Heritage XIV

ISSN 1512-09-53
MFHSDTKEHB VTVRDBLHTJ,F
KARTVELIAN H E R I TA G E XIV
2010
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AKAKI TSERETELI STATE UNIVERSITY
MFHSDTKEHB VTVRDBLHTJ<F XIV

eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis,
uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris
dabadebidan 77-e da aRsaydrebidan 33-e wlisTavs
Dedicated to the 77th anniversary of the birth and 33rd anniversary of the enthronement of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II
quTaisi
2010
Kutaisi
81.2 UH 809.463.1-800.87 q.279 "qarTveluri memkvidreobis" XIV tomi eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris dabadebidan 77-e da aRsaydrebidan 33-e wlisTavs. krebulSi ibeWdeba: uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadagebani (qarTuli enis Sesaxeb), statia: "qarTuli ena qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebis, qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT"; istoriuli dokumentebi: XIX saukunis qarTveli sasuliero da saero moRvaweebis mier qarTuli enis dasacavad warmoebuli brZolis amsaxveli masalebi; agreTve recenzirebuli q a r T v e l o l o g i u r i (enaTmecnieruli, literaturaTmcodneobiTi, folkloruli, istoriografiuli, kulturologiuri, eTnologiuri...) gamokvlevebi.
saredaqcio
sabWo:
ioseb asaTiani (inglisuri teqstis redaqtori), nomadi barTaia, Tamaz beraZe, merab beriZe, Teimuraz gvancelaZe, rozeta gujejiani, eka dadiani (swavluli mdivani), ruben enoxi, roland TofCiSvili, qevin TuiTi, nino kvirikaZe, merab naWyebia, avTandil nikoleiSvili (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori), manana tabiZe, tariel futkaraZe (mTavari redaqtori), giorgi qavTaraZe, marine qacarava, revaz Serozia, nino CixlaZe, beJan xorava.
redaqciis misamarTi: 4600, q. quTaisi, Tamar mefis 59 awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti, tel.: 4-28-83 el-fosta: kartvelology@posta.ge krebulis el-versia ix.: www.kartvelology.ge www. scribd.com/kartvelian heritage XIV
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010
Kartveluri Memkvidreoba (Kartvelian Heritage), volume XIV, is dedicated to the 77th anniversary of the birth and 33rd anniversary of the enthronement of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II. The present collection has an article: The Georgian language National Life of Georgians written according to the epistles, sermons and speeches of His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II; His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia IIs Sermons (about the Georgian language), historical documents: materials featuring the struggle for the protection of the Georgian language carried out by religious and public men in the 19th century, as well as reviewed Kartvelologian researches (in linguistics, literary studies, folklore, culture studies, ethnology and more..).
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Ioseb Asatiani (editor of the English texts), Nomadi Bartaia,Tamaz Beradze, Merab Beridze, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Rozeta Gujejiani, Eka Dadiani (scientific secretary), Ruben Enokhi, Marine Katsarava, Giorgi Kavtaradze, Nino Kvirikadze, Merab Nachkebia, Avtandil Nikoleishvili (managing editor), Manana Tabidze, Roland Topchishvili, Kevin Tuite, Tariel Putkaradze (Editor -in chief), Revaz Sherozia, Nino Chikhladze, Bejan Khorava.
Address of the Editorial Office; 59, Tamar Mepe str., Kutaisi
K u t a i s i St a t e U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 2010
Sinaarsi tariel futkaraZe - qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle (sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTaTbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebis, qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT)............................... 9 Tariel Putkaradze - The Georgian language national life of Georgians (According to epistles, sermons and speeches of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II)............................35 LELA AVALIANI, LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE, OMAR AKKAM Expressions related to God in the Arabic and languages ................................36 lela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqami - RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi .................38 oTar gogoliSvili - baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi ................................... 39 Otar Gogolishvili - Batumi Region the Member of the Democratic Republic .....................................................................................................53 nato gulua - akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba (werilis "nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT) ....................................54 Nato Gulua - Akaki Tsereteli and the Russian Literature (According to the aricle Nekrasovs Funeral) ..................................................................57 darejan dvali-demetraZe - Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan) ............................................58 Darejan Dvali-Demetradze - Dvali -Holidays in Switzerland (parallels to Georgian holidays) ..................................................................................61 luka dvaliSvili - akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema ...............................................................................................62 Luka Dvalishvili - Akaki Tsereteli and the problem of reunion of Achara to Georgia ......................................................................................67 vaSakiZe ia vaSakiZe - "ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi ...............................................................................68
Ia Vashakidze - On the semantic change of utskho (foreign) related to language in the Russian imperial space .........................................................72
zurab Toria - "eri dedaa enisa".................................................73 Zurab Toria - "Nation is Mother of Language" ..........................................79
kaSia, rusudan kaSia, daviT SavianiZe - imeruli leqsikisaTvis (xonisa da okribis masalebis mixedviT) ...........................................80 Rusudan Kashia, Davit Shavianidze - On the Lower-Imeretian (Khoni and Okriba) words ...........................................................................85 igor kekelia - martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan .............................................................................86 Igor Kekelia - From the place-names of Martvili region woods and pastures ...............................................................................................90 zeinab kikviZe - lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi ........................................91 Zeinab Kikvidze - On the fictional transformation of the Lazarus image in the Georgian literature ....................................................................98 mamuka menabde - qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan XVI saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi ...................................................................................99 Mamuka Menabde - From the history of internal political relations of the Georgian kingdoms and principalities in the 40-50s of the 16th century ..........104 maia miqautaZe - [~] V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi ....................................................105 Maia Mikautadze - [j] in the Georgian language of 5th-18th cc. and in the modern Kartvelian dialects .........................................................................116 nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - legendebi "akakis krebulSi" ............................................................................................117 Nora Nikoladze-Lomsianidze - Legends in Akakis Collections..............122 avTandil nikoleiSvili - galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi ..........123 Avtandil Nikoleishvili - On some questions form the textual study history of Galaktion Tbidzes works ...........................................................138 nato niqabaZe - noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi ............139 Nato Nikabadze - Noe Zhordania and the national question .......................142 neli siWinava - msoflios erovnuli da universaluri suraTis asaxva frazeologizmebis TargmanSi .................................143 - ...........................149 neli ugrexeliZe - qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan (numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)......................................................150
Neli Ugrekhelidze - From the history of the Georgian writing (according to the numismatic materials) ......................................................................153 JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe, eka dadiani - imeruli kilos leqsikisaTvis (l. uklebas saleqsikono masala) ...........................................................154 Zhuzhuna Peikrishvili, Rusudan Saghinadze, Eka Dadiani - For the vocabulary of Imeretian dialect (material of L.Ukleba's dictionary)....................160 kaxaber qebulaZe - giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordanias polemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTan dakavSirebiT ....................161 Kakhaber Kebuladze -Polemics between Giorgi Zdanovic and Noe Zhordania on the Kutaisi Nobility Bank ......................................................166 daviT SavianiZe - qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) .....................167 David Shavianidze - Georgian family-names (On the example of ethnographic materials of some upper-Acharan villages) .........................173 revaz Serozia - qarTveluri etimologiuri masalisaTvis. III ......................................................................................174 Revaz Sherozia - On the Kartvelian etymology material. III ...................177 mzeqala Canqseliani - mdinare Beleduras xeobis mikrotoponimia ..................................................................................178 Mzekala Chankseliani - Microtoponyms of the Beladura river valley ........181 gela xarSilaZe - kacTmoyvareobis zogierTi Strixi vaJasTan ...................................................................................182 Gela Kharshiladze - On some expressions of philanthropy in Vazha Pshavelas works ......................................................................................185 luiza xaWapuriZe - liturgikuli xatebi zviad gamsaxurdias poeziaSi.........................................................................186 Luiza Khachapuridze - Liturgical images in Zviad Gamsakhurdias poems. .........................................................................189 . ramaz xaWapuriZe - abrakadabrebi qarTul SelocvebSi ...........190 Ramaz Khachapuridze - Abracadabra in Georgian spells ..........................195 gia xoferia - akaki wereTlis literaturul-kritikuli Sexedulebebis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................196 Gia Khoperia - On some questions of Akaki Tseretelis literary-critique views .................................................................................203
danarTi guria-samegrelos episkoposis, uwmidesi grigolis gankargulebis safuZvelze Seqmnili komiiis dadgenileba megrul kiloze locvaTa Targmanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (1895) ....................204 Tedo (Tevdore) saxokia - soxumSi arsebuli enobrivi situaciis Sesaxeb (1900 w. 1 ivlisi) .............................................236 kavkasiis mxaris samxedro gubernator gerSelmanis werili mTavarmmarTeblis kancelariis ufross (1900 w. 3 agvisto)........239 quTaisis samxedro gubernator gerSelmanis moxseneba `soxumis olqSi qarTuli moZraobis Sesaxeb" (1900 w. 2 seqtemberi).........244 saidumlo werili kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTeblis sabWos (1904 w. 12/15 marti) .............................................................248 dekanozi ioane vostorgovi - saeklesio skola amierkavkasiaSi...273 kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTeblis sabWos dadgenileba (1904 w. 1 maisi) ...........................................................287 XIX saukunis qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi (st.ZimistaraSvili, al.naneiSvili, n.dadiani, v.masxulia, r.sajaoxeli /xundaZe/, d.RambaSiZe, l.lolua) ruseTis antiqarTuli politikis Sesaxeb ..................................................................................................289 senakeli t. k-li - megrulis enis gamo (1904 w. 17 ivlisi) ............................................................................302 iakob fancxava - qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo skolebSi da batoni Tedo Jordania (1905 w. 23 marti) ..............................305 Tedo Jordania - qarTuli enisTvis brZola 1882-1910 wlebSi .................................................................................317 Tedo Jordania - vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo skolebSi? (1913 w.) ...........................................................336 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis ganCineba (2005 w. 23 dekemberi) ..................................................................350 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba daviTobis dResaswaulze (2006 w. 8 Tebervali) ..............................................351
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris misalmeba saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis erToblivi samecniero konferenciis "svaneTi - qarTuli kulturis savane" monawileebisadmi (2006 w. 19 ivnisi) ...............................................352 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis erToblivi samecniero konferenciis "svaneTi qarTuli kulturis savane" memorandumi ........................................353 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba zugdidis laqernis yovladwmida RTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZarSi (2007 w. 3 ivnisi) ..........355 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris saSobao epistole (2010 w.) ..................358 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba (2010 w. 10 oqtomberi) .....................................................................366
qarTveluri memkvidreoba
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
tariel futkaraZe
qarTuli ena qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebis, qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT
kacobriobis istoria xalxebis gaCenisa da daRupvis mZime qronikaa. am fonze saswauls hgavs qarTveli eris 33-saukunovani sicocxle, romelic, pirvel rigSi, qarTuli eniTaa ganxorcielebili. bolo 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTa erovnuli arsoba qristianobam rom asazrdova, esec ueWvelia. dampyrobelTa Semosevis dros qarTvelTa brZolas Seupovars xdida rwmenis dauTmobloba, vinaidan qristianoba qarTvelisTvis ar iyo mxolod cxovrebis filosofia da arsebobis wesi: droTa ganmavlobaSi qristianuli taZrebi da monastrebi iqca qarTveluri (qarTulenovani) kulturis aqtiur centrebad da erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad. garda amisa, roca saxelmwifoebriobas gviSlida mteri, saqarTvelos avtokefaliuri eklesia inarCunebda erTian eklesiur da erovnulsaxelmwifoebriv sivrces da saxavda swor erovnul orientirebs. asea dResac, rodesac mtris mier okupirebuli da aneqsirebulia msoflios mier aRiarebuli saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%. dResac, imperiuli Tu globalisturi didi agresiebis periodSi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meoris sityvani naTlad gamokveTs qarTvelTa erovnuli gadarCenis gzas. naSromSi warmodgenilia uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris xedva qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisa da Tanamedrove safrTxeebis Sesaxeb.
marTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolo mravali saukunis win, savaraudod, axali welTaRricxvis VIII-IX saukuneebSi RvTivkurTxeulma adamianma dawera "Sesxmai qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai" ("qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai"). iovane zosimes dabadebamde daweril am mistiur leqsSi qarTveli eris sicocxle qristes megobar lazares bedTanaa gaigivebuli. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mier lazares SabaTi gamocxadebulia qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; kerZod, amis Sesaxeb 1986 wels, 13 (26) aprils, lazares SabaTis qadagebaSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia meorem brZana brZana:
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t. futkaraZe
"...iveriis yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis xatis winaswarmetyvelebiT, saqarTvelo gabrwyindeba ukanasknel Jams. saeklesio gadmocemis Tanaxmad, cnobilia da Cven viciT, rom X saukuneSi yovelive es xilviT euwyaT wmida mamebs iveronis qarTvelTa savaneSi... roca mTeli qveyana dakargavs rwmenas, siyvaruls, saTnoebas, saqarTvelo gabrwyindeba sarwmunoebiT, siyvaruliT, siwmidiT. am dros qarTveli erisTvis uflismieri jildo iqneba is, rom meored mosvlis Jams ufali kacobriobas gansjis qarTuli eniT. mas Semdeg, roca cnobili gaxda es didi saidumlo, mas Semdeg, roca ufalma gamoucxada Cvens winapars, rom "saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hqvian", qarTveloba zeimobda qarTuli enis dResaswauls lazares SabaTs. magram qveynis avbedobam, misma mZime warsulma waSala es kurTxeuli da wmida tradicia. dRes kvlav dadga Jami da aRvadgineT es dResaswauli" 1. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is am qadagebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi aRdga ZvelqarTuli tradicia - lazares aRdginebis dRes qarTuli enis dResaswauli2; 1986 wlidan dRemde, "saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendris" mixedviT, yovel lazares SabaTs eklesiis mier sazeimod aRiniSneba qarTuli enis dRe. 2003 wlis qadagebaSi saqarTvelos patriarqma brZana: "wmida da marTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnuli dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi" 3. aqve arsebiTia imis aRniSvna, rom fraza: "saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hqvian" mocemulia didi mniSvnelobis mqone ZeglSi: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai", romlis sxva saxelia: qebai qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; kerZod, peterburgis sajaro biblioTekis wignTsacavis xelnawerTa fondis berZnul koleqciaSi daculia iovane zosimes "liturgikul enciklopediad" cnobili xelnaweri krebuli; mis sarCevSi "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" Sesulia rogorc: "Sesxmai "Sesxmai... qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai". sxva enisai" xelnawerebSic sxvaobs leqsis saTauri da sarCevSi warmodgenili varianti; mag., miqael dekanozis krebulis sarCevSi (zandukSi) me-10 Txzulebaa "qebai qarTulisa enisai" (miqael dekanozis TxovniT, sarCevi daiwera
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs (13/26 aprili, 1986 w.); jvari vazisa, #1, 1986 w. 2 am TvalsazrisiT aseve sainteresoa amonaridi 1997 wlis qadagebidan: "lazare qarTul enasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enis dResaswauli daawesa..." (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis daawesa. ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs {aprili, 1999 w.}; saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II, Tb., 1997, gv. 299). 3 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs (19 aprili, 2003 w.), sapatriarqos uwyebani, #16, 25 aprili - 01.05. 2003 w.
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qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle
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iovane-zosimes xeliT) magram sakuTriv teqstSi, romelic sxva gadamweris xeliTaa dawerili, leqsis saxelia: "qarTulisa enisaTvis"4. logikuria davaskvnaT: mematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTveli erisa da qarTuli enis simbolo Sesabamisad, lazares aRdginebis dRe simbolo. aris qarTuli enisa da qarTveli eris dRe. saukunidan vdResaswaulobT qarTuli enis dRes? pirvel rigSi, mokled am wmida tradiciis Sesaxeb: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" wyaroebSi Cndeba X saukunidan, kerZod, 4 xelnaweriT Semogvenaxa; amaTgan erTi varianti, romelic miqael dekanozis surviliT Seqmnil hagiografiul TxzulebaTa krebulzea darTuli, kaligrafiuladac da redaqciuladac gansxvavdeba iovane zosimes mier gadawerili sami sxva xelnawerisgan. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vTqvaT: iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" avtori. es cxadia CvenTvis cnobil pirvel qarTul TariRian xelnawerSi ("sinuri mravalTavi", 864 w.) CarTuli "qebais" teqstze arsebuli minaweriTac: "qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen". aRsaniSnavia, rom "gaCxreka" gamowvlilviT ganxilvas (saba), redaqtorobas, Ziebas niSnavs da ara avtorobas5; Sdr.: mCxrekali igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri (i. abulaZe). sinuri mravalTavis kidev erTi fraza: "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis, arais Tu mwerali viyav". Zveli teqstebi asxvavebs "ucbad mCxrekelsa" da mwerals; Cans, mwerali teqstis profesionali gadamweria (kaligrafia), mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli, amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori (romelic zogjer kaligrafobs kidec; ix. qvemoT). faqtia isic, rom "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" IX saukuneSi ukve popularuli iyo sazRvargareTis qarTuli kulturis centrebSic: ierusalimsa (sabawmidasa) da sinas mTaze. Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisTvis arsebiTia "sabawmiduri mravalTavis" Seqmnisa da Semosvis istoria: yvelasTvis cnobili "sinuri mravalTavi" warmoadgens "sauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebze" wasakiTx homiletikur TxzulebaTa (zepirad Tqmul Zvel saeklesio qadagebaTa, moZRvrebaTa) krebuls. krebuli Seqmnilia ierusalimSi, wmida sabas lavraSi, 864 wels6 (iniciatori da erT-erTi gadamweria makar leTeTeli - grigol xanZTelis erT-erTi romeli
variantebis SepirispirebisaTvis vrclad ix. krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" (Semdgenel-redaqtori t. futkaraZe), quTaisi, 2000. 5 krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" (Semdgenel-redaqtori t. futkaraZe), quTaisi, 2000, gv. 93-94.
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Semdeg xelnaweri autaniaT sinas mTaze; Sdr.: ufro samarTliani iqneboda, am xelnawers darqmeoda "sabawmiduri mravalTavi" (i. imnaiSvili, sinuri mravalTavi, Tb., 1975).
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mowafe). swored am uZveles, IX saukuneSi ukve tradiciul sadResaswaulo sakiTxav krebulSia CarTuli "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai". cnobilia, aseve, rom Cvenamde moRweuli xelnaweri 981 wels mesamed Semosa iovane zosimem. zosimes xeliTvea gadawerili "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" aqve warmodgenili varianti; swored amitom varaudoben, rom "sinur mravalTavs" qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris) qeba daamata iovane zosimem. Tavis anderZSi iovane zosime ambobs, rom man moxucebulobis Jams Semosa "ese wigni mravalTavi". logikuria, vifiqroT, rom Tuki iovane zosime romelime tradiciul krebuls, miT umetes aswlovan, ierusalimSi Seqmnil kanonikur sadResaswaulo homiletikuri Txzulebebis krebuls Tavisi iniciativiT raimes daumatebda, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda kidec; kerZod, iovane zosime sxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; mag.: imave periodSi (983 w.) sxva xelnaweris Semosvis dros "iovane-zosimem krebuls daumata erTi mcire moculobis Txzuleba: "da kualad sxuai hambavi RamisTevisaTvisve" SeniSvniT: "eseai ukuanais vpove da aqa SevCxrike. SemindveT da locva-yavT"7. vfiqrobT, ar unda gamovricxoT, rom "mravalTavis" ierusalimur variantSive iyo "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai". ufro sarwmunod gveCveneba is, rom 864 wels gadawerili didi xelnaweris bolo furceli droTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, ris gamoc Semmosvelma igi 981 wels xelaxla gadawera - gaaaxla gaaaxla. Sdr., zemoT citirebuli fragmentidan ("eseai ukuanais vpove da aqa SevCxrike. SemindveT da locva-yavT") Cans, rom termini "mCxrekeli" SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc "dammatebelic" (SevCxrike - davamate): mCxrekeli - "cudad" gadamweri; daCxreka - "dawera"; daCxrekili "dawerili"; Cxerka - "CiCqna"/"wera8. yovel SemTxvevaSi, faqtia, rom IX saukuneSi Tu ara, X saukuneSi mainc qarTuli qristianuli kulturis upirveles sazRvargareTul centrSi - sinas mTaze - sauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebze ikiTxeboda xolme "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai". maSasadame, mravali saukunis win sruliad saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualuri iyo idea: qarTuli enis (/qarTveli eris) simbolo - uflis megobari lazare. amas cxadyofs Semdegi faqtebic: - iovane zosimem "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisaiT" daamTavra sabawmidis lavraSi mis mier Sedgenili "liturgikuli enciklopedia" (950-965 wlebSi); - sinawmidis dekanozis, kvirike miZnaZorelis surviliT, "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" daerTo sinas mTaze gadawerili oTxTavis srul nusxas (979 wels); - sinas mTaze moRvawe miqael dekanozma "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" CarTo hagiografiul TxzulebebSi (981-983 wlebSi).
7 8
krebuli "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai", quTaisi, 2000, gv. 41. Cxrek- Ziris variantebisaTvis ix. z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1995.
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swored winaprebis xedvis gaTvaliswinebiT brZanebs uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore: "adreul saukuneebSi qarTveloba sazeimod acxadebda: "da hrqvian"... qveynis avbedobam, saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian" misma mZime warsulma waSala es kurTxeuli da wmida tradicia. Cven unda aRvadginoT es dResaswauli"9. "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" ucnobi avtoris kvalad, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore miiCnevs, rom lazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli eris simbolo; kerZod, erTi mxriv, qarTveli eris daniSnulebaa simarTliTa da siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli sicocxle10; meore mxriv ki, qarTveli eri da qarTuli ena urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia 11 . dRes zogi fsevdoliberali cdilobs, rom gaakritikos "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai", rogorc qarTuli mesianisturi ideis warmomCeni poeturi qmnileba; garda amisa, uaryofiTad afaseben saqarTvelos eklesiis gadawyvetilebas, romlis mixedviTac lazares SabaTs sazeimod aRiniSneba qarTuli enis dRe. yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas; Sesabamisad, ara awmyoSi (Tundac amqveyniur velSi), aramed meored mosvlis Jams qarTveli eris sulierad amaRlebis ndoma vinmes mier ratom unda iyos kritikis sagani? meored mosvlis Jams amaRleba yoveli qristianis ocnebaa. analogiurad, "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" Semoqmedi gveubneba, rom uflisgan Semkuli da kurTxeuli qarTveli eri (qarTuli ena) siyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelic amqveyniur samyaroSi (odiTgan "dResamomde") Zlier imperiaTagan tanjulia ("damarxulia", "mdabalia", "dawunebulia"), amaRldeba gankiTxvis Jams... igive surT am leqsis Jams CvenTvis cnobil pirvel damfasebelT: iovane zosimes, dekanoz miqaels... kvirikes, dekanoz miqaels amasve ambobs Cveni Tanamedrove, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore; es eocnebeba bevr sxva qarTvels12...
lazares aRdginebis xati X saukunisaa (xatebis eleqtronuli versiebi mogvawoda b-nma l. togoniZem). 10 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs, lazares aRdginebis saxelobis taZarSi (kinostu-diis ezoSi) 2005 wlis 23 aprils; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #28, 28 aprili - 11 maisi, 2005 w., saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II, Tb., 1998, gv. 2. 11 ilia II: "vin warmoSva qarTuli ena? qarTvelma erma warmoSva qarTuli ena, Tu qarTulma enam warmoSva qarTveli eri? RvTis kurTxeviT, maTi Soba erTad moxda: warmoiSva qarTuli ena da warmoiSva qarTveli eri"; sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs (13/26 aprili, 1986 w.); jvari vazisa, #1, 1986 w. "qebais" teqstSi enisa da eris mimarTebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. krebuli: qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, quTaisi, 2000. ,
9 12 rac dro gadis, ufro meti qarTveli, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdoba xdeba morwmune, aRmsarebeli; gana es ar aris xiluli niSani, rom qarTveloba lazares kvals mihyveba?!
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t. futkaraZe
aqve SevniSnavT: fsevdoliberalebi bolo periodSi ufro aqtiurad cdiloben, mZafrad "gaakritikon" adreqristiaanuli xanis qarTuli mesianizmi da dRes aqtiurad gamoyenebuli fraza: i v e r i a gavrwyindeba! gavrwyindeba Cveni winapris xedva Tu sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvelTa survili momavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisa ar aris is mesianizmi, romelic unda vakritikoT; metic, es unda gaviazroT rogorc eris arCevani, iaros qristes gziT; asevea: lazareoba "daflviT naTlisRebaa", eris/pirovnebis arsebobis qristianuli gaazrebaa, eris/ pirovnebis mier sakuTari misiis qristianuli aRqmaa da ara mkrexeluri mesianizmi13. saqarTvelos eklesiis mier lazares SabaTs qarTuli enis dResaswaulis daweseba unda gavigoT, rogorc qarTveli eris samaradJamo svlis myari kalapotis - lazares gzis - simboluri gamosaxva: awmyoSi Tavmdabloba, momavalSi - gabrwyineba, "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma (qristes "mkvdreTiT aRdgoma"). 14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe 1978 wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos studentobam, zogadad saqarTvelos sazogadoebam, saSualeba ar misca sabWoTa xelisuflebas, qarTuli enisTvis waerTmia saxelmwifo enis isedac damcrobili statusi; amdenad, wesiT, 14 aprili oficialurad unda iyos qarTuli enis, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier 14 aprili iwodeba xan qarTuli enis dRed, xan ki - dedaenis dRed (lazares aRdginebis dRes, rogorc qarTuli enis dRes, ki saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva)14. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxva: - Tuki 14 aprili qarTvelTa dedaenis dRed damkvidrdeba, saqarTvelos is moqalaqe, romelic Tavis eTnikur dedaenad miiCnevs: somxurs, rusuls, azerbaijanuls, ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli, rom 14 aprili izeimos? 14 aprili Tuki gamocxaddeba qarTuli enis, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe TbilisSic, quTaisSic, axalqalaqSic da TelavSic valdebuli da moxaruli iqneba, izeimos Tavisi saxelmwifo enis dRe. vfiqrobT, yvela safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT:
rasakvirvelia, miuRebeli "mesianizmia" konkretul awmyoSi eris (pirovnebis, partiis, saxelmwifos, religiuri dajgufebis...) mier Tavis warmodgena kacobriobis mxsnelad; mag., realur awmyoSi kacobriobis mxsnelis rolSi Tavis warmodgenam Sva: faSizmi, komunizmi, antisazogadoebrivi (e.w. fsevdoliberaluri, antierovnuli) globalizmi, religiuri fanatizmi. 14 sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, 14 aprili - qarTuli enis dRe Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe? samecniero-popularuli gazeTi "qarTuli!.. #3, 1999 w.; ix. agreTve, aqve (#1, 1998 w.): t. futkaraZe, saxelmwifo ena - qveynis Rirsebis sazomi.
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15
I. bzobis wina SabaTi - lazares aRdginebis SabaTi, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis mier aRiarebulia qarTuli enis sazeimo dRed, oficialurad unda gamocxaddes saqarTvelos erovnul dResaswaulad - qarTvelTa dedaenis - qarTuli enis dRed. am dRes mniSvnelovani iqneba Tema: qarTuli ena da qarTveli eri. II. 14 aprils oficialurad unda mieces is statusi, romelic 1978 wlis 14 aprilis ambebiT TavisTavad ganisazRvra: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis (qarTuli samwignobro enis) dRe. am dRes mniSvnelovani iqneba Tema: ena da saxelmwifo. samwignobro ena - qarTveli eris urRvevi saZirkveli qarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli ena sxva enaTagan aSkarad gamorCeulia erTi niSniT: msoflioSi ar arsebobs sxva ena, romelic, rogorc saeklesio da samwignobro ena, uwyvetad funqcionirebs, sul mcire, bolo 15 saukunis manZilze da misi fonetika, gramatika da leqsika Tvisobrivad ar Secvlila... logikuri safuZvlebi arsebobs, vTqvaT isic, rom arqauli qarTuli samwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdel qarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuli Semoqmedebaa 15 . erTi ram ki ueWvelia: saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvel moRvaweTa (iovane lazi, Wyondidlebi, iovane minCxi, giorgi aToneli, eqvTime aToneli, iovane petriwi, SoTa rusTaveli...) mier CamoZerwili qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ena axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidanve warmoadgens qarTvelTa erTobis urRvev fundaments fundaments. uflis nebiT, qarTvel ers odiTganve sacxovrisad aqvs dedamiwis mSvenieri, geopolitikurad mniSvnelovani miwa-wyali - amierkavkasia; sxva xalxebi mudam cdilobdnen da dResac cdiloben, Tavadac daemkvidron aq; amgvari survili xSirad gadadis Cvendami mtrobasa da moSurneobaSi. araiSviaTad, momxduri cdilobs, daSalos qarTvelTa enobrivkulturuli erToba, am gziT daasustos qarTvelTa Zliereba da erToba miitacos saqarTvelos teritoria. rogorc wesi, pirvel rigSi mteri cdilobs, cdilobs qarTvelebs wagvarTvas an gagviucxoos dedaena da marTlmadidebloba. marTlmadidebloba bolo saukuneebSi qarTvelTaTvis tradiciuli samwignobro kulturis gaucxoebis erT-erT nacad gzas warmoadgens qarTvelTa enobrivi danawevreba: c a l k e u l i q a r T v e l u r i d i a l e q t e b i s damoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axali samwignobro enebis Seqmna. ruseTis imperiis mxridan amgvari antiqarTuli mcdelobebi iyo: me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ("luSnu anbani", "megruli anbani") da
15 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979, gv. 154-156: qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa... warmarTobisdroindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa... sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., agreTve: t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, naw. I (qristianobamdeli epoqa), quTaisi, 2005, gv. 298-386.
qarTuli
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t. futkaraZe
XX saukunis dasawyisSi ("yazaxiSi gazeTi"). procesi gaaqtiurda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, roca aSkara gaxda, rom saqarTvelo gavidoda imperiuli sivrcidan; swored am periodSi xelaxla Seiqmna: megruli da lazuri "dedaenebi"... megrul-svanur kiloebze iTargmna saxareba, locvani. problema aqtualuria dResac, vinaidan qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri daSlisaTvis Zalebs ar zogaven mravalmilioniani ucxouri dafinansebis mqone jgufebi; viTarebas arTulebs isic, rom am etapze qarTuli samecniero azri gaorebulia 16. bolo periodSi problema gaamwvava evrosabWos dokumentebis arasworma interpretaciam; kerZod: 1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa evropuli Sesaxeb", enebis Sesaxeb xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". qartia CarCo da konvencia iTxovs, rom enobrivi umciresobis enaze moxdes saxelmwifo saqmiswarmoeba (Sesabamis regionSi), swavleba baga-baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi17. 1999 wels saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aiRo valdebuleba, miuerTdes "evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb". es qartia iTvaliswinebs umciresobaTa enebze swavla-ganaTlebas, saxelmwifo kancelarias, sasamarTlo warmoebas... "evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" uflebas aZlevs yvela saxelmwifos, Tavad daadginos umciresobaTa enebis statusi da CamonaTvali; iqvea rekomendaciac: saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs "umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos. 1999 wlis Semdeg - umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropul qartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier valdebulebis aRebis Semdeg - qarTul samecniero wreebSi diskusia daiwyo kiTxviT: "saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobriv umciresobaTa ena?" magaliTad, germaniis moqalaqe 4-5 milioni Turqi germaniaSi ar miiCneva eTnikur da enobriv umciresobad, vinaidan Turqebi am qveyanaSi ar arian avtoqTonebi; am dros zogi cdilobs, saqarTveloSi
16
Sdr.: XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedamde qarTveli mematianeni, sazogado moRvaweni Tu mecnierebi ar iyvnen gaorebulni; zogi ucxoelisigan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelebi adekvaturad xedavdnen qarTvelur enobriv samyaros da Tvlidnen, rom qarTvelebs erTi dedaena da mravali kuTxuri dialeqti gvaqvs. 17 ix., mag., qartiis me-8 muxlis I. e. punqti: saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesabamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze"; vrclad ix. t.futkaraZe, "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009; http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-for-Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-ofPlannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia.
17
umciresobaTa enebad gamoacxados: azerbaijanuli, somxuri da a.S. Cveni azriT, mxolod afxazurs unda mieniWos umciresobis enis statusi (Sesabamisad, afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis statusic); sxva araqarTvel da araavtoqTon eTnikur jgufTa enebi ki migrantis (diasporis) enis statusiT unda aRiWurvos18. diskusia grZeldeba qarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxebac: mecnierTa erTi nawili (maT Soris am striqonebis avtoric) miiCvevs, rom lazuri, megruli da svanuri arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis saxesxvaobania, saerToerovnuli qarTuli enis dialeqtebia; maTi "enebad" kvalifikacia ruseTis imperiis mieraa Tavsmoxveuli. mecnierTa meore jgufi seriozuli argumentaciis gareSe Tvlis, rom qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri "damoukidebeli qarTveluri enebia"19. am dausabuTebeli Teoriis propagandiT isini, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, safuZvels qmnian, evrosabWos moTxovnebis Sesabamisad universitetebi Tu skolebi gaixsnas qarTvelTa kiloebis mixedviT; ratomRac isini ar iTvaliswineben, rom am gziT megrel-svanebs waerTmevaT tradiciuli samwignobro ena, tradiciuli samwignobro kultura, SeizRudeba qarTvelTa gamaerTianebeli samwignobro enis gavrcelebis areali da funqcia, safuZveli Caeyreba qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas da qarTuli eklesiis daSlas. qarTuli samecniero velis msgavsad, megrulis, lazurisa da svanuris statusis Sesaxeb gaorebulia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azric; ucxoel mecnierTa da eqspertTa mosazrebebi ki dRemde ufro rusul "samecniero" azrs eyrdnoba20.
18 vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009; http://www.scribd.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-forRegional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia 19 zogis azriT, kidev ufro meti "qarTveluri ena" gvaqvs: axali qarTuli, Zveli qarTuli, saSualo qarTuli, megruli, lazuri, svanuri, mesxuri da a.S. 20 sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: a. jafariZe, qarTuli saeklesio enis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis (ioane lazi), Tb., 2002; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, Tb., 2005; m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb.,2005; m. naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, qarTvelologiuri krebuli, IV, Tb., 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; r. Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas "sityvis konis" zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007; r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan (svaneTi), Tb., 2008; r. TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2008; T. beraZe, qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi, eTnologiuri krebuli, Tb., 2008; m. lorTqifaniZe, yoveli qarTveli wirva-locvas mudam qarTulad asrulebda, axla ki megrulad da svanurad unda vilocoT? "jorjian taimsi", 19-25 dekemberi, 2005; n. barTaia, iqneb ganStoeba sjobdes, "mwerlis gazeTi", 01.06.2007; g. kuWuxiZe, qarTul sityvaTa Semnaxvelni, "mwerlis gazeTi", 2007, 16-31 dekemberi; T. beraZe, b.xorava, qarTuli saliteraturo ena da qarTuli kultura -saqarTvelos yvela eTnografiuli mxaris Semoqmedebis nayofi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XII, quTaisi, 2008; a. gamzardia, megrul-svanuri eskizebi anu cota ram ori deda enis Teoriis Sesaxeb, Jurn."literatura da xelovneba", XII, 2009; r. gujejiani, b. xorava, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan ("erTobili saqarTvelosTvis"), qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, quTaisi, 2009; r. kaSia, d. SavianiZe, eTnikur-eTnografiuli terminebi da qarTuli istoriuli sinamdvile; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, quTaisi, 2009...
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Sesabamisad, dRes realuri saSiSroebaa rom qarTvelTa erT saSiSroebaa, nawils nebsiT Tu uneburad waerTvas, sul mcire, 15-saukunovani samwignobro tradicia - didi kulturuli warsuli da moxdes Cveni eris danawevreba. am fonze arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis pozicias. uflis rCeuli saqarTvelos istoriis yvela etapze ufali warmoaCens xsnis gzas da pirovnebebs, vinc aqtiurad win aRudgeba xolme qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturul-teritoriuli daSlis mosurneT bolo saukuneebSi mosurneT; erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis warmatebiT ibrZodnen: wmida ilia marTali, wmida ambrosi aRmsarebeli, levan dadeSqeliani, dekanozi iovane margiani, Tedo saxokia, konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebi... dRes saqarTvelo cdilobs sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas; am brZolaSi warmateba miiRweva mxolod qarTvelTa sulieri da enobriv-kulturuli erTianobis pirobebSi; sruli pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva: XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolas warmarTavs saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. misi Rvawli Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa istoriuli faqtisa: "Cveni samociqulo eklesia amTlianebda da aduRabebda qarTvel ers... eklesia aris sulieri Zala da sayrdeni Cveni qveynisa".21 zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad mokled warmovadgenT saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mier epistoleebSi, qadagebebsa da sxvadasxva sityvaSi warmoCenil enobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebs am koncefciebs; mimarTulebiT patriarqis mier danaxul Tanamedrove safrTxeebs, am safrTxeebis Tavidan acilebis gzebs da patriarqis mier ganxorcielebul mraval saqmeTagan ramdenimes. pirvel rigSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu raoden Rrmad Caswvda saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi samecniero diskusias da ra sibrZniT gadmosca man Tavisi Tvalsazrisi. "iqneb vTqvaT ase: iqneb ganStoebebiT" qarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiT 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadagebaSi uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia meorem brZana: "...mecnierTa erTi jgufi amtkicebs, rom Tavidanve gansxvavebuli iyo qarTuli enisgan megrul-svanuri da ase paralelurad viTardeboda. me vkiTxe maT: erTi xelnaweri mainc Tu arsebobs megrulad an svanurad dawerili? cxadia, ar arsebobs maT sxva mecnierebi umtkiceben, rom arsebobs.
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saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris sityva sveticxovelSi 1999 wlis 25 oqtombers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #43, 30 oqtomberi - 5 noemberi, 1999 w.
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arsebobs erTi qarTuli ena da SemdgomSi misgan warmoiSva gansxvavebuli dialeqtebi. me mecnierebs SevTavaze, iqneb vTqvaT ase - qarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiT. msgavsad imisa, rogorc Sto amouva xes, - asea dialeqtebic, magram maTi saerTo Ziri da fuZe aris qarTuli ena. uZvelesi droidan arc erT megrels an svans TavSi azrad ar mosvlia, rom Tavisi dialeqtisTvis calke damwerloba Seeqmna, radgan Tavs mudam qarTvelad moiazrebda da misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo. gana dRes rame Seicvala?.."22 Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da ena saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia II-is azriT, adamians gamorCeulad oTxi ram unda uyvardes: Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da ena; ena kerZod, didsa mowames, wmida giorgis uwmindesi mokrZalebiT mimarTavs: "didmowameo giorgi, gangvinaTle goneba, rom vcnaT ufali, viTarca gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle; aRgvavse RvTaebrivi sibrZniTa, raTa yovliTa arsebiTa SeviyvaroT: Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da ena 23 ena..." uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore saSvilTaSvilo WeSmaritebad saxavs wmida ilia marTalis cnobil triadas da, amave dros, axali, gacilebiT mZlavri globalizmis epoqaSi, am mrwamss qarTveli adamianis sulis gadarCenisaken mimaval erTaderT gzad acxadebs: "Cvens erovnul arss, Cvens erovnul mTlianobas, rogorc brZanebs wmida ilia marTali, sami mZlavri fesvi asazrdoebs: sakuTari miwa, qarTuli... qristianoba da ena qarTuli maT TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, radgan Tu qarTvelTa Soris daikarga grZnoba da gancda am WeSmaritebisa, verasodes mivagnebT im erTaderT gadamrCenel biliks romelsac Cveni biliks, suli daeZebs..." (1990)24 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris epistoleebSi, qadagebebsa da sityvebSi sakuTriv qristianuli swavlebis gverdiT did adgils iWers cnebebi: saxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnuli suli da dedaena. piradad me RirsebiT aRvivse roca aRmovaCine, rom Cveni patriarqi aRvivse, sabWoTa imperiis dros xazgasmiT mijnavda dedasamSoblosa da saxelmwifos, saxelmwifos xolo avtokefaliisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg es cnebebi misTvis sinonimuri gaxda; Sdr.: sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi: - "saaRdgomo epistole: saqarTvelos wmida marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis yvela RvTivkurTxeul Svils, mcxovrebs dedasamSobloSi da mis sazRvrebs gareT" (1980)...25
2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadageba wmida samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w.
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saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 8. 24 iqve, gv. 111 25 iqve, gv. 181
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- "moskovis konferenciis Semdeg msoflio mowme gaxda Cveni saxelmwifos mier aRebuli samSvidobo iniciativisa" (1983)26... Sdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRdgomo da saSobao epistoleebis dasawyisi: - "saaRdgomo epistole yovelTa qarTvelTa, mkvidrTa saqarTveloisa da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebTa" (1990)27... "qristesmier sayvarelno mRvdelmTavarno, moZRvarno, diakonno, ber- " monazonno, didad pativcemulno xelisufalno, marTlmorwmuneno, mkvidrno saqarTvelo i sa da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebno Tanamemamuleno, siyvaruli da sixaruli gangmravlebodeT, rameTu CvenTan ars RmerTi!"28 "qristesmier sayvarelno mRvdelmTavarno, moZRvarno, diakonno, ber- " monazonno, pativcemulno xelisufalno, marTlmorwmuneno, mkvidrno saqarTvelo i sa da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebno Tanamemamuleno, siyvaruli da sixaruli gangmravlebodeT, rameTu CvenTan ars RmerTi!"29 - "uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis, ilia meoris saSobao epistole RvTivkurTxeul qarTvel ers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTa 30. .. yovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelno saero dasno, mkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebno, Cveno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!"31 aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom patriarqis TiTqmis yoveli epistole, qadageba, sityva, locva moicavs erT azrs: ufalma (wmida samebam) dalocos da gaamTlianos qarTveli eri, sruliad saqarTvelo32... xazgasasmelia isic, rom patriarqi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli sityvebiT amkobs qarTvel ers, rac vlindeba eris cnebis msazRvrelis SerCevisas da qarTvelebis daxasiaTebisas; Sdr.: - "Cven vulocavT Cvens sicocxlisunarian ers Sobas"... "Cveni kacTmoyvare eri..."(1981) 33
26 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 210 27 iqve, gv. 110 28 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #2, 10 ianvari, 2006 29 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #2, 10 ianvari, 2007
araiSviaTad, saqarTvelos nacvlad iverias iyenebs: ìveriis wmida miwis RvTivkurTxeul Svilebs" (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 281) 31 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #1, 10-16 ianvari, 2008 32 ix., mag.: uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris qadageba naTlisRebis dResaswaulze (19.01.1999); sapatriarqos uwyebani #3, 22-28 ianvari, 1999 33 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 189
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"qarTvel ers dRemde SerCa cxovrebis oromtrialisgan gamobrZmedili mravalmxrivi Sinagani energia (1977)34 energia nergia" - "Cveni eri zRapruli ZaliTa da energiiT ebrZoda mudam mterTa urdoebs"...35 - "pirvel yovlisa, Cvens xalxs swyuroda ara mxolod Tavis gadarCena, aramed gadarCena im didi madlisa romelic qristes wmida kvarTs, madlisa, mociqulTa aq mobrZanebas da RvTismSoblis mier qalwuli ninosTvis boZebul vazis jvars Semohyva CvenSi"...36 - "Cveni eri jvarcmuli eria es aris qveyana, romelic aerTebs eria; evropasa da azias... bevrs surda Cveni dapyroba, Cveni mospoba, magram mterma ver wagvarTva: qristianul niadagze aRzrdili Cveni suli da ena" Cveni qarTuli ena (1981)37... saqarTvelo sul brZolaSi iyo; am brZolaSi SevinarCuneT Cveni rwmena, Cveni miwa (Tumca mTlianad vera) da Cveni sayvareli ena - is Sinagani energia, romliTac Semoqmedma dagvajildova..."38 qarTuli idea da qarTuli ena "zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis" saukuneSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, ilia meore xSirad saubrobs erovnuli sulis Sesaxeb. misi naazrevidan aSkaraa, rom qarTvelTa erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena qarTuli ena. patriarqi saocrad STambeWdavad akavSirebs qarTul erovnul sulsa da qristianobas: "Cvenma erovnulma sulma qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ise Seiyvara Cvenma mxolodSobili Ze RvTisa, rom daunaneblad vswiravdiT Tavs Cvens qveyanaSi qristianobis gadasarCenad"39... "Cven SevinarCuneT qristianoba saqarTveloSi, da misiT SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba da erovnuli sicocxle" Cveni sicocxle (1981)40. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia meores qarTuli Zalad: ena miaCnia qarTveli eris mTavar sasicocxlo Zalad "saqarTvelos yovelTvis hqonda udidesi Sinagani Zala, Tavisi mowameebis, ganmanaTleblebis, poetebis, mxatvrebisa da Tavisi uSiSari da Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis saxiT. erTi mTavari wyaroTagani, saidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaa
34 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II, Tb., 1998, gv. 5 35 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 189 36 iqve, gv. 189 37 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1998, gv. 26 38 iqve, gv. 66 39 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 189 49 iqve, gv. 189
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qarTuli uZvelesi da madliani qarTuli ena, romelzec saocrad mdidari literatura Seiqmna, esaa ena, romlis Sesaxeb Rirsma mamam Tqva: "yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars" (1982) 41... "Cven bednierni varT imiT, rom aRsdgeba qarTuli ena ena, 42 gabrwyindeba saqarTvelo da am enaze ganikiTxeba yvela" . patriarqi yvelas gvmoZRvravs: samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisTvis mecadineoba yoveli Cvenganis valia, raTa "iveri aRsdges Zlieri da dadges erad sxva erTa Soris. wmidiT saydariT, eniT mdidariT, swavlisa SuqiT ganaTebuli!"43... es, pirvel yovlisa, exeba qarTul enas (1982)...44 uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebsa da qadagebebSi uaRresad STambeWdavia, agreTve, qarTuli ideisa da qarTuli enis mimarTeba: araerT sityvasa da qadagebaSi kaTolikos-patriarqi saubrobs qarTuli ideis Sesaxeb; kerZod, misi azriT, arsebobs gamokveTili qarTuli idea, romelsac ori umTavresi sveti aqvs (ori svetis ori Zala...): sinonimad sxvagan gamoyenebulia: ori saunje, ori Zala... "yoveli eri, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, erTi garkveuli ideis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba... qarTuli idea istoriis manZilzec da momavalSic siyvarulis samsaxuria swored siyvarulis samsaxurma samsaxuria! qveyana" gadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyana 45 qarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebia (saunjenia): - sulieri Rirebulebebi, rac gulisxmobs marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas da mis wes-Cveulebebs; - erovnul-kulturuli faseulobebi, riTac ase mdidaria Cveni qveyana. erovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTuli ena... Sdr.: uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 1999 wlis 25 ivlisis sakvirao qadageba46: qarTveli adamianis saunjeni: suli; I. ukvdavi suli samSoblo, II. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSoblo sadac aris: wmida ilia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni (romelic wmida iliam Tavis mowafes - elises - dautova), kvarTi uflisa, perangi RvTismSoblisa,
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 200 42 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs (1999 wlis 21 marts/3 aprils); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #14, 9-15 aprili, 1999 w. 43 imowmebs grigol orbelians 44 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 341 45 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II, Tb., 1998, gv. 97 46 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #30, 31 ivlisi - 6 agvisto, 1999 w.
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lursmani macxovrisa, saflavni mociqulTa da mociqulTa sworisa wmida ninosi da sxva siwmideni; garda amisa, Cveni miwa gapoxierebulia mamulisa da qristesTvis asiaTasobiT wamebulis sisxliT... III. qarTuli ena; am eniT ganikiTxeba mTeli msoflio. es ar aris gadameteba: am sityvebSi didi saidumloa; IV. Cveni saunjenia agreTve: taZrebi, monastrebi da xatebi... 2005 wlis 13 noembers yovladwmida samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi, asi aTasi mowamis xsenebis dRes sakvirao qadagebis dros patriarqma ase warmoadgina Tavisi xedva: "dRes Zalian rTuli droa: e.w. globalizaciis periodi periodi. globalizacia - es aris kulturaTa daaxloeba, es aris civilizaciaTa dialogi da daaxloeba. magram am daaxloebis dros Cven araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunje. Cveni saunje udidesi da upirvelesi saunje - es aris Cveni erovnuli faseulobani, es aris Cveni qarTuli ena, es aris Cveni kultura, es aris Cveni xelovneba, es aris Cveni musika, es aris Cveni sagaloblebi, es aris Cveni xatwera, es aris Cveni minanqari - es aris yvelaferi is, rac Seuqmnia Cvens winaprebs47. aseve ar unda davkargoT Cveni sulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmena rwmena, Cveni siyvaruli, Cveni TanagrZnobis niWi. qarTveli adamiani mudam TanaugrZnobs gaWirvebul adamians. es saunjeni unda SevinarCunoT da es gadaarCens saqarTvelos!" yovladwmida samebis taZarSi 2006 wlis 5 Tebervlis sakvirao qadagebaSi ki saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma brZana: "Cveni gadarCena, qarTuli idea - es aris dacva sulierebisa, dacva rwmenisa... unda SevinarCunoT da gavufrTxildeT Cvens erovnul faseulobebs, Cvens tradiciebs. da es ori Zala suliereba - Cveni Zala: marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba da Cveni erovnuli faseuloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos. Cven unda gavufrTxildeT maT, miT umetes axla, roca ucxo kultura da fsevdokultura Zalian aqtiurad Semodis Cvens qveyanaSi... unda gvqondes swori xedva". qarTulma ideam rom xorci Seisxas da ganviTardes, patriarqis swavlebis mixedviT, saWiroa gaerTiandes: saxelmwifos, sazogadoebisa da eklesiis Zalisxmevani48. es erTiani Zala, pirvel rigSi, mimarTul unda iqnas qarTvelTa dedaenis dasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena da qarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuli ena da qarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia 49; aq patriarqis
47 "qarTuli galoba iseTive saunjea CvenTvis, rogorc Cveni ena, mwerloba, poezia, qarTuli literatura..." - uwmidesisa da unetaresis, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris sityva galobis saRamos, 2003 wlis 4 maiss; sapatriarqos uwyebani, saRamos #18, 9-15 maisi, 2003 w. Sdr., agreTve: "qarTuli galoba saswaulTmoqmedi Zalaa... qarTuli qarTul saeklesio sagaloblebsa da xalxur simRerebs erTi fuZe da erTi suli aqvs"; sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba mariamobis dResaswaulze, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi 2005 wlis 28 agvistos; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #30, 8-14 seqtemberi, 2005 48 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris saSobao epistole (2006 w.) 49 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1998, gv. 21; ix. agreTve: saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, episto-leni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1998, gv. 29-36
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mxolod erT frazas davimowmeb: "qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuli xanidan ena saTaves preistoriuli xa nidan iRebs". 50 uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris azriT, "Cveni ena SeiZleba SevadaroT sinaTles, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs cisartyelas ferebs. es ferebi msgavsia Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyvelo enisa: xevsurulisa da svanuris, megrulisa da TuSuris, gurulisa da ingilouris, mesxurisa da raWulis, klarjulisa da moxeuris, imerulisa da mTiuluris, romelnic Senakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTuli simdidres, enis simdidres romliTac uZvelesi droidan Cvens miwa-wyalze "Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis"...51 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore vrclad saubrobs qarTveluri anbanis Sesaxebac; misi azriT, "qarTuli enis damwerloba Seiqmna jer kidev qristes xorcielad Sobamde III saukuneSi... qarTveli eri da qarTuli ena erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi" (1981).52 araiSviaTad, patriarqi wuxs, rom asomTavrulsa da nusxa-xucurs dRes bevri qarTveli veRar kiTxulobs da amis gamo ver wvdeba RvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, yru kedliT mijnavs Tavis warsulsa da momavals: madloba ufals, Cvens kurTxeul miwa-wyalze winaparTa nakvalevi sanTliT saZebari ara gvaqvs. miwieri saqarTvelos mTa-baridan 15 aTasze meti istoriuli Zegli SeRaRadebs zecier saqarTvelos! qarTveli kaci sadac bars dahkravs, dRis sinaTleze gardasuli didebis utyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebian yoveli maTganis mdidar istorias amobrwyindebian. mxolod Zunwi warwera gvamcnobs. dgas qarTveli kaci didebuli qarTuli taZris winaSe da raoden savalaloa, rom masze amotvifrul warweras ver kiTxulobs. samwuxaroa, rom dRes qarTveluri anbani (asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri) mxolod enaTmecnierebis saqmed iqca. gvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis xmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsa da momavals Soris. Tanamedrove qarTveli kacisaTvis TandaTan ucxo da gaugebari xdeba uZvelesi qarTuli gamocemebi, TumcaRa isini imave RvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebuli, dinji da darbaisluri qarTuliT gviamboben eris gardasuli cxovrebis Wirsa da dalxinebas..."53
50 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is 2007 wlis saaRdgomo epistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #11, 12-18 aprili, 2007; ix. agreTve: ilia II: "qarTuli ena msoflio saocrebaa! is aris musika, magram ara miwieri, aramed zecidan gardmosuli sulieri musika! igia Cveni erisa da qveynis gadamrCeni"; sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis ilia II-is qadageba lazares aRdginebis SabaTs (sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 3 aprili, 2004 w.); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #13, 8-13 aprili, 2004 51 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris 2006 wlis saaRdgomo epistole 52 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1998, gv. 21-36; 53 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 342; ix. aqve: jer kidev X saukuneSi Cvens did winaprebs mTeli siRrmiT SeucvniaT mSobliuri enis saRvTismetyvelo buneba da religiuri Zalisxmeva: damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa. RvTis STagonebiT aseTi ganuzo-meli misia daakisres qarTul enas qristianobis SesaniSnavma apologetebma, raic avalebs yovel qarTvels, uZveles anbanTa - asomTavrulisa da nusxa-xucuris codnas
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meore: ilia meore "vTxov qarTvel morwmuneT, gamoiCinon sibejiTe da gulmodgineba, Seiswavlon asomTavruli da xucuri damwerloba ar moSalon damwerloba. xidi _ akveduki, gadebuli saxelovan warsulsa da bednier momavals Soris, rogorc erTaderTi gza, romliTac moaRwia Cvenamde enam enam, rwmenam da qarTveli kacis geniam. ZvelqarTuli damwerlobis codna yoveli qarTvelisTvis valia. igi farad da maxvilad epyra mociqulTa swor wmida ninos, romelmac qarTveli eri sabolood aziara qristes rwmenas. ZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebi wmidanebi; Rirsni mamani da dedani, romelTa Rvawli ganuzomelia RvTismSoblis wilxvedri saqarTvelosTvis, misi warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis naTelyofaSi".54 Tanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore naTlad xedavs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove safrTxeebs, maT warmomavlobas da gvisaxavs prevenciis gzebsac. warmodgenil monakveTSi mxolod im problemebs SevexebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba qarTvelTa enobrivi istoriis codnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas. I. "moyvrad" mosuli mteri ilia II: "...1811 wels ruseTis imperatoris arakanonieri brZanebiT saqarTvelodan gawveul iqna kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi anton II, erekle meoris Ze da Zma giorgisa, Cveni ukanaskneli mefisa da aRarc Rirsebia Camosvla saqarTveloSi. da ai, im droidan, 1811 wlidan, iwyeba gansacdeli saqarTvelos eklesiisa da Cveni erisa. imperatoris brZanebiT, saqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi Caudga egzarqosi. pirveli egzarqosi, mitropoliti varlam erisTavic male ruseTSi gaiwvies da amis Semdeg yoveli egzarqosi, Tanaxmad ruseTis imperatoris brZanebisa, rusi unda yofiliyo. aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirvalocva. Tbilisis sasuliero seminariebSi leqciebi ikiTxeboda rusul enaze, weliwadSi mxolod erTxel hqondaT ufleba qarTvel studentebs wirva qarTulad CaetarebinaT. ase grZeldeboda 1917 wlamde".55 ilia II: "roca Cvenma samSoblom dakarga saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, saqarTvelos eklesias Tavi mohkveTes da daumorCiles ruseTis eklesiis sinods"56... "egzarqosebi eklesiaSi rusifikatoruli politikis gatarebas cdilobdnen. sionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxva mimdinareobda; taZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobda Tbilisis
54 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 343 55 iqve, gv. 84 56 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is sakvirao qadageba, 2003 w. 20 ivlisis (2 agvistos) qadageba; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #30, 1-7 agvisto, 2003 w.
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sasuliero seminariaSi leqciebs rusulad kiTxulobdnen, zedized uqmdeboda eparqiebi, monastrebi da taZrebi..."57 uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore ase TvalnaTliv bevrjer warmoaCens "moyvrulad mosuli mtris" namdvil saxes. sainteresoa isic, rom ruseTis imperiuli gegmebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi afxazebsac afrTxilebs mag., 1993 wlis erT-erT qadagebaSi afrTxilebs; is brZanebs: "Cven pativs mivagebT im afxaz axalgazrdebsac, romelnic TiTqos samSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniT daecnen, sinamdvileSi ki gareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplni gaxdnen..." gaxdnen 58 II. "RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki hyofs": enobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa da konfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSla "mteri mudam cdilobda, gaeyo Cveni xalxi, daenawevrebina Cveni miwa-wyali"59. momxduris fizikur agresiaze ufro saSiSia cnobieri diversia: erTiani sazogadoebis dayofa-dapirispireba ama Tu im niSniT. am TvalsazrisiT XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli safrTxe orgvaria: eklesiis gaxleCa da dedaenis daSla calkeul erTeulebad: a. eklesiis gaxleCis mcdeloba ilia II: ..."unda vifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor gavufrTxildeT Cvens eklesias. minda icodeT, rom dResac arian adamianebi, romelnic ebrZvian eklesias da amiT ebrZvian qarTvel ers, dResac arian adamianebi, romlebic gegmaven saqarTvelos eklesiis gaxleCas da RmerTma ar moaswros isini am dRes. qarTveli eri amas arasodes dauSvebs. qarTvel ers esmis, ra aris misTvis saqarTvelos eklesia"60.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 94 58 iqve, gv. 144
57 59 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba, 2006 w. 9 ivlisis qadageba; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #27, 1319 ivlisi, 2006 w.; Sdr., agreTve: "saukuneebis manZilze gareSe Zala yovelTvis cdilobda qveynis dayofas da kuTxurobis niSniT dapirispirebis Seqmnas. dResac Tbilissa da aWaras Soris warmoqmnili politikuri dapirispireba garkveulma pirebma scades, warmoeCinaT, rogorc dapirispireba saqarTvelos kuTxeebs Soris. am provokacias Cvenma xalxma, maT Soris aWaris mosaxleobam, sakadrisi pasuxi gasca, - Cven varT erTi eri, erTi saxelmwifo, gvaqvs erTi kultura da erTi istoria. Cveni ganuyofeli nawilia afxazeTic da samaCabloc". sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 2004 wlis saaRdgomo epistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #14, 22-28 aprili, 2004 w. 60 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sityva saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis dRisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze; sapatriarqos rezidencia, 24 marti, 2006 w.
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b. enobrivad dayofis mcdeloba 2006 wlis 19 ivniss sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia meorem mimarTa svaneTisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis monawileebs. man brZana: "kargad mogexsenebaT, rom, samwuxarod, arseboben iseTi adamianebi, romelTac surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili, warmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTveli erisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura. es aseve Seexeba samegrelos da sxva kuTxeebsac. Cven kargad viciT, saidan momdinareobs es. es jer kidev 200 wlis win daiwyo, roca ruseTi cdilobda, gaeyo qarTveli eri. vfiqrob, rom is adamiani, romelic cdilobs warmoadginos svanuri kultura, rogorc damoukidebeli qarTuli kulturisagan, aris mteri ara marto svanebisa aramed mTeli qarTveli erisa"61. svanebisa, qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli dayofis mcdelobas uwmidesi da unetaresi Seexo 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadagebaSic, sadac uwmidesma kidev erTxel ganacxada, rom megruli, lazuri da svanuri dialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebeli enebi: "dResac cdiloben, qarTvelTa es dialeqtebi damoukidebel enebad gamoacxadon; metic, surT, maT mixedviT Seiqmnas samwignobrio enebi: biblia da locvebi Targmnon megrulad da svanurad... es aris udidesi danaSauli eris winaSe!.. es kidev erTxel mowmobs imas, rom Cven Zalian fxizlad unda viyoT. amas akeTebs mteri: RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki hyofs amitom Cven yvelam kargad unda gaviazroT da hyofs, sxvasac davumtkicoT, rom qarTuli ena aris erTi, megruli da svanuri dialeqtebi ki misgan gamomdinare ganStoebebia. gansakuTrebiT unda movufrTxildeT Cvens siamayes - uZveles da mSvenier qarTul enas."62 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris mier enobriv-kulturuli daqucmacebis mcdeloba aseve mkacradaa Sefasebuli laqernis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZarSi warmoTqmul sakvirao qadagebaSi (zugdidi, 2007)63: "zogi, vinc aris mtrulad ganwyobili saqarTvelos mimarT, cdilobs, rom rogorRac dayos Cveni samSoblo. cdiloben, undobloba, bzari Seitanon qarTvelebs Soris, magram maT araferi gamouvaT. imdenad araswori midgoma aqvs zogierTs, rom fiqrobs, raRac "sakuTari mwerloba" hqondeso samegrelos. Cvens win didi adamianebi iyvnen: iovane
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sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris misalmeba samecniero konferenciis monawileebisadmi, sapatriarqo rezidencia, 19 ivnisi 2006 weli (sruli teqstisaTvis ix. danarTi #3)
2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadageba samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi; "sapartiarqos uwyebani", #16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w. 63 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba 2007 wlis 3 ivniss laqernis yovladwmida RTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZarSi (zugdidi); audiomasala mogvawoda sapatriarqos telekompania "iveriis" reJisorma soso tyebuCavam
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lazi, iovane minCxi, Wyondidlebi... ambrosi xelaia, kirioni, leonide, qristefore, kalistrate, melqisedeki... aravis mosvlia azrad, rom svanurad an megrulad gadmoRebuliyo biblia, an momxdariyo mRvdelmsaxureba! Tundac aviRoT Cveni xelnawerebi: samegrelosa da svaneTSi Seqmnil mraval xelnawerTaganac ki arc erTi ar aris arc svanuri, arc megruli, imitom rom eseni arian ganStoebani qarTuli enisa! qarTuli enis, genis, kulturis, simReris, galobis es erToba Cven unda SevinarCunoT da, amave dros, unda gviyvardes Cveni misi sxvadasxva formiT gamovlineba: dideba ufals, romelic gvaZlevs Cven am mravalferovnebas. Tundac aviRoT mTa; mTas Tavisi saxe aqvs, bars - Tavisi; imereTs - Tavisi, kaxeTs - Tavisi, magram Cven erTni varT, erTni unda davrCeT. amisTvis SevTxovT ufals mis wyalobas, mis madls; madli yvelaferze Zlieria da mteri verafers daaklebs saqarTvelos" (sruli teqstisaTvis ix. danarTi). aqve vityvi, rom Cveni samwignobro enis istoriuli uwyveti wyaroni lazuri, megruli, svanuri, taouri, fereidnuli, heruli, wyaroni: TuSuri da sxva dialeqtebi rac ufro daSorebulia dedaenas, miT ufro met ganZs inaxavs; amitom Cveni mizani unda iyos, SevqmnaT ara megrul-qarTuli, svanur-qarTuli da msgavsi ulogiko dasaxelebis leqsikonebi Tu dialeqturi "dedaenebi", aramed, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma darCenili qarTveluri kiloebis mflobelTaTvis droulad unda movamzadoT qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTuli enis am ganStoebaTa leqsikis gamoyenebiT; am gziT iolad moxdeba samwignobro enisadmi (dedaenisadmi) gaucxoebuli qarTvelebis istoriuli damokidebulebis aRdgena da erovnul-eTnikuri meobis (identobis) dabruneba. garda amisa, aucilebelia, momzaddes qarTuli (samwignobro) enis redaqcia, ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqcia sadac samwignobro qarTulis sabazo leqsikad Seva megrul-lazur da svanur kiloebSi davanebuli leqsika. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sabWoTa imperiis zeobis dros gamocemul "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis" rvatomeulSi gasagebi mizezebis gamo (imperia cdilobda qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur dayofas) leqsikonSi ar Seitanes megrul-Wanuri da svanuri masala; qarTvelTa am kiloebis sityvebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris arc axlaxan gamocemul Sevsebul variantSic. arada, rogorc Zveli qarTuli samwignobro tradicia, ise arasabWouri mwerloba megrul-svanur-lazur leqsikas qarTuli enis organul nawilad Tvlida. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa konstantine gamsaxurdias enobrivi koncefcia; kerZod, is wers: "iliam qarTul enas SesZina qarTluri bunebis sidarbaisle, xolo akakim imerulis silbo. XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri .
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literaturuli qarTuli... unda SemouSvaT qarTul enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSavxevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..." 64 . marTlac, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Tuki aqtiurad Seva svanur-megrul-lazuri, aWarul-livanur-taour-imerxeuli Tu fereidnul-heruli dialeqturi leqsikac, amiT ufro gaZlierdeba Cveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobis urRvevi fundamenti. III. "eri uswavleli", "urwmuno mecnieri" saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore Tavis qadagebebSi did adgils uTmobs rwmenisa da mecnierebis mimarTebas, ramdenadac umecreba da boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevi movlenebia; kerZod, am mimarTulebiT igi or debulebas aviTarebs: a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa, Tumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotma Seipyras. ilia II: "Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rom jer kidev pirvel saukuneebSi iyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra urTierTdamokidebulebaSia rwmena da codna. amas Seexo iseTi didi mecnieri, rogoric iyo klimenti aleqsandrieli. man Tqva, rom pirveladi aris rwmena da codna rwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli" 65 . es azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubneba mociqulebs: "arRara getyvi Tquen monad, rameTu monaman ara icin, rasa iqmn ufali misi; xolo Tquen garqu megobrad, rameTu yoveli raodeni mesma mamisa Cemisagan, gauwye Tquen" (iovane, 15, 14-15). swored amis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobas da ambobs: "mxolod morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo morwmune ganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa... mona Tavis movaleobas ... ufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqve gavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: "Surman Seipyras eri uswavleli"66. morwmune adamianisgan codnis SeZena aris srulyofis kibe. srulyofil adamians ki eSmaki ver ereva... roca adamians codna ara
64 k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, tomi, VII, axali sityvebi, gv. 411, 499). analogiuria saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis pozicia (ix. misi gamosvlis teqsti "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis" "axali redaqciis" prezentaciisas (romelic Sedga samebis axalgazrdul centrSi 2008 wels). 65 klimenti aleqsandrieli: "ubralo rwmena adamians hyofs monad, xolo rwmena gaazrebuli - megobrad RvTisa"; saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 20 66 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba, 15 agvisto, 1999 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #33, 21-27 agvisto, 1999 w.
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aqvs, ar icis Tavisi eris kulturuli istoria; Sesabamisad, mas iolad uucxoveben warsuls, ukargaven erovnul meobas da apirispireben TanamoZmesTan... garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs radikalizmi 67. b. "urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa" ilia II: "gadadgmulia uzarmazari nabijebi mecnierebasa da win, teqnikaSi win magram amave dros gadadgmulia uzarmazari nabijebi saqmeSi. ukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSi Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rom mecniereba da teqnika es aris RvTis didi madli. magram Zalian saSiSia mecniereba da teqnika arasulieri adamianis, urwmuno adamianis xelSi68... saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganaTlebis reformis Suq-Crdilebis fonze kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris koncefcia aseTia: adamiani unda aRizardos morwmuned da paralelurad unda miiRos akademiuri ganaTleba, raTa man SeZlos ganyenebuli azrovneba - patiosani da analitikuri gansja69. "mecnierebas didi da seriozuli Sedegebi eqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is iqneba morwmune da sulierad Zlieri adamianebis xelSi. urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!" 70 . IV. "Cveni winaprebi sxvanairebi iyvnen" sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris azriT, bevri informaciis floba ar niSnavs did ganaTlebas, Rrma azrovnebas amis Sesaxeb Cveni patriarqi wers: azrovnebas; "bolo wlebSi adamianma SeiZina bevri codna. xazs vusvam - bevri codna da ara Rrma codna; da masTan erTad, SedarebiT, zerele azrovneba azrovneba... "Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvens cxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovneba 71...
Sdr.: wmida sinodma ganaCina: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia emijneba radikalizmis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, rogorc fsevdokonservatizms, ise fsevdoliberalizms da mouwodebs mrevls sameufo gzaze svlas. "ara midrke arca marjul, arca marcxul, aramed gzasa sameufosa vidode" (wm. abba doroTe); saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdomis oqmi, 14 dekemberi, 2004 weli, Tbilisi.
66 68 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis didi sabWos 2001 wlis 19 oqtombris sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityva; saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis `Teologiis kaTedra 5 wlisaa (samecniero konferenciis masalaTa krebuli), Tb., 2007, gv. 15 69 ganyenebuli azrovnebis Sesaxeb ilia meoris msjelobisTvis ix., sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sityva xonis konferenciaze: "eklesia da sazogadoeba"; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #41, 11-22 oqtomberi, 1999 w. 70 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, ilia meoris qadageba daviTobis dResaswaulze 2006 wlis 8 Tebervals; sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 8, 2-8 marti, 2006 w. (vrclad ix. danarTi) 71 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba 2002 wlis 10 noembers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #46, 10 noemberi, 2002 w.
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Cveni winaprebi sxvanairebi iyvnen. maT Tumca naklebi icodnen, magram Rrmad hqondaT nafiqri da maTi gansja siRrmiseuli iyo. da es Zalian exmarebodaT..."72 V. "amgvari gayalbebuli istoriiT cdiloben qarTvelTa daqucmacebas" mecnierebis Temas saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore politizebis kuTxiTac ganixilavs; kerZod, 2006 wlis saSobao epistoleSi gveubneba: "istoriografia, enaTmecniereba, arqeologia... nawilobriv politizebuli mecnierebebia da bunebrivia, yoveli qveyana Tavisi interesebidan gamomdinare, iyenebs maT. es gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia imperiebisaTvis, romelnic am meTodiT cdiloben, gaimyaron Tavisi poziciebi"73. am TvalsazrisiT araerT qadagebasa da epistoleSi patriarqi Cveuli simarTliTa da siRrmiT ganixilavs dReisTvis or mtkivneul problemas: _ konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi; _ megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmna. patriarqi brZanebs: _ sabWoTa imperiis istoriografiam cru warmodgenebi Seuqmna afxazebsa da osebs: TiTqosda afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni araqarTuli teritoriebia. afxazTa da osTa erT nawils qarTvelebisadmi mtroba CamouyalibdaT, magram didi nawili ar motyuvda: afxazTa da osTa didi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesaurad cxovrobs... cxovrobs miuxedavad amisa, imperiis msaxurni cdiloben, arsebuli konfliqtebi monaTlon eTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebs Soris. mterma mizans bolomde ver miaRwia: miuxedavad yvelafrisa, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare omi ganixileba saqarTvelos dapirispirebad agresor gare ZalasTan74... _ peterburgis universitetSi Seqmnili antiqarTuli istoriografiuli Teoriis mizania, qarTvelTa erT nawils gauucxovos istoriuli kultura; mavanni dResac acxadeben, rom qarTuli mwignobroba mxolod aRmosavleT qarTvelebisaa. isini umwignobro xalxebad acxadeben megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs... amgvari gayalbebuli istoriiT cdiloben qarTvelTa daqucmacebas da erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas...
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba 2004 wlis 26 dekembers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 1, 7-13 ianvari, 2006 w.
72
uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobao epistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10. 74 uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobao epistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10-11; afxazeTis Sesaxeb xSirad msjelobs ilia II; 2003 wlis 27 seqtembers, jvarTamaRlebas ki brZana; "...11 weli viyavi mRvdelmTavari afxazeTSi da yvelafers vakeTebdi imisaTvis, rom qarTveli xalxi mosuliyo taZarSi da verafriT mivaRwie amas. urwmuno qarTveli xalxi iqidan wamovida da Sin morwmune dabrundeba"... sapatriarqos uwyebani, #38, 26 seqtemberi-2 oqtomberi, 2003 w.
73
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t. futkaraZe
rogorc adre, axlac qarTuli sazogadoeba maT sakadris pasuxs gascems75. amave Temas exeba wmida sinodis ganCinebis erTi punqtic: `ganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisa ganaCines: da svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebad gamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXI saukuneSi bibliis Targmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvas da qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas" 76. VI. Svilebis dakargva saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris mier did safrTxedaa miCneuli qarTvelTa wasvla ucxoeTSi; es safrTxec realuria, vinaidan: ucxoobaSi kvlav davkargavT dedaenas, dedakulturas, dedareligias; ucxoeTSi dabadebuli Svilebi ver SeiZenen im codnas, romelic adamians qarTvelad ayalibebs; droTa ganmavlobaSi maT STamomavlebsac daekargebaT erovnuli meobis masazrdoebeli mTavari ZarRvi... kerZod, patriarqi brZanebs: "minda gamovTqva Cemi, da saerTod, yvelas gulistkivili imis gamo, rom bolo dros mravali qarTveli axalgazrda wavida ucxoeTSi. umetesoba gaWirvebam waiyvana... raoden samwuxaroc ar unda iyos, faqtia, rom zogierTi ver an ar dabrundeba samSobloSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mas daekargeba ena, erovneba, yvelaferi is, riTac amayobda qarTveli"... "faqtiurad, isini dakarguli Svilebi SeiZleba gaxdnen CvenTvis"77. dRes saqarTveloSi bevri problemaa; problemebis gamo toveben samSoblos qarTvelebi. sanam gadaxvewili Svilebi samSobloSi dabrunebas SeZleben, maTi rwmenisa da enis SenarCunebis (zogadad, qarTuli identobis) mizniT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia meorem maTTvis daaarsa "dasavleT evropis eparqia" (mitropoliti abraam garmelia), centriT briuselSi78. VII. ugnuri liberalizmi ilia II: "Tu pirovnebas, xalxs, saxelmwifos ar aqvs swori religiuri da erovnuli ideologia, liberalizmi aucileblad mtrebis sasargeblod imuSavebs da Sinaganad mTlianad daangrevs qveyanas.... ugnuri liberalizmi, rogorc wesi, saTavea mravali negatiuri movlenisa"79... aq mxolod
75 uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobao epistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10. 76 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdomis oqmi, 23 dekemberi, 2005 weli, Tbilisi; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #45, 29 dekemberi - 4 ianvari, 2005 w. (teqstisTvis ix. agreTve, danarTi). 77 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba, 5 ianvari, 2003 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 1, 10-16 ianvari, 2003 w., sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba naTlisRebis dResaswaulze 19 ianvari, 2003 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3, 24-30 ianvari, 2003 w. 78 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sityva dasavleT evropis eparqiis prezentaciis dros; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3, 24-30, ianvari, 2003 w. 79 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 2001 wlis saaRdgomo epistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #16, 21-27 aprili, 2001 w.
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aRvniSnavT, rom ugnuri, ugonuri liberalizmi xSirad zerele codnis Sedegia, zogjer ki - gaazrebuli mavneblobisa. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kidev bevri saSiSroebis Sesaxeb gvafrTxilebs... daskvnis nacvlad: 1. mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba ara mxolod saunje, aramed cxovrebis wesic unda iyos qarTveli erisTvis: wuTisofeli adamianis gamocdaa da, bunebrivia, dRevandeli saqarTvelo, qarTvelis eris amJamindeli Taobac (gamo)vicdebiT. qarTvelebi gamocdis gzas warmatebiT gavivliT da ufro Zlierni da erTianni viqnebiT, Tuki saqarTvelos eqneba Tavisi ideologia. ideologia saSiSi sityva ar aris; isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT: "dRes xSirad saubroben, Tu rogori unda iyos ideologia saqarTveloSi, rogori unda iyos qarTuli idea... mimaCnia, rom, upirveles yovlisa, wina planze unda iyos wamoweuli erovnuli faseulobani, erovnuli kultura, "ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba", Cveni damwerloba, Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba..."80 patriarqis sxva gamosvlebSic xSiradaa xazgasmuli, rom qarTvel ers qmnis: erTi ena, erTiani samSoblo da tradiciuli marTlmadidebluri rwmena... 2. qveyanas sWirdeba obieqturi da Tanamedrove qarTvelologia: saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa da mTeli msofliosadmi kaTolikospatriarqis ilia meoris locva, siyvaruli da marTali sityva didi Rvawlia; Tumca uwmidesi da unetaresi konkretuli saqveyno saqmeebiTac aqtiurad cdilobs, rom Cvenma erma droulad daaRwios Tavi urwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasa da mterTagan dagebul xafangebs. am mizniT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II didad uwyobs xels qarTvelologiis ganviTarebas igi iRvwis, raTa ganviTarebas; gadaisinjos imperiis velSi Seqmnili politizebuli "samecniero" debulebebi; garda amisa, patriarqi dReniadag zrunavs, rom xalxSi popularuli gaxdes Tanamedrove qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi. patriarqis Rvawli gansakuTrebulia qarTuli enis warmoCenis mimarTulebiT; magaliTad, uwmidesisa da unetaresis kurTxeviT gamoica: - krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" (I Tavi lili xevsuriani, II-V Tavebi - tariel futkaraZe, sagalobeli - ioseb kuWuxiZe, mxatvari - ilia WrelaSvili; quTaisi, 2000); - krebuli:"mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba" Tb., 2007 (redaqtorebi: monazoni nino (grigolaZe) da lali daTaSvili)...
80 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba mirqmis dResaswaulze (sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 15 Tebervali, 2004 w.); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #7, 19-25 Tebervali, 2004 w.
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t. futkaraZe
2005 wlis 1 nombers sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna "saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriis kvlevis centri". am centrTan funqcionirebs "qarTuli enisa da sabWo kulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWo" (xelmZRvaneli mitropoliti anania), romelic organizebas uwevs saeklesio enisa da qarTveluri enakiloebis istoriuli mimarTebis Seswavlas"81. 2007 wels Seiqmna telemauwyebloba "iveria"; patriarqs surs, rom am televiziam axalgazrdebSi Camoayalibos saxelwifoebrivi azrovneba da SemecnebiTi gadacemebiT mTel saqarTvelos misces obieqturi codna Cveni qveynis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb82. 2008 wels daaarsa andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisa da tbel abuseriZis saxelobis universitetebi da mravali sxv. 3. ena - qarTuli, rwmena - WeSmariti: wigns davamTavrebT sinas mTaze 1984 wels saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis ilia II-is uflisadmi locvis erTi fragmentiT: "msgavsad wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa iovane oqropirisa, me codvili mona Seni, ilia II, yovelTa qarTvelTa saxeliTa vxmob: "gadideb Sen da gmadlob Sen, mowyaleo, rameTu gvqmen msgavsad Senda, rameTu mogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmariti"...83 WeSmariti
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris brZaneba #119 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris 2007 wlis saaRdgomo epistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #11, 12-18 aprili, 2007 83 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 4
81 82
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TARIEL PUTKARADZE
THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE NATIONAL LIFE OF GEORGIANS According to epistles, sermons and speeches of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II
The history of the humankind chronicles the birth and death of various peoples. On the background of the serious events of arising and vanishing of the societies the thirty-three thousand years of life and survival history of the Georgian people could be passed for a miracle, which, above all, has been performed by means of the Georgian language. It is also an unmistakable fact that during the last two-thousand years the Georgian national identity has been nurtured by the Christian faith. As Christianity here was not only the philosophy of life and the way of existence, when facing the invasions of enemies Georgian people held uncompromised attitudes to their faith that made them intrepid and unbroken; gradually, through the flow of centuries, Christian churches and monasteries turned into active Kartvelian (Georgian language) cultural centers and divine sources for strengthening and sharpening the sense of national unity. In case of certain successes of Georgias enemies in the weakening or crumbling of the country in various periods of history the Georgian Church managed to maintain the common Church and the national and state space and drew up correct national guidelines for its people under the given circumstances. Nowadays when 20% of the present Georgian state territories, recognized by the world commonwealth, has been occupied and annexed to the enemy state the Georgian Church provides the same guidance. In the present era of great imperial aggressions and of globalization the words of His Beatitude Ilia II, Catholicos-patriarch of all Georgia, clearly determine the ways for the Georgias national survival. The present book reflects His Beatitude Ilia IIs visions about the language and culture history of Georgians and modern threats pending on the country. In particular, the book discusses the following issues: - Righteous Lazarus the symbol of the Georgian nation; - Since when do we celebrate the Day of the Georgian Language? - April 14th - the Day of the state language of Georgia; - The literary Georgian language as the unshakable foundation of the Georgian nation, and more.
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XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
LELA AVALIANI, LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE, OMAR AKKAM

EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO GOD IN THE ARABIC AND LANGUAGES
In the speech of every people there are expressions containing the name of god. People usually refer to such speech patterns to express various kinds of emotions, both in everyday situations and in very special cases. We have compared the phrases containing the word god in Arabic and Georgian to show what common and different motivations underlay of such utterances in the speeches of the peoples of different faiths and nationalities. The materials for the illustrations had been taken from the records collected by us in Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic and in the west Georgia and also from the data of the Dialctology Institute at the Akaki Tsereteli University. in the name of god is uttered before starting any job to do. In Georgian corresponding phrase in the similar situation is used the phrase gmertis khseneba//kristes shedgoma - Mentioning of God// Follow Christ (mentioning of God- according to the teachings of the Saint Fathers one should glorify god before beginning of any undertaking, ask for the grace and cross oneself; kristes shedgoma(to follow Christ) is a phrase used at baptism rituals. It is a kind of a dialogue held between the priest and the person to be baptised, like:Will you follow Christ? I will follow Christ, meaning I will begin the new life. Before engagement in any work Georgians say:vakhsenot gmerti da shevudget sakmes (let us mention the name of god and get down to business) (CD, Fund E). orakhsene gmerti da nu zarmatsob (mention the god and do not stand idle); (CD, fund C). ras shvreba mag, kidev ar shedgomia kristes, mase moikvans tskhovrebas? (CD fund A) (What is he doing, has not yet he followed Christ, how is he going to get fortune?). thanks God People say after accomplishing any task. The same phrase is used in Georgian. madloba gmerts or sometimes replaced by madloba upals (thanks God) or mogvarda sakme (CD fund E) (Thanks to the Lord, we have got round to it); madloba upals dasrulda gzis sheketeba (=thanks to the Lord, the road repairing works are over) - as an expression of relief or pleasure. - if it is the Gods will the phrase is used when talking over certain plans/projects. In the analogous situation in Georgian there occurs an expression: gmertma inebos meaning may it be the Lords will. gmertma inebos da ase tu gagrdzelda kalaki dzalian galamazedeba (CD fund E), May it be the Lords will but if it keeps it up the city will become beautiful . - God protect us from the evil eye. For the protection from the evilAlah Qapina is also used when expressing repulsion or antipathy; and when yawning, the expressionaqzbil lahi (May the God protect us) - ) ( is uttered. In Georgia for the purpose of evasion of all troubles they say:upalma gmertma dagviparos kovelgvari avisagan tvalisagan/pekhisaza (may
RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi
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the Lord protect us from all the evil/ from evil eye/ evil foot.etc The Georgian congregation say also the paraphrased psalm lines: gmerto shetsevnasa chemsa mokheden (psalm 69). Graciously rescue me, God, come quickly to help me, Lord. Or gmerto nu ganmeshorebi chemgan (Ps. 70, 12) (God, do not stand far from me); As for the moment of yawing, the believers cross themselves on their lips to be protected from the evil, as according to the old belief evil spirit can come to lodge into the body. God, (you) bless the prophet; the phrase is used in Arabic to express great surprise praise or curse, in the similar situation in Georgian we finddideba upals ( Glory to God); dideba upals, ra bedineri dge gamitenda (CD fund E) ( Glory to god , what a fine day it has begun)... dideba shenda upalo, ratom gamamtsare ase (D fund A); (Glory to you, God why have you embittered my life). I swear by God or I ask you to swear by your God; in Georgia the analogous phrase is but rarely used to assert ones truthfulness. Georgians say: gmerti khati, rjuli, gmertia motsame ( god, icon, faith , God is witness) e.g. gmerti, khati, rjuli tu rame gamegebodes mag sakmis (CD fund E) (.= God, icon, faith if I knew anything about it, or God is the witness. If I knew what the mather is). ask and God will give it to you. A corresponding expression in Georgian is, like: itkhove da mogetsema, daakakune da gagegheba(And I tell you. Ask and you will receive, seek and you will find, knock and the door will be open to you) the phrases originate from the New Testament. (Luke. 11. 9). / entrust your affairs to the God , trust the god /rely on God is used to express sympathy for the sad or for consolation of the people in trouble. The same is said in Gerogian ; gmerts miende/ gmertia motsqale (Trust the God, god is gracious e.g. Gmerts miende da kvelaperi mogvardeba 9CD, fund E) (Trust in God and everything will be all right). by way of gods encouragement, by gods grace is said as a response to thanks to make it a point that it is god to whom we should be thankful and not to a man. e.g. Thank you for your assistance. - Thanks to God. In the same manner the Georgians respond to thanks. However, completely identical phrase is found only in the speech of believers, and the more secular version for the common public is ras brdzanebt, arafris (Think nothing of it). wrongly suspected man is innocent before the god is said to console a person who was unfairly treated or humiliated. In Georgian in the same purpose they say gmertia magla/ gmerti khedavs mtquanmartals (god looks from height/god sees the guilties and the innocents ); also god is among the seed of the innocent. may the god give you patience is used to encourage the one in enduring the troubled times. In Georgian along with the same expression they sayWith your patience... (New Testament) / upalma gagadzlieros (may the god give you strength.). without gods will the efforts are groundless. In the same situation a phrase fromThe Man in the Panthers Skin That what god does not wish, no such efforts can be fulfilled. The similar paraphrase is found in Psalms:Unless the Lord build the house, they labour in vain who build(127.1).
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l. avaliani, l. xaWapuriZe, o. aqami
literary, May the god give you benefit in the form of laughter. The similar expression as a form of blessing can be traced in Georgian: upalma samkhiarulod mogtset sakme , (May the god give you the mood (affairs) for rejoicing); gmertma sul karg khasiatze gamqofod (CD E;C) (May the god keep you in your high mood). As for the laughter and the excess rejoicement the believers in Georgia would say: gmertma shegvargos da mogviteos, (May the god do it for our good and forgive us) as according to the teachings of the Saint Fathers too much fun and laughter is regarded as sin (Confession, Tbilisi 1989). As for the ArabicMay the god provide you benefits its corresponding expression in Georgian, as a form of blessing is: gmertma kheiri mistses shens ojakhs, kheiri shens saqmes (CD. Fund E;C) (May the god give benefit to your family, may you derive benefit from your business). The collation and discussion of the materials has shown that in both languages the expressions are based on religious visions. Besides, in Arabic the similar phrases stem from popular beliefs and imaginations while in Georgian speech, apart from the folk expressions containing the name of god, there are some originated directly from Psalms and the New Testament.
lela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqami RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi yvela xalxis metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba RvTis saxelis Semcveli gamonaTqvamebi. adamianebi mas ZiriTadad ama Tu im emociis gamosaxatavad iyeneben rogorc yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi, aseve konkretul situaciaSi. statiaSi ganxilulia is gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic orive enaSi dasturdeba: _ vaxsenoT RmerTi; _ madloba RmerTs; _ Tu RmerTi inebebs; _ cudi Tvalisagan RmerTma dagvifaros; _ RmerTo, Sen daloce winaswarmetyveli; _ RmerTs gaficeb; _ iTxove da RmerTi mogcems; / _ RmerTs miande saqme, RmerTs miende, RmerTs daeyrdeni; _ / RmerTma nu gagvagonos, RmerTma ar inebos, RmerTma nu qnas; _ RmerTis SemweobiT, RvTis wyalobiT; _ arasworad eWvmitanili sufTaa uflis winaSe; _ RmerTma mogces moTmineba; _ RvTis gareSe mcdeloba usafuZvloa; _ sityvasityviT : "RmerTma mogvces xeiri sicilis saxiT". masalis ganxilvam aCvena, rom saanalizo leqsemebs orive erSi safuZvlad religiuri xedva udevs. unda aRiniSnos, rom arabulSi msgavsi frazebi ZiriTadad rwmena-warmodgenebidan momdinareobs, qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi ki RvTis saxelis Semcveli msgavsi gamonaTqvamebis gverdiT gvxvdeba fsalmunebidan da axali aRTqmidan momdinare frazebic.
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oTar gogoliSvili
baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

