM since for the Vertical side, he=4m-&5m =3.Sm Also, Fy ath = 98810" pps (Ym)(Imiltm) = 39.2 kW Als . W, = 8 im)? = B(Em)*) (Im) = 282% Fy) - Byte 2.10 Now, £, 205m and - po 3 B= 0.5m +(Yq-Ye) = 0.5m + 5 =0.5m + Blleiny ‘35a liminy ~OS24m and £, = |m~- #h =/- tle) < 0,576m To determine £,, consider a unit square that consits of a quarier circle and the remainder as shown inthe figure. The centroids of areas O and @ are as indicated. Thos, (0.5 - #)A, = (05-4) f, (con't) 2-87(8) 2.88 \Ccon't) so that with A, = Bu) « # and Ael-E tis gives (0.5~ s)E =(05-4)(I- 2) or f= 0.223m Hence, by combining Eqs (1) through (8): (0.576m)W +(0,223m) (2.10 kM) - (34,3kN) (0,524m)~ (39.2 kN) (0.5m) =0 or Ws 644KkN84 2.84 The concrete (specific weight = 150 Ib/fe’}) seawall of Fig. P2.84 has a curved surface and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated. Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit Tength) with respect to an axis through the toe (point A). FIGURE P2.89 The compenents of the fluid force acting on the well are and W as shown on the tigure where B= Oh A = (o4ogs)(HF arte vige) = 184008 and y,* thf = PH Alse, wes Te determne ¥ find area 860, Thus, (see Figure to rignt) a * Ei As [rasg) de = [ (a¢-0.ax ) dx 0 e = [ane - al Cote: A lengths 1s £6) and with 442 Vee, A= 175 tt” 50 thed ws Axkilft = 175 £23 Leap 21s Bs )i75 #2) = Il, 200 lb To locate centroid of A? Nes a Xe 2 + x,A = [xan = [(av-g) eds [Gra oa) ax = 12K, - 22% 0 A + u ants MY Rm = ae S Is Thus, Mp = FY, ~ W UIs- %) C8, 400 Is 8-£e) ~ (11,200 b (1s Ft- kn #4) = 2 § 200 a) u 2-842.90 2.90 — Acylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m. ‘The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A ver- tical, 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of the tank. Determine the resultant force of the alcohol on one end of the tank and show where iach! he E Reith A Lom where 4g= Smt Lom = 25m ae So That fe* are )(2.5m)(F)(2.0m)"= 60,8 AN Also, ai ore 7 * euey fe where Y,2>4~ 50 thed 7 Clam )* 3 fae + 25m (asm YE) lem)* Thus, the vesulfaat force has 4 magnitude of 60. 8AW Gnd acts at a distance of BrY, = A bom - 250m below center ef tank end wall. centroid ae : Fa CLT YoYo center | of pressure ad.bom 2-402.41 2.41 If the tank ends in Problem 2.90 are hemispherical, what is the magnitude of the re- sultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of the curved ends? For eguilibruim , Fe = Fy) (see Rgure) = CO8AN Gince solution for heriyonte! force the Same as fer Problen 2.90). 2-42492 2.92 An open tank containing water has a bulge in its vertical side that is semicircular in shape as shown in Fig. P2.92. Deter ‘mine the horizonal and vertical components of the force that the water exerts on the bulge. Base your analysis on a I-ft length of the bulge. HFIGURE P2q2 Fi, ~ horigontal force of wall on Fluid Fy vertical force of wall on Fluid fi 2 Fagor f avs \( T82")(0 4) SFL Ib Rr ysA = (2.42, (bee +3) (bFeni te) = 3370Ib For egailibrium, Fy, =W = 832ib t and F,2F = 3370b< P31] 4 The forte the water exerts on the bulge 1s Cgual , buk opposite 1h divectien +e FG, and Fy above. Thus, (F,) 3370|b —> i gl meer (Fe dwan = 8826 42.93 2.93 A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-ft- ( diameter hemispherical dome as shown in Fig. P2.93 A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank. Determine the vertical 4 clameter force of the water on the dome if the differential manometer Qe For eguilibrium, Z Frehcal =? ee Roa f= pA- j Where Fy & the force the dome exerts on the flyid i deme exerts on the Fluid and pp is The water Pressure at the hase of The dome. Frem The manometer, tht UG F) -%,, GH) = Jo That a 5) u lb in (rz. tt, (ine he) + 3 s)cas}, lp &)-(b2 yA )ba) = 2580 ae Thus, From £3.) wits volume of sphere =F Giameter )> = ly iS Fy= (aso 2. Yon) — 4 [8 G4) (244,) = 35,)00 |b The Sree thet the vertiial force thet the water exerts on The dome 1s 35 )00lb ‘ . 