Reservoir Properties Prediction Using

Combination of Seismic Inversion and

Geostatistical Approach

Dyah Tribuanawati
Acoustic Impedance Porosity volume
volume
 Seismic Inversion

•Improve the definition of lithology boundaries by

the resolution of the interpretation.
•The seismic data is now a rock property.
 Acoustic Impedance from seismic data :

 Inverse process
 Remove wavelet and add low-frequency
component
 Interval property rather than boundary property
 Inversion itself does not deliver petrophysical
properties
 Seismic Inversion

 The object of using inversion is to convert the seismic section to

more accurately represent the properties of the earth’s layers.

 In reflection seismology, the seismic trace is the result of convolving

a reflectivity series with a wavelet.

 In seismic inverse modeling, the process is reversed

 Geophysical inversion involves mapping the physical structure and

properties of the subsurface of the earth using measurements made
on the surface of the earth possibly constrained by well log
measurements
 Workflow of Seismic Inversion

 Beginning with the trace, essentially de-convolve it and

end up with the reflectivity series.

 This reflectivity series is then displayed side-by-side as a

set of pseudo-acoustic logs, which we can then interpret
as a cross-section of the subsurface in terms of its
acoustic impedance distribution.
 Forward Modeling Inverse Modeling

Earth Model Seismic Response

Model Algorithm Model Algorithm

Seismic Response Earth Model

 Earth * Wavelet Seismic
Forward
Modelling convolution

Inverse /
Modelling
Seismic Wavelet AI

De-convolution
 Seismic Inversion for
Reservoir Characterization
Seismic Inversion : what is it ?
Inversion is the process of extracting, from the seismic data, the
underlying geology which gave rise to that seismic.

Inversion is a non-unique process and there is not one method which is

the best in all cases.

Types of inversion:
•Band limited inversion
•Model-based inversion
•Sparse-spike inversion

Model-based and sparse-spike inversion gave the most detailed results.

Inversion is the process of extracting, from the seismic data,
the underlying geology which gave rise to that seismic.

Traditionally, inversion has been applied to post-stack

seismic data, with the aim of extracting acoustic impedance
volumes.

Another recent development is to use inversion results to

directly predict lithology parameters such as porosity and
water saturation
 Workflow for Acoustic Impedance
(P-Impedance)
Seismic
Wavelet
Logs
(Density & Velocity)

Constrains

Seismic Horizons

Low frequency model

or initial model

P-Impedances
 Sparse spike Inversion workflow

Full Stack
P-Impedance

Constrained
Horizons Sparse spike
inversion

Porosity
Calibrated Logs Distribution
 Full Stack CSSI workflow

Angle Stack

Existing Horizon
SADI workflow

Shear
Modeling

Well Logs
SI workflow
Calibrated
Shear Logs Logs
Simultaneous Inversion Workflow

Full Stack Angle Stack

CSSI (constrained
Sparse Spike
Inversion
SADI Property

Integrated
Horizons, Simultaneous
Calibrated Logs Logs and Inversion
Seismic
Rock Properties

Shear Synthetics

Horizons
 Simultaneous – SADI workflow

Seismic Seismic Seismic

0-10deg 10-20 deg 20-32 deg

Wavelet Wavelet Wavelet

Logs
EI logs EI logs
EI logs

Constrains &
P-impedance Low Frequency
S-impedance MuRho
Vp/Vs Density

Horizons
Poisson
Lambda-Rho
ratio
 StatMod workflow using AI
CSSI
impedance
Probability
Detailed earth model
model
Revised
horizons
SIS Pay sand
probability
Lithology

Logs Histogram &

Variogram
Synthetic
Wavelets
Vp/Vs
Lithology
Classification

Vp/Vs
cube
 Subsurface Properties

Estimate from seismic :

• Lithofacies
• Porosity
• Depth, age, diagenesis
• Pressure
• Fluid type (oil, gas, water)
• Saturation
• Permeability
Velocity-Rock Property General Relations
Geological implication of Vp - Porosity
AI-Vp/Vs relation of sandstone
 Well Seismic Tie
Seismic Acoustic Well Log
data Impedance data

Top
Reservoir

Stochastic Inversion provides resolution comparable to well logs

 Well Data Preparation
Workflow
To load and QC well log data for availability,
Data Loading, QC quality and consistency.
and Selection
To compensate for borehole rugosity
(washouts), remove invalid values, spikes, fill
Log gaps, log editing, depth alignment and
Conditioning normalize if necessary.

To produce Vclay, Porosity and Saturation for

Petrophysical the input of rock physics. Petrophysical
Analysis analysis are doing to get best correlation of
synthesis well data to seismic data.

Rock Physics
Modeling Improve data quality for Density, P-Sonic, S-
Sonic and Vp/Vs value. Re-build P-Sonic and S-
Sonic data at the missing area. Compensate for
fluid invasion for the well data.
Petrophysics / Rockphysics Overview

 Well log data play a critical role in quantitative seismic

reservoir characterization

 Some usage of well log data:

 Wavelet estimation
 Low frequency model building
 Deriving relationship between rock properties (elastic) and
reservoir (petrophysical) properties
Log Conditioning
 Normally in washout/rugose area and missing data.
 No conditioning in reservoir or sand unless too
obvious/spike.
 Create synthetic curve using Neutron, Deep Resistivity,
Gamma Ray and density or P-Sonic.
Petrophysics

 VCL, PHIT, PHIE and Sw calculation only reservoir

interval (generate synthetic-seismic correlation for
wavelet extraction)
 To improve the definition of lithologic
boundaries by doubling the resolution of the
interpretation. The seismic data is now a rock
property.

 To return the rock properties of Acoustic

Impedances, Shear Impedance and Density.
Benefit
 Inversion of seismic data to impedance improves exploration and reservoir
management success, producing more hydrocarbons with fewer, more
highly productive wells.
 Among the improvements are:
– Higher resolution through reduction of the wavelet effects, tuning and
side lobes.
– Incorporation of low frequencies not contained in the seismic data.
– Increase asset team interaction through the use of layer based (versus
interface) acoustic impedance models that are readily understood by
all asset team members.
– Accurate rock property modeling, as impedance can be related to
several key rock / petrophysical properties such as porosity, lithology
and water saturation.
 Benefit
 Better understanding of the accuracy of seismic data, well
log data. quality and quality of input interpretations.
Through rigorous tying of the wells to the seismic and
estimation of the waveform that is in the earth and the
seismic inversion of the data back to well control, the asset
team can better understand accuracy and consistency of
their input data.

 Since drilling costs account for the majority of the total E&P
costs, reducing the number of wells required to exploit a
field will have a significant impact on profitability.
Example and Case Study
Seismic vs Acoustic Impedance
 Lithology vs Acoustic Impedance

Lithology Impedance
Lithology Impedance
Selatan A-6
50

45

40

35

30 coal
Count

carb. shale
25 SAND AREA
shale
20 sand

15

10

0
5000-9000
16000-17000 21000-22000 27000-28000
Acoustic Impedance section
A B A B

Line Section
B

AI anomaly
A
A B

channels

A
C D

Gita Channel ?
Line section

BD

C
A B

A B
??
E F

Line Section

F
X Y

X
Acoustic Impedance map below TAF window 10-20ms

DEPTH_15 TVDSS TOP _15

GR (gAPI) NPHI (pu)
0.0 150.0 ILD (ohm.m) 60.0 0.0
SP (mV) RHOB (g/cm3)
-80.0 20.0
0.2 20.0 1.7 2.7

3200

3150

SES_TAF

Shaly sand
3250

3200

3300

3250

3350

3300

3400

3350

3450
Tidal
Distributary channels
3400

channel 3500

3450

3550

3500

3600

3550
 Introduction

 Petrophysics and Rockphysics

 Seismic Inversion Analysis

Wavelet Extraction
Corr.= 0.8994 Corr.= 0.8657
EI(08) +90ﾟ
EI(08) +90ﾟ

Phase = 0 Phase = 0

-90ﾟ -90ﾟ

Time = 0
Time = 0

Corr.= 0.8899 Corr.= 0.4745

EI(13) EI(13)
+90ﾟ

+90ﾟ
Phase = 0

Phase = 0

-90ﾟ
-90ﾟ
Time = 0

Time = 0
Corr.= 0.8915 Corr.= 0.7755
EI(18) +90ﾟ
EI(18) +90ﾟ

Phase = 0

Phase = 0 -90ﾟ

-90ﾟ
Time = 0

Time = 0
Corr.= 0.8715 Corr.= 0.7750
EI(20) +90ﾟ
EI(20) +90ﾟ

Phase = 0

Phase = 0
-90ﾟ

-90ﾟ
Time = 0

Time = 0
Preliminary Wavelet Estimation
Angle Stack

Amplitude Spectrum
of the extracted Wavelet

Extracted Wavelet
Phase Spectrum
of the extracted Wavelet
Preliminary Seismic Well ties

Near-upper
Near- lower

Upper

Lower

P-impedance
Vp/Vs
Preliminary Seismic Well ties
Calculated from
RHOB-conditioned
Vp_sonic-log
Seismic Trace Synthetic Seismogram Vs_sonic-log
(Angle Stack 5- (near = 8deg.) Near
11deg.)

Extracted Wavelet

P-impedance
Synthetic-Seismic Correlation Time correlation of Sonic D-T Vp/Vs
Versus moving time gate/location to VSP D-T
Sw
Seismic Reservoir Characterization work in 2004

3D Seismic Data
(Angle Stacks) Well-logs Core Data

Petrophysical Analysis
Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion
(Elastic Impedance ; EI)

3D Lithofacies Prediction (PHIT, IND-SH)

Seismic Inversion Pilot Study in 2006

3D Seismic Data
3D Seismic
(Angle Data
Stacks) Well-logs Core Data
(Angle
PGSStacks)
2001

Petrophysical Analysis
Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion
Seismic Inversion
(Simultaneous Inversion
(Elastic – Ip, Is,
Impedance Vp/Vs)
; EI)

3D3D
Lithofacies Prediction
Lithofacies (PHIT,
Prediction VCL,
(PHIT, PHIE)
IND-SH)
Seismic Inversion Pilot Study in 2006

3D Seismic Data
3D Seismic
(Angle Data
Stacks)
(Angle Well-logs Core Data
PGSStacks)
2001

Petrophysical Analysis
Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion
Seismic Inversion
(Simultaneous Inversion
(Elastic – Ip, Is,
Impedance Vp/Vs)
; EI)

3D3D
Lithofacies Prediction
Lithofacies (PHIT,
Prediction VCL,
(PHIT, PHIE)
IND-SH)
Reservoir Characterization work

Rock Physics Modeling

EI-6deg.

PHIT
EI-16deg.
(Total Porosity)

IND_SH
EI-22deg.
(Shale Indicator)

INPEX
 Work-flow of the Rock Physics Modeling
(INPUT) (OUTPUT)
VOLUME Fraction (from Petrophysics)
Density(ρ), Velocity(Vp,Vs). “Modeled”
- Vp, Vs,
Vs ρb
of
Pore Fluids (Gas, water etc.)
(Theoretical Formula)
(Experimental Relations)

Xu and White (1995) ρwet

Vpwet
Vswet

ρma ρdry Water Saturated Rock

Vpma Vpdry
Vsma Vsdry ρgas
Vpgas
Matrix Matrix + Dry Pore Vsgas
(Solid Mineral Mixture)
Gas Saturated Rock
 PETROPHYSICS RESULT
VCL-1 VCL-2
Caliper Deep Rest. Neutron. RHOBCN Sw-Jason
Gamma Ray Shallow Density RHOB
InpexModel
 Low Frequency Velocity Model
(Initial Model for Seismic Inversion)
Well-1 Well-2
Seismic Inversion Pilot Study in 2006

3D Seismic Data
3D Seismic
(Angle Data
Stacks)
(Angle Well-logs Core Data
PGSStacks)
2001

Petrophysical Analysis
Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion
Seismic Inversion
(Simultaneous Inversion
(Elastic – Ip, Is,
Impedance Vp/Vs)
; EI)

3D3D
Lithofacies Prediction
Lithofacies (PHIT,
Prediction VCL,
(PHIT, PHIE)
IND-SH)
VCL predicted from Inverted Ip and Vp/Vs
PHIT predicted from Inverted

Well-1 Well-1
PHIE predicted from PHIE=PHIT-0.157*VCL

Well-1 Well-1
 Overview Reservoir
Characterization

Seismic to Reservoir Property

Geoscientist vs Geostatistician

 Geoscientist
– Creates a map that is assumed to be correct until
additional information becomes available

 Geostatistician
– Creates an expected value or average map and has a
quantitative estimate of its accuracy
INTRODUCTION
 “Geo” clearly links geostatistics to the earth sciences.

 The application of statistical methods in the earth sciences,

particularly in geology.

 Geostatistics provides a toolbox for the geologist to use in

analyzing data and transferring such analysis and
interpretation to the task of reservoir forecasting.

 A tool can never replace data, but it can help build an

interpretation and the corresponding numerical model.
Geostatistics

 To be applied to quantitatively relate well and

seismic data, assess the quality of the resulting
map, estimate the probability of success from
the available data
Fundamentals of Semivariogram Estimation,
Modeling and Usage

 Semivariogram is a measure of the rate of change with

distance for attributes that vary in space.

 Semivariogram is required any geostatistical procedure

for prediction away from well controls.
4 step procedures for Statistical tools

 To quantify the spatial continuity of the well data

using Variogram Analysis

 To find and quantify a relationship between well and

seismic data

 To use what has been learned to grid the well data

using the seismic data as a guide via Kriging with
external drift

 To assess the accuracy of the map just made

Overview of geostatistics
 Variogram
 Kriging
 Kriging with external drift
 Cokriging

The geostatistical method give the methodology for

quantitatively determining the spatial characteristics or
geologic variables prior to countouring
Geostatistical Method

 Learn from the data through simple statistical data

analysis (mean, variances, min and max values,
histogram plot) and variogram analysis.
 Find relationship between data sets through crossplot,
geophysics trying to find relationship between sparse
well data and relatively dense seismic data.
 Derived map based on Kriging and Cokriging
 Assess the accuracy/error/risk of the map step 3. The
assessment of risk is perhaps the greatest leap forward
that geostatistics provides in solving mapping problems.
Variogram

A Variogram is a graph that is used to express the spatial continuity of a regionalized

(mappable) variable. It is a crossplot of the average squared difference of the variable
of interest between all data pairs a given distance apart (variance) versus distance apart.

* * *
* *
Variance Best fit line =
* * * Variogram Model
* *
* Range

Map distance between data points

 Semivariogram model

1.5

Spherical

1
Semivariogram

Linear

0.5

Exponential

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Lag
Variogram
 The key parameters that describe the variogram are :

– Nugget effect or the value of the model at zero

distance
– Sill or the variance of the data
– Range, or the breakover point from the correlated to
uncorrelated zone of the variogram
Variogram Analysis

 The Nugget is a gauge of measurement uncertainty. If it zero

then the data would be honored exactly, the grid values
would not honor the well data.

 Variogram analysis can be used to identify and quantity the

fact that spatial continuity can be longer in one direction
than another (anisotropic) in the control points via directional
variograms.

 The direction and magnitude of the isotropy/anisotropy can

be used in subsequent steps of the geostatistical method
Finding relationship

 Find the relationship between seismic (soft

data) and well data (hard data).

 Crossploting of the well variable and the seismic

variable at the well location will sometimes lead
to finding usable relationship for co-kriging.
 Calculated from
Data points

* * *
*
Sill C1
* * *
Range
*
*

Variogram
Nugget C2 model

Distance

Parts of Variogram model. The Nugget quantifies measurement inconsistency

and the range is the break point between correlated and uncorrelated data
 Cokriging using well and seismic data. Note the
Well data Cross-variogram model in addition to variogram models.
(Hard data)
Variogram
model

Cross variogram Cokriging

Cokriged
model map

Seismic data Variogram

(Soft data) model
 Well data Variogram
(Hard data) model

KED Map

Kriging with
External
Drift

Seismic data
(Soft data)

Kriging with External Drift (KED) uses well data

and its variogram with seismic data
 Variance
7000 7100 Variogram model
* *
3 km

2 km

1 km

Point to
* be kriged
7400 1 2 3 km
Kriging vs Cokriging
 Kriging is a gridding algorithm that estimates a grid
value such that for the parameter of interest, the
squared difference between the grid node value and the
surrounding control points is consistent

 Co-kriging looks at not only spatial relationship in the

data to be gridded (porosity data as a hard data) but
also spatial relationship in a second denser data set
(Seismic as a soft data)
 Kriging
 is mathematically achieved by calculating the grid value as a
weighted average of the surrounding control points.

 Kriging takes into account the distance between control points

and the grid note to be calculated and how close the control
points are to each other (declustering) and maintains the
spatial relationship given by the variogram model.

 The weights are assigned in such a way as to minimize the

variance in the least squares sense, thus eliminating
systematic overestimation or underestimation error.
Co-kriging
 Co-kriging calculates a grid value as a weighted average
of control and guide points.

 Co-kriging takes into account how far the control and

guide points are from the grid point to be computed and
how close control and guide data

 Co-kriging also honors spatial relationships found in the

variogram for the control data and guide data and in the
cross variogram between control data and guide data
ABSTRACT: Reservoir characterization in Kaji-Semoga Field, South Sumatra,
Indonesia, using seismic inversion and geostatistical approach

Tribuanawati, Dyah , P.T. Exspan Sumatera, Jakarta, Indonesia

An integrated reservoir modeling study of the Baturaja Limestone has

been conducted using 2-D seismic data from Kaji-Semoga Field, South
Sumatra, Indonesia.

The work was designed to aid prediction of the lateral extent of the
reservoir, to build a porosity model for use in flow simulation and
reserve assessment and to evaluate uncertainty in reserve estimation.
The method involved study of seismic attributes, followed by
geological interpretation and Seismic Inversion modeling using
wavelet estimation from a number of wells near the build-up.
Several geo-statistical techniques for integrating well log porosity with
quantitative average porosity derived from a constrained sparse spike
inversion method were applied in the reservoir modeling.

The spatial distribution of porosity in inter-well regions has been

estimated based on variogram ranges and azimuth. Continuous
petrophysical properties within each facies type were determined by
application of kriging and co-kriging mapping simulation methods.

Co-kriging was initially tested on a numerically simulated reservoir

model and compared with kriging, then a conventional least squares
product technique relying only on local correlation between porosity
and acoustic impedance was applied.
As compared to kriging, the seismically assisted geo-statistical method
detects subtle lateral variations in porosity that cannot be mapped from
sparse well data alone.

The result of the study shows that if a reservoir is seismically resolved

and properly imaged, sparse spike inversion can be used in conjunction
with geo-statistical methods to obtain a more complete reservoir
description.

AAPG Search and Discovery Article #90913©2000 AAPG International

Conference and Exhibition, Bali, Indonesia
 Conclusion
 Reservoir scenarios representative of late exploration/appraisal,
development and mature field development phases were
designed to illustrate the impact of using seismic data as a
secondary variable to constrain a reservoir description.

 The integration of secondary data sets, such as Acoustic

Impedance from Seismic data can significantly reduce inter-well
estimation uncertainty.

 Geostatistical methods are available that provide the

fundamental framework for quantitative data integration
Conclusion
 The most important benefits of geostatistical
methods is the availability to assess uncertainty
associated with kriging and cokriging using
stochastic methods.
Example and Sample Case
Variogram model to derived sand package

Function Sill X-Range Y-Range Z-Range

Spherical 0.4 400 ft 400 ft 30 ft
Exponential 0.6 2000 ft 2000 ft 30 ft
Rock Fluid Index Sand probability
Sand probability
Vp/Vs
Paysand probability
Thickness Map
Thickness Map