NAME – ERICSON RUMAO

ROLL NO – 18
CABLE STRUCTURES. SEM – 09
13-09-2022
CABLE STRUCTURE

• A cable structure can be defined as a structure in which a cable or cable

system is used as a structural element to withstand the initial load.

• Cable means any structural element whose diameter is very small in relation
to its length.

• If we consider the cross section of a cable, the stress is the same throughout
the cross section. This type of stress is called net stress.

• One of the reasons for the high efficiency of these structures is the net
tensile stress.

• One of the disadvantages of cable structures is the problem of vibration due

to wind and earthquake. This problem occurs due to the lightness of the
structures against lateral stresses such as wind.

• Cable structures are divided into two general categories: cable-stayed bridges
and cable-stayed roofs.
CABLE STRUCTURE

• Being inextensible the cable has constant length before and after the load is
applied. As a result once the load is applied the geometry of cable remains
fixed.

• The easiest structure type to think is a tension structure to resist only tensile
force and of these the simplest are those which sustain only unidirectional
tension as represented by a cable or thin rod.

• A cable is the main component of cable supported bridge or suspended roof

structures that are classified as follows.

• Cabling of the strands was always performed via a cabling machine equipped
with a Turk head where the strands were fed together and moderately
pressed into the RFC cross-section.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE

• A structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting loads.

• It’s a system or sub-system, means holding the components of a certain system and transfer the load through the members of a structure to provide stability
and durability.

• Most systems share Common Characteristics, including:

1. Systems have structure.

2. Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy, information, or data.

3. Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships to each other.

4. Systems may have some functions or groups of functions Architectural structure

THE CABLE SYSTEM (MAJOR SYSTEM)

• Form active structure systems are non rigid, flexible matter shaped

in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, support itself & span

space.

• They transmit loads only through simple normal stresses, either

tension or through compression.

• Two cables with different points of suspension tied together form a

suspension system.

• A cable subject to external loads will deform in a way depending

upon the magnitude and location of the external forces. The form

acquired by the cable is called the FUNICULAR SHAPE of the cable.

FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

• Form active systems because of their dependence on loading

conditions are strictly governed by the natural 'flow of forces' and

hence cannot become subject to arbitrary free form design.

• Form Active Structure Systems redirect external forces by simple

normal stresses the arch by compression, the suspension cable by

tension.

• The bearing mechanism of form active systems vests essentially on

the material form.

• The natural stress line of the form active tension system in the

funicular tension line.

CABLE STRUCTURE

• Cable sag

The triangular shape acquired by the cable is characterized by the SAG: the vertical distance between the supports and the lowest point in the cable. Without the
sag the cable cannot carry the load, since the tensile forces in if would be horizontal and horizontal forces cannot balance the vertical load. The undivided pull of
the sagging cable on each support may be split into two components:

• a downward force equal to half the load

• a horizontal inward pull or thrust. The thrust is inversely proportional to the sag: halving the sag doubles the thrust. This raises an interesting question about
the economy through.

• Optimal Sag

• A large sag increases the cable length, but reduces the tensile force & allows a reduction of cross section. A similar sag requires a larger cross-section. Hence
the total volume of cable (product of cross section & length), must be minimum for some optimal value of sag.

• Optimal sag equals half the span for a given horizontal distance & corresponds to a symmetrical 45°
CABLE STRUCTURE

• Geometric funicular forms:

• If the load is shifted from mid span position, the cable changes shape.

• Funicular polygons:

• As the number of loads increases, the funicular polygon approaches a geometrical curve the
PARABOLA large number of loads are evenly spaced horizontally.

• Catenary:

• If the equal loads are distributed evenly along the length of the cable, rather than horizontally, the
funicular curve differs from a parabola, through it has the same general configuration. It is a
catenary A cable carrying its own weight ad a loads evenly distributed horizontally. acquires a
shape that is intermediate between a parabola & catenary. This is the shape of cables in the central
span of suspension bridges.
THE PRINCIPAL METHODS OF PROVIDING STABILITY ARE THE FOLLOWING:

• Limitations due to vibrations & changing loads:

• The limitations in the application of cables stem directly from their adaptability to changing
loads: CABLES are unstable and stability is one of the basic requirements of structural systems.
The trusses hanging from the cables of a suspension bridge not only support the roadway but
also stiffen the cables against motions due to moving or changing loads.

• Stiffening trusses:

• Stiffening trusses are usually rigid in the direction of the bridge axis, but less so in transverse
directions. Modern suspension bridges are made sage against lateral wind displacements by
using stiffening GUY WIRES OR STAYS which have the double role of supporting the truss &
stabilizing it. A cable truss system has a triangulated structural form which increases stiffness,
particularly under non-symmetric loading.

• Design of supporting elements:

• In addition to actual roof cables, other structural elements eggs: masts, and guy cables are
needed to make a building structure. The elements typically support the cable in space and
provide means of transferring its vertical & horizontal thrusts to the ground. The design of these
elements is as crucial as the cable design.
MATERIALS OF A CABLES

• Steel, nylon ropes, or plasticated cables may be used for different

structures.

• Steel Cables: The high tensile strength of steel combined with the
efficiency of simple tension, makes a steel cable the ideal structural
element to span large distances.

• Nylon and plastics are suitable only for temporary structures, spanning
small distances. other structural members like masts, and compression
rings. arches or beams and compression struts may be of concrete or
steel preferably. Struts may also be of timber. Suspension Cables,
because of their being stressed only by simple tension with regard to
weight/span are the most economical system of spanning space. Because
of their identity with the natural flow of forces, the form active structure
system is a suitable mechanism for achieving long spans and forming
large spaces. Suspension cables are the elementary idea for any bearing
mechanism and consequently the very symbol of man's technical Seizure
of space.
CLASSIFICATIONS

• Based on arrangements of the

cables

• Radial

• Harp

• Fan

• star

• Based on the shape of the pylon

• A-type

• H-type

• Y-type
fan Star-shaped
radial harp
TYPES OF CABLE STRUCTURE

• Suspension Cable Bridges

1. The first category of cable-stayed bridges are suspension bridges. In

suspension bridges, the main cable runs in a sloping or curved manner.

2. The main problem with suspension bridges is winding. Truss decks or

aerodynamic decks are used to combat torsion. The use of these decks
makes it resistant to wind currents.

• Cable Stayed Bridges

1. The second category of cable bridges are cable-stayed bridges. In these

bridges, the cables are connected directly and linearly to the deck. These
bridges are divided into two types based on arrangement: harp design and
fan design.

2. In harp cable-stayed bridges, the cables are installed in parallel, and in

wind-driven cable stayed bridges, they are connected at one point, and
tension occurs at that point
ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES.

• ADVANTAGES • DIS-ADVANTAGES

• Extremely light weight • Poor performance ( Thermal & Acoustic )

• Large span (size) • Exterior moisture and dehumidifier and address condensation Difficult
making meaningful connections
• Minimum amount of structure
• Fabric structures, if properly engineered and installed are virtually
• An open and unobstructed interior
immune to damage and weather properties.
• The low weight of the materials makes construction easier and cheaper
• Provided that they are not likely to be vandalize or damage, they
than standard design
provide a reassuringly simple and durable solution.
• The fabric have high sun reflecting properties and low absorbency of
• Dirt can be clearly seen glass or polycarbonate, however the light
sunlight.
diffusing properties of the fabric mean that the surface dirt is not easily
• Translucent materials provide a comfortable and natural light source by identified.
removing all artificial lighting during the daytime.
CASE STUDY EXAMPLE

Millennium Dome.
Location - Greenwich Peninsula, London, SE10, United Kingdom
Completed – 1999
It is a cable net structure.