1920 wlis ivlisSi baTumis olqis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas mTeli baTumis olqis mosaxleoba didi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. qarTul jars misi msvlelobis manZilze sixaruliT egebeboda mosaxleoba da yvavilebis Taigulebs esroda. barcxanasTan jars Sexvda `samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmanTavisuflebeli organizaciis delegacia da mTeli mosaxleobis saxeliT miuloca maT es didmniSvnelovani gamarjveba. delegaciis saxeliT jars miesalmnen: memed abaSiZe, jemal qiqava, muxamed wulukiZe da sxvebi. qalaqSi iyo sazeimo ganwyobileba. ukravda musika. iyo namdvili zeimi. bulvarSi gaimarTa didi seirnoba, romelSic monawileoba miiRo qalaqis mTelma mosaxleobam. imarTeboda saxeldaxelo mitingebi, sadac oratorebi sixaruliT saubrobdnen am RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa azizies moedanze (Tavisuflebis moedani) gamarTuli mitingi. aq sityviT gamovida qeTevan miqelaZe, romelmac xalxs mouTxro im didi tanjva-wamebis Sesaxeb, romelic aqaurma mosaxleobam gadaitana Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze da miuxedavad mravali dampyroblis mcdelobisa, rom es ZirZveli kuTxe moewyvitaT deda-saqarTvelosaTvis, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ar dakarga qarTveloba. maT gauZles xocva-Jletas, darbevas, awiokebas da es ZirZveli qarTuli mxare kvlav daubrunes mis mSobel saqarTvelos (acsa, f. 21-6, aRw. 1, saq. 703, furc. 55). am zeimSi monawileobas iRebdnen ingliselebi iuliam silvestri da jimi harti. isini gaocebulni Secqerodnen am mdgomarobas, radgan, uiliam silvestris TqmiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom baTumis olqi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da arc aqauri mosaxleobaa qristiani, isini ise zeimobdnen am dRes (e.i. saqarTvelos dabrunebas - o.g.), rogorc es namdvil dResaswauls Sehferiso. jimi harti ki aRniSnavda: "ar vici, ra unda momxdariyo aq iseTi, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi aseTi aRfrTovaneba da zeimi gamoewvia, rogorc es gamoiwvia saqarTvelosTan dabrunebam" (acsa, furc. 62). es namdvili saxalxo zeimi TiTqmis erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. xalxs imedi mieca. yvela mxiaruli da sazeimod ganwyobilni iyo. baTumis olqis sagangebo komisrad dainiSna cnobili pirovneba benia CxikviSvili. mas didi avtoriteto hqonda adgilobriv partiul organizaciebSi. man baTumSi CamosvlisTanave daayena sakiTxi baTumis olqis marTva-gamgeobis organizaciis Sesaxeb. am mizniT moiwvia TaTbiri, sadac gaimarTa msjeloba, Tu ra meTodebi unda gamoeyenebinaT adgilobrivi mxaris marTvaSi. upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo ingliselebis mier SemoRebuli mmarTvelobis stilis Secvla. gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba mieqca qalaq
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baTums. gadawyda, rom baTumis samarTavad unda Seqmniliyo saqalaqo sabWo, xolo qalaqisTvis unda exelmZRvanela qalaqis mouravs, romelic angariSvaldebuli unda yofiliyo saqalaqo sabWos winaSe. aseve unda gadanawilebuliyo funqciebi qalaqis mouravsa da sabWos Soris. iyo azri, rom qalaqis sabWo Tavisi gauTavebeli sxdomebiT ar miscemda mouravs Tavisuflad muSaobis saSualebas. ambobdnen imasac, rom Tu mxolod qalaqis mouravis xelSi aRmoCndeboda mTeli Zalaufleba, es daarRvevda demokratiul normebs da xalxis TvalSi avtoriteti Seelaxeboda adgilobriv xelisuflebas. bolos gadawyda, SeeqmnaT qalaqis sabWo mouravis meTaurobiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom baTumis olqi am dros marTlac mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo. ingliselebma aq moSales cxovrebis normaluri funqcionireba. qalaqi baTumi maT pirwmindad gaZarcves. gaitanes yovelgvari faseuli. 1920 wlis 24 ivniss inglisurma gemma baTumidan gazida sxvadasxva saxis samrewvelo, sasoflo da sayofacxovrebo saqoneli. aseve maT waaxalises da gaaTamames sxvadasxva rjulis avantiuristebi, mZarcvelebi da sxv. rac ufro sakvirvelia, ingliselebma bolSevikebs misces qalaqSi Tu mis olqSi Tavisuflad parpaSis ufleba. ufro metic, gubernatorma kuk-kolsma bolSevikebis delegacias ganucxada, rom baTumis olqi mainc ruseTTan iqnebao. amasTan, Turqofilebis Tavgasulobas sazRvari ar hqonda. ingliselebma kidev ufro gaaZlieres proTurquli organizacia "sedai mileTi". am organizacias maT misces fulic da iaraRic. Seuqmnes filialebi baTumis olqis mTel teritoriaze. mouwyves stamba, sadac ibeWdeboda Turqul da rusul enebze antiqarTuli mimarTulebis gazeTebi. Turqebis emisrebis parpaSs dasasruli ar uCanda. ai, aseTi antiqarTuli garemo Seqmnes ingliselebma im momentSi, rodesac baTumis olqi daubrunda dedasaqarTvelos da, ra Tqma unda, axlad arCeuli qarTuli xelisufleba aRmoCnda didi sirTuleebis winaSe. 1920 wlis 26 ivliss gamosces brZaneba"qalaqSi wesrigis" Sesaxeb. am brZanebiT mkacrad daisjeboda yvela, vinc ar daemorCileboda xelisuflebas da daarRvevda simSvides. am brZanebam Sedegic ki gamoiRo. qalaqis miliciam gvardielebTan erTad daiwyo patrulireba. mag., 28 ivliss maT baTumis erT-erT ubanSi Seipyres da sastikad scemes sami mZarcveli. aseve, 27 ivliss daakaves qurdebis jgufi , romlebic binebs Zarcvavdnen . aseve, administraciuli sasjeli daedo maT, vinc arRvevda aRniSnuli brZanebis muxlebs. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom dadasturda, es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, radgan cxovrebis dezintegraciis kvali Zalian Rrma da sagrZnobi iyo. baTumis olqis xelisufleba socialdemokratiuli (menSevikuri) iyo. maT daundobeli brZola gamoucxades yvela gaerTianebebs Tu organizaciebs, romlebsac gansxvavebuli pozicia eWiraT. upirveles yovlisa, "TvalSi amoiRes" bolSevikebi, romlebic iq momravlebulni iyvnen 1920 wlis dasawyisidan. bolSevikebi marTlac rom ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas eweodnen xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da cdilobdnen mosaxleobis mimxrobas. am moqmedebam metad saxifaTo xasiaTi miiRo 1920
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wlis meore naxevarSi, amitom mTavrobam 1920 wlis agvistos gamosca kidev erTi brZaneba "antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb". brZanebaSi miTiTebuli iyo: "baTumis olqSi moqmedi zogierTi politikuri dajgufeba cdilobs mosaxleobaSi saxeli gautexos saqarTvelos xelisulebas da am mizniT eweva antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas. isini xalxSi avrceleben proklamaciebs da surT gamoiwvion areuloba... amitom saWiroa dauyovnebliv aRkveTil iqnas aseTi moqmedeba. am brZanebas bolSevikebma protestiT upasuxes. amis gamo maTi delegacia ewvia b. CxikviSvils, romelsac moaxsenes, rom es aris ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSerulebis darRveva. bolSevikebis delegacias, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: a. volkovi, i. simoniSvili da sxvebi, b. CxikviSvilma ganucxada, rom xelSekrulebas Tqven, bolSevikebi, arRvevT, radgan xalxSi dezorganizacia SegaqvT da eweviT ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas. amitom icodeT, rom, marTalia, Cven am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad ar vkrZalavT Tqveni organizaciis saqmianobas, magram ar mogcemT Tavisuflad parpaSis uflebaso". amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom gaZlierda represiebi. daapatimres ramdenime aTeuli kaci. bevri maTgani saerTod gadaasaxles baTumis olqis sazRvrebidan "antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisTvis" (acsa, saq. 704, furc. 29-30). rac Seexeba Turquli orientaciis organizaciebs, aq SedarebiT sifrTxile gamoiCines, radgan imxanad Zlieri iyo Turquli orientaciis organizaciebis zegavlena mosaxleobaSi da erTbaSad maTze ieriSis mitana sasurveli ar iqneboda, Tumca zogierTi aseTi organizaciis wevri daapatimres antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisTvis. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTma mdgomareobam gaarTula viTareba (acsa, furc. 37). am sirTulem Tavi iCina ukve agvistos meore naxevaridan. TiTqos sadRac gaqra is eiforia, romelsac adgili hqonda aq 1920 wlis ivlisSi, rodesac baTumis olqi qarTvelma jarma daikava. swored amas mieZRvna 1920 wlis 9 agvistos saqalaqo sabWos sxdoma, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis mouravi gizo anjafariZe. man aRniSna, rom baTumSi SeimCneva mosaxleobis erTi nawilis ukmayofileba Cvendami. amiT sargebloben mtrebi da cdiloben kidv ufro daiZabos viTareba; saqmes represiebic ver Svelis. saWiroa gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba. sxdomaze vrceli sityviT gamovida saqalaqo sabWos gamgeobis wevri, cnobili social-demokrati (menSeviki) kapiton gogolaZe, romelmac ganacxada: "pirdapir gasakviria, ras unda moelodos mosaxleobis erTi nawili ase swrafad Cvengan, Cveni xelisufleba aq sul erTi Tvea funqcionirebs da am mokle xanSi romeli mTavroba SeZlebs yvelafris gakeTebas. jer amisTvis droa saWiro. nabijebi am mimarTulebiT idgmeba da momavalSic ase gagrZeldeba. nurc is dagvaviwydeba, Tu ra rTul pirobebSi gviwevs muSaoba. yvela Cveni xelisSemSlelia, yvela Zirs gviTxris da am dros kidev pretenziebis gamoTqma marTebuli ar aris". metad saintereso da, Cveni azriT, yuradsaRebi iyo qalaqis sabWos gamgeobis wevris i. gorgaSvilis gamosvla. man aRniSna, rom is Sexvda qalaqis gavlenian mahmadianebs, romlebmac mas sTxoves saqalaqo sabWos winaSe daeyenebina sakiTxi baTumis olqis avtonomiis Sesaxeb, radgan, maTi azriT,
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swored avtonomiis sakiTxis droulad gadaWras SeeZlo mdgomareobis gamosworeba. avtonomiis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayenebam kamaTi gamoiwvia. kapiton gogolaZis azriT, avtonomiis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayeneba naadrevi iyo. Tumc man isic aRniSna, rom am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ufleba adgilobriv xelisuflebas ara aqvs, radgan is saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis prerogativaao. metad sayuradRebo Cans qalaqis mouravis moadgilis ziabeg abaSiZis gamosvla. misi azriT, "avtonomia aris aucilebeli da Tu es droulad gadawyda, kidevac moeReba bolo am avantiurizms, romelsac aq aqvs adgili. saWiroa xalxis momzadeba amisaTvis, magram jer kidev sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi gvaqvs gadasawyveti". mas ar daukonkretebia, Tu ras gulisxmobda is am sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi. bolos sxdomis Sedegebi Seajama gizo anjafariZem, romelic avtonomiis sakiTxsac Seexo da aRniSna, rom olqis komisari b. CxikviSvili avtonomiis Sesaxeb esaubra saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. isini winaaRmdegni ar arian am sakiTxis irgvliv msjelobisa, magram amisTvis jer kidev dro iyo saWiro. amJamad komisari TbilisSi imyofeba (b.CxikviSvili baTumis olqis sagangebo rwmunebulis movaleobaTan erTad asrulebda q. Tbilisis Tavis movaleobasac - o.g.) da rodesac is baTumSi dabrundeba, masTan am sakiTxebzec gveqneba saubario. g. anjafariZis azriT, qalaqis sabWos aqvs mxolod sakiTxis dasmis ufleba, magram gadawyveta am sakiTxisa ukve Tbilisis xelisuflebis movaleobaSi Sedioda (acsa, furc. 44-48). avtonomiis sakiTxi kidev gaxda saqalaqo sabWos sxdomis msjelobis sagani. am sakiTxze gamarTulma debatebma mTeli qalaqi moicva. bolos komisari b. CxikviSvili iZulebuli gaxda weriliT ecnobebina saqalaqo sabWosTvis, rom maT SeewyvitaT am Temaze saubari da Tu vinme kvlav mas wamoWrida, maSin is provokatori iqneboda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi is mtrebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. avtonomiis micema rTuli sakiTxia, jer unda Catardes mosaxleobis gamokiTxva, mzad arian Tu ara isini "zedmeti warmonaqmnisaTvis". rodesac Tavis droze mTavrobas xelT eqneba aseTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, maSin SeiZleba am sakiTxis irgvliv saubario. avtonomiis sakiTxi im momentisaTvis, rogorc Cans, mosaxleobis erT nawilSi momwifebuli iyo da moiTxovda mis dauyovnebliv gadaWras. am sakiTxs isini uyenebdnen ratomRac saqalaqo sabWos da ara komisars. etyoba, komisari CxikviSvili ar Tvlida saWirod am sakiTxis gadaWras, radgan es misTvis miuRebeli iyo, Tanac imJamad baTumis olqi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da misi am mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad didi dro iyo saWiro. TandaTan daiwyes baTumis olis mTel teritoriaze saxelisuflebo organoebis Camoyalibeba. es procesi mtkivnuli iyo. bevr adgilas xalxi "mtrulad ganewyo" menSevikuri xelisuflebisadmi. am mimarTulebiT unda iTqvas, rom xelisuflebam dauSva Secdoma. SearCia iseTi kadrebi, romlebic ver idgnen mowodebis simaRleze. gansakuTrebiT daiZaba viTareba arTvinis olqSi, sadac ufrosad dainiSna polkovniki wulukiZe, romelsac arcTu ise saxarbielo warsuli hqonda. wulukiZis daniSvna erTsulovnad ar
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momxdara, radgan mas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom iseT rTul adgilas, rogoric arTvinia, am kacis daniSvna yovlad gaumarTlebelia. am sityvebis siswore mogvianebiT gamoCnda, rodesac wulukiZis mouqneli politikis gamo arTvinis olqi kinaRam "mTlianad daikarga". ai, ras werdnen arTvinis olqidan baTumis sagangebo komisars: "Tqven mier daniSnuli wulukiZe Seuferebelia TanamdebobisaTvis. es kaci aseve uniWoa administraciul saqmianobaSi. mas aqvs Zalian bevri Seuferebeli uaryofiTi Tviseba. aris uxeSi da mouqneli. bilwsityvaobs. administracia aavso usaqmuri xalxiT, romlebic pirwavardnili meqrTameebi arian. yovlad aRmaSfoTebelia miliciis TviTneboba, romelTa mxridan xalxis Seviwroveba Cveulebrivi movlenaa... Tu es kaci ar moSorda arTvins, icodeT, arTvinSi gamousworebeli mdgomareoba iqneba" (acsa, saq. 706, furc. 14). miuxedavad aseTi gamafrTxilebeli Setyobinebisa, baTumis olqis xelisuflebam is uyuradRebod datova. am uyuradRebobam ki Tavisi Sedegebi gamoiRo. 1920 wlis agvistos bolos arTvinis olqis administraciul SenobasTan mivida xalxis jgufi da ufrosisgan moiTxova pirveladi moTxovnilebis saqonelze fasis dakleba, magram imis nacvlad, rom xalxisTvis moesminaT da mdgomareobis gamosworebaze erTad ezrunaT, xalxs milicia miusies da Zalis gamoyenebiT garekes. es faqti Semdeg gaxda dramatuli movlenebis ganviTarebis mizezi. saRamos administraciul Senobas Tavs daesxa ramdenime aTeuli SeiaraRebuli piri da cecxli gauxsna SigniT myofT. amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom erTi adamiani daiRupa, xolo ramdenime daiWra. Semdeg es SeiaraRebuli jgufi gaemarTa yazarmebisaken, sadac gvardielebi iyvnen dabanakebulni da maT cecxli gauxsnes. atyda ormxrivi srola. bevri daiRupa, ramdenime aTeuli ki daiWra. metad kritikuli viTareba Seiqmna, magram isev gonebam gaimarjva. adgilobrivi mahmadianebis mxridan ramdenime cnobilma pirovnebam aiZula Tavisianebi cecxli Seewyvita. es moTxovna Sesrulda. Semdeg es pirovnebebi gaemarTnen olqis ufrosTan Sexvedraze. damfrTxali wulukiZe iZulebuli iyo daTanxmebuliyo maTi moTxovnis Sesrulebaze. isargebles ra amiT, rom olqis xelisufleba uunaro aRmoCnda, daiwyo Turqi emisrebis eniT auwereli, Tavgasuli parpaSi. isini daufaravad moZraobdnen mTel arTvinSi da atarebdnen antiqarTul agitaciebs. ufro metic, emisrebi ise gaTavxeddnen, TviT ufrosis Senobidan ramdenime aTeul metrSic ki mosaxleobasTan atarebdnen saubrebs adgilobriv mahmadianebSi da xalxs mouwodebdnen TurqeTTan SeerTebaze. xolo olqis xelmZRvaneloba viTom verafers amCnevda da, rac yvelaze metad aRmaSfoTebeli iyo, iaraRiTa da tyvia-wamliT ukanonod vaWrobda. am binZur saqmeSi gareuli iyo yvela dawyebuli olqis ufrosidan damTavrebuli rigiT gvardielamde. iseTi mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rom im droisaTvis iaraRi ufro iolad iSoveboda, vidre kvebis produqti. iaraRiT vaWroba gaxda Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro, xolo Sedegi am windauxedavi politikisa is iyo, rom 1920 welis 6 seqtembers arTvinSi, dRisiT, xalxis Tvalwin daxoces oTxi qarTveli milicieli. mkvlelebi miimalnen. mosaxleobisaTvis cnobili iyo is adgili, sadac isini miimalnen, magram imxanad arapopularuli iyo xelisufleba xalxis TvalSi,
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rom mas aravin ar acnoba mkvlelebis adgilsamyofeli. Tumca mTavrobam anonimuri Setyobinebidan mainc gaigo maTi samalavi, magram bandebi ise iyvnen SeiaraRebulni, rom xelisuflebam ver SeZlo jaris gagzavna. isini SiSobdnen, rom winaaRmdegoba didi iqneboda. ai, aseTi mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili arTvinSi uniWo xelisuflebis "ZalisxmeviT". TviT adgilobrivi socialdemokratiuli organizacia iZulebuli gaxda, rom eRiarebina: "arTvins movla sWirdeboda da Tu ar Seicvala aq mmarTvelobis struqtura, mdgomareoba umarTavi gaxdeba" (acsa, saq. 714, furc. 26). aseTi mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili kintriSis (qobuleTis) raionSic. aq kidev ufro mZime da autaneli mdgomareoba iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qobuleTi mtrebis saxifaTo gavlenis qveS moeqca. baTumis olqis administraciam ver moaxerxa qobuleTis raionis saxelisuflo mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkiceba. maT mxolod qobuleTSi SeZles saxelisuflo organos Seqmna, magram am xelisuflebis Zalaufleba qobuleTs iqiT saerTod ar vrceldeboda. qobuleTis soflebSi ar arsebobda araviTari saxelisuflo struqtura. aq arc socialisturi organizacia iyo Zlieri. iyo mxolod agitatorebis mcire jgufi, romelic veraviTar gavlenas ver axdenda movlenaTa msvlelobaze. samagierod, rogorc arTvinSi, ise aqac Zlieri iyo Turqofiluri elementebi, romlebic Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCoda proTurquli organizacia "sedai mileTi". SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qobuleTis raionSi, xelisuflebis uunarobis gamo, namdvil xelisuflebas es partia flobda. xalxi ufro metad am partiasTan midioda, vidre legitimur xelisuflebasTan. raionis centrSi, erT-erT mosaxlesTan iyo am organizaciis Stab-bina, xolo maTi filialebi qobuleTis soflebSi iyo mofenili. "sedai mileTis" xelmZRvaneli pirwavardnili antiqarTveli xasan efendi buRar-oRli iyo. 1920 wlis 29 agvistos qobuleTSi Sedga am organizaciis Sekreba. Sekrebis Sesaxeb acnobes adgilobriv xelisuflebas, magram am ukanasknelma ar gaatara araviTari RonisZieba Sekrebis CasaSlelad. Sekrebaze sityviT gamosulebma: buRaroRlim, axmed Cemi-oRlim, enver efendi oRlim, suleiman cecxlaZem, ismail romanaZem, xasan oRli kobaxiZem da sxvebma isaubres im situaciaze, romelic qobuleTSi Seiqmna. aRniSnes, rom maTTvis miuRebelia gurjebis xelisufleba, radgan es aramahmadianuria, xolo buRar-oRlim Tqva, rom xelisufleba droebiTia da mas didi xnis moqmedebis saSualeba ar eqneba. man isic aRiara, rom aucilebelia mosaxleobaSi agitaciis gaZliereba da xalxis darwmuneba imaSi, rom TurqeTi male SeZlebs am mxaris SeerTebaso. aqve erT-erTma Turqofilma xasan oRli kobaxiZem qarTul xelisuflebas ,,matyuara" uwoda, radgan is xalxs dapirda avtonomias da araferi gaukeTebia, xolo suleiman cecxlaZem cecxlze navTi daasxa da Tqva, rom me imitom Semovedi am organizaciaSi (e.i. sedai mileTSi - o.g.), davinaxe WeSmariti siyvaruli Tavisi xalxisa da mjera, Tu TurqeTi kvlav SemoierTebs Cvens mxares, is gurjebiviT xalxs ki ar moatyuebs, aramed Seasrulebs imas, rasac dapirda, mxedvelobaSi maqvs Cveni mxarisTvis namdvili avtonomiis micemao. am Sekrebaze gadawyvites, rom organizaciis saxeliT adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan
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misuliyo misi ramdenime wevri da maTTvis gadaecaT "adgilobrivi mahmadianebis mimarTva". marTlac, 10 seqtembers "sedai mileTelebi" eaxlnen qobuleTis raionis ufross da moiTxoves, rom qobuleTis raionSi xelisuflebis organoebSi samuSaod SeeyvanaT maTi warmomadgenlebic. es moTxovna ufrosma kategoriulad uaryo. ufro metic, man saSineli windauxedavi nabiji gadadga da am "provokatorebis" dapatimrebis brZaneba gasca. isini daakaves, magram bolos raionis ufrosi Tavisianebma daarwmunes, rom am nabijiT SeiZleba sisxlisRvra momxdariyo da Txoves maT dakavebulebis gaTavisufleba. isini gaaTavisufles, Tumca am windauxedaobam marTlac cudi roli iTamaSa. dapatimrebisas milicionrebma maT Seuracxyofa miayenes, xolo erTi maTgani, gvarad muhamed balaZe, sastikad scemes. amis Semdeg moxda araerTi aRmaSfoTebeli faqti. daiwyes soflebSi proklamaciebis gakvra, sadac xalxs mouwodebdnen ajanyebisaken. aseTi proklamaciebi didi raodenobiT gaavrceles soflebSi: xinoSi, WaxaTSi, koxSi, cxemlovanSi da sxvagan. agitatorebi soflebSi Riad atarebdnen mitingebs da mosaxleobas daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebdnen. magaliTad, 1920 wlis 16 seqtembers sofel xucubanSi Catarebul mitingze "sedai mileTelebma mosaxleobas mouwodes SeiaraRebisaken da xma gaavrceles, rom TurqeTis jari male baTumSi Semova da Cveni kuTxe kvlav Cvens "TanamoZmeebs SeuerTdebao. aqve mitingze gamosulma xusein mowyobilma xalxs uTxra, rom dReidan xucubanSi xelisufleba mTlianad gadadis adgilobrivi organizaciis xelSi (e.i. "sedai mileTis xelSi - o.g.) da yvelas vTxov, saWiroebisaTvis mas miakiTxoso. xolo is, rac 27 seqtembers moxda sofel koxSi, warmoadgenda eniT auwerel Zaladobas. am Zaladobis gaCaRebaSi Tanabari wvlili miuZRviT rogorc milicielebs, aseve "sedai mileTis agitaciiT mowamlul mosaxleobas. koxel glexs, gunTaiSvils, milicionrebma Seuracxyofa miayenes, ris sapasuxod man isini mokla, xolo Semdeg maT yeli gamoWra. am ambavma suliT xorcamde SeZra mTeli qobuleTi. qobuleTidan koxSi gaigzavna razmi, magram soflis SesasvlelSi maT cecxli gauxsnes da kidev ori milicioneri mokles. aman ki ise aRaSfoTa milicionrebi, rom maT dakarges moqmedebis yovelgvari kontroli. maT borotebas sazRvari ar qonda. gadawves ramdenime saxli, mokles sami kaci. ramdenime daapatimres; xalxi imiT daaSines, rom uaresi dRe daadgebodaT, Tu "mtrebis saqmes gaakeTebdnen. politikuri situacia imdenad daiZaba , rom saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam aq mdgomareobis gamosarkvevad miavlina petre geleiSvili, romelmac baTumis olqSi 12 dRe dahyo. Sexvda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebs da noe Jordanias saxelze dawera vrceli moxsenebiTi baraTi, sadac adgilobrivi xelisufleba umoqmedobisaTvis sastikad gaakritika, Tumca petre geleiSvili Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSi naklebad cdilobs daasaxelos is mizezebi, romlebmac baTumis olqSi aseTi mdgomareoba Seqmnes. sofel koxSi datrialebulma tragediam kidev ufro daZaba mdgomareoba, magram bevri maTgani daaSina kidec. gaCnda imis SiSic, rom xelisuflebas SeuZlia saTanadod imoqmedos (a. silagaZe, v. guruli, 1998).
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1920 wlis 30 seqtembers qobuleTSi daakaves ramdenime SeiaraRebuli piri, erTi maTgani - axmed oRli TurqeTis emisari aRmoCnda. 4 oqtombers qobuleTis milicia, ar misca "sedai mileTelebs mitingis Catarebis ufleba, xolo organizaciis ori wevri daapatimra. amis Semdeg qobuleTis soflebSi daagzavna Tavisi momxreebi, romlebmac daiwyes mosaxleobaSi axsnaganmartebis Catareba. zog sofelSi, magaliTad, boboyvaTSi, aseTi agitacia warmatebuli aRmoCnda, radgan aq Seiqmna qobuleTis social-demokratiuli partiis boboyvaTis ganyofileba. mTavrobam xalxis gulis mogebis mizniT daiwyo mosaxleobaSi produqtebis darigeba. am saqmeSi CarTes adgilobrivi mahmadianebic. xalxis Ratak fenas ufasod dauriges Saqari, fqvili, brinji da sxv. aseTi nabijebi kargi da misasalmebeli iyo, magram mdgomareobis sabolood gamosworeba mainc ver moxerxda, radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmarTulma antiqarTulma muSaobam uaryofiTi daRi daasva aqauri mosaxleobis didi nawilis msoflmxedvelobas. swored am dros baqoSi gaimarTa yriloba, romelic mieZRvna erTiani mahmadianuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am yrilobas eswrebodnen aWareli sedai mileTelebi cnobili buRaroRlis meTaurobiT da Semdeg ukan dabrunebisas maT daiwyes baqoSi miRebuli dadgenilebis debulebebis propaganda. aseve aq Tavisuflad eweoda agitacias sedai mileTeli xoja qaTamaZe, romelic bolSevikebma fuliT moisyides da daavales "qarTvelebis" (e.i. menSevikebis) winaaRmdeg agitaciis Catareba. ufro rTuli viTareba iyo xulosa da qedaSi, sadac cxovrobdnen aSkara Turqofilebic. xuloSi, marTalia, Seiqmna milicia, jarma daiwyo sazRvrebis dacva, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad . samwuxarod , aqac adgili hqonda Secdomebs mmarTvelobaSi. adgilobrivi administracia ver aRmoCnda mowodebis simaRleze situaciis dasaregulireblad. komisari gogelia imdenad uxeSi pirovneba iyo, rom is xuloSi yvelas sZulda. misi mxridan adamianebis fizikuri Seuracxyofa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. is xSirad an TviTon scemda da uswordeboda xalxs, maT Soris moxucebs, an milicias aZlevda nebarTvas aseTi moqmedebisaTvis. amitom iyo, rom xalxi zizRiT uyurebda administracias da maT aravin ekareboda. xulos soflebi ki saerTod mowyvetili iyo centrs. iq araviTari xelisufleba ar arsebobda da aqaur xelisuflebas warmoadgendnen xojebi, molebi da Turqebis emisrebi, romlebic, miuxedavad sazRvris viTomda dacvisa, aq TurqeTidan Tavisuflad gadmodiodnen. xulos raionis administraciis umoqmedobaze ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda baTumis olqis axlad daniSnuli komisari gr. giorgaZe (giorgaZem CxikviSvili Secvala - o.g.), romelic kidevac aRniSnavda, rom xuloSi da sxvagan Cveni xelisufleba ar arsebobso (acsa, saq. 716, furc. 62). aseTive mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili qedaSi, sadac xelisufleba qedis iqiT ver akontrolebda mdgomareobas. 1920 wlis 20 seqtembers qedaSi gaZarcves baTumidan aqauri Cinovnikebisadmi xelfasis dasarigeblad gagzavnili fosta. mZarcvelebs daedevnen da sofel cxmorisTan daewivnen, magram mZarcvelebma SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies da SeZles
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mimalva. komisarma sagangebo weriliT acnoba qedis administraciis ufross, rom dauyovnebliv moeZebna mZarcvelebi da samagaliTod daesaja isini. ratomRac aq gaaxsendaT egzekuciis wesi. mZarcvelTagan erT-erTi dursun beriZe iyo zvaredan. administraciam zvareSi beriZis ojaxSi gagzavna milicia da ojaxis wevrebs daavala, rom maT TviTon SeepyroT mZarcveli da xelisuflebisaTvis gadaecaT, magram es maT ver SeZles. amis gamo ojaxis uxucesi wevri daapatimres da sapyrobileSi Casves, xolo sofelSi miliciis razmi Caayenes. miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc ver SeZles mZarcvelebis Sepyroba. unda aRiniSnos, rom imJamad Zneldeboda baTumidan daxmarebis gawevis organizeba. es gamowveuli iyo satransporto saSualebis uqonlobiT, xolo bevr dasaxlebul punqtSi misasvleli gza iseTi uvargisi iyo, rom iq misvla TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT wvimian amindebSi. amitom ver xerxdeboda centridan daxmarebis drouli gaweva, xolo adgilebze ar iyo sakmarisi Zalebi mdgomareobis dasaregulireblad. bevri saswrafo Setyobineba damxmare Zalebis dauyovnebliv gamogzavnis Sesaxeb upasuxod rCeboda swored zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo. magaliTad, 1920 wlis 4 oqtombers arTvinidan baTumis olqis komisars saswrafod acnobes yaCaRTa jgufis asalagmavad damxmare Zalebis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb, magram baTumidan ver gaigzavna es Zalebi. baTumis olqis xelisufleba, romelic, ra Tqma unda, social-demokratiuli iyo, cdilobda social-demokratiuli ideebi gaetarebina Tavis saqmianobaSi. aseTi ideebi ki miuRebeli aRmoCnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis, romlebic reaqciuli samRvdeloebisa da begebis zegavlenis qveS iyvnen moqceulni. amitomac xelisufleba naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda. 1920 wlis agvistoseqtembris dasawyisSi xelisufleba dakavebuli iyo mosamzadebeli samuSaoebiT me-2 internacionalis beladebis CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT. iyo gauTavebeli mimosvlebi Tbilisidan baTumSi. stumrebis dasaxvedrad dgeboda gegmis sxvadasxva variantebi. nawildeboda funqciebi, romlebic xSirad icvleboda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mTavrobas sxva saqmeebisaTvis ar ecala da swored am periods emTxveva sxvadasxva xasiaTis garTulebac baTumis olqSi. isic unda iTqvas, rom bolSevikebic cdilobdnen Tavisi wvlilis Setanas am saqmeSi. isini xSirad TanamSromlobdnen kidec. amaze metyvelebs araerTi saarqivo dokumenti. ufro metic, am Sexvedrebisadmi miZRvnil TaTbirebze xSirad bolSevikebic ki monawileobdnen. ase rom, ar aris swori mtkiceba, TiTqosda bolSevikebi Tavidanve mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni am aqciisadmi, rasac Tavis droze sabWoTa istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen (acsa, furc. 69-75). 1920 wlis 14 seqtembers baTumSi Camovidnen me-2 internacionalis beladebi: makdonaldi, vandervelde, renodali, de brukeri, giusmani da sxvebi. maT didebuli Sexvedra mouwyves. baTumis quCebi sazeimod iyo morTuli. ukravda musika. xalxi gareT iyo gamofenili. gaimarTa saxeldaxelo mitingi, romelSic stumrebmac miiRes monawileoba.
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renodalma madloba moaxsena qarTvel social-demokratebs im RvawlisaTvis, romelic maT gaswies social-demokratiuli ideebis cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis. aseTive samadlobeli sityvebiT gamovidnen vandervelde, makdonaldi da sxv. isini aRfrTovanebas ver malavdnen im warmatebis gamo, romelic qarTvelma socialistebma moipoves. erT-erT Sexvedraze, qalaqis saTaTbiroSi, romelsac eswreboda giusmani, sityviT gamovida adgilobrivi bolSeviki volkovi, romelmac am moments RirsSesaniSnavi da yvela TariRisagan gamorCeuli uwoda. amis Semdeg meore internacionalis beladebi TbilisSi gaemarTnen. maT baTumidan didebuli gacileba mouwyves. aseTive Sexvedra da gacileba mouwyves mogvianebiT cnobil social-demokrat karl kauckis (acsa, furc. 8084). viTareba ki baTumis olqSi kvlav daZabuli iyo. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna 1920 wlis oqtombris bolos. swored amas mieZRvna 1920 wlis 2 noembers saqalaqo sabWos sagangebo sxdoma. sxdomaze vrceli moxsenebiT gamovida baTumis miliciis ufrosi, romelmac kritikuli uwoda baTumSi Seqmnil kriminogenur viTarebas. moxsenebidan cnobili gaxda, rom marto oqtombris TveSi adgili hqonda mkvlelobis aT SemTxvevas, xolo Zarcva yoveldRiuri movlena iyo da ar Canda mdgomareobis stabilizaciis SesaZlebloba. miliciis ufrosis moxsenebiT aRSfoTebuli qalaqis mouravi g.anjafariZe gaocebas ver malavda da ambobda, rom ,,pirdapir gansacvifrebelia, Turme amden xans sul tyuilad Segvinaxavs miliciis is uzarmazari Stati, romelic baTumSia. Turme is didi raodenobiT Tanxa, romelic miliciis Sesanaxad iyo gamoyofili, wyalSi gadagviyria. imis magivrad, rom miliciis ufrosi gzebs eZebdes am krizisuli mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad, acxadebs, rom ver movaxerxeb stabilizaciaso, e.i. pirdapir gveubneba, rom muSaoba ar SemiZlia da gadamayeneTo, ra Tqma unda, Cvenc amasve gavakeTebT". TaTbirze g. anjafariZis pozicia gaiziara k. gogolaZem, romelmac miliciis ufrosis gancxadebas uprincipo uwoda da daeTanxma mis gadawyvetilebas, xolo z. b. abaSiZem aRniSna, rom ,,miliciaSi mdgomareoba sagangaSoa. cota saeWvod Cans, sad wavida is Tanxebi, romelic milicias unda moxmareboda. milicia uxelfasobas Civis da maTi mxridan kanonis darRvevebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa. amas adasturebs araerTi Setyobineba, romelic Cvens saxelze TiTqmis yoveldRiurad Semodis". miiRes dadgenileba. am sxdomaze miliciis ufrosi ar gauTavisuflebiaT, ukanasknelad gaafrTxiles da aRniSnes, rom am sakiTxs ramdenime kviraSi kvlav daubrundebodnen (acsa, saq. 718, furc. 70-73). 1920 wlis 19 noembers gaimarTa kidev erTi sxdoma, romelsac olqis sagangebo komisaric eswreboda. ganixiles sakiTxi baTumSi sasursaTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze moxsenebiT gamovida baTumis sasursaTo komisiis Tavmjdomare petrosiani. misi moxsenebidan naTeli gaxda, rom sasursaTo mdgomareoba katastrofulia. spekulantebi Tavs laRad grZnobdnen da xalxis gaWirvebaze xels iTbobdnen. amiT sargeblobdnen avismzraxvelebi da cdilobdnen socialuri sakiTxebis mouwesrigebloba politikuri miznebisTvis gamoeyenebinaT. olqis komisari
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daemuqra, rom yvela provokators da SantaJists daapatimrebda, xolo sasursaTo komisiis Tavmjdomares usayvedures pasiuroba, upasuxismgebloba, uiniciativoba da masve daavales, rom daewyo dauyovnebliv muSaoba mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. qalaqis mouravs ki sTxoves, rom piradad exelmZRvanela komisarTan erTad am saqmisaTvis da Sedegebi moexsenebina uaxloes droSi. msgavsi Sekrebebi xSirad imarTeboda, isini sxvadasxva problemur sakiTxebs exeboda. magram, samwuxarod, naklebi iyo gamosworebis SemTxvevebi. viTareba ki baTumis olqSi kvlav daZabuli iyo (scssa, f. 1864, aRw. 12, saq. 624, furc. 32). yuradsaRebia erTi garemoeba: baTumis olqis xelmZRvaneloba ratomRac erideboda adgilobrivi mahmadiani inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs. upirveles yovlisa, es iTqmis samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis wevrebze. isini gaugebari mizezebis gamo ar CarTes saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi. marTalia, progresuli mahmadiani moRvaweni, romlebsac lomis wili miuZRodaT baTumis olqis dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebaSi, amis gamo ukmayofilo iyvnen, magram am ukmayofilebas aSkarad ar gamoxatavdnen. amaze metyvelebs erT-erTi aqtiuri moRvawis, jemal efendi qiqavas Sexvedra baTumis olqis sagangebo komisarsa da qalaqis mouravTan. Sexvedraze isaubres olqis winaSe mdgar saWirboroto sakiTxebze da, ra Tqma unda, baTumis olqis politikur statusze saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. g. anjafariZem aRniSna, rom am mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs muSaoba da rodesac mTeli saqarTvelo SedarebiT stabilur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, albaT xelisufleba centrSi am sakiTxebs daubrundebao. qalaqis sabWos zogierTi wevri ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda adgilobrivi mahmadiani inteligenciis moqmedebis gamo. magaliTad, kapiton gogolaZe aRniSnavda, rom: ,,mosaxleobas kargad ar esmis, ra aris avtonomia. avtonomias moiTxoven swored is inteligentebi, romlebsac me Zalian kargad vicnob da maTTan Zalian kargi urTierToba maqvso". i. gorgaSvilis azriT, ,,axla am Temaze saubari mtkivneul adgilze fexis daWeras niSnavs. es Casafrebuli kacis pozicias ufro hgavs, radgan zogierTebi sargebloben xelisuflebis mZime mdgomareobiT da cdiloben es viTareba gamoiyenon Tavis sasargeblod, Tanac am sakiTxs mxolod da mxolod centraluri xelisufleba wyvetso". vfiqrobT, rom swored avtonomiis sakiTxi unda yofiliyo erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom ver gamoinaxa saerTo ena adgilobriv xelisuflebasa da mahmadian inteligencias Soris. Tanac zogierTi inteligenciis warmomadgeneli, magaliTad, jemal-beg ximSiaSvili winaaRmdegi iyo baTumis olqis (aWaris) avtonomiisa da mxars uWerda am mxaris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnas yovelgvari avtonomiis gareSe. amasve iziarebdnen sxvebic (scssa, furc. 39-44). Cveni azriT, yvelaze saSiSi gaxldaT bolSevikebis provokaciuli, antisaxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebebi, romelTa SeCereba sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeboda. maTi gaaqtiureba TvalsaCino gaxda 1920 wlis dekembridan. isini eweodnen aSkarad ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da am
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saqmeSi maT aqezebda sabWoTa ruseTi da misi agenti saqarTveloSi sergi kirovi. xSirad imarTeboda mitingebi, vrceldeboda antisamTavrobo proklamaciebi. bolSevikebi saqarTvelos mterTanac ar eridebodnen kavSiris Sekvras. maT "sedai mileTis" partias TanagrZnoba gamoucxades da Tanxmoba ganacxades maTTan erTad ebrZolaT xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. bolSevikebis aRviraxsnili moqmedeba imdenad autaneli gaxda, rom 1920 wlis dekembris damdegs komisris gankargulebiT daapatimres bolSevikebis baTumis komitetis mTeli Semadgenloba. aseTive mdgomareoba gagrZelda 1921 wlis ianvarSi. ukve naTeli iyo, rom saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas aSkara safrTxe emuqreboda wiTeli ruseTis mxridan. am dros baTumis komisarma saswrafo Setyobineba miiRo saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan, sadac iyo moTxovna, rom baTumis olqs Tavisi wvlili Seetana respublikis damoukideblobis dacvis saqmeSi (scssa, furc. 5766). 1921 wlis 16 ianvars saqalaqo sabWos sxdomaze gadawyda, qalaqis mosaxleobaSi gaZlierebuliyo propagandistuli saqmianoba, yvelgan unda Catarebuliyo axsna-ganmartebiTi samuSaoebi, romelsac Tavad qalaqis mouravi Caudgeboda saTaveSi. daiwyes sainformacio biuletenebis gakvra sazogadoebis TavSeyris adgilebSi, krebebisa da mitingebis organizeba. xalxs mouwodebdnen, ar ahyolodnen provokaciebs. unda Seqmniliyo moxaliseTa razmebi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis dasacavad. 1921 wlis 21 ianvars revoluciis moedanze Sedga didi mitingi, sadac dagmes bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba. iyo mowodeba saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dacvisaken. sityviT gamosulebi aRSfoTebas ver malavdnen im gaugonari Ralatis gamo, romelsac adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi. mitingze miiRes rezolucia, sadac mxars uWerdnen xelisuflebas da Tanadgomas aRuTqvamdnen mas. es rezolucia gaigzavna damfuZnebeli krebis saxelze. aseTi mitingebi Sedga agreTve 25 ianvars, 30 ianvars, 20 Tebervals. aRsaniSnavia 1921 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi sagangebo rwmunebulis Casvla qobuleTSi. is Sexvda qobuleTel gavlenian mahmadian mosaxleobas da gaacno is saSiSroeba, romelic SesaZlebeli iyo damuqreboda maT qveyanas. man mimarTa Sekrebilebs da mouwoda, rom Tavisi wvlili SeetanaT samSoblos dacvis saqmeSi. aq sityviT gamovida adgilobrivi mahmadiani rejeb gogitiZe. misi TqmiT, `verc erTi dampyrobeli ver SeZlebs Cvens CamoSorebas deda-saqarTvelosTan, amitom Cven, mahmadianebi, iaraRs movkidebT xels"... man gamosvla daamTavra Semdegi sityvebiT: `maxvili mters gulSi". am Sekrebas eswreboda aseve `sedai mileTis" wevri axmed xalvaSi, romelmac daxmareba aRuTqva mTavrobas kritikul momentSi. manve aRniSna, mTeli mahmadianebi gamovalT iaraRiT xelSi mtris winaaRmdeg (acsa, saq. 721, furc. 20). qobuleTis, arTvinis, qedis, xulos raionebis ufrosebi iwvevdnen krebebs, atarebdnen saxeldaxelo mitingebs, eweodnen agitacias. gansakuTrebiT didi mitingi Caatara administraciam qedaSi 1920 wlis 9 Tebervals. sityviT gamovida komisari doliZe, romelmac xalxs Seaxsena aWaris warsuli da isaubra im safrTxeze, romelic SeiZleba sul male damdgariyo. man bolos
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xalxs mouwoda, rom Seqmniliyo gvardia, romelic daicavda am mxares da mters ar miscemda olqSi Tavisuflad Semosvlis saSualebas. manve aRniSna, rom `visac surs Tavisi wvlili Seitanos qveynis dacvis saqmeSi, yvelas vTxov mobrZandes administraciul SenobaSi, sadac miiRebs saWiro mowyobilobas. vTxov yvelas, rom nu daizarebT da SeitaneT Tqveni wvlili am didebul mamuliSvilur saqmeSi". am mitingze sityviT gamovida mahmadiani qarTveli ali osman surmaniZe, romelmac ganacxada survili gvardiaSi Caweraze da iqve, xalxis Tvalwin, kidevac Seasrula es. Semdeg man sxvebsac mouwoda misTvis miebaZaT. aseTive mitingi Catarda xuloSi, sadac gamoiTqva gvardiaSi Caweris survili (acsa, furc. 25-33). miuxedavad amisa, mdgomareoba katastrofuli Seiqmna. ukve ianvris bolos aSkara gaxda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifos didi saSiSroeba daemuqra. 11 Tebervals lores raionSi dawyebuli provokaciuli, bolSevikuri ajanyeba gaxda sababi wiTeli ruseTis mxridan aSkara saomari moqmedebis eskalaciisa. daiwyo sisxlismRvreli brZolebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. miuxedavad qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis medgari winaaRmdegobisa, cxadi Seiqmna, rom dampyroblebi SeZlebdnen qarTveli patriotebis winaaRmdegobis daZlevas. erovnuli mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda 24 Tebervals Tbilisi daetovebina da baTumisken daexia. 25 Tebervals wiTeli armia TbilisSi Sevida. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis udidesi gaWirvebiT isargebla TurqeTma, romelmac saqarTvelos daxmarebis safasurad ardaganisa da arTvinis mxareebi moiTxova. aseve, aSkara Ralati Caidines baTumelma "sedai mileTelebma", romlebmac moiTxoves baTumis olqis mTlianad TurqeTisaTvis gadacema. mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba 11 marts, rodesac baTumTan TurqeTis jari gamoCnda. am jars Sexvedra gaumarTes "sedai mileTelebma". TurqeTis jarebis ufrosTan Sexvedraze "sedai mileTis" warmomadgenlebi: osman oRli, xusein CaS oRli, ibraim efen oRli da sxvebi aRfrTovanebas ver malavdnen "am udidesi istoriuli movlenis gamo", xolo osman oRlim ganacxada, rom "rogorc iqna, aRdga istoriuli samarTlianoba da amieridan baTumi da misi mxare samudamod ubrundeba deda-TurqeTs". jarebis ufrosi dainteresda, Tu ra poziciaze idgnen baTumeli bolSevikebi da dauWerdnen Tu ara mxars TurqeTs. amaze osman oRlim ganacxada, rom mas hqonda piradi Sexvedra baTumel bolSevikebTan, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom isini aRfrTovanebulni arian rusi bolSevikebiT da ocneboben baTumSic damyardes sabWoTa xelisufleba da es mxare kvlav ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqceso. ibraim oRlim ki aRniSna, rom bolSevikebisa da qarTvelebis (qarTvelebSi igulisxmeboda menSevikebi - o. g.) ndoba arafriT ar SeiZleboda da TurqeTis jari unda dayrdnoboda adgilobriv mahmadianebs, xolo iunus jayelma ganacxada, rom TurqeTis jarma unda daiwyos dauyovnebliv moqmedeba, vidre xelisufleba "agoniaSia", dagvianeba ki damarcxebis tolfasi iqnebao (acsa, furc. 112-118). miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTsabWoTa ruseTis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze baTumi saqarTvelos (e. i.
o. gogoliSvili
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sabWoTa saqarTvelos) SemadgenlobaSi unda darCeniliyo, TurqeTis jarma mainc moaxerxa misi aneqsia. 17 marts TurqeTis jarebis sardalma yara beqir faSam moiTxova baTumSi jarebis `ganlagebis" ufleba. mTavrobam uaryo es winadadeba. imdenad kritikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, imdenad didi iyo baTumis da misi olqis dakargvis safTxe, rom n. Jordaniam Tanxmoba ganacxada wiTeli jarisTvis vagonebi gaegzavna baTumis gasaTavisufleblad, magram es dros moiTxovda da saWiro iyo dauyovnebliv moqmedeba. n. Jordanias TanxmobiT, cixidan gaaTavisufles yvela bolSeviki s. qavTaraZis (gubeli) meTaurobiT. n. Jordania maTTan Sexvedraze saubrobda im saSiSroebaze, romelic baTums Seeqmna da radganac is iZulebuli xdeboda daetovebina qalaqi, Tanaxma iyo misTvis gadaeca Zalaufleba. dro ar iTmens, - aRniSna man, - saWiroa dauyovnebliv moqmedeba da Tu es ar moxda, icodeT, rom STamomavloba wyevlakrulviT moixseniebs Cvens saxelebso. gadawyda, rom erTiani ZaliT SebrZolebodnen mters. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli jarebis ufrosad dainiSna generali mazniaSvili, romelsac unda umadlodes STamomavloba imas, rom baTumi da misi olqi kvlav deda-saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia. man Seadgina operatiuli moqmedebis gegma, mobilizacia gaukeTa baTumSi myof yvela gvardiels. mis dasaxmareblad fexze dadga adgilobrivi mahmadianebis proqarTuli jgufi axmed qiqavas, abdul TxilaiSvilisa da sxvebis meTaurobiT. baTumSi general mazniaSvilTan dauyovnebliv gamocxadnen baTumis axlomaxlo soflebSi mcxovrebi mahmadianebi osman miqelaZis meTaurobiT. qarTuli jaris mamacobam ar misca Turqebs baTumis dapyrobis saSualeba, xolo 19 marts barcxanasTan axlos brZolis dros qarTvelebma sastikad daamarcxes Turqebi. Turqebma dakarges bevri meomari, xolo tyved CavardnilTa raodenobas Tvla ar hqonda. aseve, baTumis gasaTavisufleblad gmirulad daeca bevri qarTveli gvardieli. isini dRes ganisvenebn baTumis saZmo sasaflaoze, romelic mdebareobs qalaqis centrSi, Tavisuflebis moedanze. qarTvelma jarma Turqebi manamde daamarcxa da gandevna baTumidan, sanam wiTeli armia Jlobas meTaurobiT baTums miaRwevda. 18 marts ki demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba baTumidan emigraciaSi gaemgzavra im imediT, rom ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT kvlav ukan dabrundeboda.
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi acsa - aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi. a. silagaZe, v. guruli, 1998 - a. silagaZe, v. guruli, politikuri situacia aWaraSi (1920), Tb., 1998. scssa - saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi.
50
OTAR GOGOLISHVILI
BATUMI REGION THE MEMBER OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
In July 1920 the population of the entire Batumi Region excitedly greeted the returning of the region into the membership of the democratic republic. The marching Georgian army was exultantly met and thrown the bouquets of flowers by the population. The delegation of liberation organization of the Muslim Georgia waited for the Georgian Army in Bartskhana and congratulated the great victory on behalf of the population of Batumi Region. Memed Abashidze, Jemal Kikava, Mohammed Tsulukidze and others made the speech. There was a solemn mood in the city of Batumi. The music was playing. It was the real festival. A great pageant day was arranged in Batumi Boulevard. All the population of the city participated in it. There were spontaneous meetings where the speakers exultantly talked about this remarkable fact. The meeting, which was held in the Azizye Square (Liberty Square), is worth of mentioning: Ketevan Mikeladze who made her speech there spoke about the anguish and torture the local population had suffered through centuries and despite the attempts of numerous invaders to separate this land from Georgia the motherland, the people did not lose their national consciousness. They endured carnages, raids, invasions and managed to join this oldest Georgian part to the motherland.
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XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
nato gulua
akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT) me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelo ruseTis erT-erT provinciad iTvleboda da, Sesabamisad, rusuli ena TandaTan devnida qarTuls saxelmwifo dawesebulebebidan, saswavleblebidan, presidan. ase rom, qarTul saxelmwifoSi mxolod qarTuli enis codniT SeuZlebeli iyo qveynis marTvis procesSi monawileoba, sakuTari Sexedulebis mtkiceba, Tavis dacvac ki. amitom qarTveli aristokratebi saWirod Tvlidnen rusuli ganaTleba miecaT SvilebisaTvis, raTa maT mainc SeZlebodaT adgilis damkvidreba sazogadoebaSi. am periodis qarTvel mweralTa umravlesobas rusuli ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli, maT Soris cnobil poetsa da sazogado moRvawes akaki wereTelsac, romelmac jer rusuli gimnazia daamTavra, xolo Semdeg - peterburgis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti. rusuli misTvis meore sametyvelo ena iyo, poeti SesaniSnavad flobda mas da xSirad iyenebda kidec literaturuli miznebisaTvis. akaki, romelic qarTuli enis miviwyebis winaaRmdegi iyo da yovelnairad cdilobda mis dacvas, zogjer saWirod miiCnevda rusul enaze weras, gansakuTrebiT publikaciebisas, radgan imdroindeli presa rusulenovani iyo. poeti, romelsac Seurigebeli pozicia eWira rusuli dampyrobluri politikis mimarT, rusuli publikaciebiT icavda qarTveli xalxis uflebebs da qarTuli kulturis popularizaciisaTvis zrunavda, gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda rusuli kulturis, rusuli mwerlobis mimarT, rac naTlad warmoCinda mis mravalricxovan statiebsa da narkvevebSi, romelTac didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli literaturis komparativistikisa da literaturuli kritikisaTvis. literaturaTmcodneobisTvis Zalian sainteresoa akakis Sexedulebebi rus mwerlebze: puSkinze, lermontovze, tolstoize, gogolze, nekrasovsa da sxvebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili da iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa poetis damokidebuleba cnobili rusi mwerlebis mimarT, sakmao siRrmiT aris mimoxiluli mkvlevarTa mier, faqtiurad aravin Sexebia mis rusulenovan Txzulebebs, romlebic Tavmoyrilia 1963 wels gamocemul akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis XV tomSi. arada, akakis rusulenovani Txzulebani misi Semoqmedebis organuli nawilia da maTi Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia sruli warmodgena viqonioT Semoqmedze. akakis rusulenovan TxzulebaTagan, romelTa did umravlesobas Tematurad mravalferovani publicisturi da naxevradpublicisturi nawarmoebebi warmoadgens, winamdebare naSromSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT werilze `nekrasovis dakrZalva", romelSic naTlad warmoCinda me-19 saukunis progresulad moazrovne qarTveli studentis pozicia da misi damokidebuleba rusi mwerlebisa da, saerTod, rusuli sazogadoebis mimarT. es narkvevi sainteresoa imiTac, rom igi dawerilia evropuli eseisturi tradiciebis mixedviT; masSi movlenebi gadmocemulia cocxali suraTis saxiT. mniSvnelovania agreTve imiTac, rom avtori
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Seulamazeblad gvawvdis nekrasovisa da misi Semoqmedebis mimarT T. dostoevskisa da a. kraevskis damokidebulebis amsaxvel faqtebs. narkvevSi SeimCneva teqstis recefciul doneTa polifonizmi; aseve, fiqsirdeba dokumentalizmis, biografiisa da yofiTi fonis sinTezi. axalgazrda akaki wereTelma am patara nawarmoebiT aCvena, rom kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli yvela is procesi, romelic im drois literaturaTmcodneobaSi mimdinareobda. formis TvalsazrisiT, Janrobrivad, es nawarmoebi unda mivakuTvnoT fiziologiur narkvevs, romelsac im droisaTvis popularobas uwevda Tavis JurnalSi nekrasovi TanamoazreebTan erTad. am formisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dokumentalizmi, movlenaTa obieqturi aRqma da asaxva; igi mwerals saSualebas aZlevs movlenebi dagvanaxos gansxvavebuli kuTxiT da Seulamazeblad gamoxatos damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi. `nekrasovis dakrZalva" daibeWda Tbilisis literaturul-politikur gazeTSi `" (romelic gamodioda TbilisSi 1878-1883 wlebSi. misi gamomcemeli da redaqtori iyo niko nikolaZe. am gazeTSi drodadro ibeWdeboda iseTi statiebi, romlebic xelisuflebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda) 1878 w. 10 ianvars da mieZRvna rusi poetis n. nekrasovis gardacvalebas. akaki sxva qarTvel studentebTan erTad daswrebia poetis dakrZalvis ceremonials da, rogorc am movlenis TviTmxilveli, dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs ambavs: 1877 wlis 30 dekembris dilas rogor moiyara Tavi 3-4 aTasma kacma, raTa ukanasknel gzaze gaecilebinaT n. nekrasovi. poetis cxedari dilis xuT saaTze gamousvenebiaT cnobili rusi Jurnalistisa da gamomcemlis andria kraevskis saxlidan, sadac nekrasovi cxovrobda ukanasknel xans da kraevskisTan erTad scemda Jurnal `"-s, romelic me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebis rusuli revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraobis ZiriTad organosa da ideur centrs warmoadgenda. marTalia, Jurnali mTavrobam daxura 1868 wels, Tumca nekrasovs ar daunebebia Tavi sagamomcemlo saqmisaTvis da saltikov-SCedrinTan erTad daiwyo Jurnal ` "-is gamocema. rogorc akaki mogviTxrobs, samgloviaro procesia novodeviCis monastris mimarTulebiT daZrula. nekrasovis talantis damfaseblebs misi neSti sasaflaomde xeliT utarebiaT. procesias win uZRoda gvirgvinebi warwerebiT: `rusi qalebisagan", `nekrasovs studentebisagan", `xalxis ukvdav megobars", `xalxis varamze momRerals" da sxv. akaki SeniSnavs, rom es ar iyo Cveulebrivi samgloviaro msvleloba, radgan igi rusulma progresulma sazogadoebam gadaaqcia usamarTlo social-politikuri wyobis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciad, romelmac ramdenime saaTs gastana. a. wereTelma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom procesias Seadgendnen ZiriTadad axalgazrdebi da literatorebi da mware ironiiT SeniSnavs, rom dakrZalvas ar eswrebodnen dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi, glexebi swored isini, vis samsaxurSic galia poetma cxovrebis umetesi nawili. ` " gaocebas ar faravs poeti. amis mizezad akakis mosaxleobis dabali fenebis gaunaTlebloba miaCnia, rasac procesiis monawilesa da SemTxveviT gamvlels Soris gamarTuli iumoristuli xasiaTis dialogic adasturebs, rac, aseve, damaxasiaTebelia fiziologiuri narkvevisaTvis: "- , ?
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n. gulua
- ! - ? - , . . - ?.. . -, - , ". mosaxleobis dabal fenebs verc ki warmoedginaT, rom aseTi xalxmravali dakrZalva mouwyves adamians, romelic arc plievnasTan daRupuli jariskaci iyo, arc generali, arc policieli da arc msaxiobi, aramed ubralod poeti! "?.. , , ?" - gulubryvilod kiTxulobda erT-erTi maTgani... es dialogi, garda imisa, rom iumors Seicavs, gvevlineba istoriul da im droisaTvis mimdinare movlenebis kulturologiur suraTad; kerZod, masSi kargad gamovlinda ubralo xalxis damokidebuleba plievnis movlenebis mimarT da, saerTod, ruseTis mimarTeba bulgareTisadmi, sadac Tavdacvisas mravali adamiani daiRupa. am narkvevis Seqmna daemTxva ruseT-TurqeTis oms. 1877 wels ruseTma omi gamoucxada TurqeTs; didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, TurqeTma daTmo plievna. am movlenebs ki win uZRoda TurqeTis mxridan bulgareTis mosaxleobis represiebi. istoriam gamoavlina ruseTis ormagi politika am movlenebis mimarT. dialogSi moxseniebulia konkretuli istoriuli pirebi: osman-faSa da g. d. sklebovi, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikur da strategiuli mniSvnelobis faqtebTan. akakis winaswar daukavebia moxerxebuli adgili novodeviCis monastrSi, raTa kargad edevnebina Tvalyuri damswre sazogadoebisaTvis. mis dakvirvebul Tvals nekrasovis Semoqmedebis damfasebelTa Soris iseTi qalbatonebic SeuniSnavs, romlebic poetis dasafaseblad da mis ukanasknel gzaze gasacileblad ki ar iyvnen misulni, aramed nekrasovis sayvareli qalis silamazis sacqerlad, qalisa, romelic warmoSobiT maRal wres ar ekuTvnoda, dabali fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. akakim Tavisdauneburad moismina moseire qalbatonebis saubari imis Sesaxeb, 60-ian wlebSi Tu rogor daaxvies nekrasovs Tavbru nihilistebma, poetmac siyvarulis gamo rogor Seicvala Sexedulebebi da gaxda dabali fenis interesebis gamomxatveli. narkvevis meore nawili eZRvneba nekrasovis Semoqmedebis Sefasebas, mis rolsa da adgils rusul literaturul sazogadoebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, narkvevis meore nawili gansxvavdeba gamosaxvis formiTa da saSualebebiTac. Tu pirvel nawilSi avtori dialogis formiT gadmogvcems saTqmels, meore nawili pirdapir gamoxatavs sakuTar pozicias. dakrZalvis ceremonialis erT-erT monawiles waukiTxavs nawyveti nekrasovis daumTavrebeli poemidan " ". Zalian simbolurad JRers am nawarmoebis saTauri, radgan swored carizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol raindad moiazreba nekrasovi am narkvevis mixedviT. akaki sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas gamosaTxovar sityvebze, romlebic wamosTqves nekrasovis axlo megobarma, rusma mweralma da Jurnalistma i. panaevma, didma rusma mweralma T. dostoevskim da sxvebma. panaevma nekrasovis damsaxurebebze saubrisas moixsenia belinski da xazi gausva im faqts, rom swored man (belinskim) 30 wlis win SeniSna nekrasovis talanti da gzaze daayena axalbeda poeti.
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gansakuTrebiT saintereso aRmoCnda dostoevskis gamosvla. gardacvlili poetis Semoqmedebis miseulma Sefasebam samarTlianad ganacvifra sazogadoebis erTi nawili. dostoevskim Tavis gamosaTxovar sityvaSi nekrasovi puSkinsa da lermontovs amouyena gverdiT da maTi gzis gamgrZeleblad gamoacxada. Tumca amgvarma ganacxadmac ver daakmayofila ceremonialis monawile da demonstraciis sulisCamdgmeli revolucioneri studentebi. maT TavianTi ambiciuri SeZaxilebiT sityvac ki gaawyvetines did mwerals. akaki statiaSi `nekrasovis dakrZalva" mkiTxvels aSkarad mianiSnebs im faqtze, rom maSindeli revoluciurad ganwyobili sazogadoebisaTvis nekrasovi ufro maRla idga, vidre did rusi poetebi - puSkini da lermontovi. werilSi mSvenivrad gamoCnda, agreTve, imdroindel rusul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli dapirispireba, daZabuli urTierToba sxvadasxva fenebs Soris da SexedulebaTa mravalferovneba. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis `nekrasovis dakrZalva" saintereso da mniSvnelovani werilia imdenad, ramdenadac masSi naTlad gamoikveTa avtoris damokidebuleba rusi mwerlebis mimarT, aseve, misi poziciac me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebis ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT, romelic man gamoamJRavna Tavis ironiul damokidebulebaSi revolucioneri axalgazrdebis mimarT, romelTaTvis nekrasovis ideur-politikuri Sexedulebani metad mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre misi poezia. damowmebuli literatura a. wereTeli, 1963 - a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad; t. XV, Tb., 1963.
NATO GULUA
AKAKI TSERETELI AND THE RUSSIAN LITERATURE
(ACCORDING TO THE ARICLE NEKRASOVS FUNERAL)
In this paper I would like to discuss Nekrasovs Funeral, one of Akaki Tseretelis article written in the Russian language. The article presents an interest fo the modern literary studies so much so it reflects the attitudes of the progressively thinking Georgian student to the Russian literature and to the political process in the 70s of the 19th century revealed in Akaki Tseretelis ironic demeanor to the revolutionary youth to whom Nekrasovs ideology and political viewpoints were more important than his poetry. The letter also features the contradiction in the Russian society of the epoch, tense relationships between the social classes and the versatility of opinions. The article is also interesting for its European tradition of essayistic conveyance of events in live images and for the authors providence of the straight from the shoulder facts about F. Dostoevskys and A.Kraevskys attitudes towards Nekrasov and his works. It reveals polyphonies of the texts reception levels, as well as the synthesis of documentary evidences, biography and of the mundane existence. With this short piece of writing young Akaki Tsereteli showed that he was cognizant of all the trends and processes of the literary studies of the period
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
darejan dvali-demetraZe
Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi
(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan) SveicariisTvis mSfoTvare xana maSin damTavrda, roca 1291 wels mamacma da keTilsindisierma mamakacebma riustlis mTaze ormxrivi Tanadgoma da dacva Sehfices erTmaneTs. federaciis CamoyalibebisaTvis gadamwyveti nabiji 1848 wels gadaidga. Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi cotaTi gansxvavdeba germanuli da avstriuli dResaswaulebisagan. oficialuri dResaswaulebia: 1 ianvari (axali weli), 2 ianvari (berhtoldis dRe), 6 ianvari (naRlisReba), vnebis kvira, aRdgoma, aRdgomis meore dRe, 1 maisi (Sromis dRe), amaRleba, sameba, samebis orSabaTi, qristes sxeulis dResaswauli, 15 agvisto (mariamoba), 18 seqtemberi (monaniebis dRe), 1 noemberi (yvela wmindanis xsovnis dRe), 8 dekemberi (wminda mariamis mucladRebis dRe), 25 dekemberi (Soba), 26 dekemberi (wminda stefanes dResaswauli). tipuri Sveicariuli erovnuli dResaswauli aris 1 agvisto, romelic mudmivi kavSiris daarsebas Seaxsenebs Sveicariis konfederaciis moqalaqeebs. am erovnul dResaswauls udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs centralur SveicariaSi. gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa is calkeul kantonebSi: ciurixis, bazelis mxaris, Turgausa da tesinis kantonebSi is oficialuri dResaswaulia da dasvenebis dRed aris gamocxadebuli, kantoni zoloturni mxolod naxevar samuSao dRes aRiarebs, xolo danarCeni 21 naxevarkantonsa Tu kantonSi 1 agvisto Cveulebrivi samuSao dRea. SveicariaSi dResaswaulTa umravlesoba weliwadis droTa Sesabamisad aris dawesebuli da isini religiur dResaswaulebs eyrdnoba. Tu gamocdilebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rac boroti sulebisagan dacvas, Tesvas da mosavlis aRebas, wlis droTa cvalebadobas an istoriul movlenebs gulisxmobs, yvela am dResaswauls Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli soflis mosaxleobaSi da imis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom maTSi solidarobis grZnoba gaaZlieros. zamTarSi dResaswaulTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre wlis sxva dros da amas Tavisi mizezic aqvs: mindvris samuSaoebi dasrulebulia da mosaxleobas meti dro aqvs zeimisaTvis. magaliTad, kustnaxtsa da artSi wminda nikolozis dRes, 6 dekembers, mTeli brwyinvalebiT aRniSnaven. wminda nikolozis pativsacemad imarTeba klausis (Tovlis papa) Zebna. dabindebisas mozeimeni mTel midamos moivlian Signidan ganaTebuli TavsadgamebiT, romlebic episkoposis mitras mogvagonebs. ianvarSi, axali wlis Rames, xmaurian procesias marTaven lamazi Tovlis papebi. maTi niRbebis Tavsadgamebze sofluri yofis scenebia gamosaxuli. am dResaswaulis dros urneSSi lamazi Tovlis papebi saucxood damuSavebul niRbebis Tavsadgamebs atareben, romlebzec gamosaxul apencelis musikosTa jgufs alpebis ialaRebis mwyemsis tansacmeli acvia,
Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)
ori momcro suraTi ki adgilobrivi cekvis ileTebs asaxavs. danarCen zeims ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Jenevis eskalada, Tavisis istoriuli fesvebi aqvs: Sua dekembris kviris bolos gamarTuli brwyinvale istoriuli procesia imis mosagoneblad imarTeba, rom Zalian didi xnis winaT (1602 w.) savoiarelebma warumatebeli Tavdasxma moawyves Jenevaze. reinis midamos rituali `Wis simRera" mosaxleobas axsenebs 1543 wels Wiris Camovlas. am process Zalian STambeWdavad marTavs Tormeti e.w. `sebastianeli Zma" Sobisa da axali wlis Rames qalaqis Svid mTavar WasTan sruli dabnelebisas. leCenis xeobis soflebSi murisgan gaWvartlulebi xmauriT adian didmarxvis I kviris dadgomamde, xuTSabaT dRes. maT demonis gamosaxulebiani xis niRbebi ukeTiaT, gaxveulni arian Txisa da cxvris bewvSi da viTomda borot sulebs afrTxoben. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia yvelieris, anu karnavalis, tradicia, romelic weliwadis civi drois me-2 naxevarSi imarTeba. yvelierisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravalferovani msvlelobebi niRbebiT. sainteresoa Sveicariis mraval mxareSi zamTrisa da boroti sulebis gandevnisadmi miZRvnili `gadacmis" (SeniRbvis mizniT sxva tansacmlis Cacmis) ritualis originaluri formebi. isini gansakuTrebuli simravliT gvxvdeba germanulenovan Sveicariul kantonebSi, sadac sxvadasxva saxiT aris warmodgenili: lucernSi rogorc Sobis Ramis msvleloba, herisauSi - rogorc Sarvlebis tyorcna, xolo cugSi - eJvnebis JRaruni. ciurixSi TebervalSi gamarTul yveliers Tavisi momxibvleloba aqvs. daucxromeli musikosebi quCebSi dadian da zizRis gamomwvev serenadebs mRerian. kvira dRes gamarTuli didi msvleloba da niRbebis sajaro balmaskaradebi adastureben, rom mxiarulebasa da TavaSvebulobas ciurixSic aqvs Tavisi adgili mikuTvnebuli. originaluri niRbebis demonstracia xdeba kongresTa saxlSi gamarTul tradiciul xelovanTa niRbebis balze; magram yvelaze cnobili sakarnavalo tradicia mainc bazelSia SenarCunebuli. is didmarxvis I kviris Semdeg, orSabaTidan oTxSabaTamde grZeldeba. am sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kostiumirebuli da SeniRbuli sakarnavalo dajgufebebi qalaqSi dadian da maT dafdafebisa da salamurebis xmebi miacilebs. gazafxulis dadgoma mravali cnobili dResaswaulis sababia SveicariaSi: zamTris gacilebis zeimi ciurixuli gazafxulis dResaswaulia. is, rogorc wesi, aprilis me-3 orSabaTs aRiniSneba. am dros imarTeba Semdegi RonisZiebebi: mTavari atraqcioni bavSvebisaTvis kvira dRes, istoriul kostiumebSi gamowyobili ZmabiWebis seirnoba qalaqis centrSi, Calis Tojinis (zamTris simbolo) dawva zustad 6 saaTze mTavar moedanze da ZmabiWebis Ramiseuli stumroba fanrebiTa da musikis TanxlebiT TavianTi sazogadoebis oTaxebSi. graubiundenSi 1 marti zeimis dRea. am dRes skolis axalgazrdoba zanzalakebis JRaruniTa da maTraxebis tkacuniT acilebs zamTars. cnobili dResaswaulia aseve "Achetringele" qalaq liupenSi, romlis mosaxleoba am zeimze TeTrebSia Cacmuli da Tavze erTgvari Saqris Slapebi adgaT. isini eJvnebis wkaruniT iReben procesiaSi monawileobas. msgavsi saxis dResaswauli SveicariaSi uamravia. samebis Semdeg 10 dRe grZeldeba qristes sxeulis dResaswauli. am dReebSi ewyoba msvlelobebi apencelSi (erovnuli samosiT), friburSi, zaas-fiSi da beromiunsterSi (mojiriTeTa monawileobiT).
d. dvali-demetraZe
tradiciul adaT-wesebs Sveicariis mraval mxareSi jer kidev aqvs gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba da xSirad wavawydebiT lokalurad cocxlad SemorCenil folklorul ritualebs, rac tradiciebisa da samSoblos siyvarulTan kavSirze metyvelebs. Sveicariis farglebs gareTacaa cnobili alpebis ialaRebis mwyemsTa dResaswauli, romelsac mravali erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli niSani aqvs. mravali adaT-wesi aris dakavSirebuli Zroxebis saZovarze garekvasTan. ialaRze saqonlis garekvisas, romelic Cveulebriv maisis dasasruls an ivnisis dasawyisSi xdeba, Zroxebi morTulia yvavilebiT an bantebiT da Sebmuli aqvT mZime eJvnebi. aseTive morTuli arian isini Semodgomaze ialaRidan gadmorekvisas. alpebis mTel mxareSi (gansakuTrebiT greiercerlandsa da apencelSi) alpur saZovrebze naxiris ayvanas erovnul tansacmelSi gamowyobili alpebis mwyemsebi miacileben, winmavli Zroxa yvavilebiTaa Semkuli. qvemo valisSi alpebSi wasvla imis sababia, rom Sejibri gaimarTos Zroxebis SerkinebaSi. gamarjvebuli Zroxa naxiris winamZRoli xdeba. aseT sanaxaobebs Tan axlavs xalxuri cekvebi, droSebis friali, rqisgan damzadebuli mwyemsTa bukebis kvra da Zroxebis Serkinebebi; zaignelegirSi aseTi konkursi didi mniSvnelobis mqone cxenebis bazrobis gamo saxalxo zeimad aris qceuli. ciurixSi `tbis Ramiseuli zeimi", rogorc wesi, yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel, ivnisis bolos imarTeba. zeimis Catarebis adgili tbis uzarmazari napiria. `tbis zeimi" paraskevidan kviris CaTvliT mimdinareobs da misi mravalferovani da mimzidveli programis zeniti aris tbaze gamarTuli feierverki. religiuri dResaswaulebidan unda gamovyoT feradovani msvlelobebi RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRes (15 agvisto) kaTolikur kantonebSi, gansakuTrebiT valisSi. Semodgomaze dgeba SveicarielTaTvis sayvareli yurZnis krefis dResaswauli, romelic kulminacias sakarnavalo msvlelobisas aRwevs. dasavleT Sveicariis mevenaxeobis mxareebSi, luganosa da valisSi, aseve, mraval ufro patara adgilSi. seqtembris bolo kvira dRes an 1 oqtombers aRniSnaven rTvelis dResaswauls. maTgan yvelaze cnobili noienburgis, morgesisa da luganos rTvelia. `moisreTa" (mSvildosanTa) dResaswauli aris saxalxo zeimi, romelic Sveicariis mraval mxareSi yoelwliurad ewyoba da sadac SejibrSi gamarjvebuli `srolis mefe" vlindeba. interlakenSi (bernis alpebi) imarTeba musikosebis zeimi. am RonisZiebas, romelic cocxlad SemorCenili adaT-wesia, Tan unda axldes xalxuri musika, romelic SveicariaSi Zalian mravalferovania, risi safuZvelic sxvadasxva regionTa musikaluri folkloris mimarTulebis kulturuli memkvidreobisgan ganpirobebuli Zlier gansxvavebuli stilia; magram xalxuri musika ar aris raRac istoriuli musika. am RonisZiebis dros iTxzveba axali musikaluri kompoziciebi da isini sruldeba Tavisufal stilSi Tanamedrove instrumentTa kombinaciis meSveobiT. Tuki Sveicariul da qarTul adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebs Soris paralelebs gavavlebT, aRmovaCenT, rom maT Soris didi msgavsebaa. gansakuTrebuli msgavsebaa Semdeg dResaswaulebs Soris: axali weli, aRdgoma,
Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)
aRdgomis meore dRe, amaRleba, mariamoba, wmindanTa moxseniebis dRe da Soba. ra Tqma unda, religiuri dResaswaulebis TariRebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magaliTad, Soba SveicariaSi 25 dekembers aRiniSneba, saqarTveloSi ki 7 ianvars, aseve sxvadasxva ricxvebSia aRdgomis dResaswaulic. Sveicariis soflebisa da mTis mosaxleobis adaT-wesebi da qarTuli soflebis tradiciebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs: mag., Semodgomaze SveicariaSi mimdinare yurZnis krefis zeimi da saqarTveloSi rTvelis rituali. kaxeTSi rTveli xom zeimia, romlis drosac kaxel glexebs uamravi stumari hyavT, romlebic rTvelSi monawileoben da misi dasrulebis Semdeg maspinZlebTan erTad ilxenen. cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan Sveicariuli da qarTuli saZovrebze saqonlis garekvisa da maTi iqidan Camorekvis rituali. damowmebuli literatura g. ekerti, 1979 - gerhard ekerti, Sveicaria, kelni, 1979. germanulenovani qveynebis da ungreTis qveynismcodneoba, budapeSti, 1985.
DAREJAN DVALI-DEMETRADZE
HOLIDAYS IN SWITZERLAND
(PARALLELS TO GEORGIAN HOLIDAYS)
In Switzerland most of the holidays are conditioned with the four seasons of the year and chiefly are of religious origin. The 1st of August, Swiss official National Holiday, is typical Swiss holiday celebrating the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy. The date has the profound importance for the central Switzerland as it reminds the establishment of the confederacy to its citizens. Folk rites and customs have their roots particularly in the rural areas of Switzerland and they are related to sowing, harvest and historical events. The majority of the holidays serve the reinforcement of the sense of solidarity. If one looks for the parallels between the Swiss and Georgian holidays one will trace quite a few similarities in the ways of celebrations, particularly of those days as Christmas, New Year, Easter, Ascension, All Saints day; there is also but very little difference between the Swiss and Georgian rituals of seasonal driving away of the cattle to pastures and their returning back to the village. Likewise, there is much similarity between the Vintage Day celebration patterns in Switzerland and vintage process in Georgia.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
luka dvaliSvili
akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos, rogorc koloniur qveyanas, mravali problema daugrovda. dilemuri sakiTxebi xSirad iseT qveynebSic iCens Tavs, romlebic damoukidebelni arian, magram saqarTvelosnairi qveynebisaTvis, istoriuli avbedobisa da minavlebuli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da bedovlaTobis gamo SeiZleba katastrofuli aRmoCeniliyo. pirveli da umTavresi problema gaxldaT enis sakiTxi. sasaubro da saliteraturo enis erTmaneTTan daSorebam isedac usasoo mdgomareobaSi myofi sazogadoeba kidev ufro gaaucxova da erTmaneTisadmi antagonisturi gaxada. am faqtis damadasturebeli magaliTebi imdroindel qarTul mwerlobaSi bevria. daniel WonqaZis ,,suramis cixeSi", ilia WavWavaZis ,,kako yaCaRis cxovrebaSi" warmoCenili epizodebi naTlad RaRadeben isedac mcirericxovani qarTuli sazogadoebis siRrmeSi gaCenil avbediT bzarze, romelic katastrofuli progresiiT uZirovdeba da ufskrulis saxes iRebda. ,,TergdaleulTa" liderebis, iliasa da akakis uamrav umniSvnelovanes damsaxurebaTa Soris qarTveli eris winaSe, vfiqrobT, umTavresia sayovelTao erovnuli samwerlosaliteraturo enis reformireba. eniT iwyeba yoveli mniSvnelovani Tu umniSvnelo saqme. eris sikvdilamde kvdeba ena. am dros mniSvneloba ar aqvs, mravalricxovania Tu raodenobrivad mcire am eris warmomadgenlebi. Tu eris umTavresi saurTierTo saSualeba mSobliuri ena araa, an kidev sazogadoeba agdebulad, uxeSad epyroba mas, igi TandaTanobiT daWknobas, daxavsebasa da zezeul sikvdils iwyebs. amitom iliasa da akakis, yoveli momdevno Taobis qarTvelis upirvelesi saesavi unda iyos mSobliuri enisa da teritoriebis movla-patronoba da SenarCuneba. rogorc iTqva, erovnuli cnobierebis aRorZineba-ganmtkicebis safuZvelia mSobliuri ena, xolo ganmtkicebul-gafoladebuli erovnuli cnobiereba - qveynis aRorZinebisa da ayvavebis garanti. enasTan erTad yoveli qveynisTvis udidesi saesavia sakuTari miwa-wylis SenarCuneba da movla. am mxriv qveynis istoriuli avbedobisa da zogierTi mmarTvelis gadagvareba-uniaTobis gamo, mcire gamonaklisis garda, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yovelTvis uWirda. da raoden saTayvanoa is pirovneba, miT ufro sazogado moRvawe, romelsac mravali adamiani magaliTis asaRebad miTvalyurebia da isic Tavis valsa da misias qveynisa da xalxis winaSe pirnaTlad moixdis. swored aseTi moRvawe gaxldaT akaki wereTeli. me-19 saukunis Sua xanebidan ruseTSi dawyebulma socialurma mRelvarebam, batonymobis gadavardnisTvis agorebulma revoluciurma talRam garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo ruseTis mier dapyrobil xalxebSi erovnul-nacionaluri suliskveTebis gamococxleba-aRorZinebas.
imperiis ganapira mxareebis damonebuli mosaxleobisTvis socialur problemebze ufro aqtualuri yovelTvis erovnul-politikuri sakiTxi iyo. me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis ruseTis imperiis farglebSi moqceul saqarTvelos dakarguli hqonda teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris aWara. me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlamde garesaqarTveloSi, kerZod ki aWaraSi, met-naklebi simSvide iyo. imdroindel msoflioSi mimdinare socialur-politikuri procesebis gamo es viTomda simSvide da rutina dairRva. kerZod, me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebidan evropuli qveynebis kabalaSi moqceul TurqeTSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda erovnuli burJuazia. TurqeTi im droisTis pirobiTad Tu CaiTvleboda damoukidebel qveynad. xalxis gamosvlebiT damfrTxali sulTnis xelisufleba cdilobda masebis mRelvarebisTvis sxva mimarTuleba mieca. qveynis SigniTa revoluciuri Zalebis aqtivobis gadabalansebisTvis, sxva kalapotSi gadagdebisTvis 1872 wlidan TurqeTis xelisuflebam kidev ufro SezRuda damonebuli xalxebis uflebebi. yovelive es oficialurad gaformda e.w. `moTxad faSas konstituciiT". zemoxsenebuli konstitucia oficialurad afiqsirebda TurqTa mier dapyrobil xalxTa diskriminacias. am viTomda konstituciam qveyana gayo ,,namdvil da nafic" Turqebad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am periodidan TurqTa mier dapyrobili qveynebis gamahmadianebulma Tu Tavis sarwmunoebaze darCenil xalxTa udidesma nawilma sabolood irwmuna, rom sarwmunoebiTa da yalbi lozungebiT Sekowiwebuli erToba mxolod iluzia iyo. 1876 wlis kabalurma konstituciam udidesi biZgi misca garesaqarTvelosa da iq mcxovreb qarTvelebSi miZinebuli erovnuli grZnobebis aRorZinebas. erovnuli orientacia da dedasaqarTvelosken swrafva gansakuTrebiT gaizarda qarTvelTa im nawilSi, romlebsac samSoblosTan kavSiri jer kidev ar hqonda gawyvetili. Turquli burJuaziisa da samxedro feodaluri nawilis òsmanTa imperiis gamorCeulobisa da uZlevelobis" ideis agorebasa da praqtikul ganxorcielebas dasavleTidan balkaneTis slavebis ajanyebam gauCina bzari, xolo aRmosavleTidan aWarelTa gamosvlebma. gaz. ,,droeba" (1873 w., #9) gulmxurvaled exmaureboda 1872 wlis qobuleTelTa ajanyebas da mianiSnebda amboxebulTa swor erovnul orientaciasa da mamuliSvilobaze: ,,Tu Tqvenma bedma ver gaWra da ver davamarcxeT osmalTa jarebi, maSin gza mogveciT guriaSi gadmosasvlelado." TurqeTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul erovnul moZraobas mxari dauWira ruseTis imperiam da yovelnairad Seecada adrindeli da imdroindeli Sorsmimavali samomavlo gegmebis realizebas. magram kaTolikurma evropam Tavisi materialuri da sarwmunoebrivi gegmebis gamo garkveul wnexsa da kalapotSi moaqcia ruseTis imperiis zraxvebi da amiT udidesi ziani miayena balkaneli slavebis brZolas erovnuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis. maSin, roca evropam reglamentirebuli gaxada balkaneTis slavebisa da ruseTis imperiis aqtivoba, bunebrivad simZimis centrma aRmosavleTSi, aWaraSi gadmoinacvla. unda iTqvas, rom yovel droSi xalxebis fsiqikisa
l. dvaliSvili
da xasiaTis formirebaSi xSirad arsebiT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs ekonomika. me-19 saukuneSi TurqeTis mier mitacebul saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT TvalSisacemi iyo ruseTis mier dapyrobili dedasaqarTvelos kulturul-ekonomikuri winsvla. aqedan gamomdinare, gareqarTvelebis bunebrivi ltolva mSobliuri Zirebisaken ganpirobebuli da motivirebuli iyo ara marto erovnuli TviTSegnebiTa da mamuliSviluri orientaciis amaRlebiT, aramed kulturul-materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis surviliTac. saqarTvelos gareT mcxovreb, TurqTa batonobis qveS myof qarTvelTa gamaerTianebeli gaxda saerTo-saxalxo kreba òlqa", romelic SedarebiT mSvidobianobis dros am kuTxeSi SinammarTvelobasa da erovnul Seuvalobas icavda. SeiZleba iTqvas, swored es kreba iqca ajanyebis xelmZRvanel organod. òlqam" Zneli saqmis gadasawyvetad dedasamSoblodan moiwvia grigol gurieli, sasulTnos karis renegati TavdgiriZe ki Tavidan moiSora. am periodSi gansakuTrebiT Tavi gamoiCina Serif-beg ximSiaSvilma. igi miesalma aWaris mosalodnel SeerTebas dedasamSoblosTan: `RmerTma qnas, male daiwyebodes omi. me mzad var Cemi qveyana qarTvel Svilebs SevuerTo. rogorc adre yofila saqarTvelo, dReis Semdeg ise gaxdeso" (S. megreliZe, 1963, gv. 116). ximSiaSvilma qveynis Ralati Svilsac ki ar apatia da sakuTari xeliT gangmira igi. aRniSnul periodSi aWaris sakiTxiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo bevri qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, maT Soris: i. WavWavaZe, iv. kereseliZe, istorikosi d.baqraZe, g. yazbegi, gr. gurieli, g. wereTeli, mix. mefisaSvili, i. Wyonia, n. nikolaZe, didi mgosani a. wereTeli da sxv. 1873 wlis `krebulSi" (#78) daibeWda niko nikolaZisa da g. wereTlis vrceli werilebi aWaris Sesaxeb, romelsac ruseTisa da evropis mowinave sazogadoebis farTo gamoxmaureba mohyva. xolo 1875 wlis `Tbilisis vestnikSi" daibeWda niko nikolaZis werili `qariSxlis win". aWaris SemoerTebis wina periodSi daiwyo e. w. propagandistuli, `sagazeTo omi". am periodSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs qarTuli sazogadoebis mowinave nawili, maT Soris gamoirCeva akaki. igi gareqarTvelebSi didi avtoritetiTa da popularobiT sargeblobda. `grigol gurieli akakisTan erTad moqmedebda. swored misi daxmarebiT miscemia akakis saSualeba daaxloeboda aWarelTa gavlenian pirebs. orientacia ZiriTadad mosaxleobis dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebze iyo aRebuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda Tavdadebuli poeti xusein xabazi (qamJaraZe). vfiqrobT, swored es iyo Suamavali akakisa da aWarelTa Soris" (axali qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebi, 1972, gv. 154). akaki `Tbilisis vestnikSi" regularulad aqveynebda werilebs: ùkeTesi dReebis molodinSi" (1874, #16), `moulodneli yinva" (1874, #25), `kvakenbergis pasuxad" (1874, #61). me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, rogorc ki TurqeTis mier dapyrobil xalxebSi, kerZod ki aWaraSi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaaqtiurda, rogorc irkveva, akaki movlenebis epicentrSi imyofeba da regularulad gzavnida werilebs jer qarTul, Semdeg ki rusul presaSi. ìsmail Tamaz oRlis" fsevdonimiT daibeWda akakis werili `baTumi 17 seqtembers" (`droeba", 1875, #109). imdroindeli qarTuli presa aqtiurad exmaureboda garesaqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs da siamovnebiT beWdavda msgavsi xasiaTis werilebs, miT ufro akakis didi mamuliSviluri cecxliTa da cincxali analitikuri sibrZniT dayursul statiebs. rusuli presa, marTalia, diplomatiuri reveransebiT aqezebda msgavsi xasiaTis werilebis avtorebs, magram, rogorc Cans, mTavrobis miTiTebiT Tavs ikavebda TviTon daebeWda analogiur problemebze Seqmnili kerZo piris werilebi. rusuli cenzura aSkarad gzas uRobavda TurqeTis mier mitacebuli aWaris Wir-varamis farTod gaSuqebas uSualod ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebamde. `Tbilisis vestnikis" redaqtori kote bebuTovi Tu manamde siamovnebiT, gulTbilad iRebda TviTon akakis da mis gagzavnil statiebs, 1874 wlidan uars ambobs aWaris problemis gamSuqebeli werilebis dabeWdvaze, rac mizezi gaxda poetsa da redaqtors Soris didi usiamovnebisa. mogvianebiT akaki gulistkiviliT werda: `rusuli gazeTebi cxadad aRiareben, rom ruseTi SeZenisTvis ar ibrZviso, imas Tavisi sigrZe da siganec eyofao. magram isa surso, rom qristianebi, rogorc sxva tomis eri, TaTrebis monobisgan gaanTavisuflos da maTgan tanjvas gadaarCinos saukunod... keTili da patiosani. RmerTma gaumarjos imas, vinc xalxis keTildReobisaTvis iRvwodes" (`droeba", 1877, #43). akakis ironiul-parodiuli xazgasma RmerTma gaumarjos imas, vinc xalxis keTildReobisTvis iRvwodes, _ naTlad mianiSnebs imas, rom didi poeti bolomdea Camwvdari msoflio politikur TamaSebsa da wyalqveSa dinebebs. man mSvenivrad uwyis, Tu ra miznebi amoZravebs ruseTs. qristianebis daxmarebis survilis ukan cudad SefuTuli imperialisturi zraxvebi misTvis advilad saCino da amosacnobia. miuxedavad amisa, mamulismoyvare, SorsmWvreteli da windaxeduli poeti winaswar xvdeba, rom ruseT-TurqeTis mosalodneli omiT yvelaze metad SesaZlebelia saqarTvelom isargeblos, amitomac igi piradi magaliTis CvenebiT cdilobs yoveli patrioti qarTveli Caabas gareqarTvelTa mSvidobianad gadmobirebis saqmeSi, raTa es saxifaTo procesi rac SeiZleba umtkivneulod ganviTardes. omis dawyebis wina periodSi aWaraSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda sulTnis xelisufleba. maT zogierTi renegati qarTvelis daxmarebiT adamianTa garkveuli gaorWofebuli jgufebis gadabireba SeZles. akaki xvdeba, rom saqme daswrebazea. amitom maSin ukve gareqarTvelebSic popularuli didi mgosani am kuTxis Svilis poet xusein-xabazis daxmarebiT aralegalurad Cadis aWaraSi da erTgvar propagandistul muSaobas eweva. 1875 wlidan akaki xSirad gadadis sazRvarze da ajanyebulebis Tavkacebs xvdeba. erTgan igi gulistkiviliT wers am did erovnul saqmeSi aseve TavdadebiTa da TavganwirviT CarTul
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n. nikolaZes: `guSin iseTi ambavi momivida, rom qobuleTSi unda wavsuliyavi da ver movaxerxe ufulobis gamo" (a. wereTeli, 1963, gv. 14). momdevno werilebSi akaki imasac axmianebs, rom SesaZlebelia momavalSi n. nikolaZes ver daukavSirdes. xumrobiT dasZens, rom sapatimro elodeba Tavisi aralegaluri saqmianobisTvis. akakis gansakuTrebuli siaxlove akavSirebda aseve udides qarTvel patriot grigol gurielTan. grigol gurieli da misi ojaxi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda aWaris mosaxleobaSi, amitomac ruseTis xelisuflebam grigol gurieli jer kordonis ufrosad daniSna am mxareSi, xolo aWaris SemoerTebis Semdeg mazris ufrosad. qarTuli presa da aWaris mosaxleoba didi sixaruliT Sexvda am faqts, rameTu axladSemoerTebuli kuTxis daSinebul qarTvelobas igi erTaderT qomagad da imedad esaxeboda rusi Cinovnikebis Zalmomreobis dros. igi marTlac am kuTxis qarTvelTa uRalato gulSematkivari iyo. `bedad mazris ufrosad aris kaci, romelsac mTeli baTomis olqis qarTveli Tavis mfarveli angelozsaviT Sescqeris da romlis erT sityvas masze, sxvis mTel moZRvrebis wakiTxvaze ufrosi gavlena aqvs. es kaci gaxlavT T.gr.d. gurieli" (i. Wyonia, 1879). grigol gurielma icoda, rogor eTayvaneboda aWaris mosaxleobis didi nawili akakis, amitom dabejiTebiT Txovda, xSirad Casuliyo aWaraSi: `gr. gurieli sayvedurebiT mxeTqavs: ratom ar modixar? mama Camoviyvane, magram ver gamomadgao" (`mnaTobi", 1965, #6, gv. 167). akakisa da mravali qarTveli mamuliSvilis daucxromeli Rvawli msoflio politikuri movlenebis iRbliani Tanxvedrilobis wyalobiT warmatebiT dagvirgvinda: `...omma amdeni xnis daSorebuli Zmebi isev Segvyara..." (i. WavWavaZe, ìveria", 1879, ianvari). amrigad, akaki wereTelma Tavisi da momdevno Taobis yvela qarTvels aCvena, Tu rogor unda emsaxuros xalxsa da qveyanas.
damowmebuli literatura axali qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebi, t. 3, Tb., 1972. gaz. `droeba", 1873, #9; 1877, #43. gaz. ,,iveria", 1879, ianvari. S. megreliZe, 1963 - S. megreliZe, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tb., 1963. Jurn. `mnaTobi", 1965, #6. n. nikolaZe, 1875 - n. nikolaZe, qariSxlis win, `Tbilisis vestniki", 1875. a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, ukeTesi dReebis molodinSi, `Tbilisis vestniki", 1874, #16. a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, moulodneli yinva, `Tbilisis vestniki", 1874, #25. a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, kvakenbergis pasuxad, `Tbilisis vestniki", 1874, #61.
a. wereTeli, 1875 - a. wereTeli, baTumi 17 seqtembers, gaz. `droeba", 1875, #109. a. wereTeli, 1963 - a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad, t. XV, Tb., 1963. i. Wyonia, 1879 - i. Wyonia, xma baTumidan, gaz. ,,iveria", 1879, #4.
LUKA DVALISHVILI
AKAKI TSERETELI AND THE PROBLEM OF REUNION OF ACHARA TO GEORGIA
In the second half of the 19th century the problems amassed to Georgia, as a colonized country. Owing to the degenerated and irresponsible rulers and historical ill-fates national vital impulses had considerably been weakened by that period. In such a time of a peoples history a particular role can be played by a distinguished man of a country who is looked upon as a paragon of virtues, the man who is capable of assuming his patriotic duty and fulfilling his obligation faultlessly in the service to his people. Akaki Tsereteli personifies the kind of a public man. In the 70s of the 19th century prior to and during the Russo-Turkish war A.Tsereteli, a famous poet of Georgia, several times crossed the boarders of Achara illegally, the province of Georgia annexed to Turkey at that time. The poet enjoyed great respect among the local population and he carried out explanatory works to wake patriotism among the Georgians of Achara. Among some other sincere patriots of Georgia Akaki Tsereteli accomplished great mission to bring back the Acharan Georgians to the national space without complications.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
ia vaSakiZe
ùcxos " mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis
rusul imperiul sivrceSi
sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla Cveulebrivi movlenaa; igi sxvadasxva faqtoriT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli. mniSvnelobis cvlis erT-erTi gzaa mizanmimarTuli enobrivi politika. warmodgenili naSromis mizania sabWoTa imperiis velSi moqceul saqarTveloSi "ucxo" sityvaformis semantikis "koreqtirebis" istoriis warmoCena. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi "ucxo" ganmartebulia, rogorc sxva qveynisa" (s.s.orbeliani, 1966, gv. 177). niko da daviT CubinaSvilebTan aRniSnuli sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gamyarebulia damatebiTi fraziT: SoriT mosuli" (n. CubinaSvili, 1961, gv. 390; d. CubinaSvili, 1984, gv. 1284). analogiuri mniSvneloba dasturdeba Tanamedrove erTenovan Tu orenovan leqsikonebSic: "visac ar icnoben, - ucnobi, gareSe" (qegl, 1960, gv. 1695); "[-, -], , ..." (qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, 1990, gv. 241); "stranger - ucxo piri, ... ucxoeli" (inglisur-qarTuli da qarTulinglisuri leqsikoni, 2003, gv. 889); "Foreign - ucxo, ucxouri, ucxoeTis, ucxoeli, ucnobi, gareSe" (inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, 2003, gv. 358). ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis 200wliani istoriis periodSi sityva "ucxo" orgvari mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba: 1. istoriuli mniSvnelobiT - sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde; 2. xelovnurad daviwroebuli mniSvnelobiT - sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg. cnobilia, rom XX saukunis meore naxevridan, "adgilis enebis" devna-Seviwroebis pirobebSi (rac imperiuli politikis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda), rusulis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida qarTuli samecniero ena. erovnuli skolebisa da universitetis ararsebobis gamo, "specialuri sagnebis terminologia" qarTul enaze "rigianad SemuSavebuli" ar iyo, rasac araerTgzis SeniSnavdnen mowinave sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi: i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili, v. RambaSiZe, s. xundaZe, v. petriaSvili, T. kikviZe, l. cagareli, p. mirianaSvili, il. alxaziSvili da sxv. (i. vaSakiZe, 2009, gv. 42-44, 113-118, 121-125). amave mizeziT, qarTveli swavlulebi zogjer iZulebulni iyvnen, mxolod rusuli an rusuli dawerilobiT romelime araqarTuli termini gamoeyenebinaT da erTgvarad moebodiSebinaT mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom ase "gagebis gasaadvileblad" iqceodnen (v. petriaSvili, 1895, gv. 3; v. kakabaZe, 1914, gv. 414). maTi SeniSvnebidan aSkarad Cans, rom aRniSnul periodSi ganaTlebuli qarTvelisaTvis rusuli ganixileboda ucxo enad, iseve
"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi
rogorc nebismieri sxva araqarTuli ena; mag., 1914 wlis Jurnal "ganaTlebaSi" vkiTxulobT: "ganaTlebul erad ar CaiTvleba is xalxi, romelsac bunebismetyveleba Tavis dedaenaze ar ganuviTarebia... bunebis mecniereba, medicina, fsixologia... ese yvela srulebiT uyuradRebod aris datovebuli. aba, gamoricxeT saSualeba zemoT dasaxelebul mecnierebaTa rusul eniT (xazgasma Cvenia - i.v.) Seswavlisa; vsTqvaT ar viciT ucxo ena, maSin Cven, qarTvelebi, vegvanebodiT naxevrad velur xalxsa..." ("ganaTleba", 1914, #5, gv. 73). zemoT moyvanili amonaridis mixedviT, terminologiuri Sesityveba rusuli ena sinonimur wyvils qmnis ucxo enasTan. bolSevikur gadatrialebamde aris sxva mravali SemTxvevac, roca qarTuli enis gulSematkivarTaTvis "qarTulis SembRalvel" ucxo gamoTqmebSi moiazreba rogorc rusuli (umeteswilad)1, ise germanuli, franguli da romelime sxva enidan Semosuli barbarizmebi ("iveria", 1903, #4, gv. 2; l. cagareli, 1914, gv. 469). damoukideblobis samwlian periodSi (1918-1921) viTareba bevrad Seicvala: erTi mxriv, qarTuli samwignobro ena saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis sagani gaxda; mag., k. gamsaxurdias sityvebis Tanaxmad, XIX saukuneSi "qarTuli ena stiqiurad izrdeboda, ...arc momvleli hyavda... da arc yalibis mimcemi" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 495). saqarTvelos damoukideblobis am mcire monakveTSi qarTuls, marTlac, aRudga saxelmwifo enis statusi, gaixsna qarTuli unoversiteti, qarTulenovani skolebi; Tbilisis universitetis daarsebis Semdeg (1918) momravlda sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebic, ganviTarda erovnuli mecniereba da mwerloba, daiwyo qarTuli samwignobro enis sistemuri Seswavla da normireba... es procesi inerciiT gagrZelda sabWoTa epoqis pirvel wlebSic, Tumca maleve aRorZinda imperiuli kursi: 20-iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi saqmiswarmoebis ena isev xdeba rusuli (es kargad Cans saarqivo masalebis dokumentebidan). saqarTveloSi isev uxvad Semoedineba rusuli terminologia da prestiJuli xdeba rusuli (qarTulis funqcionirebis velis SezRudvis xarjze). amas emateba sxva faqtoric: daiwyo inteligenciis represiebi, romelTa mizani iyo qarTulad moazrovne moqalaqeebis ganadgureba an daSineba da "sxva relsebze" gadayvana (masalebisaTvis ix., Jurn. "saarqivo moambe", 2010, # 8, 9, 10). paralelurad daiwyo SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciisaTvis iubileebis gadaxda moskovSi, raTa sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis "gaemSobliurebinaT" ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqi. daiwyo, aseve, Sromis gmirebisa Tu rigiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis mniSvnelovani TariRebis milocva kremlidan; sainteresoa isic, rom am periodSi Seqmnil filmebSi kavkasielTa
aRniSnuli periodis presaSi xazgasmiTaa SeniSnuli saliteraturo qarTulSi rusicizmebis raodenobrivi siWarbe, sxva enebis gavlenasTan SedarebiT ("kvali", 1893, #49, gv. 6; "iveria", 1903, #4, gv. 2; #13, gv. 2...)
1
i. vaSakiZe
urTierTdapirispirebis dros "gamSvelebeli" Tu "Semrigebelia" kavkasielebis megobari rusi... (ix., mag., filmebi: "dRe pirveli - dRe ukanaskneli", "fatima" da sxv.). mizani erTi iyo: qarTuli enobriveTnikuri meobis dakninebis xarjze sabWoTa "identobis" formireba. amgvarma antierovnulma enobrivma aspeqtebma ganapiroba termin "ucxos" araswori kvalifikaciis damkvidreba sabWoTa moqalaqis samecniero Tu oficialur-saqmiani moRvaweobis sferoSi; mag.: a) qarTveli moswavlisa Tu studentisaTvis anketis kiTxva: "romeli ucxo ena iciT?" arasodes moiazrebda rusuls; Tuki "gauTviTcnobierebel" respodents mainc wamoscdeboda pasuxad: "rusuli", maSinve SeaCerebdnen mokle, dausabuTebeli "ganmartebiT": rusuli - ara, sxva!"; b) maSindel ucxo enaTa institutSi ar iyo specialoba: rusuli ena da literatura. es ukanaskneli, mag., Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetze qarTuli enisa da literaturis ganyofilebis paralelurad funqcionirebda, rac TavisTavad niadags qmnida sabWoTa moqalaqis cnobierebaSi rusulis ucxo enebisagan gamocalkevebisa da qarTulTan "daaxloebisaTvis". aseTi midgomiT, daukonkretebeli, TiTqos wayruebuli iyo gansxvaveba qarTulsa da rusuls, rogorc mSobliursa da ucxo enebs Soris. zemoaRniSnul kursTan arapirdapiri, magram meTodologiurad Tanmimdevruli kavSiri hqonda im zogad tendencias, rom rusulenovani ganaTlebis miReba metad perspeqtiulad iTvleboda samsaxurebrivi karierisaTvis. aRniSnuli kursis mZime Sedegebi gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi gaxda erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodSi; magaliTad, televiziis saSualebiT qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili gaxda XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos samegrelosa da afxazeTis saSualo skolebSi Catarebuli specialuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, kerZod, aRniSnuli regionis rusuli skolis qarTveli ufrosklaselebi amjobinebdnen rusulenovani saSualo ganaTlebis miRebas, rom meti gasaqani miscemodaT dedaqalaqSi (moskovSi!) swavlis gagrZelebisa da Semdeg - saqmianobisaTvis; aseve, gogonebi arCevdnen, momavalSi Svilebic rusul skolaSi SeeyvanaT, rom ar gasWirvebodaT maTTvis daxmarebis gaweva gakveTilebis momzadebaSi...2 Sdr.: "bavSvma Tavdapirvelad Tavis deda-enazed unda gaixsnas goneba" (ilia), namdvili qarTveli mxolod namdvil qarTul skolas SeuZlia aRzardos" (mRvdeli simon mWedliZe)... sabWoTa periodSi terminma "ucxo enam" dakarga Tavisi namdvili mniSvneloba da axali politikuri fonis mixedviT Seqmnili sityvaTSexamebis - sabWoTa xalxis "diadi enis" - rusulis - antonimad iqca. mimarTeba: mSobliuri - ucxo Seicvala wyviliT: sabWoTa - ucxo; ucxos sapirispirod, erT semantikur velSi moeqca terminebi: mSobliuri
2
1989 wels am Temas sagangebo satelevizio gadacema miuZRvna doc. T. kvaWantiraZem, romelmac imsjela, Tu ra damafiqrebeli iyo aRniSnuli regionis moswavle-axalgazrdobis damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi
"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi
da sabWoTa, meore (sabWoTa) logikurad dauaxlovda pirvels (mSobliurs). amasTanave, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom yofili imperiis teritoriaze gavrcelebul enebs Soris rusulma SeiZina gamorCeuli, saurTierTo (ufrosi Zmis) enis funqcia, aSkarad gamoikveTeba imperiuli enobrivi politikis erTi gza: qarTveli sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis Seryevis mizniT, sityvaformaTa istoriulad CamoZerwili semantikis xelovnurad Secvla, mag.: semantikis daviwroeba: ucxo - araqarTuli > ucxo - arasabWoTa; sematikis gafarToeba: mSobliuri - qarTuli > mSobliuri - sabWoTa/ rusuli... Sdr., agreTve: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dedaqalaqi - Tbilisi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dedaqalaqic - moskovi... damowmebuli literatura k. gamsaxurdia 1983 - k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, t. VII, Tb., 1983. Jurn. "ganaTleba", 1914, #5. i. vaSakiZe, 2009 - i. vaSakiZe, terminTSemoqmedebis principebi XX saukunis II naxevris saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2009. gaz. "iveria" 1903, #4, 13. inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2003. v. kakabaZe, 1914 - v. kakabaZe, wyali da misi gawmendis saSualebani, Jurn. "ganaTleba", 1914, #6. gaz. "kvali", 1893, #49. s.s. orbeliani, 1966 - s.s. orbeliani, Txzulebani, IV, Tb., 1966. v. petriaSvili 1895 - v. petriaSvili, siTbo da misi sargeblianad moxmareba mrewvelobasa da ojaxSi, "meurne", 1895, #7-10. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1990. qegl, 1960 - qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t.VI, Tb., 1960. n. CubinaSvili, 1961- n. CubinaSvili, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1960. d. CubinaSvili, 1984 - d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984. l. cagareli, 1914 - l. cagareli, anatomiur, fsixologiur terminebisa da sxvadasxva dargis sityvebis Sesaxeb, Jurn. "ganaTleba", 1914, #6.
i. vaSakiZe
IA VASHAKIDZE
ON THE SEMANTIC CHANGE OF UTSKHO (FOREIGN) RELATED TO LANGUAGE IN THE RUSSIAN IMPERIAL SPACE
The paper discusses the question of the artificial change of the word semantics by the influence of the Soviet language policy. During the Soviet period the term: foreign language lost its original meaning and in the conformity of the Imperial background it became the antonym of the Soviet language/languages. The opposition: Native foreign was replaced with the pair: Soviet foreign. Consequently, as opposed to the term foreign the terms Soviet and native appeared in the single semantic field; on the other hand soviet had logically come near the native that brought the narrowing of semantics of the word utskho(foreign): utskho non-Georgian >utskho non-Soviet.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
zurab Toria
"eri dedaa enisa " TiTqosda gasaocari arc aris is, rom ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTveloSi Tavis didmpyrobelur gegmebs orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi emisrebis meSveobiT SefarviT da gegmazomierad axorcielebda, dRes ki aSkarad axmovanebs da moqmedebazec gadadis, magram metad saCoTiroa is faqti, am antiqarTul movlenas CvenTanac gauCndnen mxardaWerebi da evropis sxvadasxva instanciebSi agzavnian e.w. WeSmaritebis damamtkicebel ustarebs, TiTqos megrelebi, lazebi da svanebi erovnul umciresobebs miekuTvnebian, maTi dialeqtebi damoukidebeli enebia da qarTvelebi am umciresobaTa uflebebis diskriminacias ewevian. amiT TiTqos naTeli xdeba, rom saqarTveloSi kuTxurobis saZraxisi seni isev iwyebs aRorZinebas, magram Tu am faqts siRrmiseulad gavaanalizebT, mTavari ram erTxel kidev aSkaravdeba: es problema garedanaa Semogdebuli da umwifar politikanebTan da medroveebTan SeTanxmebiT xorcieldeba, romelTaTvisac dedamiwis zurgze, mamonas garda, araferi wminda da maradiuli ar arsebobs. saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli gvidasturebs, rom qarTuli ena da kultura saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis mkvidrTa pirmSoa. mis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaSi yvela kuTxem Tavisi udidesi wvlili Seitana da, miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa mdinarebaSi svanuri, megruli da lazuri dialeqtebad daiSala da, istoriuli realiebidan gamomdinare, met-naklebad dascilda fuZe enas, am kiloebze molaparakeni qarTuli enis magistraluri xazidan arasodes gadasulan: saukuneTa manZilze erTguloben TavianT deda enas, am enaze qmnidnen da azrovnebdnen, udidesi wvlili SehqondaT mis ganviTarebasa da srulqmnaSi; arasodes gaucxadebiaT kuTxur metyvelebaze anbanisa da literaturis Seqmnis survili, radgan eris mTlianoba da siZliere iyo maTi mTavari da mudmivi sazrunavi. Soreuli warsulidan Semogvcqerian qarTuli enis udidesi moamageni, Semoqmedni, albaT, dedamiwis zurgze erT-erTi Camoqnili, srulyofili anbanisa, rac mis universalurobaze migvaniSnebs; aseve Semogvcqerian is wmida mamebi, romlebmac moxazes pirveli qarTuli anbani, ganaviTares, safuZveli daudes qarTul hagiografias, poezias, saero literaturas, galobas, romelic Tavisi ganumeoreblobiTa da mravalxmianobiT xiblavs TanamedroveT da gaoceba ipyrobT, roca Tanamedrove qarTvelTagan amgvar mkrexelur mosazrebebs ismenen, rameTu amisi saWiroeba rom yofiliyo, isini saerTo qarTul enaze ki ar aaxmianebdnen im gasaocar Sedevrebs, rasac qarTuli poezia, qarTuli proza da sagaloblebi hqvia. an ra SeuSlida xels ioane minCxs, im Soreul epoqaSi megrul dialeqtze aexmianebina Tavisi himnebi da sagaloblebi, an fazisis akademiaSi moRvawe, petre iberis Tanamedrove ioane lazs traqtatebi lazur dialeqtze Seedgina...
z. Toria
aseve mraval sxva saxelmoxveWil Tu usaxelod gardasul mamuliSvils, romelTac qarTuli enisa da kulturis samsxverploze miitanes TavianTi codna, gamocdileba, mowameobrivi ruduneba, darCnen qarTuli enisa da kulturis ucnob raindebad da xmalmomarjvebul mebrZolTa darad ganumeorebeli kvali gaavles qarTuli enisa da kulturis noyier niadagze da arsad aRuniSnavT, rom mxolod TavianTi kuTxis gansadideblad iRvawes. maT es uangaro Sroma erTiani qarTuli enisa da kazmulsityvaobis ganviTarebas miuZRvnes... qarTulma enam meoce saukunis rubikons gadaabija. ukan darCa uTanasworo brZolebisa da qartexilebis saukuneni. am brZolebSi sakuTari, TavisTavadi saxe CamoZerwa. igi arc erT sxva enas ara hgavs, misi anbani moxazulobiT TiTqos martivia, magram originaluria da erTxel kidev mis unikalurobaze metyvelebs. mravalma qarTvelma poetma dedaenas araerTi aRfrTovanebis striqoni miuZRvna... XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni, gansakuTrebiT samegrelos mosaxleoba, win aRudga ruseTis imperiis zraxvebs, romelic miznad isaxavda qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturul da eTnikur danawevrebas, saqarTvelos dapyrobasa da amierkavkasiis moqcevas Tavis geopolitikur areSi. iakob gogebaSvili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wers: "megrelTa tomi qarTul enas yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis mSobliur ZiriTad enad, xolo Tavis adgilobriv dialeqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur kilos" (i. gogebaSvili, 1903). ambrosi xelaia ki Semdegs gveubneba: "cdilobdnen samegrelos skolebidan da eklesiebidan gaedevnaT qarTuli; am faqtma erovnulobis SenarCunebis Zalumi swrafva gamoaRviZa: megrelebi ganimsWvalnen TavianTi saliteraturo da saeklesio enis dacvis ideiT..." rusifikatorTa sapasuxod samegrelosa da afxazeTis sazogadoebebisagan gaigzavna ganCinebani saeklesio-samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. eparqiis maswavlebelTa sabWom ganixila aRniSnuli ganCinebani, CaTvala isini pativiscemis Rirsad da daadgina: "im samrevlo skolebSi, sadac mosaxleoba laparakobs qarTuli enis megrul dialeqtze, qarTuli enis swavleba aucilebelia" (ambrosi xelaia, 1906, gv. 130, 132). Tedo saxokia wers: "yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sakiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moikides. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavro gauqmda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawili gaerTianda, ruseTis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da gadawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa. 1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze. aq samonastro skolebidan qarTuli ena gamodevnili iyo, rogorc aradedaena da pirdapir rusulis saSualebiT aswavlidnen sagnebs. ase iyo saqme "samoqalaqo" da "normalur" skolebSi. am skolebSi myofi Segirdebi qarTulis, anu rogorc isini ambobdnen da dResac amboben "Cqinoburas", e.i. (Cveneburs) wera-kiTxvas
"eri dedaa enisa"
kontrabandiT, Sinaurulad, malviT TuRa swavlobdnen" (1933 w. xobis raionuli gazeTi, #6-7)... qarTulis swavlebis msgavsi meTodebi moqmedebs amJamad okupirebuli afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTul skolebSi. galis raionis skolebSi qarTulis swavleba qarTveli moswavleebisTvis saerTod arcaa gaTvaliswinebuli... ratom miaCndaT da miaCniaT qarTvel moRvaweebs, rom megruli, svanuri da lazuri qarTuli enis kiloebia? pasuxi erTia: ori dedaena ar arsebobs; yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa qarTuli ena; vinc qarTvelTa kuTxur kiloebs enebad acxadebs, is istoriul dedaenas ukargavs lazeTis, samegrelosa Tu svaneTis mkvidrT (t. futkaraZe, 2008). ilia WavWavaZe gvmoZRvravs: "ena istoriaa erisa, pirveli niSani eris vinaobisa - enaa"; vaJa fSavela: "eri dedaa enisa". a.S. da a.S. am mravaltevadi argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, dialeqtebis enebad gamocxadebis momxreebs dRes iseTi ususuri mtkicebulebebi mohyavT, rom veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs. Turme amaod damSvralan Cveni eris mamebi, amaod uweriaT qarTuli literaturis Sedevrebi, amaod uTargmniaT aTonsa Tu Zvel aRmosavleTSi mimobneul samonastro kerebSi moRvawe diad ber-monazvnebs wmida werilebi, amaod uqadagiaT Cvens sulmnaT moRvaweT, rom sityva "saqarTvelo" krebiTi cnebaa, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi igi xan iveriad moixsenieboda, xan kolxeTad, xan afxazeTad, magram es garesamyarosTvis, xolo saqarTvelos yovelma kuTxem icoda am sityvis fasi da mniSvneloba. mTeli rigi kataklizmebisa da garedan moxveuli daqsaqsulobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos arc erTi istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris Svils arasodes daukargavs is Sinagani kavSiri da gzneba, rac Cvenma didma winaprebma uanderZes momaval Taobebs da amas gvimowmeben Cveni sigel-gujrebi, uZvelesi etratebi, gasaocari asomTavruliT qvebze natvifri Zeglebi. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom Cvenamde moRweuli am Zeglebidan romelimeSi aRniSnuli yofiliyo, rom cnebebi: qarTveli, qarTuli, qarTuli ena viRacis xuSturiT xelovnuradaa Semogdebuli... sadaa amisi sabuTi? Tu es viRacam analebidan sagangebod amoSala, nuTu erTi fragmenti mainc ar gadarCa, rom Cvens winapar qarTvelebs am vandalizmis gamo egrZnoT sinanuli. magram aq saqme sxva rameSia: vinc saqarTvelos daqucmacebis kampaniaSia CarTuli, diax, saqarTvelos daqucmacebis kampaniaSi, kargad moexseneba, rom saqarTvelom geopolitikuri Tu Tavis mier arCeuli mowameobrivi istoriuli gzis gamo gauZlo mraval gansacdels, hqonda rogorc aRmavlobisa da Zlierebis, ise dakninebisa da dedamiwis zurgidan gaqrobis periodic,
z. Toria
magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi erTianobis ideisTvis ar uRalatia da es iyo qarTvelobis feniqsiseburad aRdgenis impulsis Tanmdevi energia. visac es erTianoba arafrad uRirs, swored am umTavresi forpostis morRvevas umiznebs, Tumca amaoa maTi zraxvebi: qarTvel xalxs enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis imxela Sinagani resursebi aqvs, verc erTi garegani talRa misi duRabis simtkices verafers daaklebs. XIX sakunis meore naxevarSi samegrelosTvis garedan Tavsmoxveul problemas mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebrioba aRudga win. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen am kuTxis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi. samegrelos mosaxleoba am sakiTxSi sabWoTa imperiasac ar daemorCila. Rrma Rirsebis grZnobiT aqtiurobdnen am kuTxeSi aRzrdili cnobili moRvaweni. me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi konstantine gamsaxurdiam, qarTuli samwignobro enis qmnadobis ZvelqarTuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevandelobisTvisac saSuri Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba: "Cemi azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia (aRdgena - z.T.) adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas... XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da gurulis elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri literaturuli qarTuli" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 499). aseTia didi qarTveli mwerlis principuli pozicia. igi verasodes Seurigdeboda im azrs, rom megrul dialeqtze eTargmnaT wminda werili da "vefxistyaosani", qarTuli locvani da sagaloblebi, viTom im mizeziT, rom samegrelos mosaxleobas qarTuli ar esmiso. es sruli absurdi rom aris, amis Camdenni albaT TviTonac grZnoben, magram damkveTebs ase surT da maTi imedebi xom unda gaamarTlon. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobas am sakiTxis mimarT rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris gensekis - mixeil suslovis (1902-1982) qvemoT moyvanili saidumlo werilis amonarididan irkveva, ufro didi, Sorsmimavali zraxvebi amoZravebda: "...Soreul aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb generlebs unda mivceT cxovrebis normaluri saSualeba. maT Camosasaxleblad gvWirdeba Savi zRvis sasazRvro teritoria, sadac, rogorc mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebi cxovroben. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qarTvelebi Cvengan Zlier gansxvavdebian, adre Tu gvian, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs daayeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola unda daviwyoT afxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos, svaneTs, aWarasa da sxva kuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi cal-calke unda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnuli grZnoba. dasavleT saqarTvelo unda davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs. amis Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblis funqcia unda SevasruloT. paralelurad mecnierebi unda davarwmunoT, rom isini sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosaxlebulni, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritoriidan sabolood gaZevebis saSualebas mogvcems" (`mebrZoli saqarTvelo", 26 maisi, 2003 w.).
"eri dedaa enisa"
am gegmebis nawili ukve ganxorcielebulia. yvelas kargad moexseneba ra viTarebacaa afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi, axla ukve, rogorc Cans, sxva kuTxeebis jeri dgas da isini TavianTi ruporebis, Jirinovskebisa da gadacmuli viTom mecnieri uSiSroebis generlebis piriT axmovaneben suslovisa da misi derJimorda winaprebis gegmebs, romlis mixedviTac Turme XXI saukunis megrelebma, lazebma da svanebma viRacebis xuSturiT, amjerad ki ukve "regionuli da umciresobebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" arsis gayalbebiT (isev rusi emisrebi?) uari unda Tqvan im dedaenaze, romlis erT-erTi Semoqmedni TviTonac arian da Tu TviTnaswavl e.w. mTargmnelebze arafers vityviT, kazmulsityvaoba unda daiwyon nulidan, anu mravalsaukunovani, tradiciebiT umdidresi qarTuli literaturidan gadavideT knin literaturaze, romelic ueWvelad saeWvo Rirebulebis "nawarmoebebiT" Seivseba. aucilebelad migvaCnia SevekiTxoT am antiideas ayolil subieqtebs: vis sWirdeba es? nuTu maT ar ufiqriaT im Sedegebze, rasac es nabiji gamoiwvevs? es xom zurgSi maxvilis muxanaTurad Cacemis tolfasia?.. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, vis wisqvilze asxamen wyals. nuTu ar ufiqriaT imaze, Tu ra kongenialoba moeTxoveba naTargmn "vefxistyaosans", mTawmindelTa sworupovari naTargmnidan Cqarosnuli wesiT gadaTargmnil wmida werilebs, qarTuli poeziisa da prozis Sedevrebs... nuTu erTxelac ar smeniaT, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi wirva-locva mxolod qarTul enaze aRevlineba, kuTxur dialeqtze locvebi da sagaloblebi arasodes gaxmianebula, radgan megrulsa da saerTo qarTuls erTi Ziri aqvs da odnav dakvirvebiT mosmenis Semdeg yvela mixvdeba, rom "RoronTi" RmerTia, qirse - qriste, wm. mardiani - wm. mariami (amiT RmrTismSoblisadmi udidesi madlierebis grZnobaa gacxadebuli, megrulad mardi - madlia), squa - Svili, dida/ nana - deda, muma - mama, jima - Zma, da - da, seri - Ramea /seri Ramea Zvel qarTulSic/, seroba - vaxSmoba, samegreloSi vaxSmobas oserSes uwodeben da es "serobis" saxiT gvaqvs saxarebaSi Semonaxuli; gaenaTi anu genaTi - megrulad gaTeneba an Tenebaa, yude - saxlia, sayudeli an sayudari, aqedan saydari _ uflis saxli, wyari - wyalia, dixa - Tixa/miwa, Tiri Tovli, Wvima - wvima, Toli - Tvali, guri guli, qiana - qveyana, wyurgili wyaro grili, arkvani - akvani, qua - qva... a.S. da a..S... am sityvebma literaturul qarTulSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saxe icvales, megrulma bevri Zveli forma SeinarCuna da xSirad amis gamo mxolod saliteraturo qarTulis mcodneTaTvis TiTqos gaugebaria, Tumca gulisxmiereba rom gamoviCinoT, yvelaferi Tavis adgilze dalagdeba. am sityvebs xom sulmnaTi sulxan-saba orbeliani "ZvelqarTuls" uwodebda. zogierTi gayvizinebuli uvici ki ambobs, literaturul qarTulSi am sityvebs "ar gavaWaWanebo"; meore uvici sabas lanZRavs - megruli daamcirao... arada, sulxan-saba megrul, mesxur, gurul Tu qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis sityvebs ufrTxildeboda da ambobda: esa da es sityva arabulia, esa da es iranuli an Turquli da amaT ZvelqarTuli sityvebi CaanacvleTo!
z. Toria
magaliTebi davasaxeloT? ramdenic gnebavT, magram amis saWiroebas am werilSi ver vxedavT, es enaTmecnierebisa da mwerlebis saqmea da qarTveli mwerlebi am "reparacias" momavalSic bunebrivad ganvaxorcielebT, qarTveli mkiTxveli ki mSobliur niadagze myarad dadgeba da ecodineba, rom esa Tu is sityva megrulad, lazurad da svanurad anu ZvelqarTulad rogor JRerda da mTeli qarTuli literaturis "gadaTargmna" saWiro ar gaxdeba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tavis droze qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi (1948) aucileblad didi doziT unda Sesuliyo megrul-lazur-svanuri leqsikac /qarTl-kaxuris darad/; swored megrul-lazur-svanurSia Semonaxuli arqauli qarTuli leqsika; am leqsikuri maragis gamoyeneba dResac didad waadgeba Cveni erovnuli enis - qarTuli samwignobro enis ganviTarebas. vimedovnebT, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Semdgom gamocemebSi aRdgeba sabWoTa periodSi "miviwyebuli" tradiciuli gza, romelic momdinareobs Rirsi iovane Wyondidelis, iovane petriwisa Tu sulxan-sabasgan... sulxan-sabas kvalad, araerTi qarTveli moRvawe miuTiTebda, rom megruli, lazuri da svanuri dialeqtebi qarTuli dedaenisTvis sityvaTa ulevi salaroa da qarTuli sityvis ostatebma enis gasamdidreblad kuTxur kilo-kavebs unda mimarTon ise, rogorc TavianT SemoqmedebaSi am margalitebs iyenebdnen da axal elvarebas sZendnen didi vaJa, yazbegi, ilia, akaki da Cveni sxva sulmnaTi moRvaweni, gulisyuriT moekidon giorgi leoniZis, iv. javaxiSvilis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, gr. abaSiZisa da sxvebis rCevebs, qarTul SedevrebSi uxvad mimobneul zanizmebs Caukvirdnen da iqneb odnav mainc gaerkvnen saqmis arsSi; Tumca advili SesaZlebelia, zogierTebi amgvarad ar moiqcnen. isic xom kargadaa cnobili, rom umecreba sazogadod borotebis saTavea, miT umetes, am undobarsa da gautanlobiT aRsavse droSi. nurc nuravin Seecdeba imis mtkicebas, rom megrulad, lazurad an svanurad laparaki, an am saganZurSi daculi leqsikis gamoyeneba amikrZaleso. iSviaTad, magram zogjer saqmeSi Cauxedavi erTeuli diletantebis mxridan amgvar ukadris gamoxdomasac aqvs adgili, Tumca amaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba arc Rirs, radgan erTi Ze Secdenilis mixedviT mTel kuTxeze an erze msjeloba da daskvnebis gakeTeba arasworia, miT umetes, Zmebs Soris sxvadasxva gaugebrobis niadagze uTanxmoeba raodeni savalaloc ar iyos, xdeba, magram es gaugebrobebi zusti argumentebis moxmobiTa da urTierTSoris siyvarulis gamJRavnebiT yovelTvis gafantula da qarTvelebs didi dedis winaSe mokrZalebiT qedi moudrekiaT. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni gamaerTianebeli da didi deda aris qarTuli ena. am erTianobis sworupovari nimuSi ki, romelic, albaT, uamravjer wagikiTxavT da zepiradac iciT, gvsurs erTxel kidev SemogTavazoT. umorCilesad gTxovT, Cveni sulmnaTi qarTveli mamuliSvilis - dutu megrelis - sityvebs mTeli gulisyuri miapyroT: qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi, guria da samegrelo,
"eri dedaa enisa"
raWa-leCxum-javaxeTi da mesxeTi sasaxelo, xevi, TuS-fSav-xevsureTi, svaneTi da afxazeTi, Zveli tao, imerxevi, saingilo da lazeTi, mTiuleTi _ saarako, da aWaris zRva da mdelo, yvela Cemi samSobloa, sayvareli saqarTvelo. damowmebuli literatura k. gamsaxurdia, 1983 - k. gamsaxurdia, aTtomeuli, t.VII, Tb., 1983. i. gogebaSvili, 1903 - i. gogebaSvili, megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis, gaz. "peterburgskie vedmosti", 1903. gaz. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo", 2003 w., 26 maisi. t. futkaraZe, 2008 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008. ambrosi xelaia, 1906 - arqimandriti ambrosi, statiis gamo "xma soxumidan", gaz. "kolokoli", 1906, #45. wignSi: "ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi; gamosacemad moamzada, Targmna, gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo n. papuaSvilma, Tb., 2005).
ZURAB TORIA
NATION IS MOTHER OF LANGUAGE
Russian government was carrying out its assimilation policy in Georgia for two hundred years according to the well-devised schemes by way of clandestine activities that were being led by its emissaries. Presently it openly declares its plans and puts them out into action. The issue tends to receive a rather delicate turns as the anti-Georgian phenomenon finds supporters within the Georgian state as well. They send letters of evidence to the European institutions and elsewhere, in an effort to prove that Megrels, Laz, and Svans belong to national minorities in Georgia, and that their dialects in fact are independent languages and as if Georgians violate their rights. In the late half of the 19th century the population of Megrelia and a few public men of Georgia thwarted the Russias imperialistic aspirations aimed at language, cultural and ethnic crumbling of Georgia that would ultimately conquer Georgia and include the South Caucasus within its Geopolitical area. Georgia has survived through its historical route of martyrdoms through which it has never betrayed the language unity idea that has always been the main premise and an innate impulsive energy for the Phoenix-like restoration of the waned Georgian nationhood. Those to whom the Georgian nationhood is of no value aim at tearing down this citadel. However, Georgian people have such unfathomable resources of language and ethnic unity that no outer waves can shake its solidity.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
daviT SavianiZe
qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

