ALTERNATIVE NETWORK LETTER
A Third World Tourism Communication
And Information Alternative
Vol. 2 No.3 For Private Circulation Only
HERE is an increasing trend tow,ards liberalisation in all sectors of the
T Indian economy, resulting in no less than a crisis of sorts on the foreign
trade front. Spiralling imports and a marked decline in export revenues
have combined to produce a record deficit of Rs. 8,300 crores.
Tourism, traditionally given a low . . In natlonafprans, has however .
performed promisingly. Almost by efault, and despite political upheavals, r.: ,
tourism became the largest foreign exchange earner for the country, grossing
rRs. 1,300 cron~s. Though a miniscule proportion of the world trade in tourism,
J nevertheless constitutes 20% ,of the current budget deficit.
Hardpressed to maintain the recent liberalisation measures, planners are
looking at tourism with renewed interest. They feel that with additional inputs,
tourism earnings can multiply and in the process ease the balance of trade
~ (There is another, equally common view of tourism, which is that touflsm
situation. It is hardly surprising that the signals sent out by the government's
, destroys local cultures; destabilizes economies; cau~es pollution and
new policy initiatives reflect a distinct attitudinal (hange.
The measure of tourism'S new found importance lies in its swift elevation
to industry status. Tourism is now thrown open to local capitalists and
multinationals alike, who benefit in two ways. First, by decreased public sector
investment, and second, through numerous incentives, concessions and rebates
offered by the government, including the lifting of the Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practises Act in relation to hotel investments.
Past policies have been completely overhauled to transform Indian tourism
along the lines of Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong and other major third world
---.~ EDITORIAL
tourism destinations. No longer will Indian tourism be solely marketed for
its cultural heritage and historical monuments. It is poised to diversify into
. ~creation, adventure, conference and duty free tourism... New destinations
ill be developed all over the country including areas hitherto defined as
culturally, politically and ecologically sensitive.
While the directions of these policies are all too evident, several resulting
implications have not been spelt out. With this in mind, a workshop on 'THE
FUTURE OF TOURISM IN INDIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS' was organised
by EQUATIONS in late May 1986. In a special supplement we bring you the
Workshop Statement and Conclusions.
This is the third issue' of the Network letter brought out by EQUATIONS
on behalf of the network of Third World Tourism. In an effort to ensure that
it continues to reflect and incorporate the needs of our readership, we are
attempting a new style of editorial dynamics. As a first step, a group of
concerned Goan journalists have agreed to put together an issue on Goan
Tourism at '(arnaval' time, 1986, peak tourism season at Goa.
We look forward to hearing from others interested in taking the initiative
of highlighting tourism concerns in their own regions!countries through these
pages. .
Rajan Alexander
September 1986
COST OF TOURISM
lost Edens and Cultural Freak Shows
by Ian Buruma
OURISM, some say, broadens the mind. It fosters understanding
T 'between people from different countries. It boosts local economies;
strengthens people's interest in their own cultural heritage; widens social
opportunities; creates national identities; spreads and distributes new
techniques and standards.\AII these good things were attributed to tourism
at a seminar held in Singapore this year on 'Social and Economic Impact of
Tourism Development~
exploitation; fosters cultural misunderstanding, resulting in insults and worse.
Certainly one look around anY given tourist spot makes it quite clear that tourists
are a nation's worst representatives.)
Which view of tourism is more true? The correct answer obviously is that
it depends on the type of tourism and tourists. To be sure, the negative side
of tourism is the one that firsts meets the eye, especially in places offering
somewhat one-sided attractions. The report of the Singapore seminar puts it
very nicely: "The most important and frequently cited drawback that tourism
possesses is that it is the industry of pleasure and recreation and entails the
conspicuous expenditure and consumption of wealth upon pleasure-giving
objects."
It isn't that for example, Manila, Bangkok or Taipei have nothing but pleasure­
giving girls and boys to offer the foreign visitors they do; all three cities
have museums, places of historical and religiou~ interest, parks and gardens
and so forth. It is just that prostitution appears to be the main attraction. This
puts governments conscious of the image of their country in a quandary, for
the revenue involved is considerable.
Even if one does not feel that prostitution is a bad thing per se, sex tourism
does not show people at their best. The nightly spectacle at certain Bangkok
hotels of German males carrying on as if they were at Bavarian cattle auctions
does little to, promote the image of Germany in Thailand. Jap~nese men
carousing in Seoul hardly improoe the already highly strained relations between
Japan and South Korea. And Indians and Arabs on the razzle often appear
to do their very best to confirm the common prejudices held about them in
Southeast Asia.
This is from the point of view of the local population. One might
also wonder about the image of, say, Thailand in the minds of visitors
cont\i. OIIerleaf
 2

