Polio Virus NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS

Structure
Structure Ascaris Lumbricoide
Non-enveloped
Non-enveloped Single
polarity
polarity 3000
  
3000 amino
Single stranded
amino acids
stranded RNA
acids in
in length
length
RNA with
with positive
positive
Clare Wylie Structure:
Structure: NematodeNematode
Transmission:
Transmission:   
Oral spread-Fecal
Oral spread-Fecal Transmission:
Transmission: Ingestion Ingestion of of egg
egg from
from feces
feces or or dirt.
dirt. Eggs
Eggs can can mature
mature
Spread through
Spread through waterwater and and swimming
swimming pools pools (out(out in
in dirt
dirt
breaks
breaks during during summers)
summers)   
   Pathogenesis and and Effects
Effects on on CNS
CNS
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis and and Effect
Effect onon CNS
CNS Once ingested,
ingested, the the egg
egg hatches
hatches in in the
the stomach
stomach and and will
will grow
grow within
within
Once
First replicates
First replicates in in the
the epithelia
epithelia cells
cells and
and results
results in in the
the the
Path of worm in lung tissue; the gut but also break out into circulation to
gut but also break out into circulation to the
the lungs
lungs to to fully
fully mature.
mature.
infection of
infection of tissue
tissue likelike muscles
muscles and and brown
brown fat. fat. They
illustrates the ability of worm They will travel back up the trachea to the oropharynx and into the
will travel back up the trachea to the oropharynx and into the
Replicates extremely fast due to the fact
Replicates extremely fast due to the fact it is a positive it is a positive esophagus
to work through tissue esophagus where where itit is
is swallowed.
swallowed. The The mature
mature worm worm is is ingested
ingested againagain
strand
strand RNA. RNA. One One in in 100100 infections
infections will
will lead
lead to to invasion
invasion to live
live in
in large
large intestine.
intestine. During
During thisthis stage
stage is is when
when theythey areare inin the
the
to
of
of Central
Central nervous
nervous system system andand leads
leads toto paralytic
paralytic circulatory system,
system, theythey can
can migrate
migrate to to other
other parts
parts ofof the
the body
body suchsuch
circulatory
poliomyelitis
poliomyelitis as
as the
the brain.
brain. This
This isis not
not the
the optimum
optimum place place for for them
them to to live
live so
so itit is
is
Virus binds
Virus binds toto receptor
receptor (CD155)
(CD155) on on all
all cells
cells which
which extremely
extremely rare rare that
that this
this happens.
happens.
facilitates
facilitates the the virus
virus to to release
release RNARNA into
into cytosol.
cytosol. This This Movement is cause by the hydrostatic skeleton
Movement is cause by the hydrostatic skeleton
binding
binding causes an irreversible conformational change
causes an irreversible conformational change Difficult to
to diagnosis
diagnosis because
because itit maymay not not appear
appear in in CT
CT or or MRI.
MRI. In In
Difficult
in the virus and causes endocytosis.
in the virus and causes endocytosis. The virus travels The virus travels Polio’s Routes of invasion to the CNS addition, brain
brain culture
culture tests
tests for
for bacteria
bacteria return
return positive
positive duedue to to the
the fact
fact
addition,
up the
up the axons
axons to to reach
reach the the CNS.
CNS. that bacteria follow the worm in transit to the brain. Therefore,
that bacteria follow the worm in transit to the brain. Therefore,
Gets into
Gets into CSN
CSN through
through peripherally
peripherally nervous
nervous system system Note the teeth and treatment is directed to inefficient models like antibiotics.
treatment is directed to inefficient models like antibiotics.
and
and traveling along the neural pathway
traveling along the neural pathway to to CNS.
CNS. WillWill lips on the Ascaris
Most
lumbricoide’s Most cases
cases leadlead to to death
death as as there
there is is a
a strong
strong immune
immune force force that
that
cause
cause paralysis to the motor neurons it infects first.
paralysis to the motor neurons it infects first. enters thethe brain.
brain. In In addition,
addition, other
other complications
complications occur occur with
with the
the parts
parts
mouth great for enters
Causes damage to any cell it
Causes damage to any cell it replicates within replicates within The Nervous System of the
the brain
brain that
that the
the worm
worm infects.
infects. This
This causes
causes a a large
large range
range of of
chomping through of
because itit has
because has to to lyse
lyse thethe cell
cell when
when itit leaves.
leaves. The The The nervous system is the circuit board of our bodies that controls all the tissue symptoms.
symptoms.
damage in
damage in the
the peripheral
peripheral motor motor pathways
pathways and and spinal
spinal functions. It consists of the central and peripheral systems. The central
pathways
pathways cause irreversible damage and paralysis. If
cause irreversible damage and paralysis. If nervous system consists of the spinal cord. The brain is highly
itit reaches the medulla oblongata
reaches the medulla oblongata in the brain stemin the brain stem protected from toxins and pathogens with the blood-brain barrier and
death occurs.
death occurs.
