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NIPO: In process
 ROYAL DECREE 997/2002, of September 27, approving the Seismic-resistant
Construction Standard: General part and building (NCSE-02)

The Permanent Commission of Earthquake Resistant Norms, a collegiate body of an

interministerial nature, created by Decree 3209/1974, of August 30, attached to the Ministry
of Development and located in the General Directorate of the National Geographic Institute,
in accordance with the provisions of the Royal Decree 1475/2000, of August 4, which
develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Development, has prepared a
proposal for a new Standard to replace the «Seismic-resistant Construction Standard:
General part and building ) ”, Approved by Royal Decree 2543/1994, of December 29.
The new Standard, adapted to the current state of knowledge on seismology and
earthquake engineering, establishes the technical conditions that building structures must
meet, so that their behavior, in the face of seismic phenomena, avoids serious
consequences for the health and safety of people, avoid economic losses and promote the
conservation of basic services for society in cases of earthquakes of high intensity.
By virtue of this, at the initiative of the Permanent Commission on Earthquake Resistant
Standards, once the procedures established in Law 50/1997, of November 27, of the
Government, and in Royal Decree 1337/1999, of July 31, by which regulates the submission
of information on technical standards and regulations and regulations relating to information
society services, and in Directive 98/34 / EC, of June 22, as amended by Directive 98/48 /
EC, of August 20, both from the European Parliament and the Council, at the proposal of the
Minister of Public Works and after deliberation by the Council of Ministers at its meeting on
September 27, 2002.

I HAVE:

Article 1.Approval of the «Seismic Resistant Construction Standard: General part

and building (NCSE-02) ».

The Seismic-resistant Construction Standard: General part and building (NCSE-02) is

approved, which appears as an annex to this Royal Decree.

Article 2.Scope of application.

The scope of the standard extends to all construction projects and works related to
building, and, as appropriate, to other types of constructions, as long as they are not
approved for the same standards or provisions. specific with seismic-resistant content
prescriptions.

Article 3.Application to projects and plays.

The projects started prior to the entry into force of this Royal Decree, as well as the
works carried out in their development, and those that were in execution, will be governed by
the Standard until now in force.

3
 Transitional provision one-time adaptation period normative.

The projects and constructions of new buildings and other works may be adjusted,
during a period of two years from the entry into force of this Royal Decree, to the content of
the Standard until now in force or to the one approved by this Royal Decree , unless the
competent Public Administration for the approval of the same agrees the obligation of the
latter.

Repeal provision Unique Clause repeal.

Royal Decree 2543/1994, of December 29, which approves the «Seismic-resistant

Construction Standard: General part and building (NCSE-94)» is hereby repealed.

Final disposition first.Faculty of development.

The Minister of Public Works is empowered to issue the necessary provisions for the
development and application of the provisions of this Royal Decree.

Final disposition second entry. vigor.

This Royal Decree will enter into force the day following its publication in the Official
State Gazette.

Given in Madrid on September 27, 2002

JUAN CARLOS R.

The Minister of Public Works

FRANCISCO ÁLVAREZ-CASCOS FERNÁNDEZ

4
ANNEXED

ARTICULATED AND COMMENTS

 CHAPTER I
GENERALITIES

1.1. Object
The purpose of this Standard is to provide the criteria to be followed within Spanish
territory for the consideration of seismic action in the project, construction, reform and
conservation of those buildings and works to which it is applicable according to with the
provisions of article 1.2.
The ultimate purpose of these criteria is to avoid the loss of human life and reduce the
damage and economic cost that future earthquakes may cause. The developer may require
benefits greater than those required in this Standard, for example the maintenance of the
functionality of essential services.
The achievement of the objectives of this Standard is conditioned, on the one hand, by
the limiting precepts of land use dictated by the competent Public Administrations, as well as
by the calculation and design specified in the following chapters, and on the other, for the
realization of an adequate execution and conservation.

1.2. Application of the Standard

1.2.1. Area of application

This Standard is applicable to the design, construction and conservation of new

buildings. In cases of reform or rehabilitation, this Standard will be taken into account, so that
the security levels of the affected elements are higher than those they had in their original
conception. Rehabilitation or reform works that imply substantial modifications to the
structure (for example: emptying the interior leaving only the façade), are assimilable for all
purposes to the construction of a new floor.
In addition, the general prescriptions of section 1.2.4 will be of supplementary
application to other types of constructions, provided that there are no other specific norms or
provisions with seismic-resistant content prescriptions that affect them.
The designer or project manager may adopt, under his / her responsibility, criteria other
than those established in this Standard, provided that the level of safety and service of the
construction is not lower than that set by the Standard. reflect on the project.

7
1.2.2. Classification of constructions

For the purposes of this Standard, in accordance with the use to which they are
intended, with the damage that their destruction may cause and regardless of the type of
work in question, constructions are classified as:
1. Of moderate importance
Those with a negligible probability that their destruction by the earthquake could
cause victims, interrupt a primary service, or produce significant economic damage
to third parties.
2. Of normal importance
Those whose destruction by the earthquake can cause victims, interrupt a service
for the community, or produce significant economic losses, without in any case
being an essential service or leading to catastrophic effects.
3. Of special importance
Those whose destruction due to the earthquake could interrupt an essential service
or lead to catastrophic effects. This group includes the constructions that are
considered in this way in urban planning and similar public documents, as well as in
more specific regulations and, at least, the following constructions:
— Hospitals, centers or health facilities of some importance.
— Buildings and basic facilities for communications, radio, television, telephone
and telegraph exchanges.
— Buildings for organization centers and coordination of functions for disasters.
— Buildings for personnel and relief teams, such as fire brigades, police, armed
forces, and machinery and ambulance parks.
— The constructions for basic installations of the towns such as water, gas, fuel
tanks, pumping stations, distribution networks, power plants and transformation
centers.
— Structures belonging to communication routes such as bridges, walls, etc. that
are classified as of special importance in the regulations or specific provisions of
road and rail bridges.
— Vital transportation buildings and facilities at railway stations, airports and ports.
— Buildings and industrial facilities included in the scope of application of Royal
Decree 1254/1999, of July 16, which approves measures to control the risks
inherent to serious accidents involving dangerous substances.
— Large civil engineering constructions such as nuclear or thermal power plants,
large dams and those dams that, depending on the potential risk that may arise
from their possible failure or incorrect operation, are classified in categories A or
B of the Technical Regulations. on Safety of Dams and Reservoirs in force.
— Constructions classified as historical or artistic monuments, or of cultural or
similar interest, by the competent bodies of the Public Administrations.
— Constructions for public performances and large commercial areas, in which a
massive occupation of people is expected.

1.2.3. Criteria for applying the Standard

The application of this Standard is mandatory in the constructions included in article

1.2.1, except:

— In buildings of moderate importance.

— In buildings of normal or special importance when the basic seismic acceleration atb
is less than 0.04g, where g is the acceleration of gravity.

8
 - In constructions of normal importance with frames well braced together in all directions
when the basic seismic acceleration ab (art. 2.1) is less than 0.08g. However, the
Standard will apply to buildings with more than seven floors if the calculation seismic
acceleration, ac, (art. 2.2) is equal to or greater than 0.08g.
If the basic seismic acceleration is equal to or greater than 0.04g, the possible effects of
the earthquake on potentially unstable terrain must be taken into account.
In the cases in which this Standard is applicable, dry masonry, adobe or mud brick
structures will not be used in buildings of normal or special importance.
If the basic seismic acceleration is equal to or greater than 0.08g and less than 0.12g,
the buildings made of brick, mortar blocks, or similar, will have a maximum of four heights,
and if said basic seismic acceleration is equal to or greater than 0.12g, a maximum of two.
In buildings where it is to be applied, this Standard requires:
— Calculate the construction for the seismic action defined in chapter 2, using the
procedures described in chapter 3.
— Comply with the design rules and construction regulations indicated in chapter 4.

1.2.4. General requirements

The following are considered general prescriptions:

— Construction classification (Section 1.2.2).
— Criteria for applying the Standard (Section 1.2.3).
— Compliance with the Standard (Section 1.3).
— Seismic hazard map. Basic seismic acceleration (Section 2.1).
— Calculation seismic acceleration (Section 2.2).

1.3. Compliance with the Standard

1.3.1. Compliance with the Standard in the project phase

In the report of any works project, a section of

"Seismic actions", which will be a necessary requirement for the project visa by the
corresponding professional association, as well as for the issuance of the municipal license
and other authorizations and procedures by the different Public Administrations.
When in accordance with Article 1.2.3, this Standard is applicable, the values,
hypotheses and conclusions adopted in relation to said actions and their impact on the
project, calculation and arrangement of the elements will appear in the section on "Seismic
Actions". structural, constructive and functional of the work. Furthermore, the plans will show
the levels of ductility for which the work has been calculated.

1.3.2. Compliance with the Standard in the construction phase

If the project manager does not agree with the content of the section on "Seismic
Actions", he will report to the Owner, and where appropriate, will propose the need to carry
out the project modifications that he deems appropriate, which will be developed and, for
approval, they will undergo the same procedure as the original project.
In addition, in important works with delays or very long stops, the project manager must
take into account the seismic actions that may occur and that, in the event of destruction or
damage by earthquake, could lead to serious consequences.
The project manager will check that the prescriptions and structural details shown in the
plans meet the specified ductility levels and that they are respected during the execution of
the work.

9
1.3.3. Compliance with the Standard during the useful life period

When an earthquake of high intensity occurs, a report must be made on each

construction located in areas with intensity equal to or greater than VII (EMS scale) in which
the consequences of the earthquake on said construction and the type of measures that, in
their turn, are analyzed. case, proceed to adopt.
The responsibility for the preparation of this report will fall on the technician in charge of
the conservation, or, if there is no such one, on the property or operating entity, who must
request the preparation of the aforementioned report from a competent professional.

Comments

C.1.1. Object structure, seismic-resistant criteria must be applied

This Standard is a modification and update of the
NCSE-94 established by Royal Decree
2543/1994 of December 29, which replaced
PDS-1 (1974), whose antecedents were
Standard PGS-1 (1968) and the corresponding
parts of MV-101 (1962) of the Ministry of
Housing and Project Instruction , Construction
and Exploitation of Large Dams of the Ministry
of Public Works (1967).
To avoid the loss of human life and reduce the
damage and economic cost that future
earthquakes may cause, this Standard provides
criteria and recommendations, so that the
application from the same to the design endow
the structures with sufficient seismic resistance
so that the constructions do not suffer
significant damage to small seismic shocks,
they can resist without structural damage to
moderate seismic movements and they can
avoid collapse in the case of the strongest
shocks foreseeable —with a reasonable
probability—, although with possible damages.
The Standard aims, therefore, to avoid the
collapse of constructions in the event of the
largest foreseeable earthquakes and to limit
serious structural damage in the event of smaller
earthquakes that have an appreciable probability
of occurring during the useful life of the work.
Consequently, the occurrence of earthquakes is
possible that, even applying the Standard, may
cause some victim or very important structural
damage, which may even require the subsequent
demolition ofthe structure.
Public Administrations and the competent bodies
should complement the criteria of this Standard,
based on seismological, geological and
geotechnical information, with precepts on land
use and with specific urban regulations, urban
facilities and construction.
C.1.2. Application of the Standard
C.1.2.1. Area of application
For cases reform or rehabilitation, what is
prescribed in the articles does not prevent - but
rather the opposite - so that the owner or
developer can propose compliance with the
Standard in all its aspects. When the reforms
involve substantial changes, and especially
when these affect the
so that the safety level of the construction
construction is not less than that set by the
Standard.
C.1.2.2. Classification of constructions
It is the responsibility of the designer —or,
where appropriate, the developer— to
determine the foreseeable use throughout the
useful life of the construction, in order to
classify it in the corresponding group in
accordance with the articles.
Buildings intended for housing are generally
classified as buildings of normal importance but
they may in some cases be of special
importance, for example when their destruction
can lead to catastrophic damage or when a
part of the building is used for uses
corresponding to those considered in
constructions of special importance.
C.1.2.3. Criteria for applying the Standard
The designer - or where appropriate the
developer - may decide to apply the Standard
to a construction of moderate importance when
the economic value of the same makes it
advisable.
It is considered that if the basic seismic
acceleration is lower than that indicated in the
articles for each type of construction, no worse
stresses are generated. than in the other load
hypotheses, given the difference in safety
coefficients and simultaneous actions that must
be considered with the earthquake.
Furthermore, it is possible that, in some cases
in which the application of the Standard is
prescribed, the requests of the seismic case do
not affect the dimensioning of the structural
elements. However, it is estimated that from
the indicated values, the application of the
construction rules of chapter 4 of this Standard
is appropriate.
The existence of a reinforced, monolithic top layer
Ethical and linked to the structure over the
entire surface of each floor, it allows the frames
to be considered as well braced together in all
directions.
In buildings of normal importance with well-braced
frames in all directions, located in areas with
seismic acceleration basic tob less than 0.08g,

10
the designer - or where appropriate
the developer - can decide to apply
the Standard, especially in the case
of tall buildings situated

11
two on soft or very soft ground, since in these
cases it is appropriate to follow the
prescriptions of the Standard, especially those
corresponding to the foundations.
The prohibition of masonry structures in dry,
made of mud or adobe, for buildings of normal
or special importance, when the basic seismic
acceleration is equal to or greater than 0.04g, it
is due to the high vulnerability of these
constructions, as has been proven in a large
number of earthquakes, which which prevents
the provision of proper security guarantees and
this would lead to noncompliance with the
essential purpose of the Standard, which is to
avoid the loss of human life.
The greater imprecision of the calculation models
used lized for The masonry works and their
fragility make it advisable to generally restrict
the height of these buildings in areas of high
seismicity. Furthermore, it is convenient to
confine the factory with horizontal and vertical
elements.
Among the destabilizing effects of the
earthquake on the ground are permanent
ground displacements, slope or slope
movements, liquefaction (or liquefaction) of
saturated loose granular soils, etc.
C.1.2.4. General requirements
further of the general prescriptions determined
in the articles, the elastic response spectrum
defined in Article 2.3 can be adopted in
general. However, for different constructions of
the building, different elastic response spectra
may be used, which will be included in specific
standards or provisions, or will be studied and
justified appropriately.
C.1.3. Compliance with the Standard
It is assumed that the project, construction and
conservation of the building will be carried out by
duly qualified and experienced personnel, also
complying with all the provisions and requirements
prescribed in those standards and instructions that
by the materials used and by the type, structural
disposition or destination of the works are applied
cables; provisions and requirements to which it
isStandard complements.
C.1.3.1. Compliance with the Standard in the
phase of draft
C.1.3.2. Compliance with the Standard in the
phase of building
C.1.3.3. Compliance with the Standard
during shelf life
Since sometimes seemingly minor flaws or
damage can be the indication This is why, when
a high intensity earthquake occurs, all
damaged or potentially damaged buildings
must be inspected, at least those located in
areas with intensity equal to or greater than VII
(EMS-98 scale ), and make a report on each
construction, giving a higher priority to those
classified as of special importance, since these
are the most necessary for the community after
a seismic disaster, followed by those classified
as of normal importance.
The report to be carried out on each damaged or
potentially damaged construction aims to identify
the damaged elements and parts, as well as the
type and degree of said damage, after an
acknowledgment of the consequences of the
earthquake on said construction, and a first
estimate is made- information on the degree of
security of the same and the type of preventive
measures that, where appropriate, should be
adopted. The objective is to detect
constructions (especially those of special and
normal importance) with serious structural
damage that could collapse as a consequence
of the occurrence of relevant aftershocks of the
main earthquake.
Therefore, local authorities should take care that, in
the aforementioned cases and in the shortest
possible time, the constructions that may have
suffered damage be recognized, estimating the
degree of safety and service of the key
facilities, as well as that of the constructions of
special and normal importance .
The EMS-98 intensity scale (European Macrosismic
Scale) is the updated version of the scale MSK,
cited in the NCSE-94 standard.
11
 CHAPTER II
SEISMIC INFORMATION

2.1. Seismic hazard map. Basic seismic acceleration

The seismic danger of the national territory is defined by means of the seismic danger
map in figure 2.1. Said map supplies, expressed in relation to the value of gravity, g, the
basic seismic acceleration, ab —a characteristic value of the horizontal acceleration of the
ground surface— and the contribution coefficient K, which takes into account the influen -
the different types of earthquakes expected in the seismic danger of each point.
The list in Annex 1 details by municipalities the values of the basic seismic acceleration
equal to or greater than 0.04g, together with those of the contribution coefficient K.

2.2. Calculation seismic acceleration

The calculation seismic acceleration, ac, is defined as the product:

ac = S    ab

where:
ab Basic seismic acceleration defined in 2.1.
 Dimensionless risk coefficient, a function of the acceptable probability that
exceeds ac in the life period for which the construction is projected. It takes the
following values:
— constructions of normal importance = 1.0.
— constructions of special importance = 1.3.
S Coefficient of amplification of the terrain. Take the value:
- For ab " 0.1g

S=C
1.25

- For 0.1g < ab <0.4g

C C
S=
1.25 (
+ 3,33   tob − 0.1
g ) ( 1 − 1.25)

13
 - For 0.4g "  · tob

S = 1.0
being:
C Terrain coefficient. It depends on the geotechnical characteristics of the foundation ground
and is detailed in section 2.4.

SEISMIC MAP OF THE NCSE-02 EARTH RESISTANT

STANDARD

0.08

1.2
1.1

1.2
1.3

1.3 1.1
1.21.0

1.3
0, 05
ab "
0.16g 0.12g "
0.08
ab <0.16g
0.08g " ab
<0.12g
0.04g " ab
<0.08g
ab <0.04g
Contribution
coefficient K
Figure 2.1 Hazard Map Seismic

2.3. Elastic response spectrum

This Standard establishes a normalized spectrum of elastic response on the free
surface of the ground (figure 2.2), for horizontal accelerations, corresponding to a simple
linear oscillator with a reference damping of 5% with respect to the critical one, defined by
the following values:

If T <TTO (T) = 1 + 1.5 T / TTO

If TTO " T " TB (T) = 2.5
If T> TB  ( T ) = K C/ T
being:
(T) Value of the normalized response spectrum elastic.
T Oscillator's own period in seconds.
K Contribution coefficient, referred to in 2.1.
C Terrain coefficient, which takes into account the geotechnical characteristics of
the foundation terrain and is detailed in section 2.4.

14
 TA, TB Characteristic periods of the response spectrum, of values:
TTO = KC / 10
TB = KC / 2.5
 (
) 

2.0

1.0

0
0 TA TB Oscillation period, T

Figure 2.2 Response spectrum elastic

For some structures and modes of vibration with periods longer than 4 seconds, the
designer may use, whenever justified, spectral values lower than those predicted by the
previous expressions.

2.4. Land classification. Terrain coefficient

In this Standard, land is classified into the following types:
— Type I soil: Compact rock, very dense cemented or granular soil. Velocity of
propagation of shear or transverse elastic waves, vS > 750 m / s.
— Type II soil: Very fractured rock, dense granular soils or hard cohesive soils.
Speed shear or transverse elastic wave propagation, 750 m / s “vS> 400 m / s.
— Type III soil: granular soil of medium compactness, or cohesive soil of consis-
firm to very firm. Velocity of propagation of transverse elastic or shear waves, 400
m / s “vS> 200 m / s.
— Type IV soil: Loose granular soil, or soft cohesive soil. Speed of pro-
shear or shear elastic waves, vS "200 m / s.
Each of these types of terrain is assigned the value of the coefficient C indicated in
table 2.1.

TABLE 2.1.
Terrain coefficients

Type of terrain Coefficient C

I 1.0
II 1.3
III 1.6
IV 2.0

To obtain the value of the calculation coefficient C, the thicknesses e1, e2, e3 and e4 of
land types I, II, III and IV respectively, existing in the first 30 meters below the surface, will
be determined.
The mean value obtained by weighting the Ci coefficients of each stratum with its
thickness ei, in meters, will be adopted as the value of C, using the expression:

C=
Ci  ei
30

15
 In buildings with basements below the general ground surface level, the thickness of
the different layers to classify the foundation conditions should normally be measured from
the grade.
In those special cases where C> 1.8 results, the response spectrum defined with the
previous rules may not be applicable to constructions with a fundamental period greater than
TB. In this case, for T> TB we will take (T) = 2.5 unless a site-specific response spectrum
is determined, whose ordinates will in no case be less than those obtained with the
procedure described in section 2.3.
The coefficient C does not take into account the possible collapse of the ground under
the structure during the earthquake due to the instability of the ground as in the case of
sensitive clays, soil densification, subsidence of underground cavities, slope movements,
etc. In particular, the possibility of liquefaction (or liquefaction) of soils susceptible to it must
be analyzed.

2.5. Modification of the elastic response spectrum as a

function damping
For values of the damping of the structure different from 5% of the critical, the
values of (T) for periods T “TA will be multiplied by the factor
v = (5/) 

where is the damping of the structure expressed as a percentage of the critical.

For periods T <TA, the spectral ordinates will be linearly interpolated between the
values corresponding to T = 0 and T = TA.

2.6. Elastic response spectrum for vertical movements

When it is necessary to consider vertical movements, an elastic response spectrum
shall be adopted whose spectral ordinates are 70% of the values corresponding to those of
the spectrum for horizontal movements defined in 2.3.

Comments
C.2.1. Seismic hazard map. Basic
seismic acceleration
Basic seismic acceleration has dimensions of
acceleration. If you want to obtain its numerical
value in m / s2, you can multiply the value that is
deducedfrom the map in units of g times 9.8,
since we have taken g = 9.8 m / s2.
The calculation of the seismic danger has been
carried out in terms of EMS intensity, based on
updated data in the seismic catalog of the
National Geographic Institute. To determine the
characteristic horizontal acceleration from the
EMS intensity, the correlation was used:
log10 to = 0.30103I - 0.2321
where a is expressed in gals (10–2 m / s2).
The procedure for calculating the basic seismic
acceleration through intensity leads to “regional”
values of the average acceleration for the
different types of seismicity and local conditions
involved in the starting data. It is possible that
certain particular earthquakes or certain local
conditions would have required specific
correlationsto obtain the basic seismic
acceleration.
The values of the basic seismic acceleration
correspond to a return period of approximately
500 years. The return period, PR, is not a physical
time of recurrence, but corresponds to an
interpretation from the probabilistic point of view
and is associates with a given probability
fractile in the probability distribution of the
maximum potential accelerations (annual). Said
value corresponds in this case to an annual
exceedance probability of two per thousand (1 /
PR) that the seismic acceleration potential
(annual) is exceeded.
The horizontal acceleration corresponding to a
period return do PR, can be obtained at each
point of the territory, approximately, multiplying
by (PR/ 500) 0.4 the value that is deduced from
the map in Figure 2.1 for that site.
C.2.2. Calculation seismic acceleration
The seismic acceleration calculation, at c, has —
same than the basic one— dimensions of
acceleration.
The coefficient expresses —for the usual
range of probabilities of overcoming the
seismic actions to be considered in the
earthquake resistant project— values
proportional to the accelerations resulting from
the calculation of the seismic danger.

16
The coefficient S takes into account the
difference in surface seismic acceleration with
respect to that of hard soil, depending on the
existence of soft surface layers of soil (Table
C.2.1). Furthermore, for low accelerations, the
acceleration is generally greater on the surface
of soil deposits than in hard soil or rock
outcrops (amplification phenomenon). For high
accelerations (usually for atb " 0.4g) this trend is
not clear and it has even been observed that it
can be reversed, due to non-linear behavior
ground (deamplification phenomenon).
The expressions of the articles propose that for
one ab " 0.1 g, the seismic acceleration at
the surface of the softer deposits is twice the
acceleration in rock. However, for a
 · tob " 0.4g, it is proposed that the calculation
seismic acceleration is the same in soil as in
rock. For intermediate values, it is interpolated
between the two.
Because the values of ab are associated with a
hard ground (approximately type II), the
coefficient S produces a correction in the product
· ab, decreasing it when the terrain is good and
increasing-
pain when it is soft or very soft.
TABLE C 2.1
S coefficient values
influence the shape and ordinates of the response
spectrum is very complex. A simplified formulation
has been adopted in this Standard, the precision
of which, in relation to the available data, is
considered sufficient. The spectrum is defined as
a function of the foundation terrain and the
differentiating characteristics of the seismicity of
the Azores-Gibraltar area, the influence of which
is introduced through thecoefficients C and K,
respectively.
In the range of periods of interest, for the most
common constructions, the elastic response
spectrum can be divided into three
characteristic sections:
— The segment corresponding to high periods
(T> TB), defined by a constant spectral
velocity, whose value, as a function of the
seismic acceleration, a, of the ground
surface is:
TB
Sv , m = 2.5a 
2
oscillator T.
Full consideration of all factors that

 · tob C = 1.0 C = 1.3 C = 1.6 C = 1.8

" 0.10 g 0.80 1.04 1.28 1.44

0.15 g 0.83 1.03 1.23 1.37
0.20 g 0.87 1.03 1.19 1.29
0.25 g 0.90 1.02 1.14 1.22
0.30 g 0.93 1.01 1.09 1.15
0.35 g 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.07
" 0.40 g 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

C.2.3. Elastic response spectrum

This Standard defines an absolute acceleration

response spectrum in the form of a normalized
elastic response spectrum, which is intended to
define the characteristics of seismic motion in the
surface of the ground in free field. (The figure
C.2.1 represents the elastic response spectra
corresponding to different selected values of the
coefficients C and K.) For the calculation, this
normalized spectrum should be scaled to the
basic seismic acceleration and modified, if
necessary, depending on the damping —to be
able to consider structures with damping
indices with respect to the critical value other
than 5% - and of the ductility behavior, to take
into account the capacity of the structure to
withstand plastic deformations. The value of
the ordinate of the spectrum, (T), represents
the quotient between the absolute maximum
acceleration of a linear elastic oscillator (S to)
and the maximum acceleration of the movement
applied at its base (a). When the base of the
oscillator undergoes an earthquake of maximum
acceleration a, the response of the oscillator has
a maximum acceleration Sto = a (T), where
(T) a function of the proper period of the

17
 — The intermediate section (TTO " T " TB)
defined by a constant spectral acceleration,
conventionally set at 2.5 times the acceleration
of the ground surface, that is:
Sv , m 2.5a

— The segment corresponding to low periods (T

<TTO), transition between Sto = a for T = 0 and
Sto = 2.5a for T = TTO.

The coefficients C and K affect the section of the

spectrum in which the spectral velocity is constant
(periods two high); the soft soils and the greater
epicentral distance amplify the spectral velocity of
this section and shift the T value for longer
periodsB in which it begins.
The coefficient K takes into account the different
contribution
tion of the seismicity of the Peninsula and adjacent
areas, and of the most distant, corresponding to the
Azores-Gibraltar zone, to the seismic danger in each
point of the national territory. Their values have been
calculated assuming that for the same acceleration
a, the value of Sv, m for earthquakes from the central
region of the Azores-Gibraltar zone is 1.5 times
greater than that resulting from the earthquakes in
the remaining seismogenetic zones (contiguous
continental and maritime).
The K values are between 1.0 —where practically
the entire contribution to seismic danger comes from
earthquakes in the continental or adjacent maritime
areas— and 1.5, at the points where the contribution
to the seismic hazard came entirely from earthquake
cough of the aforementioned Azores-Gibraltar
region.
The K values have been calculated in such a way
that the probability of annual occurrence of
spectral acceleration (not counting the ground
effect) is identical at all points in the territory,
regardless of the predominant type of earthquake
and the period considered. The resulting K values
for the Spanish territory are between 1.0 and 1.3.
Analysis of the spectra of numerous earthquakes

18
 GOOD GROUND:
K = 1 C = 1.15
 (
) 
2.0
1.0
0
0 0.5
OSCILLATION PERIOD, T
Figure C.2.1 Elastic response spectrum for different values of C and
real coughs has shown that for periods tall,
spectral velocity is less than Sv, mIn many
cases, it can be considered, in a simplified way,
that the spectral shift is constant or, what is the
same, that the spectral acceleration is inversely
proportional to the square of the period.
C.2.4. Land classification. Coefficientof
the land
The terrain is characterized by a numerical
value, C, based on the characteristics of the
different layers that compose it.
For the classification of the different layers of the
earth no, in the articulated we use the speed of
the transverse elastic waves, vS.
For determining the thickness of each
layer and for its approximate classification, when
specific determinations of v S, the procedures
described in the NTE-CEG, Foundations:
Geotechnical Studies can be used. In granular
soils, static or dynamic penetration tests; in
cohesive soils, the resistance to simple
compression and in all of them, the speed of
propagation of long elastic wavesgitudinal.
In many cases, it will not be necessary for the
reconnaissance of the terrain to reach a depth of
30 m, being sufficient to determine the thickness
of the surface layers and the depth of the roof of
the type I terrain. In general, it will be sufficiently
safe. assume that ground not reached in
recognition it will be no worse than the deepest
one for which information is available. Usually,
once the type I terrain has been reached, the
appearance of layers of terrain of the other
types at greater depth is not expected.
Knowledge of the geology of the area or the
results of other upcoming surveys will be
particularly informative in this regard.
In case of doubt, and especially with insufficient
data, the corresponding values should be
adopted on the safety side.
Type I soils usually have the following
characteristics: longitudinal elastic wave speed
NORMAL TERRAIN: K
= 1 C = 1.30
SOFT SOIL: K = 1
C = 1.70
1.0 1.5 seconds
K
greater than 2,000 m / s, more than 50 strokes in
the SPT test normalized to 60% of the free fall
energy or a pointed resistance of the static
penetrometer greater than 20 MPa (200 kp /
cm2).
Type II soils usually have as characteristics:
longitudinal elastic wave velocity greater than
1,000 m / s, the granular ones more than 40
strokes in SPT tests normalized to 60% of the
energy of free fall or resistance at the tip of the
static penetrometer greater than 15 MPa (150
kp / cm2). Hard cohesive soils typically have
simple compressive strengths greater than 500
kPa (5 kp / cm2). Type III soils usually have as
characteristics: granular ones more than 15
blows in SPT tests normalized to 60% of the
energy of free fall or resistance at the tip of the
static penetrometer greater than 6 MPa (60 kp /
cm2). Cohesive soils with a firm to very firm
consistency usually have a single compressive
strength greater than 200 kPa (2 kp / cm2).
Any layer of land not classifiable as I, II or III
must be taken as IV.
The response spectrum that is formulated in
section 2.3 is considered sufficiently approximate
for the most usual terrain conditions, provided that
the soil formations are extensive in plan in relation
to the dimensions of the construction. However,
there may be some special cases in which the
application of this spectrumIt is not suitable, for
example when there are very soft clay layers or
non-compacted artificial fillings or when the
thickness of the type IV soil is high. Normally
the representative spectra of these situations
will have higher values of Sto in the periods
close to the period of the type IV soil layer. On
the contrary, certain types of works, such as
some large civil engineering constructions, may
require foundation grounds of a «higher
hardness» than the types established in this
Standard, which also makes it possible to
adopt other spectra elastic response, which will
appear, where appropriate, in the
corresponding specific rules.
For the analysis of liquefaction or liquefaction of
soils susceptible to it, the method can be used
detailed in C.4.3.1.
19
C.2.5. Modification of the elastic response
spectrum as a function of damping
Critical damping is understood as the lowest
damping value for which a linear oscillator returns
— once displaced — to the equilibrium point
without exceeding it and, therefore, without
continuing. the swing.
C.2.6. Elastic response spectrum for
vertical movements
The increase in vertical load due to seismic action
can have an impact on horizontal structural
elements with a large span, cantilevers or beams
that support columns. In the case of prestressed
horizontal elements, a decrease in vertical load
caused by the earthquake could damage them. In
general, in buildings it is not necessary to take it
into account.
19
 CHAPTER III
CALCULATION

3.1. Generalities
The purpose of the earthquake-resistant calculation is to verify the safety of the
constructions against the seismic actions that may act on them during their useful life.
To this end, the Standard provides the criteria for determining:
— the masses of the building to be considered in the calculation,
— the periods and modes of vibration of the structure.
— the response of the structure to seismic actions resulting from the application of
chapter 2
— verification of the safety of the structure.
In general, the calculation methods in this chapter refer to buildings
cios.