contd. from page 1

who have seen little else but the bars of Pattaya. TOURISM

One could argue that without the sex-tourists many people would be out
of a job. This is true enough, but whatever else it may do, the buying and selling
COLLAPSES WITH

of, say, street urchins in Manila does not do wonders for internati'onal BRIDGE?

understanding, cultural heritage, spread of technology and all those other good

T
things. The main problem is of course economic. If everybody gets richer, even HE Mandovi river bridge was the main link between North and South Goa.
sex tourism loses its harder edges. It is rather touching, for example, to see newly Inaugurated in 1970, the bridge with an estimated life span of 100 years
rich tour groups (males and females) from Taiwan or Singapore craning their collapsed on July 5th this year, bringing to a standstill the economic
necks of expensive japanese sex shows in Tokyo: if everybody does it to activity of the Union Territory, dislocating normal transportation and social life..
everybody else, perhaps we will end up as one happy family. We are reproducing extracts of a recent article on the collapse and its economic
Sex is naturally but one tourist attraction. Another major asset of some Asian ramifications, including those to Goan tourism.
countries is the lure of "unspoilt" tropical gardens of Eden. However, the trouble The irony of it all is that the bridge gave way in the 25th year of Goa's
with Edens is that as soon as they are discovered by the tourist trade, they cease liberation. A gift from India to Goa, the Mandovi bridge had been inaugurated
to be so Eden-like. The local population starts behaving like touts and hucksters, by Jagjivan Ram in 1970 (Incidentally, it collapsed about the time he died).
fastfood restaurants proliferate and local life and rituals become distinctly less Built to last a hundred years, it served a mere 15. Hardly 150 metres away,
charming when lit with eleCtronic flashbulbs. the Ponte de Linhares or the Pato Bridge, built without steel, was begining its
Still, there are a lot of Edens in Asia and in, for instance, Phuket and Bali, 353rd year, despite carrying double the number ofvehicles than the Mandovi
the local governments, have done admirable jobs in herding the majority of Bridge. ,
foreign visitors into small reservations, near the beaches, where they do least The Goan government hadinauguratedan intensive phase ofindustrialisatiq "
harm. on the foundation ofthe bridge. It hadexpanded the industrialestates, promoted
The Bal inese also appear to have withstood tourism with their traditions more tourism, and even succeeded in harnessing Goa's natural beauty for important
or less unscathed. This, unfortunately, is not the case in many other places. international events like the Commonwealth Conference retreat in 1983.
Although it may be true that the money generated by tourism helps preserve In addition, the territory had become the darling ofthe middle class tourist.
traditions which might otherwise die out, this is not necessarily agood thing, Nearly 90% of those whQ visited Goa were domestic tourists. The bridge
allowed package tours that enabled the outsider to sample Goa's wares within
However, the trouble with Edens is that
48 hours.
as soon as they are discovered by the tourist trade,
All these numerous activities collapsed more completely than the bridge itself,
which lost only a 100 metres of its length. There was, however, literally nothing
they cease to be so Eden-like.
with which to bridge the gap except a round-about route through Goa's mining
areas, involving an additional 50 kms, most of it bad, road.
particularly when traditions are tailored or even kept going especially for the The general effect was traumatic; the economy was crippledandcommuters
touristtrade.,This leads towhat one might call a"Disneylandisation" of culture. to Panjim, the capital, were put to s.evere hardship. Both industry and tourism
Once vital ways of life are neatly packaged like products. faced legitimate panic. With one swift stroke, Goa returned to a period in its
This can be done within the bounds of reasonably good taste, such as the past closerto 1968, but with industrial and tourist activity20 times enhanced,
Ancient City near Bangkok, where traditional architecture is reconstructed on it was like asking a Jumbo jet to make do with a bullock cart track.
a smaller scale. It is fake, but a rafher well done fake. There is one aspect of CLAUDE ALVARES in Express Magazine, Sunday July 271986
the city which represents the worst of Disneylandisation, however: atree-house
with"real" hill-tribe people from the north. For afee, they will pose for apicture Brochure Withdrawn
in their traditional costume. One can gawk at them for free.
Minorities, from the Ainu in Hokkaido Oapan) to the aborigines in Taiwan, A japanese travel agency which._~
are the most vulnerable to this kind of treatment. Their traditional livelihoods described Calcutta as a 'a dirty, ­