sofel didaWarasa da xixanis xeobis soflebSi mcxovrebi gvarebis1 kvlevisas dgindeba, rom Turqebis mcdelobisa da Semdeg XIX saukunis meore naxevridan mefis ruseTis mier gatarebuli `reformis"2 miuxedavad istoriulma gvarsaxelma funqcia srulad SeinarCuna. gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvleva ramdenime kuTxiTaa saintereso; irkveva: a) aWaraSi qalis gvaris warmoebis saerToqarTveluri wesi; b) gaTxovili qalis mamis saxlTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. goba) gobaZe (< sakuTari saxelidan goba CelebaZeebisa (`didi dedes dede _ Celeba vaWari, ganTqmuli da gavleniani kaci iyo") da ximSiaSvilebisaTvis daurqmeviaT rusebs. nawili gobaZeebisa dRes ukve daewera sakuTari `jiSis" gvarze da ximSiaSvilia sxvebic eZeben ximSiaSvilia, Tavis Zirgvarebs. emruloRli3/emrulaTi (emrulas Svilebs niSnavs), emrulaTi maTi ganayofi rejebustienTi arabienTi (momdinareobs sakuTari rejebustienTi, saxelidan araba qitiaSvili (ximSiaSvilis ganayofi)/qitioRli araba), qitioRli da haiTienTi - yvelani gobaZeebi arian. irkveva, rom qitia saqarTvelos danarCeni Temebis msgavsad aWaraSic gavrcelebuli saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1984, gv. 572; 1986, gv. 208). CelebaZe _ gvari mkvidrobs qobuleTis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 232). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, adigenis raionis sofel kikibos 11 komlidan 3 iakobaZea, 3 komli iremaZe, 5 komli ki gobaZe: `yvelani aWaridan arian gadmosulni da laparakoben qarTulad" (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gobaZeebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic, sofel saqaras mkvidrobdnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102). melaZeebi didaWaraSi almedan (Turqobisdroindeli saxelia. komunistebis dros erqva oqtomberi dRes vaSlovani hqvia) arian oqtomberi. qitienT (gobaZe) ojaxs mouyvania zedsiZed almeli axalgazrda mosuli. `qitienT da ori saukunis manZilze gamravlebula. melaZeebi arian keJeraanTi/ keJeroRli (keJera magari xalxi yofilan). keJera sxvadasxva keJera dialeqtSi `metad magaris" mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (al. Rlonti, 1984, gv. 281).
1 masalebi CaviwereT 2009 wels akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa eTnografiuli praqtikis dros xulos raionis sxvadasxva soflebSi. 2 XIX saukunis II naxevridan rusebma sxvadasxva ubnebSi gansaxlebul sxvadasxva gvarebs erTi romeliRac niSniT gamorCeuli, maT mierve arCeuli qarTuli gvari misces. 3 -aanTi, -ienTi, -aTi, -iani... sufiqsebis nacvlad arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba Turquli -oRli.
d. SavianiZe
yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic dasaxelebulia imereTis sofel maTxojSi mcxovrebi melaZis gvari, TariRdeba 1448-1512 wlebiT (pal, 2004, gv. 141). gvari gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da samegreloSic. x o z r e v a n i Z e e b i (< x o z r e v a n i ) `dapirispirebis gamo gadmosaxlebulan qobuleTidan didaWaraSi. gvaris gamaerTianebeli saxelia iordaneTi xazrienTi sawimaranTi yarslienTi yarslioRli iordaneTi. xazrienTi, sawimaranTi, yarslienTi/yarslioRli (yarsidan mosulobis gamo), guloSvilebi yvelani xozrevaniZeebi arian. xozrevaniZeebi mkvidroben xulos raionis sofel xixaZirSi, istoriuli zemo qarTlis Tem samcxeSi. 5 komli fiqsirdeba samegreloSic, sofel Zvel xibulaSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 168; i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 198). bolqvaZe eponimuri gvaria. momdinareobs sakuTari saxelidan bolqva - bolqvis msgavsi adamiani (g. bedoSvili, 1991, gv. 9). `daaxloebiT 300 wlis win mosula Cil memedi TxilvanaSi xulodan. Cil memedTan erTad wamosula meorec da sacixurSi (sofeli xulos raionSi) dasaxlebula. yaeoRli (Cil memedis Svilis yaes Svilebi); buZgioRli (buZgis, dabali kacis Svili); qeqeCoRli (enamoTlefili winapris Svili) _ yvelani bolqvaZeebi arian. faCoRlienTi CvenebienTi faCoRlienTi, CvenebienTi, kvetaraanTi da yaraxmedanTi (Savi axmedas Svilebi) didaWaraSi xuciaSvilebis ubnis mkvidri bolqvaZeebi arian. bolqvaZeebi yofilan yadioRlebic. yadioRlebic . Sdr.: àm eklesiis (saubaria xulos eklesiaze - d.S.) mRvdlebad Cveni gvaris kacebi iyvneno, bolqvaZeebi. rom gaTaTreba dauwyes, maSin Cveni Zvelebic gaaTaTres; gaTaTrebuls mRvdels bolqvaZes yadoba misces da amitom gvewoda Cven yadioRli..." (z. WiWinaZe, gv. 66). bolqvaZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevis safuZvelze dasturdeba didi, gauyofeli ojaxebis arsebobis tradicia: `Cven jiSs, modgmas jalaboRli hqvia. jaloba ojaxobas niSnavs. gauyofeli ojaxi hqondaT da amitom daurqmeviaT jalaboRli"; dasturdeba sisxlis Serevis kuTxuri niSniT gamorCeuli saerToqarTveluri wesi: `Tu memkvidre, gvaris gamgrZelebeli ar hyavda, maSin moiyvandnen gaTxovili Svilis Svils (badiSs). gayofisas Cveulebrivi wili miecemoda. bolqvaZeTa gvari dasturdeba XVII s. damdegidan. 1601-1627 wlebis sabuTebSi moxseniebulia Cexedanas mcxovrebi, mamia gurielis mier Cexedanas taZrisadmi Sewiruli giorgi, kakai, lomkaca, JoJona, WuWua bolqvaZeebi (pal, 1991, gv. 553-554). Sdr.: guruli bolqvaZeebis gadmocemiT: `Cven didaWarel winaprebs yaraxmedoRlebs eZaxian da bolqvaZeebs iwerebian". Zveli gvarebis Sesabamisad aRidgenen. samegrelosa da imereTis bolqvaZeebi, vfiqrobT, aWaridan arian migrirebulni. XIX saukunis 40iani wlebis aRweris masalebis mixedviT, bolqvaZeebi imereli nefariSvilis Sinamosamsaxureebi iyvnen; sabatono glexebi iyvnen sajavaxoSi, saxelmwifo glexebi yumurSi, RanirSi ki saTavado aznaurebi (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102); bolqvaZe mkvidrobda adigenis raionis sofel lelovanSi (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 79).
qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli...
SavaZe didaWaris mkvidri gvaria. gvxvdeba xuloSi da xulos raionis soflebSi: didaWarasa da agaraSi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 40, 114, 119). mosulobaze gadmocema ara aqvT. SavaZeebis gamaerTianebeli saxelia SuanTebi (soflis Sua adgilas mcxovreblobis gamo). SuanTebidan gavida TofalanTi (koWli aRas Svilebi). SavaZeebi arian: quCugaRa _ patara aRas Svilebi, zemuanTebi (TofalanTis zemoT mcxovrebni), beqiranTi (saxelidan momdinare jiSi, Sto), WoWioRlebi (WoWe _ sveli. sveli adgilis mkvidrebi), guduganTebi gudugoRli guduganTebi/gudugoRli (Turqulad ùcxviros" niSnavs). SavaZeebis gvars atareben: pawaSuanTi pawaSuanTi, jovrienTi, fiTnaanTi, lakolienTi, islamaanTi, beqiraanTi, jovrienTi fiTnaanTi lakolienTi islamaanTi beqiraanTi efendienTi. efendienTi efendienTebi dRes ServaSiZisa da SaraSiZis gvarsac atareben". SavaZeebis xulos raionSi mkvidrobis damadasturebelia anTropotoponimi SavaZeebi SavaZeebi. gvari SavaZe moxseniebulia mowmed 1766 wlis 19 ivnisis nasyidobis wignSi giorgi wereTlisa zalika abduSeliSvilisadmi (dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 109); SavaZeebi mkvidroben Telavis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 187). agreTve, cxovroben samegreloSi, sofel keTilarSi. imereTis sofel korboulis mkvidri SavaZeebi sabatono glexebi iyvnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv: 48). SavaZeebis gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas ramdenime saintereso sakiTxi ikveTeba: a) xaragaulis raionis sofel saqariqedis mkvidri SaviZeebis adrindeli sacxovrisi zemo aWara yofila: `socialuri dapirispirebis niadagze xulodan gamoqceuli winapris sami vaJi dasaxlebula imereTis sofelebSi: ilemSi, saqariqedsa da laSes". b) saistorio sabuTebSi pirvelad 1260 wels moxseniebuli abesaZeebis gvaris samkvidro xuloc yofila3: `SaviZis winapari xulodan gamoqceula abesaZesTan dapirispirebis safuZvelze, misi mokvlis gamo"; g) dasturdeba xeTa Tayvaniscemis, RvTaebis xis saxiT warmodgenis tradicia: `sofel saqariqedSi aris gancalkevebiT mdgomi rcxilis xe. SaviZeebs amJamad am xesTan dabrZanebuli hyavT wminda giorgis xati, Tumca RvTismSoblobas aRniSnaven". SevniSnavT imasac, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mkvidri, sakuTari saxelidan Sava (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 217) nawarmoebi gvari SavaZe damoukideblad warmoqmnili SeiZleba iyos. `xulos yvela sofelSi ityvian Savavri boZavrula... dedaCemi Savavri, boZavrula iyo SavaZe da misi gvari ixsenieboda Savavrad. Savavriao ityodnen; Cemi mezoblis qali sofel boZauridan (xulos raioni) aris gamoTxovili da eZaxian boZavrula". solomoniZe eponimuri gvaria. `diakoniZeebidan4 gansaxlebulan: gudasaxoSi, oqruaSvilebSi, mexvaToRlebSi. Cveni Zveli winapari diakoniZeebSi Camosula xerTvisidan Zmobis gayofis Semdeg. xerTvisSic solomoniZeebi viyaviT. varT TofaloRlebi aWaridan wasulan TofaloRlebi.
3
Sdr.: qvemo maWaxelSi dadasturebulia geografiuli saxeli abeslamiZiebi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 130). 4 diakvani yofila aq da amitom daerqva diakoniZeebi.
d. SavianiZe
solomoniZeebi xelvaCaurSi (miwebi uyidiaT)". mkvidroben samegreloSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 128). yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic moxseniebulia imereTis mkvidri gvari solomoniZe, TariRdeba 1576 wliT (pal, 1991, gv. 189). vfiqrobT, rom gvaris imereTSi mkvidrobis . mizezic migraciaa. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT solomoniZeTa gvaris raWis mkvidrobaze. gvarsaxeli gvxvdeba sofel murRulSic. zemo quraSi Cawerili masala: `_ Sen ra guari gaqua? _ TofaloRlebi mamisiani yofilan" (S. futkaraZe, 1993, gv. 297). solomoniZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas vgebulobT beSumis5, ramdenime gvaris mier `samkvidro mamulebad" dayofisa da aWarelTa sacxovrisis tipis Sesaxeb: èrTi begidan nayidi aqvs Svid kacs xulos raionidan: s o l o m i Z e s , a n a n i Z e s S a v a Z e s T a v a r T q i l a Z e s , s, s, bolqvaZes, abaSiZes; bolqvaZes abaSiZes rom `sazafxulod aq amosuli Zveli cxovrobda Werebian (mrgval xes `Weri" qvia) saxlSi". eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, ìakobiZe adgilobrivi gvaria. iakobiZe mkvidroben xulos sofel urtaSi. iakobiZeTa oRlebia: RadaroRli RadaroRli; m o l a i b r a m o R l i (mola hyvanden); k o b e r o R l i ; i u s t a memiRli". memiRli iakobiZeebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adrindeli cnoba TariRdeba 1433 wliT. istoriuli argveTis saTavadoTa Soris yvelaze didi da Zlieri abaSiZeTa saTavados ymaTa siaSi gvxvdeba (pal, 1993, gv. 394; o. soselia, 1973, gv. 158; dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 102, 104). eponimuri warmoSobis gvar iakobiZis imereTSi mravlad mkvidroba saqarTvelos or sxvadasxva TemSi sxvadasxva dros gvarsaxelis damoukideblad warmoqmnis magaliTi unda iyos. iakobiZeTa aWaridan migraciis Sesaxeb g. boWoriZec aRniSnavda. adigenis raionis sofel kikibos mkvidri iakobaZeebi aWaridan gadasaxlebulebi arian (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gadmocemiT, `surmaniZeTa didi dedis dede amosula baRdaTidan. surmaniZeTa surmaniZeebs erTi oRli aqvT _ sunan oRli surmaniZeebis ZiriTadi oRli. sacxovrisia xolos raionis sofeli iakobiZeebi". gvari surmaniZe gansaxlebulia qedis raionis sofel saRoreTSi (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 151). nawarmoebia sakuTari saxelidan surmani < suleiman/sulman/surman/surma (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 129). sofel TxilvanaSi gundaZeebis 30 komlia. qedisa da Suaxevis raionebSi arsebuli sofel gundauris amosavali aris eponimi gundari (< gunda-ur-i). gundauris mkvidrobis damadasturebelia `tbeTis sulTa matianeSi" moxseniebuli ormagsufiqsiani gvarebi - gundareTi da gundariZe (matiane, 1977, 123, 331, 405). gundaZeTa gvaris kvlevisas dasturdeba, rom gamahmadianebis miuxedavad aWaris qarTvelobaSi gvari naTesavebs Soris qorwinebis wesis akrZalvis umTavres garantad rCeboda: `Suaxevis
legenda mogviTxrobs: `dRevandel beSumSi, sadac dRes iailebi gvaqvs, mosula rusi, profesiiT eqimi. balaxebidan wamlebs amzadebda Turme. yofila aquroba Zalian mSvidi. uCxubia da daurqmeviaT `bez Sumi". 6 aslan dedes adgili - memiSoRlebis toponimia.
5
sofel gundauridan gayofis Semdeg mosula TxilvanaSi6 ori Zma mamo da memo (>memiSoRlebi mamo mamulaZed memiSoRlebi). mamulaZed/mamuloRli (-ul-a aq memiSoRlebi kninobiT-moferebiTi saxelis warmomqmneli sufiqsia) dawerila. sxvadasxva gvaris miuxedavad erTmaneTTan vnaTesaobT, sabiZaSvilobas arc SuaxevSi ar vkargavT. gundaZe myavs qmaric, magram daSorebuli varT xuT Taobaze bevriT metiT". àbaSiZeebi, gadmocemiT, alibaboSvilebi yofilan: "cxovrobda abaSiZeebi, xulos raionis sofel oqruaSvilebSi (manam iyo duaZeebi)7. TurqobaSic alibaboSvilebi viyaviT. sisxli ar Segvicvlia, sarwmunoeba SevicvaleT". uxucesTa gadmocemiT, tarielaZeebis winapari Wvanidanaa sacxovreblad gadmosuli didaWaraSi. `rusebs rom aRuwerian, gvarebic maTi survilisamebr miuniWebian. roca sofeli TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda, miiRo halvajoRli Semdeg tarielaZe telanTiT SevicvaleT. dResac halvajoRli. yvela telanTis ityvis. ufro gvian wulukiZiT Segvicvalen da dRemde am gvariT vagrZelebT cxovrebas. `XIX saukunis dasawyisamde am gvars tragikuli seni gadautania. erTaderTi vaJi jalabienTs (bolqvaZe) gauzrdian da Camqrali keria ase gaRvivebula". CafanienTi (Cafa adamianis Cafa sakuTari saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 223) da yinalienTic (wiTuri feris gamo) wulukiZea. eTnografiuli masala: ìmereTis wulukiZnebi aWarlebi arian"; `romanaZeTa gvaris Zveli roman wulukiZe ukmayofilebis gamo wamosula xonidan. pirvelad dasaxlebulan xinoSi, Semdeg gadmosula aWyvisTavSi. aqedan gansaxldnen danarCen aWaraSi". TxilvanaSi cxovrobdnen: Suaxevidan gadmosuli daviTaZeebi (2 ojaxi)8, abulaZeebi (almedan)9, lomsianiZe (skvanidan), jaiani (2 ojaxi skvanidan). mecnierebi eponim lomsianTan akavSireben mTiani aWaris oikonims lomsianiZeebi da likanisa da dRvaSiris xevis sofel lomsiaTubans lomsiaTubans. lomsiani) lomsianiZeebi (<lomsiani baRdaTSi migrirebuli arian zemo qarTlidan lomsiani (mesxeTi, 2000, gv. 48; r. TofCiSvili 1997, gv. 26; d. SavianiZe, 2007). jaianebis Tavdapirveli samkvidro samegreloa. jaianTa saTavado XV saukunis damlevs unda Camoyalibebuliyo. XVII saukuneSi vinme Saqar jaianis xuTi Svilidan erTi Zmis Svili àxuTidan wavida da miendo foTis faSas. Semdeg gadavidnen lazeTSi, romlis STamomavalni axlac cxovroben gonioSi, atareben jaianis gvars, iwodebian aRebad" (o. soselia, 1973, 284, 296).
oqruaSvilebSi cxovroben agreTve: SavaZeebi, koCaliZeebi, cecxlaZeebi, abulaZeebi. 8 migrirebulia samegreloSi; sof. lesiWineSi mosaxleobs 6 komli. 9 imereTs, baRdaTs mravlad mkvidri abulaZeebi zemo qarTlidan arian migrirebulni (msjelobisaTvis ix. d. SavianiZe, 2007).
7
d. SavianiZe
damowmebuli literatura g. bedoSvili, 1991 - g. bedoSvili, anTroponimuli dakvirvebani, etimologiuri Ziebani, III, Tb., 1991. g. boWoriZe, 1992 - g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1992. r. TofCiSvili, 1997 - r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1997. dokumentebi, 1959 - istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770 ww.), wigni I, Tb., 1959. m. kezevaZe, 2004 - m. kezevaZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi imereTSi, quTaisi, 2004. pal - pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, Tb., t. I - 1991; t. II - 1993; t. IV - 2007. i. maisuraZe, 1990 - i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990. o. soselia, 1973 - o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan, Tb., 1973. i. sixaruliZe, 1958 - i. sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, wigni I, Tb., 1958. siZveleni, 1909 - saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, eqvTime TayaiSvilis redaqciiT, 1909. matiane, 1977 - tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo Tina enuqiZem, Tb., 1977. S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993. qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., t. II - 1959; t. IV - 1963. qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970. al. Rlonti, 1984 - al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984. al. Rlonti, 1986 - al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi, Tb., 1986. d. SavianiZe, 2007 - d. SavianiZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (baRdaTis eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT), quTaisi, 2007. p. cxadaia, 2000 - p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2000. z. WiWinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba.
DAVID SHAVIANIDZE
GEORGIAN FAMILY-NAMES (On the example of ethnographic materials of some upper-Acharan villages)
Earlier or more modern political histories have left their traces on the formation of family-names but the mentality of the people with relation to the function of family-names has remained unchanged. The study of family names of some upper-Acharan villages attests the cases of formation of family names independently. Acharan Georgians would move to different regions of Georgia to maintain their Christian faith. There are also facts of their relocation within the Achara region. To denote the ancestral family-names they used ganarigi/gamrigo and jishi, based on the name of the ancestor. They also followed common Georgian tradition of forming woman family names. Those Georgians of Didachara who had been converted to Moslem faith avoided mixing with Turkish communities and continued to make their journeys to holy Christian places for praying and worshiping. There are also evidences of traditions of living in large extended families. The type of abode was called cherebiani (cheri means log). The material is also interesting for the study of Acharan dialect.
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igor kekelia
martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