2-4932.44 2.94 A 3m-diameter open cylindrical tank contains water and. has a hemispherical bottom as shown in Fig. P2.9% Determine the magni- tude, line of action, and direction of the force of the water on the curved bottom Force = weight of water supported by hemispherical bettow Yl (olan of cylinder )- (volume of hemisphere) | 4 4" q 8s (¥ (sm) (2m) = © (sm)?] 4" 485 &N The force is divectec vertically downward , «nd due to symmetry it acts on the hemisphere alogg The Vertical axis of The Cylinder. 495 4N2.45 2.95 Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back ‘water in a channel of width bas shown in Fig. P2.48. The force Of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Determine (in terms of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates. For Case Cb) m FIGURE P2495 Hy Faz dheh= dh vhes) = 2h i ii and oe 2h de Thus, Bone) ciate q ; - ne- (SL) (28 Le (Zhe) 2 2 Re Sse a) HA (Ke 302 * Fy 218) for Case (a) on free-body- chegram shows My} He kt a= (esta) en p ct 9p Hh Sk and We Ix Vl Fe = wh A + [Bu] fe = wehb 16 Thy 5 My =0 50 that. w(4- ft) + fel) = fA qa EHPN(4 - Bh )-+ HEA 34) BA Cont ) 2-95[2.95 | Ctont ) LL follows Tat Fy = wh? (0.340) From £9.0) th =, thes Fee IIR for case ¢), for the Free- body hagram shou, the force Fz 07 MO Curved Sectin Passes Through the hinge ana Therefore does not Contribute + the moment around Y. On boHtem part of gate = 24 fae oh A = 4 (BANS 0b) = pus ana a Tike HOME) kt +4 > S= + 3h i Da ay = 28h Thas, = My =0 So thet oF a 2 “ 6-(Bub es) = Axes Frem £3 OO) gh*h= JF, thus A= Fes 28752.97 A freshly cut log floats with one fourth of its volume pro- truding above the water surface. Determine the specific weight of the lo. ev Y= vole i) Fa =W or i Yio Vio i hy v Nor ra be y, Vie yy av hy = ns no 7 or Yong = Figg 4 (62-4) = 46.8 B 2-972.98 Ariver barge. whose cross section is ap- proximately rectangular, carries a load of grain. ‘The barge is 28 ft wide and 90 ft long. When unloaded its draft (depth of submergence) is 5 ft, and with the load of grain the draft is 7 ft. De- termine: (a) the unloaded weight of the barge, and (b) the weight of the grain. (2) Br eguilibriim, She Zs Fverbical a Se that Lees. r Wpeusiat of heme Wee Ae a (sutmteged delume Pages) 4 (62.4 8.) (564 284% t08) = 78,000 Ib ee se § Verkical ~° Wari = Fi = 8, + (submerg slam) i Wan weight of grain Ways (242, (nee <28FEX 908) ~ Tal, ooo lb = 315; 000 Ib 27982.99 2.99 A tank of cross-sectional area is filled with a liquid of specific weight 7, as shown in Fig. P299a. Show that when a iT cylinder of specific weight y and volume Vis floated in the lig na uid (see Fig, P2.995), the liquid level rises by an amount “a Ah = (n/n) ¥/A. = Pai @ W = weight of cylinder = 4% secure race For equilibrivm, W= weight of liquid displaced = 0h, A, =%% where %e=h, As Thus, OY=0%, or “-BY However, the final volume within the tank is eqval fo the in tia/ volume plis the volume, %% , of the cylinder that is submerged. That is, (H+ah)A = HAY or ye ahs ote2.100 2.100 When the Tucurui dam was constructed in northern Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of valu- able hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years un- derwater the trees were perfectly preserved and underwater log- ‘ging was started. During the logging process a tree is selected, trimmed, and anchored with ropes to prevent it from shooting to the surface like @ missile when cut. Assume that a typical large tree can be approximated as a truncated cone with a base diameter of 8 ft, a top diameter of 2 ft, and a height of 100 ff. Determine the resultant vertical force that the ropes must resist when the completely submerged tree is cut. The specific grav- ity of the wood is approximately 0.6. For eguilibriim, ZFrerhea| =? so Tht Ts h-wW (1) For a truncated cone, Volumes BP (42+ hn, +1) Ht Where: = base radius Do weight ns Pop radius Fa~ buoyant force he height Tx tension tn ropes Thus, ¥ vee = MEN tyes) (pte a ite) + O48) ] = 2200 ft? For buoyant force, Fe iy* Voge = (02.4 He) (2200ft) = 137, 000 |b Br weght , ; W = Ie «Hg = C-bNba fr) areoft) «85 dol Fam &3.01) T = 137,000 |b - 82,400/h = 54 boo lb 2-[002.102 2102 An inverted test tube partially filled with air floats in a plastic water-filled soft drink bottle és shown in Video V2.7 and Fig. P2.102.The amount of air in the tube has been adjusted so that it just floats. The bottle cap is securely fastened. A slight squeezing of the plastic bottle will cause the test tube to sink {0 the bottom of the bottle. Explain this phenomenon. When the test tube is floatiis The weight of the tube, W, ts balonced by the bucyent farce, Fy, 2s shown sh The figure . The bieyené Force 43 due te The displaced volume of water 43 Shown. This displaced volume is due te te ak pressure p trapper si The tube where P= Bt h, When he bette ie sguce qed, The ah pressure in The Jeb, 1s Ineveased shghtly and This’ in’ turn increases 2, the pressure Compressing The aie ti the'best tube Thus, the displececs volume 1s decreawd with a subsequent decrease m Fy Since W "constant, a decrease ih Fe will Cause the test tube % sink Test te Woter m FIGURE P2.102 Volume displaced! 2-1012.103 2.103 An irregularly shaped piece of a solid material weighs 8.05 Ib in air and 5.26 Ib when completely submerged in water. Determine the density of the material Wi aids Pain lvelume) * there p~ density of metensl W Ch water) = Ag £ (volume) - bucyent foree * Ag « (volume) ~ Baa? * (velume) Thus, W bin air) _ ? i j W (in water) ?-Cno i= One er ip cared er (94 28 = Sho slit PT Wits water) preach ege caret W Cin air) fork 2-1022.104 2.104 A 1-m-diameter cylindrical mass, M. is connected to a 2-m-wide rectangular gate as y shown in Fig. P2.J0%; The gate is to open when a the water level, h, drops below 2.5 m. Determine the required value for M. Neglect friction at the gate hinge and the pulley. a Ws 1 diameter um FIGURE P2.104 Fea Uh A i = ¥fA) RG) = ee Fe where all lengths are tn mm, Hy a a pe For equilibrium, ° ZMp=0 so that at = (aya vd and 3 For the tylindneel mass Z Keyeg “2 and Ts Mg Figs Mao 0%, Mr ye Take Ws HOR) ee sam 981 = 2480 24 2-1032.105 2.108 When a hydrometer (see Fig. P2105 and Video V2.8) hay ‘ng a stem diameter of 0.30 in. is placed in water, the stem pro- trudes 3.15 in, above the water surfece. If the water is replaced Hydrometer with a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.10, how much of the stem would protrude above the liquid surface? The hydrometer ERE weighs 0.042 Ib, Flu surtace BFIGURE P2105 When the hydrometey 1s Floating tts weeght , 2,18 balancea by the buoyant force, Fig, For Eguilsbniam , ares Vertreal Thus, fr water Fg = 0 (%,)% = W ay where 4% 1s The submerged volume. With the new pon 6a) (h,,) A=’ a) Combing Egs.G) anda) witn Fd constant Qing) H = S40.) Pe and yi 4 a 156 Ceon't ) 2-1042.105 (Cent) From &%.0) ip cae = COIL Case et ' %re0 zu, oe thet from £4.0) “4 a 45 67x08 ft? 2 giaxw ft? Thus of ci 4 a abs: hiz)xwft?= o.e1xi ft? Te obtam This difference the change mi length, AL, ‘s (F)(0.30m.)"Al= (a.b1 x0? £e3)(1728 He th”) AL= 1.49 tn. With the new Ngua the stem would protrude Bis in. +149 in = Hoyin. above the surface 2-1052.106 2.106 A 2-ft-thick block constructed of wood. (SG = 0.6) is submerged in oil (SG = 0.8). and er ow has a 2-{t-thick aluminum (specific weight = 168 Ib/ft) plate attached to the bottom as indicated ue in Fig. P2106. Determine completely the force = required to hold the block in the position shown. ac ‘Aumioun Locate the force with respect to point A oe cy 44102 —| FIGURE P2.106 ks for eguilibnium , We Dilrerhesea Foul Wa So that A * = Wy haut Wane pein where : ae Mur = (56,,)%.,) Ye us ~ wood val a aw aluminum = (0.0) (62.4 2s) (4)(loseantex 244) = 1500 lb Fin force to hold bleck Wa (18s (0.5 tex otex 264) = |ba0 Fou = (Sli) ) (Sua) Mir = (OrBd (on Bs Yt) lode x ¥f4 42 fe) « 2000 Ie fat (seit) (Sino) A = (0.8)(62.4 2, )(0.54 + wf x 2H) = 499 Ib Thus, F = [001, —2ee0 lb + 1680 Ib- $99 1b = G81 lb upwa Also, Z Mgz0 So Thet QF = (2 ¢4)(w,.- Faw) + (S#t)(We- Fe.) 4 (eel w) = (2 #£)(is00Wb- deoole) + (5 £4)(i4e0 lb ~ 449 Ie) ° ana A= G22 Ft te right of pont A 2-1062.107 2.107 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Concrete eanoe,” ‘Section 2.11.1.) How much extra water does a 147-Ib concrete ca- noe displace compared to an ultalightweight 38-1b Kevlar cance of the same size certying the same load? for equilibrium, Deivernoes ae Ok Dy = Fa = YH ank ¥ is displace valume For Concrete Canoe, \w 147 w=(b2.4 #,) ss = 2.36 fF fe Ry Kevlar cance, Belb=(o24 BM, Yi = 0.609 FE 3 Extra water displacement = 2.3hf¢% 0. 604 ft 3 2-1072.103 2.108 An ice berg (specific pravity 0.917) floats in the ocean (spe- cific gravity 1.025). What percent of the volume of the iceberg is under water? For equilibrivm, W =weight of iceberg = Fy = buoyanl force or % ‘ice One Y, Sreean » where Y= volume of ice submerged. SGice _ 9,9/7 Song, 7 Fons = 0.895 = 895% 2-108ZNO 2.110 Itis noted that while stopping, the water surface ina glass of ‘water sitting in the cup holder of a car is slanted at an angle of 15° relative to the horizontal street, Determine the rate at which the car is decelerating, fe sald ya, dy” Gtas where 4z=0 and g 2 fa iS 20.268 This, % ay Ce ane 3 =~ 32.2AG* or” ft a= = (0.248)(32.2 Ey 8.635 2-1042.11 An open container of oil rests on the flatbed of a truck that is traveling along a hori- zontal road at 55 mi/hr. As the truck slows uni- formly to a complete stop in 5 s, what will be the slope of the oil surface during the period of con- stant deceleration? ae ee ay a slope = $2 = — 2 dy Gt 4 = Pinal velecity cn o - Gsmphrlo4i10 = ) = id aa ac ers os az, _ #2) 278 +O 2-1102.112 A 5-gal, cylindrical open container with a bottom area of 120 in is filled with glycerin and rests on the floor of an ‘elevator. (a) Determine the fluid pressure at the bottom of the container when the elevator has an upward acceleration of 3 fr/s?. (b) What resultant force does the container exert on the floor of the elevator during this acceleration? The weight of the container is negligible. (Note: 1 gal = 231 in.*) £ (a 8h 2 para) (By.228) el Wag DRA= volume o [er 5 =p (gets) [a2 ba n®) el) (BLM jae % A= 9.63 in he e(geae)t (oy Ho (ana + 34) 28 a) oq & u Fee (b) From free-body -diagnam of container) Fee ta ta = (629 $4, ) (2sine) Rene) ie = S74 Thus, force of conteimer on floor 1s 57.4 |b downward. 2-Ma 2c112 An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and 2m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long axis of the tank) that can develop before the gas- line would begin to spill? To prevent spilling, dz = bh S om — Om dg Tae =- 0,50 (see figure), Smee, gg ty iY 9rag er, with A270, dz @y* (Sane so That (ay) = - (-aso)(a31%) = 44 lana. (Wote: Acceleration could be either +o the Fight or the left, ) 2-1122M 2.114 If the tank of Problem 2.113 slides down a frictionless plane that is inclined at 30° with the horizontal, determine the angle the free surface makes with the horizontal. From Newkons Ind laur, ZF, = am a, Since the only force in the 4*direchiiy ts the Component of weight (1mg)sin 8 , (an g)sin@ = am 24 mm mass of tank and So That “ee 3 sin® Gasoline and therefre eee ge ales NS Gy Ay wos6 z= - 44 sino ae a Also, A "2 dee 4 (eg, 2.28) 3 gran ' a ay ease. — _gsing cose 3 - a,sine 3 -¢ sinO sine = - nhs _ _ sin Oons8 }-si"@ = —~—~pe9 =-tan? dz Hence, 5 =-16n8, so that the free 4 | gs GE + constent 73 Rew inihal depth For free surface with Reo at F=0, cole 23 The velume of Fluid th rotating tink is given by R R ey Wet fanrhdr = am wo rae - TOR 24 Jo o t¢ Since the tnitial volume, Y= R*hy, must egual the Liral Volume, He, so That marr" rh, 44 or 2-1162.118 2.118 An open, 2-diameter tank contains water to a depth of 3 fi when at rest. Ifthe tank is rotated about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 180 rev/min. what is the minimum height of the tank walls to prevent water from spilling over the sides? For free surface, we a +4 (es, 2.32) LZZZZZZZZ2 & Lao The volume of Fluid in the rotating Hank is given by R R ye [ark dr = 20 0 apt 2 = HOR . whR +3 is + = ow (190 fh 20 bad g Linis) (14) = es + WA, (fey © (32.28 ) at = wl2z7 rh) £3 Cuith 2, tn Fe) Since the inital volume , eee h, = 1 (144)? (ate) = a0? and the final volume must be egual, Bey lz th) Fet= ae FEF and 4, = 0.240 Ft Thus, from ‘the first eguation (@4.23+) he oe 240 Ft Leics (120-3, « am Yad « tnt) ce) +OU0ft = S.1b ft Eun 2 (32.2 ) ZAu7Zia 2.114 A child riding in a car holds a string attached to a flost ing, helium-filled balloon, As the car decelerates to a stop, the balloon tilts backwards. As the car mekes a right-hand turn, the balloon tilts to the right. On the other hand, the child tends to be forced forward as the car decelerates and to the left as the cat makes a right-hand tum, Explain these observed effects on the balloon and child A floating balloon attached to 4 stringwill align itself so that the string it normal to lines of constant pressure. Thus, if the car is net accelerating, the lines of f= constant pressure are hortzontal (gravity acts vertically down), and the balloon floats ‘Straight up" (.e.8=0), If forced to Ales Fa-W. vant force the side (8#0), the balloon will rem gp, — jg" to the vertical (9=0) eqlibrivm fp - position. in which the two forces Tand fa-W line up constant | ~~“ pressure lines Fig.) Mo acceleration, 9=9 tor equilibrium: Consider what happens when the car decelerates with an amount ay<0. As show by Eg, (2.28), cor f z +— decele~ the lines of constant pressure are not iB = ae horizontal, but have q slope of metjon dz a Q, Fy yt 270 Since 0320 dy 9? a 3 since Gz and 4y<0, Again, the balloon's equilibrivm — 2 position is with the stritg normal to p cons « lines. That is, the balleon tilts back ge |” the car stops. a Le When the car turns, ay= g (the centrifugal < a egal ae of ava are gs Si , shown, and the balloon tilts to the : Les outside of the curve ee lines Fig, (3) Left turn; balloon tiffs te tight ae ays VR —2.120 A closed, 0.4-m-diameter cylindrical tank is completely filled with oil (SG = 0.9) and rotates about its vertical longitudinal axis with an angular velocity of 40 rad/s. Determine the dif- ference in pressure just under the vessel cover between a point on the circumference and a point on the axis. Pressure tn « robabrig fad vanes ta accordance with the eguahion, pe (ae v2 + constent — (E9,2.33) Since Z,=%5 , ~p = PB (pK? BR = Pe nay : arn 3 “a: = (ant BN t0 8) Farm) 0] = agvaR 2-1192.121 2.121 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Rotating mercury aed mirror telescope,” Section 2,12.2.) The largest liquid mirror tele- bays scope uses a 6-ft-diameter tank of mercury rotating at 7 rpm to pro- duce its parabolic-shaped mirror as shown in Fig. P2.121. Deter- ‘mine the difference in elevation of the mercury, Af, between the edge and the center of the mirror, Mereuly BFIGURE P2it2t For free surface of rotating higucd > @tr® ‘Eg, 2.32) = 2g + constant (3 let £20 at r=0 and ‘thevefwe Constant =o, Thus, dh=de for = 3£b and with vad \/ tema co = (7 rpm) (20 ¥83)( 22) it follows that 2-1202.122 2.122 Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate Objective: A gate, hinged at the top, covers a hole in the side of a water filled tank as shown in Fig. P2.122 and is held against the tank by the water pressure. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical force needed to open the gate to the experimentally ‘measured force, Equipment: Rectangular tank with a rectangular hole in its side; gate that covers the hole and is hinged at the top; force transducer to measure the force needed to open the gate; ruler to measure the water depth. Experimental Procedure: Measure the height, H, and width, bof the hole in the tank and the distance, L, from the hinge to the point of application of the force, F, that opens the gate. Fill the tank with water to a depth h above the bottom of the gate. Use the force transducer to determine the force, F, needed to slowly open the gate. Repeat the force mea- surements for various water depths. Calculations: For arbitrary water depths, h, determine the theoretical force, F, needed to ‘open the gate by equating the moment about the hinge from the water force on the gate to the moment produced by the applied force, F Graph: Plot the experinentally determined force, F, needed 10 open the gate as ordinates and the water depth, fh, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as function of water depth. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem m FIGURE P2.122 (cont) 2-1212uZz, (Cont ) Solution for Problem 2.122: Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate Lin, Hin bin. toss 55 60 40 62.4 hin Fb Fy, Ib 24 10.1 15.69 185 89 13.43, 162 76 11.46 145 67 9.97 12.8 58 3.49 4 47 7.02 10.1 43 615 74 29 3.81 Since h > H, A= H" = constant and le = bYH*3/1 constant. Yer Vo,ft 0.0138 0.0161 0.0189 0.0217 0.0255 0.0309 0.0352 0.0568 oy AMG 0.003472 4. ft 0.264 0.266 0.269 0.272 0.276 0.281 0.285 0.307 F = Fy"diL, where Fy = y"(h- H/2)"A, d= H/2 + (y,~ ye), and Y_~ Ye = le/(h - H/2)"A, Problem 2.122 Force, F, vs Water Depth, h 12 10 ne F, Ib 20 25 Fb 9.03 7.80 671 591 5.11 4.30 3.83 2.55 ‘Theoretical sen Ss Experimental | 2-122,2e/ 2) 2.123 Hydrostatic Foree on a Submerged Rectangle Objective: A quarter-circle block with a vertical rectangular end is attached to a balance beam as shown in Fig. P2.123. Water in the tank puts a hydrostatic pressure force on the block which causes a clockwise moment about the pivot point. This moment is balanced by the counterclockwise moment produced by the weight placed at the end of the balance beam. ‘The purpose of this experiment is to determine the weight, W, needed to balance the beam. as a function of the water depth, A. ‘Equipment: Balance beam with an attached quarter-crele, rectangular cross-section block, pivot point dreetly above the vertical end of the beam to support the beam; tank weights; ruler. Experimental Procedure: Measure the inner radius, R, outer radius, R, and width, b, Of the block. Measure the leagth, L, of the moment arm between the pivot point and the ‘weight. Adjust the counter weight on the beam so that the beam is level when there is no weight on the beam and no water in the tank. Hang a known mass, m, on the beam and ad- just the water level, f, inthe tank so that the beam again becomes level. Repeat with differ- ent masses and water depths. Calculations: For a given water depth, h, determine the hydrostatic pressure force, Fx = 7h.A, on the vertical end of the block, Also determine the point of action ofthis fore a distance yp — y- below the centroid of the area, Note that the equations for Fy and Ye ~ Y. are different when the water level is below the end of the block (h < R; — R,) than when itis above the end of the block (i > Ry ~ Ry). For a given water depth, determine the theoretical weight needed to balance the beam by summing moments about the pivot point. Note that both Fy and W produce a moment. However, because the curved sides of the block are circular arcs centered about the pivot point, the pressure forces on the curved sides of the block (which act normal to the sides) do nat produce any moment about the pivot point. Thus the forces on the curved sides do not enter into the moment equation. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and the water depth, ‘a8 abscissas. Result: On the same graph plot the theoretical weight asa function of water depth Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page withthe data for this problem, wont ‘areca ack FIGURE P2.123 (con't) 2-1232.123 Cont) Solution for Problem 2.123: Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle Ry. in 5.0 m, kg 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.12 014 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 W= 32.2 flls'2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slugikg) Re, in, Lin, bain 9.0 120 3.0 Experimental hain. W, Ib 0.00 0.00 41 0.04 1.58 0.09 1.92 0.13 251 0.22 276 0.26 2.99 0.31 3.20 0.35 3.41 0.40 3.60 0.44 3.80 0.48 3.99 0.53 4.17 0.87 4.33 0.62 450 0.66 4.95 0.7 5.39 0.88 5.83 0.99 6.27 1.10 6.70 1.21 Forh R2-R; Fa=y'(h =(Re-Ry)/2)"(Rp- Ri)"b = Re ~ (Re - Ri)/2 + (Ys Ye) YeYe= laceXA rR: - R)*3/12 = 0.000771 fh = (Re- RiV2 *(Re-Ry) Cet ) Fr, Ib 0.00 0.07 0.14 0.20 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.55 0.63 0.70 078 0.86 0.94 4.01 1.08 1.28 1.47 1.66 1.85 2.04 fst 7, lors 32.2 Yee ft 0.0512 0.0476 0.0444 0.0376 0.0328 0.0290 0.0260 0.0236 62.4 4, ft 0.750 o719 0.708 0.697 0.680 0.673 0.667 0.681 0.655 0.650 064s 0.639 0.634 0.631 0.628 0.621 0616 0612 0.609 0.607 ‘Sum moments about pivot to give W"t Theoretical W, Ib 0.000 0.048 0.095 0.139 0.232 0.278 0.323 0.367 0.413 0.456 0.504 0.551 0.597 0.637 0.680 0.794 0.905 1.016 4.127 1.236 = Fad a Fay2.123 Clon ze vy Problem 2.123 Weight, W, vs Water Depth, h | —Theoretical _= Experimental | 0.0 2.0 40 6.0 8.0 | h, in. 2-1252.72% 2.124 Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides Objective: _When a box or form as shown in Fig. P2.124 is filled with a liquid, the ver- tical force of the liquid on the box tends to lift it off the surface upon wich it sits, thus al- lowing the liquid to drain from the box. The purpose of this experiment isto determine the ‘minimum weight, W, needed to keep the box from lifting off the surface Equipment: An open-bottom box that has vertical side walls and slanted end walls; weights; ruler; scale. Experimental Procedure: Determine the weight, Woy of the empty box and measure its length, L, width, b, wall thickness, , and the angle of the ends, 8. Set the box on a smooth surface and place a known mass, m, on it, Slowly fill the box with water and note the depth, ‘hat which the net upward water force is equal tthe total weight, W + Wa, where W = mg. ‘This condition will be obvious because the friction force between the box and the surface on Which it sits will be zero and the box will “float” effortlessly along the surface. Repeat for various masses and water levels. Calculations: Foran arbitrary water depth, h, determine the theoretical weight, W, needed to maintain equilibrium with no contact force between the box and the surface below it. This can be done by equating the total weight, W + Won to the net vertical hydrostatic pressure force on the box. Calculate this vertical pressure force for two different situations, (1) As- sume the vertical pressure Zorce is the vertical component of the pressure forces acting on the slanted ends of the box. 2) Assume the vertical upward force is that from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the sides and ends of the box because of the finite thickness, £, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an average pres- Sure of Parg = Yk/2 acting on the “foot print” area of the box walls Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wig as ordinates and the water depth, h, as abscissas. Results: On the same graph plot twa theoretical total weight verses water depth curves— cone involving only the slanted-end pressure force, and the other including the slanted end nd the finite-thickness wall pressure forces. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, @ FIGURE P2.1242ai2e (Cont) Solution for Problem 2.124: Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides @deg Lin. bin tin Ween ID tbs 45 10.3 40 0.25 o.ga2 62.4 Experimental Theory 4 Theory 2 mkg hin, W+Wag tbh in, W+ Woy IB Pvp IBMRZ WW + Woe, I 0.00 2.08 o.g42 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.05 2.23 1.052 0.25 0.008 0.85 0.047 0.10 2.42 1.162 0.50 0.036 1.30 011 0.15 2.53 1.272 0.75 0.081 1.95 0.194 0.20 2.87 1.382 1.00 0.144 2.60 0.295 0.25 2.81 1.491 1.25 0.226 3.25 0.414 0.30 2.94 1.601 1.50 0.325 3.90 0.581 0.35 3.06 4711 1.78 0.442 4.55 0.706 0.40 3.16 1.821 2.00 0.578 5.20 0.879 2.25 0.731 5.85 1.070 2.60 0.903 6.50 1.279 2.75 1.092 7.15 1.506 3.00 1.300 7.80 4.782 3.25 1.526 8.45 2.015 W= gtm = 32.2 fl's"2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg) ‘Theory 1. Including only the slanted-end pressure force: W+ Woox = 7*Vol Vol = b"h"h Theory 2. Including the slanted-end pressure force and the finite-hickness wall pressure force: W + Wor = 7°V0l + Ba" Png = O5ty"h A= (b+ 2°)*(L + 2"sind) - brL = 8.39 in.*2 = 0.0579 "2 (cont ) 2-127ae Problem 2.124 Total Weight, W + Wyo,, vs Water Depth, h * Experimental Theory 1 (slanted ends only) | | —-—-Theory2 | | (slanted ends and bottom edge) 2-1282125 2125 Air Pad Lift Foree Objective: As shown in Fig. P2.125, itis possible to lift objects by use of an air pad con- sisting of an inverted box that is pressurized by an air supply. If the pressure within the box is large enough, the box will lift slightly off the surface, air will low under its edges, and there will be very litle frictional force between the box and the surface, The purpose of this ‘experiment is to determine the lifting force, W, as a function of pressure, p, within the box. Equipment: Inverted rectangular box; air supply; weights; manometer, Experimental Procedure: Connect the air source and the manometer to the inverted square box. Determine the weight, Wy, of the square box and measure its length and width, L, and the wall thickness, , Set the inverted box on a smooth surface and place a known ‘mass, m, on it. Increase the air flowrate until the box lifts off the surface slightly and “floats” with negligible frictional force. Record the manometer reading, f, under these conditions. Repeat the measurements with various masses, Calculations: Determine the theoretical weight that can be lifted by the ar pad by equat- ing the total weight, W + Waa to the net vertical pressure force on the box. Here W = mg. Calculate this pressure force for two different situations. (1) Assume the pressure force is equal to the area of the box, A = 12, times the pressure, p = yet, within the box, where is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. (2) Assume thatthe net pressure force is that from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the edges of the box because of the finite thickness, 1, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an av- rage pressure of Pug = Yohi/2 acting on the “foot print” area of the box walls, 4(L +) Graph: Plot the experinentally determined total weight, W + Wyou as ordinates and the pressure within the box, p, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot two theoretical total weight verses pressure curves— ‘one involving only the pressure times box area pressure force, and the other including the pressure times box area and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces, Data: To proceed, print his page fr reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page withthe data for this problem, Airs —— w FIGURE P2.125 Cont) 2-1292.125 Cteat) Solution for Problem 2.12: Air Pad Lift Force Lin. tin Wow Ib “Yazo, IBIAS 75 0.25 1.25 624 Experiment Theory 1 m, kg hin W+ Wher bp, Ib/ftA2 W+ Wyo, ID re) 0.54 1.25 2.81 1.10 on O64 1.47 3.33 1.30 02 0.74 1.69 3.85 1.50 03 0.82 1.91 426 1.87 4 0.94 2.13 4.89 1.91 05 1.04 2.35 Bat ait 068 1.12 257 5.82 2.28 07 1.23 2.79 6.40 2.50 08 1.32 3.01 6.86 2.68 og 1.42 3.23 7.38 2.88 10 1.52 3.45 7.90 3.09 4A 1.63 3.67 8.48 331 12 172 3.89 8.94 3.49 13 1.83 4a 9.52 372 14 1.96 4.33 10.19 3.98 15 2.08 4.55 10.71 418 16 2.12 477 41.02 431 17 2.23 4.99 11.60 453 18 2.32 5.21 12.06 4am W = g'm = 32.2 fi/s*2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slugikg) ‘Theory 1. Involving only the pressure times the box area: W+ Woo. = pLA2. P= tH2o"h Theory 2 W+ Wee Ib VAT 1.39 1.81 1.78 2.04 2.26 2.43 267 2.87 3.08 3.30 3.54 3.73 3.97 4.26 447 460 4.84 5.04 ‘Theory 2. Involving the pressure times the box area plus the average pressure times the edge area: W+ Waog= prL*2 + (p/2)*(L + 21)'2- LA2) (Coat ) 2-1302.125 (cont ) Problem 2.125 Total Weight, W + Whox, vs Pressure, p © Experimental —Theory 1 (box area only) Theory 2 (box area plus edge area) W+Wbox, Ib 2-131