Entry of Polio Virus into the
peripheral nerve cell through CD-
skull. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that are
outside the spinal cord and brain. It connects to the other parts of the
body and is left unprotected and more vulnerable to infection.
H. Influenza Type B (HIB)
155 receptor on the nerve cell Structure:
Structure: Gram Gram Negative
Negative Coccobacillus
Coccobacillus
Infection of the nervous system causes threats to control over body,
Toxoplasma Gondii psychological functioning, and life. Penetration to the CNS poses
greatest threat because of the delicate nerves and it is difficult for
Type B
Type
Most
B indicates
indicates that that the
the serotype
Most HIB lack a capsule. The capsulated
because
HIB lack a capsule.
serotype is
The
is the
the encapsulated
capsulated form
encapsulated strain.
form isis much
strain.
much more
more virulent
virulent
immune cells to clear infection. The following are diseases caused by the because it evades clearance from the immune system while in
it evades clearance from the immune system while in the
the
Structure: bloodstream.
Structure: Protozoa-
Protozoa- there
there areare three
three forms
forms depending
depending pathogens represented here that affect the nervous system. bloodstream. The encapsulated
on    form on the left
on stage
stage inin life
life cycle.
cycle. Paralysis- caused due to the destruction to spinal cord or motor is more virulent
Transmission Routes Routes Transmission: Person
Transmission: Person to to person
person through
through aerosol
aerosol droplets
droplets
Transmission neurons. Prevents signals to get to parts of body, no movement and the main
-Raw meat
meat or or inadequately
inadequately cookedcooked meatmeat that
that is
is Can cause deadly meningitis
Can cause deadly meningitis or pneumonia in or pneumonia in
-Raw Meningitis- Infection of arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, and type that causes
infected. children
children under
under the the ageage ofof 5 5
infected. cerebrospinal fluid. The infection can cause death through destruction of meningitis
-Ingest oocytes by being around cats feces Present in normal flora of mucosal membrane
Present in normal flora of mucosal membrane in nasopharynx of most in nasopharynx of most
-Ingest oocytes by being around cats feces Sporulated ooysts found in brain tissue from endotoxins, sepsis, gram-negative shock, inflammation
-Mothers people eveneven ifif they
they are are notnot given
given vaccine.
vaccine.
-Mothers to to unborn
unborn fetus
fetus transmission or damage to brain, vascular, and cranial nerve tissues from immune people
     
response caused by lysosomal enzymes and free radicals.
Pathogenesis and and Effects
Effects on on Nervous
Nervous system
system Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis and and effects
effects to to CSN
CSN
Pathogenesis Brain Abscesses- commonly occur from bacterial or infect the brain.
The Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma gondii gondii traverse
traverse thethe intestinal
intestinal oror There
There is is aa lack
lack ofof understanding
understanding of of how
how HIB HIB enters
enters the
the blood
blood stream.
stream.
The The abscess is a mass filled with immune cells, puss, and infecting cells.
placental Some
Some hypothesis that it directly enters
hypothesis that it directly enters through
through epithelia
epithelia tissue
tissue and
placental epithelium as a free parasite by paraceullular
epithelium as a free parasite by paraceullular Dangerous due to increased pressure and blocking blood flow causing and
transmigration. They can enter macrophages or capillary endothelium
capillary endothelium in in a a cut
cut oror abrasion.
abrasion. The The capsulated
capsulated HIB HIB areare much
much
transmigration. They can enter macrophages or damage to brain.
dendrite cells
cells through
through toll-like
toll-like receptors.
receptors. They
They utilize
utilize less likely
less likely toto be
be engulfed
engulfed by by cells
cells than
than the
the non-capsulated
non-capsulated form form duedue toto
dendrite The organism shown here all effect the NS in different ways but have
immune cells
cells to
to moves
moves throughout
throughout the the body.
body. the lower number of surface proteins available
the lower number of surface proteins available to bind. Still the to bind. Still the
immune similar characteristics. For example, HIB, and Ascaris take advantage of
Then they
they have
have a a high
high affinity
affinity for
for neurons
neurons as as well
well asas capsulated form is more virulent when it gets
capsulated form is more virulent when it gets into the blood stream. into the blood stream.
Then the blood stream to get to brain while Polio uses neurons to travel up and
ocular When
When in in the
the blood,
blood, HIB HIB doubles
doubles rapidly.
rapidly. Doubling
Doubling time
time isis around
around 50
ocular tissue.
tissue. Cysts
Cysts with
with larvae
larvae areare formed
formed in in these
these Toxoplasma utilizes immune cells. Damages from these infections come 50
cells. This can hurt those cells and the cells around minutes. Research
minutes. Research suggestssuggests that that one
one toto twotwo bacteria
bacteria in in the
the blood
blood stream
stream
cells. This can hurt those cells and the cells around from destruction of cells in the case of Polio and Ascaris or immune
them through
through competition
competition for for resources.
resources. can be
can be enough
enough to to cause
cause infection
infection of of CNS.
CNS. The The number
number of of bacteria
bacteria and and
them system response in the case of HIB and Toxoplasma. Both parasites
duration
duration of of infection
infection determine
determine it’s it’s entry
entry into
into the
the CNS.
CNS.
cause interesting symptoms due to the fact they can affect particular
CSN The CNS infection is believed to occur through the choroid plexus,
CSN infection
infection usually
usually caused
caused by by latent
latent forms.
forms. areas of the brain while the host is still alive. Polio is the only infection The CNS infection is believed to occur through the choroid plexus,
Disruption where
where the the blood
blood is is usually
usually filtered
filtered to to become
become cerebrospinal
cerebrospinal fluid.fluid. This
This is
Disruption through
through other
other infections
infections or or trauma
trauma to to cysts
cysts that infects the peripheral nervous system in this group. HIB is the most is
causes the site
site of of entry
entry for
for bacteria
bacteria into into the
the CNS.
CNS.
causes proliferation of tachyzoites (see diagram).
proliferation of tachyzoites (see diagram). dangerous and prevalent in third world countries because ability to cause the
Chronic infections
infections in
in brain
brain leads
leads toto tissue
tissue remodeling
remodeling in This causes
This causes meningitis
meningitis and and many
many deaths
deaths in in children
children under
under thethe age
age ofof
Chronic in meningitis. Read about each to find out more about their unique qualities.
the brain
brain and
and aa continuous
continuous requirement
requirement for for immune
immune five.
five. There
There is is a
a vaccine
vaccine but but itit is
is very
very expensive
expensive and and difficult
difficult toto distribute.
distribute.
the
cells to
cells to come
come in.
in. Tissues
Tissues around
around the the cysts
cysts send
send out
out
signals
signals toto inhibit
inhibit or
or attract
attract both
both T-cells
T-cells coming
coming in in and
and
Works Cited Carruthers, Vern B., and Yasuhiro Suzuki. "Effects of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection on the Brain."
Schizophrenia Bulletin 33.3 (2007): 745-51. Print. Dugdale, David C. "Brain Abscess: MedlinePlus Medical
out. Causes associated with this remodeling
out. Causes associated with this remodeling are are Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. ADAM, 15 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 May
Bacterium proliferation
Schizophrenia and
Schizophrenia and mental
mental retardation,
retardation, delusions,
delusions, 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000783.htm>. Robin T Clark, J Philip Nance, Shahani
Noor and Emma H Wilson (2011) T-cellproduction of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibition of parasite Immune system unable to clear • CNS through
hydrocephaly or
hydrocephaly or microcephaly.
microcephaly. Behavior
Behavior changes
changes occur
occur clearanceby TIMP-1 during chronic Toxoplasma infection in the brain. ASN NEURO Choroid plexus
• Nasopharynx
in animal
in animal and
and human
human hosts.
hosts. For For example,
example, causes
causes rats
rats (1):art:e00049.doi:10.1042/AN20100027Ren, Ruibao, and Vincent Racaniello. "Poliovirus Spreads from Muscle to
the CentralNervous System by Neural Pathways." Journal of Infectious Diseases 166.4 (1992): p747-752. Web. 26 colonization • Bloodstream or
to be fearless of cats. It is related to immune
to be fearless of cats. It is related to immune response, response, May 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable30112969 .>. "Poliomyelitis; Fact Sheet." World Health Organiziation . immune system
brain development, and response to
brain development, and response to other infectious other infectious WHO, Nov 2010. Web. 26May 2011. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/enindex.html>. Tatter,
Stephen B., and Jonathan W. Hopkins. "Cerebral Manifestations of Ascaris Lumbricoides." Massachusetts Institute
agent.
agent. of Technology (1997). Print. United States of America. CDC. Division of Parasitic Disease. Preventing Congenital Breech in epithelia Meningitis
This MRI illustrates how cyst can Toxoplasmosis. Ed. James M. Hughes and Daniel G. Colley. Print. of few bacteria
remodel brain tissue.