xalxis mier bunebrivsa Tu xelovnurad Seqmnil obieqtebze Serqmeulma saxelebma saukuneebsa da aTaswleulebs gauZlo. saistorio da literaturuli wyaroebi, epigrafikuli da freskuli warwerebi, sigel-gujrebi da kartografiuli masalebi mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis geografiul saxelwodebebze. toponimiaSi mocemuli konkretuli Sinaarsi uaRresad sainteresoa qveynis istoriul-eTnologiuri Taviseburebebis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, tradiciuli kulturis, sameurneo yofisa da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad. winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT Cven mier martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonaSi Cawerili geografiuli saxelwodebebis nawils. arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru _ sabalaxo medanSi (salxinos satyeo). ramdenime goraki qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. gadmocemiT, arabebi dabanakebulan da simagre gaumarTavT. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,aq arabTa sardals hqonia karavi" (g. eliava, 1977). asmancxvari _ sabalaxoebi medanSi (salxinos satyeo). leCxumlebi qvis svetTan saqonlis dacva-gamravlebis TxovniT anTebdnen sanTels da loculobdnen, fulsac swiravdnen. asmancxvari _ asxiS mancxvari . ,,asxis macxovari. aWvi _ saxnav-sabalaxo mindori texuris marcxena mxares. dRes aq omar da JorJi naWyebiebs udgaT karvebi (taleris satyeo). g. eliava miuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe, rogorc Wvavis saTes adgils (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). xom ar niSnavs aWvi naxanZr, nakaf, axod aRebul adgils? berisquaS ginaTef _ toponimia da niSnavs ,,Cadrekils, Cazneqils; unagirisebur dadablebas; uReltexils an gza-gadasasvlels mTaSi". Sdr.: gedHrakili `Cadrekili" _ serisa da uReltexilis saxelwodeba samurzayanoSi _ mziursa da mTaSi (p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 51). gedHrakili suki ,,Cadrekili seri" _ yuliwyarisa da Cekis wyalgamyofi seri yuliSkaris TemSi (zugdidis r.). geriS margviS enarRvefi _ adgili, sadac mglis lekvebi amoyares. ferdobi vaxis saTaveSi (salxinos satyeo). gvimaroni ,,gvimrnari" _ sabalaxo texuris marcxena napirze, Jidon WkaduaSTan (salxinos satyeo). mikrotoponimi ,,gvimaroni" samegrelo-samurzayanoSi bevrganaa Cawerili (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 13, 147; p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 53; p. cxadaia, 2008, gv. 105; i. kekelia, 2009, gv. 41). gumaroni ewodeba gvimrnals asxidan xirzenisken mimaval gzaze, didi cus SemogarenSi. aqve tyian goraks gumaroniSdudi hqvia, romelic dascqeris gumarons (salxinos satyeo).
37
gigibera//gigiboni _ tyiani goraki dgomisa da xifas xeobebs Sua, texuris marcxena napirze (kurzus satyeo). gigibi igive ,,soWia, gigibera - ,,soWnari". gHmasofiri _ tyebuCqnariani xevi aficaras mTis kalTaze, nuzuonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). orografiuli toponimia da niSnavs ,,Camoglejils, CamorRveuls, Camoqceuls; namewyr adgils". dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji ,,dadianis (da)sadgomi" _ mindori welamis mTaze (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava asaxelebs ,,kurzus sasoflo sabWos" toponimTa nusxaSi, dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe da miuTiTebs, rom aq mxolod dadians eyena jogi (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 145). Cven mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, samegrelos mTavris dasasvenebeli adgili yofila. dadiaS iama//nuzuga ,,dadianis ormo; naZvis xe" _ sasazRvro niSani (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, es adgili warmoadgenda mijnas dadianisa da glexTa miwebs Soris. iamas enarRvandes noSqvers do aTaSi rdH goTanjili oxonali dixa do tya ,,ormoSi Cayridnen naxSirs da ase iyo SemosazRvruli saxnavi miwa da tye" (mTxrobeli nika naWyebia). sazRvarze naZvis xe mdgara, zed amokveTili jvriTa da warweriT. _ rus. òrmo". dadiaS oxvenji ,,dadianis (da)sajdomi" _ davakeba torCaSi. gadmocemiT, sanadirod wasuli miuratebi aq daTvs usafrdebodnen, uTvalTvalebdnen. dadiaS gioxvenji gioxvenji-sac eZaxian (salxinos satyeo). erjia _ sabalaxo ferdobi Cxorowyus marcxena napirze, SqviTwelamSi (taleris satyeo). aqve moedineba erjiaRal(i) _ nakaduli, romelic texurs erTvis marjvena mxridan pitaWaleSi. zaqariaS azmaxi _ mindori aficaraSi (salxinos satyeo). nazoTH//muntuS TadaS nazoTH muntuS nazoTH _ 1. mindori aficaras kalTaze, WiTawyaris siaxloves; 2. sabalaxo da tye menjgiarzenas SemogarenSi (orive gaWedilis satyeos ekuTvnis). TunTiS olontyeSi ,,daTvis salafao" _ tlapo torCaSi (gaWedilis satyeo). Taq TunTefH irginuna do ilontyuna ,,aq daTvebi goraoben da talaxSi wvebian". kiraS naafunu _ saTib-sabalaxo wiferaSi (gaWedilis satyeo). Sdr. koliaS naafunu//naafunu _ tye da sabalaxoebi qvibiaSi, Sonifonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). afuni afxazuridan nasesxebi ). sityvaa da niSnavs ,,gazafxuls; gazafxulis dasawyiss, xvna-Tesvis dros" (o. qajaia, 2001). ,,kiraS naafunu" da ,,koliaS nafunu" aRniSnavs adgilebs, sadac kiras da kolias droebiTi sadgomebi hqondaT da saqonels aZovebdnen gazafxulze. lecxerua _ xidi texurze, lekoToresa da kalandiaS kares Sua (kurzus satyeo). meifoni _ tye; meifoniS suki _ goraki (gaWedilis satyeo). meifa megrulSi igivea, rac mTis (tyis) Savi mocvi (o. qajaia, 2002). . meifoni _ adgili, sadac meifa mravlad xarobs. migazia _ tyiani ferdobi luxonasa da urTxelons Sua, didirzenTan. aqve moedineba migaziaRal (taleris satyeo). g. eliava migaziaRal miuTiTebs Reles `nigaza Ralis" saxelwodebiT, dazustebuli
38
i. kekelia
lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 176). saxelwodebis mniSvneloba gasarkvevia. miSaxonHkare _ mwyemsis droebiTi sadgomi miSaxSi, romelic nacus SemogarenSia (kurzus satyeo). miSaxH, miSaxonH megrulSi igivea, rac ,,Sig, siRrmeSi mdebare". miSaxonH kare ,,karavi, romelic miSaxonSi H dgas". nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H) _ nakaduli; kalandiaS kares samxreTiT, nabogirusTan marcxnidan uerTdeba texurs (taleris satyeo). g. eliava dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs toponim ,,nasaxus" da ,,nasaxuraSi Ralis". ,,nasaxus" ganmartebisas aRniSnavs, rom esaa sasaxuio, saxuebis ubani. saxuas gvarad miiCnevs (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). toponimis uwindeli forma SesaZlebelia nasaxuru yofiliyo. saxuria mcirericxovani gvaria. nasaxuru aRniSnavs ,,saxurias yofils, odesRac mis mflobelobaSi arsebuls". Sdr.: nasaxuru _ mindori lejanaSeSi (Tamakoni). toponimis paraleluri forma wifraRal(H) aRniSnavs ,,wiflnarSi momdinare wifraRal( Reles", an Reles, romelic wif(e)raSi iRebs saTaves. nisorwyari _ wyaroswyali xonis satyeo ubnis sazRvarze, saCiqvanoSi (salxinos satyeo). nisori megrulSi `gobs" aRniSnavs. ). gadmocemiT, wyarosTan gobi daudgamT, sadac sasmeli wyali grovdeboda. noxorobeni ,,nasaxlarebi" _ tyebuCqnariani ferdobi xifas xeobaSi, lekudeles zemoT (kurzus satyeo). naWyebiebs aq hqoniaT wisqvili da maRazia. okalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalH _ nakaduli; leWexas marcxena Senakadi (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava samegrelos CrdiloaRmosavleTi nawilis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimTa nusxaSi miuTiTebs hidronim ,,okalmaxe Ralis", dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 175). rzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTa _ vake-sabalaxo saodiSos SemogarenSi wyurgili. (salxinos satyeo). aqve wyaros ewodeba rzeniagvarTaS wyurgili g. eliava vakis saxelwodebad asaxelebs ,,zeniagvarTas", romlis warmomavlobas Semdegnairad xsnis: megr. rzeni iagvarTu `vake uwevs" (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 178). sinamdvileSi agvar(T)a/aguar(T)a megrulSi aRniSnavs ,,baks, saqonlis usaxuravo samwyvdevs; bosels". rzeniagvarTa igivea, rac ,,vakeze mdebare saqonlis samwyvdevi baki; SemozRduli mindori saqonlis dasabinaveblad". robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili". romana _ tye-buCqnariani xevi SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo). SesaZloa toponimis Tavdapirveli forma robana yofiliyo. robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili". Ral(H) sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(H nakaduli, cqimraRalis auzi dgomis samxreTiT (kurzus satyeo). Taq adre facxa eladgudu, raikavSirs afudu gonwyHmili ,,aq adre facxa idga, raikavSirs hqonda gaxsnili" (mTxrobeli mogeli jojua).
39
satyvioRalH//qvarcxiaRal(H qvarcxiaRal(H) satyvioRalH qvarcxiaRal(H _ nakaduli; uCaRals uerTdeba beCunasTan. saTave aqvs qvarcxiaSi (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, aq sami svani CauxocavT megrelebs. qocoro kirde _ maRali klde giarzenas SemogarenSi, muxuranafsias dasavleTiT (salxinos satyeo). qoco, qocoro megrulSi aRniSnavs ,,pataras". qocoro kirde SesaZloa ganimartos rogorc ,,patara, momcro klde". quaS TifH//quai THf _ davakeba mTis ferdobze, fSaluonSi, leWexas marcxena mxares (kurzus satyeo). Tifu megrulSi karvis irgvliv RamiT saqonlis sadgomis, Teos aRmniSvnelia. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,THfadgili, riTac saqonlis saxeobis mixedviT ,,agvaraSi" sadgomebia gamoyofili. gadmocemiT, Ti-Si calke melogines Tavis sadgomi kuTxe, adgili hqonda, mas THf erqva" (g. eliava, 1989, gv. 101-102). quaS Tif ewodeba im adgils, sadac saqonlis sadgomi qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. p. cxadaias ganmartebiT, ,,Teo qvavnarSi iyo gamarTuli" (p. cxadaia, 2004). SonefiS naoxvamu ,,svanebis naloci" _ sabalaxo xurtumSi (gaWedilis satyeo). gadmocemiT, saukuneze meti xnis win aq mdgaran lentexeli svanebi TavianTi jogiT. dadianebs konfliqti hqoniaT svan mejogeebTan, saZovrebs edavebodnen. sabolood es dava imiT dasrulda, rom svanebma datoves aRniSnuli teritoria. SonefiS naoxvamH imitom darqmevia, rom svanebi loculobdnen wm. miqaelisa da gabrielis saxelze, romlebic saqonlis mfarvel angelozebad miaCndaT. Sqasuki ,,Sua seri" _ tyiani seri aWvis CrdiloeTiT, SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo). CxorowyuS tya _ tye md. Cxorowyus xeobaSi, Cxorowyusa da oqajeRalis SesarTavTan (taleris satyeo). cqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)ra _ nakaduli. sakalmaxos zemoT, 200 metrSi (kurzus satyeo); saTaves iRebs nalebuSi da marcxnidan erTvis md. texurs. cxemuri//cximuri megrulSi aRniSnavs botan. kavkasiur rcxilas. cxim(u)ra is adgilia, sadac mravlad xarobs es mcenare, xolo Reles, romelic cxim(u)raSi iRebs saTaves, cximraRal/ cqimraRal ewodeba. wyarginalafu _ nakaduli; leWexas marjvena Senakadi fSaluonSi (kurzus satyeo). saTaves iRebs leWexaSdudSi. wyarginalafu niSnavs . ,,wyalvardnils". nakaduli ramdenime adgilas marTlac aCens CanCqers. Sdr.: wyargHmal//wyargimalafu - wyalvardnili qobaliaS karesTan, farTo wyarze (kurzus satyeo); wyargimalafu//wyarginolafu - 1. wyalvardnili oqajeze (taleris satyeo); 2. wyalvardnili da nakaduli (magana, xudoni); wyargimalH - wyalvardnili bujerRais Senakadze (zemo xunwi); wyargio(l)afu - wyalvardnili (saberulavo, martvilis r.); wyargimalafu/ /wyargiolafu - nakaduli patara CanCqeriT; texuris marjvena Senakadi, romelic moedineba gaTsakarasa da gvimarasakaras Sua (lebardis satyeo). Ral(H xifa//xifa(S) Ral H) _ Rele; nasaxus samxreTiT, 1 km-is moSorebiT, marjvnidan uerTdeba md. texurs (kurzus satyeo).
40
i. kekelia
damowmebuli literatura g. eliava, 1977 - g. eliava, abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika, Tb., 1977. g. eliava, 1989 - g. eliava, eTnografiuli samegrelo (albomi), quTaisi, 1989. i. kekelia, 2009 - i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiurganmartebiTi leqsikoni), Tb., 2009. o. qajaia, 2001 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 2001. o. qajaia, 2002 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, Tb., 2002. p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003 - p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003. p. cxadaia, 2004 - p. cxadaia, mesaqonleobis aRmniSvneli leqsika zemo samegrelos toponimiaSi, kr. ,,qarTveluri onomastika", II, Tb., 2004. p. cxadaia, 2008 - p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani, IV (Cxorowyus r.), Tb., 2008.
IGOR KEKELIA
FROM THE PLACE-NAMES OF MARTVILI REGION WOODS AND PASTURES
Natural or man-made object names have it in them to survive centuries and millenia. Historical and literary sources, epigraphics and fresco inscriptions, deeds and other official documents, and cartographic materials provide important information about geographic names. The etimology of word contents has great importance for the study of historical and ethnographic peculiarities of the country, ethnic situation of the given locality, traditional culture, husbandry and other issues. In this paper I discuss only a few number of place names of woods and pastures that I have recorded in the Martvili region.
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KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
igor kekelia

xalxis mier bunebrivsa Tu xelovnurad Seqmnil obieqtebze Serqmeulma saxelebma saukuneebsa da aTaswleulebs gauZlo. saistorio da literaturuli wyaroebi, epigrafikuli da freskuli warwerebi, sigel-gujrebi da kartografiuli masalebi mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis geografiul saxelwodebebze. toponimiaSi mocemuli konkretuli Sinaarsi uaRresad sainteresoa qveynis istoriul-eTnologiuri Taviseburebebis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, tradiciuli kulturis, sameurneo yofisa da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad. winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT Cven mier martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonaSi Cawerili geografiuli saxelwodebebis nawils. arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru _ sabalaxo medanSi (salxinos satyeo). ramdenime goraki qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. gadmocemiT, arabebi dabanakebulan da simagre gaumarTavT. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,aq arabTa sardals hqonia karavi" (g. eliava, 1977). asmancxvari _ sabalaxoebi medanSi (salxinos satyeo). leCxumlebi qvis svetTan saqonlis dacva-gamravlebis TxovniT anTebdnen sanTels da loculobdnen, fulsac swiravdnen. asmancxvari _ asxiS mancxvari . ,,asxis macxovari. aWvi _ saxnav-sabalaxo mindori texuris marcxena mxares. dRes aq omar da JorJi naWyebiebs udgaT karvebi (taleris satyeo). g. eliava miuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe, rogorc Wvavis saTes adgils (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). xom ar niSnavs aWvi naxanZr, nakaf, axod aRebul adgils? berisquaS ginaTef _ toponimia da niSnavs ,,Cadrekils, Cazneqils; unagirisebur dadablebas; uReltexils an gza-gadasasvlels mTaSi". Sdr.: gedHrakili `Cadrekili" _ serisa da uReltexilis saxelwodeba samurzayanoSi _ mziursa da mTaSi (p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 51). gedHrakili suki ,,Cadrekili seri" _ yuliwyarisa da Cekis wyalgamyofi seri yuliSkaris TemSi (zugdidis r.). geriS margviS enarRvefi _ adgili, sadac mglis lekvebi amoyares. ferdobi vaxis saTaveSi (salxinos satyeo). gvimaroni ,,gvimrnari" _ sabalaxo texuris marcxena napirze, Jidon WkaduaSTan (salxinos satyeo). mikrotoponimi ,,gvimaroni" samegrelo-samurzayanoSi bevrganaa Cawerili (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 13, 147; p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 53; p. cxadaia, 2008, gv. 105; i. kekelia, 2009, gv. 41). gumaroni ewodeba gvimrnals asxidan xirzenisken mimaval gzaze, didi cus SemogarenSi. aqve tyian goraks gumaroniSdudi hqvia, romelic dascqeris gumarons (salxinos satyeo).
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gigibera//gigiboni _ tyiani goraki dgomisa da xifas xeobebs Sua, texuris marcxena napirze (kurzus satyeo). gigibi igive ,,soWia, gigibera - ,,soWnari". gHmasofiri _ tyebuCqnariani xevi aficaras mTis kalTaze, nuzuonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). orografiuli toponimia da niSnavs ,,Camoglejils, CamorRveuls, Camoqceuls; namewyr adgils". dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji ,,dadianis (da)sadgomi" _ mindori welamis mTaze (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava asaxelebs ,,kurzus sasoflo sabWos" toponimTa nusxaSi, dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe da miuTiTebs, rom aq mxolod dadians eyena jogi (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 145). Cven mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, samegrelos mTavris dasasvenebeli adgili yofila. dadiaS iama//nuzuga ,,dadianis ormo; naZvis xe" _ sasazRvro niSani (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, es adgili warmoadgenda mijnas dadianisa da glexTa miwebs Soris. iamas enarRvandes noSqvers do aTaSi rdH goTanjili oxonali dixa do tya ,,ormoSi Cayridnen naxSirs da ase iyo SemosazRvruli saxnavi miwa da tye" (mTxrobeli nika naWyebia). sazRvarze naZvis xe mdgara, zed amokveTili jvriTa da warweriT. _ rus. òrmo". dadiaS oxvenji ,,dadianis (da)sajdomi" _ davakeba torCaSi. gadmocemiT, sanadirod wasuli miuratebi aq daTvs usafrdebodnen, uTvalTvalebdnen. dadiaS gioxvenji gioxvenji-sac eZaxian (salxinos satyeo). erjia _ sabalaxo ferdobi Cxorowyus marcxena napirze, SqviTwelamSi (taleris satyeo). aqve moedineba erjiaRal(i) _ nakaduli, romelic texurs erTvis marjvena mxridan pitaWaleSi. zaqariaS azmaxi _ mindori aficaraSi (salxinos satyeo). nazoTH//muntuS TadaS nazoTH muntuS nazoTH _ 1. mindori aficaras kalTaze, WiTawyaris siaxloves; 2. sabalaxo da tye menjgiarzenas SemogarenSi (orive gaWedilis satyeos ekuTvnis). TunTiS olontyeSi ,,daTvis salafao" _ tlapo torCaSi (gaWedilis satyeo). Taq TunTefH irginuna do ilontyuna ,,aq daTvebi goraoben da talaxSi wvebian". kiraS naafunu _ saTib-sabalaxo wiferaSi (gaWedilis satyeo). Sdr. koliaS naafunu//naafunu _ tye da sabalaxoebi qvibiaSi, Sonifonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). afuni afxazuridan nasesxebi ). sityvaa da niSnavs ,,gazafxuls; gazafxulis dasawyiss, xvna-Tesvis dros" (o. qajaia, 2001). ,,kiraS naafunu" da ,,koliaS nafunu" aRniSnavs adgilebs, sadac kiras da kolias droebiTi sadgomebi hqondaT da saqonels aZovebdnen gazafxulze. lecxerua _ xidi texurze, lekoToresa da kalandiaS kares Sua (kurzus satyeo). meifoni _ tye; meifoniS suki _ goraki (gaWedilis satyeo). meifa megrulSi igivea, rac mTis (tyis) Savi mocvi (o. qajaia, 2002). . meifoni _ adgili, sadac meifa mravlad xarobs. migazia _ tyiani ferdobi luxonasa da urTxelons Sua, didirzenTan. aqve moedineba migaziaRal (taleris satyeo). g. eliava migaziaRal miuTiTebs Reles `nigaza Ralis" saxelwodebiT, dazustebuli
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lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 176). saxelwodebis mniSvneloba gasarkvevia. miSaxonHkare _ mwyemsis droebiTi sadgomi miSaxSi, romelic nacus SemogarenSia (kurzus satyeo). miSaxH, miSaxonH megrulSi igivea, rac ,,Sig, siRrmeSi mdebare". miSaxonH kare ,,karavi, romelic miSaxonSi H dgas". nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H) _ nakaduli; kalandiaS kares samxreTiT, nabogirusTan marcxnidan uerTdeba texurs (taleris satyeo). g. eliava dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs toponim ,,nasaxus" da ,,nasaxuraSi Ralis". ,,nasaxus" ganmartebisas aRniSnavs, rom esaa sasaxuio, saxuebis ubani. saxuas gvarad miiCnevs (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). toponimis uwindeli forma SesaZlebelia nasaxuru yofiliyo. saxuria mcirericxovani gvaria. nasaxuru aRniSnavs ,,saxurias yofils, odesRac mis mflobelobaSi arsebuls". Sdr.: nasaxuru _ mindori lejanaSeSi (Tamakoni). toponimis paraleluri forma wifraRal(H) aRniSnavs ,,wiflnarSi momdinare wifraRal( Reles", an Reles, romelic wif(e)raSi iRebs saTaves. nisorwyari _ wyaroswyali xonis satyeo ubnis sazRvarze, saCiqvanoSi (salxinos satyeo). nisori megrulSi `gobs" aRniSnavs. ). gadmocemiT, wyarosTan gobi daudgamT, sadac sasmeli wyali grovdeboda. noxorobeni ,,nasaxlarebi" _ tyebuCqnariani ferdobi xifas xeobaSi, lekudeles zemoT (kurzus satyeo). naWyebiebs aq hqoniaT wisqvili da maRazia. okalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalH _ nakaduli; leWexas marcxena Senakadi (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava samegrelos CrdiloaRmosavleTi nawilis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimTa nusxaSi miuTiTebs hidronim ,,okalmaxe Ralis", dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 175). rzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTa _ vake-sabalaxo saodiSos SemogarenSi wyurgili. (salxinos satyeo). aqve wyaros ewodeba rzeniagvarTaS wyurgili g. eliava vakis saxelwodebad asaxelebs ,,zeniagvarTas", romlis warmomavlobas Semdegnairad xsnis: megr. rzeni iagvarTu `vake uwevs" (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 178). sinamdvileSi agvar(T)a/aguar(T)a megrulSi aRniSnavs ,,baks, saqonlis usaxuravo samwyvdevs; bosels". rzeniagvarTa igivea, rac ,,vakeze mdebare saqonlis samwyvdevi baki; SemozRduli mindori saqonlis dasabinaveblad". robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili". romana _ tye-buCqnariani xevi SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo). SesaZloa toponimis Tavdapirveli forma robana yofiliyo. robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili". Ral(H) sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(H nakaduli, cqimraRalis auzi dgomis samxreTiT (kurzus satyeo). Taq adre facxa eladgudu, raikavSirs afudu gonwyHmili ,,aq adre facxa idga, raikavSirs hqonda gaxsnili" (mTxrobeli mogeli jojua).
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satyvioRalH//qvarcxiaRal(H qvarcxiaRal(H) satyvioRalH qvarcxiaRal(H _ nakaduli; uCaRals uerTdeba beCunasTan. saTave aqvs qvarcxiaSi (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, aq sami svani CauxocavT megrelebs. qocoro kirde _ maRali klde giarzenas SemogarenSi, muxuranafsias dasavleTiT (salxinos satyeo). qoco, qocoro megrulSi aRniSnavs ,,pataras". qocoro kirde SesaZloa ganimartos rogorc ,,patara, momcro klde". quaS TifH//quai THf _ davakeba mTis ferdobze, fSaluonSi, leWexas marcxena mxares (kurzus satyeo). Tifu megrulSi karvis irgvliv RamiT saqonlis sadgomis, Teos aRmniSvnelia. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,THfadgili, riTac saqonlis saxeobis mixedviT ,,agvaraSi" sadgomebia gamoyofili. gadmocemiT, Ti-Si calke melogines Tavis sadgomi kuTxe, adgili hqonda, mas THf erqva" (g. eliava, 1989, gv. 101-102). quaS Tif ewodeba im adgils, sadac saqonlis sadgomi qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. p. cxadaias ganmartebiT, ,,Teo qvavnarSi iyo gamarTuli" (p. cxadaia, 2004). SonefiS naoxvamu ,,svanebis naloci" _ sabalaxo xurtumSi (gaWedilis satyeo). gadmocemiT, saukuneze meti xnis win aq mdgaran lentexeli svanebi TavianTi jogiT. dadianebs konfliqti hqoniaT svan mejogeebTan, saZovrebs edavebodnen. sabolood es dava imiT dasrulda, rom svanebma datoves aRniSnuli teritoria. SonefiS naoxvamH imitom darqmevia, rom svanebi loculobdnen wm. miqaelisa da gabrielis saxelze, romlebic saqonlis mfarvel angelozebad miaCndaT. Sqasuki ,,Sua seri" _ tyiani seri aWvis CrdiloeTiT, SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo). CxorowyuS tya _ tye md. Cxorowyus xeobaSi, Cxorowyusa da oqajeRalis SesarTavTan (taleris satyeo). cqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)ra _ nakaduli. sakalmaxos zemoT, 200 metrSi (kurzus satyeo); saTaves iRebs nalebuSi da marcxnidan erTvis md. texurs. cxemuri//cximuri megrulSi aRniSnavs botan. kavkasiur rcxilas. cxim(u)ra is adgilia, sadac mravlad xarobs es mcenare, xolo Reles, romelic cxim(u)raSi iRebs saTaves, cximraRal/ cqimraRal ewodeba. wyarginalafu _ nakaduli; leWexas marjvena Senakadi fSaluonSi (kurzus satyeo). saTaves iRebs leWexaSdudSi. wyarginalafu niSnavs . ,,wyalvardnils". nakaduli ramdenime adgilas marTlac aCens CanCqers. Sdr.: wyargHmal//wyargimalafu - wyalvardnili qobaliaS karesTan, farTo wyarze (kurzus satyeo); wyargimalafu//wyarginolafu - 1. wyalvardnili oqajeze (taleris satyeo); 2. wyalvardnili da nakaduli (magana, xudoni); wyargimalH - wyalvardnili bujerRais Senakadze (zemo xunwi); wyargio(l)afu - wyalvardnili (saberulavo, martvilis r.); wyargimalafu/ /wyargiolafu - nakaduli patara CanCqeriT; texuris marjvena Senakadi, romelic moedineba gaTsakarasa da gvimarasakaras Sua (lebardis satyeo). Ral(H xifa//xifa(S) Ral H) _ Rele; nasaxus samxreTiT, 1 km-is moSorebiT, marjvnidan uerTdeba md. texurs (kurzus satyeo).
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damowmebuli literatura g. eliava, 1977 - g. eliava, abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika, Tb., 1977. g. eliava, 1989 - g. eliava, eTnografiuli samegrelo (albomi), quTaisi, 1989. i. kekelia, 2009 - i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiurganmartebiTi leqsikoni), Tb., 2009. o. qajaia, 2001 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 2001. o. qajaia, 2002 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, Tb., 2002. p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003 - p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003. p. cxadaia, 2004 - p. cxadaia, mesaqonleobis aRmniSvneli leqsika zemo samegrelos toponimiaSi, kr. ,,qarTveluri onomastika", II, Tb., 2004. p. cxadaia, 2008 - p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani, IV (Cxorowyus r.), Tb., 2008.
IGOR KEKELIA
FROM THE PLACE-NAMES OF MARTVILI REGION WOODS AND PASTURES
Natural or man-made object names have it in them to survive centuries and millenia. Historical and literary sources, epigraphics and fresco inscriptions, deeds and other official documents, and cartographic materials provide important information about geographic names. The etimology of word contents has great importance for the study of historical and ethnographic peculiarities of the country, ethnic situation of the given locality, traditional culture, husbandry and other issues. In this paper I discuss only a few number of place names of woods and pastures that I have recorded in the Martvili region.
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2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
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zeinab kikviZe
lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi

ieso qristes mier beTanieli lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgena saxarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monakveTia da qristes saswaulebidan yvelaze diadi da idumalia. Teologiuri swavlebis mixedviT, macxovarma lazares aRdginebiT xalxs sakuTari aRdgoma uwinaswarmetyvela. ioanes saxarebaSi lazare qristes megobrad moixsenieba; aseve, misi erT-erTi epiTetia marTali. rogor da ra viTarebaSi moxda maTi damegobreba, amis Sesaxeb teqstSi araferia naTqvami. magram TviT lazares monakveTidan aSkaraa, rom ufali icnobda ara marto lazares, aramed mis debs _ mariamsa da marTas, Tanac es iyo did siyvarulze agebuli urTierToba. ,,avad iyo vinme beTanieli lazare, mariamisa da misi dis marTas soflidan. es swored is mariami iyo, ufals rom nelsacxebeli scxo da fexebi Tavisi TmebiT SeumSrala. misi Zma lazare iyo avad. iesos uyvarda marTa, misi da da lazare. rodesac gaigo, rom avad iyo, uTxra mowafeebs: ,,wavideT kvlav iudeaSi. lazarem, Cvenma megobarma, daiZina, gamokeTdeba. magram me mis gamosakeTeblad mivdivar. ieso mis sikvdilze ambobda, maT ki egonaT, rom bunebriv Zilze laparakobda. maSin iesom pirdapir uTxra: ,,lazare mokvda. mixaria Tqvens gamo, rom iq ar viyavi, raTa Tqven irwmunoT, magram wavideT masTan (ioane 11, axali aRTqma, 1993, gv. 15). iesos imdenad uyvarda es ojaxi, rom dis sityvebze _ ,,Sen rom aq yofiliyavi, is ar mokvdeboda, _ macxovari oTxi dRis micvalebulis saflavTan midis da sityvis ZaliT aRadgens adamianis ukve gaxrwnil gvams. ,,lazare, gamoved gare! _ am frazaSi Zevs Semoqmedi RmerTis kosmogoniuri unari sikvdilis sauflodan gamoatevos axali sicocxle. ebraul enaze lazare ,,RvTis wyalobas niSnavs da warmosdgeba eleazarisagan, sityvasityviT _ ,,ufalo Semewie (wmindanTa saxelebi. www. orthodoxy.ge). erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, lazares sikvdiliTa da Semdeg misi gacocxlebiT unda asrulebuliyo winaswarmetyvelTa naTqvami da israelis xalxs erwmunebina, rom mesia, romelsac is elodeboda, iyo ieso qriste. Tumca swored am RvTaebrivi faqtis Semdeg daiwyo sinedrionma qmedeba mis Sesapyrobad. saxelis etimologia gvafiqrebinebs, rom ufalma uwyaloba xalxs lazares aRdgineba, rogorc gansaxiereba RvTaebrivi yovlisSemZleobisa. mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Semdeg lazarem kidev ocdaaTi weli icxovra. RvTis nebiT igi kviprosis episkoposi gaxda. gadmocemiT, lazare kunZulze stumrad misuli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisagan misive naxelavi omforis boZebis Rirsi gamxdara. uflis rCeuli kviprosze miicvala. misi uxrwneli nawilebi kiteaSi gadaasvenes. es nawilebi Casvenebuli iyo marmarilos
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luskumaSi warweriT: ,,lazare, oTxTa dReTa saflavad mdebare, megobari qristesi. bizantiis imperatoris leon brZenis brZanebiT 898 wels siwminde konstantinepolSi gadaasvenes da marTali lazares taZarSi miuCines adgili (lazares SabaTi. www.politi.ge). qarTul qristianul saazrovno sivrceSi lazares pirovnebidan warmomdgari simbolo gansakuTrebuli datvirTviT Semodis. misi sakraluri funqcia ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxarebiseuli versiiT da eniWeba qarTuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da gansazRvrisaTvis Rrma ezoTeruli mniSvneloba. Zveli mwerlobis yovelmxriv sayuradRebo Zegli ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai qarTuli enis funqciis gansazRvrisas saxarebidan rogorc simbolos swored lazares irCevs, romelmac Tavisi sikvdiliTa da aRdgeniT qarTul enaSi Camarxuli saidumlos gasaRebis roli unda ikisros: ,,damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRedmde meored moslvisa mesiisa sawameblad. raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa. da ese enai mZinare ars dResamomde, da saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian (ioane zosime, 1990, gv. 5). qarTul literaturul kritikaSi bevri sagulisxmo mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadad mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben sityva ,,enis mniSvnelobaze da miiCneven, rom masSi igulisxmeba TviT ena, anbani, an kidev Tavad qarTveli eri. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs fraza, sadac saubaria am eniT uflis mier samyaros gankiTxvaze. qarTuli Teologiuri TvalsazrisiTac lazare igivdeba enasTan, an kidev erTan. faqtobrivad gansxvaveba arc imdenad didia, radgan qarTuli ena logikurad imavdroulad iTavsebs erovnulobis gagebasac. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II saubrobs ra lazares Sesaxeb, ,,qebais ideas iSveliebs da miuTiTebs, rom ,,wminda oTxTavis mixedviT, lazare megobari iyo qristesi. igi mkvdreTiT aRadgina macxovarma. xolo mis debs, rogorc Zmis Wirisuflebs, samaradiso cxovreba aRuTqva. azri naTelia, RvTis nebiT, qarTuli ena mkvdreTiT aRdgenil wminda lazaresTan aris gaigivebuli, xolo mis Wirisuflad Seracxulia mTeli qarTveli eri, romelic valdebulia dReniadag ufrTxildebodes, zrunavdes misTvis, viTarca marTali iosebi ifaravda mterTagan Cvil yrmas, macxovars Cvensas, ieso qristes (patriarqis qadagebidan, www. patriarcate.ge). roca saubari Seexeba lazares ambavs, aucileblad unda gamaxvildes yuradReba ara mxolod misi aRdgenis faqtze, aramed rwmenis, rogorc aucilebeli elementis, funqciazec. lazares ojaxs swamda, rom maTi megobari TviT macxovari iyo da am rwmenis gamovlena mxolod mkvdreTiT aRdgenaSi ki ar xdeba, aramed im qmedebasa da sityvebSic, rasac sCadian da amboben lazares debi. dekanozi arCil mindiaSvili marTasa da mariamis fsiqonaturaSi aRmocenebuli grZnobebis aqcentirebiT qarTveli
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eris eTikur-zneobrivi aRzevebis aucilebel pirobebze mianiSnebs: ,,ufalma dauSva Tavisi megobris, lazares sikvdili, romelic ,,yrodaRa (yarda). gamoscada sarwmunoebaSi dani misni: marTa da mariami, romelnic saxarebaSi alegoriulad rwmenas, Rrma sinanuls, uflis Wvretasa da stumarTmoyvareobas ganasaxiereben da lazare, ,,oTxi dRis mkvdari, mkvdreTiT aRadgina. da Tu qarTveli eri, romelsac saxarebasa Sina lazare hqvian, daibrunebs Tavis ,,or das, _ Rrma sinanuls, sakuTari codvebis gamo, uflis didebis Wvretas, anu gonebriv locvas, WeSmarit stumarTmoyvareobas, maSin is gamoicdeba qristesagan sarwmunoebaSi (a. mindiaSvili, 1980). Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi ioane zosimes ,,qebais garda cnobilia ioane minCxis sagalobeli, romelic sadidebels aRuvlens lazares aRdgenas. aseve, daviT guramiSvili tyveobidan gaqcevisas ufals evedreba aRadginos, rogorc lazare: gamagone xma sayvirTa, amoiRe xma mWaxeo, viT lazares damarxulsa ,,aRdeq_ Tavsa damZaxeo! (d. guramiSvili, 1980 gv. 134). qristianTa SemecnebaSi lazares aRdgenis faqti imdenad Zlier rwmeniT emocias efuZneba, rom yalibdeba myar mxatvrul saxed da SemdgomSi modifikaciis saSualebiT arsebobas paradigmulad agrZelebs. qarTul mwerlobaSi lazares literaturuli saxe kvlav saxarebis saZirkvlidan momdinarea. mwerlebi mimarTaven sxvadasxva xerxs, _ Sedarebas, aluzirebas, citirebas. simbolo aRar konkretdeba erT niSanze da mraval Temas iTavsebs. macxovris megobris ambis mxatvruli damuSavebisas mudmivad musirebs misi arsebiTi niSani _ mkvdreTiT aRdgena. ase magaliTad, terenti granelis leqsSi ,,,fiqrebi qaqucas mkvlelobis dRes saxarebis lazaresTan dakavSirebuli monakveTi gadmotanilia Tanamedrove sibrtyeSi, Tumca imave simZafriTa da eqspresiulobiT. 1923 wels gavrcelda araswori informacia saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiris - qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi razmis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. t.granelma swored am faqts miuZRvna Tavisi leqsi. masSi qaqucas sikvdili da qveynis damwuxreba lazares simbolos transforaciiT vlindeba: ,,maT saqarTvelo dRes gulSi daWres. axla Znelia sulis migneba... magram lazare aRsdgeba mkvdreTiT, aRdgeba rogorc RvTis siyvaruli! lazares simboloSi ,,qebais narativis gavleniT Semodis misi, rogorc qveynis, mxatvrul saxed gagebac. valerian vekuas leqsSi ,,Sen xar lazare lazare kolxeTia, droebiT miZinebuli, romelic aucileblad unda aRsdges: ,,mkvdari ara xar, Sen xar mZinare, aRsdgebi male, rogorc lazare, iesos Zma xar, misi moyvare, Cemo kolxeTo, Sen xar lazare!
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amisaTvis, poetis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs ori mniSvnelovani piroba: erSi Cabudebuli amboxi suli (miTosuri amiranis aluzireba _ z.k.) da uflis mier miniWebuli ukvdaveba. macxovris Zmad, anu megobrad, wodebuli lazare _ kolxeTi unda aRdges, radgan is mkvdari ki ar aris, aramed orTodoqsuli gagebiT miZinebulia. axali samyaros Seqmna, kacobriobis cxovrebis mini modelis Camoyalibeba udidesi eqspresiiT cxaddeba giorgi SalamberiZis leqsSi ,,survilebis yulaba. xisa da islis ubralo saxli da masTan dakavSirebuli midamo is adgilia, sadac dro statikidan dinamikaSi unda gadavides. Cveulebrivi adamianuri survilebi, kacebrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli frazebi mZlavr dinamikas iZenen, sicocxle yvela saukeTeso TvisebiT warmosdgeba da pirvelmizezTan mibruneba SvilebisaTvis SerCeuli saxelebiT xerxdeba. ,,Svilebs saxelad mivcemdi Tomas, lazares, pavles (g. SalamberiZe). am sityvebiT leqss saxarebiseuli JReradoba eZleva. TiTqmis aseTive funqcias iZens lazares xseneba kato javaxiSvilis leqsSi ,,himalai. logikisa da semantikuri kanonebis miRma aRmocenebul meditaciur samyaroSi warmosaxviTi da saxarebiseuli enacvleba erTmaneTs. Rrmaazrovani metaforebi deduqciurad da induqciurad avlens lirikul mes. myari semantemebi ucnob Sinaarssac iZens da mis gasagnebas mkiTxveli nacnobi mniSvnelobebis saSualebiT axerxebs. poetis sulSi Cndeba gamoqvabuli da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos es misi samosia; TviT suli godebis kedelTan rCeba, rogorc gaxdili sacmeli da aseT ormag sicarieleSi (sikvdilSi) SeigrZnoba macxovris saswauli, rasac poeti garedan ki ar gviCvenebs, aramed Signidan, gamoqvabulidan, sadac sufevs ,,lazare _ jer kidev Sav-bnel akldamaSi da mwuxris locvaze daxrili Tvalebi (k. javaxiSvili, 2009, gv. 23). aRdgenis faqti poetis cnobierSi myofobs, mkiTxveli ki TiTqos gamoqvabulis lodia. yofnasa da aryofnas Soris gavlebuli erTgvari zRvari qmnis abstraqtul mesame wevrs, romelic iTavsebs sxva sarwmunoebis (mahmadianuri, budisturi) aRmsarebel mistikur personas. ikvreba mWidro kavSiri da samad daSlili erTi SegrZneba Txzulebis mxatvrul sivrceSi amaoebisagan gaqcevis ndomaSi gadaizrdeba. msgavsi meditaciuri xilvebi da saxarebiseuli teqstis originaluri transformirebaa giorgi lobJaniZis leqsSi ,,lazare. lirikuli gmiri aq TviTon lazares eniT metyvelebs da daxSuli aridan TiTqos macxovars eZaxis. iasamnebis mxatvruli saxiT Seqmnili esTetikuri efeqti mxolod Sirmaa, romlis iqiT ,,Wvartliani qalaqi moCans. leqsis arqiteqtonikaSi TandaTan SemoiWreba trivialuri SegrZnebebi. ufro sworad, sulieri wameba gasagnebulia banalur, Tumca mgrZnobelobis xarisxiT aranakleb mZafr tanjvaSi, _ iseTSi, rogoricaa kbilis tkivili. yofieris aseTi CarTva leqsis ormag kodirebas ganapirobebs. erTi mxriv, TxzulebaSi viTardeba lazares ambavi, meore mxriv, masSi Semodis kidev sxva teqsti, romelic adamianuri grZnobebis aqcentirebiT lazares mxatvrul saxes axal datvirTvas aZlevs.
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,,me aRvsdeqi, aRvsdeqi: geZaxi iasamnebis iqiTa mxridan, WvartliT gadalesili qalaqis bolodan. rom me Sen mWirdebi, rom kbili mtkiva da arafriT ar aris gaumxeleli siyvaruli kbilis tkivilze ufro mosaTmeni. g. lobJaniZis leqsis lirikuli gmiri aris lazare, rogorc adamiani, romelic kvlav movida samzeoze, Tumca mas bolomde uWirs Semosvla Cveulebriv adamianur sivrceSi, radgan Tu is ukve cocxali adamiania, maSin misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic unda hqondes. aq mxolod siyvarulzea saubari. ra Tqma unda, qristes mier gacocxlebul adamians unda hqonoda es grZnoba (,,da raxan vcocxlobdi, unda myvareboda _ g.l.). magram avtori aq saubrobs grZnobis gamxelasa da Sesabamisad misi moTmenis siZneleze. metic, poets siyvaruli uZlieres grZnobad aqvs warmodgenili. lirikul gmirs usiyvarulo cxovrebaSi mouwia dabruneba. es ki sensorul SegrZnebaTa doneze siciviT cxaddeba. damcavi saSualeba, perangis sayelo, Sedarebulia saflavis lodTan. Tviseba, riTac es ori semantikurad absoluturad gansxvavebuli sityva erTmaneTs edareba da wyvils qmnis, aris simZime. saflavis lodi Tavisi fizikuri Tvisebis gamoa mZime, xolo perangis sayelo usiyvarulo sivrceSi mZimdeba, radgan is gardaiqmneba erTgvar damcav fenad, riTac lirikuli gmiri Tavis usiyvarulo arsebobas SemosazRvravs. g. lobJaniZis lazare naRvlianad mimarTavs macxovars: ,,da ratom macocxlebdi, ratom macocxlebdi?! Tuki sikvdiliviT mTrgunavs siyvaruli. Tuki Sen _ sikvdiliT sikvdilis damTrgunvelma ar Tqvi, siyvaruli rogorRa dameTrguna. leqsis naRvlian tons qmnis gameorebebi da ritorikuli mimarTvebi. lirikul gmirs Sinagani xma wamiTac ar aviwyebinebs, rom is sami dRis mkvdaria. mkvdaria, radgan ver daTrguna siyvaruli da amitomac is bolomde veRar aRsdgeba. misi barieri meryeobs iasamnebidan perangis sayelomde. is gaucxoebulia Tavisi grZnobiT, amitomac aseT gacocxlebas kvlav sikvdils amjobinebs. lazares mxatvruli saxis axleburi recefciiT poeti cdilobs Seqmnas rac SeiZleba mZafri, tkiviliani ganwyoba da lazares aRdgena usiyvarulo yofnasTan daakavSiros. lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgenis ambavi, ufro sworad is, rac Semdeg unda momxdariyo, poet nino darbaiselis lirikuli apokrifis ZiriTadi Tema xdeba. saxarebidan cnobilia, rogor aRadgina iesom lazare; aseve, gadmocemiT isicaa cnobili, rom man 30 weli icxovra. magram is, rasac ganicdida mkvdreTiT aRmdgari da rogori iyo saiqiogamovlili adamianis cxovreba, amis Sesaxeb saxareba dums. Zalauneburad mokvdavTa saazrovno velSi Cndeba uamravi versia, _ rogor icxovrebda lazare, Tundac iesos jvarze gakvris Semdeg, an moisurvebda Tu ara is uflis jvarcmis Semdeg sicocxles. aseTi versiebis dasaxeleba SeiZleba usasrulod
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gagrZeldes. am SemTxvevaSi n. darbaiselis leqsi ,,lazare ramdenadme savaraudo pasuxs scems im kiTxvaTa nawils mainc, romlebic Zalauneburad gakrTeba gonebaSi lazares epizodTan dakavSirebiT. poeti Txzulebas lazares sityvebiT iwyebs: marTa marTalia. damTavrda mariam, jvars acves ieso, ganibnen sxvani da vidre ganixvnen karni zecaTani, moawyda qveyanas godebis Rvari (n. darbaiseli, 2004). am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davakonkretoT dro, _ roca jvars acves macxovari da aseve davafiqsiroT sulieri mdgomareobac, romlis tragizms gamoavlens sityva ,,damTavrda. leqsis droiTi lokali sakmaod mcirea. faqtobrivad SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es aris wiTeli paraskevi, roca uflis megobari imdenad sulSeZrulia, rom Zalauneburad iwyebs fiqrs sakuTari sicocxlis mniSvnelobaze. is TiTqos imeorebs debis frazebs da mkiTxvels eqmneba warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, _ rogori iyo saiqiodan mobrunebuli, raRac idumalnarevi gacocxlebuli kaci, romelic ,,cocxlebs aRar gavda. mis sityvebSi aSkarad Cans RvTismosaoba da uflisadmi morCileba. sicocxleca da mkvdreTiT aRdgenac erTi sityviTaa gaerTianebuli (,,morCilad vicocxle, morCilad aRvsdeqi). manamde ki poeti mkafiod warmogvidgens, ramdenad didi iyo glova. debTan erTad damwuxrebuliyo xalxi da TviT iesoc tiroda. ,,misi tirili lazares samarxTan (da cremlooda iesuca _ ioane 11,35; nino darbaiselTan: ,,tiroda iesoc) macxovris adamianuri bunebis gamovlena da, amdenad, misi orbunebovnebis damadasturebelia (l. bregvaZe, 2004). oTxi dRis Semdeg ieso sityvebiT ,,gamoved, gamoved acocxlebs megobars. gamoqvabulSi, maSasadame, saiqios bnelSi myofi lazare unda gavides sinaTleSi _ cocxalTa samyofelSi. leqsSi igive sityvebi meored xmiandeba da kravs wres _ macxovari kvlav mouxmobs lazares. is kvlav sibneleSia, anu rac mkvdreTiT aRdgenis dros sinaTled da cxovrebad moiazreboda (radgan macxovari amqveynad, cocxalTa Soris imyofeboda), axla sibneles, ukuns warmoadgens, radgan xalxma, miuxedavad lazares aRdgenisa, mainc ver irwmuna iesos RvTaebrioba. ,,kvlav karTan momdgari ver gicno veravin, mgzavri Tu egone, Sorisken mswrafi. ,,gamoved, gamoved! _Seni xma momesmis. rabi, ra bindia, movdivar, rabi. adamianTa samyofeli gamoqvabulis mniSvnelobiT itvirTeba. aris kidev erTi gansxvaveba: Tu lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgenis dros ufals
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yvela miegeba, axla is Seucnobelia, radgan uaryves rogorc RmerTi. misi xilva mxolod morwmune da erTguli lazaresTvisaa SesaZlebeli, romelic eswrafvis SeuerTdes macxovars, wavides codvili miwidan (gamoqvabulidan). misTvis saiqio sanukvari adgili xdeba, radgan Tavis ufalTan hpovebs sasufevels. leqsis akustikuri daxvewiloba ara marto ritmuli harmoniiT miiRweva, aramed calkeuli bgeraTkompleqsebis gameorebiTa da sariTmo sityvebis Tanxmierebis velidan konteqstualur velSi gadataniT. aseTi mxatvruli ostatoba qmnis smeniTi efeqtis warmosaxviTobas da gadmocemuli ambavi ara mxolod ismineba, aramed xedvac SesaZlebeli xdeba. aseve, enis moxdenili arqaizeba saxarebis surnelsac sZens am leqss da kidev erTxel mTeli sicxadiT SegvagrZnobinebs uflis saswaulis didebulebas. lazares simbolo myar konceptad rCeba qarTul mwerlobaSi. misi gamorCeuloba _ mkvdreTiT aRdgena _ qmnis mxatvruli saxis gansakuTrebulobas. rwmenaSi gamovlenili sicocxlis dabrunebis misteria lirikaSi gardasaxulia da mravalsaxeobiT cnaurdeba meditaciebsa da poetur xilvebSi. iqmneba literaturuli paradigma, romelic sxvadasxva konteqstSi itovebs ZiriTad funqcias da poeturi transformaciiT kvlav ubrundeba pirvelsawyiss. damowmebuli literatura axali aRTqma, 1993 - axali aRTqma, da fsalmunebi, bibliis Targmnis instituti, stokholmi, 1993. l. bregvaZe, 2004 - l. bregvaZe, lirikuli apokrifi, gaz. ,,Cveni mwerloba, 13-19.II, 2004. t. graneli, fiqrebi qaqucas mkvlelobisas. www. lib.ge. d. guramiSvili, 1980 - d. guramiSvili, daviTiani, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb., 1980. n. darbaiseli, 2004 - n. darbaiseli, lazare, gaz. ,,Cveni mwerloba, 13-19.II, 2004. v. vekua, Sen xar lazare. http//valerian vekua.blogspot.com. ioane zosime, 1990 - ioane zosime, qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, sxva saqarTvelo sad ari, Tb., 1990. lazares SabaTi. www.politi.ge. g. lobJaniZe, lazare, www. lib.ge. a. mindiaSvili, 1980 - dekanozi arCil mindiaSvili, lazare, gamoved gare. www ortodoxy,ge. patriarqis qadagebidan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. www. patriarcate.ge. g. SalamberiZe, survilebis yulaba, www. lib.ge. wmindanTa saxelebi. www. orthodoxy.ge. k. javaxiSvili, 2009 - k. javaxiSvili, himalai, Jurn. ,,Cveni mwerloba, #7, 2009.
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ZEINAB KIKVIDZE
ON THE FICTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAZARUS IMAGE IN THE GEORGIAN LITERATURE
The resurrection of Lazarus of Bethany is one of the most important passages and the mysterious miracle of Christ in the New Testament. The symbol that originated from Lazarus personality has entered the Christian Georgian space of thought with particular meaning. Its sacral function is not confined to only the Gospel version as it has acquired profound esoteric significance in the shaping and determining of the Georgian worldview. In the consciousness of a Christian the fact of restoring Lazarus to life is based on the solid emotion of the underlying faith which is formed into a stable literary image, paradigmatically maintaining its existence through modifications. The image of Lazarus in the Georigan literature stems from the Gospel. Writers apply various figures of speech, comparisons, allusions, citations for its expression. The symbol of Lazarus comprises multiple themes and it does not follow to a single sign representation. However, its artistic treatment conjures up his resurrection as the most essential and intensive property of the imagery. The symbol of Lazarus maintains as a stable concept in the Georigan literature. The very fact of restoring to life endows it with an ourtstanding quality. In poetry the mystery of returning to life is revealed through the faith, which yields to multifacetted transformations by way of meditations and poetic visions. Consequently, there arises a literary paradigm which tends to retain its essential function in different contexts going over backward to its origin by means of the poetic transformation.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
mamuka menabde
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis 40-50istoriidan XVI saukunis 40 -50 -ian wlebSi
XVI saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis centrSi saxelmwifoebriobis TvalsazrisiT erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mTavari memkvidre qarTlis samefo iyo. am dros qarTlis samefos iranis xuTi farTomasStabiani laSqrobis gadatana mouwia. am laSqrobebs didi gavlena hqonda qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikur urTierTobebze. am xanebSi iran-osmaleTis omi mimdinareobda. es omi 1514 wels daiwyo da drogamoSvebiT 1555 wlamde gagrZelda. Tavdapirvelad omSi osmalebma moipoves iniciativa, Semdeg iranis Sahi Tamazi (1524-1576) Seecada situaciis Secvlas. Seqmnil viTarebaSi Sah-Tamazma saqarTvelos mimarT metismetad mkacri politikis gatareba miiCnia saWirod. 1541 wels Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi laSqroba moawyo. maSin iranis Sahma Tbilisis cixe aiRo da iq Tavisi garnizoni Caayena. qarTlis mefe luarsab I-s (1527-1556) iranelTaTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba ar ufiqria da Sah-Tamazma tyveebis didi raodenobiT da sxva nadavliT saqarTvelo datova (hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966, gv. 22-23; beri egnataSvili, 1959, gv. 357; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 496-497; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 402). Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul pirvelive laSqrobas didi gavlena hqonda qarTul Sida urTierTobebze. am laSqrobamde luarsab I-s imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebTan normaluri urTierToba hqonda. axla ki, saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Semdeg iranis Sahi yarabaRs imyofeboda, rodesac masTan imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1565) da kaxeTis mefe levani (1518-1574) gamocxadnen da morCileba gamoucxades (beri egnataSvili, 1959, gv. 357; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 498; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 572, 812). imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeTa moqmedeba am SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, saerToqarTul interesebs ar pasuxobda. maT Sah-TamazisTvis morCileba ki ar unda gamoecxadebinaT, aramed qarTlis mefisaTvis unda daeWiraT mxari mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. bagrat III am xanebSi cdilobda samcxeze Tavisi xelisufleba gaevrcelebina, rac osmalTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebeli iyo. osmalebma samcxeSi 1545 wels didi laSqari gamogzavnes. bagrat III-m gurielsa da dadians daxmareba sTxova. gurieli Tavisi laSqriT bagratis gverdiT dadga, xolo dadianma bagrats daxmarebaze uari ganucxada. dadiani imis gamo iyo ganawyenebuli, rom murjaxeTis brZolis (1535) Semdeg, roca imerTa mefem droebiT samcxe SemoierTa, man aWara da lazeTi guriels gadasca.
m. menabde
bagrat imerTa mefem osmalebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis mefesac sTxova daxmareba. luarsabma bagratis Txovna miiRo. es faqti sainteresod aqvT gadmocemuli XVIII saukunis qarTvel mematianeebs. isini ar amarto faqts aRweren, aramed iqve erTgvarad luarsabis mTeli moRvaweobis ganmazogadebel Sefasebas axdenen da aRniSnaven, rom qarTlis mefe ar ifargleboda piradi, kerZoobiTi da viwro kuTxuri interesebiT; igi saerToqarTuli interesebis Sesabamisad moqmedebda, avmexsieri ar iyo da im qarTul samefo-samTavroebsac ki exmareboda saWiroebis Jams, romelTa meTaurebic gansacdelSi mas marto tovebdnen (beri egnataSvili, 1959, gv. 358; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 499; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 403). samcxeSi SemoWril osmalebsa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul laSqars Soris 1545 wels soxoistas velze Sedga brZola, sadac osmalebma gamarjveba moipoves. amis Semdeg osmalTaTvis samcxis srulad dasapyrobad gza xsnili iyo. soxoistas brZolis Semdeg luarsab mefe Tavis gavlenas javaxeTSi isev inarCunebda, rac samcxis aTabag qaixosro meorisTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. amasTanave, qaixosrosTvis autaneli gaxda is politika, romelsac osmaleTi samcxeSi atarebda. rTul mdgomareobaSi myofma qaixosrom Sah-Tamazs Txova daxmareba, ris Sedegadac 1547 wlis ianvarSi yizilbaSTa jari saqarTveloSi Semovida. yizilbaSebma jer javaxeTi daarbies, Semdeg - qvemo qarTli. qarTlis mefis morCilebis miReba ki maTTvis amjeradac miuRwevel amocanad darCa. aRsaniSnavia, rom isqander munSi da farsadan gorgijaniZe gvawvdian cnobebs, rom imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebi am laSqrobis msvlelobisas gamocxadnen Sah-TamazTan da saomar operaciaSi daexmarnen (isqander munSis cnobebi, 1969, gv. 17; farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 5). imis gamosarkvevad, imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebma marTlac miiRes Tu ara monawileoba am laSqrobaSi, prioritetuli mniSvneloba unda mieces hasan rumlus cnobebs, vinaidan is piradad monawileobda laSqrobaSi. hasan rumlu ki aRniSnavs, rom mxolod saqarTvelos datovebis Semdeg gamocxaddnen SahTan qarTveli mefeebi, romlebic man daasaCuqra da Tav-TavianT samefoebSi daabruna (hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966, gv. 26). amdenad, Cven gvinda daveTanxmoT r. kiknaZes da m. rexviaSvils, romlebic hasan rumlus aRniSnuli cnobis safuZvelze miiCneven, rom am laSqrobaSi imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebs monawileoba ar miuRiaT (hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966, gv. 58; m. rexviaSvili, 1989, gv. 42). 1551 wels samcxe-saaTabagoSi arzrumis faSa isqanderi SemoiWra da swored am dros qarTlis mefe luarsabma samcxis mimarTulebiT ilaSqra. am situaciaSi qaixosro aTabagma iranis Sahs Txova daxmareba, ris sapasuxod Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi Tavisi mesame laSqroba moawyo. isqander faSam artanujis cixes Tavi mianeba. iranelebma am SemTxvevaSi jer samcxeSi gamoavlines didi sisastike da Semdeg qarTlSi. luarsab mefes arc amjerad ufiqria iranelebisTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba.
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan...
iran-osmaleTis omi gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida. 1553 wels osmaleTma iranis winaaRmdeg morigi Zlieri samxedro operaciebis seria daiwyo. am dros osmalebma samcxeSi elCi gamogzavnes. elCma moaxerxa im dapirebis miReba, romlis mixedviT samcxe iran-osmaleTis brZolebSi neitraluri iqneboda. warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli misiis Semdeg elCi ukan gabrunda da gzaSi is ucnobma pirebma sicocxles gamoasalmes. e. mamisTvaliSvili miiCnevs, rom im pirebis ukan, romlebmac elCi mokles, qarTlisa da imereTis mefeebi idgnen da es mefeebma imitom gaakeTes, rom isini dainteresebuli iyvnen aTabagis avtoritetis SelaxviT (e. mamisTvaliSvili, 1981, gv. 139-140). iran-osmaleTis omis finalur stadiaze mosalodneli sazavo molaparakebis win didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda imas, iqneboda Tu ara qarTlis mefe Sah-Tamazis mier damorCilebuli. 1554 wlis ivlisagvistoSi Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi meoTxe laSqroba moawyo. am laSqrobis ganxorcielebamde Sah-Tamazi Sirvans imyofeboda, sadac masTan gamocxadda levan kaxTa mefe da morCileba gamoucxada (vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 575; Sah-Tamazi, 1976, gv. 52, 83-84). Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul laSqrobebs Soris es meoTxe laSqroba yvelaze ufro sastiki iyo da misi mTeli simZime amJamadac qarTlis samefom gadaitana. mterma verc amjerad miiRo qarTlis mefis morCileba. yizilbaSebma qarTlidan 30 aTasi tyve waiyvanes. SahTamazis yvelaze mniSvnelovan tyves - luarsabis dedas nestan-darejans iranelebisTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba ar ufiqria da sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula (farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 7-8; beri egnataSvili, 1959, gv. 364-365; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 506-507; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 404-405). Cven gvaqvs cnoba, rom am laSqrobisas Sah-Tamazma aradeTis wyali, ali, surami da axaldaba daikava, ris gamoc bagrat imerTa mefisagan protesti miiRo (g. mamulia, 1960, gv. 14; d. witaiSvili, 2004, gv. 5). SesaZlebelia, Sah-Tamazis mimarT gamoxatuli bagratis protesti imazec migvaniSnebdes, rom imereTis mosazRvred mdebare qarTlis teritoriebi bagratsa da luarsabs Soris cilobis sagania, rac erTi SexedviT sruliad miuRebelia. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, obieqturad es protesti saerToqarTuli interesebis gamomxatvelia, vinaidan bagrati Tavisi protestiT realurad luarsabs uWerda mxars Sah-Tamazis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amas garda, unda aRiniSnos, rom am laSqrobisas luarsabs aucileblobam aiZula, rom droebiT TavSesafari qarTlis gareT eZebna, risi povnac man imereTSi bagratis daxmarebiT moaxerxa (axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 507; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 815). amrigad, Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli meoTxe laSqrobisas ganviTarebuli movlenebi aCvenebs, rom qarTlisa da imereTis samefoebis urTierTobaSi ukve cvlilebaa momxdari. bagrats kargad SeeZlo daenaxa, rom is politika, romelsac igi Sah-Tamazis mimarT atarebda, Sedegiani da warmatebuli ver aRmoCnda. imJamad imerTa mefem verc samcxeze gaavrcela Tavisi xelisufleba da odiSisa da guriis
m. menabde
erisTavebic gamovidnen misi kontrolidan. amis Semdeg bagrati bolos da bolos unda mimxvdariyo, rom aucilebeli iyo politikuri kursis cvlileba, kerZod, is, rom mas qarTlTan urTierToba unda gaeumjobesebina da irans dapirispireboda. aqve unda SevCerdeT Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli meoTxe laSqrobis mimarT samcxis samTavros damokidebulebis Taobaze. rogorc viciT, aqamde Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul meore da mesame laSqrobaze Tavisi uaryofiTi asaxva hpova samcxisa da qarTlis garTulebulma urTierTobam. am urTierTobis garTuleba aTabagis moRalateobrivma politikam gamoiwvia. axla ki, Sah-Tamazis meoTxe laSqrobisas aTabagis uaryofiTi roli ar gamokveTila. SesaZlebelia, 1553 wels samcxeSi movlinebuli osmalTa elCis misiam iTamaSa amaSi Tavisi roli da samcxem amis gamo gamoiCina neitraliteti. 1555 wels 29 maiss ukve amasiaSi osmaleTsa da irans Soris zavi daido. am zaviT osmaleTs miekuTvna imereTis samefo, odiS-guriis samTavroebiT da samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili - tao, SavSeTi, klarjeTi (Woroxis auzi); irans - qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleTi (udidesi) nawili (mtkvris auzi). amasiis zavis dadebis Semdeg luarsabis politika ar Secvlila. qarTlis mefe samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da erTianobisaTvis qedmouxrel brZolas ganagrZobda, ris sapasuxod yarabaRis beglarbegi Saverdi sulTani (romelsac Sah-Tamazma luarsabis meTvalyureoba daavala) 1556 wels Tavisi laSqriT qarTlSi Semovida. brZola moxda garisTan, qciis (xramis) xeobaSi. qarTlis samefos laSqari mters isev eulad daupirispirda, Tumca gamarjvebas mainc daeufla. luarsab mefe Tavisi Warmagi asakis miuxedavad brZolaSi monawileobda da qarTvelTa gamarjvebaSi Tavisi gmiruli sikvdiliT daido wvlili (farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 9; beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 365-366, 509-510; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 405-406). amgvarad, XVI saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iranma xuTi farTomasStabiani laSqroba ganaxorciela. iranelTa laSqrobebis mTavari samizne saqarTveloSi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mTavari memkvidre qarTlis samefo iyo. iranelTa laSqrobebma qarTuli samefosamTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis gamwvavebas Seuwyo xeli. qarTlis samefo mters ganmartoebulad upirispirdeboda, imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebma iranelebs morCileba gamoucxades da qarTlis samefos iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi TiTqmis aranairi daxmareba ar gauwies. amis miuxedavad, mterma qarTlis samefos morCileba ver miiRo, rasac Seqmnil viTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda da mTel saqarTveloSi qarTuli sulis gaZlierebas uwyobda xels.
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan...
damowmebuli literatura axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - axali qarTlis cxovreba, mesame teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, II, Tb., 1959. beri egnataSvili, 1959 - beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba, II, Tb., 1959. vaxuSti, 1973 - vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973. isqander munSis cnobebi, 1969 - isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo d. kacitaZem, Tb., 1969. e. mamisTvaliSvili, 1981 - e. mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1981. g. mamulia, 1960 - g. mamulia, XVI saukunis qarTvelTa istoriisaTvis, droSa, #5, 1960. m. rexviaSvili, 1989 - m. rexviaSvili, imereTis samefo (1462-1810 ww.), Tb., 1989. farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926 - farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria (amonabeWdi saistorio moambidan, w. II, 1925), tf., 1926. Sah-Tamazi, 1976 - Sah-Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan, sparsuli teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Targmna, SeniSvnebi da winasityvaoba daurTo k. tabataZem, Tb., 1976. d. witaiSvili, 2004 - d. witaiSvili, imereTis samefos politikuri geografiidan, quTaisi, 2004. hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966 - hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kiknaZem, Tb., 1966.
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MAMUKA MENABDE
FROM THE HISTORY OF INTERNAL POLITICAL RELATIONS OF THE GEORGIAN KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES IN THE 40-50S OF THE 16TH CENTURY
The unfavorable foreign policy situation for Georgia in the 40-50s of the 16th century had seriously strained the relationship between the Georgian kingdoms and principalities. The chief heir of united Georgias statehood was Kartli Kingdom, which appeared in the center of internal political relations and which by that period had to repel five whirlwind invasions of Iran. Shah_Tamaz(1524-1576) of Iran invasions main military target in Georgia was always Kartli Kingdom. In that compounded circumstances King Bagrat III (1510-15654) of Imereti and King Levan (1518-1574) of Kakheti paid homage to Shah Tamaz. Consequently, King Luarsab I (1527-1556) had to resist Iran invasions almost without any assistance from the other Georgian kingdoms. The king of Kartli, unlike the other Georgian kings of this period, never confined himself to only the interests of his kingdom and eagerly offered his assistance to other Georgian kingdoms and principalities in spite of the fact that their rulers had often left him behind single-handed exposed to danger. Though the king of Kartli faced the enemy mainly all alone, the Shah of Iran could not succeed in subjugating the Kartli kingdom. Such an outcome of events had profound significance in the strengthening of the Georgian national spirit.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
maia miqautaZe
[~] V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi

[~] didi sixSiriT vlindeba uZveles qarTul xelnawerebsa Tu lapidarul warwerebSi. es bgera Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic Zalzed aqtiurad dasturdeba da miiReba [i]-sagan, h|x, z|s|S|c, n|r|l, j, g Tanxmovnebisagan, aseve Cndeba iotizebuli SemarTvisa da damarTvis dros (b. jorbenaZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999; m. miqautaZe, 2005). Cveni mizania diaqroniul aspeqtSi ganvixiloT [~]-s Semcveli bgeraTkompleqsebi da gavarkvioT, ra mimarTebaa uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebsa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi gamovlenil viTarebas Soris. kerZod: ganvixilavT formebs, romlebic: a) V-XVIII ss. saliteraturo enisTvis normaa, Tumca dRes mxolod qarTveluri kiloebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; b) mecnierTa mier zepiri metyvelebisTvis (mwerlis an gadamweris dialeqtisTvis) damaxasiaTeblad miiCneva; g) gadamweris `kalmismier" Secdomad anda ucodinrobad iTvleba, Tumca, Cveni dakvirvebiT, maT sxvagvari kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieces. qarTuli asomTavruli anbani Tavidanve arCevda /i/ fonemis marcvlovan [i] da umarcvlo [~] alofonebs. Sesabamisad,i grafema [i]-s gadmoscemda da grafema _ [~]-s. uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT garkveulia [~] alofonis distribucia, romelic erTob SezRudulia. igi gvxvdeba: a) xmovanTa Semdeg sityvis absolutur boloSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad a, o, u (iSviaTad e) xmovnebze daboloebul saxelebTan; b) ukvecel saxelTa naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTis formebSi; g) xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis naTesaobiT (iSviaTad moqmedebiT) brunvaSi; d) zogi zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSi; e) zogi zmnizedis SemadgenlobaSi. xanmeti da haemeti Zeglebis mixedviT, mkacrad gansazRvruli orTografiuli normiT [e~] bgeraTkompleqsi gadmoicema dawerilobiT; mis paralelurad eQ da e dawerilobanic gvxvdeba am difTongis Q aRmniSvnelad. es paraleluri dawerilobani niSania imisa, rom difTongis erTi aso-niSniT gamoxatva uCveulo da xelovnuria qarTuli orTografiisTvis. Sedegad saxezea marTlweris normis ryeva: grafemaTa dawerilobebis aRreva. amave periodis ZeglebSi ufroobiTi xarisxis formebisa da warmoSobiT moqmedebiTi brunvis formis mqone zmnizedebSi (udidYs, umjobYs, egrYT, esrYT...)[e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gadmocemisas [e~] dawerilobis paralelurad sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba e daweriloba (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 13-17). amis mizezad migvaCnia is, rom V-VI ss. zepiri metyvelebisTvis am ukve gaqvavebuli saxis formebSi [e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gamartiveba dawyebulia.
m. miqautaZe
IX-XI ss. ZeglebSi [e~]-s gadmocemis orTografiuli normis ryeva imatebs. IX-XI ss. lapidarul warwerebSi -s gamoyeneba sakmaod iSviaTia da aratradiciuli. [e~] bgeraTkompleqsi am ZeglebSi, ZiriTadad, tb an t dawerilobiT warmogvidgeba. saubaria nusxa-xucuriT Sesrulebul warwerebze. magaliTebi: Zei lipajajisi (ateni X-XI); me dR^~ uboZe (ubisa IX-X); zRude~ (ateni X); miWAtinis Zei (qoreTi XI); stefane~ (sabue X); qê adiden mefe (dolisyana X)...(m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 17-28). daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi (vTqvaT, IX an XI saukuneSi) Sesrulebul sxvadasxva ZeglSi erTsa da imave poziciaSi [e~]-s gadmosacemad erT teqstSi Tu daweriloba gvxvdeba, meoreSi e-a. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom, erTi mxriv, grafemisadmi sxvadasxva gadamwerisa Tu mwignobruli skolis damokidebulebasTan da, meore mxriv, da e grafemaTa aRrevasTan ufro gvaqvs saqme, vidre difTongis daSlis procesis navaraudev dasasrulTan (Sdr.: z. sarjvelaZe, 1975). amas gvidasturebs isic, rom IX-XI ss. lapidarul warwerebSi [e~] Q bgeraTkompleqsi ZiriTadad eQ | ei dawerilobiT gvxvdeba; naklebad Cans e daweriloba, ufro iSviaTad _ . [e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gamoxatvis garda, grafema sxva SemTxvevebSic fiqsirdeba: gvxvdeba zogierTi sityvis fuZeSi, romelic Sesabamisi berZnuli formis transliteracias warmoadgens: nikodYmos (B ion.3,9); i^Ymd (ABCDEF lk.9,53); sYmisa (A lk.3,36); iYsu~sa (B lk.3,29)... (iqve, gv.23). romaelis `qronikonSi" dasturdeba paraleluri daweriloba sakuTari saxelebisa: sYm (196,33)//sem(196,33) da sYT (196,25)//seiT (196,28) (iqve, gv. 24). [ei]-d da am ukanasknelSi berZnuli -s satranskripcio niSani ara [e]-d aris gaazrebuli; es sakuTari saxeli aseTive fuZiT mkvidrdeba qarTulSi (Sdr., leCxumSi seiTi dResacaa gavrcelebuli). iSviaTad grafema gvxvdeba e- bolokidurian rogorc sazogado, ise sakuTar saxelTa moTxrobiT, micemiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT brunvebSi, narTaniani mravlobiTis saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis formaTa fuZeebSi. Tvlian, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi es aso-niSani [e] bgeris gadmomcemia: dideba~ ZYsa d^Tissa (CD mT. 21,15); kldYsa zeda (BmT.16,18); nu miscemT siwmidYsa (BmT.7,6); dRYsa SabaTsa (EmT. 12,1); esma herodYs (A mT.14,1); mefY Sen... cxovndi (m/q^~,341-7); mwarYd(r/qr. 198,10); cxovnda mefYd (r/qr. 198,39); sxuad saxYd (diom.196,4); gigalobT Sen q^Y RmerTo (Zl.171/59-8); ZYo iona~so (DmT. 16,17); ZYd (DEFlk.3,23); ZYman (DE mT.11,27); ZYTa (DmT.27,56); dRYni (Flk.2,21)... (iqve, gv.24). [e]-s gadmomcemia grafema fuZeebSi: xYneS (F mT.12,33); sasufYveli (C mT.22,2); birYbul (C mT.14,8)... zogjer dasturdeba -mde Tandebulian formebSi: yofadmdY (Elk.2,21); vêmdY (CmT.13,2); gamoslvadmdY (BmT.12,20; mT.10,23)...
[~]-is Semcveli bgeraTkompleqsebi V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa da...
dawerilobis SemTxvevebi aseve moulodnelia da grafemaTa àRrevad" aris miCneuli zmnebis bolos C-# poziciaSi: vqmnY (Clk.18,18); gamoucxadY (CmT.11,25); ixilY (BmT.8,4); moikueTY (BmT.5, 30); davizmTrY (m/q^~ 332-37); SeiwynarY (diom.196,26); Semoqmedi itvirTY (Zl.137/16-12); viswavY (ep. kApr.194,28)... aRapi winadRY (iSxani X)... (iqve, gv. 17-28). vfiqrobT, sityvis fuZis arabolokidur poziciaSi (xYneS, -sa da aseve morfemaTa sasufYveli, zYobasa) e-s nacvlad gamovlenili zRvarze e dawerilobebis (dReYs) dros adgili unda hqondes grafemaTa aRrevas, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki (moTxrobiT, micemiT Tu viTarebiT brunvebSi, zmnebisa Tu Tandebulebis bolos) _ ara: Cveni varaudiT, maSindel zepir metyvelebaSi (avtoris dialeqtSi!) SesaZloa gvxvdeboda ~|i darTuli dialeqturi formebi: Ze~man, davizamTre~, vidremde~, mefe~d, moikueTe~ (Sdr., Tanamedrove kilouri monacemebi: movxarSei, gavtexei... (samcx.); moviyvanei, davrgei; vinmei, ramei... (z.imer.); mama~s `mamas", xe~s (=xes) dauSenda Tavs i bediTi... (raW.) (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 392, 411, 465, 479...). gamoyarei, melaparakei, kiTxei, viCivlei... (qarTl.) (v. Tofuria, 2002, gv.450), bragade~ `vilaparake", bRaWale~ `viCxube" (megr.) (e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007, gv. 160). bunebrivi metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli amgvari warmoTqma SeiZleboda asaxuliyo aRniSnuli tipis sityvebSi. [e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gadmocema da grafemis gamoyeneba XIIXVIII ss. ZeglebSi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli anbaniT aris Sesrulebuli esa Tu is Zegli. `sityua~ arTronTaTAsSi" iq, sadac Zveli qarTuli enis normebis mixedviT mosalodneli iyo e~ difTongi, yovelTvis gvxvdeba e; aseTive viTarebaa abuserisZe tbelTan (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 28). am periodis xucuriT Sesrulebul istoriul sabuTebSi [e~]|[ei] bgeraTkompleqsi aseve ar Cans CvenTvis saintereso poziciebSi, maSin rodesac [~]-s Semcveli sxva difTongebi: [o~], [u~], [a~] yvelgan adgilzea (iqve, gv. 25-27). kviprelis `qronikis" XIII_XIV ss. xelnawerebSi grafema, àRrevasTan" erTad, daniSnulebisamebrac gamoiyeneba, Tumca misi moxmarebis are, amave Zeglis X-XI ss. xelnawerebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod SezRudulia (iqve, gv. 26). svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi grafema ar gamoiyeneba. mis Sesabamisad ei|e~ kompleqsi gvxvdeba: i(ovan)e cxeTilisZei (II sv. 3-32) (iqve). XIII-XVI ss. Sesrulebul lapidarul warwerebSi grafema ar gvxvdeba daniSnulebisamebr. mis nacvlad poziciebSi e an ei gvevlineba. Y grafema mxedruliT Sesrulebul wyaroebSi XVI s-mde ar gvxvdeba. yvela mosalodnel poziciaSi e daweriloba gvaqvs. anton kaTalikosTan da gaioz reqtorTan TiTze CamosaTvleli magaliTebi dasturdeba [e~] difTongis gamoyenebisa (iqve, gv. 34). rac Seexeba [a~], [o~] da [u~] bgeraTkompleqsTa gadmocemas, Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs: xanmet da haemet ZeglebSi grafemis gamovlenis wesebi mkacradaa daculi difTongTa meore nawilis gadmosacemad.
m. miqautaZe
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom XI saukunis zepir metyvelebaSi difTongebi aRar arsebobda (z. sarjvelaZe). Cveni dakvirvebiT, V-XI saukuneTa ZeglebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis gamovlindeba V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis niSanTa xmovniT nawilad. -s klebis SemTxvevebi imatebs sannarev ZeglebSi saxelobiTi brunvis bolos V-# poziciaSi. saerTod, IX-XI saukuneebis xelnawerebSi xmovanTa momdevno poziciaSi [~]-s gamovlenis sixSire maRalia, rac unda miuTiTebdes maSindel zepir metyvelebaSi palatalizebul difTongTa arsebobis Sesaxeb. amaves adasturebs IX-XI saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebisa da istoriuli sabuTebis monacemebi. da i grafemaTa gamovlenis marTlwerisaTvis uCveulo SemTxvevebi ar warmoadgens XI s. zepir metyvelebaSi difTongTa moSlis sabuTs. Cveni azriT, am periodisTvis da i grafemaTa gamovlenis orTografiuli normebis ryevas smeniTi aRqmisas [i] da [~] alofonTa gaurCevloba iwvevs zogi gadamwerisa Tu Semsruleblis mxridan. amaze metyvelebs IX-XI ss. lapidarul warweraTa monacemebi, romlebSic saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad V-# poziciaSi 53% dafiqsirda, i _ 40% da mxolod 7%-Si ar aris warmodgenili brunvis niSani, xolo naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSanTa xmovniT nawilad 60,6% gvaqvs da 39,4% _ i. -s poziciaSi gamovlenili i grafema aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi [~] alofonis gadmomcemad migvaCnia (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 46-54). XII-XVIII ss. xucuriT Sesrulebul ZeglTa analizma gviCvena, rom am periodis qarTulSi grafema aqtiurad vlindeba orTografiul normaTa Sesabamisad; e.i. [a~], [o~], [u~] difTongebic saxezea (iqve, gv. 54-58). grafemis klebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia, mis nacvlad i grafemis daweriloba _ xSiri. am poziciebSi i-s, XI s. Zeglebis msgavsad, [~]-s gamomxatvelad vTvliT. XI-XV ss. mxedruliT Sesrulebul ZeglebSi yvela im poziciaSi, sadac mosalodneli iyo [~], warmodgenilia i: saxelobiTi brunvis bolos V_# poziciaSi _ 97,5%, xmovanfuZian saxelTa naTesaobiT brunvaSi, V_C poziciaSi _ 95,8%, xmovanfuZian sakuTar saxelTa naTesaobiTSi _ 86,4%, saxelis mxolobiTi ricxvis nanaTesaobiTar saxelobiTSi mxolod i-Ti gaformebuli fuZeebia, ca nawilakic yovelTvis gaformebul fuZes daerTvis, nanaTesaobiTar saxelobiTSi i [~]-s adgilze yvelgan saxezea; xmovanfuZian saxelTa moqmedebiTsa da nanaTesaobiTar moqmedebiTSi i yvelganaa [~]-s poziciaSi. mocemuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom XII-XV ss. mxedruliT Sesrulebul qarTul ZeglebSi i grafema aqtiurad vlindeba [~] alofonis gadmosacemad. Sesabamisad, ai, oi da ui dawerilobani am poziciebSi [a~], [o~] da [u~] bgeraTkompleqsTa (resp. damaval difTongTa) gamomxatvelia. XV-XVI saukuneebidan mxedrul saero ZeglebSi aRniSnul poziciebSi i TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba. Tumca [~] xSirad vlindeba dialeqtebSi. es
bgera Cveulebrivia sasuliero stilis gamoyenebis drosac (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 65-67). amrigad XI-XVI ss. mxedrul xelnawerebSi ~ grafemis ararseboba ar unda aixsnas difTongebis moSliT. Tavdapirvel mxedrul anbanSi, Cans, saWirod ar CaTvales /i/-s alofonTa garCeva, romlebic, rogorc davinaxeT, zepir metyvelebaSi akustikurad ganirCeoda, magram sityvis mniSvnelobas ar cvlida, e. i. fonema ar iyo. sasuliero xasiaTis Zeglebi, rogorc wesi, nusxa-xucuriT iwereboda, magram ukve XVII s-dan mxedruli anbaniT aris gadawerili mravali maTgani. amis mizezi saeroTa nusxuris ucodinaroba yofila, rasac amtkicebs kidec am periodis xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebi. mxedruliT gadmowerili sasuliero Zeglebis ena ucvleli darCa. am ZeglTa enaSi, rogorc wesi, [~] vlindeba Zveli normebis mixedviT, ZiriTadad damaval difTongebSi. XI-XVI ss. mxedrul xelnawerebSi ~ grafemis ararseboba unda aixsnas ara difTongebis moSliT, aramed Tavdapirvel mxedrul anbanSi /i/-s umarcvlo alofonTa niSnis ararsebobiT. sulxan-saba orbeliani saero TxzulebaTa Seqmnis dros am grafemas ar iyenebs; magaliTad, `mogzauroba evropaSi" ~ -s nacvlad uiSviaTesad weria i. sasuliero stiliT Sesrulebuli `swavlanis" ena sintaqsuri wyobiTac da morfologiuradac `Zveli qarTuliseburia", magram masSi XVII s. metyvelebis normebia SeWrili. asea [~]-s gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic. kerZod: V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad da V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi xSirad ar gvxvdeba es aso-niSani. sulxansaba iyenebs ~ grafemas yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac imowmebs adgilebs saxarebidan. bunebrivia, am periodis mxedruliT gadaweril sasuliero ZeglebSi ~ -s gamoyenebis normebi ufroa daculi, vidre mxedruliTve daweril sasuliero ZeglebSi. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ar unda iyos gasakviri XVIII s. gramatikosTa mier ~ grafemis intensiuri gamoyeneba sasuliero da samecniero nawarmoebTa SeTxzvisas, romelTa stili TiTqmis ar sxvaobda V-XI ss. Sesabamis TxzulebaTa stilisagan. z.SanSovans SeniSnuli aqvs, `rom qarTul difTongebSi xmovnebTan arsebiTad E da ~ aris warmodgenili" da rom ~ gamoiyeneba ùfrosad i nis alags, viTarca: raime da ra~me"... (T. uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 121). anton pirvelma `qarTul RrammatikaSi" tradiciuli orTografia SeinarCuna da ~ yvela misTvis maxasiaTebel poziciaSi warmoadgina. V-# poziciaSi ~ grafema 87,6%-ia warmodgenili, sxvagan _ ar Cans; V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis xmovniT nawilad _ 55% ~-a, danarCenSi _ i; moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnis xmovniT nawilad ~91,6%-ia ~, nawilakdarTul saxelobiTSi ki _ yvelgan. fuZeSi [a~] damavali difTongis Semaval nawilad V-C poziciaSi ~ warmodgenilia orjer berZnul sakuTar saxelTa dawerilobaSi: beTsa~da (118,28); ma~nan (118,28)... gaioz reqtoris `gramatikaSi" aseTi suraTia:
m. miqautaZe
V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTSi ~ brunvis niSnad warmodgenilia 42,9%; nawilaki mxolod ~-iT gaformebul saxelobiTi brunvis formebs daerTvis. nanaTesaobiTar saxelobiTSi saxeli gauformebelia. naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSanTa xmovniT nawilad V-C poziciaSi yovelTvisaa saxeze ~ grafema. warmodgenili monacemebi cxadyofs, rom /i/ fonemis umarcvlo [~] varianti ara marto XII-XVI, aramed XVI-XVIII ss. zepir metyvelebaSi intensiurad gamoiyeneba; ~ da grafemaTa gamovlenis sixSire damokidebulia nawarmoebTa xasiaTze: sasuliero da samecniero ZeglebSi [~] alofoni ZiriTadad saxezea da gadmoicema |~ an i |i grafemebiT aseTive suraTia XII-XIV ss. saero stiliT Sesrulebul ZeglebSi. XV-XVIII ss. Sesrulebul ZeglebSi ki mosalodnel poziciebSi ~ uiSviaTesad vlindeba. Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebSi [~], rogorc i xmovnis poziciuri nairsaxeoba, dasturdeba: xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi Tanxmovnis an pauzis win (V-C, V-#) da xmovnis wina poziciaSi Tanxmovnis an pauzis momdevnod (C-V, #-V). xmovnis momdevnod i > ~ SeiZleba iyos: a. V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSani xmovanze fuZedaboloebul saxelebTan: TuSurSi (Coxa~, jlexa~), mTiulurgudamayrulSi (vaJa~, bilika~ _ kninobiTi formebia), ingilourSi (mama~, kalo~, To~), samcxurSi (SoTa~, nina~, deda~, Zalo~, Zamiko~), raWulSi (qala~, mela~ _ upiratesad glolur kilokavSi), imerulSi (Zma~, da~... _ paralelurad dasturdeba sruli xmovani i: Zmai, dai), leCxumurSi (kontaminirebul formebSi: mama | mame > mama~e, deda~e... zogjer sxva SemTxvevebSic: gogo~e), gurulSi (upiratesad ozurgeTul TqmaSi: Zma~, da~, baba~...), aWarulSi (ana~, baba~, gidela~...), imerxeulSi (dede~, nene~, wova~, Sazie~...)... (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 71; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176-177; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 401-405). imerxeulSi, maWaxlurSi, taoursa da livanurSi V-# poziciaSi ~ dasturdeba Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi: amso~ àmnairi", sxvaso~ `sxvanairi"... (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-31). b. V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSniseuli xmovniTi elementi fuZeukvecel saxelebTan: mTiulur-gudamayrulSi (sarekela~s, sarekela~T...), ingilourSi (de~da~s, sufra~Ti...), raWuli dialeqtis glolur kilokavSi (vaJa~s, yvela~s; vaJa~T, yvela~T...), imeruli dialeqtis qvemoimerul kilokavSi (kontaminirebul formebSi bicola~s|bicoles _ bicole~s, bicola~T|bicoleT _ bicole~T), leCxumurSi (bicole~s, gogu~s; bicole~T, gogie~T), gurulSi (upiratesad ozurgeTul TqmaSi: ypa~s, xfo~s, yru~s; ypa~T, xfo~T, yru~T _ ~ SeiZleba daikargos: xfos `xbosi", yrus `yrusi"), aWarulSi (ana~s, sacole~s; ana~T, sacole~T), imerxeulSi (fenjera~s, fenjera~T) (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 71-72; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176-177; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 401-405). yvela am SemTxvevaSi damavali difTongebi warmoiqmneba.
sayuradReboa iseTi formebi, romlebic morfemaTa zRvarze Tanxmovnis win ~-s Semcvel damaval difTongTa arsebobaze metyveleben. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sa~dumlo, Se~wyale da msgavsi formebi. , pirvelad am poziciaSi V s. akaurTas da sahakduxtis warwerebSi davadastureT formebSi: Se~wyale da da~cev. xelnawerebSi am poziciaSi SedarebiT iSviaTia: a~ReT (CmT.11,29); da~bane (Dion.9,11); sa~dumlo~ (Dlk.8,17); Se~cva, mo~Txova (m. ZiZiSvili, 1960, gv. 48-49); sa~dumloni (kv/qr., gv.80); sa~dumlo~ igi (Zl. 147,25/8; 159,43/28)... IX-XI ss. im warwerebis geografiuli areali, romlebSic xsenebul V_C poziciaSi Segvxvda, farToa: oSki, gudauTa, bieTi, areSi, ateni, svaneTi. magaliTebi: da~cvan (oSkiX); Se~wyale (gudauTa IX-X); da~cev (bieTi X); Se~wyale (areSi X); wa~kiTxiT (ateni X-XI); da~cevin (st.jv. X); da~cven (X-XI_II sv.1,6); Se~wyale (XI_II sv.3,8). XII-XV ss. , xelnawerTa garda, am poziciaSi davafiqsireT abelias, gunia-yalasa da svaneTis warwerebSi; petre iberielTan mxolod 1 `sa~dumlo" forma gvxvdeba (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 44-64). es faqtebi zepir metyvelebaSi morfemaTa zRvarze Tanxmovnis win ~-s Semcveli damavali difTongis arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes. xelnawerebSi `gaparuli" Secdomebic amis damadasturebelia. amrigad, V-XVI ss. werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa mixedviT irkveva, rom im periodis qarTulisaTvis sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSi morfemaTa zRvarze Tanxmovnis win ~-s Semcveli damavali difTongebi arsebobs. dRevandel qarTvelur kiloebSic morfemaTa zRvarze zemoT aRniSnul V-C poziciaSi [~] xSirad gvxvdeba: da~mal, gama~R (ingilouri), ga~geben, ama~tana (fer.), wa~Rebs, da~mala (samcx.), da~fica, wa~yvana, da~xocnes (raW., glol.) (b. jorbenaZe), me~krifa, Ce~tan, de~swavli, we~yuanden, de~wuis (imerx.)...(m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 403-404), me~xede, we~Ro (gur.), Se~leba, ge~gona (imer.), Sa~wyale, Se~leba (kax.), de~naxa, ge~para, de~ngra (aWar.)... (t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999), Se~leb (< Segileb) `SegiZlia", va~R (< vagiR) ufleba àr gaqvs ufleba", qo~Rudas `gqondes" (megr.)... (e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007, gv. 160). arcTu iSviaTad ~ gvxvdeba fuZiseuli i-s alofonadac V_C poziciaSi: de~da~ (ingilouri), se~ri, ma~li `marili" (aWar.), ro~sme (guruli), qe~foben (kax.) da misT. (b. jorbenaZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999). imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taoursa da maWaxlurSi ~ bgera V_C poziciaSi dasturdeba Turqulidan Semosul sityvaTa fuZeSic: Ca~ri `Wala", me~va `xili", a~ni èrTnairi", a~ri `gansxvavebuli"... (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-34). Tanamedrove kiloebSi zogjer ~ vlindeba fuZis arabolokidur poziciaSi micemiT brunvaSi: mama~s `mamas", xe~s `xes" (raW.) (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 392, 411, 465, 479...).
m. miqautaZe
sayuradReboa [~]-s Semcveli aRmavali difTongebi: V-XI ss. werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa mixedviT Tvlian, rom umarcvlo [i] difTongis pirvel nawilad, Cveulebriv, ar gvxvdeba (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965; z. sarjvelaZe, 1975; ak. SaniZe, 1976...). xmovnis win Tavkidura poziciaSi dadasturda baliWis V s. da usaneTis goris VIII s. warwerebSi samjer ~ese da ~ovane formebSi (n. SoSiaSvili, 1980, gv. 49, 60). V-XI ss. qarTulisaTvis #-V poziciaSi xelnawerebSi marTlac TiTqmis ar Cans. TiTqmis imitom, rom igi davadastureT `sinur mravalTavSi" ~esu formaSi Svidjer. rogorc iv. imnaiSvili askvnis, `Zvel qarTulSi ~ gvqonda aRmaval difTongebSic, rac metad saintereso SemTxvevas warmoadgens qarTulSi difTongTa SeswavlisaTvis" (iv. imnaiSvili, 1975, gv. 15). aRniSnul poziciaSi ~ dafiqsirebuli aqvs gariTsac sityvaSi: ~ovane (iqve). IX-XI ss. warwerebsa da istoriul sabuTebSi am poziciaSi grafema 46% dafiqsirda, Sesabamisad i _ 54%; XII-XV ss. warwerebsa da sabuTebSi ki _ 62,5% da 37,5% _ i. saubaria nusxuriTa da asomTavruliT Sesrulebul warwerebze. magaliTebi: ~ovane (quT. XI; II svan. 3 _ 182; foka XI; II svan. 3 _ 8; ateni X-XI; leknari X-XI; yala-boini X; kumurdo X; sxieri IX-X; iyalTo IX-X...); ~esA (opiza X); ~oWipis Zeni (qoreTi XI); ~akob (oSki 1036) (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 68-71). saxezea, rom araTu im periodis qarTulisaTvis, rodesac aRniSnul sakuTar saxelTa sesxeba xdeboda, aramed momdevno periodis qarTuli enisTvisac (Cveni masalis mixedviT XVI saukunemde), xmovnis win Tavkidur poziciaSi [~] bgera ucxo ar aris da saWiroebisda mixedviT qarTveli mas aRiqvams da Sesabamisi grafemiTac gadmoscems. bolnisis X s. warweraSi dafiqsirda el~a forma; Sromisubnis X saukunis warweraSi _ eklez~ao; bajiTis XI da CxikvTas XIII saukunis warwerebSi _ g~orgi; `moqceva~ qarTlisa~Si" _ ga~ane; `nevmirebul ZlispirnSi" _ esa~a; kviprelis `qronikaSi" _ tra~anos. haemet tibikonSi orjer Segvxvda ivstn~anu forma. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil masalaSi zepiri metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRmavali difTongis saintereso nimuSebi aisaxa (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 70). Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic i > ~ aRmavali difTongis warmomqmnelad SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc morfemaTa zRvarze, aseve dauSlel fuZeebSi: C-V poziciaSi: aWarulSi - 23% (d~elaparakeboda, gawer~ebda), gurulSi - 2% (g~eSva, gad~exada), imerulSi - 9% (me~w~os, gamogvekideb~en), kaxurSi - 8% (Tav~ani, gixar~an), balszemourSi - 44% (al~areS àmaTi", lad~ar `deduleTi")... megrulSi (kvar~a `yvavi", m~aro `bevri"), imerxeulSi (dun~aSi) (t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 177; e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007, gv. 161; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 404).
^-V poziciaSi: imerulSi - 14% (~efi, ~orami), kaxurSi - 28% (~eso, ~osebi), samcxurSi - 14% (~eTimi, ~akobi), balszemourSi absolutur umravlesobaSi (~oseliKn, ~ason, ~old ìolad", ~@n ìoane")... (t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176); imerxeulSi, livanurSi, maWaxlursa da taourSi Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi (~uva `bude", ~afi `Senoba", ~emegi `saWmeli", ~eri àdgili", ~afraRi `foToli"...) (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-31; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 404). V-V poziciaSi: imerxeulSi (so~adoba~; bo~aT); samcxursa da javaxurSi (patara~a, mtirala~a), leCxumurSi (mama~e, gogo~e), imerulSi (deda~a, nino~a)... (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 91 m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 405). faqtia, rom qarTulSi [~] ara marto damaval, aramed aRmaval difTongTa warmomqmnelic iyo pauzis an Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovnis wina poziciaSi V-XVIII ss-Si da es funqcia dRemde ar daukargavs rogorc saliteraturo qarTulSi, ise mis dialeqtebSi. V-XVIII ss. Cven mier gamowvlilviT Seswavlil werilobiT ZeglebSi ar dadasturebula Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, mTiulur-gudamayrulSi, fSaurSi, ingilourSi, fereidnulSi, megrulSi, svanurSi...) aqtiurad gamovlenili xmovnis iotizebuli SemarTva-damarTvis SemTxvevebi, iseve rogorc Tanxmovnebisagan miRebuli [~] (Sdr.: b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 71; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 174-176). uiSviaTesad uZveles werilobT ZeglebSi C-C, C-# Tu #-C poziciebSi dadasturebuli grafema [i]-s gadmomcemia: ~tyuis(ateni VIII-IX); ~x~leT (iqve); angelos~ (Sromisubani X), g(iorg)~ (areSi X), saydar~ (II sv.I X-XI); moRuawen~ (mTiskalTa XI), iov~ (Rame XI)... (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 53). aseT SemTxvevebSi marTlac grafemaTa aRrevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac mxolod `kalmismieri SecdomiT" Tu `gadamweris ucodinrobiT" SeiZleba aixsnas. zemoTqmulis Sejerebis sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom enam, `fonetikuri konservatizmis" Sedegad, arqauli qarTulisaTvis distribuciis uZvelesi normebis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva poziciaSi navaraudevi [~] segmenti SeinarCuna rogorc V-XVIII saukuneebis, aseve Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTulsa da mis dialeqtebSi, rogorc damaval, aseve aRmaval difTongebSi. difTongebze dakvirvebam ki cxadyo, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi isini gansxvavebuli sixSiriT vlindeba. qvemoT warmodgenilia [~]-s Semcvel bgeraTkompleqsTa gamovlenis poziciebi V-XVIII ss. werilobiTi Zeglebisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebis mixedviT.
m. miqautaZe
V-V #-V V- # V-VIII ss. + + _ IX-XI ss. + + + XII-XV ss. + + + XVI-XVIII ss. + + _ q rrom iimerxeulSi, livanurSi, a Tl ur _ + + SeniSvna: S. futkaraZe miuTiTebs, xur + + + maWaxlursa da taourSi ~ gvxvdeba mxolodka i Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi, i mr ul i (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. + e + + ZiriTadad ^-V, iSviaTad V-C da V-# poziciebSi 6gur ul i + + 31); samcxur, aWarulsa da imerxeul dialeqtebSi gamovlenili ~-s + Semcveli l e xum C ur _ + + bgeraTkompleqsebis fonze es varaudi nakleb isarwmunod migvaCnia. am a a ul i cxrilSi warmodgenili W r + + + mimarTulebiT kvlevas vagrZelebT da SeiZleba i mr xe i e ul + + + monacemebi Seicvalos. l i va ur i n + + _ mW ur i aa xl + + _ ta i our + + _ Semoklebani sa cxur i (X-XIV + xelnawerebis m + + kv. qr. - aleqsandre kviprelis qronika ss. ja xur i vagamokvleva, + + + mixedviT), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, komentarebi da + + _ leqsikoni daurTo T. mgalobliSvilma, i ngi l our i Tb., 1978. f e e dn sawyaulTa, `Satberdis r i da i ul + _ _ ep. kApr. - epifane kApreli, sazomTaTAs f S ur i a _ _ _ krebuli". xe ul i vsur _ _ _ m ur i oxe + _ _ m ul .-guda a . Ti myr _ + + TuS i ur + + _ r a ul i W _ + _ ba sze our i l m + + + mgr ul i e _ + +
wr i l obi Ti e Zgl e ; e bi ki l oe bi
po z i c i a #-C + + _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C-# + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C-C + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ion. - saxareba iovanesi. lk. - saxareba lukasi. mark. - saxareba markozisi. mT. - saxareba maTesi. r/qr. - ipolite romaeli, qronikoni, `Satberdis krebuli". sarjv. - z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997. sv. I - svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi I, istoriuli sabuTebi da sulTa matianeebi, Tb., 1986. sv. II - svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi II, epigrafikuli Zeglebi, Tb., 1988. sil. - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi II, lapidaruli warwerebi, Tb. 1980. Zl. - nevmirebuli Zlispirni (xelnaweri A-603), Tb., 1982. A - opizis oTxTavi (913 w.). B - tbeTis oTxTavi (995 w.). C - adiSis oTxTavi (897 w.). D - jruWis oTxTavi (936-940 w.). E - parxlis oTxTavi (973 w.). F - berTis oTxTavi (988 w.)
damowmebuli literatura T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965 - T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, saerToqarTveluri struqturis tipologia, Tb., 1965. e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007 - e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, ~ megrulSi (galis raionis sofel pirveli galis metyvelebis mixedviT), qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. XI, quTaisi, 2007. iv. imnaiSvili, 1975 - iv. imnaiSvili, sinuri mravalTavi, gamokvleva da leqsikoni, Tb., 1975. m. miqautaZe, 2005 - m. miqautaZe, palatalizebul difTongTa sakiTxi V-XI saukuneTa qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT, quTaisi, 2005. m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010 - m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, fonematuri struqturis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis imerxeulSi, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia - ena rogorc kulturaTaSorisi mediatori, masalebi, quTaisi, 2010. z. sarjvelaZe, 1975 - z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1975. z. sarjvelaZe, 1984 - z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali, Tb., 1984. T. uTurgaiZe, 1999 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoria, Tb., 1999. t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998. t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999 - t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, i da ~ alofonTa mimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, III, quTaisi, 1999.
m. miqautaZe
S. futkaraZe, 1995 - S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 1995. ak. SaniZe, 1976 - ak. SaniZe, veli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976 n. SoSiaSvili, 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi I, lapidaruli warwerebi I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-XI ss.), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980. m. ZiZiSvili, 1960 - m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1960. b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989. b. jorbenaZe, 1998 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998.
MAIA MIKAUTADZE
[J] IN THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE OF 5TH-18TH CC. AND IN THE MODERN KARTVELIAN DIALECTS
[~] enjoys high frequency recurrence in the ancient Georgian manuscripts and lapidary inscriptions. The active use of this sound is attested also in the modern Kartvelian dialects. It is derived from [i], and from the consonants: h|kh, z|s|sh|ts, n|r|l, j, g|k; it also appears with jota excursion and recursion. The aim of this paper is to discuss [~] -containing sound-complexes in the diachronic aspect and reveal what connection can be traced between the [~], occurring in the ancient Georgian manuscripts, and in the sound found in the modern Kartvelian dialects. Namely, I discuss the forms which are characteristic to a) to 5th -18th literary standards, but are presently occurring in the modern dialects; b) also the forms regarded by scholars as characteristics to the dialects of a writers or scribes spoken language; c) forms regarded as a scribes mistake; however, according to our observation they might be given different qualification. No doubt, recording and studying of the dialectal forms attested in the ancient Georgian manuscripts acquires paramount importance in terms of their interaction; on one hand of the Georgian literary language (based on the data of recorded texts) and the spoken language, and on the other from the standpoints of researching of the historical dialectology. The collation of the data of the ancient written monuments with the corresponding facts of modern Kartvelian dialects has revealed that as a result of the phonetic conservatism the language, according to the earliest distribution norms of the archaic Georgian, has retained the [*] segment assumed in different positions, as in the 5th -18th century writings so in the modern literary Georgian and in the modern Kartvelian dialects, both in ascending and descending diphthongs, respectively. The observation on the diphthongs made it clear that in the modern Kartvelian dialects they have different occurrence frequencies, as #-V, V- #, V-V, #-C, C-C, C#, V-C and in C-V positions.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe
legendebi " akakis krebulSi "

akaki wereTlis xangrZlivi nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba me19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli cxovrebisa da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis matianis ubrwyinvalesi furcelia. daufasebelia is Rvawli da amagi, romelic man qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebas dasdo. mwerlis mTavari sazrunavi sicocxlis bolo wuTebamde zepirsityvierebis Sekreba-gamoqveyneba-Seswavla iyo, romelsac misi epoqis moTxovnilebebi ganapirobebda, radgan maTSi yvelaze kargad iyo gamoxatuli qarTveli xalxis gulisTqma-miswrafebani, erovnuli idealebi. am mizniT akaki wereTelma specialuri organo _ àkakis krebuli" daaarsa, romelSiac xalxuri sityvierebis TiTqmis yvela Janris masala ibeWdeboda. `krebulSi" erT-erTi sapatio adgili legendebs uWiravs. `legenda xalxuri Semoqmedebis uZvelesi Janria, romelic religiur rwmenas emyareba da fantastikur-saswaulebriv ambavs sinamdvilis saxiT gadmogvcems" (qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, 1974, gv. 230). mkvlevrebi legendebSi, Tqmulebebsa da gadmocemebSi yovelTvis sinamdvilis anarekls xedavdnen. ilia WavWavaZe am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT werda: ès zRaparnarevi ambebi, Tqmulebani, ra Tqma unda, mowmed da sabuTad mosatanni ar arian romelsame yofili saqmisa, am mxriv igini Zalian cotad dasajerni da sandoni arian, magram amisTana ambebSi vpoulobT bevrs marTals aRweras zneCveulebebisa" (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv. 483). amasve miuTiTebs vaJa fSavela: `vgoneb, rom eris Tqmulebazedac TviT epoqa moqmedebs da amitom xdeba, rom eri SesaniSnavis saukunis SesaniSnavs movlenas ambad, zRaprad an leqsad gamoityvis xolme" (vaJa-fSavela, 1956, gv. 180). didi qarTveli mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdia legendis wyaroTmcodneobiT Rirebulebas aRiarebs. misi azriT, `yoveli eris istoria legendidan modis" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1965, gv. 18). b. niJaraZe aRniSnavs: àmgvari gadmocemani, cota Tu bevrad dawerili, istoriis magivrobas sweven" (b. niJaraZe, 1962, gv. 18). analogiur mosazrebas gamoTqvams juzepe kokiara wignSi èvropis folkloristikis istoria". misi azriT, `RvTaebis Seqmnam masTan dakavSirebuli saswaulebi warmoSva, saswaulebis niadagze ki aRmocendnen legendebi, romlebsac safuZvlad imTaviTve cru arsebani da cru rwmenani hqondaT (j. kokiara, 1960, gv. 78). akakis krebulSi dabeWdilia rogorc warmarTuli, ise qristianuli xasiaTis legendebi. Tematikis mixedviT arsebobs kosmogenuri, apokrifuli, warRvnis, istoriuli da sxv.
n. nikolaZe-lomsianiZe
kosmogenur legendas ganekuTvneba `ra aris mizezi mTvaris dabnelebisa?" afxazebis azriT, Ramis kekluc guSag mTvares uSvelebeli bu emtereba. is sul imas fiqrobs, Caylapos mTvare da isedac bneli Rame mTlad daabnelos. amas Tvals adevneben afxazebi da rogorc ki SeamCneven, mTvare bneldebao, maSinve Tofebis srolas daiwyeben, rom bu SeaSinon da gaaqcion (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 26). uSvelebeli bus (xSirad gveleSapis) mier mnaTobebis Caylapvis ambavi xalxis rwmenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. primitiuli adamianebi ver xsnidnen bunebis movlenebs, maT Soris mnaTobTa dabnelebas, an dRisa da Ramis mimoqcevas da roca maTi dabneleba iwyeboda, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli yofila zemoT naTqvami qmedeba, raTa safrTxeSi Cavardnili mnaTobebisaTvis daxmareba gaewiaT. TiTqos yviriliT, xmauriTa da Tofis sroliT bus (an gveleSaps) SeaSinebdnen da msxverpls Tavs daanebebda. mzisa da mTvaris naTeba ki aucilebeli iyo adamianebisaTvis. legendaSi mkveTrad Cans mnaTobebisadmi Tayvaniscema. meore legenda ki xsnis, Tu ratom aris mTvareze Savi xalebi: erT xanSiSesul, qvriv dedakacs ori kalmiT auwereli vaJiSvili hyavda. erTxel dedam SeniSna, rom Svilebs umadoba dasCemdaT. dedas undoda gaego amis mizezi da roca Svilebi saxlidan gavidnen, Cumad gahyva ukan. Suagul tyeSi vaJebs ori mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili daxvdaT da dauwyes maT alersi. mwvane velze saucxoo saWmel-sasmeli elaga. SeSinebulma dedam, amaT Svilebi mTlad ar wamarTvano, iqve axlos mdebare Zroxis axal nexvs staca xeli, esrola maT da orive qaliSvili mTlad gasvara. erTi maTgani mzed iqca, romelmac wylian TungSi tani gaibana da gasufTavebuli avarda caSi. meores ki Zalian SeeSinda da tangaubaneli gahyva mas; nexvi miaxma da alag-alag axlac amCnevia igi. ugunurma dedam Tavisi ucodinarobiT orive Svils bedniereba daukarga da qveynierebasac sinaTle gaunaxevrao _ ambobs legenda. am legendaSic uZveles rwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme. zemoT moyvanili legendis mixedviT, mze imitom aris ufro naTeli da kaSkaSa, rom tangabanilia, mTvare ki ara. mis sikaSkaSes laqebi uSlis xels. sainteresoa agreTve uZveles rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli legenda `raze dgas samyaro?" xalxis azriT, Cveni mSvenieri samyaro dgas uSvelebeli xaris rqebs Sua. xaris rqaze ki mudmivad zis RvTis angelozi, romelsac nabrZanebi aqvs uflisagan, rom dedamiwaze rac xdeba, umalve moaxsenos. Semoqmedis brZanebisTanave xaris win yovelTvis aris erTi didi koRo, romelic nebas ar aZlevs xars adgilidan daiZras, raTa xaris Tavidan ar gadmovardes Cveni samyaro. xandaxan es xari koRos SesaSineblad gaaqnevs rqebs, ris gamoc Cveni dedamiwa iZvris. TviTon xari (samyaros saZirkveli) veeberTela Tevzis zurgzea gaCerebuli. Tevzi ki zRvis SuagulSi uZravadaa (iqve, gv. 24). erT legendaSi vecnobiT samyaros gayofas RmerTsa da eSmaks Soris. eSmaki Tavdapirvelad angelozi yofila, RvTis disSvili, RmerTs Zalian uyvarda igi da did pativsac scemda, riTac gaamayda, gadidgulda, RmerTi arafrad Caagdo da TviTon moindoma RmerToba. Tanac RmerTs naxevari samyaro moTxova, memkvidreobiT mergebao. ufalma yoveli Rone ixmara, rom
legendebi àkakis krebulSi"
Semcdari angelozi gonze moeyvana, magram amaod. maSin igi eSmakad aqcia da uTxra: _ Sen dayavi qveyana or nawilad da me amovirCev Cem wilso. _ ara, Sen gayavio da CemTvis me amovirCevo _ upasuxa eSmakma. ufalma erT nawilad mcenareuloba dasaxa, meore nawilad miwa, xmeleTi. misi brZanebiT yvela mcenare ayvavda. eSmaks moewona da mcenareuloba amoirCia. maSin uTxra RmerTma, rom amoeRo miwidan es mcenareuloba da sadac undoda, iq waeRo. axla ki mixvda eSmaki, rom motyuvda. bolos ufals Txova: imaTi sulebi mainc momeci, vinc xidan Camovardeba da mokvdebao. ufalma imaTi sulebi arguna eSmaks, vinc xeze asvlis dros ar ityvis: RmerTo, mSvidobiT Camomiyvaneo! (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 24, 26). legendaSi naCvenebia, rom RmerTi keTilia, magram imis mimarT, vinc urCobs da siamayes gamoiCens, yvela damarcxdeba, TviT eSmakic ki. `krebulSi" ganTavsebul legendebSi negatiuri Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs ara marto qriste RmerTi sjis, aramed wminda giorgic. wminda giorgi qristes sjulis aRsrulebisaTvis jer awvala dioklitianem da Semdeg ki brZana misi mokvla. iqaurma qristianebma waasvenes misi patiosani gvami da Seinaxes erT TavSesafarSi. Semdeg igi danawilebul iqna 365 nawilad. xelebi Sexvda: marjvena - iloris (samurzayanoSia) taZars, marcxena ki - xonis wm. giorgis eklesias. amis Semdeg am or taZars Soris damkvidrebul iqna sulieri kavSiri. giorgobis wina dRes iloris wminda giorgi ugzavnida xonisas rqamoWedil xars. mas giorgobas daklavdnen da daunawilebdnen mrevls. erTxel xars daagvianda da im dros movida, rodesac ciskari iyo da xalxic wasuli eklesiidan. mxolod erTi monazoni iyo darCenili. moRrubluli dila iyo. xarma monazoni ver gaarCia da rqa mouqnia. monazonma dawyevla is. wminda giorgi gabrazda da xaris piriTve dawyevla monazoni: `Seni mogvare am dabaSi arc moSendes da arc gadaSendeso". monazoni iqve qvad iqca. amis Semdeg xari ar mosula iloridan (iqve, gv. 42-43). zogierTi legenda saiqios cxovrebazec mogviTxrobs. qarTvel tomebs saiqios sulis ukvdavebisa Tu warwymedis Sesaxeb warmarTobis xangrZliv epoqaSi garkveuli Sexedulebani gamoumuSavda. garda legendebisa, saiqios cxovreba kargad aris warmoCenili SaveTmuleTis leqsebSi, agreTve, SuamdinareTis xalxuri poeziis mniSvnelovan ZeglebSic, rogoricaa `gilgameSi" da `Tamuzis sizmari". `krebulSi" Sesuli erTi legendis mixedviT, ivane da masTan erTad ori ucnobi kaci saiqioSi moxvda. maT jer bewvis xidi gaiares, Semdeg samoTxeSic gadaixedes, sadac qalebis jari iyo. sami turfa qali moegebaT, TasiT Rvino miarTves da daariges: qriste RmerTi rom mobrZandeba, oqros skami miarTviT, vardis wyliT xelebi daabanineT, Suri da mtroba ar unda SegamCnioT, nurc moZmes daabezRebT masTan, Torem gagasamarTlebTo. male maT Tavisi TvaliT naxes, sxvisi qonebis mitacebiT gamdidrebulebs da cudis mTqmelebs rogor Semoartyes cecxlis ali. vinc gaivl-gamoivlida, ambobda: vai, Tqveni sulis brali, ratom ar mieciT Rarib-Ratakebso?! am dros satanaeSmaki wamodga da Tqva: ded-mamis maginebels kuprSi unda CavayofinoT enis wverio, amxanagis moRalates yelze gveli SemovaxvioT, xolo mamulis moRalates pirSi morielebi CavusvaTo (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 32-33).
legendaSi aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor isjeba RvTis mier dambezRebeli, eqspluatatori, ded-mamis augis mTqmeli, megobrisa da samSoblos moRalate adamiani. mas jojoxeTi da kupri elodeba, xolo patiosan, sikeTis mqmnelT - samoTxe. akakis krebulSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs istoriul legendebs, romlebic istoriul movlenebsa da pirebs Seexeba, maT saarako Tavgadasavalsa da patriotul moqmedebas gvacnobs, omebsa da Tavdasxmebs agviwers. maT Soris vecnobiT sayovelTaod gavrcelebul legendas daviT aRmaSeneblis Zlevamosilebis Sesaxeb, daviTma rom darubandis karebi Camoxsna da gelaTSi miitana (akakis krebuli, 1897, gv. 23, 25). aseve, meore legendaSi sainteresod aris moTxrobili daviTis aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb; mefem sami eklesia-monastris (gelaTis, martvilisa da sujanis) mSeneblobisas eSmaki jorad aqcia da amiT SeZlo maTi ageba (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 44-45). aqvea dabeWdili legendebi Tamar mefis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa erTi legenda, romelic al. maCablisaTvis erT cxinvalel oss uambia. legendaSi Tamari TaTris qalad aris warmodgenili, romelsac mama aiZulebs misTvis arasasurvel xelmwifis Svils gahyves colad. roca Tamari uars eubneba mas, mama sjis da cixeSi amwyvdevs. Tamari RmerTs Txovs, rom qristianad moinaTleba, Tu iqidan gamoiyvans. RmerTi mas uZlevelad aqcevs. igi gadmofrindeba cixidan, cxenze amxedrdeba da imereTisaken gamoswevs, magram brut-sabZelis mTaze Tovli mouswrebs. Tamars cxeni moukvdeba. igi mTas dawyevlis: Sen Tovls Tovlma moaswroso da mas Semdeg Zvel Tovls axali aswrebs da amitom sul zamTaria oseTSi (iqve, gv. 19-20). `krebulSi" sakmaod bevria etimologiuri legendebi. magaliTad, legenda `tabayuras tbis" warmoSobis Sesaxeb. es tba mdebareobs quTaisidan samxreT-dasavleTiT, sofel `goraSi". tba uZiroa. mis axlomaxlo Tu gaivliT, `raRac baya-buyi ismis". iqaurTa gadmocemiT, Turme am adgils odesRac erTi mosaxle cxovrobda, qvrivi qali oTxi-xuTi wlis bavSvTan erTad. xareba dRes igi xams qsovda. Camouvlia angelozs da ukiTxavs: _ qalo, ras qsov, ra dRea dReso? qals siciliT miugia: _ xareba da xarxarebao, Cem qmar-SvilSi gaxarebao. _ eg raRa ariso? _ ukiTxavs angelozs maqvaze. _ es maqva ariso. _ maS qvad iqecio. qali da misi Svili qvad qceulan, gamwydara miwa da Sig Cacvenilan. im adgilze ki es tba warmoSobila. xareba dRes tbaze amotivtivdeba saqsleb-savarcxeli da Semdeg isev CaiZireba. am tbaSi mravali pirutyvi ixrCoba, undaT misi amoSroba, magram moxucebs saeWvod miaCniaT misi daSroba, radgan `tabayura" RvTis nebiT aris gaCenili da RmerTi amis nebas ar mogvcemso (iqve, gv. 21-23). legenda gvaswavlis, rom RvTiur dResaswaulebs pativi unda mivagoT. erT legendaSi vecnobiT, rogor gaCndnen qveyanaze mglebi. yofila erTi col-qmari, RvTis sayvareli angelozebi. isini Tavdapirvelad RvTis moSiSi da moyvarulni yofilan, magram Semdeg Zalian gaamayebulan da RmerTisaTvis urCoba SeubedavT. RmerTs tkbili sityvebiT ucdia maTi moqceva, magram amaod. Semdeg RmerTs angelozi gaugzavnia da urCebi TavisTan daubarebia. col-qmari ar gamocxadebulan, Cven axla col-qmruli siyvaruliT vtkbebiT,
legendebi àkakis krebulSi"
ar gvcalia SenTan mosasvleladao. gabrazebuli ufali TviTon misula maTTan, daukravs welze maTraxi da dauwyevlia: dReis Semdeg iyaviT kruli da SeCvenebuli, gadaiqeciT cxovelebad, wels qveviT sustni da uZlurni, wels zeviT ki Ronierio. gadaaqcia mglebad da dedamiwaze Camoagdo. ase gaCndnen mglebi (akakis krebuli, 1899, gv. 21-22). legendaSi gatarebulia is azri, rom xalxi, romelic kargavs RmerTis pativiscemas da siyvaruls, mas RmerTi samagieros miagebs. aqvea moTavsebuli legendebi gugulze, ofofze... mtredebs ratom aqvs wiTeli fexebi? ratom icis kameCma kargi curva? rad aris mercxlis kudi Suaze gayofili? rad ar SeuZlia Zeras mkaTaTveSi wylis daleva da sxv. yvela maTgani RvTis Zlevamosilebis, qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacvisa da gaZlierebisaTvis aris moxmobili. amrigad, akakis krebulSi dabeWdili legendebi (50-ze meti) qarTveli xalxis zneobis amaRlebas, sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebasa da patriotizmis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda, rac winapiroba iyo Cveni samSoblos socialuri da erovnuli Cagvrisagan gasaTavisufleblad da sanukvari damoukideblobis mosapoveblad. damowmebuli literatura akakis krebuli, 1897 - akakis krebuli, 1897, #2, marti. akakis krebuli, 1898 - akakis krebuli, 1898, #7, marti; # 8, aprili; #12, agvisto. akakis krebuli, 1899 - akakis krebuli, 1899, #4, aprili. k. gamsaxurdia, 1965 - k. gamsaxurdia, florenciuli, literaturuli saqarTvelo, #27, 1965. vaJa-fSavela, 1956 - vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, t. VII, Tb., 1956. j. kokiara, 1960 - , , ., 1960. b. niJaraZe, 1962 - b. niJaraZe, istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi, II, Tb., 1962. folkloris leqsikoni, 1974 - qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, II, Tb., 1974. i. WavWavaZe, 1941 - i. WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, II, Tb., 1941.
NORA NIKOLADZE-LOMSIANIDZE
LEGENDS IN AKAKIS COLLECTIONS
Akaki Tseretelis prolific and lengthy creative activity is a brilliant page of the Georgian life and social though chronicles of the 60-70s of the 19th century. A.Tseretelis exploits for the Georgian folklore is an invaluable tribute to the culture of the country. He devoted his life to the collection, publication and analysis of the Georgian oral traditions as they were the best bearers of the ispirations and ideals of his people, and the care for them was the demand of the epoch. To this end Akaki Tsereteli established Akakis Monthly Collections (Akakis Tviuri Krebuli) publishing the samples of all the genres of the oral folk stories. One of the important sections of the Collections is legends. It contains legends of pagan and Christian origins. The themes are related to cosmogony, apocrypha, the Deluge, and historical tales. Legends in the Akakis Collections (more than 50 titles) has served the moral education, strengthening the beliefs and awakening patriotic feelings of the Georgian people.
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2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
avTandil nikoleiSvili
galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi

xalxSi jer kidev galaktionis sicocxleSive farTod gavrcelebuli legendis mixedviT, poets Tavisi lirikuli Sedevrebis didi nawili TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, xSir SemTxvevaSi mTvralsac ki, hqonia dawerili. magram, rogorc poetis umdidresi arqivis Seswavlis safuZvelze erTmniSvnelovnad gairkva (n. tabiZe, v. javaxaZe, r. TvaraZe...), es faqti srulebiT ar Seesabameba sinamdviles da galaktion tabiZis poeturi Semoqmedebis bevri nimuSi araTu ase erTi amosunTqviTa da myisierad ar Seqmnila, aramed sakmaod didi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa da Sromis Sedegad Rebulobda sabolood srulyofil saxes. Tavis poetur Sedevrebs galaktioni udidesi Sromis Sedegad rom qmnida, amas Tavad poetic xSirad aRniSnavs xolme xazgasmiT sakuTar saarqivo CanawerebSi. magaliTad, misi TqmiT, namdvili xelovneba teqnikuri ostatobisa SeiZleba miRweul iqnas mxolod TandaTanobiT, xangrZlivi, moTminebiT savse, aTasnairi cdebis, mxolod didi droisa da dauRalavi Sromis gziT. pirvel yovlisa swored am didi da dauRlavi Sromis dadasturebaa is uamravi variantuli saxesxvaobani, mis calkeul nawarmoebebs rom moepovebaT. am variantebidan naTlad Cans, raodeni rudunebis Sedegad aRwevda poeti im srulqmnil harmonias, riTac misi poeturi Sedevrebi gvaoceben. rogorc poetis TormettomeulisaTvis TandarTuli variantebidan TvalnaTliv Cans (naSromSi damowmebuli poeturi citatebi umTavresad swored am gamocemidan iqneba motanili), Tavisi poeturi nawarmoebebis did nawils, vidre sabolood srulyofil saxes miscemda, galaktioni zogjer wlebis ganmavlobaSic ki xvewda da amuSavebda guldagul da safuZvlianad. swored permanentulad mimdinare amgvari SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad Seiqmna misi calkeuli leqsebisa da poemebis erTmaneTisagan zogjer arsebiTad gansxvavebuli araerTi varianti. ZiriTadi teqstisagan ritmul-versifikaciuladac da azrobrivi pasaJebiTac zogjer mkveTrad gansxvavebuli am variantebis erTi nawili poeturi ostatobis mxriv calkeul SemTxvevebSi imdenad srulyofilia da daxvewili, rom romelime maTgans mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba mivaniWoT upiratesoba. rogorc galaktionis poetur qmnilebaTa ZiriTadi teqstebisa da maTi variantebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba cxadyofs, poeti Tavisi Semoqmedebis mxatvrulad srulsayofad muSaobas ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT warmarTavda; kerZod: 1) poeturi warmosaxvis sagnad qceuli movlenisaTvis yvelaze metad Sesatyvisi ritmul-versifikaciuli formis SesarCevad; 2) nawarmoebis poeturi mxaris kidev ufro metad
av. nikoleiSvili
dasaxvewad; 3) cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad samoqmedo droisa da adgilis mizanmimarTulad SesaniRbad da gasaucxoeblad da a.S. yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad moviSvelieb konkretul magaliTebs galaktionis poetur qmnilebaTa ZiriTad teqstebSi Seutaneli maTi variantebidan. saubars daviwyeb poetis im nawarmoebTa variantebis gaanalizebiT, romlebic damatebiT masalebs gvawvdian maT ZiriTad teqstebSi gamoxatuli avtoriseuli erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis kidev ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad gasaazreblad. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebi, romelsac zemoTqmuli TvalsazrisiT pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, esaa poema mogonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva (1921-24 ww.). nawarmoebis ZiriTadi teqstisa da misi xelnaweri variantebis gaanalizebis Sedegad r. TvaraZe savsebiT marTebulad mivida imis aRiarebamde, rom xsenebul nawarmoebSi Taviseburi asaxva hpova 1924 wlis agvistos amboxebis CaxSobiT datrialebulma tragediam (kritika, 1990, #5). igive Tvalsazrisi cota mogvianebiT n. tabiZemac gamoTqva (lit. saqarTvelo, 1991, 8 marti). r. TvaraZisa da n. tabiZis mier gamoTqmuli zemoT aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis simarTleSi kidev ufro metad gvarwmunebs s. orjonikiZis werili xelovnebaze, romelic literaturis Sesaxeb rkp(b) centraluri komitetis 1925 wlis dadgenilebasTan erTad aris dabeWdili Jurnal droSis 1925 wlis 28-e nomerSi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens is faqti, rom s. orjonikiZis statiaSi, xsenebuli dadgenilebis SefasebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi literaturisa da xelovnebisadmi partiuli xelmZRvanelobis zogad principebzecaa konkretuli saubari. erTaderTi xelovani, romelsac s. orjonikiZe saxeldebulad moixseniebs werilSi, galaktionia. Jurnal mnaTobSi, wers igi, - amas winad dabeWdili iyo galaktion tabiZis poema, sadac avtori mxatvruli formis saxiT gvawvdis metad vulgarul reaqcionur saxeebs. es leqsi aSkarad mimarTuli iyo Cveni politikis winaaRmdeg. aseTi gza arafrad ar varga. mwerloba amas unda eridos. s. orjonikiZis mier g. tabiZis xsenebuli poemis amgvari Sefasebis Semdeg mnaTobis im nomris TiTqmis mTeli tiraJi, romelSic nawarmoebi iyo dabeWdili, gaunadgurebiaT (gadarCa mxolod ramdenime nomeri), Tavad galaktioni ki ramdenime TviT daupatimrebiaT. imis naTelsayofad, poemaSi aRwerili tragedia namdvilad rom ukavSirdeba 1924 wlis agvistoSi momxdar ambebs, gansakuTrebiT saintereso, pirvel yovlisa, nawarmoebis is adgilebia, romlebic poets ZiriTad teqstSi ar Seutania da TxzulebaTa Tormettomeulis VIII tomis variantebis ganyofilebaSia gamoqveynebuli (gv. 267-270). rogorc maTgan vgebulobT, galaktions mis mier aRweril tragikul movlenaTa geografiuli areali ZiriTad teqstSi moCvenebiTad aqvs gaucxoebuli, sinamdvileSi ki moqmedeba saqarTveloSi xdeba. swored amis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgens poemis gamouqveynebel variantebSi iseTi saxelwodebebis gaCena, rogorebicaa: tfilisi, avlabari da mtkvari,
riTac daueWveblad keTdeba miniSneba imaze, rom poetis mier moTxrobili tragedia saqarTveloSi momxdar ambebs gulisxmobs: Caaqro yvelgan sanTlebi mtverma, dakra darabas, dalewa mina, qalaqis gareT gugunebs ferma, ver upovia qaosebs bina. avlabris daRma eSmakis xaro savsea SiSiT, savsea wyromiT, iqrole qaro, iqrole qaro, mTvralo siciviT da SemodgomiT. glevdes wivili, Txovna xvewili da qajur valsSi iyo garTuli, es tfilisia, - Tmagawewili da mwuxareba Cveni, - qarTuli. aqve aRvniSnav imasac, rom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos poetis mier aRwerili movlenis oqtombris civ da bnel qarTan dakavSirebac: oqtombris qari civi da bneli, xmaurobs mtkvari. poetis mier aq oqtombris xseneba rom garkveuli simboluri qveteqstis mimaniSnebelia, amas poemis sxva striqonebic adasturebs. kerZod, gavixsenoT is adgili, sadac saubaria uecrad movardnil Zlier stigmaze, romelmac irgvliv yvelaferi aria da qveyana Searyia. yoveli mxridan beravda qari, yoveli mxridano, - ambobs avtori da naTlad migvaniSnebs imaze, rom es qari CrdiloeTidan movardnili is wiTeli mrisxane Zala iyo (Crdilois qari iyo wiTeli...), romelic warmoudgenel saSinelebas amkvidrebda irgvliv. galaktionis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis Sesacnobad aq ramdenime sityva mis erT patara, avtoris sicocxleSi daustambav, im leqszec minda vTqva (akaki da ilia zRvis pirad), romelSic Cveni eris am ori didi Svilis saubris fragmentia gadmocemuli. zRvis piras mdgarni, isini aRelvebiT eZeben saqarTvelos samomavlo bednierebis misaRwev gzebs (t. VII, gv. 106). akaki natrobs, netav es zRva Sav melnad gadaiqceodes, rom misiT uxvad sargeblobdes patiosani kalmis mebrZoli, yvela gmiri, yvela mgosani. xma iyos grgvinvis - presa mRelvare daumcxralad swevdes qvelobas da miT aryevdes... sazizRari TviTmpyrobelobis taxtsa da gvirgvins. ufro meti radikalizmiT gamoxatavs Tavis natvras ilia: gaxede sivrces... mTeli es zRva netavi odes erT uzarmazar aryis qvabad gadiqceodes... mswrafl, ufiqreblad gadeSveba xelmwife rusi, Sig CaixrCveba da gahqreba, rogorc burusi misi Jandarmic. aseTia am leqsis saboloo piri, romelSic, misi variantisagan gansxvavebiT, poetis antirusuli pozicia da rusuli kolonializmis mxileba xelmwifisa da Jandarmis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebiT Semoifargleba. rac Seexeba nawarmoebis variants (ix.: miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 278), masSi avtoriseuli mxilebis masStabebi mxolod mefiTa da JandarmiT ar isazRvreba da farTo ganzogadebulebiT warmoaCens avtoris antirusul Tvalsazriss: mTeli es zRva... netavi odes erT uzarmazar aryis qvabad gadiqceodes, maSinve xarbi ufiqreblad gadeSveba saTroblad rusi, Sig... CaiRrCoba da gahqreba rogorc burusi mefec, Jandarmic. g. tabiZis namdvili erovnuli gulisTqmis siRrmiseulad Sesacnobad da gasaazreblad ramdenime sityva aq ioveliadis (1940 w.) poetur variantebzec minda vTqva (t. IV, gv. 438-440). maTSi fragmentuladaa
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naCvenebi tragikuli xvedri monobaSi myofi patara qveynis RviZli Svilisa, romelsac, nacvlad imisa, rom samSoblos daxsnisa da gadarCenis gza moeZebna mis msgavs aTas Zlier iovelTan erTad, erovnuli ideali daukargavs da materialuri TviTkmayofilebis WaobSi Caflula. funqciadakargul da uxmarad myof mis jaWv-javSans ki, qveynis daxsnisTvis brZolaSi rom unda dalewiliyo, Jangi mosdeboda. samSoblos mxsnel gmirad mosavleni mamuliSvilis amgvari sulieri gadagvareba leqsSi tragikuli simZafriTa da Rrma Sinagani ironiiTaa naCvenebi. avtoriseuli saTqmelis masStabs arsebiTad zrdis is garemoeba, rom nawarmoebSi iovelis pirovnuli tragedia ganzogadebuli formiTaa warmosaxuli da mxolod erTi adamianis xvedrad da erovnuli TviTSegnebis degradaciad ar aRiqmeba: marTlac patara qveyana yovels suls uxSobs aTas, suls uxSobs aTas Zilier iovels - vaJkac Tamadas. bunebas gmiruls, kacobas gmiruls da bevris mTxovels parizi xiblavs da gulgangmiruls vicnob iovels. imis didebis da Zlierebis sanaxaoba sxva moZraoba da gza Sehferis, sxva moZraoba. magram samoqmedo asparezdaxSuli es potenciuri gmiri drosa da garemoebas imedgacruebul avadmyofad da gzadabneul pirovnebad uqcevia: brazs uRviZebda uxmarad myofi jaWvi, javSani, xmali da Tofi. da exlac, exlac dadis am qveynad, rogorc aCrdili da avadmyofi. rogorc vxedavT, verc g. tabiZis ioveli qceula im sanatrel gmirad, romelic naocnebari erovnuli TavisuflebisTvis brZolas SeiZlebda. ase rom, ufro adre i. WavWavaZis mier mTeli simwvaviT wamoWrili problema qveynis damxsneli idealizebuli erovnuli gmiris monatreba-moZiebisa (magram, qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri, romelsac veZebT, romlisTvisc vtiri!), XIX saukunis mweralTa msgavsad, galaktionisTvisac kvlavindeburad rCeba SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis uzenaes idealad. 30-ian wlebSi, sisxliani represiebis aRzevebis Jams, im dros, roca sabWoTa ideologia mTeli msoflios gasagonad gahyviroda socialisturi epoqis sidiadesa da upiratesobaze kapitalizmTan SedarebiT, erTi patara, orstrofiani leqsis (wavideT qarxnebSi, avtexoT gangaSi) gamouqveynebel variantSi (t. III, gv. 591) galaktioni aseT poetur baraTs ugzavnis sabWoeTis mosisxle mtrad gamocxadebul evropas: gamomigzavne, evropa, fuli, rom SeviZino tanisamosi, gamomigzavne, evropa, fuli, rom SeviZino avtomobili. rom davibruno avtomobili, rom davibruno Cemi xarebi, rom aRvidgino es eklesia, rom isev gavxsna kafe-Santani, Torem sacaa momklavs SimSili... vfiqrob, movlenaTa arsSi garkveuli mkiTxveli ukomentarodac advilad mixvdeba imas, epoqaluri sinamdvilisadmi poetis kritikulopoziciuri damokidebulebis gamomxatveli aseTi epizodebi ratom ver xvdeboda Sesabamis nawarmoebTa ZiriTad teqstebSi. imis gamo, rom qveynad damkvidrebuli ideologiuri viTareba marTali sityvis Tqmis SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda, galaktioni iZulebuli iyo gulis siRrmidan momdinare araerTi striqoni xSirad Tavadve gadaexaza da maTi dabeWdvisagan Segnebulad Seekavebina Tavi.
swored aseTi bedi xvda wilad leqss iyav gulwrfeli, gaigone xma anTebuli (1928 w.), romlis ZiriTadi teqstis kritikul-opoziciuri suliskveTeba mis pirvandel variantTan SedarebiT mkveTrad Serbilebulia. kerZod, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstad miCneuli pirisgan gansxvavebiT, misi pirvandeli varianti yovelgvari kompromisis gareSe, imJamindeli ideologiuri viTarebisaTvis principulad miuRebeli formiT, gamoxatavs avtoris depresiul sulier ganwyobilebas (ix. t. III, gv. 433): rogorc sikvdili dasasjeli, vicqirebi gars, veZeb naTesavs, gulis satrfos, veZeb megobars, vaglax! ar sCanan... Zlieria Cemi naRveli, Cahqra nugeSi, wminda ltolvis gamomxatveli. me TviT CemSi var samudamod datyvevebuli, martoobaa saSineli Cemi sakani, mimRere rame, damimSvide guli vnebuli, egeb vipovo sasicocxlo rame sagani. msgavsi magaliTebi, romlebic naTlad da araorazrovnad warmoaCenen principul gansxvavebas ZiriTad teqstebsa da maT variantebs Soris, sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi. ai, Tundac erTi maTganic - epoqa iSva da gaizarda (miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 417). revoluciuri epoqis gansadideblad dawerili am leqsis variantSi poets iseTi striqonebic aqvs CarTuli, romlebic azrobrivad srulebiT ar Seesabameba nawarmoebis saerTo paTossa da suliskveTebas: hais da hois xma xom qvevria da Secdomebi axali drois bevrze bevria. g. tabiZes iseTi leqsebic sakmaod mravlad aqvs dawerili, romlebSic TanamedroveTagan gulnatkeni, saTanadod daufasebeli da Seuracxyofili poetis pirovnuli gulistkivilia gamoxatuli. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli suliskveTebiT aRbeWdil nawarmoebTa is epizodebi, romelTa gamoqveynebisagan poeti xSirad, etyoba, Segnebulad ikavebda Tavs. magaliTad, 1933 wels, saliteraturo asparezze gamosvlis 25-e wlisTavis aRniSvnis dReebSi, dawerili usaTauro leqsis winad Seni spetaki gza xelnawer variantSi poeti Semdegnairad amxels im farisevlobas, orpirobasa da cbierebas, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze xSirad ugrZvnia mas: winad Cemi spetaki gza talaxian fexiT ziles, mere viTom SercxvaT cota da mixdian iubiles. kargi, kmara, vin ar xedavs, rom es xriki amaoa, iubile daerqmeva da damarxva ki gamova. damfaseblis samoselSi gaexveva mtrebis jari, magram maTi Rrianceli cinizmia sazizRari... r. TvaraZis marTebuli dakvirvebiT, cenzurisaTvis Tvalis asaxvevad galaktioni arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavda xolme moqmedebis adgilis gaucxoebas da amgvari formiT gamoxatavda Tavis kritikul damokidebulebas sabWoTa sinamdvilisadmi. kritikosma amis damadasturebel erT-erT magaliTad leqsi sikvdili umuSevrisa moiSvelia. nawarmoebis daweris TariRad ori welia miTiTebuli 1931 da 1935; aRsaniSnavia isic, rom arsebobs leqsis ramdenime varianti,
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romlebic TavianTi kritikuli paTosiTa da saTqmelis gaazrebis masStaburobiT sakmaod gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi teqstisagan. kerZod, cenzurisTvis Tvalis axvevis mcdeloba poets variantebis saTaurebidanve ucdia da nawarmoebisTvis Tavidan ori aseTi saTauri SeurCevia: parizis jurRmulebSi da mTvrali mtarvalis sikvdili. orive SemTxvevaSi cenzoris Semotevisagan Tavdasacavi argumentebi TvalnaTlivaa saxeze: umuSevroba kapitalisturi samyaros senia da aqedan gamomdinare, leqsSi aRwerili viRac ubeduri kacic ucxoelia (r. TvaraZe, 1990, gv. 28). yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, mkiTxvelis yuradReba aq im azrobriv Seusabamobasac minda mivaqcio, romelic xsenebuli nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstsa da mis variantebs Soris arsebobs. kerZod, leqsis gamoqveynebuli piris bolos Seqmnili wesiT ukmayofilo poeti kvlav Seecada cenzurisTvis Tvalis axvevas da wiTeli droSebisa da mquxare Cveni kongresis aqcentirebiT TiTqos imazec migvaniSna, rom cxovrebisagan ganwirul am umuSevars unugeSo mdgomarebidan mxolod am gziT siaruli Tu daixsnida. magram es sifrTxile da orazrovneba mTlianadaa uaryofili nawarmoebis variantebSi. kerZod, leqsis bolo strofSi poeti aSkarad miTiTebs imaze, rom mis mier aRwerili tragedia faqtobrivad avtobiografiuli TviTgancdis savalalo Sedegia da aq kapitalisturi samyaro arafer SuaSia. es azri unda gavigoT ase: rom mxeci ar Tmobs Tavis xelobas da galaktion tabiZes urCevs wertils tyviisas ras? TviTmkvlelobas. nawarmoebis logikur wertilad qceuli es poeturi daskvna logikuri Sejamebaa lirikuli personaJis depresiuli sulieri ganwyobilebisa. ai, rogor xatavs poeti im kacis tragedias, romelic ulmobel bedisweras cxovrebis umweo msxverplad gauxdia da misTvis samudamod dauxSavs samomavlo cxovrebis perspeqtiva: Seni cxovreba aris es ZaRli, romelic kvdeba civi, beberi, misTvis ar aris am qveynad saxli, arc karebia SesaRebeli. Seni cxovreba Ronemixdili aris talaxi, boseli, qarTa, risTvis gaSinebs, miTxar, sikvdili, Tu arvin mova sikvdilis garda? vici, Tu rogor gadixarxarebs, roca gaigebs sikvdilis xvelas, Seni cxovreba arvis axarebs, Seni sikvdili axarebs yvelas. epoqaluri sinamdvilis kritikul-opoziciuri TvalTaxedviT warmosaxvis mxriv aseve gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa poema klasobrivi brZolis (1930-1935 ww.) is epizodebi, romlebic poets nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstSi ar Seutania (ix. t. VIII, gv. 278-292). maTSi ZiriTadi teqstisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli formiTaa mxilebuli da mZafri Sinagani ironiiT warmoCenili socialisturi periodis Cveni yofisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli mankierebani. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met interess, pirvel yovlisa, is kritikul-ironiuli damokidebuleba iwvevs, romelsac koleqtivisadmi avlens avtori. naTqvamis dasturad aq xsenebuli poemis erT-erTi xelnaweri variantidan is fragmenti minda davimowmo, romelSic axali, socialisturi, cxovrebis asaSeneblad aqtiurad
mebrZoli pirovneba gansaxilveli nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi Semdegnairadaa daxasiaTebuli: ra vuTxra me (am) droebas, Sen rom gagamamaZala, boganoba mogaSora, Cems mamulSi Cagasaxla. rogorc am xes, ise Senca ar grcxvenian araferis, TiTqos TviTon gaaSene es baRebi mSvenieri. gzaze arvin ar gixvdeba, arxeinad miimReri... hai, hai, ra dro dadga, droo Zveli kaxaberis. igive unda iTqvas xsenebuli poemis xelnaweri variantis im fragmentzec, romelSic socialisturi epoqis mSenebelTa barbarosuli brZola RmerTisa da eklesiis winaaRmdeg Semdegnairadaa naCvenebi: amis msmeni, iqve axlo idga mRvdeli, yovlad flidi, man krZalulad da nawyenad daigmina: - hai, gidi! Cemis TvaliT davinaxe, sionis rom mowyda zari, miwa ise Caizniqa, rogorc devis namuxlari. xma gamosca gabzaruli, saboloo, civi, mkvdari, eh, bevri ram masTan erTad iyo mxolod, aRar ari! magram roca poemaSi gamovlenil avtoris kritikul-opoziciur TvalTaxedvazea saubari, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstSi gamouqveynebeli is fragmentia, romelSic pirdapir, yovelgvari orazrovnebisa da SeniRbvis gareSea mxilebuli imxanad qveyanaSi aRzevebuli sisxliani represiebi. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom am represiebis saSineleba galaktions imxanad uSualod Tavis Tavzec hqonda gamocdili meuRlis orjer dapatimrebiTa da Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebiT. am garemoebamac didad ganapiroba is simZafre da simwvave, riTac poemis es fragmenti xasiaTdeba: me ar vityvi rame sxvas, saswaulze iman Tqvas, vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocdarvas... me vityvi da ai, ras: es qveyana iman xras, vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocda-cxras... arafris Tqma ara mwads, daumadlos iman xats, vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocdaaTs... me ar vityvi rame sxvas... saswaulze iman Tqvas, vinac gadaurCeba cxraas-TerTmet-samoc-rvas (I)... Sen nu ityvis rames sxvas, ver daaSrob sityviT zRvas, visac ra surs, isa Tqvas, wisqvilma ki fqvas da fqvas. rogorc citirebuli magaliTebiTac aSkarad darwmundeba mkiTxveli, g. tabiZis nawarmoebTa variantebi ZiriTadad im epizodebiT iqceven yuradRebas, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad teqstSi aRar Seutania avtors. TavianTi kritikul-deideologizebuli SinaarsiT, ganwyobilebiTa da mizandasaxulobiT es epizodebi zogjer principuladac ki gansxvavdebian ZiriTadi teqstisagan. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania poemebi: mogonebani im dReebisa, roca ielva, klasobrivi brZola, didedas saTvalebi, usaTauro poema (...isariviT basr ideas saqarTvelos axal xanis) da sxva. naTqvamis naTelsayofad ramdenime sityva am ukanasknelis Sesaxebac minda vTqva (t. X, gv. 435-436).
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poetis arqivSi am daumTavrebeli nawarmoebis ramdenime variantia daculi ori pirobiTi saTauriT: SesaniSnavi movlenani saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi warRvnis droidan revoluciamde da warRvnis droindeli mwerloba. rogorc poemis Cvenamde moRweuli variantebidan Cans, avtors aRniSnuli nawarmoebis umTavres miznad saqarTvelos istoriuli yofis umniSvnelovanesi momentebis poetizeba hqonda dasaxuli. magram poemis sxva variantebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul erT-erT variantSi poetma, nacvlad Cveni qveynis gmiruli istoriisa, Tavisi drois gabediTebuli da zneobriv-politikurad degradirebuli yofa warmosaxa. kerZod, galaktioni uRrmes gulistkivils gamoxatavs imis gamo, rom misi drois sazogadoebis didi nawilis guli da goneba mdabali adamianuri miswrafebebiT iyo SeboWili da maTi xarbi Tvali faqtobrivad verafers xedavda, mopriale oqros garda. qveyanaSi arsebuli amgvari mdgomareobiT sasowarkveTili poeti mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqve im garemoebasac miapyrobs, am adamianTa cnobierebaSi TiTqmis mTlianad rom iyo daSretili istoriuli warsulis gmirul dReTa xsovna da aRaravis axsovda, warRvnis droidan moyolebuli dRevandel dRemde visTvis da risTvis iRvreboda Cveni winaprebis sisxli. o, sabralo saqarTvelo, bevri ver grZnobs, rom es veli aris ucnob, usaxelo meomarTa ferfli Zveli, gulistkiviliT mimarTavs poeti mis gabediTebul samSoblos da Tavisi drois qarTul yofiT sinamdviles Semdegnairad aRwers: saqarTvelov! aRar darCa arasferi, arasferi, qnars Caacvas Zveli farCa da aanTos agasferi, gamofituls, azrdakarguls, dRes zogierTs SerCa erTi miswrafeba da guldagul gatacebis erTi werti! es amao, es mdabali gataceba iq boboqrobs, sadac Tvali, xarbi Tvali mopriale xedavs oqros. sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom sarecenzio fragmentis bolo sityvebSi avtorma mizanmimarTulad gaimeora ilias cnobili satiruli leqsis ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT, anu saqarTvelos istoria mecxramete saukunis - mTavar laitmotivad qceuli mravalmniSvnelovani kiTxva, riTac simbolur-alegoriuli formiT mianiSna mkiTxvels Cveni eris gmiruli istoriuli warsulisa da zneobrivad degradirebuli awmyos urTierTSeuTavseblobasa da disharmoniaze. g. tabiZis erovnuli mrwamsis arsSi gasarkvevad aq 1927 wels dawerili misi erTi patara leqsic minda gavixseno goridan. leqsis ZiriTad teqstSi SeniRbuli formiT gamovlenil da kavkasionze mijaWvuli amiranis tradiciul saxe-simbolosTan dakavSirebul erovnul gulistkivils poetma kidev ufro meti sicxade SesZina xsenebuli nawarmoebis gamouqveynebel variantSi, romelSic mZafrad ironizebuli formiTaa gamoxatuli sabWoTa imperiis nawilad qceuli saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofiT ganpirobebuli protestis grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulis arsSi ukeT garkvevis mizniT qvemoT jer xsenebuli leqsis ZiriTad teqsts davimowmeb mTlianad, Semdeg ki im or
gamouqveynebel striqons misi variantidan, romlebSic poeti ironiaSi gadazrdili gulistkiviliT usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom Suagul qarTlSi, sofel tyviavTan, saqarTvelosa da e. w. samxreT oseTs Soris gavlebuli sazRvridan ukve sazRvargareTi iwyeboda (t. II, gv. 242, 451): 1. me ar mecala, gorSi davrCi sul erTi Rame rogorc ki liaxvs moedina dilis niavi, gza tirZnisisken... vrceli veli tirifonisa. saiTkenac gsurs, rom gindodes, wavlen sioni, magram ra kargi sanaxavi iSleba areT sul axlo aris TeTri mTebi kavkasionis. mTebi, romelzec, legendebis TqmiT, ra xania, mudmiv Tovli da mijaWvuli amirania. 2. samxreT oseTis sazRvarTan var... aha, tyviavi, maSasadame biji erTi da sazRvargareT! g. tabiZis leqsebisa da maTi variantebis erT nawils Soris msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT arsebuli mkveTri gansxvavebulobis dasturad aq ramdenime sityva mis erT naklebad cnobil leqszec minda vTqva Sens fenilze midi-modis (t. IV, gv. 62, 299). nawarmoebis daweris TariRad 1935 weli uzis. magram leqsSi moTxrobili ambavi savsebiT realurad gviCens eWvs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom aRniSnuli TariRi mcdaria da nawarmoebi sinamdvileSi ufro adre, poetis meuRlis olia okujavas patimrobisa da uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebis dros (19291932 ww.), unda iyos dawerili. amgvari daskvnis gamotanis uflebas leqsis ZiriTad teqstze metad misi variantebi gvaZleven. kerZod, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstSi mkrTalad miniSnebulma da dauzustebel-daukonkretebulma movlenam mis variantebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki E variantSi, meti sicxade da konkretuloba SeiZina. yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad davazustoT, ra movlenazea saubari. daviwyoT leqsis ZiriTadi teqstiT. gamouqveynebeli variantebisagan gansxvavebiT, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstad miCneuli piri varSavidan berlinamde mimavali gzisadmi avtoris poetur mimarTvas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli gzis daxasiaTebis dros poeti, marTalia, imis Sesaxebac saubrobs gulistkiviliT, rom am gziT mosatani werili uimedod igvianebs da sayvarel adamianTa gulebic swored xsenebul gzas dauSorebia erTmaneTisTvis, magram leqsSi konkretulad imis Taobaze araferia naTqvami, am tragikuli movlenis uSualo Tanamonawile Tavad avtori romaa. meti sicxadisaTvis davimowmeb nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqsts mTlianad: Sens fenilze midi-modis aTasgvari mgzavri, miaqvs-moaqvs mraval SfoTis ocneba an javri. yovelnairs itans texils Seni guli lodis, zogi etliT, zogi fexiT... fostac midi-modis. miaqvs, moaqvs baraTebi Sens sivrceebs Sarads, mxolod beks ra emarTeba? - ver eRirsa baraTs. elis, rogorc amoxeTqvas, elis, rogorc madans,
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magram mcire rame feTqva imamde ver atans. sayvarel guls Sen aSoreb da mis gulsac bzarav, berlinamde varSavidan mimavalo Sarav! rac Seexeba leqsis gamouqveynebel variantebs, gansakuTrebiT ki E variants, maTSi ukve konkretuladaa dazustebuli poetis mier warmosaxuli tragikuli movlenis geografiuli arealica da am tragediis mTavar monawileTa vinaobac. kerZod: pirveli, avtori ukve garkveviT gveubneba imas, rom misi poeturi mimarTvis obieqts darialis xeobaSi mimavali Sara warmoadgens da varSavidan berlinamde mimavali gza am SemTxvevaSi aq arafer SuaSia; da meore, aranakleb mTavari da mniSvnelovani: xsenebuli gzisadmi avtoris guliswyromis safuZvlad, pirvel yovlisa, is garemoebaa qceuli, rom igi swored am gzam daaSora sayvarel adamians, romlisganac amaod elodeba amave gzidan mosatan werils. vfiqrob, xsenebuli biografiuli detalebi imdenad zustad Seesatyviseba galaktionisa da misi represirebuli meuRlis urTierTobas, rom leqsi savsebiT logikurad SeiZleba miviCnioT olia okujavas patimrobis periodSi daweril nawarmoebad. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxveli ufro metad davarwmuno yovelive zemoTqmulis simarTleSi, qvemoT mTliani saxiT davimowmeb gansaxilveli leqsis E variants: darialis xeobaSi mimavalo Sarav, Sen ar ici, gulSi ramden gamocanas hfarav. Sens kldeebSi mSvenieri hyvavis bza da bao, darialis xeobaSi mimavalo gzao. Sens fenilze midi-modis aTasgvari mgzavri miaqvs Rvino, siyvaruli, ocneba da javri. yovelnair sityvas itans Seni guli lodis zogi etliT, zogi fexiT foSta midi-modis. miaqvs, miaqvs baraTebi Sens sivrceebs marads, yvela iRebs da mxolod me ver veRirse baraTs. veli, rogorc amoxeTqvas, veli, rogorc madans, magram mcire rame cnobac Cemamde ver atans. Sen maSoreb sayvarel guls da Cems gulsac bzarav, darialis xeobaSi mimavalo Sarav. rogorc cnobilia, qveynad damkvidrebuli mZime sazogadoebrivpolitikuri viTareba galaktions xSirad iZulebuls xdida ideologiuri kompromisis gziTac evlo, misive Sinagani rwmenis sawinaaRmdego ideebis mqadageblis rolSic gamosuliyo da arcTu iSviaTad wiTeli xalturis (misi sityvebia) nimuSebic Seeqmna. am garemoebiT Tavad poetic usazRvrod gulnatkeni da ukmayofilo rom iyo, amas misi erT-erTi leqsis (evropis uferuli dRe, 1935 w.) gamouqveynebel variantSi mravalmniSvnelovani orazrovnebiT dasmuli es kiTxvac naTlad adasturebs: gana me msurda cxovrebis Cemis, Cemi cxovrebis wayvana ase? vfiqrob, mkiTxveli usaTuod dameTanxmeba imaSi, rom gulistkiviliT dasmuli am ritorikuli SekiTxvis miRma aSkarad igrZnoba is mZime da ulmobeli iZuleba, romelmac poetis cxovreba misTvis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom amjerad avtori
konkretulad ar asaxelebs am iZulebis ganmapirobebel sabediswero faqtorebs, galaktionis biografiidan naTlad Cans, rom es iZuleba, uwinares yovlisa, poetis droindeli epoqaluri movlenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. * * * musikaluri srulqmnilebisa da ritmul-melodiuri harmoniis misaRwevad galaktioni imden xilul Tu uxilav xerxsa da saSualebas iyenebs, rom maTi srulyofili gacnobiereba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. da Tu mainc SevecdebiT am TvalsazrisiT zogierTi arsebiTi faqtori gamovyoT, am SemTxvevaSi usaTuod unda aRiniSnos iseTi mkveTrad gamorCeuli Taviseburebani, romelnic, versifikaciul sazomTa mravalferovnebis garda, ritmul variaciaTa da intonaciaTa saocar simravles, riTmaTa ukidures daxvewilobasa da musikalobas, bgeraTa uCveulo evfonias, poeturi refrenisa da ganmeorebis efeqts, striqonTa da winadadebaTa originalur konstruqciebsa da sxva mraval niSanTvisebasa da stilur gamorCeulobas gulisxmobs. es rom marTlac asea, amis dasturad poetis Semoqmedebis xelnaweri variantebidanac SeiZleba movitanoT mravali uaRresad STambeWdavi magaliTi. kerZod, imis naTelsayofad, poeturi nawarmoebis ritmulversifikaciul formaTa mravalferovnebas poeti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas rom aniWebda, aq misi poeziisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebel erT sagulisxmo tendenciasac minda mivaqcio yuradReba - mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili zogierTi nawarmoebisaTvis erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul ritmul-versifikaciul formaTa misadagebis aqtiur mcdelobas. magaliTad, meri, garda mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili tradiciuli aTmarcvliani saleqso sazomisa, avtors ritmul-musikaluri JReradobiT misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebul aseT saleqso sazomTa gamoyenebiTac aqvs dawerili (ix.: v. javaxaZe, 1991, gv. 379): 1. Sen im Rames jvars iwerdi, Cemo mSveniero meri! vin asweros Seni saxis maSindeli elva, feri, vin asaxos misi im Jams ucxo krToma da ieri, mainc turfa, mainc saTno da uzomod mSvenieri. 2. Sen im Rames jvars iwerdi, mSveniero meri, vin asweros Seni saxis maSindeli feri, vin asweros misi im Jam krToma da ieri, mainc turfa, mainc saTno, mainc mSvenieri... igive unda iTqvas cnobil poetur Sedevrebzec: slaJvarde anu vardi silaSi da warwera wignze manon lesko. naTqvamisaTvis meti sicxadis misacemad davimowmeb fragmentebs axali versifikaciuli saleqso sazomebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili maTi xelnaweri variantebidan: 1. dedao RvTisav, dedofalo, wminda mariam, rogorc mzis naTels moklebuli silaSi vardi, Cemi cxovreba martooba da sizmaria, CemTvis mkvdaria Soreuli cis silaJvarde.
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2. gayviTlebul vardTa konis, ali trfobis, bneda gonis de-griesa da manonis sevdiani romani, siyvaruli erTgul monis, velad gaWras, xelad ronins, de-griesa da manonis sevdiani romani. erTi da imave leqsebisTvis axal-axali ritmul-versifikaciuli formebis amgvarad misadagebis mcdeloba galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi imdenad farTod damkvidrebul tendencias warmoadgens, rom naTqvamis naTelsayofad kidev uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT misi poeziidan. rogorc am variantebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba-Sepirispireba adasturebs, poetis SemoqmedebaSi aRniSnuli tendenciis esodeni momZlavreba, pirvel yovlisa, misi leqsebis ritmul-musikaluri mxaris kidev ufro metad daxvewisa da gamravalferovnebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli. naTqvamisaTvis meti sicxadis misacemad erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebuli formiT kidev erTxel davimowmeb fragmentebs galaktionis ori leqsis (yvavilebis qali - t. II, gv. 186, 411) da Sexede (t. IV, gv. 12, 261) ZiriTadi teqstebidanac da maTi variantebidanac. yvavilebis qali: 1. rogorc saRamo mkrTali, dgas yvavilebis qali, elavs Camaval mzeSi iagundi da lali. 2. gzaze midis sizmariviT mkrTali yvavilebis gamyidveli qali. Sexede: 1. es ra niaRvrebs vezuvi isvris, ra sibneleSi sdgas cecxlis sveti? es am gulidan simRera iZvris da Tan mohyveba mas sisxlis wveTi. 2. es ra ideebs mnaTobi isvris, ra cecxlis sveti? romeli mTidan simRera iZvris da sisxlis wveTi? g. tabiZis nawarmoebTa teqstologiur variantebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba farTod cnobili ama Tu im poeturi fragmentis pirdapiri an odnav saxecvlili formiT ganmeorebis SemTxvevebi misive Semoqmedebis calkeuli nimuSebidan. magaliTad, mesaflavis erT-erT mogviano variantSi, romlisTvisac poets dramatuli nawarmoebis saxe miucia, galaktions mravlad gamouyenebia nawyvetebi mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad nacnobi iseTi leqsebidan, rogorebicaa: usiyvarulod, Serigeba, xelebi da sxva (t. I, gv. 399-401). Tu mesaflavis damowmebul variantSi sakuTari Semoqmedebis farTod cnobili nimuSebidan poeturi fragmentebis gamoyenebas galaktioni siuJeturi dramatizmis gasamZafreblad mimarTavs, sxva SemTxvevebSi amgvari poeturi TviTganmeorebebi ukve teqstualuradaa Sesisxlxorcebuli Sesabamis nawarmoebSi gamoxatul avtoriseul saTqmelTan. magaliTad, leqsSi damSviddi, qaro! (1924 w.) galaktioni Tumca sityvierad ramdenadme saxecvlili, magram advilad misaxvedri
formiT imeorebs striqonebs imave wels dawerili misi leqsebidan Cven, poetebi saqarTvelosi da qalav! magaliTad (g. tabiZe, t.II, gv. 378): 1. xevidan xevze xrialebs mexi, xevidan xevze midis quxili! 2. o, gulo, ramden ocnebas malav! mTebs saRamois gadekra boli. vaJi: daica, daica, qalav! qali: aCqardi, dagibrmes Toli! yvela saqmeebis (1927 w.) erT-erTi variantis qvemoT damowmebuli fragmenti ki Sinaarsobrivi sizustiT imeorebs mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobil poetur Sedevrs prologi asi leqsisa (t. II, gv. 456): me miuTiTeb martirologebs ra saocari dasrulda wlebi, waiqcen mefeebi: karlosi, vilhelmi. gardaicvala aleqsandr bloki mefe poetebis. gardaicvala didi sensansi hangebis mefe. mohkles nikiSi diriJorTa mefe Zlieri... n. tabiZis marTebuli xazgasmiT, galaktionis poeziaSi adre gamoyenebuli tropebis, frazebis, sintagmebisa Tu riTmebis amgvari TviTganmeoreba bunebrivi movlenaa da poetis sulieri midrekilebis, TavisTavadobis maCvenebelia. ramdenadac ganmeoreba avtoris mizanswrafuli moqmedebis dadasturebaa, amdenad TviTganmeorebis magaliTTa aRnusxva-analizi saSualebas iZleva ukeT SevicnoT poetis interesTa sfero, yovelive is, rac misTvis mTavari da arsebiTia (n. tabiZe, 1993, gv 83). rogorc g. tabiZis TxzulebaTa variantebidan naTlad Cans, avtoris SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba nawarmoebis srulsayofad xSir SemTxvevaSi imdenad did masStabebsac ki iZenda, rom poeti calkeul SemTxvevebSi faqtobrivad ZiriTadi teqstisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul sruliad axal leqssac qmnida xolme. es variantebi zogjer imdenad daxvewilia da srulyofili, rom maTgan mxolod pirobiTad Tua SesaZlebeli sabolood srulqmnil pirad misaCnevi teqstis gamocalkeveba. naTqvamis dasturad aq minda uZilo Rameebi (1946 w.) gavixseno. poetis arqivSi am leqsis Svidi gansxvavebuli variantia daculi. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro naTeli gaxdes am variantebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis arsi, sailustraciod, ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT, moviSvelieb misi erT-erTi variantis Sesabamis adgils. ZiriTadi teqsti: Rvinos ar vsvamdi, isev daviwye, damCemda dardi, sigulmaviwye, wyals mivec yvela ia da vardi, saTayvaneblad win rom daviwye. karga xania ar vwevdi TuTuns, nacvlad vusmendi mtkvris amo duduns, exla TuTunis boli sdgas saxlSi -
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ra gaaTenebs am Rames ukuns? varianti: Rvinos veridebodi, momeCvia fiqrebi, dardi, sigulmaviwye. ar vwyalobdi Tambaqos, magram raRa drosia, dRiT da RamiT Cemi mze exla papirosia. g. tabiZis poeziaSi sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba iseTi nawarmoebebic, romelnic avtors jer prozis saxiT dauweria da Semdeg miucia maTTvis poturi qmnilebis forma. sailustraciod gavixsenoT TxzulebaTa XII tomSi dabeWdili poemaTa prozauli teqstebi. msgavsi prozauli Canawerebi galaktionis calkeul leqsebsac moepovebaT. magaliTad, prologi asi leqsisas (1925 w.) prozauli varianti avtors jer kidev 1922 wels dauweria samwuxaro martirologis saxelwodebiT. igive unda iTqvas leqsebzec - nu miatoveb leqss uTvistomod (1931 w.) da Cveni mnaTobi cecxlis feria (1929 w.), romelTa calkeuli fragmentebi prozauli formiTaa ganmeorebuli werilebSi dro da poeziis dRe. g. tabiZis poeziis xelnawer variantebSi, romlebic avtors Tavisi nawarmoebebis ZiriTad teqstebSi aRar Seutania, sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba xolme sakuTari poeturi Rvawlis ganmadidebeli striqonebic. calkeul SemTxvevebSi nawarmoebis umTavres saTqmelTan logikurad TiTqmis sruliad Seusabamo amgvari CanarTebiT galaktioni misTvis Cveuli pirdapirobiT usvams xolme xazs mis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi. magaliTad, cnobili leqsis sadRegrZelo iyos misi (1919 w.) erT-erT variantSi igi sakuTar wvlils qarTul poeziaSi Semdegnair Sefasebas aZlevs (t. II, gv. 333): sadRegrZelo iyos xmebis, vinc dandoba ar icis, sadRegrZelo iyos mefis galaktion tabiZis. airCies igi mxolod, rom zarebi darekos, rom simRera mTad da velad grgvinviT gadaarekos. vin triumfis iyos Rirsi, Rirsi mzis gaTenebis, sadRegrZelo iyos misi dRis da lurja cxenebis. rogorc movlenaTa arsSi garkveuli mkiTxveli advilad mixvdeba, damowmebuli striqonebi xsenebul leqss mogvianebiT aqvs damatebuli, kerZod, 1921 wels mweralTa erTi jgufis organizebiT Catarebuli im konkursis Semdeg, romelzec galaktioni qarTveli poetebis mefed iqna arCeuli. es rom marTlac asea, amas 20-ian wlebSi dawerili sxva leqsebis variantebic naTlad adastureben. magaliTad, leqsis cxovreba Cemi (1922 w.) erT-erT variantSi galaktioni wers: dee ismodes me Tqveni var maRali mefe (miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 347). 1925 wels dawerili leqsis rac iqnes iqnes gamouqveynebel variantSi ki ambobs: ar aris vinme Cemi msgavsi da Cemi toli, erTad erTi var, maRali var, kvlav ukvdavesi (iqve, gv. 392). sakuTari Tavis amgvarad ganmadidebeli leqsebis ZiriTad teqstebSica da maT variantebSic galaktioni xSirad imis gamoc gamoxatavs gulistkivils, rom mas daundoblad paraven riTmebs, radgan erTia misi dideba (t. II, gv. 469).
g. tabiZis poeziaSi sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba iseTi leqsebi, romlebic ZiriTad teqstebad miuCnevel maT varintebTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia. zogierTi maTgani am TvalsazrisiT imdenadac kia Sekvecili, rom, Sesabamis variantebTan SedarebiT, maTSi gamoxatuli avtoriseuli saTqmeli aSkarad sqematuria da fragmentuli. naTqvamis dasturad qvemoT erTmaneTis gverdigverd movitan 1925 wels dawerili leqsis wami wams ezideba ZiriTad teqstsac da mis variantsac (t. II, gv. 195, 418). Cemi azriT, gansxvavebiT nawarmoebis ZiriTadi teqstisagan, romelic mxolod eqvsi striqonisagan Sedgeba, leqsis samstrofiani varianti gacilebiT ufro Rrmad, STambeWdavad da maRalmxatvrulad gamoxatavs avtoris sulier ganwyobilebas. ZiriTadi teqsti: vxedav zamTris ZonZebi xeebs Camoekona, me ki es gazafxuli isev Cemi megona. yvelaferi gaTavda, wami wams ezideba, ra amao yofila wuTisoflis dideba. hyinavs, isev Ramea. modis SiSi Sorevi... ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis morevi. citirebuli leqsis varianti: ra amaod izrdeba wuTisoflis dareba! qaro, ram gadagria, zRvao, ra gemarTeba? ra ubralod itacebs mogoneba niavebs, guls aravin avardebs, gzas ar moaiavebs. ra amaod mwuxrisTvis fiTrdebian bindebi, sulo, nu daecemi, gulo, nu SeSindebi. miaqvT kubo... Ramea... modis SiSis Sorevi, ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis morevi! hxedav: dReTa ZonZebi qaoss Camoefina, Sen ki es gazafxuli isev Seni gegona. yvelaferi gaTavda, fiqri suls ezideba, ra amao yofila wuTisoflis dideba. mokled, aseTia g. tabiZis poeziis teqstologiur mxaresTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. rogorc winamdebare naSromidanac kidev erTxel dainaxavs mkiTxveli, galaktionis poeturi xelnawerebis safuZvlianad Sesaswavlad umTavresi samuSao samomavlodaa Sesasrulebeli. marTalia, am mimarTulebiT pirveli warmatebuli nabijebi ukve gadaidga, magram es am uaRresad rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmis mxolodRa dasawyisia. Tumca is, rac am mimarTulebiT ukve Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebidanac cxadad da aSkarad Cans, imis daueWvebeli aRiarebaa, rom galaktionis grZneuli poeturi samyaros idumali bunebis srulyofilad Secnoba misi Semoqmedebis xelnaweri variantebisa da umdidresi saarqivo Canawerebis safuZvliani gansja-gaanalizebis gareSe yovlad SeuZlebeli iqneba.
av. nikoleiSvili
damowmebuli literatura r. TvaraZe, 1990 - r. TvaraZe, mogonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva, kritika, 1990, #5. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1991, 8 marti. s. orjonikiZe, 1925 - s. orjonikiZe, xelovnebaze, Jurn. droSa, 1925, #28. g. tabiZe, 1966 - g. tabiZe, TxzulebaTa Tormettomeuli, Tb., 19661987. n. tabiZe, 1993 - n. tabiZe, galaktionis SemoqmedebiTi laboratoria, Tb., 1993. v. javaxaZe, 1991 - v. javaxaZe, ucnobi, Tb., 1991.
AVTANDIL NIKOLEISHVILI
ON SOME QUESTIONS FORM THE TEXTUAL STUDY HISTORY OF GALAKTION TBIDZES WORKS
Textual study of Galaktion Tabidzes poetic masterpieces shows many examples of quite a lengthy creative efforts and hard work before they acquired their final forms. In fact, the numerous variants of G. Tabidzes various works speak about the amount of zealous work carried out by the author before he brought them to the perfection of the harmony with which these masterpieces arise no small wonder and amazement. Some of the variants that differ from one another not only in rhythms and versification but also with varied passages of contents are consummated to that degree of impeccability that practically it is impossible to determine to whichever of the variants should be given the preference over the other and when it is done it is but very conventional. For the refining and perfecting various examples of his poems Galaktion Tabidze applied a few basic directions in his methods: 1) Selecting the best possible rhythmic and versification form that would most perfectly correspond to the phenomenon that had become the object of his imagination; 2) that would further elaborate poetic quality of the work and 3) that would pull the wool over the censors, through disguising place and time and alienation etc. This paper discusses Galakton Tabidzes poetic masterpieces variants that are replete in his manuscripts but did not appear in his main publications.
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nato niqabaZe
noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi

XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi noe Jordanias, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi moazrovnisa da politikuri moRvawis, adgilis swori gansazRvra mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa ramdenime garemoebam, kerZod, misma damokidebulebam ilia WavWavaZesTan da saerTod erovnulganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan, rsdmp-Si moRvaweobam, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis politikuri lideris rolma, emigraciaSi gatarebulma wlebma... sabWoTa istoriografia saerTod ar swavlobda aRniSnul sakiTxs da Tu aqa-iq mainc gakvriT iTqmeboda ram, es iyo danaxuli mxolod uaryofiTi poziciidan. SeuZlebelia pirovnebaSi da kerZod, iseT politikuri moRvaweSi, rogoric noe Jordania iyo, mxolod uaryofiTi moazrovne davinaxoT. Cveni azriT, aq mTavaria realoba davinaxoT. Seumcdari TiTqmis arc erTi politikuri moRvawe ar yofila, arc qarTveli da arc araqarTveli. yuradRebas ipyrobs noe Jordanias erovnuli sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba. misi moRvaweobis dasawyis etapze, jer kidev 1893 wlis TebervalSi, Tbilisis social-demokratTa II konferenciaze man wamoayena debuleba ,,eris Tavisuflebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb". igi aq ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas" gulisxmobda, magram uSualod am moTxovnas ar ayenebda. roca 1895 wels k. kaucki ,,noie caitSi" gamoqveynebul werilSi mxars uWerda poloneTis damoukideblobis ideas, winaaRmdeg avtonomiisa, amas didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia noe Jordaniaze, ris Sesaxebac igi werda: davinaxe, rom marqsizmi sruliad ar uaryofs nacionalur sakiTxs, nacionaluri TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas (n. Jordania, 1990, gv. 19-20). 1902 wels amierkavkasiis social-demokratTa konferenciis davalebiT noe Jordania wers partiuli programis proeqts rogorc adgilobrivi, ise mTeli ruseTis masStabiT. programa iTvaliswinebda amierkavkasiis TviTmmarTvelobas parlamentiT TbilisSi. amrigad, 1903 wlamde, qarTuli social-demokratiis lideri SefarviT Tu daufaravad aRiarebda erovnuli sakiTxis mniSvnelobas da erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis saTanado formasac. mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala, roca 1903 wlis zafxulSi rsdmp II yrilobam miiRo erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi. programis me-3 punqti moiTxovda ,,farTo adgilobriv da saolqo TviTmmarTvelobas". lenini da misi momxreebi sityva ,,saolqos" amoRebas iTxovdnen. iuli martovma mxari dauWira `saolqo TviTmmarTvelobas" fineTis, poloneTis, litvisa da kavkasiisaTvis. noe Jordaniam xeli CasWida martovis mosazrebas da agulianebda Tavis rus Tanapartielebs mxari daeWiraT misTvis. amave azrs iziarebda yrilobis meore delegati diomide TofuriZe (gaz. èri", 1991, 1-III).
n. niqabaZe
miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelma social-demokratebma ver SeZles yrilobaze TavianTi mosazrebis gatana. erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi, romelic rsdmp II yrilobam miiRo, noe Jordanias azriT gadmoRebuli iyo pirveli internacionalis rezoluciebidan da aravin icoda, ras niSnavda igi. 1905-1914 wlebSi noe Jordania menSevizmis poziciebze idga da mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda misi strategiisa da taqtikis dasabuTebasa da ganviTarebaSi. kidev ufro Zlierdeba misi erovnuli nihilizmi da dapirispireba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan, ris dastursac warmoadgens misi Sromebi: ,,qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi" (1908), ,,Zveli da axali" (1912), ,,nacionaluri kiTxva CvenSi" (1913). SeimCneva misi ukan daxeva e. bernStainisa da k. kauckis Sexedulebebidan da marqsizmis dogmaturi aRiarebisagan gadaxra. qarTvel social-demokratTa lideri noe Jordania iqamdec ki mivida, rom miuReblad miiCnia ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis avtonomiis moTxovna. avtonomiisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo mas Sejaxeba mouxda socialfederalistebTan da erovnul-demokratebTan. TviT social-demokratiaSi mas aSkarad daupirispirda vladimer darCiaSvili, romelmac gaakritika rsdmp erovnuli programa da misi Sexedulebani erovnul sakiTxSi (v. guruli, 1995, gv. 44). noe Jordania statiaSi ,,qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi" aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli social-demokratia erisaTvis iTxovs kulturul avtonomias da ara politikurs... Cven vaRiarebT kavkasiis erTa nacionalur kulturul avtonomias" (gaz. `Cveni cxovreba", 1912, #14). pirvelma msoflio omma arsebiTad Secvala viTareba. qarTveli eris momavali damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu ra gzas airCevda igi am rTul samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi. am uaRresad daZabul viTarebaSi. noe Jordania ara marto qarTuli social-demokratiis liderad mogvevlina, aramed ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi mTeli qarTveli eris aRiarebul winamZRolad iqca. ,,Cven oms ar vawarmoebT, arc erT koaliciaSi ar vimyofebiT" - acxadebda igi. Tebervlis revoluciis (1917) wina xanebSi qarTvelma socialdemokratebma oficialurad aRiares erovnuli sakiTxi. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi qarTvel social-demokratTa konferenciam lanCxuTis maxloblad, sof. junjuaTSi daadgina, rom unda gamocxadebuliyo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, Tuki dadgeboda saamiso pirobebi. aseTi pirobebi ki Seqmna Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTSi, romelic demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas daadga da sxva erebs misca saSualeba imperiisagan gamoyofisa. noe Jordanis azriT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena unda momxdariyo ara marto qveynis erovnul ZalTa konsolidaciis imedad da masze dayrdnobiT, aramed xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi
cnobili sazogado moRvawe da mecnieri mixako wereTeli didad afasebda qarTveli social-demokratebis am nabijs da werda: noe Jordaniam icoda, rom dadga Jami ruseTis imperiis mier daCagrul erTa ganTavisuflebisa da marjve dros ucdida, rom misi qveynisaTvis aRedgina didi xnisgan daTrgunuli saxelmwifoebrioba. isic icoda, rom mas unda ekisra es didi saqme, radgan igi iyo winamZRoli qarTveli eris didi umetesobisa (n. Jordania, 1990, gv. 29). 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis dRidanve qarTul sinamdvileSi erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi gamokveTili iyo oTxi ZiriTadi politikuri mimarTuleba: 1. erovnul-demokratiuli; 2. socialist-federalisturi; 3. socialur-demokratiuli (menSevikuri); 4. social-demokratiuli (bolSevikuri) (p. surgulaZe, 1991, gv. 8-9). am oTxi politikuri mimarTulebidan masebis yvelaze meti mxardaWeriT sargeblobda social-demokratia (menSevizmi). rodesac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis, damoukideblobis mopovebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi dadga, maSin erovnulma partiebma noe Jordanias da qarTvel menSevikebs mimarTes. am Zlieri politikuri mimarTulebis gareSe, - werda uS. sidamoniZe, - es sakiTxi ver gadawydeboda. viTareba ayenebda qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciis aucileblobas. am mxriv pirveli gaubedavi nabiji iyo, - werda p. surgulaZe, - 1917 wlis aprilSi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis iniciativiT Seqmnili ,,interpartiuli sabWo". masSi Sevidnen agreTve social-federalistTa partiis warmomadgenlebi (p. surgulaZe, 1991, gv. 12). saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis gzaze gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda erovnuli yrilobis mowvevas 1917 wlis 19 noembers. misi monawileni, - aRniSnavs uS. sidamoniZe, - noe Jordanias, rogorc qarTveli xalxis belads, didi ovaciebiTa da mquxare taSiT Sexvdnen. opoziciuri partiebic ki mas beladad da winamZRolad saxavdnen. yrilobaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi noe Jordania aRniSnavda: yvela politikur partias Tavisi programa aqvs, magram interpartiul sabWoSi Cven SevTanxmdiT erTgvar minimumze; unda moviTxovoT, rom saqarTvelos mieniWos sruli Sinauri TviTmmarTveloba; unda hqondes ufleba sakuTar saWiroebaze gamosces kanonebi, unda hyavdes Tavisi nacionaluri administracia, jari, sakuTari policia, sasamarTlo, skola. unda moxdes yvela dawesebulebaTa nacionalizacia (gaz. àxalgazrda iverieli", 1991, gv. 21-XII). qarTvelma social-demokratebma moRvaweobis meoTxedi saukunis manZilze pirvelad gadadges iseTi nabiji, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda maT kredos - mxari dauWires saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas. saqarTvelos social-demokratia, rogorc qveynis yvelaze ufro mravalricxovani da gavleniani politikuri Zala, ar yofila 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis ideis avtori, magram am ideis xorcSesxmaSi man gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT noe Jordania SeiZleba ara rwmeniT, ara TviTganwmendis mtkivneuli procesis Sedegad,
n. niqabaZe
aramed Seqmnili realuri situaciidan gamomdinare faqtobrivad dadga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mxareze. amrigad, noe Jordania iyo qarTuli social-demokratiis aRiarebuli lideri, gamoCenili Teoretikosi, Jurnalisti, publicisti da politikuri moRvawe. igi sruliad originaluri movlena iyo axal istoriaSi. damowmebuli literatura gaz. àxalgazrda iverieli", 1991, 21 dekemberi. v. guruli, 1995 - v. guruli, noe Jordania, Jurn. `politika", 1995, #1-3 gaz. èri", 1991, 1 marti. n. Jordania, 1990 - n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990. n. Jordania, 1992 - n. Jordania, qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi, gaz. ,,Cveni cxovreba", 1992, #14. p. surgulaZe, 1991 - p. surgulaZe, qarTuli parlamentis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1991.
NATO NIKABADZE
NOE ZHORDANIA AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION
Noe Zhordania, a leader of the Georgian Social-democracy covertly or openly recognized the importance of the national question until 1903. in the Second Assembly of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the summer 1903 Yuli Martov supported the idea of The Oblast self-governance for Finland, Poland and the Caucasian countries. Noe Zhordania shared this idea. However, in 1905-1914 Noe Zhordania denied the idea of asking for the Georigias autonomy within the Russian empire as he counted it an unacceptable. On this ground Noe Zhordania had acrimonious controversy with Social-federalists, and even with V. Darchiashvili, a social-democrat, the latter criticizing the Russian Social democratic Labor Partys program in the national questions. In the preliminary period of the February Revolution of 1917 Georgian socialdemocrats come to the recognition of Georgias independence. The Menshevik Pary had enjoyed most of the popular support. In the National Assembly of November 1917 Noe Zhordania supportd the regaining of independence of the Georign state. It is true that he was not the author of this idea but he played decisive role for its realization. The Independence Charter of May 26, 1918 says that Noe Zhordania chose to stand on the side of Georgia.
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KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
neli siWinava
msoflios erovnuli da universaluri suraTis asaxva frazeologizmebis TargmanSi ( qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)
rogorc cnobilia, calkeuli sityvebis garda enaSi arsebobs ufro rTuli warmonaqmnebi, romelTac S. balim, frazeologiuri Teoriis fuZemdebelma, frazeologiuri konstruqciebi uwoda. S. balis ideebma ganviTareba hpova v. vinogradovis SromebSi, romelmac frazeologiur erTeulebs Soris gamoyo sami ZiriTadi tipi: frazeologiuri SeerTebani ( ), frazeologiuri erTobliobani ( ) da frazeologiuri Sexamebani ( ). klasifikacias safuZvlad daedo frazeologiuri mTelis mniSvnelobis Sefardeba masSi Semaval sityvebTan. v. vinogradovis mier SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia Sevsebul iqna n. Sanskis mier, romelmac gamoyo frazeologiuri erTeulebis meoTxe tipi - "frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamebi". Tanamedrove frazeologiur TeoriaSi miRebulia enis frazeologiuri Semadgenlobis farTo gageba. frazeologias miakuTvneben erTeulTa Semdeg tipebs: 1) idiomebi, SeerTebebi da erTobliobebi; 2) frazeologiuri Sexamebebi; 3) andazebi; 4) andazuri Tqma; 5) frTiani sityvebi (anu frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamebi); 6) enobrivi Stampebi. sityvisagan gansxvavebiT, frazeologizmi warmoadgens Sedgenil, erTian nominacias. frazeologizmis mniSvnelobas qmnis misi komponentebis zogadi metaforuli da metonimiuri gadaazreba. frazeologiuri erTeulis semantika Seicavs samyaros romelime movlenis Sefasebas, mis eqspresiul da xatovan daxasiaTebas. magaliTad, marjve, daxelovnebul xelebze rusebi amboben ; Tu undaT imis Tqma, rom vinme motyuebuli darCa da ver miiRo sasurveli, gamoiyeneben frazeologizms ; frazeologizmi marilze wavida qarTul enaSi niSnavs sikvdils, xolo frazeologizmi jarasaviT trialebs gamoiyeneba maSin, roca vinmeze surT Tqvan, rom is muSaobs, an moqmedebs cocxlad, mkvircxlad, mardad. mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi Camoyalibda frazeologiuri erTeulebis gadmocemis Semdegi xerxebi: 1) imave leqsikuri Semadgenlobis mqone ekvivalentis povna; 2) sxva leqsikuri Semadgenlobis ekvivalentis (variantis an analogis) moZieba; 3) frazeologizmis kalkireba; 4) frazeologizmis Tavisufali, anu leqsikuri, Targmani (Sinaarsis gadmocema); 5) okazionaluri (individualuri) frazeologizmebis Seqmna (s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980, gv. 179-206). pirveli ori xerxi gulisxmobs ucxo enis frazeologiuri erTeulis mTargmneli enis frazeologizmiT gadmocemas, amitom mas uwodeben
n. siWinava
agreTve frazeologiur Targmans. Tu mTargmnel enaSi ar moipoveba frazeologiuri ekvivalenti an analogi, mimarTaven mesame da meoTxe xerxs, romelsac uwodeben arafrazeologiur Targmans. 1. frazeologiuri ekvivalentebi da analogebi ufro xSirad gvxdeba internacionalur frazeologiaSi. isini Semovida mravali xalxis enaSi istoriuli (umTavresad antikuri), miTologiuri, literaturuli wyaroebidan, gadadioda enidan enaSi, an Cndeboda sxvadasxva xalxebSi erTimeorisgan damoukideblad, risi mizezic aris adamianTa azrovnebaSi arsebuli msgavseba, socialuri cxovrebis, SromiTi saqmnianobis, warmoebis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis calkeuli momentebis siaxlove (s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980, gv. 188-189). magaliTad, rusulsa da qarTul enebSi gamoiyeneba frazeologiuri ekvivalentebi: da aqilevsis qusli (risime an visime susti mxaris, mtkivneuli adgilis aRsaniSnavad). gamonaTqvami dakavSirebulia berZnul miTologiasTan. frazeologiuri ekvivalentebi . da gedis simRera gamoiyeneba talantis ukanaskneli gamovlinebis aRsaniSnavad. gamonaTqvamis wyaros warmoadgens ezopes erT-erTi igavi (VI s. C. w.-mde), romelSic naTqvamia, rom gedebi sikvdilis win mRerian. bibliur siuJetebs ukavSirdeba frazeologizmebi: rusuli da qarTuli aRTqmis qveyana (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: sanetaro an saocnebo adgili, qveyana; adgili, sadac sufevs dovlaTi da bedniereba; saerTod rame sanatreli, rac uzenaes bednierebad miaCniaT), rusuli da qarTuli gankiTxvis dRe (gamoiyeneba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: xalxTa sayovelTao gasamarTlebis, meored mosvlis dRe, rodesac yvelas pasuxi moeTxoveba Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis), rusuli da qarTuli gogi da magogi (gamoiyeneba, roca mxedvelobaSi aqvT Zlieri da saSineli vinme an rame), rusuli da qarTuli adamis Jamisa (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: ZvelisZveli, didi xnisa), rusuli da qarTuli urwmuno Toma (iyeneben, roca laparakoben adamianze, romlis darwmuneba rameSi Znelia) da sxv. qarTul-rusul frazeologiur leqsikonSi mocemuli frazeologiuri erTeulebis analizis safuZvelze gamoyofil iqna frazeologizmebis sakmaod didi jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT srul ekvivalentebs warmoadgenen. magaliTad: - abebs Caylapavs (wyenas, Seuracxyofas SearCens, SeuracxofisaTvis pasuxs ar mosTxovs), mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis Wera (arev-darevis, areulobis gamoyeneba piradi interesebisaTvis), - angariSs gausworebs (Surs iZiebs, moxerxebuli, xelsayreli viTarebiT sargeblobs, rom visme samagiero gadauxados, vneba moutanos), - ankess gadaugdebs (winaswar niadags mosinjavs da gadakvriT, frTxilad SeekiTxeba raimes gasagebad), - aq marxia ZaRlis Tavi (aq raRac imaleba; swored aqaa saqme, namdvili mizezi, saidumloeba), - bednier varsklavze dabadebuli (kargi bedis mqone, iRbliani, bednieri),
msoflios erovnuli da universaluri suraTis asaxva frazeologizmebis...
- bevri wyali Caivlis (bevri dro gava, bevri ram gamoicvleba), - bewvze hkidia (metad saeWvoa, saTuoa, didi safrTxe moelis vinmes an rames), - brma iaraRi (sxvisi neba-survilis, metwilad arasasikeTos, Seugneblad aRmasrulebeli), -. - (visime) dudukze cekvavs (sxvisi gavleniT moqmedebs, sxvisi neba-survilis Tanaxmad iqceva) da sxv. frazeologiuri erTeulebis umetesi nawili aRmocenda erovnul niadagze; isini gaCnda sxvadasva epoqaSi da asaxavs xalxis praqtikul gamocdilebasa da misi erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburebas. erovnuli frazeologizmebi SeiZleba aigos erTsa da imave sityvier xatze, magram sruliad gansxvavdebodes Tavisi mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad, rusul enaSi sityva gvxdeba Semdegi frazeologizmebis SemadgenlobaSi: (iTqmis masze, vinc SemTxveviT gascems imas, risi damalvac surs), (iTqmis masze, vinc imaze metis Rirsi ar aris, rac gaaCnia), (mkvexara dapireba, rwmuneba advilad da swrafad daamarcxo vinme), (gverdze, Sors, Zirs), , , ! (rame rTuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb), (samsaxuridan gagdeba, Tanamdebobidan moxsna), (iyo gagdebuli, samsaxuridan moxsnili), (gamoiCino Rrma pativiscema vinmes mimarT, Tavidan qudis moxdis moswrebiT da Tavis dabla dakvriT; Tavis damcireba, pirferoba), (rekrutad, jariskacad iqna wayvanili), - (zRaprebSi: qudi, romelsac gaaCnia jadosnuri unari - uxilavi gaxados is, vinc mas daixuravs). igive sityvieri xati gvxdeba qarTul frazeologizmebSi: qudi xuravs (amboben gansakuTrebiT gulad da zneobrivad umwikvlo adamianze), qudbedi dahyveba (ityvian iRblian adamianze), qudze kaci gadis (uklebliv yoveli mamakaci midis sabrZolvelad, saerTo saqmis Sesasruleblad), quds moxdis (sajarod Searcxvens mamakacs), quds WerSi hkravs (uzomod mxiarulobs, dros atarebs). rogorc vxedavT, sityva qudis Semcvel ganxilul qarTuli da rusuli frazeologizmebis mniSvnelobebs Soris ar gamovlinda msgavseba arc erT mniSvnelobaSi. 2. rogorc wesi, did sirTuleebs iwvevs idiomebis Targmna. Targmanis Teoria aRiarebs maTi xatovani Ziris SenarCunebis SeuZleblobas da arasasurvelad miiCnevs maTi sityvasityviT gadmocemas, radgan idiomebis Semadgeneli elementebis mniSvneloba ganzavebulia mTeli erTeulis mniSvnelobaSi. ufro xSirad TargmanSi frazeologizmebs cvlian analogiuri zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone frazeologiuri erTeulebiT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilisturi Seferilibis SenarCunebiT. moviyvanT nimuSebs: gasWra Rvinom, airia monasteri: yvela mReroda, cekvavda, erTmaneTs vexveodiT, aRTqmas vaZlevdiT.- , : , , , (. ).
n. siWinava
magram is ki sjobs, rom arc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuri, Samfuri, erTi saqme gaakeTo da meore gaafuWo, eg cudia. , , . , - (. ). Tu RmerTi gwams, nu ici xolme bewvisgan dires gakeTeba, sad magisi titini da sad saqveyno saqme. , , , - (. ). mariama... erT guTnis gaSlaze veRar miekareboda axlos. . . . (. ). pirSi qebas Wkuadamjdar kacis TvalSi dampali kitris fasic ara aqvs. . (. ). igi (mix. yifiani) saqmobda, irjeboda, mxneobda Tavisi patara naRariTa. qveynisaTvis da ara hyviroda amas dafiTa da naRariTa ( . ) , (. ). saRamos sayvirebi... ukve amcnobdnen casa da dedamiwas, mtersa da moyvares, ersa da bers... oqromWedlis taxtxe asvlas. ... bers , , ... (. ). movidnen vezirebi cxenis wasayvanad. iseTia cxeni, sul varsklavebs eTamaSeba. eTamaSeba . - , (. ). 3. magram im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca leqsikonSi moipoveba frazeologiuri Sesatyvisoba, saWiro xdeba Targmnis sxva gzebis Zieba, radgan es ekvivalenti ar uxdeba mocemul konteqsts, arRvevs dednis mxatvrul-stilistur Taviseburebas. magaliTad, qarTul-rusul frazeologiur leqsikonSi qarTuli frazeologizmis qudi xuravs analogad mocemulia rusuli frazeologizmi : " aba, es me da es Sen, damkar, Tu... qudi gxuravs. , ! - , " (. , " "). amasTan Targmanis praqtikaSi gacilebiT ufro xSirad mimarTaven am frazeologizmis kalkirebas an mis Tavisufal Targmnas. magaliTad, i. WavWavaZis moTxrobaSi "kacia adamiani?!": " WamiT isini vera sWamen, smiT isini veRara smen, ra kacebi arian?! wigni ician?! me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs, gana!" " , ! ?! ?! ! , , ? , ?" " ara grcxvenian, me dedakacsa mgzavni da Sen ki qudi gexuros da kaci gerqvas?" " , , ! , "!
rusul TargmanSi gadmocemulia qarTuli frazeologizmis qudi xuravs nivTobriv-xatovani mniSvneloba, ramac SeunarCuna Targmans dednis erovnuli koloriti. Tumca rusul enaSi sityva ar asocirdeba mamakacis umwikvlo RirsebebTan, konteqsti garkveviT mianiSnebs mkiTxvels mis gadaazrebul aRqmas qarTuli frazeologizmis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad. did bunebriobasa da sizustes aRwevs b. okujava amave frazeologizmis Targmnisas x. berulavas leqsSi. rusuli frazeologizmi konteqstisTvis ucxo aRmoCndeboda da amitom mTargmnelma igi aRweriTi konstruqciiT Secvala: ", ! / , ! / , / ! (" "). "vinc qarTvelia namdvili, /vaJkacis qudi axuravs /, adges da gamoeSuros /Tbilis - qalaqis msaxurad!" ("ambavi Tbilisis dabadebisa"). sityvasityviTi Targmanis (kalkirebis) xerxs mimarTaven maSin, roca mTargmnels surs mkiTxvelamde miitanos frazeologizmis xatovani safuZveli. kalkirebas amjobineben Targmanis frazeologiur xerxebs kidev im mizeziT, rom mTargmnel enaSi ar moipoveba misi ekvivalenti an analogi. magaliTad, qarTul frazeologizms burTiviT aTamaSebs (Tavis neba-survilze amoqmedebs, rogorc unda, atrialebs visme) ar gaaCnia arc frazeologiuri ekvivalenti, arc frazeologiuri analogi da amitom sityvasityviT gadmocemul iqna TargmanSi: "es is dianbegi ki ar aris, romelsac... burTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdi". aTamaSebdi" _ " , . . . !" (.). rusul frazeologias ar gaaCnia arc analogi, arc ekvivalenti qarTuli frazeologizmis erTi wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula mis Tavze, romelic gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "bevri ubedureba gadaxda Tavs, bevri Wiri gamoiara, bevri gaWirveba naxa". am frazeologizmis sakmarisi motivireba misi kalkirebis safuZveli gaxda: " erTi wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze, Torem sxvafriv yvela tanjva gamomivlia da eseTi ki aras dros". " , , - " (. ). 4. Tavisufali, anu leqsikuri, Targmanis dros mTargmneli enis saSualebebiT miuTiTeben dednis frazeologiuri erTeulis zust semantikur mniSvnelobas. sityva an sityvaTa Sexameba, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba frazeologizmis mniSvnelobis gadmocema, SeiZleba Seicavdes eqspresiasa da metaforulobas, rac saTargmni erTeulis stilisturi da eqspresiulemociuri konotaciebis kompensacias garkveulwilad xels uwyobs. "mouSva aRviri Rvinisagan modunebul enasa da mohyva ugzo-ukvlo titins". " " (. ). "maCabeli Cafiqrebulia da, aSkaraa, sulac ar usmens kola orbelianis brtyel-brtyel sityvebs, Tumca gverdze udgas da saxeSiac ise Sehyurebs, TiTqos gulisyuriT usmendes". "
n. siWinava
, , " (. ). eqspresiul-stilisturi Sesabamisobebis arqonis dros mimarTaven neitralur leqsikur magiers. magaliTad, qarTuli frazeologizmi aqauri qudi, aqaur quds daixuravs gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "ama Tu im qveynisaTvis, kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zne-Cveulebas, adaTs gaiziarebs". misi gadmocema moxda SesityvebiT : `mexamuSa, isev WerxoSi davapire asvla, magram vifiqre: "esec aqauri qudi yofila. mec xom wiklauri var da unda davixuro". " , : " , " (. ). 5. okazionaluri frazeologizmebi warmoadgenen avtoris individualuri sityvaTSemoqmedebis Sedegs. Tavisi xatovanobiTa da lakonurobiT isini Cveulebrivi frazeologiuri erTeulebis msgavsia, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT mocemuli konteqstis miRma ar funqcionirebs. magaliTad, rusulSi arsebuli andazebis ( , ; ) msgavsad qarTulma frazeologizmma damwvarze mduRare gadaesxmeba (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "ubedurebas ubedureba daerTvis") TargmanSi Semdegi sityvieri gamosaxuleba miiRo: gadaasxeso, "damwvarze mduRare gadaasxeso rom ityvian, imisi ar iyos, aqeT simona yoCaRad iyo gavardnili da iqiT kidev qaliSvili magdana, romelic qmarTan ukmayofilod cxovrobda, sadRac gaiqca, daikarga". - " , , - , ; , , -" (. ). qarTuli frazeologizmis bzis fasad (Zalian iafad) analogis Seqmnis dros gamoyenebul iqna rusuli ekvivalenti sxva leqsikuri SigTavsiT , romelSic rusuli realia Talgami () Secvlil iqna sityva sokoTi: `nadavli saqoneli bzis fasad gadioda". " " (. ). individualur sityvaTSemoqmedebas miekuTvneba agreTve frazeologizmis gramatikuli da leqsikuri transformaciebis SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, rusul enaSi arsebobs frazeologizmi (sityvasityviT: tyviis wamali ar uynosia), e. i. ar iyo omSi, ar uomia. uaryofis (ar uynosia) dadebiTi konstruqciiT Secvlam gamoiwvia okazionalizmis gaCena (tyviis wamali uynosiaT), romlis meSveobiT gadmocemul iqna qarTuli frazeologizmi brZolis kvamlSia gatarebuli (mniSvnelobiT: monawileobda saomar moqmedebaSi): " eg kidev ukeTesi. brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli yofilxarT". " ! , , " (. ). maSasadame, mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi frazeologizmis adekvaturi magieris moZieba warmoadgens Targmanis warmatebulobis ganmsazRvrel erTerT faqtors. maTi mniSvnelobis gadmocemisas ama Tu im xerxis arCevani damokidebulia mTargmnelis unarze ipovos Sesabamisi frazeologiuri da leqsikuri erTeulebi erovnuli enis saganZurSi.
damowmebuli literatura n. gamrekeli, e. mgalobliSvili, 1966 - n. gamrekeli, e. mgalobliSvili, qarTul-rusuli frazeologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 1966. s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980 - , , , ., 1980. .. . . . ., " ", 1981-1984.

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XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
neli ugrexeliZe
qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan (numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)

damwerloba xalxTa kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio da TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa. sakiTxis dasma qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb imas niSnavs, rom gairkves, rodis da rogor Seiqmna qarTuli anbani. es erT-erTi urTulesi sakiTxia qarTul mecnierebaSi. winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs numizmatikuri masalis safuZvelze mcireodeni wvlili Seitanos qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, radgan monetaze SerCenili ama Tu im gamosaxulebis an warweris Seswavlis Sedegad xerxdeba Soreul warsulSi momxdari faqtebis dadgena. am mxriv moneta utyuari da fasdaudebeli Zeglia, romelzedac saTanado epoqis mdgomareoba sworad da piruTvnelad ikiTxeba. dRemde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia numizmatikur mecnierebaSi arsebul erT cnobaze, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis arsebobaze miuTiTebs qristianobamdel periodSi. qarTveli istorikosi Teimuraz bagrationi mogviTxrobs erT qarTul monetaze, romelzedac gamosaxulia ori mefe - azork da armazeli da ambobs, rom masze qarTuli warweraa: Cven orTa sapativcemod (d. kapanaZe, 1970, gv. 43). leonti mrovelis mixedviT, eseni arian ormefobis xanis me-13 mefeni. Zvel saistorio wyaroebSi damowmebulia viTareba, roca qarTlis samefo orad iyo gayofili, maT sakuTari mefeebi hyavdaT; erTi ijda mcxeTaSi, meore armazSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom azorki da armazeli Zv. w. II saukunis 80-ian wlebSi cxovrobdnen. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, azorki da armazeli ax. w. I saukunis 70-an wlebSi cxovrobdnen (narkvevebi, 1979, gv. 496, 518). aseve, sainteresoa numizmat barTolomeis cnoba erTi spilenZis monetis Sesaxeb, romlis Sublze gamosaxulia ori lomi; erTi dgas, meore ki marjvniv garbis da Tavi pirvelisken aqvs mobrunebuli. irgvliv Znelad gasarkvevi warweris kvalia. zurgze gamosaxulia meomari SubiT da fariT. barTolomei am warweras kiTxulobda rogorc mf frsmn (mefe farsman). samwuxarod, es moneta amJamad dakargulia (d. kapanaZe, 1970, gv. 43). aRniSnuli moneta Cv. w. I-II saukuneebiT TariRdeba. am periodSi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda farsmanis saxeliT cnobili ori mefe: farsman I mefobda I saukunis 40-60-ian wlebSi, farsman II ki - II saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi. esaa romis keisrisa da xalxis megobris saxeliT cnobili farsman qveli (narkvevebi, 1970, gv. 520). am ori monetis magaliTze irkveva, rom qarTuli anbani ukve arsebobda qristianobamdel periodSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, esaa Zv. w. II - ax. w. II saukuneebi. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi daculia cnobebi qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rom is warmarTobis xanis Zeglia, magram
konkretulad rodisaa Seqmnili qarTuli anbani, am kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxi gagvces quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi daculma kolxurma monetam. esaa Zv. w. V saukuneSi moWrili kolxuri draqma-unikumi, romlis Sublze moTavsebulia pirdapir mimarTuli lomis Tavi, xolo zurgze CaWdeul kvadratSi moTavsebulia xaris Tavi. xars kiseri morTuli aqvs mZivebiT. qarTul monetaze lomis gamosaxulebis gaCena SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. mas garkveuli istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. 553-550 wlebSi sparselebma daipyres midia da sparseTi erT mTlian saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. saxelmwifoSi gabatonebuli religia iyo zoroastrizmi. am religiis mixedviT uzenaesi RvTaebaa ahuramazda _ sikeTisa da sinaTlis meufe. zoroastrizmis wminda gamovlinebaa cecxli, astraluri TvalsazrisiT mze, gansaxiereba RvTaebrivi samarTlianobisa. amitom qadagebda zaratuStra, rom adamianma pativi unda miagos cecxls, igive mzes, rogorc marTlmsajulebis amqveyniur saxes. aqedan warmodgeba cecxlTayvanismcemloba. mazdeanur taZrebSi, sakurTxevlis win Cauqroblad enTo koconi, rasac morwmuneni sasoebiT emsaxurebodnen. imperiis erTianobis ganmtkicebis mizniT qserqse I-ma Zv. w. V saukuneSi gaatara reformebi religiis sferoSi, romlis ZaliT iransa da dapyrobil qveynebSi, imperiis masStabiT, savaldebulo gaxda ahuramazdas kulti. amieridan imperiis arairanul satrapiebSi ikrZaleba da idevneba adgilobrivi RvTaebani da maT nacvlad upiratesoba eniWeba ahuramazdas kults. es reforma Seexo saqarTvelosac, radgan is iranis me-19 satrapiaSi Sedioda da am droidan mokidebuli mazdeanoba, anu cecxlTayvanismcemloba, qarTvelTaTvis savaldebulo religiad iqca. e. i. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc iranSi, wina planze dadga mzis kulti _ mzis Tayvaniscema. rogorc cnobilia, mze, viTarca deda RmerTi, qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi idga swored winaqristianul xanaSi. amasTanave, uZveles safexurze swored mze unda yofiliyo mTavari RmerTi, deda RmerTi, xolo manamde arsebulma mTvaris kultma, mTvaris RmerTma meore adgilze gadainacvla. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dedamiwaze mzis zoomorfuli gamosaxulebaa lomi, xolo mTvaris zoomorfuli gamosaxulebaa xari. swored es viTareba unda vigulisxmoT monetaze arsebul gamosaxulebebSi, roca monetis Sublze, anu pirvel adgilze, mzis zoomorfuli gamosaxulebaa lomi, xolo meore adgilze, anu zurgze, mTvaris zoomorfuli gamosaxuleba _ xari. aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac uZvelesi droidan qarTvelebi mTvares scemdnen Tayvans, Zv. w. V saukunidan mTvaris Tayvaniscema Seicvala mzis TayvaniscemiT da es viTareba kargadaa asaxuli numizmatikur masalaze. am mxriv sainteresoa qarTuli anbanis ganxilvac. jer kidev iv. javaxiSvili werda: qarTuli an-is mrgvali moxazuloba da kidurebaweuli zeviTi ganivi xazi swored xaris rqiani Tavis moxazulobas warmoadgens (iv. javaxiSvili, 1949, gv. 270). analogiur azrs aviTarebs r. patariZec: qarTuli asomTavruli warmarTuli epoqis Zeglia...
n. ugrexeliZe
anbanis pirveli aso-niSani aris mTvaris, anu mTvaris RmerTis, ideograma. qarTuli asomTavruli an zogadad cis sxeulis - mTvaris grafikuli xatia (r. patariZe, 1980, gv. 169). bolos askvnis: qarTul asomTavrul anbans mTvaris RmerTi iwyebs da misi zoomorfuli simbolo anu sakulto cxoveli xari amTavrebs (iqve, 1980, gv. 100). aqedan kargad Cans, rom qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis an, rogorc mnaTobi mTvare da mTvaris RmerTi, qarTuli anbanis pirveli aso-niSania, pirvel caze, mTvaris caze zis. radgan Zvel xalxTa astralur religiaSi mTvare pirvel adgilzea, qarTul asomTavrul anbanSic asaxulia Zveli, warmarTuli xanis mTvaris kultis astralur-religiuri mrwamsi. yuradRebas iqcevs r. patariZis mosazreba, rom qarTuli anbanis an aso-niSnis rkaluri moxazuloba imis maCvenebelia, rom igi grafikuli xatia mcxrali mTvarisa da es SemTxveviTobad ar unda CaiTvalos, radgan qarTuli anbanis pirveli aso-niSani babilonuri mTvaris RmerTad iwodeba (iqve, 1980, gv. 170). istoriulad cnobilia, rom SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciis ukanaskneli periodi axalbabilonuri samefos daarsebiT daiwyo, xolo imavdroulad SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciis aRsasrulic daiwyo da roca Zv. w. 539 wels sabolood daemxo Zveli babiloni, an mTvaris RmerTmac dakarga Tavisi upirvelesi RvTaebis privilegiebi. xolo raki es moxda Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, unda vifiqroT, qarTuli anbani am istoriul viTarebamdea Seqmnili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is im periodis gamovlinebaa, roca mTvaris RmerTi babilonSi upirvelesi RvTaeba iyo da miiCneoda cisa da miwis RmerTebis meufed. r. patariZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi raime kvali iranuli mrwamsisa ara Cans da, piruku, pirvel aso-niSnad qarTul anbanSi an babilonuri mTvaris RmerTi zis (r. patariZe, 1980, gv. 70). yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli anbani Seqmnilia warmarTobis xanaSi, kerZod, Zv. w. V saukunemde, radganac masSi asaxulia is periodi, roca mTvare mTavari RvTaeba iyo qarTvelebisa. ufro mogvianebiT mTvarem qarTvelTa astralur panTeonSi meore adgilze gadainacvla da pirveloba mzes dauTmo. damowmebuli literatura d. kapanaZe, 1970 - d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, Tb, 1980. narkvevebi, 1970 - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I (tomis redaqtori g. meliqiSvili), Tb, 1970. r. patariZe, 1980 - r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb, 1980. iv. javaxiSvili, 1949 - iv. javaxiSvili qarTuli paleografia, Tb., 1949.
kolxuri draqma (avers) Zv. w. aR. V s. (unikumi)
kolxuri draqma (revers)
NELI UGREKHELIDZE
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE GEORGIAN WRITING
(ACCORDING TO THE NUMISMATIC MATERIALS)
The paper discusses the question of the origin of the Georgian writing based on the numismatic materials. It brings forth the idea of scholars that the Georgian alphabet was developed during the pagan period when Georgians worshipped the Moon. As is known, later in the fifth century B.C. the country adopted Zoroastrianism, ancient Iranian religion and the worship of the Moon was substituted by the worship of the Sun. The fact is clearly attested by the numismatic materials preserved in the Kutaisi Historical Museum. Namely, on the fifth century B.C. Kolkhian drachma the image of a lion is posed prominent in the front suggesting the conclusion that in the 5th century B.C. the worship of the Moon is changed for the worship of the Sun. Accordingly, the Georgian alphabet must have been created before the 5th century B.C.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe, eka dadiani
imeruli kilos leqsikisaTvis (l. uklebas saleqsikono masala)

imeruli kilos leqsikisa Tu gramatikis sakiTxebis Seswavlas CvenSi sakmaod mdidari tradicia aqvs, magram, radganac nebismieri dialeqturi leqsikis amouwurav saganZurSi yovelTvisaa sagulvebeli (davanebuli) bevri iseTi sityva-gamoTqma, romlebic jer kidev rCeba specialistTa yuradRebis miRma da romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi aqtiurad momxmarebeli individebis fizikurad aryofnis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba TandaTan mieces daviwyebas da bolos ukvalodac gaqres enobrivi arealidan, amdenad, cxadia, yovelTvis iqneba saSuri da faseuli dialeqturi metyvelebis gamowvlilviTi kvleva, axal-axali saleqsikono masalis sistematuri Sekreba-gamomzeureba da samecniero mimoqcevaSi CarTva. garda amisa, kuTxuri metyvelebis Tvisobriobis gamo masSi TavCenil TaviseburebaTa amomwuravi moZieba-aRnusxva bunebrivad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan dialeqtis momxmarebeli koleqtivi, rogorc cocxali organizmi, ara mxolod imaxsovrebs (inaxavs) memkvidreobiT gadmocemul leqsikur fonds, aramed Tavadac qmnis axal erTeulebs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofiTi Tu sameurneo situaciebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, Zveli da axali nimuSebis TaviseburebaTa erToblioba kidev ufro sainteresos xdis ama Tu im kuTxis metyvelebas, romlis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc erTi konkretuli dialeqtis, ise mTlianad enis istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove viTarebis kvlevisaTvis. swored am mizans emsaxureba leila uklebas1 mier baRdaTis raionis sofel roxis metyvelebis mixedviT wlebis manZilze Sekrebili saleqsikono masala, romelic amJamad Tavmoyrilia misive wignSi ìmeruli dialeqtis saleqsikono masala" (Tb., 2010 w.). saleqsikono masalaSi Setanilia 1700-mde sityva-statia. amaTgan ZiriTad nawils axlavs ganmarteba da Sesabamisi konteqsti. erTi nawili
leila ukleba muSaobda quTaisis pedagogiuri institutis qarTuli enis kaTedris maswavleblad. igi ikvlevda imeruli dialeqtis leqsikur saganZurs; iwerda imeruli metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sityva-gamoTqmebs. samwuxarod, q-n leilas sicocxleSi ar dascalda Segrovebuli masalis dabeWdva; ukurnebeli seniT gardaicvala da wignis gamocemis survilic imierSi Tan gaiyola. Cven Tavi movuyareT l. uklebas mier Caweril leqsikur erTeulebs, agreTve sxva gamouqveynebel da gamoqveynebul Sromebs da erT wignSi gavaerTianeT. amiT, erTi mxriv, pativi mivageT q-ni leilas xsovnas, xolo, meore mxriv, samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gavxadeT imerulis axali saleqsikono masala.
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ganmartebulia, magram ar erTvis sailustracio magaliTi. amaT garda, aqvea warmodgenili 160-mde saleqsikono erTeuli ganmartebisa da konteqstis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, es masalac aris Setanili wignSi, rogorc saanalizo metyvelebisaTvis niSandoblivi sityvebi, romlebic momavalSi SeiZleba ganimartos sxva dialeqtebis meSveobiT an kidev adgilobriv mcxovrebTa daxmarebiT. aqve SevniSnavT, rom saleqsikono masalas ar axlavs informatorebisagan winaswar SeTanxmebiT Cawerili teqstebi (zRaprebi, leqsebi Tu sxva saxis gadmocemebi). faqtobrivad leqsikonSi warmodgenilia yoveldRiur sasaubro metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT aRnusxuli frazebi. Cans, avtorisaTvis ZiriTadi respondentebi arian sofel roxis mkvidrni: bebia, deda, naTesav-axloblebi, mezoblebi _ metwilad qalebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikis mravalferovnebiT. saanalizo masala dalagebulia tradiciuli wesiT; zmnuri erTeulebi warmodgenilia awmyo-myofadis mesame piris formiT (iSviaTad dasturdeba meore piris formiTac); yvelgan daculia sityva-statiis fonetikuri bgerwerac. sagulisxmoa, rom erTi SexedviT am mcire moculobis leqsikonSi dadasturda sakmaod saintereso masala: bevri axali sityva Tu gamoTqma, frazeologizmebi da gramatikuli formebi (Sesabamisi sailustracio nimuSebiT), romlebic uTuod aris faseuli da sayuradRebo rogorc lingvisturi, ise istoriul-eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiTac. wignSi warmodgenili masala, leqsikonebTan2 Sedareba-Sejerebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime semantikur jgufad: 1. sityvebi, romlebic Semowmebul leqsikonebSi ar dadasturda: aleSkerebuli _ lamazad zeaweuli warbebi, gadarkaluli. aleSkerebuli aq warbebi Cem gogos. amoutliaRvebs _ lukmas baraqianad amouwebs wvenSi. isTe amoutliaRvebs Roms wvenSi, or lukmaze Caylapavs.
m. alaviZe, leCxumuri leqsikoni: qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938; m. alaviZe, okribuli leqsikoni: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. X, 1950-1951; m. alaviZe, masalebi leCxumuri leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. XIII, 1955; m. alaviZe, qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikidan: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. XXIV, 1962; v. beriZe, sityvis kona imerul da raWul TqmaTa, peterburgi, 1912; p. gaCeCilaZe, imeruli dialeqtis saleqsikono masala, Tb., 1976; s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., t. I - 1991, t. II - 1993; s. JRenti, guruli kilo, Tb., 1936; qavTaraZe, T. saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb., 1979; i. qavTaraZe masalebi imeruli leqsikonisaTvis: qess, III, Tb., 1963; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, tt. I-VIII, Tb., 1950-1964; al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984; n. SaraSeniZe, saCinouri qarTuli, Tb., 2008; Ciqovani, g. SaraSiZe, guruli leqsikoni: qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938; m. Ciqovani leCxumuri leqsikoni: puSkinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo samaswavleblo institutis Sromebi, I, 1941. q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, Tb., 1974; b. wereTeli, zemoimeruli leqsikoni; qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938, p. jajaniZe, masalebi imeruli leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. IX-1949, t. X-19501951; p. jajaniZe, masalebi guruli leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. IX - 1949, t. X - 1950-1951; p. jajaniZe, masalebi imeruli leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. XVII, 1957.
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J. feiqriSvili, r. saRinaZe, e. dadiani
aSlapunebs _ gauCereblad laparakobs. gamoberbetebuli _ gamoCerCetebuli. gamoCxakuli (Tvalebi) _ Wreli an Ria feris Tvalebi. Cven bovSvs pataroobisas gamoCxakuli Tvalebi qonda, amitom davaTqvi Cxakunia. gareiqota _ gamoamindda, mzem gamoanaTa. dilas Zaan douSva wumam, mara naSuadRevs gareiqota. gunqala/nagunqala _ mozrdili naWeri. kai gunqala xorci miveci, mara mainc araa ymayofili. ezurguleba _ nakli aqvs. yvelafraT kai gogoa, mara cotaTi ezurguleba tuCi ezurguleba. epatkuceba/eforseba _ eTilismeba, efarisevleba. iqiotebs _ gamoidarebs, mze gamoanaTebs. iqlurceba _ Cumad tiris. Zaan Semecoda sawyali bovSvi, Cumad iqlurceboda, guli momiqvta. kakaurobs _ gamudmebiT mReris an bevrs kiTxulobs xmamaRla. gadouSlia wigni da kakaurobs Teli dRe jis da mReris, kakaurobs; kakaurobs. klukavs (Tvalebs) _ keklucobs da Tvalebs gamomwvevad akvesebs. lelaia emZimeba dedomiwas (ix.), klukavs Tvalebs da erT ambavSia. JiJmaritobs _ wvalobs, eZineba, magram ver iZinebs. es bovSi JiJmaritobs racxa, erTi kargad ver daiZina. uklitinebs _ cdilobs gasaRebiT gaaRos kari. vuklitine, vuklitine, vuklitine klite gavtexe. usamara _ gadat. gaCumda, araferi Tqva, saidumlo Seunaxa. uSoqSoqebs _ msxvilad, farTo TvlebiT qsovs. qoTilares _ cudi suni asdis. cisqnobamdis _ cis simaRlemde; gadat. metismetad. Cemi Svili me cisqnobamdis miyvars. Wopnis _ keravs... 2. leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic sxva leqsikonebSicaa damowmebuli, magram gansxvavebulia semantikiT (zogierTi _ formiTac): aagundavebs _ gadat. Tavis nebaze atrialebs, aTamaSebs. katua coms lamazaT aagundavebs da kecze daajens; imdeni agundava baRana, SemeSinda, rame ar meitexos-Tqva. Sdr.: aagundavebs _ gundebad gamoiyvans, _ daamrgvalebs (qegl). ajilRa _ gadat. mouRleli. namdvili ajilRaa, misi moRla ar iqna. Sdr.: ajilRa _ cxenis kurati (saba); ajilRa (imer.) daukodavi cxeni, // gadat. metad Tamami (p. gaCeC.); ajilRa (kax.) _ gadat. qalabiWa (al. Rl.); ajilRa _ daukodavi ulayi cxeni (qegl). bRalavi _ kudiani, eSmaki, uwminduri suli. eSmakebi da bRalavebi deiwven cecxlSi, sadac iyon. Sdr.: bRalva _ {wa}bilwva, Seuracxyofa (qegl). gamfrinvale _ samijnuro saqmeebSi daostatebuli qali. nu ityviT, erTi gogo yavT da igic gamfrinvalea. Sdr. gur.: gamfrinvale Citi
_ safrenad momzadebuli (g. SaraS.); gamfrinvale tura _ jadoqari (n. SaraS.). zampilo _ dacemuli, amousvleli comeuli. deda, ra zampilo gamevida es keqsi. Sdr.: zapilo _ sneuli, uRono (saba); zapa (gur.) _ xorcvani, mZime tanis adamiani (g. SaraS.); zampala (imer.) _ msuqani, gavsebuli (q. Zow.). luskumi _ Znelad misagnebi sagangebo adgili. Senaxva ki qTxove, mara sad luskumSi weiRe. Sdr.: luskuma _ maRali saflavi (saba); luskuma (leCx.) _ Zlier bneli, wkvarami (m. Ciq.); luskuma (gur.) _ tye Zlier daburuli, gauvali tye (p. jajan.); luskumi (imer.) _ Zalian bneli, daburuli, gauvali (p. jajan); luskumi 1 _ luskumi Rame `bneli Rame (i. Wy.); luskumi 2 _ kuTx. (moxev.) gamagrebuli yinuli; luskuma 1 _ samarxi yuTi, kubo. // zanduki, kidobani. luskuma 2 _ kuTx (gur.) ix. luskumi 2 (qegl.). mofarcxavs _ gadat. mied-moedeba (saubris dros). xelampria ro tyuilebs mofarcxavda, an qe sad igonebda imdons. Sdr.: farcxavs _ 1. farcxiT xnuls afxvierebs (da Tesls miwiT faravs). 2. jejilSi farcxs moatarebs adre amosuli sarevela balaxis mosaTxrelad, _ margalavs (qegl). qifci/qifsi _ xiwvi. gadat. nakli. mastavlebelma miTxra, kai gogoa Seni Svili, mara oTxi qifci (ori) gamoyvao. Sdr.: qifsarua (qv. imer., raW.) _ orkbila (a. may.) (al. Rl.) Riji-Riji _ erTi da imaves CiCini. momwyinda amdeni Riji-Riji. Sdr.: RijRiji _ kuTx. (qarTl., qiz.) _ uTavbolo usagno laparaki da sicili (qegl); Rijini _ Tavmomabezrebeli Txovna-vedreba (qegl); Rinjili _ xangrZlivi mudara, Txovna, RinWili (al. Rl.). wamwaTxavs _ waTovs wylians. wuxeli Touli ar doudvia, mara woumwaTxia. woumwaTxia Sdr.: waTxi _ mlaSe balRami (saba); waTxi _ yvelis Sesanaxad momzadebuli mariliani Srati (an wyali), _ waki (qegl). xincali _ acma. Sdr.: xincolia (imer.) _ akido (i. qavT.); xincvla (gur.) _ akido (al. Rl.); xincole/xincolie (imer.) _ asxmula (n. SaraS.); xinceli (gur.) _ Ciris, xaxvis da misT. asxmula (qegl). 3. saleqsikono masalaSi sakmao raodenobiT dasturdeba gramatikuli cvlilebiT miRebuli axali leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, warmoaCenen am soflis metyvelebis zogad saxes. magaliTad: angrovs _ agrovebs. aqnamdi/aqmamdi/aqobamdi _ aqamde, amden xans. sad iyavi aqnamdi? aqnamdi Sdr.: aqnamdi (gur.) _ aqamdis (p. jajan.); aqobamdi (imer.) _ aqamdi (q. Zow.); aqnobamdi (leCx.) _ aqamdis, am dromdis (al. Rl.); a/iqobaamdi (imer.) _ a/iqamde (n.SaraS.). ayven _ aqvT. ra saqmeebi ayven amdeni gouTavebeli. Sdr.: aqye (imer.) _ aqvT (q. Zow.); ayve (leCx., raW.) _ aqvs-ye, e.i. aqvs mas isini (al. Rl.). geinZrie _ gainZeri. geinZrie, gogo, rava damjdarxar feTxumiviT. paCanduri _ panCuri.
qeki _ aki. wminda gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT saintereso Cans masdaris -il sufiqsiani warmoebis nimuSebi: Zebili (Zebna) da cemili (cema): arafel dRes Sin ar var, damiwyeben Zebilsao, roca xelSi Camigdeben, damiwyeben cemilsao. cemilsao msgavsi formebi dasturdeba qarTuli enis sxva dialeqtebSic. magaliTad: zidili `zidva", yefili `yefa" (kax.); Zebili `Zebna", xvewili `xvewna" (raW.); mzadili `mzadeba", sesxili `sesxeba" (gur.); xverwili `xvewna", Zebili `Zebna", yefili `yefa" (imer.)... 4. struqturul-semantikurad saintereso Cans, agreTve, xatovani gamonaTqvamebi. aq niSandoblivia ara mxolod frazeologiur erTeulTa siuxve, aramed maTi sinonimuri calebis povnierebac: agorebuli qva _ quCa-quCa mosiarule adamiani. amokeka tvini _ bevri laparakiT Seawuxa. burdavalas iZaxis _ arxeinadaa, araferi edardeba, mxiarulobs. dedamTlic amisTana unda, yvelafers Tavad akeTebs, rZali ki burdavalas iZaxis . busTavis samarile _ metsaxeli, gasajavrebeli gamoTqma. Se busTavis samarile, modi CemTan. gaamTqnarebiebs suls _ suls amoxdis. gaaCikinebs fexebs/gaapawawinebs fexebs/gaaWiWinebs fexebs _ guli mouva, gabrazdeba; veraferze ver daiyolieb. Zaan Tavneba bovSia, Tu mouvida guli, ro gaaCikinebs fexebs, verafels mouxerxeb; isTe gaaWiWina fexebi, veraflis didebiT ver deviyolie. gedeiZro Tavze bawari _ saqme Tavidan aicila, saqmes Tavi moarida. iraiam Tu gedeiZro Tavze bawari, mere aqiT aRar mogxedavs. dana aeleseba gverdze _ Zalian msuqnadaa. damwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs _ Zalian Zunwia. magi iseTi ubeduria, damwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs. amwvar emZimeba dedomiwas _ zedmetad moswons Tavi, sxvaze metobs. lelaia emZimeba dedomiwas, klukavs Tvalebs da erT ambavSia. eniT warbebs isworebs/eniT zurgs ifxans _ enagrZelia, bevrs laparakobs. mTis Citi mTas Seakvda _ sadac daibada, iq unda mokvdes. sadac deibade, geizarde, axalgazrdoba gaatare, yvelafers gerCios. xo gagigonia: mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao. midva Tavi _ mokvda. veRar gaZlo magaT xelSi da midva Tavi. safCxile ar amouvides _ suli ar wauvides. ha, gogo, mokide xeli, SeWame, safCxile ar amogivides. Sdr.: safrCxile (gur.) _ Zroxis Tvalis avadmyofoba (frCxilis msgavsad amouva Tvalis kiloSi) (g. SaraS.); sanCxile (gur.) _ saqonlis Tvalis avadmyofoba (p. jajan.). uWinWilo saWinWiloT _ gakeTebuli saqme xelmeored gasakeTebeli gaxda. farCxaze gadasakidebeli/yvavis SaSxiviTaa/naptkeniviTaa _ metismetad gamxdaria.
fexebi Seexruka _ fexi ar gaanZria, ar wavida. ar movida, ra fexebi Seexruka netai. qvas ukbina _ gaCumda, araferi Tqva. Zvali aq motexili (Tovls) _ Tovli dneba, Zala aRar aqvs, male wava. Sdr.: Zvalmotexili (imer.) _ wyali odnav SemTbari, nelTbili wyali (n. SaraS.). 5. l. uklebas mier moZiebul masalaSi warmodgenilia wyevlis formulebic (romlis avtorebad qalebi ivaraudeba). magaliTad: amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi); ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT; garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara; geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi; eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi... 6. saanalizo masalebis mixedviT xelSesaxebia sityvawarmoebis produqtiulobac. davimowmebT zogierT magaliTs: budandara (qaTami) _ sxvebisagan gamorCeuli qaTami, calke dadis da sul iCxrikeba. budandara qaTami veRar devinaxe, netai sad wevida. Sdr.: budaraoba (qarTl.) _ umizno saqmianoba Sin, umizno facafuci, fusfusi; budaraoba (kax.) _ bavSvis TavisTvis TamaSi, Cumad garToba (al. Rl.); budaroba (imer.) _ usaqmod triali; Zebna, