LSIORB – East End Bridge Over Ohio River Advance Situation Folder

KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 2008

SECTION 6: CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE DESIGN CRITERIA

As necessary, the following design criteria will be updated during final design.
LSIORB – East End Bridge Over Ohio River Cable-Stayed Bridge Design Criteria
KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 March 11, 2008

SECTION 5 - EAST END BRIDGE

OVER OHIO RIVER
KYTC ITEM NO. 5-745.00

CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
DESIGN CRITERIA
AUGUST 18, 2008

Prepared by:
PB AMERICAS, INC.
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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Structure Description.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Functional Requirements ..............................................................................................1
2.0 SPECIFICATIONS AND REFERENCES ............................................................. 2
2.1 AASHTO Specifications ................................................................................................2
2.2 CEB-FIP ........................................................................................................................2
2.3 Post-Tensioning Institute...............................................................................................2
2.4 KYTC References .........................................................................................................2
2.5 FHWA References ........................................................................................................3
3.0 GEOMETRIC LAYOUT AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS .......................... 4
3.1 Unit and Dimensions .....................................................................................................4
3.2 Datum............................................................................................................................4
3.3 Water Levels .................................................................................................................4
3.4 Navigation Channel Clearances....................................................................................4
3.5 Roadway Clearance ......................................................................................................4
3.6 Roadway Sections.........................................................................................................5
3.7 Bridge Barriers and Railings..........................................................................................5
3.8 Horizontal and Vertical Alignment .................................................................................5
4.0 DESIGN CRITERIA.............................................................................................. 6
4.1 Overlay ..........................................................................................................................6
4.2 Expansion Joints ...........................................................................................................6
4.3 Bearings ........................................................................................................................6
4.4 Stay Cables ...................................................................................................................6
4.5 Cable Corrosion Protection ...........................................................................................6
4.6 Cable Replacement.......................................................................................................7
4.7 Cable Loss ....................................................................................................................7
4.8 Barge Impact .................................................................................................................7
4.9 Deflection Limits ............................................................................................................7
4.10 Acceptable Acceleration for Human Comfort ................................................................7
4.11 Bridge Illumination.........................................................................................................7
4.12 Air Beacon.....................................................................................................................8
4.13 Navigation Lights...........................................................................................................8
4.14 Electrical Grounding ......................................................................................................8
4.15 Channel Closing ............................................................................................................8
4.16 Roadway and Walkway / Bikepath Lighting ..................................................................8
4.17 Maintenance and Inspection Access.............................................................................9
5.0 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS METHOD ................................................................. 10
5.1 Importance Factor .......................................................................................................10
5.2 Steel Structures...........................................................................................................10

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5.3 Reinforced Concrete Structures ..................................................................................10

5.4 Concrete Cover ...........................................................................................................10
5.5 Overlay ........................................................................................................................10
5.6 Foundations ................................................................................................................11
5.7 Scour ...........................................................................................................................11
5.8 Creep and Shrinkage ..................................................................................................11
5.9 Construction Loads .....................................................................................................11
5.10 Non-Linear Effects.......................................................................................................11
5.11 Aerodynamic Evaluation..............................................................................................11
5.12 Drainage......................................................................................................................12
5.13 Tensile Stress in Deck ................................................................................................12
6.0 LOADS ............................................................................................................... 13
6.1 Dead Loads .................................................................................................................13
6.2 Superimposed Dead Loads.........................................................................................13
6.3 Utilities.........................................................................................................................13
6.4 Live Load.....................................................................................................................13
6.5 Construction Live Load................................................................................................14
6.6 Vehicular Dynamic Allowance .....................................................................................14
6.7 Fatigue ........................................................................................................................14
6.8 Stay Cable and Component Fatigue ...........................................................................14
6.9 Wind Loads .................................................................................................................15
6.10 Thermal Loads ............................................................................................................15
6.11 Earthquake Effects ......................................................................................................16
6.12 Barge Impact Loads ....................................................................................................16
6.13 Creep and Shrinkage ..................................................................................................16
6.14 Ice Loads.....................................................................................................................16
6.15 Snow Loads.................................................................................................................17
6.16 Settlement ...................................................................................................................17
6.17 Load Factors and Combinations .................................................................................17
7.0 MATERIALS....................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Structural Steel............................................................................................................18
7.2 Fasteners ....................................................................................................................18
7.3 Shear Connectors .......................................................................................................18
7.4 Concrete......................................................................................................................18
7.5 Reinforcement .............................................................................................................18
7.6 Prestressing Steel (for other than Stay Cables) ..........................................................19
7.7 Post-Tensioning Ducts ................................................................................................19
7.8 Stay Cables .................................................................................................................19
7.9 Stay Cable PE Pipe.....................................................................................................19

