Carbonate Complexity : Characterization, Modeling and Simulation

April 22nd – 25th, 2008, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Carbonate Reservoirs – Challenges in Facies

Modeling & Fracture Characterization

By

Subrata K. Chakraborty
Mega Ardhiani Puspa
Schlumberger Data Consulting Services, Jakarta
Contents
• Introduction
• Facies Modeling of Carbonates
• Fracture Characterization of Carbonates
Carbonate Reservoir in Indonesia Oil Production in Carbonate vs
Clastic from Indonesia in 1976
Arun
Vanda

Natuna D- Serang Ara

Alpha Salawatir Klalin
Klamono
8%
Kaji-
Rawa
Ramba
Krisna
Kampung
Oseil
Walio 92%
Baru
Semoga Bima
KLY Bawean
Air SerdangKrisna Kangean
Rama Poleng Ref. : Warren C Leslie
Ujung
Pangkah
Worldwide 60% HC in Carbonates, in ME 75%
Basin Formation Field Age
North Sumatra Basin Arun Limestone Arun Early Miocene
Ramba, Rawa, Soka, Kaji-Semoga
South Sumatra Basin Batu Raja Lower Miocene
Air Serdang, Mandala
Bima, Rama, Krisna, "AA",
Sunda Batu Raja
Selatan, Kandanghaur Timur,
Late Oligocene-Early Miocene 60
Arimbi X, Yvonne, Nora, Kitty, Cinta, Gita
Arjuna FF, Arjuna FZ, Pondok Tengah, Tambun Carbonate
East Natuna/Sarawak Basin Natuna D-Alpha block L structure Carbonate complex Mid - Late Miocene
Kutai Basin Serang 80-6 Limestone, CN-9 zone Late Miocene Fields
Tarakan Basin Vanda Vanda Limestone Late Miocene-Early Pliocene
Ngimbang Kangean PSC, Poleng Mid-Upper Miocene
East Java Basin
Kujung Poleng, Ujung Pangkah, Jaya, Bawean, JS Late Oligocene-Early Miocene
Randublatung, Kedunglusi, Kedung Tuban
Seram Manusela Oseil Early-Middle Jurassic

East Sengkang Basin Tacipi Limestone Kampung Baru, Walanga, Sampi Sampi Lower Miocene
Kais, Textularia II, "U" marker Kasim, Walio
Cendrawasih, Moi, Jaya,
Salawati Basin Miocene
Kais Klamono, Linda, Sele, Salawati A,C,D,E,F&N
Arar, Klalin, Kasim Utara, Kasim Barat
Part-I
Facies Modeling in Carbonates
Regional Carbonate Depositional Model

Carbonate Ramp Model

Rimmed Platform Model

??
nate
o
Carb
aj a
tu R
Ba
Stratigraphy – South Sumatra
Facies Modeling-Workflow
Facies Modeling

Facies Interpretation 3D Modeling

At Wells

Core Image Electro Seis Pixel Object

Facies Facies Facies Facies Based Based

Most Definite More Definite Less Definite Least Definite Works well with Works best
Limited Vertical Reasonable Wide Vertical Wide Aerialal good quality Seismic With Knowledge
Distribution Vertical Distribution Distribution Data & Good of Paleo-geography
Distribution Result depends Limited Vertical Well Density & Paleo-environment
on Log Resolution
Availability Results depend
On data quality

3D Facies
Used Most Less
Mostly
Model
Widely Widely
For Calibration Used Used
 Facies Interpretation – Neural Net Based Approach
¾ 9 originally identified Carbonate sub-facies narrowed down to 4 Carbonate Facies
from fluid flow behavior point of view.
¾Deep water Shale Facies
¾Tight Platform Facie
¾Coral Rich Wackstone & Packstone
¾Reworked Skeletal Facies
¾ VCALY, RHOB, PHIE used as key logs for Neural Network based facies Electro Facies
Interpretation in “Petrel”.
¾ Neural Network was trained with above core facies where key logs showed
significant variation for different facies type and Supervised Neural Network was run.
“Petrel-Make Log” utility was used to generate trained electrofacies in other wells
having the key logs.
¾ Generated electro facies in each well was examined and corrections made by editing
wherever required.
Neural Network Training

Neural Network : An algorithm that takes multiple log inputs and returns one or
several outputs. Each input is multiplied by a weight, the result is summed and the
result passed through a non-linear function to produce the output. It is of two
types – “Supervised or Trained” (Sigmoidal Basis Function Regression Network)
or “Untrained” (Competitive Selective Learning).

Electro Logs Electro Logs in Training Facies

Correlation Analysis : Neural Network – BRF Carbonate Facies

BRF Carbonate 3D Facies Model – General Workflow

“Stochastic Object Modeling” Well Data

Facies Model Object Based Model Guided by
Algorithm Object Trend

Facies Interpretation
in Wells as Logs

Upscale Logs
to Model Cells

Data Analysis Vertical Proportion Analysis Variogram Analysis

Identification of Hard Data : Facies Log

Facies Modeling Object Based Depositional Elements Q/C
Interpolation Guide : Objects
(Objects)

Progradational Line Reef Trends Reef Geometry

Reefal Facies Object Modeling
SUMMARY
¾Developed 3D Facies Model captures the Field
Carbonate Geology.
¾The 3D Facies Model becomes the basis of modeling
other reservoir properties.
Part-II
Fracture Characterization of Carbonates
 Definition : Naturally Fractured Reservoirs are defined as formations in which
the fracture permeability substantially enhances productivity.
A fracture is a commonest type of geological structures and may be
seen in any rock exposures.
A – Breccia Clasts
There are two kinds of fracture: B – Breccia Matrix
(a) Joint : no displacement, or displacement is too small to be visible. C – Open Fractures
D – Healed Fracture
(b) Fault : has measurable displacement across the fracture plane E – Fractures filled
“Carbonates” are more prone to fracturing than “Clastics”. with breccia material

Core from Oseil-1

(Ref IPA 2002)

Dual Porosity – Permeability System

EXAMPLE From Cores

OUTCROP EXAMPLE : Fractured
Carbonates from Oman
 Fracture number
E = tensile stress / tensile strain

E-Modulus high -> Flow

E = ca. 90 GPa Mudloss and rubble in cores
(low frac toughness)
– only seen in outcrop
400

E = ca. 20 GPa
E-Modulus low -> Storage

Quartzite

Dolomite
100

Sst.
Limestone
Brittle Ductile Lithology

Fracture toughness is regarded as being the opposite of Rock

strength:
A weak/ soft rock accomadate more strain before fracturing.
Youngs Modulus (E) is related to capability of storage of strain
Ref. : Tyler 1988 energy.

Fractured Carbonate Rocks

¾Carbonate Rocks are More Prone to
Fracturing than Clastic Rocks.
¾In a carbonate reservoir, fracturing
intensity may be controlled by different
carbonate facies present.
 Difference of Fractured Reservoirs from
Conventional Reservoirs
¾ High Transmissivity of Fracture Network – Pressure drop around
producing well is low. Production is driven by complex mechanisms that
governs fracture/matrix-block communication.
¾ GOR of fractured reservoirs remains lower throughout during production,
if reservoir is properly managed.
¾ Fracture reservoirs lack transition zones. OWC/GWC’s are knife sharp
surfaces. High fracture permeability ensures rapid contact equilibrium even
during production.
¾ Water cut is strictly a function of production rate.
¾ PVT properties remain constant throughout a fractured reservoir due to
conductive circulation.
(REF. : SPE 84590)
 Fracture Reservoir Classification (After Nelson, R.A., 1999, 2002)
Type 1- Fractures provide the essential porosity and
permeability to the reservoir.
Example : Amal (Libya) 1700 MMBL, Ellenburger (Texas) 108
MMBL, Edison (California) 42 MMBL, TaHe (China) (SPE
49221, 106986)
Type 2- Fractures provide the essential permeability to the
reservoir.
Example : Agha Jari (Iran) 9500 MMBL, Haft Kel (Iran) 2660
MMBL, Rangely (Colorado) 600 MMBL, La Paz/Mara
(Venezuella) 800 MMBL, NWRA (Kuwait). (SPE 35309,
5023, 97834)
Type 3- Fractures provide a permeability assist to the
reservoir.
Example : Kirkuk (Iraq) 15000 MMBL, Gachsaran (Iran) 8000
MMBL, Hassi Messaoud (Algeria) 6000 MMBL, Dukhan
(Qatar), UmLulu/Asab/Bab (UAE) (SPE 36228, 62608,
65186, 87238, 96955, 102453, 11164)
Type 4- fractures do not provide significant storage capacity
or permeability in an already producible reservoir but
instead create anisotropy.
If Fracture Porosity-Permeability is Not
Modeled – Consequences ?
¾ Unexpected decline in from predicted Field
Performance.
Field Recovery Curve
¾ In case of thick gas cap & active aquifer, early gas
coning & water breakthrough reducing oil recovery.
¾ In case of oil reservoir with active water drive,
early water breakthrough reducing oil recovery.
¾ Water injection schemes may get jeopardized by
preferential water front movement along fractures.
¾ Severe mud loss during drilling of horizontal wells
aligned across unfriendly fractures.
Recovery Factor
¾ Improperly aligned horizontal wells may have low
productivity. Gas
Cap

Oil Column

Water
Fractures

So, it is Important .... Thin Oil Column in Fractured Reservoir

 Fractures & Tectonic Style
Tectonic styles and fracture type identified to three plate boundaries :
‰ Divergent (tensional – normal faults)
‰ Transform (shear – strike slip faults)
‰ Convergent (compressive – reverse faults)
‰ Fractures in extensional area are parallel to the main fault.
‰ Fractures in strike slip area will be concentrated near the master faults and is 60o offset to
the strike slip fault.
‰ Fractures in compressive area will be concentrated on the anticlinal bent areas of the folds
and will be perpendicular to the direction of maximum compressive stress.

Extensional System, e.g., Rifting & Drifting of Plates

Left lateral Strike Slip System, e.g., rotation of plates

Microsoft
owerPoint Presentatio

Compressional System, e.g., Collision of Plates

Effect of Present Day Stress Field on Faults & Fractures
‰ In Indonesia the dominant present day maximum horizontal stress direction is NE-SW, hence in
Indonesian fractured reservoirs fractures having fracture sets of this orientation are likely to be
more “Open” in general (Leading Edge 2005).

http://www.world-stress-map.org/
World stress map of Austral-Asia Plate
Fracture Modeling – Workflow Fracture Modeling
(“Petrel”)
Input Data

Interpreted Image Logs Ant Tracking

Fault from 3D Cube
Stereo Net Analysis

Display Tadpole Create DFN

3D Display
& Analysis

Well Section Rose Diagram Create Fracture

Create Property
Intensity Log
Upscale Fracture
Model Advanced Options of Using Property
Intensity Log Collocated Co-Krigging
Volumetric
Estimation
Create DFN
Upscale Fracture Uncertainty
Create Fracture Property Property Analysis
Fracture From Image Log
Conductive Fractures : Assumed open
Resistive Fractures : Assumed sealed

Interpretation is done for Conductive Fractures

Basic Fracture Analysis Data

Apertur
Azimuth Dip
e

Fracture
Density/
Intensity Log

Advance Fracture Analysis Data

Tadpole
Aperture Density Porosity
Fracture

Fracture
Fracture Interpretation from Array Sonic Logs
FMI Log Array Sonic

Quantitative Qualitative
Tool Tool

Shallow Deeper
Penetration Penetration
Fracture Analysis – From Image Log Data
Tadpole & Rose Diagram Display Stereo-net Display & Filtering

Rose
diagram
showing dip
azimuth
Rose diagram
showing dip
azimuth
Tadpole Intensity log
Tadpole
Fracture
Intensity
from Image Fracture log
FractureLog
Intensity Log

‰ Tadpole Helps to understand fracture

Intensity and orientation.
‰ Rose Diagram helps to understand
fracture orientation and sets.
‰ Stereo-net helps to understand fracture
dip angle and azimuth.
 After Nelson 1999

Field-X

Aerial Distribution of Rose Diagrams brings out the

Imprint of Different Tectonic Events Clearly
3D Modeling of Fracture Intensity
Creation Upscaling Modeling
Create
Intensity Log

Upscale
Intensity Log

Model Created from the fracture set

Intensity Log

Fracture Intensity
Cube
Create Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

Orientation

Distribution

Fracture Orientation

Fracture Intensity
Fracture Density

Geometry

Fracture Length
Analysis of DFN

Stereonet Display

Consists of no of fractures
of certain orientation, dip
and length.

Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Real Life Analogue

 Create Fracture Attributes Upscale Fracture Attributes
Oda Method
Aperture (Required for Fracture Porosity)
¾ By 3D Modeling
¾ By Calculator Operation
Fracture_length=Sqrt( Surface_area)
Aperture=Fracture_length*Normal( 0.005, 0.0005)

Permeability (Fracture Permeability

depends on “Aperture” &
“Permeability”)
¾By 3D Modeling
¾By Calculator Operations Output
Permeability=Pow( Aperture, 3) ¾ Fracture Porosity
¾ Permeability Tensors (I, j & k directions)
¾ Sigma Factor (connectivity between
fractures and matrix)
3D Fracture Modeling – From AntTracking Interpretation

DFN
Create DFN
Main Faults Ant Tracked
in 3D Model Faults/Fractures Create Fracture Upscale Fracture
Property Property

Create DFN From AntTracked Fractures

 3D Fracture Modeling – Secondary Porosity & Permeability

Upscaled Fracture Ki Model

Upscaled Fracture Porosity Model

Upscaled Fracture Kj Model
Dual Porosity / Permeability Simulation Input
Can be done in Petrel RE, using the Define Simulation case process. Matrix properties
should be ready, and the fracture properties from upscaling should now be available.

Matrix Poro/Perm

Sigma Factor

Fracture Poro Perm

 Validation of Fracture Model
¾ Difficult in “Green Field” compared to in “Brown Field”.
¾ Transient Well Test matching in “Green Field”.
¾ Dynamic history match data is the main data to validate model.
¾ Explanation of uneven injection water movement.
¾ Explanation of early gas coning, early water breakthrough.
¾ Explanation of mud-loss in horizontal wells.
¾ Explanation of higher production from some horizontal wells.
 Fractured Reservoirs in Indonesia
¾ Fractures related to Syn-Rift Tectonics.
¾ Fractures related to Collision Tectonics & Inversion.
¾ Fractures related to Strike Slip movements.
¾ Fractures related to Local Structuring (trap formation).

Examples
¾ “Jatibarang” fractured basement, East Java (Operator : Pertamina)
¾ “Pase A” Gas Field, Pase PSC, North Sumatra (Operator : Mobil Oil Indonesia)
¾ “Darajat Field” (Operator : Amoseas Indonesia Inc)
¾ “Oseil Oil Field”, Seram Island, Eastern Indonesia (Operator : KUFPEC).
¾ “Kasim”, “Jaya”, “Kasim Utara”, “Cendrawasih”, “Moi”, “Arae” fields,
Salawati Basin, Irian Jaya.

¾“Ujung Pangkah”, East Java Sea ?? (Operator : Amerada Hess)

 25 my 20
my

Talang Akar Batu Raja Carbonate

Syn Rift/Drift (Normal Fault)
Syn Rift/Drift (Normal Fault)

Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Sumatra & Java of Indonesia

showing the active Syn Rift/Drift Phase (Likely Fracture
Orientation NW-SE)
 12 09my
my

Air Benakat Time Structural Inversion

Strike Slip Movement +
Strike Slip Movement Collision + Plate rotation
+ End of Drift Reverse & Strike Slip faults

Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Sumatra & Java of

Indonesia showing the active Strike Slip Movement due
to Plate Rotation and the Collision Phase (Likely Fracture
Orientation N-S to NE-SW and NW-SE)
 Image Log
Data Acquisition Program for Naturally
Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs
¾ FMI/Sonic Scanner Logs
¾ Advanced Fracture Interpretation from
FMI/Sonic Scanner Logs
¾ High Quality 3D Seismic Data with acquisition Sonic Scanner Logs
optimized for Target Reservoir
Completion
¾ Fracturing might be necessary to Enhance
Fractures

Stage Frac Completion Assembly

Thanks for Your Attention