INDUS UNIVERSITY

IITE
DISSERETATION PHASE II

PARAMETRIC STUDY ON CABLE

STAYED BRIDGE

Prepared By: Shreekunj Patel Guided By: IU175121009

Tejas Rathi
INTRODUCTION
■ The concept of the cable supported bridge evolved in the early 18 th century.
■ In recent decades the use and construction of cable supported bridge is more popular
due to their aesthetic appearance and economical construction for long span bridges
compare to conventional bridge system
■ The German Engineer F. Dischinger (1949) rediscovered the stayed bridge, while
designing a suspension bridge across the Elbe River near Hamburg in 1938. He
recognized that the inclined cables of the early cable-stayed bridges were never subject
to any initial tension, thus cables started to perform properly only after considerable
deformations of the whole structure
■ The first modern cable-stayed bridge, the Strömsund Bridge designed by F. Dischinger,
was completed in Sweden in 1955. The design and construction of this bridge represent
the beginning of a new era of modern cable-supported bridges.
There are mainly two types of cable support systems used for bridge construction.
Suspension Bridge
Cable-Stayed Bridge
WHAT IS HYBRID BRIDGE?
• Hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge is combination of cable-stayed bridge and
suspension bridge
• The cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is presented as an alternative to long span
cable-stayed and suspension bridges.
 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISMS OF TENDON CABLE

LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISMS OF CABLE AND

HANGERS
 Components of Cable Supported Bridge
The various structural components of a typical, cable stayed bridge are the
following:
 Tower or Pylon

 Deck System

 Cable System
CLASSIFICATIONS
■ Based on the shape of pylon
• A-type
• H-type
•Inverted Y-type
• TYPES OF CABLE SYSTEMS
• The arrangement of cables in the longitudinal direction depends upon several factors such as clear span,
tower height, spacing of towers and level of approach roads.

Fan type : stay cables are attached to a single point at

top of each pylon

Harp : cables are parallel, and evenly spaced along the

deck and the pier
■ M-FAN: the cables are distributed
over the upper part of the pylon,
which are more steeply inclined close
to the pylon

■ STAR SHAPE : cables are connected

to two opposite points on the pier
DECK
Steel Girder: Bridges built with solid web main girders may be divided into two types:
those constructed with I-girders and those with one or more enclosed box
sections. Plated I-girders with a built-up bottom flange comprising a number of cover
plates have been used in some bridges. It is considered that in this way, the
required inertia of the section can be made to fit the moment envelope exactly, that
no excess steel is being used, and thus the minimum weight of steel is attained. It is
felt, however, that this arrangement does not necessarily produce the most
economical solution.
Cable stays
■ The cables are usually post-tensioned based on the weight of the deck.

■ The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to minimize both the vertical
deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons.

■ The cable stays are made up of high tensile steel of different types with ultimate tensile
strength in the range of 1500 to 2000 N/mm². The different types of cable stays used
are:
POSITIONS OF THE CABLES IN
PLANE
■ Single Plane System:
■ In this case the cables are located in a single vertical strip, which is not being used by
any form of traffic.
■ In this way, no extra width is needed for the tower, and the cables at deck level are
protected against accidental impact from cars.
■ This is an economical and aesthetically acceptable solution, providing an unobstructed
view from the bridge
■ Two plane system
• Two Vertical Planes System: In this type of system there are two parallel sets
of cables and the tower on the either sides of the bridge,
which lie in the same vertical plane.Where the cables and towers
lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the area taken up cannot
be utilized as part of the roadway and may be only
partly used for the sidewalk.

• Two Inclined Planes System: This arrangement can be recommended for very long
spans where the tower has to be very high and needs the
lateral stiffness given by the triangle and the frame junction.
Advantages of Hybrid Bridge over Cable stayed Bridge:
 Buckling stability improves because the axial force in the girder decreases because of the reduced
number of stayed cables (in cases of externally anchored suspension cable).
 It leads to a longer span because of the above mentioned reason (in cases of externally anchored
suspension cable).
 Its advantages are in cable erection and vibration problems because of short stayed cables length.
 The height of pylons can be short for the reduced number of stayed cables.
Advantaged of Hybrid Bridge over Suspension Bridge

 Aerodynamic stability improves because of the increased rigidity for deformation of the girder,
based on the stayed cables.
 It enables the tension force in the main cables to be reduced because of its decreased sharefor
loads, based on the stayed cables.
 It enables the diameter of the main cables to be reduced because of the abovementioned reason.
 It has an advantage in its anchorage because of the same reason.
Objective of study

■ Design of various components of hybrid bridge.

■ Optimise the cable system and shape of pylon for varying span length under dead load
and moving load.

■ To check the influence on cable forces with variation in cable system and pylon shape.

■ To study the behavior of the hybrid bridges for different shapes of pylons.

■ To study the length of central span affecting the hybrid bridges.

 Need For Study

■ Hybrid bridge systems has very specific application. However, the behaviour of such
system is to be addressed in order to conclude the flexibility under different conditions.

■ Span length in hybrid bridge system is relatively higher compared to cable stayed bridge
system and suspended cable bridge system. This forms the ground to analyse the hybrid
system for serviceability criteria.

■ An optimised choice of the cable stayed system with type of pylon is also to be looked for
so that the design based application can be specific.
Research Aim and objectives
■ The cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge is one of the modern bridges which were
built for the longer spans.
■ In the cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge, the towers are the primary load-bearing
structures that transmit the bridge loads the ground.
■ There is a need of study on the effect of shape of pylon on the response of cable stayed
suspension hybrid bridge, for this, the bridge span dimension and other parameters are
kept constant, and only the pylon shape is varied
■ i.e. A type, & inverted Y type, The height of the pylon is also change for all the shapes
for comparison purpose. The modelling of bridge is prepared on SAP 2000 software.
Bridge Geometry for Analysis
– Stay cable system
– Deck
– Pylon shape
– Material
– Suspension system
Stay cable system
Diameter of ps cable 280-315 mm
total numbers 176
Main cable diameter 723-753mm
hangers diameter 100-106mm
numbers of hangers 68
stiffening cable diameter 225-315mm
numbers of stiffening cable 8
Deck
Pylon
■ Total height of pylon 322m
■ Total concrete height of pylon 305m
■ Inclination of pylon is 6 degrees
■ Foundation to deck height is 66.5m
Literature Review
Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul,Turkey
Author: M. Orçun TOKUC and Tamer Tunca
Journal: International Symposium on Industrial Chimneys and Cooling Towers

Abstract:
It is going to be the widest suspension bridge in the world with a width of 60 meters and it has 8
lanes of motorway and 2 lanes of railway on it, with a main span of 1408 meters. Another first of
the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the highest bridge pylons of the world, with a
height of 322 meters.
The construction of the bridge includes three main parts. Side spans including anchorage and
approach block, main span and pylons.
Conclusions:
 Another skill of the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the highest bridge pylons of
the world, with a height of 322 meters. A hybrid system that consists of two different
construction techniques is an advantage for the bridge. Large scale suspension and cable
stayed bridge has many complex details Even though more studies Needs to be done more
for these types of construction, they still find a wide application

 As compared to cable-stayed bridges with the same span length, the cable-stayed portion is
also greatly shortened. These results, the reduced height of tower, length of stays and the
axial forces in the deck.

 It also clear that effect of pylon shape is also governing the a seismic design of bridge
because the pyramid shape pylon gives lowest values of moment whereas the H shape of
pylon give it a maximum.
 The displacement due to wind is reduced by approximately 20 to 35% when live load due to
IRC loads

 The different shapes of pylons considered here are H type, A type, Spread pylon system with
19° and 30° spread. The central span of the cable stayed bridge is also varied as 700m,
850m, 1000m to study the combined effects due to shape and span.

 The study is carried out by taking live load according to IRC 6:2014, IRC Class A and Class
70R vehicle load was undertaken.

 the bridge span dimension and other parameters are kept constant, and only the pylon shape
is A type, H type, portal frame, spread pylon and pyramid shapes.

 the cable stayed bridge Quincy bay bridge, is analyzed for four different shapes of pylons on
SAP 2000 software by time history method. The analysis was carried out for three different
soil conditions namely, soft, medium and hard soil
 The investigation shows that maximum cable tension decreases rapidly with the increase
in the number of cables. In general, the effect of length of the central panel on the
sagging moment is significant; on the hogging moment, the effect of length is not
appreciable.
 Conclusions From the preceding study, the following conclusions are obtained. The
maximum cable tension decreases rapidly with the increase in the number of cables. In
the case of side to main span ratios of 0.35 and 0.40, the cable tension increases with the
decrease in length of the central panel.
3rd BOSPHORUS BRIDGE

We are modeling 3rd bosphorus bridge in sap 2000.

 Material and Sectional properties Details
Sr. No. Member Material Unit weight Poisson ratio Modulus of Yield/compressive/ ultimate tensile
(kN/m³) elasticity (GPa) strength (MPa)

1 Pylon RCC 25 0.25 35 35

2 Deck slab RCC 25 0.25 35 35

3 Girder steel 77 0.3 200 450

4 Cable steel 77 0.3 210 1600

Sectional properties of structural elements

Sr. No. Structural Member Dimension Material Shape

1 Cable 280-315 mm Steel Circular

Main cable 723-753 mm

Hangers 100-175 mm

Stiffening 225-315 mm

   

2 Deck slab Height=5.5m, Width=60m steel orthotopic

thickness=0.014mm

5 Pylon Bottom 12.00m x 12.00m RCC Rectangular

6 Pylon Intermediate at deck level Height= 65m RCC Rectangular

7 Pylon cross beam At Top Area= 36 M^2 RCC Rectangular

Modeling Procedure on SAP
 Draw the geometry of the frame either by inserting coordinates or by linking the
nodes through member length.
 Draw the required fixed support or spring according to the case.
 Select the stiffness of the spring for hangers in z vertical direction
 Define the sections and materials for the members.
 Now assign the defined section to the members
 Define the loading values and load combinations to be applied on the structures
 Define the moving load case to be used for the static analysis and include it in the analysis case.
 Define the moving load case to be used for the static analysis and include it in the analysis case.
 Assign the loads to the joints or members as per the case
 After assigning everything, set the analysis to be carried out and press run analysis SAP program
will Generate the various results like joint Displacements joint forces, joint reactions.
Assumptions made in the models:
 
 The joints between cable, girder and tower is pinned joint.

 Cables were assumed to be straight members, which means, the effect of catenary action due to the self-
weight of cables was neglected. Some researchers have shown 30 that the effect of catenary action for
moderate sag to span ratio is not large. However, this effect can be incorporated by modifying the modulus
of elasticity in the equation.

 The structure was assumed to remain linearly elastic.

 Pylons are assumed to be fixed at the level of foundation

3-D finite element model of Inverted A-shaped pylon hybrid bridge with different cable
Longitudinal view of modeled hybrid bridge in fan type
A & inverted Y shape pylon model in sap2000
■ Deck:
■ In order to minimize the weight of the structure we will use a steel stiffening girder with his
concrete slab. This composite deck allow a faster and more effective construction phase than a
concrete deck while being overall cheaper than a fully steel solution. Our design will be based in
a box girder of an orthotropic deck of conventional arrangement as we can see in the with 3
longitudinal trough stiffeners (in red) in the central part of the bridge with 30 cm of thickness and
2 more (in green) for the anchoring zone of the cables justifying this because these are critical
zones. Therefore we will dispose a system of upper and lower plan bracing systems to increase the
total stiffness. 
Results of static dead load analysis  
■ Dead loads of all the components of the bridge like cables, girder, deck, pylon, etc. are considered as
dead load of the bridge. In the design of cable-stayed bridges, the dead load often contributes to most
of the bridge load. Dead loads are indeed the most important for the preliminary analysis in cable-
stayed bridges. In this analysis, the type of analysis considered is Non-linear static

Dead load Deformation shape of inverted Y

 Dead load and live load Deformation shape of inverted Y pylon

 We will have to verify that the maximum vertical deflection corresponding to

the frequent value of the live load As we are talking about the effect of the live
load in the frequent combination of dead load and vehicle load. we will have
to see the difference between the deflection in center span of the bridge.
Conclusions:
For 1400 m
For A-shape pylon,
 Target force required in M Fan System is lower by 45.65% than fan System.
 Displacement in Fan System is lower by 10.85% than M-Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in M Fan System is lower by 21.77% than Fan System
 For Inverted Y-shape pylon,
 Target force required in M Fan System is lower by 11.19% than Fan System
 Displacement in M Fan System is lower by 27.90% than Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in Fan System is lower by 295.90% than M-Fan System
For 1000 m
For A-shape pylon,
 Target force required in Fan System is lower by 57.93% than M Fan
System.
 Displacement in Fan System is lower by 37.7% than M-Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in Fan System is lower by 57.17% than M-Fan System
For Inverted Y-shape pylon,
 Target force required in Fan System is lower by 43.34% than M Fan
System
 Displacement in Fan System is lower by 64.18 % than M-Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in Fan System is lower by 311.94% than M-Fan System
For 1200 m
For A-shape pylon:
 Target force required in Fan System is lower by 6.26% than M FAN System.
 Displacement in Fan System is lower by 597.5% than M-Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in Fan System is lower by 1459% than M-Fan System
 For Inverted Y-shape pylon,
 Target force required in M Fan System is lower by 14.28% than Fan System
 Displacement in Fan System is lower by 27.90% than M-Fan System
 Pylon Reaction in Fan System is lower by 295.90% than M-Fan System
Thank you