APPENDIX A: Preliminary Structure Drawings

APPENDIX B: Drawings of Bridge Geometrics
APPENDIX C: Project Coordinate Information

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report documents the criteria for the design of the East End Bridge (Section 5).
The design criteria in this report is a general guidance for the design of this cable-
stayed bridge.

The East End Bridge is a new crossing over the Ohio River carrying KY 841/IN SR 265
traffic. It connects the East End Kentucky Approach (Section 4) with the East End
Indiana Approach (Section 6). It will complete eastern Louisville Metropolitan Area
Interstate System joining I-265 (The Gene Snyder Highway) in Kentucky with SR-265
(The Lee Hamilton Highway), in Indiana.

1.1 Structure Description

This is a 5 span continuous bridge. The main span and two back spans are supported
by stay cables. One end span connects to each back span. The architectural design
dictates box shape superstructure and needle tower in the median. Other details,
including the span length, are flexible. The bridge will carry a highway with 3 lanes of
traffic in each direction and a 12’-0” wide shoulder on each side of each direction
roadway. The bridge will also carry a 17’-0” wide (15’-0” clear) walkway/bikepath on the
west side or downstream side of the bridge. See Appendix A for general plan and
elevation and typical superstructure sections. The structural design is subject to change
as required.

1.2 Functional Requirements

• Interstate I-265 is classified as a Rural Freeway.

• Design Speed = 70 mph

• ADT (2025) = 70000

• ADTT = 8400 (12% trucks)

• The bridge crosses the Ohio River and one local road in Indiana - Upper River Road.

• Design life of the bridge is 100 years.

• The replaceable elements are stay cables, bearings, expansion joints, and the
wearing surface.

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2.0 SPECIFICATIONS AND REFERENCES

The lists below are in order of precedence.

2.1 AASHTO Specifications

• AASHTO LRFD Specifications for Highway Bridges, 4th Edition 2007, with 2008
interim.

• AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 2002. (for
checking HS25 load only).

• AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5:2002 Bridge Welding Code .

• Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges,

2nd Edition, 2003 Revision .

• AASHTO Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of

Highway Bridges, Volume 1: Final Report, Feb. 1991.

• AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs,

Luminaires and Traffic Signals, 4th Edition with 2002, 2003 and 2006 Interims.

• AASHTO Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Works, 1995.

• AASHTO Guide manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resistance Factor
(LRFD) Highway Bridges, 2003.

2.2 CEB-FIP

Model Code for Concrete Structures, 1990, for "Time Dependent Behavior of Concrete
Creep and Shrinkage".

2.3 Post-Tensioning Institute

• Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing and Installation by Post-

Tensioning Institute Committee on Cable Stayed Bridges 2000, Addendum 1.

• Anchorage Zone Design, 1st Edition, October 2000.

2.4 KYTC References

• Kentucky Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction 2008 Edition.

• Standard Drawings – Kentucky Department of Highways 2003.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

• Structural Design Guidance Manual – Commonwealth of Kentucky, Transportation

Cabinet, Division of Structures.

• Geotechnical Guidance Manual – Commonwealth of Kentucky, Transportation

Cabinet, Division of Structures.

• Final Environmental Impact Assessment (FEIS), April, 2003.

• Record of Decision (ROD) September 2003.

• East End Bridge – Section 5, Bridge Type Selection Report, October 2006.

2.5 FHWA References

• FHWA-NHI-05-046, Earth Retaining Structures.

• FHWA-HI-99-007, Rock Slopes.

• FHWA-NHI-01-023, Shallow Foundations.

• FHWA-TS-80-205, Proposed Design Specifications for Steel Box Girder Bridges,

Wolchuck and Mayrbaurl, January 1980.

• FHWA Wind Induced Vibration of Stay Cables, RDT 05-004, February 2005.

• FHWA-IF-99-025 Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods

Manual, 1999.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

3.0 GEOMETRIC LAYOUT AND CLEARANCE

REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Unit and Dimensions

English units are used in this project.

All dimensions are measured horizontally and vertically at 60°F, unless otherwise noted.

3.2 Datum

Elevations are based on the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). See
Appendix C for information on the project’s coordinate system.

3.3 Water Levels

Ohio River Elevations Near River Mile Point 595

Condition ORD Elevation NAVD88 Elevation
Normal Pool 420.0 418.8
Ordinary High Water 423.2 422.0
2% Flow Line (50-year) 450.1 448.9
100-Year Flood 452.9 451.7
ORD – Ohio River Datum

3.4 Navigation Channel Clearances

• Minimum Vertical Clearance = 71 feet above the normal pool.

• Minimum Horizontal Clearance = 900 feet normal to river channel. (The channel is
at a 30° skew to the longitudinal center line of the bridge).

• Minimum Horizontal Clearance During Construction = 600 feet normal to river

channel. (The channel is at a 30° skew to the longitudinal center line of the bridge).

3.5 Roadway Clearance

The minimum vertical clearance over the roadway is 18’-0”.

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3.6 Roadway Sections

See Appendix A and B.

3.7 Bridge Barriers and Railings

Outside roadway barriers shall be Texas Type with railing on top which satisfies TL-5
requirements. See Appendix A.

Inside roadway barriers shall be Kentucky Rail System – Type 3. See Appendix A.

The railings adjacent to the walkway / bikepath shall have a minimum height of 72
inches.

3.8 Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

The horizontal alignment of the bridge is in tangent from Sta. 187+40 to PC Sta.
210+93.30.

The horizontal alignment of the bridge is in a curve with a radius of 5932.65 feet from
PC Sta. 210+93.30 to the end of the bridge at Sta. 212+50.

The vertical alignment of the bridge is on a 0.50% grade from Sat. 187+40 to Sta.
207+75. There is a 250’ vertical curve at Sta. 209+00. The grade of the bridge is
1.30% from Sta. 210+25 to Sta. 211+25. There is a 250’ vertical curve at Sta. 212+50.

See Appendix B for geometrics of the bridge.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

4.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

4.1 Overlay

The roadway area (between the curbs) and the walkway / bikepath area shall be
protected by a 2" wearing course. Final design shall include an investigation to evaluate
the most advanced solutions that current practice can offer in the wearing surface
material that is selected.

4.2 Expansion Joints

Finger type expansion joint shall be used within the roadway at the Indiana abutment
and Kentucky transition pier.

Expansion joints within the walkway / bikepath should have a top plate for pedestrian
and bicycle use.

4.3 Bearings

Bearings shall be designed and detailed to be replaceable by jacking the superstructure

off the permanent bearings. The longitudinal and transverse analysis of superstructure
shall consider the redistribution of reactions and forces when jacks are engaged to
replace the bearings. The plans shall indicate the intended position of the jacks.
Bearing replacement shall be considered with a reduced live load.

Bearings shall be multi-rotational disc bearings.

4.4 Stay Cables

Parallel strands of 0.62” nominal size (150 mm2) shall be used as mail load carrying
member of the stay cable. Wedge type anchorage shall be used. Cable anchor head
shall be sized to accommodate a minimum of 5% additional number of strands for future
needs.

A requirement of adding two more strands to every cable should be included in the
drawings or by special provision.

4.5 Cable Corrosion Protection

The strands of each stay cable shall be greased or waxed and individually sheathed by
Polyethylene (PE). The bundle of strands shall be placed in a PE pipe. The space
between the PE pipe and the strand bundle is not filled.

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4.6 Cable Replacement

The bridge shall be designed so that stay cable can be replaced one at a time while
maintaining two lanes of traffic in each direction. The active lane shall be away from the
cable. Fatigue stress consideration shall not be applied for this condition.

4.7 Cable Loss

The bridge shall be designed so that the accidental loss of any one cable will not result
in failure of the bridge. Six lanes of live load shall be placed in their actual striped lanes.
Fatigue stress consideration shall not be applied for this condition.

4.8 Barge Impact

All towers and anchor piers shall be designed for barge impact. The impact forces shall
be computed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 3.4. (These requirements
have been adopted from Method II of the AASHTO Guide Specification and
Commentary of Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges).

4.9 Deflection Limits

The maximum allowable live load deflection at center of the main span should be 1/500
of the main span. This should be measured along the centerline of the bridge.

The maximum allowable rotation at the center of main span due to only one roadway
fully loaded with design live load should be 2% or 1.146°. One roadway fully loaded is
defined as placing live loads within all stripped lanes of one direction roadway.

4.10 Acceptable Acceleration for Human Comfort

The walkway/bikepath vertical vibration induced by passing truck should be computed.

The maximum allowable vertical acceleration should be less than 1.64 f0.5 ft./s2, where f
= bridge frequency in Hz. This is derived from a British Standard and the Eurocode EC
2.2 offered for a pedestrian comfort criteria as a function of the fundamental natural
frequency.

4.11 Bridge Illumination

The roadway shall be illuminated by lighting fixtures mounted directly on the light posts.
The light standards will be mounted on the median area.

The walkway / bikepath shall be illuminated. Alternates ways of mounting the light
fixtures for the walkway / bikepath will be assessed in the design.

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Aesthetic lighting of the cables, towers, and underside of the walkway / bikepath will be
considered in the design.

4.12 Air Beacon

Air beacon shall be provided on the tower tops.

4.13 Navigation Lights

The centerline and edges of the navigation channel shall be marked using navigation
lights that will be mounted on the superstructure on both upstream and downstream
sides.

4.14 Electrical Grounding

Electrical grounding and lighting protection shall be provided in accordance with NFPA
70 National Electrical Code and NFPA 780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning
Protection Systems.

4.15 Channel Closing

The construction sequence shall minimize the interruption of barge traffic. The barge
traffic may be restricted to one side of the navigation channel if required. Intermittent
interruptions of barge traffic may be permitted for up to eight hours. The suggested
sequence of erection shall follow this criteria.

Note: This shall not be made part of the general notes, but shall be appropriately
included in the Suggested Sequence of erection drawings.

4.16 Roadway and Walkway / Bikepath Lighting

The lighting requirements for the roadway and walkway / bikepath will be in accordance
with ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00, American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting.

4.16.1 Roadway Lighting

This bridge is classified as a “Major Roadway” and “High Pedestrian Conflict Area” with
Road Surface Classifications “R1”.

From RP-8-00 Table 2 the recommended illuminance values are as follows:

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• Minimum Maintained Average Illuminance is 12.0 lux/1.2 fc

• Uniformity Ratio Eavg/Emin of 3.0

• Veiling Luminance Ratio Lvmax/Lavg of 0.3

4.16.2 Walkway / Bikepath Lighting

From RP-8-00 Table 5 the recommended illuminance values are as follows:

• Average Horizontal Illuminance at walkway/bikepath is 10.0 lux/1.0 fc

• Minimum Vertical illuminance at 1.5m (4.9 ft.) above walkway/bikepath measured in

both directions parallel to the main pedestrian flow is 5.0/0.5

• Uniformity Ratio Eavg/Emin (Horizontal only) is 4.0

4.17 Maintenance and Inspection Access

Permanent ladders and platforms should be provided for access to cable anchorage
inside the tower and the box girder, all interior spaces inside the tower and the box
girder, navigation lights, aviation obstruction warning light, and aesthetic lights.

Inspection access to the underside of the superstructure box girders and the drainage
pipes will be from an inspection snooper truck on top of the deck (either roadway or bike
path/sidewalk). The bike path/sidewalk will be designed to support the inspection
snooper truck (refer to Section 6.4 for this criteria).

Lighting and electrical power outlets should be provided inside all tower and box girder
interior spaces.

Tower and box girder interior spaces should be ventilated.

Passages should be provided to allow moving heavy materials and equipments, such as
cable anchors, from the roadway to the cable anchorage after the completion of the
bridge.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

5.0 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS METHOD

5.1 Importance Factor

The operational importance factor shall be 1.05 for the strength limit state, 1.0 for all
other limit states and 1.0 for the redundancy factor.

5.2 Steel Structures

Steel girders and floor beams will be designed to act compositely with the deck.

5.3 Reinforced Concrete Structures

The deck shall be reinforced with epoxy coated bars top and bottom. The reinforcing of
the barriers shall also be epoxy coated.

Abutment reinforcement shall be epoxy coated. For pier caps beneath expansion joints,
cap reinforcement shall be epoxy coated.

Other areas may use uncoated bar.

5.4 Concrete Cover

The minimum clear concrete cover shall be in accordance with AASHTO with the
following modifications:

• 2½ " cover from top of concrete deck slab (overlay excluded) to top of epoxy coated
reinforcement.

• 1" cover to bottom reinforcement of concrete slabs with epoxy coated bars.

• 3" concrete cover shall be used in the towers, tower footings and piers in water.

• 3” concrete cover for drilled shafts, including rock sockets.

• 2" concrete cover shall be used for piers on land.

5.5 Overlay

The overlay shall not be considered for the composite action.

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5.6 Foundations

Steel casing of drilled shaft shall not be considered as a structural member.

Side friction shall not be considered in the capacity of the drilled shaft except approved
by the Director, Division of Structural Design.

The drilled shaft shall be detailed to accommodate a construction tolerance on the

location of the shaft of 3 inches.

5.7 Scour

Scour analysis will be carried out in accordance with FHWA HEC #18 entitled
“Evaluating Scour at Bridges”. Bridge scour estimates for 100-years and 500-years will
be documented in a hydraulic report that includes the full hydraulic analysis and scour
depth calculations.

5.8 Creep and Shrinkage

The CEB-FIP Model Code for Concrete Structures, 1990, for "Time Dependent Behavior
of Concrete Creep and Shrinkage" shall be used to compute the effects of creep and
shrinkage on the deck and tower.

5.9 Construction Loads

A form traveler will be considered in the design.

5.10 Non-Linear Effects

The non-linear effects due to large deformations will be considered for cable
replacement and cable loss cases.

Non-linear analysis considering the P-Δ effect of the tower pylon will be performed.

5.11 Aerodynamic Evaluation

A wind expert will perform wind data collection and analysis to determine the design
wind speed.

The aerodynamic stability of the structure will be determined by performing wind tunnel
tests on sectional and aero-elastic models of the structure. Buffeting analysis for
erection stages will be performed to estimate wind loads acting on the bridge deck.

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Aero-elastic model wind tunnel tests shall include critical construction conditions as well
as the completed structure. Erection stage evaluation shall not include barriers.

A study of the cable vibration due to vortex shedding of a pair of cables should be
performed. Remedy should be provided if deemed necessary.

5.12 Drainage

Water within the roadway and walkway / bikepath shall be collected and treated on
Kentucky side before discharged. See Deck Drainage Analysis Report.

5.13 Tensile Stress in Deck

The tensile stress at top of the deck slab shall be limited to 3√f’c (psi) in the service limit
state. The tensile stress at the bottom of the deck slab shall be limited to 6√f’c (psi).

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6.0 LOADS
The bridge shall be designed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD requirements and load
combinations, unless otherwise noted.

6.1 Dead Loads

The unit weight of concrete shall be 150 pcf except as noted:

• Concrete deck and tower - 155 pcf

• Post tensioned concrete - 155 pcf

• Tremie seal concrete - 145 pcf.

6.2 Superimposed Dead Loads

The superimposed dead load of 25 pounds per square foot shall be used for the 2”
wearing surface. No additional future overlay should be considered.

6.3 Utilities

No additional utilities other than those required for roadway lighting, aesthetic lighting,
navigation lighting, tower and box girder internal lighting, and air beacons are
anticipated for the design.

6.4 Live Load

The bridge shall be designed for HL-93 loading, however, the resultant deck slab and
diaphragm shall not have less capacity than if they had been designed for HS-25.

Use AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 2002 to check
for HS-25 load.

The bridge shall be designed to accommodate 10 design traffic lanes of 12'-0" each.

Pedestrian live load shall be 75 psf applied to the 17 ft. wide walkway / bikepath, in
accordance with LRFD 3.6.1.6. The pedestrian live load shall be applied in combination
with vehicular live, in accordance with LRFD Sections 3.6.1.1.2 and C3.6.1.1.2.

The walkway / bikepath should be checked for (1) H20 truck load, which represents a
fire engine or other emergency vehicle, and (2) an inspection snooper truck weighing 80
kips. The H20 and snooper truck loads should not be combined with pedestrian live
load, but shall be combined with vehicular live load per LRFD Section 3.6.1.1.2.

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6.5 Construction Live Load

A uniformly distributed live load of 10 psf over the constructed deck area plus the load
of the major specialized erection equipment depending on the suggested method of
erection.

A uniformly distributed live load of 10 psf on one cantilever and a uniformly distributed
live load of 5 psf on the other cantilever in addition to the load of the major specialized
erection equipment depending on the suggested method of erection.

6.6 Vehicular Dynamic Allowance

Vehicular dynamic allowance shall be considered in the design as required by AASHTO.

Reference LRFD Section 3.6.2 for HL-93 live load and Section 3.8 of the AASHTO
Standard Specifications fro HS-25 live load.

The loaded length L, to be used for calculating the dynamic allowance, shall be
determined from influence lines and shall be the sum of the individual lengths that must
be loaded so as to produce the maximum stress in the members being considered.

Stay cable design (including anchorages) shall include live load dynamic allowance in
accordance with the Post Tensioning Institute (PTI) Recommendations for Stay Cable
Design, Installation and Testing.

Live load dynamic allowance shall be considered for the design of the towers and piers
above the top of footing level. Live load dynamic allowance shall not be considered for
design of footings, pile caps, drilled shafts, and bearings.

Expansion joints and their supports shall be designed for 100 percent dynamic
allowance.

6.7 Fatigue

Fatigue loading shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Specifications 3.6.1.4 and
in accordance with PTI Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing, and
Installation. The 2025 ADTT of 8400 vehicles per day (12% trucks) will be used.

For stay cables see section 6.8 of this document.

6.8 Stay Cable and Component Fatigue

Follow recommendations for stay cable design, testing and installation by Post
Tensioning Institute Committee on Cable Stayed Bridges, 2000.

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6.9 Wind Loads

Design Wind Speed is 100-year mean-hourly speed of 72.3 mph at the deck level, with
a corresponding 10-minute mean value of 77.1 mph. Design Flutter Speed is 10,000-
year 10-minute mean speed of 104.3 mph. For wind climate study see the Draft Final
Report – Wind Climate Analysis – East End Bridge Project – Louisville Kentucky, July
18, 2006, prepared by Rowan Williams, Davis & Irwin, Inc. (RWDI).

Design Wind Speed for the construction phase is a 20-year return period mean-hourly
and 10-minute mean values are 63.4 and 67.7 mph, respectively. The Design Flutter
Speed for the construction phase is 1,000-year return 10-minute speed of 90.7 mph.

6.9.1 Static Wind Load

Static wind pressure and drag coefficients shall be provided by wind tunnel test result.

Wind Loads shall be applied to the structure to determine the maximum stress effect.
Where wind on any part or parts of a structure gives relief to the member under
consideration, the effective wind load on the parts affording relief shall be taken as 50%
of the design wind load.

6.9.2 Dynamic Wind Load

Sectional and aeroelastic wind tunnel tests will verify the aerodynamic stability of the
complete bridge and the construction stages. The tests will measure cable axial forces
of selected cables and the bending moments of the towers. The cables and towers
shall be checked for the measured dynamic forces.

A buffeting analysis will be performed based on the data measured from the wind tunnel
tests. The buffeting analysis will generate equivalent static loads to the structure.
Those equivalent static wind loads will be used to have a final check of the structure.

6.10 Thermal Loads

Temperature Range should be computed based on AASHTO LRFD Procedure A.

Use a median temperature of 60°F.

The structure shall be designed to accommodate a temperature differential of 18°F

between the stay cables and deck.

The coefficient of thermal expansion shall be taken as 6.0 x 10-6 /°F for normal weight
concrete and 6.5 x 10-6 /°F for steel.

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A temperature variation of +10°F or -10°F over the thickness of the tower shall be
investigated.

Temperature gradient shall be as per AASHTO LRFD 3.12.3 for solar radiation Zone 3.

6.11 Earthquake Effects

Site specific response spectrum will be developed for the seismic analysis. Only 50% of
the total scour shall be assumed when designing for seismic condition.

Seismic Hazard Return

Events Performance Criteria
Level Period
Safety
4% in 100 yrs. No collapse, repairable damage, limited access
Evaluation
2,500 yrs. Probability of for emergency traffic within 48 hours, full service
Earthquake
Exceedance within month(s).
(SEE)
Functional No collapse, no damage to primary structural
20% in 100 yrs.
Evaluation elements, minimal damage to other
500 yrs. Probability of
Earthquake components, full access to normal traffic
Exceedance
(FEE) available immediately (allow for inspection).

6.12 Barge Impact Loads

Barge Impact loads shall be calculated in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 3.4.
(These requirements have been adopted from Method II of the AASHTO Guide
Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges). The
importance classification shall be considered “critical.”

The required barge impact loads for all applicable portions of the substructure will be
provided in the Barge Impact Analysis Report – Method II.

6.13 Creep and Shrinkage

The design shall be based on a Mean Annual Relative Humidity of 70%.

S = 0.25 for normal hardening cement should be used in the CEB-FIP formulae.

6.14 Ice Loads

The provisions of AASHTO LRFD Section 3.9 shall apply. Historical evidence shows
few records of ice jams in the area of the East End Bridge, hence 8 ksf acting at the
normal pool elevation of 420.0 feet ORD may be used for dynamic ice forces.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

No consideration will be given to static ice pressure acting on the towers or piers.

6.15 Snow Loads

The loads due to snow on the superstructure shall not be considered.

6.16 Settlement

Since all drilled shafts supporting piers and spread footing of Indiana abutment are
founded on rock, differential settlement is not considered.

6.17 Load Factors and Combinations

Load factors and load combinations shown in the AASHTO LRFD Table 3.4.1-1 & 3.4.1-
2 should be used, except:

• When the effective (cracked) sections are used in the strength limit state analysis,
the load factor for TU, CR & SH should be 1.0.

• The CR & SH should be included in the extreme limit state 1 with factor of 1.0.

Load factors and load combinations for design of the stay cables shall be in accordance
with the Post Tensioning Institute (PTI) Recommendations for Stay Cable Design,
Installation and Testing. This shall include the cable replacement and cable loss load
combinations.

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

7.0 MATERIALS
7.1 Structural Steel

AASHTO M 270 Grade 50W (to be painted) for all major steel members

ASTM A36 - For approach girders cross frame, access ladders, platforms, and drill shaft
casings.

7.2 Fasteners

7/8" diameter high strength bolts conforming to ASTM A325 Type 1 shall be used
unless otherwise specified. All connections are friction critical type.

7.3 Shear Connectors

7/8" diameter stud with a minimum length of 4 inches shall be used.

7.4 Concrete

The following concrete strengths shall be used:

• f'c = 7000 psi; n = 6 for deck slab and cast in place box girder,

• f'c = 7000 psi; n = 6 for towers and piers.

• f'c = 5000 psi; n = 7 for tower and pier footings.

• f'c = 5000 psi; n = 7 for drilled shafts,

• f'c = 4000 psi; n = 8 for barriers.

• f'c = 4000 psi; n = 8 for abutment and wingwalls.

• f'c = 4000 psi; n = 8 for approach pier cap beams, columns and footings.

• f'c = 3000 psi; n = 9 for counterweight.

7.5 Reinforcement

The reinforcement shall be Grade 60 (fy = 60,000 psi) deformed bars conforming to
AASHTO M31 (ASTM A615) and AASHTO M42 (ASTM A616). The maximum length of
reinforcing bars shall be 60 feet. Spiral reinforcement shall be deformed bars. Welding

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KYTC Item No. 5-745.00 August 18, 2008

of reinforcement is prohibited. Mechanical splices shall be used for the tower vertical
bars.

7.6 Prestressing Steel (for other than Stay Cables)

Prestressing strands shall be low relaxation 0.6 inch diameter seven-wire strands
conforming to ASTM A416-90a, Grade 270.

7.7 Post-Tensioning Ducts

Polyethylene corrugated circular duct shall be used in the deck slab.

7.8 Stay Cables

Strands shall be 0.62 inch diameter low relaxation seven wire weldless strands
conforming to ASTM A416-90a Grade 270. Strand area should 150 mm2. Strands shall
be waxed or greased and individually sheathed by PE.

7.9 Stay Cable PE Pipe

Single Polyethylene pipe will be used to protect the stay cables. The required length for
each cable shall be obtained by continuous extrusion or by fusion welding of standard
length sections of pipe. The ratio of the outside diameter to the minimum wall thickness
shall be 18. Spiral beads shall be welded to the pipe surface to subdue rain/wind
interaction.

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