3.2. Masses involved in the calculation

For the purposes of calculating the stresses due to the earthquake, the masses
corresponding to the structure itself, the permanent masses, and a fraction of the remaining
masses - as long as these have an unfavorable effect on the structure - of value will be
considered:
— for use overloads in homes, hotels and residences: 0.5
— for use overloads in public buildings, offices and shops: 0.6
— for use overloads in crowded venues and shows: 0.6
— for snow overload, as long as it remains more than 30 days a year: 0.5
— for use overloads in warehouses, archives, etc .: 1.0
— for partition overload: 1.0
— for swimming pools or large water tanks: 1.0
In constructions in which the center of mass and the torsion center do not coincide,
either due to geometric or mechanical irregularity, or due to a non-uniform distribution of the
masses, the torsional effect produced must be taken into account.
In all constructions, even those where the center of mass and the torsion center are
expected to coincide, an additional eccentricity of the masses or equivalent seismic forces in
each floor must always be considered, not less than 1/20 of the greater dimension of the
plant in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake, in order to cover
construction irregularities and accidental asymmetries of overloads.

21
3.3. Actions that are considered in the calculation
Those that are indicated in the NBE-AE-88: Actions in the Building, or regulation that at
any time replaces it.

3.4. Safety verification

The ultimate limit states will be checked with the combinations of actions, including
seismic action, established by the different instructions, standards and regulations for each
type of material. The safety and simultaneity coefficients established therein will be used.
In the event that said coefficients are not expressly stated in the aforementioned
instructions, standards and regulations, for the combination of the seismic action with the
remaining actions, the seismic hypothesis will be considered as an accidental situation,
weighing for the calculation of the ultimate limit states all unfavorable and permanent
variable actions with magnification coefficients equal to unity, and the favorable variables
with zero.
The construction must resist the horizontal action of the earthquake in all directions,
which forces it to be analyzed in more than one direction. In general, it is enough to do it in
two orthogonal directions in plan; in this case, the stresses obtained from the analysis results
in each direction will be combined with 30% of those in the other. The vertical and plant
stresses can be considered as independent load cases.
In buildings that are not exempt, the horizontal displacements due to the seismic action
of the calculation will also be calculated, in the directions in which collisions with the
neighboring constructions may occur.
A specific study may be carried out to consider the soil-structure interaction without
thereby reducing the seismic action by more than 30% of the value that would be obtained
with the assumed construction on a rigid base.

3.5. Calculation methods

This Standard establishes the analysis of the structure using response spectra as a
reference method for the seismic calculation (section 3.6.2). The dynamic study by
integration of acceleration records is also allowed (section 3.6.1).
The Standard also develops, in section 3.7, a simplified calculation method for the most
common building cases, the application of which is authorized for buildings that meet the
conditions of section 3.5.1.
In all cases, a sufficiently representative model of the real distribution of stiffnesses and
masses must be used.

3.5.1. Conditions for applying the simplified calculation method

The simplified calculation method can be applied in buildings that meet the following
requirements:
1. The number of floors above ground is less than twenty.
2. The height of the building above ground is less than sixty meters.
3. There is geometric regularity in plan and elevation, without significant recesses or
projections.
4. It has continuous supports up to the foundation, uniformly distributed in plan and
without sudden changes in its rigidity.
5. Has of mechanical regularity in the distribution of stiffness, resistance and masses,
so that the centers of gravity and torsion of all the plants are located,
approximately, in the same vertical.
6. The eccentricity of the center of the masses involved in the seismic calculation with
respect to the torsion calculation is less than 10% of the plan dimension of the
building in each of the main directions.

22
 Similarly, the simplified calculation method could be applied to apartment buildings of
normal importance (section 1.2.2) with up to four floors in total.

3.6. General calculation procedures

3.6.1. Dynamic study

The dynamic study, carried out in the domain of time or frequency, must be made from
accelerograms representative of the movement of the ground. For this, it is necessary to
conveniently scale the chosen accelerograms —in time and amplitudes— so that they are
compatible with the seismic information in chapter 2. Specifically, it must be with the elastic
response spectrum and with the seismic acceleration. calculation.
Both real modulated and artificial accelerograms can be used, justifying in any case
their structure in the time domain, their frequency content and their duration, according to the
characteristics of the calculation earthquake.
The calculations must be made from a representative number of different earthquakes,
which will be at least 5, adopting as calculation request the average of the characteristic
values obtained with each one.
For each earthquake, the spatial response of the structure will be determined by three
independent accelerograms acting in the three main directions of the structure with an
equivalent linear elastic model or with a non-linear model. In both cases, the behavioral laws
adopted for the materials must be duly justified.

3.6.2. Response spectra analysis

This method uses the response spectrum defined in this Standard and requires the
weighted combination of the stresses from each vibration mode of the construction.

3.6.2.1. Structure model

A discrete model, generally three-dimensional, will be established that considers the

degrees of freedom that best represent the behavior of the real structure.
The vibration model of apartment buildings with continuous supports up to the
foundation and with sufficiently rigid floors in their plane can be analyzed, in terms of the
movements in that plane, with only three degrees of freedom per floor, assuming in this the
movements of the rigid solid in its plane: two translations and one rotation.
If the building has a regular plan and with mass eccentricity with respect to the torsion
center less than 10% of the plan dimension, the vibration model in each of the main
dimensions can be analyzed using two independent orthogonal plane models, reducing
horizontal movement at a single degree of freedom per floor.

3.6.2.2. Maximum modal displacements

For each direction in which the seismic action is considered, the maximum equivalent
displacements uij, max for the vibration mode i, corresponding to each degree of freedom j,
assumed in the equivalent linear model of the structure, are given by :

orij , max = toij , / 2

max i

where:

toij , max = i  ij  toc

23
being:

aij, max Component of the acceleration vector associated with the vibration mode i,
corresponding to the degree of freedom j.
 Natural frequency of the vibration mode i ( i = 2 / Ti).
 Value coefficient:

 = (You ) yes you " TA

 = 1 + (2.5 − 1)  Ti yes T " T
i iA
TTO

TTO Characteristic period of the response spectrum defined in 2.3.

(Ti) Ordinate of the spectrum defined in 2.3 —or 2.6 where appropriate— for the
period Ti of the considered mode.
 Value response coefficient: = / .
 Coefficient, dependent on damping, defined in 2.5.
 Coefficient of behavior due to ductility in the direction or in the element analyzed that
depends fundamentally on the organization and materials of the structure, and
also on project and construction details. In section
3.7.3.1 values of corresponding to typical cases are collected.
 Vibration mode distribution factor i, corresponding to mass m, in degree of freedom
j.
toc Calculation seismic acceleration, defined in 2.2. expressed in m / s2.

The maximum displacement, for each mode and each floor, will be calculated by
multiplying the maximum equivalent displacement, calculated by the previous procedure, by
the coefficient of behavior by ductility .

3.6.2.3. Vibration modes

3.6.2.3.1. Minimum number of modes to consider

In each case, the number of vibration modes with a significant contribution to the result
will be considered, and at least the following will be considered:

— three modes in the case of flat models of floor structures (Figure 3.1).
— four modes in the case of spatial structure models, two translational and two
rotational.
— all modes of period greater than TTO (section 2.3).

Fk k or2k or3k
or1 H
k

2 hk

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Figure 3.1 Vibration modes in planar models of structures floors

24
3.6.2.3.2. Calculation of the modal characteristics of the construction

The characteristics of the construction (proper period and shape coefficient of each
mode of vibration, and damping) will be determined by one of the following procedures, in
order of preference:

— Tests on constructions with characteristics equal or similar to those considered.

— Tests on models of the considered construction.
— Theoretical procedures of Mechanics and Elasticity.
— Approximate or empirical formulas, such as those indicated in sections 3.7.2.2 and
3.7.3.2.

3.6.2.4. Combination of the results obtained for the different modes

The combination of the results obtained in the analysis of the different modes of
vibration must be carried out for every variable associated with each assumed degree of
freedom (displacements, stresses, stresses, etc.). If S represents the variable to be
calculated and If its value in mode i, the combination rule - assuming that the periods of the
modes differ by more than 10% - is:

r
S=  Si 2
i =

where r is the number of modes that make a significant contribution to the result.
If there are modes of vibration whose periods differ by less than 10%, the previous rule
can be applied by grouping in a single variable Sj the sum of the absolute values of the
variables Si that differ less than 10% from each other.

3.6.2.5. Calculation of the solicitations

The method requires a weighted combination of the stresses from each mode of
vibration of the structure.
The distribution of the stresses —and consequently of the stresses— is obtained from
the variables S, obtained from the combination of modes, according to the discrete model
that translates the real structure.
In particular, in apartment buildings where three degrees of freedom per floor have
been adopted, the overall floor stresses will be assigned to each element in proportion to the
components used to determine the center of rotation.
If two orthogonal plane models have been used, the assignment of the loads will be
made taking into account the torsions caused by the eccentricity of the masses defined in
3.2.
The relevance of the analysis of second order effects should be considered, according
to the importance of the displacements obtained.

3.7. Simplified calculation method for the most common

cases building

3.7.1. Structure model

The constructions that meet the requirements established in section 3.5.1 may be
assimilated to a one-dimensional model consisting of a multiple oscillator with only one
degree of freedom of movement per floor. Its analysis is carried out, in this simplified
method, from a system of horizontal forces equivalent to that of earthquakes.

25
3.7.2. Vibration modes

3.7.2.1. Number of modes to consider

The modes to be considered depending on the fundamental period of construction, TF,

will be the following:

1. The first mode, if TF " 0.75 s.

2. The first and second modes, if 0.75 s <T F " 1.25 s.
3. The first three modes, if TF > 1.25 s.

For the consideration of the effects of the different modes, the following relationships
between the periods of mode i, Ti, and of the fundamental mode, TF are accepted:

TF
You =
(2i
1)

3.7.2.2. Calculation of the fundamental period of buildings

In the absence of more precise determinations by any of the procedures listed in

section 3.6.2.3.2, or another equivalent, and for buildings (Figure 3.2) that meet the
requirements of section 3.5.1, the fundamental period TF, in seconds, it can be roughly
estimated using the expressions:

2
H

LB

Figure 3.2 Scheme of the different types of structures

1. Buildings with brick or block masonry walls.

TF = 0.06H H / (2L / L
H)
2. Buildings with reinforced concrete frames without the collaboration of stiffening
screens.

TF = 0.09n

3. Buildings with reinforced concrete frames with the collaboration of stiffening

screens.

TF = 0.07n H / (B
H)
4. Rigid rolled steel frame buildings.

TF = 0.11n

26
 5. Rolled steel frame buildings with strong triangulated planes.

TF = 0.085n H / (B
H)
being:

H Height of the building, above ground, in meters.

n Number of floors above ground.
B Dimension of the stiffening screens, or of the triangulated planes, in the sense of the
oscillation, in meters.
L Plant dimension of the building, in the sense of the oscillation, in meters.

For the rest of the buildings with up to four floors, TF = 0.3 seconds can be taken for
calculation purposes using the simplified method.

3.7.3. Calculation of seismic forces

The equivalent static seismic force, Fik, corresponding to plant k and mode of vibration i,
is given by

Fik = yes  Pk

where:

Pk Weight corresponding to the mass, mk, of plant k, defined in section 3.2.

yes Dimensionless seismic coefficient corresponding to plant k in mode i, of value:

sik = (ac / g)      

being:
ac Calculation seismic acceleration determined in section 2.2, expressed in m / s2.
g Acceleration of gravity, also expressed in m / s2.
 Response coefficient, defined in section 3.7.3.1.
 Distribution factor corresponding to plant k, in mode i, defined in section 3.7.3.2.
 Value coefficient (Figure 3.3):
— To Ti " TB  = 2.5
— To Ti > TB  = 2.5 (TB / Ti )
Ti Period of the considered mode.
TB Characteristic period of the spectrum defined in 2.3.



2.0

1.0

0
0 TB Period of oscillation, Ti

Figure 3.3 Coefficient      

27
3.7.3.1. Response coefficient

It is expressed by

=v

being:

 Spectrum modification factor as a function of damping, defined in section 2.5.

 Coefficient of behavior due to ductility, defined in section 3.6.2.2.

The behavior coefficient for ductility depends on the organization, material and
construction details.
The designer will choose the ductility behavior coefficient for each calculation model
within the limitations established in the following paragraphs based on the structural
organization and the materials used, and will provide the structural details established in
chapter 4 that guarantee the ductility adopted.

a) To adopt a ductility behavior coefficient = 4 (very high ductility) the following

conditions must be verified:

1. Resistance to horizontal actions must be obtained (Figure 3.4.):

— By means of flat or spatial frames with rigid ductile nodes, or

— Through ductile stiffening systems specially designed to dissipate energy
through cyclical bending or shear in short sections, such as, for example,
those formed by screens and coupling beams in reinforced concrete
structures or by incomplete metallic triangulations.

PORTS SCREENS TRIANGULATIONS COUPLINGS INCOMPLETE

Figure 3.4 Examples of structural organizations that allow a value of the coefficient
behavior by ductility = 4

2. If there are other stiffening elements or nuclei, their contribution to the

resistance of horizontal actions must be little. This condition is considered to be
fulfilled if they withstand less than 50% of the horizontal seismic force acting on
the building.

3. In structures with reinforced concrete beams, they have to be on edge.

4. The dimensioning and detail must ensure the formation of stable mechanisms
with a very high energy dissipation capacity through hysteresis,
homogeneously distributed throughout the structure. For this, the prescriptions
established in Chapter 4 for this level of ductility must be met.

b) A ductility behavior coefficient = 3 (high ductility) can be adopted if the following

conditions are verified:

28
 1. Resistance to horizontal actions is mainly achieved (Figure 3.5):

— By means of non-coupled reinforced concrete screens, or

— By means of metallic traction diagonals (in San Andrés cross or equivalent).

2. In structures with reinforced concrete beams, they have to be on edge.

3. The dimensioning and detail have to ensure the formation of stable
mechanisms with a high energy dissipation capacity through hysteresis,
distributed homogeneously throughout the structure. For this, the prescriptions
established in chapter 4 for this level of ductility must be met.

PORTS DISPLAYS CROSSES

Figure 3.5 Examples of structural organizations that allow a value of the coefficient
behavior by ductility = 3

c) A ductility behavior coefficient = 2 (low ductility) may be adopted, if the structure

has steel or concrete supports with reinforced concrete cores, walls or vertical
screens, but it does not satisfy the previous requirements regarding type and
structural details.
In particular, they fall into this group:

— Inverted pendulum-type or assimilable structures.

— Those of flat slabs, waffle slabs or unidirectional slabs with flat beams.
— Those in which horizontal actions are resisted mainly by diagonals that
work alternately in tension and compression, for example structures with
“V” -shaped bracing (Figure 3.6).

Also included in this group are structural systems constituted, either by metal
frames that confine to reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry walls, or by load-
bearing concrete or mortar blocks, vertically and horizontally reinforced and with
sufficient stable plastic deformation capacity under cyclical and alternating lateral
actions.

SLABS, RETICULATED WALLS OF DIAGONAL BRACES

FLAT BEAMS

Figure 3.6 Examples of structural organizations that allow a value of the coefficient
behavior by ductility = 2

d) A ductility behavior coefficient = 1 (no ductility) corresponds to structures devoid

of energy dissipation capacity in the range

29
 plastic, in particular those made up of masonry, brick or concrete block walls, even
when they include wooden frameworks inside or are reinforced or reinforced only at
critical points, and arcades that resist lateral actions by means of bracing in the
form of « K »(Figure 3.7).
Also included in this group are the structures of industrial buildings with pillars and
trusses, those made with prefabricated elements or containing large-format
prefabricated pieces, in which no special provisions have been adopted to provide
the nodes with ductility.

Walls LOAD CLOSURE IN K

Figure 3.7 Examples of structural organizations that allow a value of the coefficient
behavior by ductility = 1

In the evaluation of the vertical component of the seismic action, a ductility behavior
coefficient = 1 will be adopted, unless a higher value is justified by the corresponding
analysis.
Table 3.1 provides for the most frequent building cases the values of the response
coefficient , depending on the type of structure, the compartmentalisation of the floors, the
damping, , and the ductility behavior coefficient.

TABLE 3.1.
Response coefficient values

Coefficient of
behavior by
Plant No ductility
Structure type  (%) ductility
compartmentalis ( = 1)
ation
=4 =3 =2

Reinforced Diaphanous 4 0.27 0.36 0.55 1.09

concrete or
rolled steel Compartmentalize 5 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00
d
Similar
Compartmentalize 6 - - 0.46 0.93
walls and
d
type

3.7.3.2. Distribution factor

The value of the distribution factor, ik, corresponding to plant k in vibration mode i has
the value:

 mk ik
ik = ik k =
n

 mk 
ik
k =

30
where (see figure 3.1):
n Number of plants.
mk Mass of plant k, defined in 3.2.
              
adopt the following approximate expression:

ik = sen [(2i − 1)   hk / 2H]

where:
hk Height above ground of the plant k.
H Total height of the building structure.

3.7.3.3. Displacements

The horizontal displacement, u, in the direction that may imply collision with neighboring
structures will be determined taking into account the post-tellastic behavior by means of the
expression:

or = EU  

where:
EU Equivalent linear displacement, calculated in elastic regime.
 Coefficient of behavior due to ductility defined in section 3.6.2.2.

3.7.4. Equivalent static force system

The system of equivalent static forces Fk, necessary for the analysis of the structure in
the face of the earthquake in the direction considered, is obtained from the forces Fik, as
follows:
— Obtaining the shear Vik of each plant k in mode i, as the sum of the Fik
existing between the top floor and floor k considered.
— Obtaining the combined shear Vk of plant k for the different modes i considered by
means of the expression:

r
Vk = Vi k2
i =

where r is the number of modes considered.

— Obtaining the system of equivalent static forces Fk for each plant k, by difference
between the values of the shear Vk and the shear of the upper floor Vk +1.
The forces Fk constitute the equivalent system of seismic actions of calculation that
allows to proceed to the complete analysis of the structure for the considered direction.
These forces will be distributed among the resistant elements in such a way as to
satisfy the balance in plan. The horizontal force on element j of level k has the value:
K kj
F =F
kj k n

K
kj j =

being:
Kkj Rigidity of each resistant element j in the direction of the force considered.

31
3.7.5. Consideration of rotation effects

In buildings with a homogeneous distribution of walls or supports and masses, the

requests due to the additional eccentricity referred to in section 3.2 can be taken into
account by multiplying the forces obtained in section 3.7.4 in each of the the resistant
elements by a factor defined by:

 t = 1 + 0.6 x
o You

being:

x The distance of the element considered to be from the center of the building,
measured perpendicular to the direction of the considered seismic action (Figure
3.8).
You The distance between the two most extreme resistant elements, measured in the
same way.

In buildings with flats of up to four floors in which the simplified method is applicable, but
do not meet the regularity conditions of section 3.5.1, a special study of torsion effects will be
required.

F
F

ACCIDENTAL ECCENTRICITY You/twenty

x
You

Figure 3.8 Effects of rotation

3.8. Second order effects

As long as the maximum horizontal displacement of the building does not exceed two
per thousand of the height, it will not be necessary to consider the second-order effects.
Second-order effects may also be neglected, when in each plant k it is verified:
Pk  dk  0.10 Vk  hk

being:

Pk Total gravitational load above the plant, calculated according to section 3.2.
dk Relative displacement between the head and foot of the supports of the plant
considered, calculated according to 3.7.3.3.
Vk Combined shear corresponding to the plant.
hk Height between plants.

3.9. Retaining walls

The thrust on walls will be calculated with a value of the horizontal seismic coefficient
equal to the seismic acceleration of the calculation.

32
Comments
C.3.1. Generalities ne the seismic action included in the special
standards current citations are as follows:
C.3.2. Masses involved in the calculation
1. Concrete (EHE, article 13.2)
The fraction of the variable masses considered in
the articles correspond to what is globally
Ultimate limit states, seismic situations:
expected to be simultaneous with the
earthquake. Nor-
badly, the mass considered in the seismic
calculation is less than that produced by the  G, j Gk , +   G *, jGk*,j +  pPk +
vertical load in the static hypotheses. j "1 j j "1

In the case of having swimming pools or large

water tanks on the upper floors, it will be + TOTOAND , k +   Q ,
considered in the calculation of the total mass of i 2, iQk , i j "1
water that they can contain and the possible
associated dynamic effects. For building structures, simply put, for the
In most of the territory, the probability of different project situations, the following criteria
coincidence of an earthquake with the snow may be followed:
overload is very small.
  G, jGk , j +  TOTOAND , k +  0.8
Q,i Qk , i
j "1 j "1
C.3.3. Actions that are considered
in the calculation where:
Gk, j Characteristic value of permanent shares.
The types of actions that can act simultaneously
Neately with the earthquake they are: Gk*,j Valor characteristic of permanent shares of
non-constant value.
— Loaded (own weight and permanent loads). Pk Characteristic value of the action of the
— Use overloads. sado.
— Snow overload. 2, iQk, i Representative values quasi-permanent of
— Wind action. It is not mandatory, except the variable actions with the determinate
action or by accidental action.
incases of exposed topographic situation.
TOAND, k Characteristic value of seismic action.
— Pushing off the ground, water and loose
 Partial safety factor of the action
materials in contact or content in the
considered.
structure.
— Thermal actions.
— Withdrawal actions.
2. Rolled steel (NBE-EA 95, case III,
— Prestressing actions.
table 3.1.5)
— Any other action that may significantly
influence efforts on any element structural.
Weighting coefficient with
action effects
Share class
C.3.4. Safety verification
Unfavorable Favorable
The Standard assumes that the effects of the
worst earthquakes that can affect normal Constant actions
constructions with a reasonable probability, are (with loads) 1.00 1.00
sufficiently covered with the predicted seismic Overloads r (1) 0
action of calculation. This implies the Wind 0.25 (2) 0
acceptance of a collapse limit that corresponds Snow 0.50 (3) 0
to the maximum expected earthquakes with Seismic action 1.00 0
reasonable probability, understood as those (1) r takes the following values:
with a return period of five hundred years. Any
r = 0.50 for roofs, houses and hotels.
construction projected according to the content
r = 0.60 for offices, shops, driveways and garages.
of this Standard, may be subjected in the r = 0.80 for hospitals, prisons, educational buildings, reu-
course of its useful life to seismic actions that nion and shows.
produce loads higher than those corresponding (2) It will only be considered in constructions in a topo-
graphic exposed and
to the elastic limit. It is therefore accepted that very exposed.
permanent deformations - and consequently (3) In places where snow accumulates more than
thirty days; otherwise the
damage - of more or less important can occur. coefficient will be zero.
The combinations of actions in which

33
3. Brickwork (NBE-FL 90, case III, table 2.3), by the response coefficient (section
5.5) 3.7.3.1) and by the total mass of the building,
including that corresponding to the concomitant
actions (section 3.2), it represents a good
Weighting coefficient with estimate of the total horizontal seismic force.
action effects As a safe approximation, and in the absence of
Share class terrain data, 2.5 can be taken as the spectrum
Unfavorable Favorable value. Regarding the evaluation of local
stresses in buildings, in most cases it is
With loads 1.00 1.00 sufficiently approximate to distribute the total
Use overloads 1.00 0 seismic action, arranging it at each point of
Snow overload 0.50 0 each floor of the building in proportion to its
Ground thrusts 1.25 1.00 mass and height, taking into account it also
Support seats Discretionary 0 takes into account the eccentricities and the
Wind Actions 0.50 0 precautions in respect of sections 3.2 and
Thermal and Discretionary 0 3.7.5.
rheological
Seismic actions 1.00 0

C.3.5.1. Conditions for applying the method

When verification methods are used that they
refer to admissible stresses, as in the case of
soils, in the combinations that include seismic
action, values of the admissible stresses 50%
higher than those used in the fundamental
combination of gravitational load may be used.
C.3.5. Calculation methods
In general, the representative model of the
stiffness of The buildings should include not
only columns and beams, but also the entire
floor and other structural elements such as
stairs and walls and, where appropriate, walls
and partitions.
The simplified method can be used to estimate,
approximately, the values of the seismic action for
any type of building.
The product of the computational acceleration, a c
(apart c 2.2), by the value of the spectrum,
(TF) (pulled apart
simplified calculation
Although from the point of view of the number of
floors it could be considered in this category,
buildings such as warehouses, sports centers,
etc. are not included. A building with a rectangular
plan can be considered regular if the ratio
between the sides is greater than 0.3, the
projections and recesses on the plan are not
greater10% of the side parallel to it and less
than 2 m (Figure C.3.1). Likewise, a building
can be considered regular in elevation when
the conditions in Figure C.3.2 are met.
The regularity of stiffness is not only that
corresponding to the structure; the disappearance
of partitions,partitions or enclosures in a plant
can suppose a sudden change of rigidity for the
building. In buildings whose floors have two
axes of symmetry, the center of torsion
coincides with the center of mass.
In general, it may be sufficient to analyze by the
method do simplified ordinary buildings with
floors of normal importance with up to four
floors in total, although they do not meet all the
conditions of regularity and continuity of the
articles.

L L

<L / 10
<B /
10

< L / 10 B
B

<B / 10
<B /
10
OUTLETS ENTRY

Figure C.3.1 Regular structures in plant

34

<L /
15
LLL
OUTGOING STARTERS LOW BODIES
Figure C.3.2 Regular structures in raised
C.3.6. General calculation procedures
C.3.6.1. Dynamic study
It is up to the designer to justify the stress-strain
diagrams of the materials to be used in the
analysis, whether it is a linear model, whether
ductility coefficients are used or hysteresis laws.
As significant real accelerograms can be considered
those that correspond to earthquakes of the same
magnitude as the calculation one, with a similar
focal mechanism, with an epicenter located at
similar distances and recorded under
analogous foundation conditions.
In general, it is not feasible to find real
accelerograms whose spectra fully conform to the
calculation one; hence a calculation is required
with a set of at least five accelerograms. These
should-They should be chosen so that the
mean of their ordinate exceeds 90% of the
ordinate of the calculation response spectrum
in the range of periods of interest. Likewise, the
smoothed mean spectrum must be, in the
range of interest periods, higher than the
calculation one.
To go from average values to characteristic
values, it will be enough to multiply the first by a
factor 1.35.
How artificial accelerograms should be chosen
those that offer the same degree of coverage as
the real ones, which is assumed to be true if the
response spectrum verifies that for all values of
the period it exceeds 90% of the ordinate of the
spectrum defined in this Standard and the
smoothed spectrum is equal or higher than it.
The synthetic accelerograms are generated from
the elastic response spectrum of article 2.3, using
different random series of each time history
(usually the phase shift of each frequency
component). A minimum of 200 frequency lines is
recommended in the spectrum adjustment (in the
range of periods of interest) and the use of
amplitude modulation functions in time san-driven
by practice.
<L/
10
<L / <L /
10 4
>H/
6 <H /
6
It is convenient to check the compatibility of the
spectrum at frequencies other than those used in
the generation of the accelerogram, increasing
the number of frequencies used in the adjustment
if it were necessary.
The representative duration of the accelerogram
depends on of the type of analysis to be
performed.
When a nonlinear analysis is to be carried out, in
addition to the above conditions, it must be
justified car that the energy content in the
periods of interest is adequately representative.
C.3.6.2. Spectral analysis response
In general, the analysis by response spectra is
carried out in an equivalent linear elastic regime.
lens.
C.3.6.2.1. Structure model
Analyzing the structure with two independent
planar orthogonal models means considering two
different seismic hypotheses.
If the building has an open plan, which is
generally referred to as a "weak" plan, the seismic
stresses are concentrated in it in a way that is
difficult to calculate. sejable greater prudence
and security in sizing, especially of the
supports.
C.3.6.2.2. Maximum modal displacements
The horizontal and vertical response spectra
represent, respectively, the seismic action in
each of the orthogonal directions in plan and in
the vertical direction.
Dimensional homogeneity requires that for the
obtaining of the modal displacements in
meters, the calculation seismic acceleration is
expressed in m / s2.
35
The maximum equivalent displacement corresponds n 2

that calculated for the elastic regime by reducing r ( m ) k n

deformations and stresses times, where  " 0.90 mk
ik

the coefficient of behavior for ductility of the  k =n

k =
construction. Consequently, to calculate the
maximum displacement for each mode and floor,
i =
k =mk 2ik
the maximum equi-valent by the same factor .
The coefficient takes into account the ability being:
to
dissipate energy through cyclical deformations in mk Plant mass k. n
the postellastic domain, that is, the ability to Number of plants.
withstand plastic deformations. Its value will        
therefore depend on the regularity and the k in i mode.
structural system of the construction. A material
by itself does not guarantee ductility, an aspect The previous expression is equivalent to:
that comes primarily from the structural
arrangement and to a lesser degree
r n n
of the composition of the sections.
For apartment buildings, the values of
indicated for the simplified model in section
and
i = k =
(
  mk ik " ) 0.90 mk
k =

3.7.3.1 can be used. It should be noted that the

behavior coefficient for ductility, , can be different
depending on the direction considered. For high
values of the ductility behavior coefficient, , it is
essential to check that the corresponding
deformations are admissible for the structure,
secondary elements and joints.with adjoining
structures.
If the horizontal stress-resistant structure is made
up of elements of different ductility, a prudent
value of the ductility coefficient must be
adopted, in order to guarantee compatibility.
quality of movements.
C.3.6.2.3. Vibration modes
C.3.6.2.3.1. Minimum number of
modes to consider
where ik has the meaning indicated in the section
3.7.3.
C.3.6.2.3.2. Calculation of characteristics
construction manners
C.3.6.2.4. Combination of the results
obtained for the different modes
The rule of the square root of the sum of the
squares presents a reasonable approximation
when the different modes cannot be coupled
because they have very different periods.
The rules established in the articles are a simple
plification of the general expression:
rr

Modes with significant contribution can be S =   Si S j ij

considered cative those for which the sum of the i =  =

effective masses of the first r considered

modes is greater than 90% of the mass where r is the number of modes and
mobilized in the seismic movement. This

2
condition can be expressed in a matrix as:
8 (100 )
r 
=ij   hee

2 TT
  M  " 0.90J MJ (1
 2 f) f 3/2
i = (1
4
f 2) 2
( ) 100
F (1 f) 2

where r is the number of modes to be

overlapped and where:
 Mode i participation coefficient,
 = i TMJ i/ TMi
       
M System mass matrix.
J Influence vector, whose components are the
displacements of a rigid solid experienced by
the degrees of freedom of the structure when
the base undergoes a unit displacement in
the direction of the earthquake.
In the case that the masses concentrated in the
plants and one degree of freedom per plant are
considered, the previous expression can be put in
the form:
36
F =i
T
Tj
where is the damping in% of the critical and Ti and Tj
the periods of the modes considered.
C.3.6.2.5. Calculation of the solicitations
To obtain the center of rotation in buildings, two
translation hypotheses must be established, in
different directions, and obtain in each one the
result of the stresses that oppose said
displacement, resulting in turn from the
shear stresses that appear in each support,
depending on both the stiffness of the support
itself as of the beams and slabs attached to it.
Article 3.8 establishes a criterion to be able to
consider negligible the effects of second order.
C.3.7. Simplified calculation method for
the most common building cases
This method tries to obtain directly, in a simplified
way, the same forces that will result from the
application of the general modal method of section
previous.
C.3.7.1. Structure model
The existence of a basement perimeter wall that
guarantees the structure a rigid behavior, allows
considering as oscillating structure the one that It
exists from the highest level slab that joins the
wall.
C.3.7.2. Vibration modes
C.3.7.2.1. Number of modes to consider
This section is a particularization of the
3.6.2.3.1. The modes correspond to the figure
3.1 of the aforementioned section.
Consideration of the second and third modes only
slightly changes the stresses on the ground floors of
buildings; but, on the other hand, it can modify up to
50% the requests from thefirst mode analysis in
tall plants.
C.3.7.2.2. Calculation of the fundamental
period of the buildings
The empirical formulas proposed by the article
represent a simple approximation for an
approximate estimate of the fundamental period,
from according to existing data.
It should be noted that a fine-tuned estimate is not
necessary when the period of the mode of
vibration considered is less than TB, since in the
simplified method the calculation spectral ordinate
is independent of it. In practice, this value covers
most masonry wall constructions and a large
number of the rest of the buildings.nes.
C.3.7.3. Calculation of seismic forces
The values of the seismic forces are obtained,
according to the articles, as a fraction of the direct
loads that gravitate on the plant; Therefore, it
should not be applied to the compression
transmitted by the supports, which includes the
loads from the upper floors.superiors.
The seismic coefficient s ik is a dimensionless
factor
which is applied to the weights to obtain the
equivalent static seismic force. The acceleration
factor contained in said coefficient is, therefore,
normalized to the acceleration of gravity,
resultingthe dimensionless numerical value of
the quotient ac/ g between the calculation
seismic acceleration and the acceleration of
gravity.
The factors that make up the seismic coefficient
are:
— The calculation seismic acceleration, which
characterizes the seismicity at the site and the
importance tance of construction.
— The coefficient i, which characterizes the
movement caused by the earthquake in the
equivalent simple oscillator. Its value is
identified with the ordinate of the elastic
response spectrum extending its plateau
until the period T = 0 (Figure 3.3).
The reason for the latter is that for buildings very
low period (T <TTO) possible injuries will
increase the period and consequently the
spectral order of calculation. The spectral
plateau constitutes in this range of periods and
from the point of view of safety, the stable
reference for the calculation. On the other
hand, the need to consider the soil-structure
interaction in rigid buildings on soft soils is also
eliminated, due to the increase in the period of
the land-structure set.
The factor i therefore characterizes - in relative
terms vos— the movement caused by the
earthquake in the structure, including the effect
of the ground under the foundation.
The response coefficient modifies the
movement induced in the structure according to
its damping and ductility conditions, reducing
them for analysis to an equivalent linear term. The
factor mechanically characterizes the response
of each plant, according to the distribution of
themasses in the structural system.
For constructions with a high dissipative capacity in
the posttellastic domain and low period, less than
TTO, the values of the resulting seismic forces can
be den be slightly lower than the real ones
(which are deduced considering a spectral
acceleration equal to the terrain characteristic
for T = 0).
C.3.7.3.1. Response coefficient
The coefficient depends on the damping (factor
) and the coefficient of behavior by ductility
 of the structure. The ductility behavior coefficient
reduces the seismic action for calculation
purposes, so that the results of the analysis in
linear elastic regime are equivalent to the non-
linear behavior of the structure against the non-
diminished seismic action ( = 1) . It should be
borne in mind that real action always corresponds
to unit ductility, and its reduction is an artifice that
facilitateslita the approximate calculation of the
stresses in the structure. Whatever the
structural type, the adoption of values of
greater than unity necessarily implies the
incursion into the plastic range of the structure
and, if this does not occur, the value of the
37
 coefficient must be unity.

38
An adequate ductile behavior should allow the
dissipation of a good part of the energy that the
system It contributes to the structure through a
large number of stable and well distributed
hysteresis mechanisms throughout it.
Furthermore, the flexural failure modes must
precede the shear failure modes. In this way, it
is possible to avoid the progressive collapse of
the structure when one of the elements fails.
In general, steel provides greater ductility than
concrete and this more than brick or stone.
Regarding the structural type, ductility is
greater in movable structures such as frames,
than in wall or triangulated ones, but provided
that at the critical points - the nodes - there is
sufficient capacity to allow significant
deformations. constant demand.
It is important to ensure that burnout occurs It
occurs earlier in the beam than in the support,
since the ductility or energy dissipation
capacity occurs better in the bent sections than
in those that are simultaneously compressed.
Furthermore, in this way, the crushing of the
pillars and the stacking of the floors are
avoided.
They are called coupled screens which, belonging
to the same plane, are joined at the level of each
floor by a regular pattern of short ductile beams
capable of reducing at least the order of 25% the
sum of the bending moments of each of the
screens working separately.
A beam is considered to be deep when its drop
below the lower plane of the slab or floor is
greater than the depth of the compressed head
(figures 4.4 and 4.5).
The energy dissipation is minimal in vertical
movements, hence the value = 1 must be
adopted.
The following are some of the most common
construction types in Spain and their maximum
values of the ductility behavior coefficient . In order
to use values of " 2 the prescriptions of chapter 4
that apply to them must also be observed. put.
a) Brick factory bearing wall buildings Ilo or
concrete blocks, with loose steel or wood
joist floors: = 1.
b) Brick or block factory load-bearing wall
buildings, with monolithic one-sided floors
with a reinforced concrete upper slab. gives:
= 1.
c) Buildings with reinforced concrete load-
bearing walls, with solid or lightened slab
floors:
 = 1.
d) Halls for sports halls, supermarkets, fair halls,
stations, terminals, industries, etc., with metal
supports and covered with metallic structure.
— Supports cross braced and covered with
supported trusses: = 1.
— Assimilable systems inverted pendulum:
 = 2.
— Supports and beams forming frames:
• with screens: = 3.
• with ductile rigid knots: = 4.
e) Storey buildings with steel supports and
beams in both directions, with rigid knots,
slabs of concrete.
— With diagonal triangulations: = 2.
— With triangulations (cross of S. Andrés):
 = 3.
— Without triangulations and with rigid
ductile knots two: = 4.
f) ) Floor buildings with metal supports and
solid slab slabs, alveolated (waffle) or
unidirectional with flat beams, with or
without bracing: = 2.
g) Floor buildings with concrete supports and
one-way slab on edge beams:
— In the direction of the floor: = 2.
— In the direction of the beams: = 3 or 4.
h) Storey buildings with rigid knots, with support
concrete tees, edge beams in both
directions and concrete slabs supported on
their four edges on the beams, with or
without screens: = 3 or 4.
i) Floor buildings with concrete supports and
solid slab, alveolate (waffle) or
unidirectional slabs with flat beams, with or
without screens: = 2.
j) Assimilable structures Inverted pendulum,
such as industrial buildings, sports centers,
stations, pavilions, supermarkets, canopies,
etc., with recessed supports ductilely at the
base: = 2.
If the resistant structure is made up of frames
—Whether or not they have the complement of
screens or rigid cores—, in order to consider it as
having high or very high ductility, it must be
observed that the floor is not flat, in particular that
it is not formed by slabs or reticulated or
unidirectional floors of constant depth, but rather
has drop beams. It is noted that if there are
beams in one directionand slab or slab on the
other, the structure may be considered high or
very high ductility in the direction of the beams,
but the slab must necessarily be analyzed as
low ductility. Alternatively, it may be considered
to have high or very high ductility in all
directions, if some drop beams are arranged in
the slab, but adopting, as elements of the
structure resistant to the action of the
earthquake, only those beams of that type and
the supports to which they attack.
C.3.7.3.2. Distribution factor
The distribution factor, , will be determined in
accordance with the priorities established in
section 3.6.2.3.2. However, when the simplified
method is applied, the formula of the articles
may be used.
For buildings of up to eight floors of height and
equal masses, the value of the distribution
factor ik indicated in table C 3.1 can be taken
for the first mode:
39
 TABLE C 3.1
Distribution factor for the first mode in buildings with up to 8 equal floors

Total number of plants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Floor 8 1.3
7 1.2 1.2
6 1.2 1.2 1.1
5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0
4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9
3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7
2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5
1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

C.3.7.3.3. Displacements C.3.7.4. Static forces system

Since the calculation is carried out reducing the
seismic force by the value of , the deformations
obtained days are multiplied again by the same
value to obtain the maximum expected
displacements due to the earthquake.
The equivalent linear displacement, uand, is the
displacement produced by the equivalent forces
for a linear behavior of the structure.
For buildings with up to 10 storeys, the maximum
lateral displacement, u, in centimeters can be
obtained using the expression given in section
4.2.5. Where appropriate, displacement should be
consideredzings due to torsion of the building.
equivalents
In buildings of less than eight floors, in which a
single mode of vibration can be considered, the
system of equivalent forces is directly that of the
seismic forces corresponding to that first. best
way.
The procedure proposed in the article is equivalent
to analyzing the structure with the seismic forces of
each mode of oscillation and adopting for each of
the components of the stress the general rule of the
square root of the sum of the squares defined. given
in 3.6.2.4. Table C 3.2 illustrates this
procedure.

TABLE C 3.2
Requests derived from the combination of modes

Mode 1 R Combination of r modes

mode
Seismi Seismi
Plant cutter Plant cutter Plant cutter Equivalent forces
c force c force

F1n V1n = F1n Frn Vrn = Frn Vn = V 1n

2 + L + Vrn2 Fn = Vn

F1k V1k = V1 (k + 1) + F1k Frk Vrk = Vr(k + 1) + Frk Vk = V 1k

2 + L + Vrk2 Fk = Vk - Vk +1

Fele Veleven = V12 + Feleven Fr1 Vr1 = Vr2 + Fr1 V1 = V 2eleven

+ L + Vr 21 F1 = V1 - V2
ven

C.3.7.5. Consideration of the effects of the torsion center (case, for example, of a
rotation single nucleus of elevators and stairs in the
center of the building) this simplified method is
The simplified method proposed by the not valid, requiring in these cases a special
articulation for symmetrical buildings supposes study of torsion. Likewise, this study must be
increasing the extreme frames with a coefficient carried out in buildings with floors of up to four
a = 1.3, with a = 1.0 the central frame, if any, floors that do not meet the regularity
and with intermediate values the rest. requirements of the section
Consequently when most of the stiffness is 3.5.1 and have been analyzed using this method
concentrated in the vicinity simplified.

39
On the contrary, when most of the stiffness is less than 10% of the first-order ones from
concentrated in structural elements far from the horizontal seismic action.
torsion center, the application of this simplified
method generally leads to an oversize- I swim.
C.3.9. Retaining walls

C.3.8. Second order effects Dynamic overdrives in walls can calculate by any
method sanctioned by practice. For cases
The articulated formula represents the condition where there is no risk of liquefaction, the
that the moments induced by compression are Mononobe-Okabe method can be used.

40
 CHAPTER IV
DESIGN RULES AND CONSTRUCTION
PRESCRIPTIONS IN BUILDINGS

4.1. Introduction
This chapter contains a series of design rules and construction prescriptions that must
be complied with in all constructions to which this Standard is applicable.
Some of the rules and prescriptions reflected here have to be applied based on the
ductility behavior coefficients, , adopted in the calculation.

4.2. General rules

4.2.1. Building shape

The geometric layout in plan will be as symmetrical and regular as possible, trying to
achieve in the building, in the resistant elements, and in the bracing, a composition with two
orthogonal axes of symmetry (Figure 4.1).

EDGING BEAMS FLAT FORGED

PORTS METALLIC LOADING WALLS

Figure 4.1 Arrangements with geometric symmetry and mechanics

41
 In asymmetric buildings, symmetrical structures can be achieved by separating them
into independent regular bodies using vertical joints.
Likewise, a geometric arrangement should be sought in elevation as regular as
possible, avoiding sudden transitions of shape or rigidity between one floor and the next.

4.2.2. Mass arrangement

When ac “0.12g, in order to avoid an excessive concentration of stresses, the total

mass of a plant must not exceed by more than 15% the mass of the adjacent plants, nor by
more than 50% the average mass of all of them. . Furthermore, if there are areas in a plant
that must support loads that exceed 25% of the average general load, these areas should be
located around the center of the plant.

4.2.3. Arrangement of structural elements

A uniform and symmetrical distribution of stiffness in plan and a gradual variation of

stiffness along height must be achieved. No structural element should change stiffness
abruptly.
If there are floors of different slenderness, or diaphanous in buildings with the rest of the
floors very compartmentalized, the difference in stiffness between the floors must be taken
into account.
If the resistance of horizontal forces is entrusted to highly rigid elements such as
screens, walls, triangulations, etc., they must be placed in at least two directions, preferably
orthogonal, in a symmetrical position and preferably on the outer perimeter of the plant. In
the case of arranging the highly rigid elements in the form of a core, it is a priority that the
latter be located in the plant in a centered position.
When ac “0.16g, the earthquake resistant elements will be redundant, so that the
failure of one of them does not imply large changes in the position of the center of
rigidity, and therefore, of the eccentricity of masses (Figure 4.2).
To avoid eccentricity effects in the supports, the distance between the geometric axes
of the beams and the columns will be as short as possible and, in any case, not greater than
b / 4, where b is the width of the column in the direction transverse to the directrix of the
beam.
The main resistant elements of the structure, such as other beams or supports, shall be
avoided as much as possible. When it cannot be avoided, the structure model will include a
degree of vertical freedom in this node, the vertical seismic actions will be considered, and -
due to fragility - the shear stresses of the beams that attack the node with a value of the
ductility behavior coefficient = 1.
It should be ensured that the seismic resistance of the nodes is higher than that of the
pieces, that that of the supports is higher than that of the beams, and in these that the safety
to shear stress is higher than that of the moment.
The elements not considered in the structure model adopted for the analysis, will have
sufficient capacity to admit the displacements that occur in them.

DISPLAYS TRIANGULATIONS

Figure 4.2.Element arrangements resistant

42
4.2.4. Non-structural elements

Non-structural elements, such as enclosure walls, partition walls, etc., that can develop
sufficient rigidity and resistance to alter the conditions in the structure, will be taken into
account for the preparation of the structural analysis model and will be checked for the
actions derived from the calculation. Alternatively, constructive solutions may be adopted
that guarantee the resistant non-participation of these elements.
General evacuation routes, especially vertical communication cores such as stairs, will
be endowed with additional strength and ductility to facilitate their use, even in the case of
major earthquakes.

4.2.5. Joints between buildings

All construction must be separated from neighboring buildings by a minimum distance

to mitigate the effects of shock during seismic movements.
All construction will be separated from the adjacent property buildable boundaries and
throughout its height not less than the maximum lateral displacement due to earthquake, u,
nor less than 1.5 cm, in order to avoid collision with the adjoining structures during seismic
movements. - monkeys.
For buildings of up to ten stories, the maximum lateral displacement, u, in centimeters
can be obtained by the expression:

or = 33 1 (ac / g) TF
2

where 1, ac and g are the parameters defined in 3.7.3, and TF is the period of the
fundamental mode in seconds.
The joints between building bodies should preferably be vertical planes and with a width
of at least the sum of the maximum lateral displacements, u, of the two bodies.
In areas with ac “0.16g, support joints should not be designed in free expansion,
unless a special study is carried out.
General conduits will not be installed through joint planes, unless they have adequate
flexible links.

4.3. Of the foundation

4.3.1. General design criteria

The coexistence, in the same structural unit, of shallow and deep foundation systems,
for example, footings or slabs with those of shafts or piles, should be avoided. The
foundation must be laid on a ground with homogeneous geotechnical characteristics. If the
support ground presents discontinuities or substantial changes in its characteristics, the
entire construction will be divided so that the parts located
The lines on either side of the discontinuity constitute independent units.
When the foundation ground contains in the first 20 m below the ground surface, layers
or seams of loose sand located, totally or partially, below the water table, the possibility of
liquefaction should be analyzed.
If it is concluded that the ground is likely to liquefy in the design earthquake, shallow
foundations should be avoided unless ground improvement measures are taken to prevent
liquefaction. Similarly, in deep foundations, the tips of the piles should be driven deep
enough under the liquefiable layers so that the necessary resistance to subsidence can be
developed there.

4.3.2. Tying elements

Each of the foundation elements that transmits significant vertical loads to the ground
must be linked with the contiguous elements in two directions by means of dis-

43
positive tie-downs located at the footing, pile caps or equivalent, capable of resisting axial
stress, both tensile and compressive, equal to the horizontal seismic load transmitted at
each support (Figure 4.3).
When ac “0.16g, the tie elements must be reinforced concrete beams. When ac
<0.16g, it may be considered that the concrete screed constitutes the
tying unit, provided that it is at the level of the shoes or resting on their upper face, whether
It continues around the pillar in all directions, has a thickness of not less than 15 cm or 1/50
of the span between pillars and is capable of resisting the stress prescribed in the first
paragraph of this section.

SANITARY
WROUGHT IRON SOLERA

SOLERA
TIE BEAM

Figure 4.3 Arrangement of elements of tied

4.3.3. Specific rules for pile foundations

The shaft resistance of the piles will not be considered in the sections of land likely to
liquefy during the calculation earthquake, nor in those located above those strata.
The piles must be properly bonded to the pile cap or equivalent structural member.
In reinforced concrete piles, the longitudinal reinforcement must extend from the top of
the pile to four diameters below the deepest critical zone, with a minimum of 6 meters.
Critical zones are those in which their structural depletion would first be reached during an
earthquake. The longitudinal reinforcement must be made up of bars with a diameter greater
than or equal to 12 mm, a minimum number of 6 and separated by a maximum of 20 cm.
The minimum amount of steel will be 0.4% of the total section for piles cast in situ and 1%
for precast piles. In sheet-jacketed concrete piles, its section, discounting the anticipation of
corrosion, can partially replace (maximum 50%) the required longitudinal reinforcement.
The transverse reinforcement should extend over the entire length of the longitudinal
reinforcement. It can be made up of fences or spirals, whose diameters must be greater than
or equal to 6 mm and with a volumetric quantity s and a spacing s that meet the following
conditions:

— In critical areas:

 " 0.8%
s " 10 cm

— In the rest of the pile:

 " 0.6%
s " 15 cm

44
4.4. From masonry wall structures
4.4.1. General design criteria

To meet the general requirements (article 4.1), resistant walls must be arranged in the
two main directions in plan in the most uniform and symmetrical way possible.
Sudden changes in stiffness caused by changes in materials will be avoided.
When 0.08g "ac" 0.12g, the maximum height of a wall structure will be 4 floors.
each one of them with a height not exceeding 20 times the thickness of the wall. Don't be
They will cause rigidity changes due to variations in thickness greater than half an edge of
the slab in the passage from one floor to another, or due to the arrangement of very different
gaps between successive floors. If ac> 0.12 g the maximum height will be two floors.
In any case, a wall structure will be considered a "non-ductile" solution,
even if the reinforcements prescribed in this chapter are provided.
The minimum thickness for exterior single-sheet walls will be 14 cm and 12 cm for
interiors. Furthermore, for a calculation acceleration ac “0.12g, the minimum thickness of the
exterior walls of a sheet will be 24 cm, if they are made of ceramic brick, and 18 cm if they
are built of blocks. In the case of interior walls, the minimum thickness will be 14 cm.
In the case of exterior walls with two sheets (capuchin) and if ac “0.12g, both sheets will
be built with the same material, with a minimum thickness of each sheet of 14 cm and the
interval between tie reinforcement or anchors will be less 35 cm, in all directions. If only one
of the two sheets is bearing, its thickness will meet the conditions indicated above for the
exterior walls of a single sheet.
For values of ac “0.08g, all the load-bearing elements of the same building will be
made with the same constructive solution.

4.4.2. Gaps, shelves and chases

When ac “0.12g, the openings for passage, doors and windows in the resistant
walls will be distributed on the floor plan as evenly as possible, overlapping those
corresponding to the different floors.
The distance between the gaps shall not be less than 60 cm, nor the distance between
a gap and a corner less than 80 cm. Otherwise, the panels between them will not be
considered resistant and cannot be considered load-bearing.
In load-bearing and bracing walls, only vertical frictions separated from each other by at
least 2 m and whose depth shall not exceed one fifth of their thickness shall be admitted. In
any case, the reduced thickness will not be less than the values specified in the previous
section.

4.4.3. Link of the floors to the wall

The connection between the floors and the walls and the monolithism between the
various elements that make up the floors are entrusted to the upper slab prescribed by the
EF-96 standard, or the one that replaces it, with the reinforcement sections and the
construction provisions specified therein. The floors will be linked to the walls by means of
the chains prescribed by the NBE-FL-90 standard.
Loose joist floors, made of wood or metal, must be tied along their entire perimeter to
horizontal chains located at the same level, to support the delivery and connection of the
joists with the wall. The tie of the joists that run parallel to the wall will extend to at least the
three closest joists.

4.4.4. Reinforcements in walls

When ac “0.12g, in the masonry walls there must be vertical and horizontal
reinforcements at distances less than 5 m. In addition, the diagonal of a panel between
reinforcements must be less than 40 times the thickness of the wall.

45
 When the reinforcements are made in concrete, the cross section shall be at least 15
cm high and the total width of the wall, the latter reduced, where appropriate, by the
minimum amount required for the continuity of the visible walls. The reinforcement will be at
least 4 10 longitudinal plus a 6 every 25 cm as transverse reinforcement.

4.5. Of reinforced concrete structures

4.5.1. General criteria

The precepts of this Standard are formulated on the assumption that:

— The end sections of the beams are plasticized before those of the support, which is
fulfilled if the safety coefficient of any stress on any support is always greater than
that of any stress on any beam with which it concurs in a node.
— The extreme sections of beams and supports are exhausted before the exhaustion
of the encounter takes place, which is fulfilled if the safety factor before the
exhaustion of any connecting rod or anchor in any node is slightly higher than that of
any stress. of the sections of beams or supports that attack it.
— The yield to bending in the steel of the longitudinal reinforcement is reached before
the exhaustion of the section by shear, which is fulfilled if the shear safety coefficient
in every section is greater than that of the same section at bending moment. tor.
Short pieces, such as dwarfs, should be checked for the shear resulting from
considering in the extreme sections moments equal to their bending-resistant
capacity and with the opposite sign.
— The checks to be carried out will include those of the pieces, as detailed in the
following sections, and those of the nodes. When the joint between the support and
the beam is made of concrete, the connecting rod must be checked in the diagonal
of the same (Figure 4.7).

4.5.2. Concrete beams

4.5.2.1. General rules for beams

To be able to consider that the structure, in the direction of the beams, benefits from the
conditions of high ductility ( = 3), the following requirements must be met (see Figure 4.4):

— The sag under the slab is greater than the design depth of the compressed head in
the cracked section.
— The drop width, b, is at least 0.20 m.
— At least 2 14 are arranged on the upper face and throughout its development.
— On the upper face, the continuity reinforcement in an interior node will have a
section smaller than b · h / 40, where h is the total depth of the beam.
— At least 2 14 and 4 ‰ are arranged on the lower face and throughout its development.
— At least one A / 3 reinforcement will actually be anchored to the end on the bottom
face, A being the maximum amount of the upper tensile reinforcement of that same
end.
— On both the upper and lower faces, a minimum A / 4 reinforcement will be provided
throughout its development, A being the amount of the maximum negative
reinforcement between the two ends. The shear-resistant capacity of the sections
will be 25% higher than that required by the calculation.
— In the extreme areas of the beam, in an amplitude of two edges from the face of the
support, there will be frames of at least 6 mm in diameter and with a separation no
greater than:

• h/4.
• 8 L, where L is the diameter of any compressed longitudinal reinforcement.
• 0.15 m.
• In the rest of the beam, the frames will have a maximum separation of h / 2.

46
  0.15 m  0.15 m
h/4 h/4
8ØL 8ØL
A< bh / 40 A/4 T
 2Ø14 O'

h
x
A/3  2Ø14  A '/ 3
ØL COMPRESSE
D HEAD h/2 A/4
2h 2h
b
 0.20 m

Figure 4.4 Beam requirements for high ductility (  = 3)

In order to be able to consider that the structure, in the direction of the beams, benefits
from the conditions of very high ductility (momentos = 4), there must be no inversion of
moments, that is, the seismic case must not cause at the ends of the beams moments of
both signs, and in addition to the conditions for = 3 in the previous paragraph, the
following requirements must be met (see Figure 4.5):
— The width of the drop, b, will be at least 0.25 m, but less than that of any of the
supports to which the beam attacks.
— On the lower face, at least one A / 2 reinforcement will actually be anchored to the
end without continuity, A being the amount of the tensile reinforcement at that same
end.
— On both the upper and lower faces, a minimum A / 3 reinforcement will be provided
throughout its development, A being the amount of the maximum negative
reinforcement between the two ends.
— There will be a longitudinal skin armor of at least 2 10, every 0.25 m of edge.
— In the extreme zones of the beam, in an amplitude of two edges from the face of the
support, there will be frames with a diameter of at least 6 mm and with a separation
smaller than:
— 6 L, where L is the diameter of any compressed longitudinal reinforcement.

h/4 h/4
 6 øL  6 ØL
 0.15 m  0.15 m
A/3
 2 Ø 14
T <bh / T
O 40 O'

h
x
Ø 10
A/  0.25 m
 A´ /
orL HEAD 2  2 Ø 14 2
COMPRESSE h/ A/3
D 2

2h 2h
b

 0.25 m

Figure 4.5 Very high ductility beam requirements (  = 4)

Regardless of the value of , when the design seismic acceleration, ac, is equal to or
greater than 0.16g, the longitudinal reinforcement of the main beams will be at least 2 16,
and 0.004bh, extended over its entire development, and the separation of hedges, in an
amplitude of 2h from the face of the support, will not exceed 0.10 m (see Figure 4.6).

 0.10 m  0.10 m

 2Ø16  2Ø16

Poles for inversion  2Ø16 Moment reversal

of moments  0.004 bh forks
b
2h 2h

Figure 4.6 Beam requirements for a c " 0.16g

47
 Furthermore, regardless of the seismic acceleration of the calculation or the degree of
ductility chosen, when the joint between the support and the beam is made of concrete, the
connecting rod must be checked in the diagonal of the same (see Figure 4.7).

LOSS OF EDGE IN
EFFECTIVE TRACTION
SECTION
FLAT
FORGE
D

KNOT
ROD

EDGE IN
TRACTION
TYPE SUPPORT TO PLANT BEAMS CRANKS HIGHLY REQUESTED
KNOT

Figure 4.7.Knot model extreme

4.5.2.2. Particular conditions of the upper armor

In general, with concrete supports, the upper reinforcement of the end nodes of beams
that is necessary due to seismic stress must be arranged entirely within the support (Figure
4.8.a), counting its anchorage from the beginning of the area pinched by the links. - those of
support and knot. The favorable effect of pinching between the connecting rods may be
measured as a loss of traction per unit length equal to the guaranteed vertical compression
stress in said area multiplied by the diameter of the reinforcement. The solution of the
anchoring of the upper reinforcement by continuity after the support, in a loop around its
shaft (Figure 4.8.b), is limited to a total traction, between both branches of the loop, not
greater than the guaranteed vertical compression of its interior.
If transverse edge beams are arranged on the edge, the upper reinforcement may be
arranged on the sides of the support in a band with an amplitude not greater than half the
beam depth, (Figure 4.8.c), counting its anchorage from the point at which orthogonal
reinforcement is arranged, or the break, or the welding of the element to which it is crimped.

CLAMPING SUPERIOR UNDERSTANDING

BEGINNING BEGINNING ASSEMBLED OUTSIDE
ANCHORING ANCHORING THE BRACKET

TO B C
h
PIN

EDGE
BEAM

ARMOR
Ø/ ORTHOGONA
2 L
AREA OF INSIDE
CLAMPING THE LOOP <h / 2
OR

TO B
TO
<h / 2
C

WITHOUT EDGE IN LOOP WITH EDGE BEAM

BEAM

Figure 4.8.Upper reinforcement in end node with support of concrete

If the support is metallic, with a shaft passing through the slab (Figure 4.9), it must also
be checked that the reinforcing element of the reinforcement, or, in the case of a loop, the
shaft itself, allows balancing the moment between both pieces. In any case, the possibility of
entrusting said equilibrium to torsion in the concrete must be excluded.
In the extreme nodes of the top floor, without superior compression, the anchor check
can be omitted when the reinforcement is continuous with that of the support and has a
similar tension. If independent reinforcements are provided for both pieces, the overlap
length will be the anchor length, with the reduction, where appropriate, of the cross-welded
leg or reinforcement effect (Figure 4.10).
48
 h

PIN

ARMOR CRIMPING
TO THE
ORTOGON PROFILE TIE
OR

<h / 2 <h / <h /

2 2

Ø/2
TIE

Figure 4.9 Upper reinforcement in end node with support metal

OVERLAP  0.06 m
UPPER ARMOR OVERLAPPED UPPER ARMOR CONTINUES WITH
TRACTION
WITH THE BRACKET  0.06 m THE SUPPORT

 0.25 m
O OR
  R
STEP  15 Ø
M=0
ADDITIONAL LOWER MOUNTING
ARMOR, NON-STRONG COMPRESSION-RESISTANT
LOWER ARMOR
ANCHOR LENGTH CONSIDERING
ANCHOR LENGTH PIN

OVERLAP IN OVERLAP
COMPRESSIO ORTHOGON IN
N AL ARMOR TRACTION

TIE 

OR
ADDITIONAL M=0
  NON-STRONG MOUNTING  15 Ø
FOOTREST
LOWER FRAME
COMPRESSION-RESISTANT
LOWER ARMOR

ANCHOR LENGTH CONSIDERING PIN

ANCHOR LENGTH

Figure 4.10 Arrangement of reinforcing bars extreme

The upper continuity reinforcement in an interior node, which is necessary due to

seismic stress, can be arranged in a band of width equal to that of the support plus half an
edge of the beam on each side of it (Figure 4.11), provided that In a perpendicular band of
the same width, there is an orthogonal reinforcement that has a section of at least one fourth
of the previous one. The reinforcement that passes inside the support may have the pinching
effect of the guaranteed compression in the terms described above. The one that passes
through the outside of the support must be provided with its entire theoretical anchoring
length, in a straight extension.

4.5.2.3. Particular conditions for the lower armor

To take into account the compression collaboration of the lower reinforcement of the
beam, it must be confirmed that it develops sufficient length for the compression attributed to
it, after the beams of the inner face of the support, being able to count on the improvement
that allows the bending in pin (see Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6).
If said reinforcement is never tensioned, nor is compression taken into account, it will
suffice to check that, from the point of zero tension of the beam, it is prolonged enough to
anchor and that, in any case, it penetrates at least 10 behind the face inside the bracket.
In an internal knot, if the armor penetrates the support, it can be finished with a pin; If
the floor is flat, it can be assumed that compression is tip-relieved in the area that is
compressed in all directions.

49
 SUPERIOR
UNDERSTANDING h/
2

OR' OR
ARMOR
ORTHOGONAL
h h

EDGING BEAM
ANCHORIN
G IN
TRACTION h/2

h/2

h/2
PINZADA AREA FLAT BEAM

Figure 4.11 Continuity reinforcement in knot inside

In an internal knot, to take into account the compression of the reinforcements arranged
outside the support, they must overlap the corresponding anchor length (see Figure 4.12).

ØB

TO

COMPRESSI 10 Ø
ON OVERLAP BEAM SINGING FLAT BEAM
A

TO B

Figure 4.12 armor overlap lower

4.5.2.4. Particular conditions for stirrups

In a flat beam end node, only the vertical branches of the existing abutments in the area
defined in Figure 4.13 can be taken into account to resist the seismic stress.

h/
NON-
2 45º BRANCH NOT EFFECTIV
h/2 EFFECTIVE h/2 E h/
BRANCHE 2
S

h/2 h/2 h/
2

2 BRANC 3 BRANC 4 BRANCHES

HES HES

Figure 4.13.Branches of stirrups computable to cutting

When the beam is flat, especially if the support has an elongated section in the direction
of the beam, it is advisable for the stirrup of the latter to cross the node, arranging branches
in the vicinity of the lateral faces of the support.

50
4.5.2.5. Particular conditions in case of inversion of moments

It is said that there is inversion of moments when, due to the horizontal action of the
earthquake, the moment at the end of the beam changes sign and starts to pull the lower
fiber (Figure 4.14).

HABITUAL SIGN OF MOMENTS MOMENTS INVESTED

Figure 4.14 Investment of moments

If there is an inversion in an extreme knot, the same rules apply to the lower
reinforcement as those indicated in the previous section for the upper one.
If inversion occurs in an interior node, that meeting, for the purposes of arranging the
lower and upper reinforcements and the stirrups, behaves as two end-to-end nodes, except
for the anchoring of the beam reinforcement, which in any case, it will be resolved by straight
extension from the opposite face of the support.
In the particular case of metal supports, when an end node is reversed, it is necessary
to have reinforcement crimping devices, both upper and lower.
When the inversion affects the extreme node of the top floor, a specific reinforcement
must be arranged on the diagonal of the node, or the beam and support reinforcements must
be anchored to account for a compressed connecting rod on the opposite diagonal (Figure
4.15).
If the moment inversion is very strong, a reaction inversion can also occur in the beam;
If the support is metallic, in this case the design of the crimping device will have to be altered
so that it allows picking up load in both directions.

Figure 4.15 Moment inversion in extreme last knots plant

4.5.3. Brackets

4.5.3.1. General rules of supports

In concrete supports (Figure 4.16), when the calculation seismic acceleration, ac, is
equal to or greater than 0.12g:

— The minimum dimension shall not be less than 0.25 m.

— The longitudinal reinforcement will be made up of at least three bars on each face
(six in circular sections), with an interval not exceeding 0.20 m.
— The shear-resistant capacity of the sections will be 25% higher than that required by
the calculation.

51
 — In the extreme areas of the support, in an amplitude measured from the junction with
the slab or beam of at least two edges, and if the beam is also lowered when
passing through the node, frames with a diameter of at least 6 mm will be provided
and with an interval no greater than:

• c/ 3, the edge c being the smallest dimension of the support.

• 0.10 m if the longitudinal reinforcement is 12 or 14, and 0.15 m if it is 16 or greater.

OVERLAP

c/3 c/4
 0.15 m (Ø  16)  0.10 m (Ø  16)
2C  0.10 m (Ø  14) 2C  0.07 m (Ø  14)
Ø6
Ø8

 15 Ø  15 Ø

OR OR
 0.20 m  0.15 m
c 0.25 m c 0.30 m
MINIMUM 8 ARMOR MINIMUM 8 ARMOR

c/3 c/4
 0.15 m (Ø  16)  0.10 m (Ø  16)
 0.10 m (Ø  14)  0.07 m (Ø  14)
2C
2
C

0.12 g ac < 0.16 ga c 0.16 g

Figure 4.16 Assembling of supports concrete

Furthermore, when the seismic acceleration calculated ac is equal to or greater than 0.16g:

— The minimum dimension shall not be less than 0.30 m.

— The interval between longitudinal bars shall not exceed 0.15 m.
— The section of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 1% nor greater
than 6% of the concrete section.
— In the extreme areas of the support, in an amplitude measured from the junction with
the slab or beam of at least two edges, and when passing through the node, there
will be frames with a diameter of at least 8 mm and with an interval no greater than:

• c/ 4, where c is the smallest dimension of the support.

• 0.07 m if the longitudinal reinforcement is 12 or 14, and 0.10 m if it is 16 or higher.

In addition to the general conditions, in all support, whatever the calculation seismic
acceleration, the specific rules detailed below must be respected.

4.5.3.2. Particular conditions of the starting node

Waiting reinforcements must be arranged at the starting base of the supports to

correctly transfer the stresses of the shaft to the lower element, well, footing, wall, pile,
beam, slab or, where appropriate, pile cap group.
Due to the alternative nature of the seismic action, the stresses at the edges of the
support change cyclically, oscillating from the maximum compression to a lower one. If the
seismic action succeeds in causing the appearance of tractions, it is essential to entrust the
traction to the overlap between the support reinforcements and the waiting ones, giving the
latter the delivery length according to this and checking that they can link enough weight to
balance traction.

52
 If the starting element where the wait is inserted is a footing, beam, slab, shaft or pile
with a section much higher than that of the column, the reinforcement can be finished in a
leg, being advisable to arrange it outwards if its predominant tension is compression. The
part overlapped with the shaft of the support must necessarily be arranged in a straight
extension.
If the starting element is a wall or beam, the waiting reinforcements arranged within that
element must be provided with at least cross-sectional stirrups to the faces of said element
(Figure 4.17).
BOTH EDGES COMPRESSED IN A TRACED EDGE IN SOME A TRACED EDGE IN SOME WALL
ALL LOADING CASES CASE OF LOAD CASE OF LOAD START
C C

COMPRESSIO COMPRESSIO COMPRESSIO

N OVERLAP N OVERLAP N OVERLAP

FORGED

OR > C> C
LATIGUILLOS
> 0.25
8Ø

TRACTION TRACTION
OVERLAP OVERLAP

Figure 4.17.Starting of waiting armors support

4.5.3.3. Particular conditions in intermediate nodes

In general, the armor of each shaft is prolonged in the upper one. As in the case of
starting, if the seismic action causes the appearance of tractions on one edge, the length of
overlap of both sections must allow the transfer of said stress, finishing the lower one in a
straight extension.
In the case of extreme support, to avoid the effect of expulsion of the compressed
reinforcement from the outer edge, or the one that bursts due to the compression transfer
effect of the reinforcement by tip, it is advisable, in addition to fixing the reinforcement from
the support to the stirrups and while waiting for the lower shaft, arrange the face of the slab
outside the beams of the support (see Figure 4.18).
In the case of extreme support, if the beam reinforcement that causes the breakage of
the connecting rod is arranged recessed with respect to the support, this must be
recalculated taking as the effective section the one resulting from dispensing with the area
located outside the beams. the same.
POINTS
TOWARDS OVERLA
INSIDE P s2
ACCORDI
EFFECTI NG TO
VE VOLTAG
SECTION E
s FORK
TIE CANES

s1

FORGED TO SUPPORT PROOF EDGING BEAMS INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS

BEAMS OF FLOOR
SUPPORT

Figure 4.18 knots intermediate

In general, with drop beams, it is convenient that the support stirrups are arranged
within the node. In any case, the end and corner supports will have stirrups or forks as the
node passes, with a cadence no less than that of any of the shafts that attack it, to produce
confinement in the direction perpendicular to the edge or free edges.
In addition to checking the oblique knot rod, mentioned in section 4.5.1, with regard to
the supports, it must be checked that its reinforcement has sufficient development and
adhesion conditions to account for the change in tension when passing through the
encounter with the beam, taking into account the dynamic aspect, coming from the cyclical
change of the sign and direction of the stress, which the classical models do not expressly
take into account.

53
4.5.3.4. Particular conditions of the top node

In interior nodes (Figure 4.19), if both edges of the support are compressed, in all the
load hypotheses considered in the calculation, the solution in pin can be used, provided that
it is towards the outside of the support and prudent distance from the upper face of the slab.
If, in some case of load, tensions are reached in one of the edges, —and, if this
happens due to seismic action, it will be alternately in both—, it is preferable to achieve the
anchor length for said tension by bending inward and overlapping. with the upper armor of
the plant.
If the seismic action produces inversion of moments in an upper node, both the solution
and the anchorage length must be checked, and, in particular, the resistance capacity of the
resulting connecting rod, as well as the variations in the arrangement of stirrups that the knot
demands for it.

TRACTION OVERLAP

> 0.06 m

TRACTION
ANCHOR

BOTH EDGES COMPRESSED IN ALTERNATIVELY COMPRESSED AND INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS

ALL LOADING CASES PULLED EDGES

Figure 4.19 knots superior

4.5.4. Forged

The points at which a unidirectional, bidirectional or slab slab runs perpendicular to an

end support must be treated as an end gantry node, the considerations already indicated for
this case in the section on beams being applicable (Figure 4.20 ).
In particular, the upper reinforcements arranged to withstand the moment due to the
seismic action in a direction perpendicular to the edge of the slab, must be arranged entirely
on ribs or solid blocks designed for this purpose.
The internal support nodes and slab, support and waffle slab, or support and
unidirectional slab panel should be considered as internal nodes of a portico, the
considerations set forth for that case in the section on beams being applicable.
If moment reversal occurs in the direction of precast joists, poles will be provided to
ensure the lower tensile link of the ribs to the beams in a width of at least L / 4 on each side
of the support, L being the span of the section.
In buildings with a stiffening screen, when the calculation seismic acceleration ac is
equal to or greater than 0.16g, if the horizontal action is channeled through the grazing
stress in the plane of the upper layer of the slab, it will have at least 0 .05 m if there are
vaults and 0.06 m if there are none, increasing the distribution reinforcement by 50% with
respect to what is generally established.

REINFORCED MESH

CANES FOR  0.004 bh FORKS

FOR INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS
b INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS

L / 4L / 4
L

Figure 4.20 Floor requirements for a c" 0.16g

54
4.5.5. Stiffening screens

It is convenient that the screens used as stiffening and resistance elements against
horizontal actions are continuous throughout the entire height of the construction, reaching
the foundation without significant changes in either width or thickness. If there are gaps, they
will be vertically aligned.
When the calculation seismic acceleration ac is equal to or greater than 0.16g or to be
able to consider high or very high ductility in the direction of the screen ( = 3 or = 4), the
following will be fulfilled:

— The thickness will be at least 0.15 m and greater than h / 20.

— The base reinforcement will be formed by two meshes, with an interval, between
mesh bars, not exceeding 0.15 m.
— The section of each family of meshes shall not be less than 0.25% nor greater than
4% of the concrete section.
— In the lower part of the two edges of the screen, frames will be arranged as
indicated in figure 4.21.

O
R h
H/
b/3 6
 10Ø

h/5 Ø8
 h / 20
b  0.15 m

h DUCTILE LINTEL

DISPLAYS SIMPLE DISPLAYS COUPLED

Figure 4.21 Assembly of screens

4.5.6. Precast elements

Structures resolved with pieces that are exclusively linear or superficial prefabricated
elements, whatever the material, will be considered, in general, as structures without
ductility, unless the joints are specially designed to provide sufficient rigidity and ductility to
the meeting.
To consider some degree of ductility in floor structures, ductility at the nodes must be
guaranteed, according to the previous articles. For this, the areas closest to the ends of each
structural element will be reinforced and strapped, and the contact surface between the
precast element and the concrete laid out on site will present sufficient roughness and will be
sewn with reinforcement on either side of the said surface.
In the case of one-story buildings, to consider ductility > 1, it must be ensured that all
the columns are ductilely embedded in the base.

4.6. Of steel structures

4.6.1. General criteria

The project of metallic structures before seismic actions can be considered in the linear
range, without making use of any plastic dissipation mechanism, or in the non-linear range.

55
neal. In the first case, the structure will be considered without ductility and in the calculation
a unit value will be assigned to the coefficient . In the second, the structure will be
considered, for each of the directions in which it is verified, of high, medium or low ductility
depending on the resistant system (section 3.7.3.1) and the details and materials as
indicated in the sections that follow.
When ductility values equal to or greater than 2 are used in the project of the structure,
all the requirements regarding the material and the section demanded by the project
regulations for metallic structures will be mandatory in the case of using the calculation
plastic.

4.6.2. materials

In the technical specifications and in the project drawings, the quality of the steel to be
used will be specified and the need to check the structure for any modification will be
explicitly indicated, even when this implies the substitution of steels with a higher elastic limit.
or by pieces of greater capacity.
If a high or very high value of ductility has been used in the design of the structure ( =
3 or 4), in the specification of the materials to be used in the systems resistant to earthquake
loads, the limit value will be limited elastic steel, which shall not exceed the nominal by more
than 10%.
In the same sense, the technical specifications will also indicate the need to check the
structure in the event of any modification in the dimensions of the bars, even when this
implies the substitution of bars of greater capacity.

4.6.3. Unions

The project drawings will include specific details of the joints, indicating the location,
dimensions and qualities of the joining means (screws, pins, welding beads), of the cuts,
recesses, grooves in end sections of bars and the possible need for auxiliary means (spill
plates, backrests, deformable washers, etc.). The type of joint will be explicitly declared in
the calculation memory, both in terms of its resistance (total or partial) and its rigidity (rigid,
semi-rigid or articulated).
When values of the ductility behavior coefficient equal to or greater than 2 are used in
the structure design, the joints will be projected as total resistance, assuming an over-
resistance of 1.2 (the joint capacity will be at least 1.2 times that of the joined bars).
When values of the coefficient of behavior by ductility higher than 2 are used in the
design of the structure, partial penetration welds between critical elements belonging to the
earthquake resistant scheme will not be admitted. The screwed joints will be designed, in
this case, in such a way that the failure does not occur due to breakage of the screws.

4.6.4. Portal structures

If the resistant structure is made up of frames with rigid joints, in order to be considered
as having high or very high ductility, it must meet the following conditions:

— The end sections of the beams laminate before those of the support.
— End sections of beams and supports are laminated before joint breakage occurs.

In the case of considering very high ductility, the mechanism of

failu
re. The axes of the bars that form the frame will be located in the same common plane.
In the nodes, the continuity of all tensioned sheet and the
no dent guarantee of the tablet.

56
4.6.5. Triangulations and bracing

Complete triangulations (the axes of the bars coincide at one point), in which dissipation
occurs by elongation of the tensile bar (San Andrés crosses), will be considered high
ductility. If the collaboration of the compressed bar is included in the calculation, in general,
no ductility will be considered.
Incomplete triangulations (the axes of the diagonals do not go to the girder-column
nodes), in which dissipation occurs due to the formation of hinges in the foreseen areas, will
be considered very high ductility.
Special care will be taken of the symmetry of the section of the bracing elements, as
well as that of the end joints.

4.7. From other construction elements

4.7.1. General considerations

One of the objectives of the Standard —according to its purpose, established in section
1.1— is a substantial reduction in the usually large physical and economic losses, and above
all of the victims, especially those who generate the damage. to non-structural elements.
The design values and the earthquake-resistant design —especially the precepts of all
section 4.7— must ensure that small earthquakes, with a return period of the same order as
the life of the construction, do not cause significant damage to the non-structural elements. .

4.7.2. Enclosures, partitions and others

All the panels, interior partitions, false ceilings and other singular elements, such as
façade panels, etc., must be correctly linked to the structural elements to avoid detachment
of the pieces during seismic shocks, especially if they are has assumed that the ductility of
the construction is high or very high.
If 0.16g> ac “0.08g, the enclosing panels or partition walls that exceed 5 m in length
or 20 m2 in area must be subdivided by linking them to intermediate secondary
elements. When ac “0.16g should be made from 3 m in length or 10 m2 of surface.
When the enclosures are made with large format prefabricated elements, and these
have not been considered in the structure model, a ductility behavior coefficient must be
adopted for the construction and calculation of said elements.
 = 1. The joints must allow, without breaking, the displacements obtained in the calculation.
In this case, due to its importance, the anchors must be carefully designed.

4.7.3. Windowsills, Parapets, Chimneys and Fences

The elements with the upper free edge, such as parapets, parapets and chimneys, must
be correctly linked to the structure to guarantee its stability, being calculated with the seismic
action corresponding to the plant where they are located, considering, except for special
justification, = 1 Fences will be treated in the same way by anchoring them to their
foundations.
In addition, when the walls or bibs with the upper edge free and with a height of
more than one meter are ac “0.12g, they will be finished off with a crowning chain,
providing vertical reinforcements anchored to the structure or the foundation.

4.7.4. Escape routes

In addition, evacuation routes must comply with the provisions of the Fire Protection
Conditions for Buildings in force, and they must not contain elements that could easily
detach in the event of an earthquake.

57
 When ac “0.16g, stairs built on partitioned vaults should not be projected, or those
formed by cantilevered steps embedded in masonry walls.

4.7.5. Exterior carpentry

In high-rise constructions with large glazed areas, the rebate height, the wedges and
the joints of the window glazing must be dimensioned with the capacity to absorb
movements that occur in the carpentry due to the oscillations of the construction.

4.7.6. Coatings and cladding

In traffic areas, the cladding and cladding or other façade elements will be fixed with
highly durable materials and using appropriate techniques to avoid parts detachment in the
event of an earthquake.

4.7.7. Installations and connections

The connections to the facilities, especially gas, electricity, supply and sanitation, must
be carried out in such a way as to allow the predictable differential movements at their
junction point with the construction, and they will be equipped with devices (for example, in
lyre) to absorb deformations through all types of joints. In the case of gas, they will also have
excess flow control valves in the meters.

Comments
C.4.1. Introduction more important the higher the height of the
construction, and are aimed at preventing
Design rules and construction prescriptions that undesirable couplings between rotational and
all constructions to which the Standard applies translational oscillations. To comply with the
are mandatory regardless of the results of the regularity in elevation, it is recommended that the
calculation. These rules have been extracted reduction of dimensions in anyfloor is not greater
from observing the behavior of structural and than 20% of the dimension of the lower floor if
non-structural elements in destructive the center of gravity is maintained and 10% if it
earthquakes and are intended to gather the is not maintained. This reduction can reach
lessons learned from this experience. 50% in the top 15% of the building.

C.4.2. General rules C.4.2.2. Mass arrangement

C.4.2.1. Building shape The irregular distribution of masses in height

Experience indicates that buildings with non-
symmetrical or irregular layouts are more
damaged in earthquakes. Arrangements with a
very elongated rectangular plan are inadvisable
(Figures
C.4.1 and C.4.2), irregular ones or those in the
shape of an "L",
"H", "U", "T", "Z", and so on.
The rules of symmetry and shape of the plant are
both
affects the distribution of stresses in the structure.
In particular, the existence of large masses on the
upper floors or on the roof has an unfavorable
influence on behavior in the event of an
earthquake. Furthermore, in the case of
swimming pools or tanks,additional complex
effects (Figure C.4.3).
The irregular arrangement of masses within the
same plant causes torsional eccentricities, so
placing them near the center reduces this effect.

PLANT IN PLANT IN PLANT IN OR

Figure C.4.1 Plants in «L», «T», «U»

58

Figure C.4.2 Very rectangular plant
elongated
INSTALLATIONS
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSEHOLDS
OFFICES
COMMERCI
AL GARAGE
Figure C.4.3. Uniform distribution of masses
in height
C.4.2.3. Arrangement of structural elements
Devices resistant to horizontal forces made up of
shear or shear walls designed in accordance with
the articulation generally provide the building with
useful over-resistance and limit deformations during
the earthquake and, therefore, damage to the
elements. secondary, to the boards and to the
adjoining buildings.
In order to avoid the concentration of damage in
some specific elements of the structure, a
homogeneous degree of safety is desirable. Above
all, it should be avoided that any isolated section or
piece has a much lower safety coefficient than the
rest of the structure. This prescription must be taken
care of,especially, in critical sections, such as
supports and ends of beams, so that in the
event of a major earthquake, yielding can be
achieved with great simultaneity in a large
number of sections, appropriately distributing
the necessary plasticity to apply the value of
used in the calculation. The support of columns
on beams or the interlocking of one main beam
on another must be avoided, since the beams
are very sensitive to the vertical components in
the event of an earthquake, therefore the
encounters constitute fragile points. It is not
necessary to consider as such small
embrochalados, such as those with beams to
beam or those of hoops or short beams that
generally exist around the solution of flights,
elevator shafts and stairwells. Ensuring that the
beams laminate before the supports is
generally difficult when the floor is built with flat
beams, cross-linked without beams, slabs, etc.
This behavior is better guaranteed when the
beams are on edge.
If the action of the earthquake is capable of
reversing the sign of the moments in any of the
beams, the stress on the node is greater than on
each of the pieces, being able to arrive at the
break of this before they laminate beams and
supports.
C.4.2.4. Non-structural elements
Before the action of the earthquake, any element
that provides rigidity to the construction partially
becomes a resistant structure, assuming an
advantage indubitable in case of small
earthquakes by avoiding inconvenient
vibrations and oscillations. However, in the
event of major earthquakes, the non-structural
elements must allow the structure to work and
not compromise its entry into load, nor cause
fragile behavior in the whole.
In general, it is recommended that the resistant
structure be the most rigid part of the
construction. Stairs are critical elements of
buildings in the event of an earthquake. His
integrity is,therefore, necessary.
It must be taken into account that the fall of
facade elements does not occur only while it lasts
quake. In general, every earthquake has minor
aftershocks that can end up releasing elements
partially broken by the main earthquake, and
that rain or wind can produce the same effect
hours or days later.
To avoid The damage that could be caused by
the detachment of façade elements, it is
advisable to protect with canopies or porches
the entrances to high-rise buildings located in
areas of very high seismicity.
C.4.2.5. Joints between buildings
To avoid collision between adjoining constructions
during seismic movements, the width of the joint at
each level should not be less than the sum of the
maximum lateral displacements of the adjoining
constructions, calculated for said levels.
Even though the width of the joint can be variable
with height, it is safer to keep the same width
throughout its height.
As the oscillation models are approximate and
The effects of a possible impact are difficult to
quantify, the joint width must be taken care,
especially in the case of adjoining constructions
or parts of the same building of very different
height and stiffness, and when the floors of
both buildings can strike at intermediate points
of brackets. For this reason, it is recommended
that neighboring buildings have the floors of
each floor at the same level.
C.4.3. Of the foundation
C.4.3.1. General design criteria
Although coexistence should be avoided, in the
same structural unit, of shallow and deep
foundation systems, in cases where the
59
Stratification is not horizontal and the pavement
layer has unevenness -which forces to be laid on
the same stratum at different depths- it is
permissible to cement with footings in the areas
where the pavement is more superficial and by
filling of wells of hor-
SHOES
Figure C.4.4 Examples of foundations
The existence of short columns between the first
floor and the foundation forces to consider
these in the analysis model of the structure.
The existence of a basement perimeter wall,
which guarantees that part of the structure a rigid
behavior, allows considering as structure
oscillating the one that exists from the highest
level slab that connects with the wall.
The study of safety against liquefaction can be
done by comparing the horizontal tangential
stress equivalent to the earthquake, E, with the
resistance of the ground to liquefaction, R L, for
which the procedures established in the practice
of seismic geotechnical engineering or the
following simplified procedure based on the
SPT test, valid for horizontal surface soils and
which will be applied to all liquefiable layers
located in the depth defined in the article.
Sufficient security against liquefaction is
considered if, at all depths, it is verified that:
 " RL/ 1.5
where E is the tangential stress equivalent to
the earth motorcycle, which can be assumed
equal to:
 = 0.65rd v (ac/ g)
where:
rd = 1 - 0.015z
being
z the depth in meters.
 is the total vertical stress on the horizontal
plane
60
mass migón with upper shoe in the areas in that
the same firm is deeper.
The foundation with isolated footings and runs, nor
the combination of piles and deep walls (Figure
C.4.4).
THE PILLOWS
adequate
such, variable with depth z, at which it is com-
try liquefaction.
toc is the calculation seismic acceleration, according to
2.2.
g is the acceleration of gravity.
and where RL the resistance of the soil to
liquefaction, which can be obtained by the
expression:
RL = KM R1 v
where
KM = 1.5 - 1.8 (K - 1) 1/2
K is the contribution coefficient defined in 2.1. R 1
is read in figure C.4.5 as a function of hitting in
the normalized SPT test, for an energy useful
60% of nominal and at an effective vertical
pressure of 100 kPa (1 kp / cm2) (N1.60), of
value:
N1.60 = N · (ER/ 60) · (1 /
v ) 1/2
ANDR is the percentage of the energy of the blows
in the SPT test that really hits the ground.
 is the vertical effective stress, in kp / cm2,
over a horizontal plane, at depth z.
C.4.3.2. Tying elements
If the first floor is very close to the footings or pile
caps, their effect on the foundation tie may be
considered.
When tying the foundation with the lower concrete
slab, it will be necessary to assemble the hearth
with a geometric quantity of 2 ‰,
and links

61
fix it to the edge pillars to resist the stresses
prescribed in these.
C.4.3.3. Specific rules for foundations of piles
In cast-in-situ concrete piles, anchoring is
achieved by penetrating the longitudinal
reinforcements into the pile cap, or into the
structural element with the that link, in a length
10 greater than that necessary for anchoring
under static stress, where is the diameter of
the reinforcement.
Anchoring precast piles requires adoption of
special measures.
Normally the critical areas are in the head of the
piles, in the embedment with the pile cap and
in the abrupt transitions between very different
layers, including the ends of the liquefiable
layers.
0.6
0.5
123
0.4
R1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 Figure C.4.6.
0102030
N1 (60)
Fines content: 1: 35% 2: 15% 3: 5%
Figure C.4.5.Relation between the quotient of
stresses caused by
liquefaction in clean sands and silty sands and
corrected hitting in SPT, N1.60
C.4.4. From masonry wall structures
C.4.4.1. General design criteria
The calculation, as well as the design and
execution conditions of brick factory structures,
are included in the NBE-FL-90 standard.
Resistance to horizontal actions in non-reinforced
walls can only occur in its own plane that contains
it, so it is insisted on the articulated that
the walls are arranged in the two main directions
cipales of the plant. If possible, it would be
preferable
even form rectangular drawers with the walls in
full height.
If a panel is made of reinforced concrete, it must
be of the same material from the foundation.
The shear strength of the walls, necessary to
resist dynamic horizontal stresses, improves the
higher the compression stress. on the walls.
Therefore it is convenient that all of them, the
main ones and the bracing ones,
sufficiently charged; if necessary, the slabs will be
arranged counterbalanced, adopting in that case
conservative assumptions about the continuity
ofthe ends of the floors.
Yes toc <0.12g it will be enough to comply with
what is specified for Capuchin walls meet the
NBE FL-90 standard.
It is considered inadmissible that in the same
building, and in an area with ac " 0.12g, mortar
block walls are mixed with brick masonry work
or concrete walls are interposed, unless these
are screen elements with the specific mission
of resisting the totality of the earthquake efforts,
be it whatever direction it acts.
C.4.4.2. Gaps, shelves and chases
The regularity of the articulated refers to the
confrontation vertical opening of the holes, and
at a relatively constant size and interval
between them in plan (Figure C.4.6).
Regular plotting of holes
40
The loading of buttresses and shelves over holes,
the juxtaposition of holes of very different sizes,
as well as the proximity of gaps to free ends or
corners.
Dice Since the performance improves if all the
walls connect their end with another
transversal, in the text of the Standard
additional requirements are imposed on the
piers and panels of short length.
Figure C.4.7 shows the recommended
dimensions of the shelves.
BRACING WALLS
h c
>h/4 >h/ >c/
2 4
Figure C.4.7.Advisable provision of
holes in walls
C.4.4.3. Link of the floors to the wall
The connection of all slabs to the wall tries to
ensure the solidarity between the walls and the
elements that make up the slabs by means of
steel bars
61
located in the upper concrete slab, anchored in the
prescribed perimeter bands. The amount of these
reinforcements is specified in the EF-96 standard.
The minimum stirrup for straps will be 5mm
each20 cm.
In the event of an earthquake, the load-bearing
walls have to withstand high shear stresses in
their connection with the bracing ones, for this
reason the link criteria prescribed in the NBE-
FL-90 standard must be strictly met.
If the two-leaf solution is used (as, for example, in
the case of a «ventilated façade»), special care
must be taken to ensure that the connecting
elements between the two panels of the wall have
sufficient strength and ductility so that the outer
sheet cannot be flexed or detached. In principle,
and if no special provisions are adopted, a heavy
blade can be consideredexterior weakly
supported it is not a good solution for a façade
in a seismic zone.
C.4.4.4. Reinforcements in walls
Although the reinforced wall structure shows
brittle failure, its behavior in the event of an
earthquake improves.
C.4.5. Of reinforced concrete structures
C.4.5.1. General criteria
The criterion of the articulated means that if the
beams are oversized, the supports must, in
Consequently, oversize even more.
Consideration of an increase in the anchor length
due to dynamic actions, defined in the current
concrete code, is sufficient for the purposes of
guarantee anchoring in case of earthquake.
The existence of short pieces, such as dwarfs,
induces increases in earthquake stress that are
not well established, as well as a strong decrease
in ductility, so it is necessary to be specific. cially
prudent.
It can be considered that one value is higher than
another, when it exceeds it by 10%.
The stress on the connecting rod severely limits
the capacity
BROKEN ARMOR WITH
VACUUM THRUST
BY COMPRESSION EXCESSIVE ANGLE
ON POINT AND WITHOUT STRIP
P
PIN INSIDE THE
ARMOR UNSTOPPED AREA
OF THE SUPPORT TOO WIDE
ARMOR
COMPRESSED TOO
CLOSE
FROM THE EDGE FIRST STEP TOO FAR
FROM BRACKET
LAST STEP TOO
FAR FROM THE
BEAM
62
jointness, especially in the case of flat floors, with
little depth, with a very obliquity connecting rod,
which translates into the difficulty of counting
on the supports with tensioned reinforcement,
in which case it is possible to choose to resize
them, increasing their section. In some cases
the knot check can provide the critical design
condition.
C.4.5.2. Concrete beams
C.4.5.2.1. General rules for beams
The general conditions, although they are
expressly written only for beams, it is
recommended have them into account by
assimilation to other cases such as waffle slab,
slab, or even unidirectional slab in the direction
of the joists.
C.4.5.2.2. Particular conditions for the
upper armor
The reinforcement to which the articulated
article refers is, in general, the one that resists
the difference in moments on the opposite
faces of the support. When there is investment
(see section 4.5.2.5) it is the one corresponding
to the totality of the moment of the side that
owns it greater.
If the sections of the beams on either side of the
support are not in extension, the behavior is
intermediate between that of an inner knot and
that of two extreme knots.
C.4.5.2.3. Particular conditions for the
lower armor
To avoid perforation of the covering concrete, the
tip or leg of the compression reinforcement must
be carefully removed from the partition. Exterior
of the plant. Figure C.4.8 indicates some other
issues that can influence a bad performance of
the node.
If it is difficult to overlap the lower reinforcing bars
in an inside knot, additional compressed
reinforcements can be arranged through the knot
in continuity, in the manner and manner of the
upper traction (see figure C.4.9).
COMPRESSED TEMPLE
VERY CLOSE TO THE
OVERLA EDGE
INSUFFICIENT
ARMOR
COMPRESSED TOO
CLOSE FIRST STEP TOO FAR
FROM THE EDGE FROM BRACKET
LAST STEP TOO
FAR FROM THE
BEAM
Figure C.4.8 Precautions in the encounters of pieces of concrete

63
 LAP LAP
LENGTH LENGTH
EDGING BEAM FLAT BEAM

Figure C.4.9.Arrangement of lower poles of continuity

C.4.5.2.4. Particular conditions for
stirrups
In general, stirrups of two or four are preferable.
three branches over three, in which, in many
cases, the extreme can be ineffective.
C.4.5.2.5. Particular conditions in case
investment of moments
If there is inversion of moments in an extreme
node, the reinforcement of both faces of the beam
will be alternately pulled and compressed.
Since, in general, the state of upper tension
and lower compression predominates, in
extreme nodes it is convenient that the
outermost leg corresponds to the upper
reinforcement. Especially when there is
investment it is important that the design
foresees a projection of the plant outside the
outer beams of the supports.
When There is a reversal of moments in an
extreme node; having pins in all the
reinforcements can significantly hinder the
correct concreting of the node; in that case, ties
can be used (see figure C.4.10).
The worst effect of the investment is related to the

NORMAL NORMAL
LOOP LOOP

TIE IN
INVESTME
NT

TIE IN
INVESTME
NT

INSIDE INSIDE
THE THE
LOOP LOOP

BEAM CANTOVIGA FLAT

Figure C.4.10 Ties in knot extreme

63
fast change and cyclical from one situation to
another, alternately varying the direction of the
connecting rod and pulling what was
compressed a few tenths of a second before.
The dynamic aspect of this phenomenon
advises to be very prudent when applying the
rules of the articles to the investment case,
which, if possible, should be avoided.
When There is an investment in an inner knot,
for the lower reinforcement it is highly
recommended to use local, through
supplements, with which it is easier to
guarantee position, covering and anchoring.
In many cases, the beam reaction inversion is
usually mitigated or canceled out by the usual
sense reaction of the orthogonal beam or edge
rib.
C.4.5.3. Brackets
C.4.5.3.1. General rules of supports
C.4.5.3.2. Specific conditions of the node
Boot
Usually when eccentricity is reached of the order
of the sixth of the edge, in the opposite edge
the compression is lost. With larger
eccentricities, net pulls can be expected.
C.4.5.3.3. Particular conditions in knots
intermediate
If the supports reach traction at their edges and,
above all, if there is also inversion of moments in
beams, it is advisable to study the convenience of
the reinforcement of each shaft being anchored in
squares. dra to the passage of the slab.
Especially in the case of flat floors (flat beams
nas, slabs or waffle floor) and even more so if
there is inversion of moments in beams, the
node check can provide the critical design
condition.
C.4.5.3.4. Specific conditions of the node
higher
At the extreme node, it is usual for the outer
reinforcement to be pulled and the inner one
compressed, each having to resort to the
appropriate solution for said state.
C.4.5.4. Forged
In slabs, the specific upper reinforcement for
seismic action should be arranged on solid ribs or
inter-axes, removing bove- dillas or lightening
bathtubs. The lower compression
reinforcement solution can be entrusted to
through poles, highly recommended if there is
an investment, which occurs earlier in this type
of element than in the main beams.
64
C.4.5.5. Stiffening screens
Since the behavior of the screen is appro- xima
to a bracket embedded in the base, the
reinforcements indicated are intended to
provide ductility to the area where a plastic
hinge may be formed.
If coupled screens are arranged, the confinement
of the concrete and the provision of reinforcement
amounts in the beam joints must be studied in
detail. and screens, to justify the degree of
ductility adopted in the calculations.
C.4.5.6. Precast elements
The special characteristics of the nodes in this
type of structure and the discontinuities that may
exist in the joints, do not generally allow for rigid
node monolithism, especially in In the case of a
prefabricated panel structure, the nodes should
generally be considered as articulated. In the
latter case, it is recommended that the
connecting bands between horizontal and
vertical elements satisfy conditions similar to
those established for wall structures.
C.4.6. Of steel structures
C.4.6.1. General criteria
When the project is based on a ductile structural
system, it is necessary to ensure that the
resistance of the brittle elements (for example,
joints) is higher than the plastic capacity of the
ductile elements that are damaged (for example,
ends of the joined bars ). In general, the above
will require the definition of a ductile failure
mechanism characterized by:
— The position of the plastic hinges.
— The value of the global offset.
— The turn produced in each kneecap.
The failure mechanism thus defined will check:
— The turning capacity of the sections in which
the hinges are formed, for which the effect of
the concomitant forces must be considered
(shear in the case of beams and axial in the
case of columns).
— The capacity of the bars to withstand the
stresses that balance the plastic moments
increased in the appropriate proportion.
The scope of the requirements for resistant
materials, connections and schemes
(discussed in the following sections) is limited
to earthquake resistant structural assemblies
on the assumption that they are metallic
structures. If, by way of example, a metallic
building structure is considered as simple,
articulating the connections of beams to
columns, and the resistance to horizontal
actions is entrusted to concrete walls, the
articles of application are those related to the
structures of concrete.
C.4.6.2. materials
The conditions referred to in the articles in
relation to the design of structures with some
ductility are normally fulfilled, as regards
material, by the steels specified in the standard
for metallic structures. Those referred to the
section are the symmetry and the classification
in type 1 «plastic». The increase in the capacity
of the bars that involves the use of steels with a
higher elastic limit or sections with a greater
area can induce the brittle failure of the joints
or other bars. The substitution of S 235 steels
for S 275 or S 355 and the usual substitution of
profiles grouping together higher sections must
be especially watched in order to reduce the
different types of profiles to be used. Naturally,
C.4.6.3. Unions
The behavior of the joints is of the greatest
importance in the case of structures subjected
to earthquakes and their design obeys basic
design criteria (chosen resistant system,
assumed ductility, etc.) that must prevail over
possible local conditions ( means available in
the chosen workshop, means of transport,
etc.).
C.4.6.4. Portal structures
When In the calculation a high or very high
ductility is considered, the condition of total
resistance in the nodes will be checked (their
capacity is greater than those of the connecting
bars).
The definition and verification of the failure
mechanism will follow the guidelines set out in the
comments. to section 4.6.1.
C.4.6.5. Triangulations and bracing
It is always advisable to form each bracing plane by
triangulating more than one panel, when object to
introduce some degree of redundancy.
It is advisable to minimize the bending stiffness of
the bars in the case of bracing in which buckling
of the compressed bar is allowed (San Andrés
crosses) so that such buckling occurs in the
elastic range.
The concern stated in previous articles regarding the
substitution of project profiles is especially critical in
the case of triangulations. The custom of
regularizing profiles to the largest section can
concentrate the ductility requirementin the
triangulation of a single plant.
C.4.7. From other construction elements
C.4.7.1. General considerations
C.4.7.2. Enclosures, partitions and others
It should be avoided as far as possible that the
deformations of the structure can cause
detachment
of the enclosures in case of earthquake. The
arrangement of the reinforcing elements is aimed
at avoidingassuming the severity of the
damage.
In the case of panel or prefabricated enclosures
In large format cabinets, it should be tried to
avoid the detachment of these elements, totally
or partially, both because of the risk that their
fall entails and because of the sudden change
in local stiffness that it can produce in the
resistant structure; It is therefore advisable to
design the structure with additional stiffness to
avoid the mentioned effects. In article 4.2.4. the
need to consider rigid secondary elements in
the calculation is established.
If the enclosures are made with elements
manufactured that have not been considered in
the structure model, the joints must allow,
without breakage, the displacements obtained
in the calculation.
C.4.7.3. Windowsills, parapets, chimneys
and fences
All these elements, if measures are not taken to
guarantee their stability, can be very dangerous
in case of earthquake.
The horizontal calculation force, F, which is
prescribed in the articulation, can be obtained
approximately using the expression:
F = p · (toc/ g)· 1 ·  · 1k
where p is the weight of the element and the rest
of the variables have the same meaning as in the
article
3.7.3 of the Standard.
C.4.7.4. Escape routes
Evacuation routes are critical precincts both
during the seismic movement and for the
subsequent provision of aid. For this reason,
and given the greater rigidity that they usually
exhibit, it is also advisable to provide them with
additional resistance to guarantee their
functionality and safety.
C.4.7.5. Exterior carpentry
When the height of the construction is important,
it is advisable to use security or laminated glass,
to avoid the risks derived of his fall.
The prescription of oversizing the gaps, The
chocks and the gaskets try to prevent the
expulsion of the glass in the case of strong
oscillations, which can occur more easily when
the resistant structure is formed by rigid cores
in a centered position.
C.4.7.6. Coatings and cladding
The risk that uncontrolled detachment of elements
of facade.
65
It is considered that a suitable fixing is the
mechanical type by means of metallic pieces.
Plate fixings that rely exclusively on those
received from them are not considered
appropriate systems.more to pastes or mortars.
66
C.4.7.7. Installations and connections
The breakdown of gas and electricity
installations, especially at connection points,
pose a serious added problem in the event of
an earthquake.
It is advisable to identify the junction points of the
facilities to the building, to facilitate a possible repair
or supply cut.
ANNEX 1
 ACCELERATION VALUES
BASIC SEISMIC, ab, AND OF THE
CONTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT, K, OF THE
MUNICIPAL TERMS WITH ab " 0.04g,
ORGANIZED BY AUTONOMOUS
COMMUNITIES

Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Cobdar 0.14 (1.0)

ANDALUSIA Almanzora Caves 0.14 (1.0)
Chercos 0.14 (1.0)
Almeria province Chirivel 0.14 (1.0)
Daliah 0.14 (1.0)
Abla 0.14 (1.0) Ejido, The 0.14 (1.0)
Abrucena 0.14 (1.0) Enix 0.14 (1.0)
Adra 0.14 (1.0) Felix 0.14 (1.0)
Albanchez 0.14 (1.0) Purposes 0.14 (1.0)
Alboloduy 0.14 (1.0) Fiñana 0.14 (1.0)
Albox 0.14 (1.0) Fondon 0.14 (1.0)
Alcolea 0.14 (1.0) Gador 0.14 (1.0)
To count 0.14 (1.0) Gallardos, The 0.14 (1.0)
Alcudia de Monteagud 0.14 (1.0) Garrucha 0.13 (1.0)
Alhabia 0.14 (1.0) Gergal 0.14 (1.0)
Alhama de Almería 0.14 (1.0) Huécija 0.14 (1.0)
Alicún 0.14 (1.0) Huércal de Almería 0.14 (1.0)
Almeria 0.14 (1.0) Huércal Overa 0.14 (1.0)
Almocita 0.14 (1.0) Illar 0.14 (1.0)
Alsodux 0.14 (1.0) Instinct 0.14 (1.0)
Antas 0.14 (1.0) Laroya 0.14 (1.0)
Groves 0.14 (1.0) Laujar de Andarax 0.14 (1.0)
Armuña de Almanzora 0.14 (1.0) Sand 0.14 (1.0)
Bacares 0.14 (1.0) Lubrín 0.14 (1.0)
Bayárcal 0.14 (1.0) Lucainena de Las Torres 0.14 (1.0)
Bayarque 0.14 (1.0) Lucar 0.14 (1.0)
Bedar 0.14 (1.0) Macael 0.14 (1.0)
Beires 0.14 (1.0) Mary 0.13 (1.0)
Benahadux 0.14 (1.0) Mojacar 0.13 (1.0)
Benitagla 0.14 (1.0) Mojonera, The 0.13 (1.0)
Benizalon 0.14 (1.0) Birth 0.14 (1.0)
Bentarique 0.14 (1.0) Nijar 0.14 (1.0)
Berja 0.14 (1.0) Ohanes 0.14 (1.0)
Canjáyar 0.14 (1.0) Olula de Castro 0.14 (1.0)
Cantoria 0.14 (1.0) Olula del Rio 0.14 (1.0)
Carboneras 0.12 (1.0) Oria 0.14 (1.0)
Castro de Filabres 0.14 (1.0) Padules 0.14 (1.0)

69
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Partaloa 0.14 (1.0) Paterna de Rivera 0.05 (1,2)

Paterna del Rio 0.14 (1.0) Prado del Rey 0.08 (1.0)
Pendent 0.14 (1.0) Puerto de Santa Maria, The 0.06 (1.3)
Pulpí 0.13 (1.0) port Royal 0.06 (1.3)
Purchena 0.14 (1.0) Puerto Serrano 0.08 (1.0)
Ragol 0.14 (1.0) Broken 0.07 (1,2)
Rioja 0.14 (1.0) San fernando 0.06 (1.3)
Roquetas de Mar 0.13 (1.0) San Jose del Valle 0.05 (1,1)
Santa Cruz de Marchena 0.14 (1.0) San Roque 0.04 (1,1)
Santa Fe de Mondújar 0.14 (1.0) Sanlucar de Barrameda 0.07 (1,2)
Senés 0.14 (1.0) Setenil de las Bodegas 0.08 (1.0)
Pannier 0.14 (1.0) Rate 0.04 (1,2)
Sierro 0.14 (1.0) Alháquime Tower 0.08 (1.0)
Somontín 0.14 (1.0) Trebujena 0.07 (1,2)
Sorbas 0.14 (1.0) Ubrique 0.07 (1,1)
Suflí 0.14 (1.0) Vejer de la Frontera 0.05 (1,2)
Taverns 0.14 (1.0) Villaluenga del Rosario 0.07 (1.0)
Tavern 0.14 (1.0) Villamartin 0.08 (1.0)
Tahal 0.14 (1.0) Zahara 0.08 (1.0)
Terque 0.14 (1.0)
Tíjola 0.14 (1.0)
Three Villas, The 0.14 (1.0) Province of Cordoba
Turre 0.13 (1.0)
Turrillas 0.14 (1.0) Adamuz 0.05 (1,1)
Uleila del Campo 0.14 (1.0) Aguilar de la Frontera 0.06 (1.0)
Urrácal 0.14 (1.0) Almedinilla 0.10 (1.0)
Velefique 0.14 (1.0) Almodóvar del Río 0.05 (1,1)
Velez Blanco 0.13 (1.0) Baena 0.07 (1.0)
Velez Rubio 0.13 (1.0) Benamejí 0.08 (1.0)
Vera 0.14 (1.0) Bujalance 0.06 (1.0)
Viator 0.14 (1.0) Goat 0.07 (1.0)
Vicar 0.14 (1.0) Cañete de las Torres 0.06 (1.0)
Zurgena 0.14 (1.0) Carcabuey 0.09 (1.0)
Carlota, The 0.06 (1,1)
Carpio, The 0.05 (1.0)
Cadiz province Castro del Rio 0.06 (1.0)
Cordova 0.05 (1,1)
Alcala de los Gazules 0.05 (1,2) Doña Mencia 0.07 (1.0)
Alcala del Valle 0.08 (1.0) Royal Oak 0.08 (1.0)
Algar 0.06 (1,1) Mirror 0.06 (1.0)
Algeciras 0.04 (1,2) Fernan Nunez 0.06 (1.0)
Algodonales 0.08 (1.0) Palmera fountain 0.06 (1,1)
Arcos de la Frontera 0.06 (1,1) Tójar Fountain 0.09 (1.0)
Barbate 0.05 (1,2) Guadalcázar 0.06 (1,1)
Neighborhoods, Los 0.04 (1,2) Hornachuelos 0.05 (1,1)
Benalup Old Houses 0.05 (1,2) Iznajar 0.10 (1.0)
Benaocaz 0.07 (1.0) Lucena 0.08 (1.0)
Bornos 0.07 (1,1) Luque 0.07 (1.0)
Forest, The 0.07 (1.0) Montalbán de Córdoba 0.06 (1.0)
Cadiz 0.07 (1.3) Montemayor 0.06 (1.0)
Castellar de la Frontera 0.05 (1,1) Montilla 0.06 (1.0)
Conil de la Frontera 0.05 (1,2) Montoro 0.05 (1.0)
Chiclana de la Frontera 0.05 (1.3) Monturque 0.07 (1.0)
Chipiona 0.08 (1,2) Moriles 0.07 (1.0)
Wait 0.07 (1,1) New Carteya 0.06 (1.0)
Gastor, The 0.08 (1.0) Eye 0.04 (1,1)
Grazalema 0.08 (1.0) Palenciana 0.08 (1.0)
Jerez de la Frontera 0.06 (1,2) Palma del Rio 0.06 (1,1)
Jimena de la Frontera 0.06 (1,1) Pedro Abad 0.05 (1.0)
Line of the Conception, La 0.04 (1,1) Inns 0.06 (1,1)
Medina Sidonia 0.05 (1,2) Priego de Córdoba 0.09 (1.0)
Olvera 0.08 (1.0) Genil Bridge 0.06 (1.0)

70
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Rambla, The 0.06 (1.0) Colomera 0.18 (1.0)

Rute 0.09 (1.0) Courts of Baza 0.11 (1.0)
San Sebastian of the Cortes and Graena 0.12 (1.0)
Crossbowmen 0.06 (1.0) Campo Caves 0.10 (1.0)
Santaella 0.06 (1.0) Blame 0.13 (1.0)
Valenzuela 0.06 (1.0) Cullar Vega 0.24 (1.0)
Victoria, The 0.06 (1.0) Chauchina 0.23 (1.0)
River Villa 0.05 (1.0) Chimneys 0.24 (1.0)
Villafranca de Córdoba 0.05 (1.0) Churriana de la Vega 0.24 (1.0)
Villaharta 0.04 (1,1) Darro 0.12 (1.0)
Villaviciosa de Córdoba 0.04 (1,1) Dehesas de Guadix 0.09 (1.0)
Zuheros 0.07 (1.0) Deiphontes 0.19 (1.0)
Tithe 0.14 (1.0)
Dilate 0.24 (1.0)
Granada province Dollar 0.13 (1.0)
Doubt 0.21 (1.0)
Agron 0.24 (1.0) Durcal 0.22 (1.0)
Alamedilla 0.09 (1.0) Scan 0.25 (1.0)
Albolote 0.23 (1.0) Ferreira 0.13 (1.0)
Meatloaf 0.14 (1.0) Phonelae 0.10 (1.0)
Albuñán 0.13 (1.0) Freila 0.11 (1.0)
Albuñol 0.14 (1.0) Cowboys font 0.23 (1.0)
Albuñuelas 0.22 (1.0) Gabias, The 0.24 (1.0)
Aldeire 0.13 (1.0) Galley 0.12 (1.0)
Alfacar 0.22 (1.0) Governor 0.10 (1.0)
Algarinejo 0.12 (1.0) Gójar 0.24 (1.0)
Alhama de Granada 0.23 (1.0) Gor 0.12 (1.0)
Alhendin 0.24 (1.0) Gorafe 0.10 (1.0)
Alicún de Ortega 0.08 (1.0) Pomegranate 0.23 (1.0)
Almegíjar 0.15 (1.0) Guadahortuna 0.09 (1.0)
Almunecar 0.16 (1.0) Guadix 0.12 (1.0)
Alpujarra de la Sierra 0.14 (1.0) Guajares, Los 0.18 (1.0)
Alquife 0.13 (1.0) Gualchos 0.13 (1.0)
Sands of the King 0.24 (1.0) Güejar Sierra 0.20 (1.0)
Armilla 0.24 (1.0) Güevéjar 0.21 (1.0)
Atarfe 0.23 (1.0) Huélago 0.11 (1.0)
Asset 0.12 (1.0) Huéneja 0.14 (1.0)
Beas of Granada 0.20 (1.0) Huéscar 0.11 (1.0)
Beas de Guadix 0.12 (1.0) Huétor de Santillán 0.21 (1.0)
Benalúa 0.11 (1.0) Huétor Tájar 0.18 (1.0)
Benalúa de las Villas 0.16 (1.0) Huetor Vega 0.23 (1.0)
Benamaurel 0.12 (1.0) Illora 0.19 (1.0)
Berchules 0.15 (1.0) Itrabo 0.18 (1.0)
Bubion 0.17 (1.0) Iznalloz 0.16 (1.0)
Search 0.15 (1.0) Jayena 0.24 (1.0)
Cacín 0.24 (1.0) Jerez del Marquesado 0.13 (1.0)
Cadiar 0.14 (1.0) Jete 0.18 (1.0)
Cajar 0.23 (1.0) Jun 0.22 (1.0)
Calahorra, The 0.13 (1.0) Juviles 0.15 (1.0)
Calicasas 0.21 (1.0) Láchar 0.23 (1.0)
Campotejar 0.13 (1.0) Lanjarón 0.18 (1.0)
Caniles 0.13 (1.0) Lanteira 0.13 (1.0)
Canar 0.18 (1.0) Lecrín 0.21 (1.0)
Capileira 0.17 (1.0) Lentegí 0.20 (1.0)
Carataunas 0.17 (1.0) Lobras 0.15 (1.0)
Cástaras 0.15 (1.0) Loja 0.16 (1.0)
Castilléjar 0.11 (1.0) Lugros 0.14 (1.0)
Castril 0.09 (1.0) Lújar 0.14 (1.0)
Cenes de la Vega 0.22 (1.0) Malahá, The 0.24 (1.0)
Cijuela 0.23 (1.0) Maracena 0.23 (1.0)
Guadix buds 0.13 (1.0) Marchal 0.12 (1.0)
Buds de la Vega 0.21 (1.0) Moclin 0.19 (1.0)

71
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Molvízar 0.17 (1.0) Huelva province

Monachil 0.23 (1.0)
Montefrio 0.15 (1.0) Alájar 0.06 (1.3)
Montejícar 0.10 (1.0) Aljaraque 0.10 (1.3)
Montillana 0.12 (1.0) Almendro, The 0.11 (1.3)
Moraleda de Zafayona 0.21 (1.0) Almonaster la Real 0.07 (1.3)
Morelábor 0.11 (1.0) To the mountain 0.08 (1,2)
Motril 0.14 (1.0) Alosno 0.09 (1.3)
Murtas 0.14 (1.0) Aracena 0.06 (1.3)
Nevada 0.14 (1.0) Hoop 0.07 (1.3)
Niguelas 0.21 (1.0) Arroyomolinos de León 0.05 (1.3)
Nivar 0.21 (1.0) Ayamonte 0.14 (1.3)
Ogíjares 0.24 (1.0) Beas 0.09 (1,2)
Orce 0.13 (1.0) Berrocal 0.07 (1,2)
Orgiva 0.17 (1.0) Bollullos Par del Condado 0.08 (1,2)
Otivar 0.19 (1.0) Bonares 0.09 (1,2)
Otura 0.24 (1.0) Blond Heads 0.09 (1.3)
Padul 0.24 (1.0) Creek 0.05 (1.3)
Pampaneira 0.17 (1.0) Calañas 0.08 (1.3)
Pedro Martinez 0.09 (1.0) Campillo, The 0.07 (1.3)
Dangers 0.23 (1.0) Campofrío 0.06 (1.3)
Peza, The 0.14 (1.0) Cañaveral de León 0.05 (1.3)
Pinar, The 0.19 (1.0) Cartaya 0.11 (1.3)
Pinos Genil 0.22 (1.0) Robledo chestnut 0.06 (1.3)
Bridge Pines 0.22 (1.0) Cerro de Andévalo, The 0.08 (1.3)
Pinewood 0.12 (1.0) Corteconception 0.06 (1.3)
Policar 0.13 (1.0) Cortegana 0.07 (1.3)
Polopos 0.14 (1.0) Cortelazor 0.06 (1.3)
Portugos 0.16 (1.0) Summits of Enmedio 0.06 (1.3)
Puebla de Don Fadrique 0.08 (1.0) Summits of San Bartolomé 0.06 (1.3)
Pulianas 0.22 (1.0) Major Summits 0.06 (1.3)
Purullena 0.12 (1.0) Chucena 0.08 (1,2)
Quentar 0.20 (1.0) Encinasola 0.06 (1.3)
Rubite 0.14 (1.0) Escacena del Campo 0.08 (1,2)
to Salt 0.19 (1.0) Wounded source 0.06 (1.3)
Salobrena 0.15 (1.0) Galaroza 0.06 (1.3)
Santa Cruz del Comercio 0.23 (1.0) Gibraleón 0.10 (1.3)
Santa Fe 0.24 (1.0) Granada de Río Tinto, La 0.06 (1.3)
Support 0.17 (1.0) Granado, The 0.12 (1.3)
Sorvilán 0.14 (1.0) Fig Tree of La Sierra 0.06 (1.3)
Taha, The 0.16 (1.0) Fennels 0.06 (1.3)
Cardela Tower 0.10 (1.0) Fennel 0.08 (1,2)
Torvizcón 0.15 (1.0) Huelva 0.10 (1.3)
Trevelez 0.16 (1.0) Isla Cristina 0.13 (1.3)
Polecat 0.14 (1.0) Jabugo 0.06 (1.3)
Ugíjar 0.14 (1.0) Lepe 0.12 (1.3)
Zalabí Valley 0.12 (1.0) Linares de la Sierra 0.06 (1.3)
Valley, The 0.21 (1.0) Lucena del Puerto 0.09 (1,2)
Value 0.14 (1.0) Chamomile 0.08 (1,2)
Vegas del Genil 0.24 (1.0) Marines, Los 0.06 (1.3)
Velez de Benaudalla 0.17 (1.0) Riotinto Mines 0.07 (1.3)
Huelma Sales 0.24 (1.0) Moguer 0.10 (1,2)
Villamena 0.22 (1.0) Nava, The 0.06 (1.3)
Villanueva de las Torres 0.09 (1.0) Nerva 0.07 (1.3)
Villanueva Mesía 0.19 (1.0) Fog 0.09 (1,2)
Víznar 0.21 (1.0) Palma del Condado, La 0.08 (1,2)
Zafarraya 0.20 (1.0) Palos de la Frontera 0.10 (1.3)
Zagra 0.13 (1.0) Paterna del Campo 0.08 (1,2)
Zubia, The 0.24 (1.0) Paymogo 0.11 (1.3)
Zújar 0.11 (1.0) Puebla de Guzman 0.10 (1.3)
Puerto Moral 0.06 (1.3)
Punta Umbría 0.10 (1.3)

72
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Rociana del Condado 0.09 (1,2) Iznatoraf 0.05 (1.0)

Rosal de la Frontera 0.09 (1.3) Jabalquinto 0.05 (1.0)
San Bartolomé de la Torre 0.10 (1.3) Jaen 0.07 (1.0)
San Juan del Puerto 0.09 (1,2) Jamilena 0.07 (1.0)
San Silvestre de Guzmán 0.12 (1.3) Jimena 0.06 (1.0)
Sanlúcar de Guadiana 0.13 (1.3) Jodar 0.06 (1.0)
Santa Ana la Real 0.06 (1.3) The FIG tree 0.05 (1.0)
Santa Barbara de Casa 0.09 (1.3) Larva 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Olalla del Cala 0.05 (1.3) Linares 0.05 (1.0)
Trigueros 0.09 (1,2) Lopera 0.05 (1.0)
Valdelarco 0.06 (1.3) Hops 0.06 (1.0)
Valverde del Camino 0.08 (1,2) Royal Stain 0.07 (1.0)
Villablanca 0.13 (1.3) Marmolejo 0.05 (1.0)
Villalba del Alcor 0.08 (1,2) Martos 0.07 (1.0)
Villanueva de las Cruces 0.09 (1.3) Mengibar 0.06 (1.0)
Villanueva de los Castillejos 0.11 (1.3) Navas de San Juan 0.04 (1.0)
Villarrasa 0.08 (1,2) Noalejo 0.11 (1.0)
Zalamea la Real 0.07 (1.3) Calf Peal 0.06 (1.0)
Zufre 0.06 (1.3) Pegalajar 0.07 (1.0)
Porcuna 0.06 (1.0)
Well Alcón 0.08 (1.0)
Province of Jaén Quesada 0.07 (1.0)
Rus 0.05 (1.0)
Albánchez de Mágina 0.07 (1.0) Sabote 0.05 (1.0)
Alcala la Real 0.12 (1.0) Santiago de Calatrava 0.06 (1.0)
Alcaudete 0.08 (1.0) Santiago Pontones 0.05 (1.0)
Andújar 0.05 (1.0) Santisteban del Puerto 0.04 (1.0)
Arjona 0.06 (1.0) Saint tome 0.06 (1.0)
Arjonilla 0.05 (1.0) Sorihuela del Guadalimar 0.04 (1.0)
Arquillos 0.04 (1.0) Field Tower 0.07 (1.0)
Baeza 0.06 (1.0) Torreblascopedro 0.06 (1.0)
Bailen 0.05 (1.0) Torredonjimeno 0.07 (1.0)
Baths of the Encina 0.04 (1.0) Torreperojil 0.05 (1.0)
Beas de Segura 0.04 (1.0) towers 0.07 (1.0)
Bedmar and Garcíez 0.06 (1.0) Úbeda 0.06 (1.0)
Begíjar 0.06 (1.0) Valdepeñas de Jaén 0.09 (1.0)
Bélmez de la Moraleda 0.07 (1.0) Vilches 0.04 (1.0)
Goat of the Holy Christ 0.07 (1.0) Villacarrillo 0.05 (1.0)
Cambil 0.08 (1.0) Villanueva de la Reina 0.05 (1.0)
Campillo de Arenas 0.10 (1.0) Villanueva del Arzobispo 0.04 (1.0)
Canena 0.05 (1.0) Villardompardo 0.06 (1.0)
Chickadees 0.04 (1.0) Villares, The 0.08 (1.0)
Charge them 0.09 (1.0) Villatorres 0.06 (1.0)
Castellar 0.04 (1.0)
Castle of Locubín 0.10 (1.0)
Cazalilla 0.05 (1.0) Malaga province
Cazorla 0.06 (1.0)
Chilluévar 0.06 (1.0) Mall 0.08 (1.0)
Escañuela 0.06 (1.0) Alcaucin 0.21 (1.0)
Spelúy 0.05 (1.0) Alfarnate 0.16 (1.0)
Friars 0.12 (1.0) Alfarnatejo 0.16 (1.0)
Fuensanta de Martos 0.08 (1.0) Carob tree 0.18 (1.0)
King's Fort 0.06 (1.0) Algatocín 0.07 (1.0)
Guard of Jaén, La 0.07 (1.0) Alhaurín de la Torre 0.08 (1.0)
Guarromán 0.04 (1.0) Alhaurín el Grande 0.08 (1.0)
Fig tree of Calatrava 0.06 (1.0) Almáchar 0.16 (1.0)
Fennels 0.08 (1.0) Almargen 0.08 (1.0)
Ovens 0.04 (1.0) Almogia 0.09 (1.0)
Huelma 0.08 (1.0) Alora 0.08 (1.0)
Huesa 0.07 (1.0) Alozaina 0.08 (1.0)
Ibros 0.05 (1.0) Alpandeire 0.07 (1.0)
Iruela, The 0.06 (1.0) Antequera 0.09 (1.0)

73
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Archez 0.21 (1.0) Periana 0.19 (1.0)

Archidona 0.11 (1.0) Board 0.08 (1.0)
Ardales 0.08 (1.0) Pujerra 0.07 (1.0)
Sands 0.20 (1.0) Rincon de la Victoria 0.12 (1.0)
Border 0.08 (1.0) Riogordo 0.16 (1.0)
Stop 0.07 (1.0) Round 0.08 (1.0)
Benadalid 0.07 (1.0) Salt flats 0.21 (1.0)
Benahavís 0.07 (1.0) Sayalonga 0.19 (1.0)
Benalauría 0.07 (1.0) Sedella 0.21 (1.0)
Benalmadena 0.08 (1.0) Sierra de Yeguas 0.08 (1.0)
Benamargosa 0.17 (1.0) Teba 0.08 (1.0)
Benamocarra 0.17 (1.0) Tolox 0.08 (1.0)
Benaojan 0.07 (1.0) Torremolinos 0.08 (1.0)
Benarrabá 0.07 (1.0) Torrox 0.18 (1.0)
Borge, The 0.16 (1.0) Totalán 0.13 (1.0)
Burgo, The 0.08 (1.0) Abdalajís Valley 0.08 (1.0)
Campillos 0.08 (1.0) Velez Malaga 0.18 (1.0)
Canillas de Aceituno 0.21 (1.0) Villanueva de Algaidas 0.09 (1.0)
Canillas de Albaida 0.21 (1.0) Villanueva de Tapia 0.11 (1.0)
Cañete la Real 0.08 (1.0) Villanueva del Rosario 0.13 (1.0)
Ratchet 0.08 (1.0) Villanueva del Trabuco 0.13 (1.0)
Cartajima 0.07 (1.0) Viñuela 0.19 (1.0)
Cartama 0.08 (1.0) Anvilra 0.08 (1.0)
Casabermeja 0.11 (1.0)
Casarabonela 0.08 (1.0)
Casares 0.07 (1,1) Seville province
Coin 0.07 (1.0)
Apiary 0.14 (1.0) Sweet water 0.07 (1.0)
Comares 0.16 (1.0) Alanís 0.04 (1,2)
Competa 0.21 (1.0) Albaida del Aljarafe 0.07 (1,1)
Cortes de la Frontera 0.07 (1.0) Alcala de Guadaira 0.06 (1,1)
Low Caves 0.09 (1.0) Alcala del Rio 0.07 (1,1)
San Marcos Caves 0.09 (1.0) Alcolea del Rio 0.06 (1,1)
Calf Caves 0.08 (1.0) Algaba, The 0.07 (1,2)
Cut 0.17 (1.0) Algámites 0.08 (1.0)
Estepona 0.07 (1,1) Almadén de la Plata 0.05 (1,2)
Faraján 0.07 (1.0) Almensilla 0.07 (1,1)
Frigiliana 0.19 (1.0) Arahal 0.06 (1,1)
Fuengirola 0.07 (1.0) Aznalcázar 0.08 (1,2)
Stone fountain 0.08 (1.0) Aznalcollar 0.07 (1,2)
Gaucin 0.07 (1,1) Badolatosa 0.07 (1.0)
Genalguacil 0.07 (1.0) Benacazón 0.08 (1,1)
Guaro 0.07 (1.0) Bollullos de la Mitación 0.07 (1,1)
Humilladero 0.08 (1.0) Bormujos 0.07 (1,1)
Igualeja 0.08 (1.0) Brenes 0.06 (1,1)
Istán 0.07 (1.0) Burguillos 0.06 (1,1)
Iznate 0.16 (1.0) Heads of San Juan, Las 0.07 (1,1)
Jimera de Líbar 0.07 (1.0) Beds 0.07 (1,2)
Jubrique 0.07 (1.0) Bell, The 0.06 (1,1)
Juzcar 0.07 (1.0) Cantillana 0.06 (1,1)
Macharaviaya 0.15 (1.0) Cañada Rosal 0.06 (1,1)
Malaga 0.11 (1.0) Carmona 0.06 (1,1)
Manilva 0.06 (1,1) Carrión de los Céspedes 0.08 (1,2)
Marbella 0.07 (1.0) Casariche 0.07 (1.0)
Mijas 0.07 (1.0) Castilblanco de los Arroyos 0.06 (1,2)
Moclinejo 0.15 (1.0) Castilleja de Guzmán 0.07 (1,2)
Mollina 0.08 (1.0) Castilleja de la Cuesta 0.07 (1,1)
Peel 0.07 (1.0) Castilleja del Campo 0.08 (1,2)
Montejaque 0.07 (1.0) Castle of the Guards, The 0.07 (1,2)
Nerja 0.17 (1.0) Cazalla de la Sierra 0.05 (1,2)
Ojen 0.07 (1.0) Constantine 0.05 (1,1)
Parauta 0.08 (1.0) Coria del Rio 0.07 (1,1)

74
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Coripe 0.08 (1.0) Utrera 0.06 (1,1)

Coronil, The 0.07 (1,1) Valencina of La Concepción 0.07 (1,2)
Corrales, Los 0.08 (1.0) Villamanrique de La Condesa 0.08 (1,2)
Raven of Seville, The 0.06 (1,2) Villanueva de San Juan 0.08 (1.0)
Two sisters 0.07 (1,1) Villanueva del Ariscal 0.07 (1,1)
Ecija 0.06 (1,1) Villanueva del Río and Minas 0.06 (1,1)
Espartinas 0.07 (1,1) Villaverde del Rio 0.06 (1,1)
Steppe 0.07 (1.0) Viso del Alcor, The 0.06 (1,1)
Andalusian fountains 0.06 (1,1)
Garrobo, The 0.07 (1,2)
Gelves 0.07 (1,1) ARAGON
Gerena 0.07 (1,2)
Gilena 0.07 (1.0) Huesca province
Gines 0.07 (1,1)
Guadalcanal 0.04 (1,2) Aínsa Sobrarbe 0.05 (1.0)
Guillena 0.07 (1,2) Aisa 0.05 (1.0)
Herrera 0.06 (1.0) Ansó 0.05 (1.0)
Huévar de Aljarafe 0.08 (1,2) Aragüés del Puerto 0.05 (1.0)
Major Island 0.08 (1,2) Benasque 0.05 (1.0)
Lantejuela, The 0.06 (1,1) Bielsa 0.10 (1.0)
Lebrija 0.06 (1,2) Biescas 0.07 (1.0)
Lora of Steppe 0.07 (1.0) Bisaurri 0.04 (1.0)
Lora del Rio 0.06 (1,1) Boltana 0.05 (1.0)
Louisiana, The 0.06 (1,1) Borau 0.05 (1.0)
Madroño, The 0.07 (1,2) Sprout 0.08 (1.0)
Mairena del Alcor 0.06 (1,1) Field 0.04 (1.0)
Mairena del Aljarafe 0.07 (1,1) Berdún Canal 0.04 (1.0)
Marchena 0.06 (1,1) Canfranc 0.07 (1.0)
Marinaleda 0.06 (1.0) Castejon de Sos 0.04 (1.0)
Martin de la Jara 0.08 (1.0) Castiello de Jaca 0.05 (1.0)
Molars, The 0.06 (1,1) Chia 0.05 (1.0)
Montellano 0.07 (1,1) Phage 0.05 (1.0)
Morón de la Frontera 0.07 (1,1) Fanlo 0.09 (1.0)
Navas de la Concepción, Las 0.05 (1,1) Fiscal 0.05 (1.0)
Olive groves 0.07 (1,1) Foradada del Toscar 0.04 (1.0)
Osuna 0.07 (1.0) Fueva, La 0.04 (1.0)
Palacios and Villafranca, Los 0.07 (1,1) Gistain 0.06 (1.0)
Palomares del Rio 0.07 (1,1) Sickle of Jaca 0.09 (1.0)
Stops 0.06 (1,1) Pony 0.04 (1.0)
Pedrera 0.07 (1.0) Jasa 0.05 (1.0)
Pedroso, The 0.05 (1,1) Labuerda 0.06 (1.0)
Peñaflor 0.06 (1,1) Laspuña 0.07 (1.0)
Batteries 0.08 (1,2) Llert 0.04 (1.0)
Pruna 0.08 (1.0) Stick 0.04 (1.0)
Puebla de Cazalla, La 0.06 (1,1) Panticosa 0.10 (1.0)
Puebla de los Infantes, La 0.06 (1,1) Plan 0.08 (1.0)
Puebla del Rio, La 0.07 (1,1) Puente la Reina de Jaca 0.04 (1.0)
Real de la Jara, The 0.05 (1,2) Docks 0.08 (1.0)
Rinconada, La 0.07 (1,1) Pueyo de Araguás, The 0.05 (1.0)
Roda de Andalucía, La 0.07 (1.0) Sabinanigo 0.04 (1.0)
Ronquillo, The 0.06 (1,2) Sahún 0.05 (1.0)
Blond, The 0.06 (1.0) Sallent de Gállego 0.10 (1.0)
Salteras 0.07 (1,2) San Juan de Plan 0.08 (1.0)
San Juan de Aznalfarache 0.07 (1,1) Santa Cilia de Jaca 0.04 (1.0)
Saint Nicholas of the Port 0.04 (1,2) Santa Cruz de la Serós 0.04 (1.0)
Sanlúcar la Mayor 0.08 (1,1) It will go 0.04 (1.0)
Santiponce 0.07 (1,2) Sesué 0.05 (1.0)
Saucejo, The 0.08 (1.0) Tella Sin 0.09 (1.0)
Seville 0.07 (1,1) Torla 0.09 (1.0)
Bacon 0.06 (1,1) Made Valley 0.06 (1.0)
Tomares 0.07 (1,1) Villanova 0.05 (1.0)
Umbrella 0.07 (1,1) Villanua 0.06 (1.0)

75
 Municipality tob / K Municipality tob / g K
g
Yebra de Basa 0.04 (1.0) Alajeró 0.04 (1.0)
Plasterer 0.07 (1.0) Arafo 0.04 (1.0)
Arico 0.04 (1.0)
Arona 0.04 (1.0)
Zaragoza province Windward 0.04 (1.0)
Breña Alta 0.04 (1.0)
Artieda 0.04 (1.0) Breña Baja 0.04 (1.0)
Bagues 0.04 (1.0) Buenavista del Norte 0.04 (1.0)
Mianos 0.04 (1.0) Candelaria 0.04 (1.0)
Navardún 0.04 (1.0) Fasnia 0.04 (1.0)
Paint us, The 0.04 (1.0) Border 0.04 (1.0)
Salvatierra de Esca 0.05 (1.0) Fuencaliente de la Palma 0.04 (1.0)
Are you still 0.04 (1.0) Garachico 0.04 (1.0)
Undues de Lerda 0.04 (1.0) Garafía 0.04 (1.0)
Urriés 0.04 (1.0) Granadilla de Abona 0.04 (1.0)
Guancha, The 0.04 (1.0)
Guide of Isora 0.04 (1.0)
CANARY ISLANDS Güímar 0.04 (1.0)
Hermigua 0.04 (1.0)
Province of Las Palmas Icod de los Vinos 0.04 (1.0)
Llanos de Aridane, Los 0.04 (1.0)
Agaete 0.04 (1.0) Acentejo Massacre, La 0.04 (1.0)
Agüimes 0.04 (1.0) Orotava, The 0.04 (1.0)
Ancient 0.04 (1.0) Step, the 0.04 (1.0)
Reef 0.04 (1.0) Cross port 0.04 (1.0)
Artenara 0.04 (1.0) Fat tip 0.04 (1.0)
Arucas 0.04 (1.0) Puntallana 0.04 (1.0)
Betancuria 0.04 (1.0) Realejos, The 0.04 (1.0)
Firgas 0.04 (1.0) Rosario, The 0.04 (1.0)
Galdar 0.04 (1.0) San Andrés y Sauces 0.04 (1.0)
Would do 0.04 (1.0) San Cristóbal de la Laguna 0.04 (1.0)
Ingenuity 0.04 (1.0) San Juan de la Rambla 0.04 (1.0)
Mogan 0.04 (1.0) San Miguel de Abona 0.04 (1.0)
Moya 0.04 (1.0) San Sebastian de la Gomera 0.04 (1.0)
Olive, The 0.04 (1.0) Santa Cruz de la Palma 0.04 (1.0)
Pajara 0.04 (1.0) Santa Cruz of Tenerife 0.04 (1.0)
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las 0.04 (1.0) Saint Ursula 0.04 (1.0)
Puerto del Rosario 0.04 (1.0) Santiago del Teide 0.04 (1.0)
San Bartolome 0.04 (1.0) Sauzal, The 0.04 (1.0)
San Bartolomé de Tirajana 0.04 (1.0) Silos, The 0.04 (1.0)
Saint Nicholas of Tolentino 0.04 (1.0) Tacoronte 0.04 (1.0)
Saint Bridget 0.04 (1.0) Tank, The 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Lucia de Tirajana 0.04 (1.0) Tazacorte 0.04 (1.0)
Santa María de Guía Tegueste 0.04 (1.0)
Gran Canaria 0.04 (1.0) Tijarafe 0.04 (1.0)
Teguise 0.04 (1.0) Valle Gran Rey 0.04 (1.0)
Tejeda 0.04 (1.0) Beautiful valley 0.04 (1.0)
Telde 0.04 (1.0) Valverde 0.04 (1.0)
Teror 0.04 (1.0) Victoria de Acentejo, La 0.04 (1.0)
Aunts 0.04 (1.0) Vilaflor 0.04 (1.0)
Tinajo 0.04 (1.0) Villa de Mazo 0.04 (1.0)
Tuineje 0.04 (1.0)
Valleseco 0.04 (1.0)
Valsequillo of Gran Canaria 0.04 (1.0) CASTILLA LA MANCHA
Vega de San Mateo 0.04 (1.0)
Yaiza 0.04 (1.0) Province of Albacete

Alatoz 0.05 (1.0)

Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Albatana 0.07 (1.0)
Alcadozo 0.05 (1.0)
Adeje0.04 (1.0) Almansa 0.07 (1.0)
Agulo0.04 (1.0) Alpera 0.07 (1.0)

76
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Ayna 0.05 (1.0) Caldes d'Estrac 0.04 (1.0)

Raft of Ves 0.04 (1.0) Calella 0.04 (1.0)
Cap 0.07 (1.0) Calldetenes 0.06 (1.0)
Jailhouse 0.05 (1.0) Campins 0.05 (1.0)
Caudete 0.07 (1.0) Canet de Mar 0.04 (1.0)
Corral Rubio 0.06 (1.0) Canovelles 0.04 (1.0)
Elche de La Sierra 0.06 (1.0) Cànoves i Samalús 0.05 (1.0)
Férez 0.07 (1.0) Canyelles 0.04 (1.0)
Alamo Fountain 0.07 (1.0) Chapellades 0.04 (1.0)
Hellin 0.07 (1.0) Capolat 0.04 (1.0)
Higueruela 0.05 (1.0) Cardedeu 0.04 (1.0)
Hoya Gonzalo 0.05 (1.0) Carme 0.04 (1.0)
Letur 0.06 (1.0) Casserres 0.04 (1.0)
Lietor 0.06 (1.0) Castell de l'Areny 0.07 (1.0)
Molinicos 0.04 (1.0) Castellar de n'Hug 0.08 (1.0)
Montealegre del Castillo 0.07 (1.0) Castellar del Riu 0.05 (1.0)
Nerpio 0.05 (1.0) Castellar del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Ontur 0.07 (1.0) Castellbell i El Vilar 0.04 (1.0)
Petrola 0.06 (1.0) Castellbisbal 0.04 (1.0)
Well 0.04 (1.0) Castellcir 0.04 (1.0)
Socovos 0.07 (1.0) Castelldefels 0.04 (1.0)
Tobarra 0.07 (1.0) Castellet I la Gornal 0.04 (1.0)
Villa de Ves 0.04 (1.0) Castellfollit del Boix 0.04 (1.0)
And this 0.04 (1.0) Castellgalí 0.04 (1.0)
Castellolí 0.04 (1.0)
Castellterçol 0.04 (1.0)
CATALONIA Castellví de la Marca 0.04 (1.0)
Castellví de Rosanes 0.04 (1.0)
Barcelona province Centelles 0.05 (1.0)
Cercs 0.06 (1.0)
Open 0.04 (1.0) Cerdanyola del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Aiguafreda 0.05 (1.0) Cervelló 0.04 (1.0)
Alella 0.04 (1.0) Collbató 0.04 (1.0)
Alpens 0.08 (1.0) Collsuspina 0.05 (1.0)
Ametlla del Vallès, L ' 0.04 (1.0) Corbera de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Arenys de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Cornellà de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Arenys de Munt 0.04 (1.0) Cubelles 0.04 (1.0)
Argentona 0.04 (1.0) Dosrius 0.04 (1.0)
Arts 0.04 (1.0) Esparreguera 0.04 (1.0)
Avià 0.05 (1.0) Esplugues de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Avinyo 0.04 (1.0) Espunyola, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Avinyonet del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Estany, L ' 0.05 (1.0)
Badalona 0.04 (1.0) Montmany figured 0.04 (1.0)
Badia del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Figols 0.06 (1.0)
Bagà 0.07 (1.0) Fogars of La Selva 0.05 (1.0)
Balenyà 0.05 (1.0) Fogars de Montclús 0.05 (1.0)
Balsareny 0.04 (1.0) Folgueroles 0.07 (1.0)
Barberà del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Font Rubí 0.04 (1.0)
Barcelona 0.04 (1.0) Franqueses del Vallès, Les 0.04 (1.0)
Begues 0.04 (1.0) Gaià 0.04 (1.0)
Bellprat 0.04 (1.0) Gallifa 0.04 (1.0)
Berga 0.05 (1.0) Garriga, The 0.04 (1.0)
Bigues i Riells 0.04 (1.0) Gavà 0.04 (1.0)
Borredà 0.07 (1.0) Gelida 0.04 (1.0)
Bruc, The 0.04 (1.0) Gironella 0.04 (1.0)
Brull, The 0.05 (1.0) Gisclareny 0.06 (1.0)
Cabanyes, Les 0.04 (1.0) Granada, The 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrera de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Granary 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrera d'Igualada 0.04 (1.0) Granollers 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrils 0.04 (1.0) Gualba 0.05 (1.0)
Calders 0.04 (1.0) Guardiola de Berguedà 0.07 (1.0)
Caldes de Montbui 0.04 (1.0) Gurb 0.06 (1.0)

77
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Hospitalet de Llobregat, L ' 0.04 (1.0) Pobla de Claramunt, La 0.04 (1.0)

Hostalets de Pierola, Els 0.04 (1.0) Pobla de Lillet, La 0.08 (1.0)
Equalizer 0.04 (1.0) Polinyà 0.04 (1.0)
Jorba 0.04 (1.0) Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort,
Llacuna, The 0.04 (1.0) He 0.04 (1.0)
Llagosta, The 0.04 (1.0) Pontons 0.04 (1.0)
Lliçà d'Amunt 0.04 (1.0) Prat de Llobregat, The 0.04 (1.0)
Lliçà de Vall 0.04 (1.0) Prats de Lluçanès 0.05 (1.0)
Llinars del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Premià de Dalt 0.04 (1.0)
Lluçà 0.06 (1.0) Premià de Mar 0.04 (1.0)
Malgrat de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Puigdàlber 0.04 (1.0)
Mesh 0.05 (1.0) Puig Reig 0.04 (1.0)
Manlleu 0.08 (1.0) Quar, The 0.06 (1.0)
Manresa 0.04 (1.0) Rellinars 0.04 (1.0)
Marganell 0.04 (1.0) Ripollet 0.04 (1.0)
Martorell 0.04 (1.0) Roca del Vallès, La 0.04 (1.0)
Martorelles 0.04 (1.0) Roda de Ter 0.08 (1.0)
Masies de Roda, Les 0.08 (1.0) Ruby 0.04 (1.0)
Masies de Voltregà, Les 0.08 (1.0) Blond 0.04 (1.0)
Masnou, The 0.04 (1.0) Rupit i Pruit 0.09 (1.0)
Masquefa 0.04 (1.0) Sabadell 0.04 (1.0)
Matadepera 0.04 (1.0) Sagàs 0.05 (1.0)
Mataró 0.04 (1.0) Saldes 0.06 (1.0)
Mediona 0.04 (1.0) Sallent 0.04 (1.0)
Moià 0.04 (1.0) Sant Adrià de Besòs 0.04 (1.0)
Molins de Rei 0.04 (1.0) Sant Agustí de Lluçanès 0.07 (1.0)
Mollet del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Andreu de la Barca 0.04 (1.0)
Calders Monistrol 0.04 (1.0) Sant Andreu de Llavaneres 0.04 (1.0)
Monistrol de Montserrat 0.04 (1.0) Sant Antoni de Vilamajor 0.04 (1.0)
Montcada i Reixac 0.04 (1.0) Sant Bartomeu del Grau 0.06 (1.0)
Montclar 0.04 (1.0) Sant Boi de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Montesquiu 0.09 (1.0) Sant Boi de Lluçanès 0.07 (1.0)
Montgat 0.04 (1.0) Sant Cebrià de Vallalta 0.04 (1.0)
Montmeló 0.04 (1.0) Sant Celoni 0.05 (1.0)
Montornès del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Climent de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Montseny 0.05 (1.0) Sant Cugat del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Muntanyola 0.05 (1.0) Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues 0.04 (1.0)
Mura 0.04 (1.0) Sant Esteve de Palautordera 0.05 (1.0)
Navarcles 0.04 (1.0) Sant Esteve Sesrovires 0.04 (1.0)
Nou de Berguedà, The 0.06 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Codines 0.04 (1.0)
Òdena 0.04 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Olèrdola 0.04 (1.0) Sant Feliu Sasserra 0.04 (1.0)
Olesa de Bonesvalls 0.04 (1.0) Sant Fost de Campsentelles 0.04 (1.0)
Olesa de Montserrat 0.04 (1.0) Sant Fruitós de Bages 0.04 (1.0)
Olivella 0.04 (1.0) Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà 0.07 (1.0)
Olost 0.05 (1.0) Sant Iscle de Vallalta 0.04 (1.0)
Olvan 0.05 (1.0) Sant Jaume de Frontanyà 0.08 (1.0)
Orís 0.08 (1.0) Sant Joan de Vilatorrada 0.04 (1.0)
Oristà 0.05 (1.0) Sant Joan de Mediona 0.05 (1.0)
Orpi 0.04 (1.0) Sant Joan Despí 0.04 (1.0)
Òrrius 0.04 (1.0) Sant Julià de Cerdanyola 0.07 (1.0)
Pacs del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Julià de Vilatorta 0.06 (1.0)
Palafolls 0.04 (1.0) Sant Just Desvern 0.04 (1.0)
Palau Solità i Plegamans 0.04 (1.0) Sant Llorenç d'Hortons 0.04 (1.0)
Palma de Cervelló, La 0.04 (1.0) Sant Llorenç Savall 0.04 (1.0)
Pallejà 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí d'Albars 0.06 (1.0)
Papiol, The 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí de Centelles 0.05 (1.0)
Parets del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí de Tous 0.04 (1.0)
Peraphite 0.06 (1.0) Sant Martí Sarroca 0.04 (1.0)
Piera 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Ribes 0.04 (1.0)
Pineda de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Riudebitlles 0.04 (1.0)
Pla del Penedès, The 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Torelló 0.09 (1.0)

78
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Sant Pere de Vilamajor 0.05 (1.0) Viladecans 0.04 (1.0)

Sant Pol de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Viladecavalls 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Quintí de Mediona 0.04 (1.0) Vilafranca del Penedès 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Quirze de Besora 0.09 (1.0) Vilalba Sasserra 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Quirze del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Vilanova de Sau 0.07 (1.0)
Sant Quirze Safaja 0.04 (1.0) Vilanova del Camí 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Sadurní d'Anoia 0.04 (1.0) Vilanova del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Sadurní d'Osormort 0.06 (1.0) Vilanova i la Geltrú 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Salvador de Guardiola 0.04 (1.0) Vilassar de Dalt 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Vicenç de Castellet 0.04 (1.0) Vilassar de Mar 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Vicenç de Montalt 0.04 (1.0) Vilobí del Penedès 0.04 (1.0)
Sant Vicenç de Torelló 0.09 (1.0)
Sant Vicenç dels Horts 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Cecília de Voltregà 0.07 (1.0) Girona province
Santa Coloma de Cervelló 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Coloma de Gramenet 0.04 (1.0) Agullana 0.09 (1.0)
Santa Eugènia de Berga 0.06 (1.0) Aiguaviva 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer 0.05 (1.0) Albanyà 0.10 (1.0)
Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana 0.04 (1.0) Albons 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Fe del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) To P 0.07 (1.0)
Saint Margarida de Montbui 0.04 (1.0) Amer 0.09 (1.0)
Santa Margarida and Els 0.04 (1.0) Angles 0.08 (1.0)
Monjos
Santa Maria de Besora 0.09 (1.0) Arbúcies 0.05 (1.0)
Santa Maria de Corcó 0.09 (1.0) Argelaguer 0.10 (1.0)
Santa Maria de Martorelles 0.04 (1.0) Armentera, L ' 0.08 (1.0)
Santa Maria de Merlès 0.05 (1.0) Avinyonet de Puigventós 0.09 (1.0)
Santa Maria de Miralles 0.04 (1.0) Banyoles 0.10 (1.0)
Santa Maria de Palautordera 0.05 (1.0) Bascara 0.09 (1.0)
Santa Maria d'Oló 0.04 (1.0) Begur 0.05 (1.0)
Santa Perpètua de Mogoda 0.04 (1.0) Bellcaire d'Empordà 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Susanna 0.04 (1.0) Besalú 0.10 (1.0)
Santpedor 0.04 (1.0) Bescanó 0.08 (1.0)
Sentmenat 0.04 (1.0) Beuda 0.10 (1.0)
It goes 0.05 (1.0) Bisbal d'Empordà, The 0.06 (1.0)
Sitges 0.04 (1.0) Biure 0.09 (1.0)
Sobremunt 0.07 (1.0) Blanes 0.04 (1.0)
Sora 0.08 (1.0) Boadella d'Empordà 0.09 (1.0)
Subirats 0.04 (1.0) Bolvir 0.07 (1.0)
Tagamanent 0.05 (1.0) Bordils 0.09 (1.0)
Talamanca 0.04 (1.0) Borrassà 0.09 (1.0)
Taradell 0.05 (1.0) Breda 0.05 (1.0)
Tavernoles 0.07 (1.0) Brunyola 0.07 (1.0)
Tavertet 0.08 (1.0) Cabanelles 0.10 (1.0)
Teià 0.04 (1.0) Cabanes 0.08 (1.0)
Terrassa 0.04 (1.0) Cadaqués 0.05 (1.0)
Tiana 0.04 (1.0) Caldes de Malavella 0.05 (1.0)
Tona 0.05 (1.0) Calonge 0.05 (1.0)
Tordera 0.05 (1.0) Camos 0.10 (1.0)
Torelló 0.08 (1.0) Campdevànol 0.09 (1.0)
Claramunt Tower, La 0.04 (1.0) Campelles 0.10 (1.0)
Torrelavit 0.04 (1.0) Campllong 0.06 (1.0)
Torrelles de Foix 0.04 (1.0) Camprodon 0.11 (1.0)
Torrelles de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0) Canet D'adri 0.09 (1.0)
Ullastrell 0.04 (1.0) Cantallops 0.08 (1.0)
Vacarisses 0.04 (1.0) Capmany 0.08 (1.0)
Vallbona d'Anoia 0.04 (1.0) Cassà de la Selva 0.06 (1.0)
Vallcebre 0.06 (1.0) Castellfollit de la Roca 0.11 (1.0)
Vallgorguina 0.04 (1.0) Castelló d'Empúries 0.08 (1.0)
Vallirana 0.04 (1.0) Castell Platja d'Aro 0.05 (1.0)
Vallromanes 0.04 (1.0) Cellera de Ter, La 0.08 (1.0)
Vic 0.06 (1.0) Celrà 0.09 (1.0)
Vilada 0.06 (1.0) Cervià de Ter 0.09 (1.0)

79
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Cistella 0.10 (1.0) Osor 0.08 (1.0)

Anger 0.06 (1.0) Palafrugell 0.05 (1.0)
Colomers 0.08 (1.0) Palamos 0.04 (1.0)
Corçà 0.07 (1.0) Palau de Santa Eulàlia 0.09 (1.0)
Cornellà del Terri 0.10 (1.0) Palau Sator 0.06 (1.0)
Crespià 0.10 (1.0) Palau Saverdera 0.07 (1.0)
Cruïlles, Monells i Sant Palol de Revardit 0.09 (1.0)
Sadurní de l'Heura 0.07 (1.0) Pals 0.06 (1.0)
Darnius 0.09 (1.0) Pardines 0.10 (1.0)
You give 0.07 (1.0) Parlavà 0.07 (1.0)
Scale, L ' 0.07 (1.0) Pau 0.07 (1.0)
Espinelves 0.06 (1.0) Pedret i Marzà 0.07 (1.0)
Cock 0.08 (1.0) Pear, The 0.08 (1.0)
Esponellà 0.10 (1.0) Peralada 0.08 (1.0)
Far d'Empordà, The 0.08 (1.0) Planes d'Hostoles, Les 0.10 (1.0)
Figueres 0.09 (1.0) Planoles 0.09 (1.0)
Flaçà 0.08 (1.0) Pont de Molins 0.09 (1.0)
Foixà 0.08 (1.0) Pontos 0.09 (1.0)
Fontanals de Cerdanya 0.08 (1.0) Because 0.10 (1.0)
Fontanilles 0.06 (1.0) Port de la Selva, The 0.06 (1.0)
Fontcoberta 0.10 (1.0) Portbou 0.06 (1.0)
Forallac 0.06 (1.0) Preses, Les 0.10 (1.0)
Fornells de la Selva 0.07 (1.0) Puigcerdà 0.08 (1.0)
Fortià 0.08 (1.0) Quart 0.07 (1.0)
Garrigàs 0.09 (1.0) Queralbs 0.10 (1.0)
Garrigoles 0.08 (1.0) Rabós 0.08 (1.0)
Garriguella 0.07 (1.0) Regencos 0.05 (1.0)
Ger 0.07 (1.0) Ribes de Freser 0.10 (1.0)
Girona 0.08 (1.0) Riells i Viabrea 0.05 (1.0)
Gombrèn 0.09 (1.0) Ripoll 0.10 (1.0)
Gualta 0.07 (1.0) Riudarenes 0.05 (1.0)
Guils de Cerdanya 0.07 (1.0) Riudaura 0.10 (1.0)
Hostalric 0.05 (1.0) Riudellots de la Selva 0.06 (1.0)
Isòvol 0.07 (1.0) Riumors 0.08 (1.0)
Jafre 0.08 (1.0) Roses 0.06 (1.0)
Jonquera, The 0.09 (1.0) Rupee 0.08 (1.0)
Juià 0.08 (1.0) Llierca salts 0.11 (1.0)
Lladó 0.10 (1.0) Salt 0.08 (1.0)
Llagostera 0.05 (1.0) Sant Andreu Salou 0.06 (1.0)
Llambilles 0.07 (1.0) Sant Aniol de Finestres 0.10 (1.0)
Llanars 0.11 (1.0) Sant Climent Sescebes 0.08 (1.0)
Llançà 0.07 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Buixalleu 0.05 (1.0)
Llers 0.09 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Guíxols 0.04 (1.0)
Llívia 0.08 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Pallerols 0.10 (1.0)
Lloret de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Sant Ferriol 0.10 (1.0)
Llosses, Les 0.08 (1.0) Sant Gregori 0.08 (1.0)
Maçanet de Cabrenys 0.10 (1.0) Sant Hilari Sacalm 0.06 (1.0)
Maçanet de la Selva 0.05 (1.0) Sant Jaume de Llierca 0.10 (1.0)
Mothermanya 0.08 (1.0) Sant Joan de les Abadesses 0.10 (1.0)
Maià de Montcal 0.10 (1.0) Sant Joan de Mollet 0.08 (1.0)
Masarac 0.08 (1.0) Sant Joan les Fonts 0.11 (1.0)
Massanes 0.05 (1.0) Sant Jordi Desvalls 0.09 (1.0)
Meranges 0.07 (1.0) Sant Julià de Ramis 0.09 (1.0)
You see 0.10 (1.0) Sant Julià del Llor i Bonmatí 0.08 (1.0)
Peralada Mollet 0.08 (1.0) Sant Llorenç de la Muga 0.10 (1.0)
Mollo 0.11 (1.0) Sant Martí de Llémena 0.09 (1.0)
Montagut 0.11 (1.0) Sant Martí Vell 0.08 (1.0)
Mont Ras 0.05 (1.0) Sant Miquel de Campmajor 0.10 (1.0)
Navata 0.10 (1.0) Sant Miquel de Fluvià 0.09 (1.0)
Ogassa 0.11 (1.0) Sant Mori 0.09 (1.0)
Olot 0.10 (1.0) Sant Pau de Segúries 0.11 (1.0)
Ordis 0.09 (1.0) Sant Pere Pescador 0.08 (1.0)

80
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Santa Coloma de Farners 0.06 (1.0) Bellver de Cerdanya 0.07 (1.0)

Santa Cristina d'Aro 0.05 (1.0) Bòrdes, It is 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Llogaia a'Àlguema 0.09 (1.0) Bossost 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Pau 0.10 (1.0) Canejan 0.04 (1.0)
Sarrià de Ter 0.09 (1.0) Digging 0.06 (1.0)
Saus 0.09 (1.0) Coma i la Pedra, La 0.05 (1.0)
Selva de Mar, La 0.06 (1.0) Espot 0.04 (1.0)
Serinyà 0.10 (1.0) Estamariu 0.06 (1.0)
Serra de Daró 0.07 (1.0) Esterri d'Àneu 0.05 (1.0)
Setcases 0.10 (1.0) Esterri de Cardós 0.06 (1.0)
Sils 0.05 (1.0) Farrera 0.05 (1.0)
Siurana 0.08 (1.0) Gósol 0.06 (1.0)
Your quest 0.08 (1.0) Guingueta d'Àneu, The 0.05 (1.0)
Carved d'Empordà, The 0.08 (1.0) Guixers 0.04 (1.0)
Terrades 0.09 (1.0) Josa i Tuixén 0.05 (1.0)
Torrent 0.05 (1.0) Them 0.04 (1.0)
Torroella de Fluvià 0.08 (1.0) Lladorre 0.06 (1.0)
Torroella de Montgrí 0.07 (1.0) Llavorsí 0.05 (1.0)
Tortellà 0.11 (1.0) Lles de Cerdanya 0.07 (1.0)
Coughs 0.09 (1.0) Montellà i Martinet 0.07 (1.0)
Tossa de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Montferrer i Castellbò 0.06 (1.0)
Ullà 0.07 (1.0) Naut Aran 0.04 (1.0)
Ullastret 0.07 (1.0) Pobla de Cérvoles, La 0.04 (1.0)
Ultramort 0.08 (1.0) Pont de Bar, The 0.06 (1.0)
Urús 0.07 (1.0) Prats i Sansor 0.07 (1.0)
Vajol, The 0.09 (1.0) Prullans 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Bianya, La 0.11 (1.0) Rialp 0.04 (1.0)
Vall d'en Bas, La 0.10 (1.0) Ribera d'Urgellet 0.05 (1.0)
Vallfogona de Ripollès 0.10 (1.0) Sant Llorenç de Morunys 0.04 (1.0)
Vall Llobrega 0.05 (1.0) Seu d'Urgell, The 0.06 (1.0)
Ventalló 0.08 (1.0) Soriguera 0.04 (1.0)
Verges 0.08 (1.0) Sort 0.04 (1.0)
Vidrà 0.10 (1.0) Tarres 0.04 (1.0)
Vidreres 0.05 (1.0) Tírvia 0.05 (1.0)
Vilabertran 0.08 (1.0) Vall de Cardós 0.05 (1.0)
Vilablareix 0.08 (1.0) Valls d'Aguilar, Les 0.04 (1.0)
Viladamat 0.08 (1.0) Valls de Valira, Les 0.06 (1.0)
Viladasens 0.09 (1.0) Vansa i Fórnols, The 0.05 (1.0)
Vilademuls 0.09 (1.0) Vielha and Mijaran 0.04 (1.0)
Viladrau 0.06 (1.0) Vilamòs 0.04 (1.0)
Vilafant 0.09 (1.0) Vilosell, The 0.04 (1.0)
Vilajuïga 0.07 (1.0)
Vilallonga de Ter 0.11 (1.0)
Vilamacolum 0.08 (1.0) Tarragona province
Vilamalla 0.09 (1.0)
Vilamaniscle 0.07 (1.0) Aiguamúrcia 0.04 (1.0)
Vilanant 0.09 (1.0) Albinyana 0.04 (1.0)
Vila Sacra 0.08 (1.0) Albiol, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Vilaür 0.09 (1.0) Alcover 0.04 (1.0)
Vilobí d'Onyar 0.06 (1.0) Village, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Vilopriu 0.08 (1.0) Aldover 0.04 (1.0)
Aleixar, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Saddlebag 0.04 (1.0)
Province of Lleida Alió 0.04 (1.0)
Almoster 0.04 (1.0)
Alàs i Cerc 0.06 (1.0) Altafulla 0.04 (1.0)
Alins 0.06 (1.0) Ametlla de Mar, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Alt Àneu 0.05 (1.0) Ampoule, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Arres 0.04 (1.0) Amposta 0.04 (1.0)
Arsèguel 0.06 (1.0) Arboç, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Bausen 0.05 (1.0) Tree 0.04 (1.0)
Bellaguarda 0.04 (1.0) Argentera, L ' 0.04 (1.0)

81
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Disgust 0.04 (1.0) Mont Ral 0.04 (1.0)

Banyeres del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Mont Roig del Camp 0.04 (1.0)
Barberà de la Conca 0.04 (1.0) Mora d'Ebre 0.04 (1.0)
Bellmunt del Priorat 0.04 (1.0) Mora the Nova 0.04 (1.0)
Bellvei 0.04 (1.0) Morell, The 0.04 (1.0)
Benifallet 0.04 (1.0) Morera de Montsant, La 0.04 (1.0)
Benissanet 0.04 (1.0) Nou de Gaià, The 0.04 (1.0)
Bisbal de Falset, La 0.04 (1.0) Nulles 0.04 (1.0)
Bisbal del Penedès, La 0.04 (1.0) Pallaresos, Els 0.04 (1.0)
Blancafort 0.04 (1.0) Palma d'Ebre, The 0.04 (1.0)
Bonastre 0.04 (1.0) Perafort 0.04 (1.0)
Borges del Camp, Les 0.04 (1.0) Perelló, The 0.04 (1.0)
Botarell 0.04 (1.0) Piles, Les 0.04 (1.0)
Bràfim 0.04 (1.0) Pinell de Brai, The 0.04 (1.0)
Cabacés 0.04 (1.0) Pyre 0.04 (1.0)
Camp goat 0.04 (1.0) Pla de Santa Maria, The 0.04 (1.0)
Calafell 0.04 (1.0) Pobla de Mafumet, La 0.04 (1.0)
Shrimp 0.04 (1.0) Pobla de Montornès, La 0.04 (1.0)
Cambrils 0.04 (1.0) Poboleda 0.04 (1.0)
Capafonts 0.04 (1.0) Pont d'Armentera, The 0.04 (1.0)
Capçanes 0.04 (1.0) Pontils 0.04 (1.0)
Castellvell del Camp 0.04 (1.0) Porrera 0.04 (1.0)
Catllar, The 0.04 (1.0) Pradell de La Teixeta 0.04 (1.0)
Colldejou 0.04 (1.0) Prades 0.04 (1.0)
With that 0.04 (1.0) Pratdip 0.04 (1.0)
Constantí 0.04 (1.0) Puigpelat 0.04 (1.0)
Corbera d'Ebre 0.04 (1.0) Querol 0.04 (1.0)
Cornudella de Montsant 0.04 (1.0) Scraper 0.04 (1.0)
Creixell 0.04 (1.0) Renau 0.04 (1.0)
Cunit 0.04 (1.0) Reus 0.04 (1.0)
Deltebre 0.04 (1.0) Riba, The 0.04 (1.0)
Duesaigües 0.04 (1.0) Riera de Gaià, La 0.04 (1.0)
Espluga de Francolí, L ' 0.04 (1.0) Riudecanyes 0.04 (1.0)
Falset 0.04 (1.0) Riudecols 0.04 (1.0)
Fatarella, The 0.04 (1.0) Riudoms 0.04 (1.0)
Febró, La 0.04 (1.0) Rocafort de Queralt 0.04 (1.0)
Figuera, The 0.04 (1.0) Roda de Barà 0.04 (1.0)
Figuerola del Camp 0.04 (1.0) Rodonyà 0.04 (1.0)
Flix 0.04 (1.0) Roquetes 0.04 (1.0)
Forès 0.04 (1.0) Rourell, The 0.04 (1.0)
Freginals 0.04 (1.0) Solomo 0.04 (1.0)
Garcia 0.04 (1.0) Salou 0.04 (1.0)
Garidells, Els 0.04 (1.0) Sant Carles de la Ràpita 0.04 (1.0)
Ginestar 0.04 (1.0) Sant Jaume dels Domenys 0.04 (1.0)
Gratallops 0.04 (1.0) Sant Jaume d'Enveja 0.04 (1.0)
Guiamets, Els 0.04 (1.0) Saint Barbara 0.04 (1.0)
Cry, the 0.04 (1.0) Santa Coloma de Queralt 0.04 (1.0)
Llorenç del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Santa Oliva 0.04 (1.0)
Brand 0.04 (1.0) Sarral 0.04 (1.0)
Margalef 0.04 (1.0) Secuita, The 0.04 (1.0)
Masdenverge 0.04 (1.0) Selva del Camp, La 0.04 (1.0)
Masllorenç 0.04 (1.0) Solivella 0.04 (1.0)
Masó, The 0.04 (1.0) Tarragona 0.04 (1.0)
Maspujols 0.04 (1.0) Tivenys 0.04 (1.0)
Masroig, The 0.04 (1.0) Tivissa 0.04 (1.0)
Milà, The 0.04 (1.0) Fontaubella Tower, La 0.04 (1.0)
Miravet 0.04 (1.0) Torre de l'Espanyol, La 0.04 (1.0)
Molar, The 0.04 (1.0) Torredembarra 0.04 (1.0)
Montblanc 0.04 (1.0) Torroja del Priorat 0.04 (1.0)
Montbrió del Camp 0.04 (1.0) Tortosa 0.04 (1.0)
Montferri 0.04 (1.0) Ulldemolins 0.04 (1.0)
Montmell, The 0.04 (1.0) Vallclara 0.04 (1.0)

82
 Municipal tob / K Municipality tob / g K
ity g
Vallmoll 0.04 (1.0) Benimantell 0.08 (1.0)
Valls 0.04 (1.0) Benimarfull 0.07 (1.0)
Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet Benimassot 0.07 (1.0)
de l'Infant 0.04 (1.0) Benimeli 0.07 (1.0)
Vendrell, The 0.04 (1.0) Benissa 0.06 (1.0)
Vespella of Gaià 0.04 (1.0) Benitachell / Poble Nou
Vilabella 0.04 (1.0) of Benitatxell, The 0.05 (1.0)
Vilallonga del Camp 0.04 (1.0) Biar 0.07 (1.0)
Vilanova de Prades 0.04 (1.0) Bigastro 0.16 (1.0)
Vilanova d'Escornalbou 0.04 (1.0) Bolulla 0.07 (1.0)
Vilaplana 0.04 (1.0) Busot 0.11 (1.0)
Vila Rodona 0.04 (1.0) Callosa de Segura 0.16 (1.0)
Vila Seca 0.04 (1.0) Callosa d'en Sarrià 0.08 (1.0)
Vilaverd 0.04 (1.0) Calpe / Calp 0.06 (1.0)
Vilella Alta, The 0.04 (1.0) Campello, The 0.13 (1.0)
Vilella Baixa, The 0.04 (1.0) Campo de Mirra / Camp de
Vimbodí 0.04 (1.0) Myrrh, The 0.07 (1.0)
Vinebre 0.04 (1.0) Canada 0.07 (1.0)
Vinyols and els Arcs 0.04 (1.0) Castalla 0.08 (1.0)
Xerta 0.04 (1.0) Castell de Castells 0.07 (1.0)
Catral 0.15 (1.0)
Cocentaina 0.07 (1.0)
VALENCIAN COMMUNITY Confrides 0.08 (1.0)
Cox 0.16 (1.0)
Province of Alicante / Alacant Crevillent 0.15 (1.0)
Daya New 0.16 (1.0)
Adsubia 0.07 (1.0) Daya Vieja 0.16 (1.0)
August 0.11 (1.0) Denia 0.06 (1.0)
Agress 0.07 (1.0) Pains 0.16 (1.0)
Aigües 0.11 (1.0) Elche / Elx 0.15 (1.0)
Albatera 0.15 (1.0) Elda 0.09 (1.0)
Alcalali 0.07 (1.0) Facheca 0.07 (1.0)
Alcocer de Planes 0.07 (1.0) Famorca 0.07 (1.0)
Alcoleja 0.08 (1.0) Finestrat 0.09 (1.0)
Alcoy / Alcoi 0.07 (1.0) Formentera del Segura 0.15 (1.0)
Alfafara 0.07 (1.0) Gaianes 0.07 (1.0)
Alfàs del Pi, L ' 0.08 (1.0) Gorgos cat 0.06 (1.0)
Algorfa 0.16 (1.0) Gorga 0.07 (1.0)
Algueña 0.12 (1.0) Rocamora farm 0.15 (1.0)
Alicante / Alacant 0.14 (1.0) Guadalest 0.07 (1.0)
Almoradí 0.16 (1.0) Guardamar del Segura 0.15 (1.0)
Almudaina 0.07 (1.0) Hondón de las Nieves 0.13 (1.0)
Alqueria d'Asnar, L ' 0.07 (1.0) Hondón de los Frailes 0.14 (1.0)
Altea 0.08 (1.0) Ibi 0.08 (1.0)
Aspe 0.13 (1.0) Jacarilla 0.16 (1.0)
Balls 0.07 (1.0) Jalón / Xaló 0.07 (1.0)
Banyeres de Mariola 0.07 (1.0) Jávea / Xàbia 0.05 (1.0)
Benasau 0.07 (1.0) Jijona / Xixona 0.09 (1.0)
Beneixama 0.07 (1.0) Lorcha / Orxa, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Benejúzar 0.16 (1.0) Lliber 0.07 (1.0)
Benferri 0.15 (1.0) Millena 0.07 (1.0)
Beniarbeig 0.07 (1.0) Monforte del Cid 0.12 (1.0)
Beniardá 0.07 (1.0) Monóvar / Monòver 0.10 (1.0)
Beniarrés 0.07 (1.0) Montesinos, The 0.15 (1.0)
Benidoleig 0.07 (1.0) Murla 0.07 (1.0)
Benidorm 0.09 (1.0) Wall of Alcoy 0.07 (1.0)
Benifallim 0.08 (1.0) Mutxamel 0.13 (1.0)
Benifato 0.08 (1.0) Novelda 0.12 (1.0)
Benigembla 0.07 (1.0) Nucia, The 0.08 (1.0)
Benijófar 0.15 (1.0) Ondara 0.06 (1.0)
Benilloba 0.07 (1.0) Onil 0.07 (1.0)
Benillup 0.07 (1.0) Orba 0.07 (1.0)

83
 Municipal tob / K Municipality tob / g K
ity g
Orihuela 0.16 (1.0) Alborache 0.06 (1.0)
Orxeta 0.09 (1.0) Alboraya 0.06 (1.0)
Parcent 0.07 (1.0) Albuixech 0.06 (1.0)
Pedreguer 0.06 (1.0) Alcàntera de Xúquer 0.07 (1.0)
I hit 0.07 (1.0) Alcàsser 0.07 (1.0)
Penàguila 0.07 (1.0) Alcúdia de Crespins, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Petrer 0.09 (1.0) Alcúdia, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Pilar de la Horadada 0.12 (1.0) Aldaia 0.07 (1.0)
Pinoso 0.09 (1.0) Alfafar 0.07 (1.0)
Plans 0.07 (1.0) Alfara of the Patriarch 0.06 (1.0)
Poblets, Els 0.06 (1.0) Alfarp 0.07 (1.0)
Polop 0.08 (1.0) Alfarrasí 0.07 (1.0)
Quatretondeta 0.07 (1.0) Alfauir 0.07 (1.0)
Rafal 0.16 (1.0) Algemesi 0.07 (1.0)
Ràfol d'Almúnia, The 0.07 (1.0) Algimia of Alfara 0.04 (1.0)
Redovan 0.16 (1.0) Alginet 0.07 (1.0)
Relleu 0.08 (1.0) Almàssera 0.06 (1.0)
Rojales 0.15 (1.0) Almiserà 0.07 (1.0)
Romana, The 0.11 (1.0) Almoines 0.07 (1.0)
Sagra 0.07 (1.0) Almussafes 0.07 (1.0)
Salinas 0.08 (1.0) Farmhouse of the Countess /
San Fulgencio 0.16 (1.0) Farmhouse of the Comtessa, 0.07 (1.0)
L'
San Isidro 0.15 (1.0) Alzira 0.07 (1.0)
San Miguel de Salinas 0.15 (1.0) Anna 0.07 (1.0)
San Vicente del Raspeig / Antella 0.07 (1.0)
Sant Vicent del Raspeig 0.13 (1.0) Atzeneta d'Albaida 0.07 (1.0)
Sanet And Negrals 0.07 (1.0) Ayora 0.07 (1.0)
Sant Joan d'Alacant 0.13 (1.0) Barx 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Pola 0.15 (1.0) Barxeta 0.07 (1.0)
Sax 0.08 (1.0) Belgida 0.07 (1.0)
Seal 0.08 (1.0) Bellreguard 0.07 (1.0)
Senija 0.06 (1.0) Bellús 0.07 (1.0)
Tarbena 0.07 (1.0) Benaguasil 0.05 (1.0)
Teulada 0.06 (1.0) Beneixida 0.07 (1.0)
Tibi 0.09 (1.0) Benetússer 0.07 (1.0)
Tollos 0.07 (1.0) Beniarjó 0.07 (1.0)
Tormos 0.07 (1.0) Beniatjar 0.07 (1.0)
Torremanzanas / Torre de les Benicolet 0.07 (1.0)
Maçanes, The 0.08 (1.0) Benifaió 0.07 (1.0)
Torrevieja 0.14 (1.0) Benifairó de la Valldigna 0.07 (1.0)
Vall d'Alcalà, The 0.07 (1.0) Beniflá 0.07 (1.0)
Ebo Valley 0.07 (1.0) Benigánim 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Gallinera 0.07 (1.0) Benimodo 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Laguar, La 0.07 (1.0) Benimuslem 0.07 (1.0)
Verger, The 0.06 (1.0) Beniparrell 0.07 (1.0)
Villajoyosa / Vila Joiosa, La 0.11 (1.0) Benirredrà 0.07 (1.0)
Villena 0.07 (1.0) Benisanó 0.05 (1.0)
Benisoda 0.07 (1.0)
Benisuera 0.07 (1.0)
Province of Valencia / València Betera 0.06 (1.0)
Bicorp 0.07 (1.0)
Adore 0.07 (1.0) Bocairent 0.07 (1.0)
Agullent 0.07 (1.0) Bolbaite 0.07 (1.0)
Aielo of Malferit 0.07 (1.0) Bonrepòs i Mirambell 0.06 (1.0)
Aielo de Rugat 0.07 (1.0) Bufali 0.07 (1.0)
Alaquàs 0.07 (1.0) Bunol 0.06 (1.0)
Albaida 0.07 (1.0) Burjassot 0.06 (1.0)
Albal 0.07 (1.0) Canals 0.07 (1.0)
Albalat of La Ribera 0.07 (1.0) Canet D'en Berenguer 0.04 (1.0)
Albalat dels Sorells 0.06 (1.0) Carcaixent 0.07 (1.0)
Albalat dels Tarongers 0.04 (1.0) Càrcer 0.07 (1.0)
Alberic 0.07 (1.0) Carlet 0.07 (1.0)

84
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Carrícola 0.07 (1.0) Moncada 0.06 (1.0)

Castelló de Rugat 0.07 (1.0) Monserrat 0.07 (1.0)
Castellonet de la Conquesta 0.07 (1.0) Montaverner 0.07 (1.0)
Catadau 0.07 (1.0) Montesa 0.07 (1.0)
Catarrh 0.07 (1.0) Montichelvo 0.07 (1.0)
Sow 0.07 (1.0) Montroy 0.07 (1.0)
Chella 0.07 (1.0) Museros 0.06 (1.0)
Cheste 0.06 (1.0) Naquera 0.05 (1.0)
Chiva 0.06 (1.0) Navarres 0.07 (1.0)
Cofrentes 0.06 (1.0) Novelé / Novetlè 0.07 (1.0)
Corbera 0.07 (1.0) Olive 0.07 (1.0)
Courts of Pallás 0.06 (1.0) Olleria, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Cotes 0.07 (1.0) Olocau 0.04 (1.0)
Cullera 0.07 (1.0) Ontinyent 0.07 (1.0)
Daimus 0.07 (1.0) Otos 0.07 (1.0)
Two waters 0.07 (1.0) Paiporta 0.07 (1.0)
Eliana, L ' 0.06 (1.0) Palma de Gandía 0.07 (1.0)
Emperor 0.06 (1.0) Palm tree 0.07 (1.0)
Enguera 0.07 (1.0) Palomar, The 0.07 (1.0)
Ènova, L ' 0.07 (1.0) Paternal 0.06 (1.0)
Estivella 0.04 (1.0) Pedralba 0.04 (1.0)
Estubeny 0.07 (1.0) Petrés 0.04 (1.0)
Favara 0.07 (1.0) Picanya 0.07 (1.0)
Foios 0.06 (1.0) Picassent 0.07 (1.0)
Font de la Figuera, La 0.07 (1.0) Piles 0.07 (1.0)
Font d'en Carròs, La 0.07 (1.0) Pinet 0.07 (1.0)
Fontanars dels Alforins 0.07 (1.0) Pobla de Farnals, La 0.06 (1.0)
Fortress 0.07 (1.0) Pobla de Vallbona, La 0.05 (1.0)
Gandia 0.07 (1.0) Pobla del Duc, La 0.07 (1.0)
Gavarda 0.07 (1.0) Pobla Llarga, La 0.07 (1.0)
Genoese 0.07 (1.0) Polinyà de Xúquer 0.07 (1.0)
Gilet 0.05 (1.0) Potries 0.07 (1.0)
Godella 0.06 (1.0) Puçol 0.05 (1.0)
Godelleta 0.06 (1.0) Puig 0.05 (1.0)
Coastal Farm, La 0.07 (1.0) Quart de Poblet 0.07 (1.0)
Guadasequies 0.07 (1.0) Quatretonda 0.07 (1.0)
Guadassuar 0.07 (1.0) Cheese 0.07 (1.0)
Guardamar 0.07 (1.0) Rafelbuñol / Rafelbunyol 0.06 (1.0)
Jalance 0.06 (1.0) Rafelcofer 0.07 (1.0)
Jarafuel 0.06 (1.0) Rafelguaraf 0.07 (1.0)
Loriguilla 0.06 (1.0) Salem rafol 0.07 (1.0)
New Crown Place 0.07 (1.0) Real de Gandía 0.07 (1.0)
Llanera de Ranes 0.07 (1.0) Montroi Royal 0.07 (1.0)
Llaurí 0.07 (1.0) Red Ridge of Túria 0.06 (1.0)
Llíria 0.05 (1.0) Riola 0.07 (1.0)
Llocnou de Sant Jeroni 0.07 (1.0) Rocafort 0.06 (1.0)
Llocnou d'en Fenollet 0.07 (1.0) Rotglá and Corberá 0.07 (1.0)
Llombai 0.07 (1.0) Rotova 0.07 (1.0)
Llosa de Ranes 0.07 (1.0) Rugat 0.07 (1.0)
Llutxent 0.07 (1.0) Sagunto / Sagunt 0.04 (1.0)
Macastre 0.06 (1.0) Salem 0.07 (1.0)
Manises 0.06 (1.0) Saint Anthony of Benagéber 0.06 (1.0)
Manuel 0.07 (1.0) Saint John of Énova 0.07 (1.0)
Masalavés 0.07 (1.0) Sedavi 0.07 (1.0)
Massalfassar 0.06 (1.0) Segart 0.05 (1.0)
Massamagrell 0.06 (1.0) Sellent 0.07 (1.0)
Massanassa 0.07 (1.0) Sempere 0.07 (1.0)
Meliana 0.06 (1.0) Senyera 0.07 (1.0)
Thousands 0.07 (1.0) Serra 0.05 (1.0)
Miramar 0.07 (1.0) Seven waters 0.04 (1.0)
Mislata 0.07 (1.0) Chair 0.07 (1.0)
Mogente / Moixent 0.07 (1.0) Simat de la Valldigna 0.07 (1.0)

85
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Sollana 0.07 (1.0) Lobon 0.04 (1.3)

Swedish 0.07 (1.0) Undercooked 0.04 (1,2)
Sumacàrcer 0.07 (1.0) Medina de las Torres 0.04 (1.3)
White Tavernes 0.06 (1.0) Monstery 0.04 (1.3)
Tavernes de la Valldigna 0.07 (1.0) Montemolin 0.04 (1.3)
Teresa de Cofrentes 0.07 (1.0) Mulberry, The 0.05 (1.3)
Terrateig 0.07 (1.0) Nogales 0.05 (1.3)
Torrella 0.07 (1.0) Oliva de la Frontera 0.06 (1.3)
Torrent 0.07 (1.0) Olivenza 0.05 (1.3)
Torres Torres 0.04 (1.0) Parra, The 0.05 (1.3)
Tous 0.07 (1.0) Puebla de la Calzada 0.04 (1.3)
Turís 0.06 (1.0) Puebla de Sancho Pérez 0.04 (1.3)
Valencia 0.06 (1.0) Puebla del Maestre 0.04 (1,2)
Fenced 0.07 (1.0) Pueblonuevo del Guadiana 0.05 (1.3)
Vallés 0.07 (1.0) Queen 0.04 (1,2)
Vilamarxant 0.05 (1.0) Rock of the Sierra 0.05 (1.3)
Villalonga 0.07 (1.0) Salvaleon 0.05 (1.3)
Villanueva de Castellón 0.07 (1.0) Salvatierra de los Barros 0.05 (1.3)
Vinalesa 0.06 (1.0) San Vicente de Alcantara 0.04 (1,2)
Xativa 0.07 (1.0) Santa Marta 0.04 (1.3)
Xeraco 0.07 (1.0) Santos de Maimona, Los 0.04 (1.3)
Xeresa 0.07 (1.0) Segura de León 0.05 (1.3)
Xirivella 0.07 (1.0) Solana de los Barros 0.04 (1.3)
Yátova 0.06 (1.0) Talavera la Real 0.04 (1.3)
Zarra 0.07 (1.0) Taliga 0.06 (1.3)
Miguel Sesmero Tower 0.05 (1.3)
Trasierra 0.04 (1,2)
ESTREMADURA Usagre 0.04 (1.3)
Valdelacalzada 0.04 (1.3)
Badajoz province Valencia del Mombuey 0.08 (1,2)
Windy Valencia 0.05 (1.3)
Aceuchal 0.04 (1.3) Matamoros Valley 0.05 (1.3)
Albuera, The 0.05 (1.3) Santa Ana Valley 0.05 (1.3)
Albuquerque 0.04 (1.3) Valverde de Burguillos 0.05 (1.3)
Alconchel 0.06 (1.3) Valverde de Leganés 0.05 (1.3)
Alconera 0.04 (1.3) Villafranca de los Barros 0.04 (1.3)
Almendral 0.05 (1.3) Villagarcía de la Torre 0.04 (1.3)
Watchtower 0.05 (1.3) Villalba de los Barros 0.04 (1.3)
Badajoz 0.05 (1.3) Villanueva del Fresno 0.07 (1,2)
Barcarrota 0.05 (1.3) Villar del Rey 0.05 (1.3)
Welcome 0.04 (1.3) Zafra 0.04 (1.3)
Bodonal de la Sierra 0.05 (1.3) Zahnos 0.06 (1.3)
Burguillos del Cerro 0.05 (1.3)
Head the Cow 0.05 (1.3)
Calera de León 0.05 (1.3) Cáceres province
Calzadilla de los Barros 0.04 (1.3)
Queen's Houses 0.04 (1,2) Carbajo 0.04 (1,2)
Codosera, The 0.04 (1.3) Cedillo 0.07 (1,1)
Fight Court 0.04 (1.3) Herrera de Alcántara 0.06 (1,1)
Cheles 0.07 (1,2) Member 0.04 (1,2)
Low Entrin 0.04 (1.3) Salorino 0.04 (1,2)
fair 0.04 (1.3) Santiago de Alcantara 0.04 (1,2)
Fregenal de la Sierra 0.05 (1.3) Valencia de Alcántara 0.04 (1,2)
Cantos Fountain 0.04 (1.3)
Arco Fountain 0.04 (1,2)
Master's Fountain 0.04 (1.3) GALICIA
Fountains of León 0.05 (1.3)
Higuera de Vargas 0.06 (1.3) Province of A Coruña
Higuera la Real 0.06 (1.3)
Jerez de los Caballeros 0.05 (1.3) Melide 0.04 (1.0)
The shovel 0.04 (1.3) Santiso 0.04 (1.0)
Llerena 0.04 (1.3) Touches 0.04 (1.0)

86
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

Lugo Province Province of Ourense

Abadin 0.04 (1.0) Allariz 0.04 (1.0)

Alfoz 0.04 (1.0) Amoeiro 0.04 (1.0)
Antas of Ulla 0.04 (1.0) Arnoia, A 0.04 (1.0)
Baleira 0.04 (1.0) Plane 0.04 (1.0)
Baralla 0.04 (1.0) Baltar 0.04 (1.0)
Barreiros 0.04 (1.0) Band 0.04 (1.0)
Becerreá 0.04 (1.0) Molgas Baths 0.04 (1.0)
Begonte 0.04 (1.0) Barbadás 0.04 (1.0)
Vault 0.04 (1.0) Beade 0.04 (1.0)
Carballedo 0.04 (1.0) Beariz 0.04 (1.0)
Castro de Rei 0.04 (1.0) Whites, Os 0.04 (1.0)
Castroverde 0.04 (1.0) Boborás 0.04 (1.0)
Cervantes 0.04 (1.0) Ball, A 0.04 (1.0)
Chantada 0.04 (1.0) Bolus, OR 0.04 (1.0)
Corgo, O 0.04 (1.0) Bald of Randín 0.04 (1.0)
Cospeito 0.04 (1.0) Carballeda de Avia 0.04 (1.0)
Folgoso do Courel 0.04 (1.0) Carballiño, O 0.04 (1.0)
Fonsagrada, A 0.04 (1.0) Poster 0.04 (1.0)
Foz 0.04 (1.0) Castrelo de Miño 0.04 (1.0)
Friol 0.04 (1.0) Castrelo do Val 0.04 (1.0)
Guitiriz 0.04 (1.0) Castro Caldelas 0.04 (1.0)
Guntin 0.04 (1.0) Celanova 0.04 (1.0)
Start, O 0.04 (1.0) Cenlle 0.04 (1.0)
Lancara 0.04 (1.0) Cabbages 0.04 (1.0)
Lourenza 0.04 (1.0) Cut off 0.04 (1.0)
Lugo 0.04 (1.0) Cualedro 0.04 (1.0)
Meira 0.04 (1.0) Chandrexa de Queixa 0.04 (1.0)
Mondonedo 0.04 (1.0) Entrimo 0.04 (1.0)
Monforte de Lemos 0.04 (1.0) Esgos 0.04 (1.0)
Monterroso 0.04 (1.0) Gomesende 0.04 (1.0)
Walls 0.04 (1.0) Irixo, O 0.04 (1.0)
Navia de Suarna 0.04 (1.0) Larouco 0.04 (1.0)
Nogais, As 0.04 (1.0) Laza 0.04 (1.0)
Ourol 0.04 (1.0) Leiro 0.04 (1.0)
Outeiro de Rei 0.04 (1.0) Lobeira 0.04 (1.0)
Rei's palas 0.04 (1.0) Lobios 0.04 (1.0)
Panton 0.04 (1.0) Maceda 0.04 (1.0)
Paradela 0.04 (1.0) Manzaneda 0.04 (1.0)
Wasteland, or 0.04 (1.0) Maside 0.04 (1.0)
Pastoriza, A 0.04 (1.0) Cantaloupe 0.04 (1.0)
Pedrafita do Cebreiro 0.04 (1.0) Merca, A 0.04 (1.0)
Pobra do Brollón, A 0.04 (1.0) Montederramo 0.04 (1.0)
Pol 0.04 (1.0) Monterrei 0.04 (1.0)
Pontenova, A 0.04 (1.0) Muíños 0.04 (1.0)
Portomarin 0.04 (1.0) Nogueira de Ramuín 0.04 (1.0)
Quiroga 0.04 (1.0) Oimbra 0.04 (1.0)
Rabade 0.04 (1.0) Ourense 0.04 (1.0)
Ribas de Sil 0.04 (1.0) Paderne de Allariz 0.04 (1.0)
Ribeira de Piquín 0.04 (1.0) Padrenda 0.04 (1.0)
Riotorto 0.04 (1.0) Sil stop 0.04 (1.0)
Samos 0.04 (1.0) Pereiro de Aguiar, O 0.04 (1.0)
Sarria 0.04 (1.0) Peroxa, A 0.04 (1.0)
Saviñao, O 0.04 (1.0) Petín 0.04 (1.0)
Sober 0.04 (1.0) Pinor 0.04 (1.0)
Taboada 0.04 (1.0) Pobra de Trives, A 0.04 (1.0)
Locked 0.04 (1.0) Pontedeva 0.04 (1.0)
Triacastela 0.04 (1.0) Porqueira 0.04 (1.0)
Valadouro, O 0.04 (1.0) Punxín 0.04 (1.0)
Vilalba 0.04 (1.0) Quintela of Leirado 0.04 (1.0)
Xermade 0.04 (1.0) Rairiz de Veiga 0.04 (1.0)

87
 Municipal tob / K Municipality tob / g K
ity g
Ramirás 0.04 (1.0) Campanet 0.04 (1.0)
Ribadavia 0.04 (1.0) Fields 0.04 (1.0)
Rúa, A 0.04 (1.0) Capdepera 0.04 (1.0)
San Amaro 0.04 (1.0) Castell, Is 0.04 (1.0)
San Cibrao das Viñas 0.04 (1.0) Ciutadella de Menorca 0.04 (1.0)
Saint Christ of Cea 0.04 (1.0) Consell 0.04 (1.0)
San Xoán de Rio 0.04 (1.0) Costitx 0.04 (1.0)
Sandias 0.04 (1.0) Deyá 0.04 (1.0)
Sarreaus 0.04 (1.0) Ibiza 0.04 (1.0)
Taboadela 0.04 (1.0) Escorca 0.04 (1.0)
Teixeira, A 0.04 (1.0) Esporles 0.04 (1.0)
Toen 0.04 (1.0) Estellencs 0.04 (1.0)
You transmit 0.04 (1.0) Felanitx 0.04 (1.0)
Verea 0.04 (1.0) Ferreries 0.04 (1.0)
Verin 0.04 (1.0) Formentera 0.04 (1.0)
Viana do Bolo 0.04 (1.0) Fornalutx 0.04 (1.0)
Vilamarin 0.04 (1.0) Inca 0.04 (1.0)
Vilamartín de Valdeorras 0.04 (1.0) Lloret de Vistaalegre 0.04 (1.0)
Vilar de Barrio 0.04 (1.0) Lloseta 0.04 (1.0)
Vilar de Santos 0.04 (1.0) Llubí 0.04 (1.0)
Vilariño de Conso 0.04 (1.0) Llucmajor 0.04 (1.0)
Xinzo de Limia 0.04 (1.0) Mahon 0.04 (1.0)
Xunqueira de Ambía 0.04 (1.0) Manacor 0.04 (1.0)
Xunqueira de Espadanedo 0.04 (1.0) Mancor de la Vall 0.04 (1.0)
Maria de la Salut 0.04 (1.0)
Marratxí 0.04 (1.0)
Pontevedra Province Mercadal, Is 0.04 (1.0)
Migjorn Gran, Is 0.04 (1.0)
Beleaguered 0.04 (1.0) Montuïri 0.04 (1.0)
Tree 0.04 (1.0) Wall 0.04 (1.0)
Cañiza, A 0.04 (1.0) Palma de Mallorca 0.04 (1.0)
Covelo 0.04 (1.0) Petra 0.04 (1.0)
Growing 0.04 (1.0) Pobla, Sa 0.04 (1.0)
Dozon 0.04 (1.0) Pollença 0.04 (1.0)
Forcarei 0.04 (1.0) Porreres 0.04 (1.0)
Igrexa, A 0.04 (1.0) Puigpunyent 0.04 (1.0)
Lalin 0.04 (1.0) Salines, Ses 0.04 (1.0)
Mondariz 0.04 (1.0) Saint Joseph 0.04 (1.0)
Mondariz Spa or Troncoso 0.04 (1.0) Sant Antoni de Portmany 0.04 (1.0)
Neves, As 0.04 (1.0) Sant Joan 0.04 (1.0)
Pedreira, A 0.04 (1.0) Sant Joan de Labritja 0.04 (1.0)
Rodeiro 0.04 (1.0) Sant Llorenç des Cardassar 0.04 (1.0)
Silleda 0.04 (1.0) Sant Lluís 0.04 (1.0)
Vila de Cruces 0.04 (1.0) Saint Eugene 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Eulalia del Rio 0.04 (1.0)
Santa Margalida 0.04 (1.0)
ILLES BALEARS Santa Maria del Camí 0.04 (1.0)
Santanyí 0.04 (1.0)
Illes Balears Province Jungle 0.04 (1.0)
Sencelles 0.04 (1.0)
Alaior 0.04 (1.0) Sineu 0.04 (1.0)
Alaró 0.04 (1.0) Soller 0.04 (1.0)
Alcúdia 0.04 (1.0) They are Servera 0.04 (1.0)
Algaida 0.04 (1.0) Valldemosa 0.04 (1.0)
Andratx 0.04 (1.0) Vilafranca de Bonany 0.04 (1.0)
Ariany 0.04 (1.0)
Artà 0.04 (1.0)
Banyalbufar 0.04 (1.0) MURCIA REGION
Binissalem 0.04 (1.0)
Buger 0.04 (1.0) Murcia province
Bunyola 0.04 (1.0)
Calvià 0.04 (1.0) Abanilla 0.15 (1.0)

88
 Municipality tob /gK Municipality tob /gK

Abarán 0.10 (1.0) Améscoa Baja 0.04 (1.0)

Eagles 0.11 (1.0) Ancin 0.04 (1.0)
Albudeite 0.11 (1.0) Ansoáin 0.04 (1.0)
Sewer 0.15 (1.0) Anue 0.04 (1.0)
Alcazares, Los 0.08 (1.0) Añorbe 0.04 (1.0)
Aledo 0.10 (1.0) Aoiz / Agoitz 0.05 (1.0)
Alguazas 0.14 (1.0) Araitz 0.04 (1.0)
Alhama de Murcia 0.11 (1.0) Arakil 0.04 (1.0)
Archena 0.13 (1.0) Aranarache 0.04 (1.0)
Beniel 0.16 (1.0) Aranguren 0.04 (1.0)
White 0.11 (1.0) Arano 0.04 (1.0)
Bullas 0.08 (1.0) Arantza 0.04 (1.0)
Calasparra 0.07 (1.0) Arbizu 0.04 (1.0)
River Fields 0.12 (1.0) Maple / Artzi 0.05 (1.0)
Caravaca de la Cruz 0.07 (1.0) Arellano 0.04 (1.0)
Cartagena 0.07 (1.0) Son tan 0.04 (1.0)
Cehegin 0.08 (1.0) Aria 0.05 (1.0)
Ceutí 0.14 (1.0) Aribe 0.05 (1.0)
Cieza 0.09 (1.0) Arruazu 0.04 (1.0)
Fortune 0.15 (1.0) Artajona 0.04 (1.0)
Álamo de Murcia fountain 0.11 (1.0) Artazu 0.04 (1.0)
Jumilla 0.07 (1.0) Atez 0.04 (1.0)
Booklet 0.12 (1.0) Auritz / Burguete 0.05 (1.0)
Lorca 0.12 (1.0) Ayegui 0.04 (1.0)
Lorquí 0.14 (1.0) Bakaiku 0.04 (1.0)
Mazarron 0.09 (1.0) Barañain 0.04 (1.0)
Molina de Segura 0.15 (1.0) Barásoain 0.04 (1.0)
Moratalla 0.07 (1.0) Barbarin 0.04 (1.0)
Mule 0.09 (1.0) Basaburua 0.04 (1.0)
Murcia 0.15 (1.0) Baztan 0.05 (1.0)
Eyes 0.12 (1.0) Beintza Labaien 0.04 (1.0)
Sheet 0.09 (1.0) Belascoáin 0.04 (1.0)
Puerto Lumbreras 0.14 (1.0) Bera / Vera de Bidasoa 0.04 (1.0)
Ricote 0.12 (1.0) Berrrioplano 0.04 (1.0)
San Javier 0.10 (1.0) Berriozar 0.04 (1.0)
San Pedro del Pinatar 0.11 (1.0) Bertizarana 0.04 (1.0)
Santomera 0.16 (1.0) Betelu 0.04 (1.0)
Pacheco Tower 0.09 (1.0) Bidaurreta 0.04 (1.0)
Torres de Cotillas, Las 0.14 (1.0) Biurrun Olcoz 0.04 (1.0)
Totana 0.10 (1.0) Burgui / Burgi 0.05 (1.0)
Ulea 0.12 (1.0) Burlada / Burlata 0.04 (1.0)
Union, The 0.07 (1.0) Castillonuevo 0.05 (1.0)
Villanueva del Río Segura 0.13 (1.0) Cirauqui 0.04 (1.0)
Yecla 0.07 (1.0) Ciriza 0.04 (1.0)
Cizur 0.04 (1.0)
Dicastillo 0.04 (1.0)
Ms. Maria 0.04 (1.0)
Doneztebe / Santesteban 0.04 (1.0)
FORAL COMMUNITY OF NAVARRA Echarri 0.04 (1.0)
Egüés 0.04 (1.0)
Elgorriaga 0.04 (1.0)
Navarra province
Energetic 0.04 (1.0)
Eratsun 0.04 (1.0)
Abase 0.04 (1.0) Ergoiena 0.04 (1.0)
Abárzuza 0.04 (1.0) Erro 0.05 (1.0)
Abaurregaina / Abaurrea Alta 0.05 (1.0) Slavic 0.04 (1.0)
Abaurrepea / Abaurrea Baja 0.05 (1.0) Esparza de Salazar 0.06 (1.0)
Aberin 0.04 (1.0) Estella / Lizarra 0.04 (1.0)
Goodbye 0.04 (1.0) Esteribar 0.04 (1.0)
Aibar / Oibar 0.04 (1.0) Etayo 0.04 (1.0)
Allin 0.04 (1.0) Etxalar 0.04 (1.0)
Altsasu / Alsasua 0.04 (1.0) Etxarri Aranatz 0.04 (1.0)

89
 Municipal tob / K Municipality tob / g K
ity g
Etxauri 0.04 (1.0) Nazar 0.04 (1.0)
Eulate 0.04 (1.0) Noáin (Valley of Elorz) / Noain
Ezcabarte 0.04 (1.0) (Elortzibar) 0.04 (1.0)
Ezcároz / Ezkaroze 0.06 (1.0) Obanos 0.04 (1.0)
Ezkurra 0.04 (1.0) Ochagavía 0.06 (1.0)
Ezprogui 0.04 (1.0) Oco 0.04 (1.0)
Galar 0.04 (1.0) Odieta 0.04 (1.0)
Gallués / Galoze 0.05 (1.0) Oitz 0.04 (1.0)
Garaioa 0.05 (1.0) Olaibar 0.04 (1.0)
Garde 0.06 (1.0) Olazti / Olazagutía 0.04 (1.0)
Garinoain 0.04 (1.0) Olejua 0.04 (1.0)
Garralda 0.05 (1.0) Ollo 0.04 (1.0)
Goizueta 0.04 (1.0) Olóriz 0.04 (1.0)
Goñi 0.04 (1.0) Olza 0.04 (1.0)
Güesa / Gorza 0.05 (1.0) Orbaitzeta 0.05 (1.0)
Guesálaz 0.04 (1.0) Orbara 0.05 (1.0)
Guirguillano 0.04 (1.0) Orcoyen 0.04 (1.0)
Hiriberri / Villanueva de Aezkoa 0.05 (1.0) Orisoain 0.04 (1.0)
Huarte / Uharte 0.04 (1.0) Oronz 0.06 (1.0)
Ibargoiti 0.04 (1.0) Oroz Betelu 0.05 (1.0)
Igantzi 0.04 (1.0) Orreaga / Roncesvalles 0.05 (1.0)
Iguzquiza 0.04 (1.0) Oteiza 0.04 (1.0)
Imotz 0.04 (1.0) Pamplona / Iruña 0.04 (1.0)
Irañeta 0.04 (1.0) Piedramillera 0.04 (1.0)
Irurtzun 0.04 (1.0) Puente La Reina / Gares 0.04 (1.0)
Isaba / Izaba 0.07 (1.0) Pueyo 0.04 (1.0)
Ituren 0.04 (1.0) Romanced 0.04 (1.0)
Iturmendi 0.04 (1.0) Roncal / Erronkari 0.06 (1.0)
Iza 0.04 (1.0) Sada 0.04 (1.0)
Izagaondoa 0.04 (1.0) You went out 0.04 (1.0)
Izalzu / Itzaltzu 0.06 (1.0) Salinas de Oro 0.04 (1.0)
Jaurrieta 0.06 (1.0) Sangüesa / Zangoza 0.04 (1.0)
Javier 0.04 (1.0) Sarriés / Sartze 0.05 (1.0)
Juslapeña 0.04 (1.0) Sorlada 0.04 (1.0)
Lakuntza 0.04 (1.0) Sunbilla 0.04 (1.0)
Wool 0.04 (1.0) Tiebas Muruarte de Reta 0.04 (1.0)
Lantz 0.04 (1.0) Tirapu 0.04 (1.0)
Larraona 0.04 (1.0) Ucar 0.04 (1.0)
Larraun 0.04 (1.0) Uharte Arakil 0.04 (1.0)
Leache 0.04 (1.0) Ultzama 0.04 (1.0)
Legarda 0.04 (1.0) Unciti 0.04 (1.0)
Legaria 0.04 (1.0) Unzué 0.04 (1.0)
Leitza 0.04 (1.0) Urdazubi / Urdax 0.05 (1.0)
Leoz 0.04 (1.0) Urdiain 0.04 (1.0)
Lerga 0.04 (1.0) Urraul Alto 0.05 (1.0)
Lesaka 0.04 (1.0) Urraul Low 0.04 (1.0)
Lezáun 0.04 (1.0) Urrotz 0.04 (1.0)
Liedena 0.04 (1.0) Urroz 0.04 (1.0)
Lizoáin 0.04 (1.0) Urzainqui 0.06 (1.0)
Long / Long 0.04 (1.0) Uterga 0.04 (1.0)
Lumbier 0.04 (1.0) Uztárroz / Uztarroze 0.07 (1.0)
Luquin 0.04 (1.0) Vidángoz / Bidankoze 0.05 (1.0)
Luzaide / Valcarlos 0.05 (1.0) Villamayor de Monjardín 0.04 (1.0)
Maneru 0.04 (1.0) Villatuerta 0.04 (1.0)
Mendaza 0.04 (1.0) Villava / Atarrabia 0.04 (1.0)
Beggar 0.04 (1.0) Yerri 0.04 (1.0)
Metauten 0.04 (1.0) Yesa 0.04 (1.0)
Monreal 0.04 (1.0) Zabalza 0.04 (1.0)
Morentin 0.04 (1.0) Ziordia 0.04 (1.0)
Murieta 0.04 (1.0) Zubieta 0.04 (1.0)
Muruzábal 0.04 (1.0) Zugarramurdi 0.05 (1.0)
Navascués 0.05 (1.0) Zuniga 0.04 (1.0)

90
 Municipality tob / g K Municipality tob / g K

BASQUE COUNTRY Hernani 0.04 (1.0)

Hernialde 0.04 (1.0)
Province of Álava Hondarribia 0.04 (1.0)
Ibarra 0.04 (1.0)
Asparrena 0.04 (1.0) Idiazabal 0.04 (1.0)
Harana / Arana Valley 0.04 (1.0) Ikaztegieta 0.04 (1.0)
Zalduondo 0.04 (1.0) Irun 0.04 (1.0)
Irura 0.04 (1.0)
Itsasondo 0.04 (1.0)
Guipúzcoa Province Larraul 0.04 (1.0)
Lasarte Oria 0.04 (1.0)
Abaltzisketa 0.04 (1.0) Lazkao 0.04 (1.0)
Aduna 0.04 (1.0) Leaburu 0.04 (1.0)
Aia 0.04 (1.0) Legazpi 0.04 (1.0)
Aizarnazabal 0.04 (1.0) Legorreta 0.04 (1.0)
Albiztur 0.04 (1.0) Lezo 0.04 (1.0)
Alegia 0.04 (1.0) Lizartza 0.04 (1.0)
Alkiza 0.04 (1.0) Mutiloa 0.04 (1.0)
Altzo 0.04 (1.0) Oiartzun 0.04 (1.0)
Amezketa 0.04 (1.0) Olaberria 0.04 (1.0)
Andoain 0.04 (1.0) Ordizia 0.04 (1.0)
Anoeta 0.04 (1.0) Orendain 0.04 (1.0)
Antzuola 0.04 (1.0) Orexa 0.04 (1.0)
Arama 0.04 (1.0) Orio 0.04 (1.0)
Asteasu 0.04 (1.0) Ormaiztegi 0.04 (1.0)
Astigarraga 0.04 (1.0) Pasaia 0.04 (1.0)
Ataun 0.04 (1.0) Safe 0.04 (1.0)
Azkoitia 0.04 (1.0) Toulouse 0.04 (1.0)
Azpeitia 0.04 (1.0) Urnieta 0.04 (1.0)
Baliarrain 0.04 (1.0) Urretxu 0.04 (1.0)
Beasain 0.04 (1.0) Usurbil 0.04 (1.0)
Beizama 0.04 (1.0) Villabona 0.04 (1.0)
Belauntza 0.04 (1.0) Zaldibia 0.04 (1.0)
Berastegi 0.04 (1.0) Zarautz 0.04 (1.0)
Berrobi 0.04 (1.0) Zegama 0.04 (1.0)
Bidegoyan 0.04 (1.0) Zerain 0.04 (1.0)
Must 0.04 (1.0) Zestoa 0.04 (1.0)
Donosita San Sebastian 0.04 (1.0) Zizurkil 0.04 (1.0)
Elduain 0.04 (1.0) Zumaia 0.04 (1.0)
Errenteria 0.04 (1.0) Zumarraga 0.04 (1.0)
Errezil 0.04 (1.0)
Ezkio Itsaso 0.04 (1.0)
Gabiria 0.04 (1.0) Ceuta city 0.05 (1,2)
Gaintza 0.04 (1.0)
Gaztelu 0.04 (1.0)
Getaria 0.04 (1.0) Melilla City 0.08 (1.0)

91
 Index

Royal decree .................................................. .................................................. ..............................3

ANNEXED.
ARTICULATED AND COMMENTS

CHAPTER I. GENERAL

1.1. Object.................................................. .................................................. .............................. 7

1.2. Application of the Standard.................................................. .................................................. ... 7
1.2.1. Area of application.................................................. ............................................. 7
1.2.2. Classification of constructions.................................................. ...................... 8
1.2.3. Criteria for applying the Standard.................................................. ...................... 8
1.2.4. General requirements.................................................. .......................... 9
1.3. Compliance with the Standard.................................................. ............................................... 9
1.3.1. Compliance with the Standard in the project phase................................................. 9
1.3.2. Compliance with the Standard in the construction phase.......................................... 9
1.3.3. Compliance with the Standard during the life perioduseful10 .............................................

CHAPTER II.INFORMATION Seismic

2.1. Seismic hazard map. Seismic accelerationbasic ....................................................................... 13

2.2. Seismic acceleration of calculation ............................................................................................ 13
2.3. Response spectrum elastic ....................................................................................................... 14
2.4. Land classification. Coefficient ofground ............................................................................. fifteen
2.5. Modification of the elastic response spectrum as a function of damping .................................. 16
2.6. Elastic response spectrum for movements vertical ................................................................... 16

CHAPTER III.CALCULATION

3.1. Generalities ................................................................................................................. twenty-one

3.2. Masses involved in calculation .................................................................................... twenty-one
3.3. Actions considered in the calculation ........................................................................................ 22
3.4. Verification of the security ......................................................................................................... 22
3.5. Methods of calculation ............................................................................................................... 22
3.5.1. Conditions for applying the simplified method of calculation22 .........................................
3.6. General procedures for calculation .......................................................................................... 2. 3
3.6.1. study dynamic23 ................................................................................................................
3.6.2. Analysis using spectra answer23 ......................................................................................
3.6.2.1. Model structure ........................................................................................................... 2. 3
3.6.2.2. Modal displacements maximums................................................................................. 2. 3
3.6.2.3. Modes of vibration ..........................................................................................................24

93
 3.6.2.4. Combination of the results obtained for the different modes .......................................... 25
3.6.2.5. Calculation of solicitations .............................................................................................. 25
3.7. Simplified calculation method for the most common cases of edification .................................. 25
3.7.1. Model of the structure25 ....................................................................................................
3.7.2. Modes of vibration26..........................................................................................................
3.7.2.1. Number of modes a to consider ..................................................................................... 26
3.7.2.2. Calculation of the fundamental period of the buildings ................................................... 26
3.7.3. Calculation of forces seismic27 .........................................................................................
3.7.3.1. Response coefficient ............................................................................................................. 28
3.7.3.2. Distribution factor ................................................................................................................... 30
3.7.3.3. Displacements ............................................................................................................... 31
3.7.4. Static forces system equivalents31 ....................................................................................
3.7.5. Consideration of the effects of rotation32 ..........................................................................
3.8. Second effects order.................................................................................................................. 32
3.9. Walls of containment ................................................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER IV. DESIGN RULES AND CONSTRUCTION PRESCRIPTIONS IN

BUILDINGS
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 41
4.2. Rules of nature general ............................................................................................................. 41
4.2.1. Shape of building41 ...........................................................................................................
4.2.2. Available masses42 ...........................................................................................................
4.2.3. Arrangement of elements structural42 ...............................................................................
4.2.4. Elements no structural43 ...................................................................................................
4.2.5. Joints between buildings43 ................................................................................................
4.3. Of the foundation ....................................................................................................................... 43
4.3.1. General criterion of design43 .............................................................................................
4.3.2. Elements of tied43 .............................................................................................................
4.3.3. Specific rules for foundations of piles44 ............................................................................
4.4. Of the wall structures of factory .................................................................................... Four. Five
4.4.1. General criterion of design45 .............................................................................................
4.4.2. Gaps, shelves and rozas45 ...............................................................................................
4.4.3. Link of the floors to the wall45 ...........................................................................................
4.4.4. Reinforcements in walls45 .................................................................................................
4.5. Of concrete structures armed .................................................................................................... 46
4.5.1. Criteria general46 ..............................................................................................................
4.5.2. Beams concrete46 .............................................................................................................
4.5.2.1. General rules for beams................................................................................................. 46
4.5.2.2. Particular conditions of the armor higher ........................................................................ 48
4.5.2.3. Particular conditions for armor lower .............................................................................. 49
4.5.2.4. Particular conditions for stirrups ................................................................................... fifty
4.5.2.5. Particular conditions in case of investment of moments ................................................. 51
4.5.3. Stands51 ............................................................................................................................
4.5.3.1. General rules of brackets ............................................................................................... 51
4.5.3.2. Particular conditions of the node start ............................................................................ 52
4.5.3.3. Particular conditions in knots intermediate ..................................................................... 53
4.5.3.4. Specific conditions of the node higher ............................................................................ 54
4.5.4. Forged54............................................................................................................................
4.5.5. Screens stiffening55 ..........................................................................................................
4.5.6. Elements precast55 ...........................................................................................................
4.6. Of the structures of steel............................................................................................................ 55
4.6.1. Criteria general55 ..............................................................................................................
4.6.2. Materials56 ........................................................................................................................
4.6.3. Unions. 56 ..........................................................................................................................
4.6.4. Structures porches56 .........................................................................................................
4.6.5. Triangulations and bracing57.............................................................................................
4.7. From other elements of the building .......................................................................................... 57
4.7.1. Considerations general57 ..................................................................................................
4.7.2. Enclosures, partitions and others57 ...................................................................................
4.7.3. Windowsills, parapets, chimneys and fences57 ................................................................
4.7.4. Ways of evacuation57........................................................................................................
4.7.5. Carpentry exterior58 ..........................................................................................................
4.7.6. Coatings and clamped58 ...................................................................................................
4.7.7. Facilities and rush58 ..........................................................................................................

Old 1...................................................................................................................................................... 67

94