poor and noisy place' had to with- /
are often no longer economically feasible and the ~ple end up as colourful
draw its brochure in the wake of a
oddities, to be displayed like rare animals at a zoo. There is really not much protest lodged by the Consul
difference between watching aborigines performing once-sacred dances for General of India in Tokyo, the
the benefit of phot9-snapping tour groups and staring at freaks in an old­ Minister of State for Tourism, Mr.
fashioned carnival show. Santosh Dev. told the Lok Sabha
What is truly worrying is how some countries are slowly Disneylandising today.
their entire heritage. China appears to be acase in point. After previously having The information was given by
done its best to destroy every vestige of the Jlbad old days," the Chinese the Minister to Mr. Nityanand
government is now eagerly courting international tourists.-But most "foreign Mishra and Mr. Sommath Rath
who wanted to know whether
guests" are more interested in seeing what is left of old China than in communes,
"Kinki Nippon" of japan had
factories or newly constructed dams. Because there is little left, Chinese advertised in japanese papers
authorities are literally picking up the pieces of China's past, by putting bits sponsoring students tours to
of temples from one place together with pieces from another. Calcutta to see what poverty was.
To quote the Italian journalist Tiziano Terzani :"China is in the process of The agency had brought out a
putting together a cultural and historic monster, a kind of archeological pamphlet to promote student travel
Frankenstein, for the exclusive benefit of foreign consumers." to India and described the country
as the "land of non-violence". The
Tourism brings people from completely different cultures and economic levels
description of Calcutta was also
together. This, say the optimists, such as the Singapore seminarists, "offers a contained in the same pamphlet.
window to any country for a healthy exchange of views and information with
contd. on page 5 Cot. 1 Source: 9 August 1986. The HINDU
 {f'.
3
The Future of Tourism In India and Its Implications
ri.~STA'tEraNT 1
Twenty eight pel'5Ons, from various walks of life all over India, met at Bangalore
betweenrMay 25 - 28, 1986, for the first National Workshop on The Future
of Tourism in India and its Implications.
Initiated by Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS), Bangalore, the
Workshop provided an opportunity for many to learn, to share experiences,
to think together, and to plan for the future of tourism in this nation. We heard
the testimony of damage caused to environment and ecology, the genocide
of local culture, economy and society. We listened over and again to the
bypassing of the stated needs of people living in tourist areas, in the interest
of tourism development. These testimonies-came to us in reports from other
developing nations, and within India, from Goa, Khajuraho and Garhwal
Himalayas. Audia-visual presentations at the dose of each day strengthened
our understanding and concern.
,r-, We reiterate that tourism development does pot automatically guarantee the
development of socio-economic and other resources required by' host
communities. Very often, we have seen that it alienates hosts, by displacing
them from places they have lived in for generations, by robbing them of
1.0 Policy It Structure
1.1 From the~ase studies and analyses of tourism in India, presented at the
Workshop, it was evident that the Government Tourism Policy, 1982,
had failed in 'its objectives of 'developing social tourism to benefit the
weaker sections of society'. Indeed, in most situations, tourism had
developed at great cost to local communities, in physicat social and
economic terms.
a . We recommend that fresh national and regional policies be
evolved, involving local people in all aspects oftheir evolution,
as well as in tourism programme implementation. Methods such
as public debate should be adopted in arriving at such Policies
and programme decisions.
b. Guidelines emerging from this process should be enacted.as law,
and widely publicised.
c. If the Government policy on domestic tourism is to succeed,
infrastructuralsupport for its development should be identified,
and given priority. This should also take into account existing
infrastructure, rather than the building ofnew, often unnecessary,
facilities.
d. A comprehensive Code of Conduct for the tourism industry is
required in India, and ways found for its dissemination and
implementation. The recent Code evolved by the World Tourism
Organisation could be incorporatedandadapted to meet Indian
needs.
1.2 Although tourism in India is not dominated by multinational companies,'
much of it is dominated by powerful domestic companies, whose
promoters do not represent the interests of those living in tourist areas.
a. Tourism development shOUld ensure-that local residents are not
deprived of infrastructurai amenities and access to natural
resources.
b. Furthermore, to achieve this, we urge the action of EQUA TIONS
and other concerned groups in promoting an awareness at all
levels, of the manipulation oftourism policy by multinationals
and dom~tic commercial lobbies.
traditional means of livelihood, and by providing them with low-paid, servile
alternatives. The foreign exchange earned rarely sti¥s in the local economy,
being diverted to other sectors, often outside the country. Colonial stereotypes
of 'master' and 'servant' are exaggerated, degrading indigenous culture and
trad itions.
However, all cross<ultural contacts are not exploitative and destructive. We
heard also of the experiences of people experimenting with new forms of
tourism. This gave us the hope that it is possible to challenge existing structures
by offering meaningful, people-based, alternatives. Tourism in India has yet
to reach a threshold level, and we need to act now if the 'lessons learned by
other nations are to be avoided.
We came away from the Workshop in the confidence that we are not alone
in the struggle. The concern for third world tourism has been recognised
internationally for over a decade, and we have found many friends and ca- ~
workers in that network. ~n India, our un,derstanding and vision is now dearer, .
opening many new avenues of action and channels of communication.
2.0 Economic
2.1 Tourism development has often been accompanied by the twin economic
evils of displacing local communities from traditional dwelling and
working areas, as well as depriving them of jobs and employment
opportunities.
Local populations are also subjected to inflationary tendencies, and
decreasing access to commodities and goods, which are diverted to meet
tourist needs.
a. Approval of tourism projects should only be given where the
livelihood ofcommunities is not threatened, and measures taken
to safeguard resources required locally.
b. Government, financial institutions and other support agencies
should promote alternative tourism mcxiels, based on investment- .-......
employment ratios more favourable to la/Jour-intensive patterns,
controlled by local people and using locally available resources,
as opposed to encouragement of 5 Star tourism contrelled by
outside interests.
2.2 In most statisticaLprojections of tourism earnings, the tool generally used
is the Gross Foreign Exchange Earnings (GFEE). Both its reliability and
ethics in use have given rise to serious que~tions. .
a . W~ recommend that the Net Foreign Exchange Earnings be used
in all computations ofearnings from tourism, which provides a
more realistic and honest appraisal than the GFEE.
b. Legislation is also required to regulate the import content of
tourism, eg: by hotels, recreation/amusement facilities, tour
operators, etc.
2.3 The employment provided to local people is usually underpaid, servile
and often highly exploitative (eg: many instances' were given of
unionisation not being allowed in 5 Star hotels).
a. Local t!mployment should be providedatall levels of the industry,
including managerial.
b. Industry should be legally prevented from misusing employment
Conld. overleaf
 4
Contd, from page 3
conditions in preventing unionisation of labour.
c. Adequate training should be made available for the upgradation
of skills and knowledge, directly linked with promotion and
increased earning opportunities. . units should be established, especially in states where tourism has
3.0 SQcio-cultural
Indian tourism is marked by the over-promotion of certain destinations,
eg: Goa, Kovalam, Kashmir, Khajuraho, etc. This seriously affects the
ability of the area and its people to absorb the increasing number of
tourists, both in economic and social terms. Economically, essential goods
are in short supply to local people during tourist seasons, while socially,
there is a point beyond which tourists are resented. In academic
terminology, this feature is known as the "carrying capacity" oftourism.
3.2 Furthermore, tourism often brings with it a degradation and underplaying
of local culture and traditions, in favour of a importeP, consumer culture.
In Khajuraho, children of illiterate peasants sport blue jeans and t-shirts,
speaking a gibberish polyglot of French, German and English. This is
calted the 'demonstration effect'.
,""-'-'
a. We believe that tourism should be a culturally sensitive activity,
and should not promote a elitist culture, alien to hosts.
b; We urge the promotion of tourism policy based on dispersal
regionally,rather than concentration in individual locations.
c. Institutions and initiatives need to be explored and established
to encourage traditional skills and art forms, without their blatant
commercialisation.
d. Codes ofconduct should be formulated and distributed at tourist
outlets. These couldbe combined with audio-visual productions
focussing on local culture and customs, as educational tools.
3.3 Advertising and media should promote respect and appreciation for local
people, culture and natural resources, as against distorted images which
satisfy only self-centred values for the tourist, and profit motives for the
promoters.
a. EQUA TlONS should seek ways ofinvolving existing media and
journalists in our struggle, since they are among the most
important sectors influencing opinion and decision-making in
society.
4.0 Ecological
~ 4.1 Apart from the damage done to people in economic and social terms,
tourism has also harmed ecological balance in anumber of areas, referred
to in one presentation as 'eco-disaster'. Natural resources such as'marine
life, wild life, forests, mountains and beaches, were all cited as examples
during the Workshop of ecological aspects threaten~, even destroyed,
by large-scale tourism.
4.2 Although, in places like Goa, clearance by an Ecological Council is
mandatory for all tourism projects, blatant disregard of basic
environmental norms is evident, even by 5 Star hotels (eg: violation of
minimum shore-building distance regulations), making amockery of legal
provisions.
a. We strongly recommend the evolution of clearly enunciated
.guidelines and their publicisation, covering distinct areas of
tourism, eg: sewage, water and air pollution, water sports,
trekking, natural flora and fauna, etc.
b. Approval ofall new projects shouldbe carried out in terms ofsuch
guidelines, and representatives ofpeople living in the projectarea
included on the approval-granting body.
c. Furthermore, signposting accepted and used internationally,
should be employed inecologically sensitive areas, to preserve
the areas from possible damage by unwarned tourists.
5.0 Research
5.1 The Government maintains aResearch Cell at the departmental
headquarters in New Delhi, which issues statistical data on tourism
trends, often incomprehensible k> the lay-person. State-level research
received industry status, to conduct relevant studies, with wider data
bases.
5.2 The need for substantial, systematic, research was strongly felt and
expressed, in the following areas:
a. the socio-economiccosts and benefits ofvarious types oftourism
development.
b. the possibilities ofcreating low-cost, people-involvedalternative
tourism models
c. the role ofmedia in promoting distorted values in tourism, and
ways of meeting the challenges through independent media
channels.
d. Carrying capacity' as a concept needs redefining, to include
social, economic and ecological aspects, thus avoiding
submergence of local identity and priorities. '~
e. the relevance of Government Tourism Policy, and the
effectiveness ofvarious strategies utilised so far, in reaching Policy
objectives.
6.0 Networking
6.1 We are aware that our recommendations may remain as ideals rather
than achievable goals, unless committed groups take up their promotion
and press for their implementation.
6.2 We recommend that EQUATIONS take up the task of establishing strong
networks at local, regional and national levels, to conscientise tourists,
the industry, decision-makers, and others, including local people.
This could be achieved in various ways:
a. by fostering local and regional workshops, focussing on both
general and specific issues, thus building a movement and
concern for humane tourism.
b. bydistributing the Alternative Network Letter more widely within
the country, as well as restructuring it so that it becomes a more
representative forum for expressing views and opinions ofpeople
affected by tourism in India.
c. by producing relevant audio-visual media, to be used at various
levels, the industry, the hosts and the tourists. -~.
d. to strengthen links with international groups concerned with
tourism issues, eg: the Ecumenical Coalition on Third World
Tourism, and others.
Workshop Papers
1. looking for Ecological and Conservation Dimensions:
A Random Search into Indian Tourism Dr. P. Venkaf Rao
2. Impact of Tourism on (Natural) Environment Johnson E. David
3. Tourism: The Cause of Eco-Disaster in Goa S. S. Naik Bholnekar
4. Ecological Impact of the New Tourism
in Garhwal Himalayas Sagar Singh
5. Tourism in Goa Matanhy Saldanha
6. Tourism: The journalist's Concern Frederico N.J. Noronha
7. Tourism: Isn't it Time to Deshroud the Myths Rajan Alexander
8. Overview of Issues in Third World Tourism!
The Situation in India Paul S. Gonsalves
While the Workshop Report is free on request, the vw,rkshop Report and
Papers are available as a complete set priced at Rs. 25.00 or US $3.00
(inclusive of postage).
 5
Conld. (rom pagt' 2
the outside world." There is some truth to this, though governments with
totalitarian aims find it anything but healthy and thus do their best to keep such
exchanges to aminimum. But the meeting of tourist and native can also result
in some very odd perceptions of the world.
The reason, again, is primarily economic. Tourists are almost invariably from
the wealthier parts of the world. Bored with their affluence, many tourists ­
especially those drawn to Asia - seek an escape from Coca-Cola, supermarkets,
rock music and all the other accoutrements of modern civilisation. Many are
given to a nostalgia for the primitive, the pure, the exotic - in other words,
the poor. Unfortunately, many such "primitives" seek just the opposite: Coca­
Cola, rock and shopping malls. Contacts with wealthy fugitives (for aweek or
two) from such things, can easily lead to jealousy on the side of the locals who
feel unfairly deprived, only to be despised by the tourists for wanting such
impure, unexotic symbols of consumerism.
Still, say the seminarists, tourism can bring technological progess to
underdeveloped areas. They cite japan as an example: "The fact that Japan
is a major tourist destination and that the japanese themselves are among the
most active tourists in the world is no mere coincidence. Their extensive contacts
with other nations and people have helped them to forge ahead in all walks
~ of modern achievements."
This, perhaps, is acase of the danger of looking East for too long. At the time
of japan's great leap forward into the modem world there were precious few
japanese tour buses roaming around - unless, of course, one views the
colonisers in Korea or Manchukuo and the soldiers in Shanghai and Nanjing
as tourists. Given the fact that for many young Japanese, China and the colonies
were the first places outside Japan they had ever seen, this is not an entirely
inaccurate view, but international understanding was not particularly well
served by these excursions. ...
Technological progress, introduced by tourism, can also be profoundly
baffling. To give one example from personal experience, this writer travelled
through Tibet several years ago, taking pictures along the way. Tibetan peasants,
always ready for a laugh, proudly posed for these photographs. When I put
my camera away to move on, the Tibetans held their hands out to receive their
portraits, as they have done on previous occasions when tolI1sts came by. They
were furious when they were not forthcoming. A serious internatfonal
misunderstanding was at hand. Unfortunately few totlrists are equipped to
explain the difference between a Polaroid and a Nikon 35 mm camera to a
Tibetan peasant.
- Far Easttorn fconomic Review
12 September 1985
BOOK PROJECT:
The Search For Appropriate Tourism
In Developing Countries
The experience of developing countries has inevitably exposed international
tourism, many atime, as an exploitative, oppressive and dehumanising mediu~,
which prevents peoples' dev~opment,infringes on their rights and dignity,
debases their culture, deprives them of their equitable share of the profits of
the industry and degrades their environment. However, seeking to condemn
tourism in its present forms without offering any alternative, only alienates the
people who depend on it for their day to day existence.
This book will focus on strategies and policies to mitigate the negative impacts
of c:onventional tourism, particularly in the socio-culWral spheres and also
concern itself with addressing the question of evolving viable alternatives.
Submissions are invited from researchers in all relevant fields, including those
with academic and / or industry experience in non-traditional forms of tourism.
Interested readers should contact either of the co-editors for details:
H. Leo Theuns, Department of Economics, Tilbdrg University, POBox 90153,
500 LE Tilburg. The Netherlands
Tej Vir Singh, Institute of Himalayan Studies and Regional Development,
GarhwalUniversity, POBox 12, Sri nagar, Garhwal246 174,
India 7
fnQuotes
EduanloP8lefro~Minist¢tofStatefor ExtemalAffairs.
~toUndia.Qnanintemewwith GOA TODAY. June.1986j
"Weh~10~~€aiefUl af?oyt toutjs1J)'becaasewhenever
lowtsm1t8Sbeen~b1.baW1g~lromtfte Westcoming
;;Jn$!de adeve/Qplr2g'~1t1.1t1J(jS¢teatetJ~You ·lQok.at
'Ba1Jf1kOk and M4niJa~'flJete~·l1QeJ#K:e1n a developing counay,
wh!ch hasoJ'e11ed up (OI'tOUtisrrzJn a/~ scalefrop the Westand
notsufered~/lhl$l$maInl1l1eaJuSeoft#e1efelsoft;Coaomy )
being diffenint.We_t<>bf!.vetrcarelulaboJI1 .tour15m. Tourtsm
cannOl:be~1118inSOfJfCeof Income.fota d~lopinf1 countrylf
itwallt$tq be·seJf.reli8nt: Touttsmcanbe inQdentallncome.lthink
a Ior,oi economicp~re$$ has been made' bur we should develop
the concePloi tdenrity'~ .
MadIa~~t#.l\rlapedtttiial fon)NE \\i9RLD.No us. May 1986)
·1fkre:'sf.8f;~(otOutism .than the cJutnsinessand kk of
$C,1fJbJ$tICat/OfJ~b1tlf1inptoUllsts.andtheS1pedldalityotthelt
,~tJNit~~~~tc>:bebroadetby~atour
thatJil1dJeim ",~at~"'"f>J1tevent fhe:lrexperiences /tom
being' too .f~ lothtml~'·
¢_~f:Cntd;~f£U~ dfAlrfreiqht Pvt.1td..
(ift&~ess\VOl?W;$ep~·24.;..pct(Jber 7 1984).
;·'~~~~~~~n$1tMtytf)·the~1n
·;··.ttlJ~~ttH!.WdJiJ;Jbe~ .~l¢lIIJd~ecdogJc8J
JmpJItalJf.1lt$;<t~~tl(jil'~to '*~t tnmiM; For toutism
. PtQ~~J$l!ClJlr)pJf9lt~iItfd oftenparadoxlcillbusJ(Ie$S. Correctly
~ttam~Vtetf~. Ontheotherhandtourlsm 'Can~
~~ieslIItsasieJJ.11ie8li!ll11nI1li1lla{1ingtourism lies in~
"'.~.~:t9$tt1ke~qaI812C§f•..
 6

~NETWORK We invite Network members to contribute to the Network Letter

by sharing their work, ideas and plans through these pages.
NEWS Communication is vital to the life of a Network, especially when
ROUNDUP physical distances cannot easily be bridged by c/osf!r contacts.

Donna ~b. EC1WT. Ban~RoR. Thailand.

EQUATIONS was looking forward to Donna spending six to eight weeks in
TOURISM OR PILGRIMAGE?
India this july-August. However the latest news is that she had been asked to Murray Culshaw, a long standing friend of EQUATIONS, writes from Sri Lanka:
stay on as Assistant to the new Executive secretary, Dr. Koson Srisang. We are " Does the network take seriously the idea of pilgrimage? It is an important
delighted by her appointmen~ and pleased that she still plans to visit India at travel concept for people of all religious faiths, and closely associated is the
a future'date. The major objective of her programme in India is to strengthen idea of 'retreats' - could you find a way to link the two, though probably with
ECTWT's network in India. an emphasis on one or the other in a'particular situation ?i,
Rev. Peter John Holden. Sydney. Australia
Almost in response, we hear of Roger Milknan's plans for a centre for the
promotion of justice and peace through leisure travel, in brief, JUST PLEASURE,
In our last issue, we had printed Peter's name the wrong way around. We
"inviting travellers to go out in a spirit of openness for true re-creation and
apologise for this unintended error. He can be contacted at P.O. Box C-199,
enrichment of others' lives and of themselves in the spirit of Biblical pilgrimage" .
Clarenc~ Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia.

Both these letters come in the wake of the Humanity in Pilgrimage Workshop ~
Dr. Unda Richter. Kansas. USA .
on the Theology of Tourism last December. We look forward to readers ,~
Linda attended the conference on 'The Social and Cultural Impact of Tourism:
responding with suggestions on how they would like these ideas to be
Inter-disciplinary responses', hosted by URESTI, Paris, this june. Among the
incorporated into 'alternative tourism'.
papers she sent us from the conference is one entitled'Alternative Tourism:

Reflections on an Ambiguous Concept' by George Cazes. One that will interest

readers in South Asia is called 'Tourism in the Maldives: An Extreme or an

Examp~by Christine Pluss.

TEN-The Third World Tourism Ecumenical European NetworR

TEN met in Paris at the invitation of DEVELOPPEMENT TOURISME in late May.
Apart from avariety of offjcial meetings and informal gatherings,'aseminar was
held on the theme 'What Alternative Methodology for Alternative Tourism ?'
The meeting evaluated the work of TEN in the ptevious year, as well as the
'Third World People and Tourism' conference, which TEN co.sponsored with

ECTWT and the World Council of Churches. The eighth issue of the TEN
newsletter highlighting the meeting is available from Georg Friedrich Pfafflin,
ZEB, Gerokstrasse '17, 7000 Stuttgart 1, West Germany.
Georg pfafflin and Armin Vielhaber have just begun working on Blickwechsel
film No.6, about' returning home from aforeign country'. Earlier films (on Sri
Lanka, Mexico, Kenya) are shown on charter flights from Germany to those
countries, and also include the highly acclaimed 'Soleil des Hyenes' on Tunisia.
TEN-UK has apppointed a researcher to work on a 6 month study of British
package tour involvement in Third World Tourism operations. This may lead
up to a focus on key areas of concern rncluding perhaps India.
l
Resources f
TOURISM RECREATION RESEARCH
This is a multi-disciplinary semi-annual tourism journal published by the Centre
for Tourism Research. It carries articles on a wide range of topics of tourism
interests, based on fundamental research concepts and schematics on the one
hand, and an update of international tpurism affairs on the'other, In addition. there
is a separate section for bibliography, which provides briefs on recent publications
and another for reviews of books received. Special issues are brought out on
speCific themes. For subsriptions and other details, readers may contact: The
Editor, Tourism Recreation Research, A-965/6 Indira Nagar, Lucknow. India

THE BEGGARING OF .BAGA (Or Tourism vs Goans: A Case-Study)

Norman Dantas, EQUATIONS Monograph Series No : 1, August 1986
'This is a well N!searched document on the struggle of the people of the renowned
international beach resort, Baga in Goa, against the government and private
industry, to retain their lands and livelihood. Available free on request.

'CARRYING CAPACITY FOR TOURISM ACTIVITIES'

PUma Chandra Jena. Orissa. India
jena, aparticipant of the Chiang Mai Workshop in 1984, plans to initiate action
amon~ fishermen displaced by tourism' in the Puri-Konark co~stal belt.
EQUATION Sis co.sponsoring aworkshop, planned early next year for Orissa,
the first Indian state to declare tourism as an industry. •
Industry & Environment, Vol 9 No: 1 (UNEP)
Industry & Environment is a quarterly journal published by UNEP which on its
own and jointly"with other organisations. is fairly active in the field of tourism
and environment. This is a special issue on the subject of carrying capacity in
tourism planning and management. While providing a ,broad theoretical
understanding of this concept, this issue also highlights its applications in specific
tourism situations in different parts of the world. Readers interested in receiving
a copy may contact: The Editor. Industry & Environment Office, UNEP, 17 rue
Margueritte, ~5017 Paris, France

Published by: EquitaQ!e Tourism Options (EQUATIONS), 10, Heerachand layout, Jeevanahalli, Cox TOw~, Bangalore 560 005, n-ioIA.

Design and Phototypesetting: Revtsuflity DigitiSE'd Typesettil)g and Gr-.phic Design,. 4211 Lavelle Road, Bangalore, India.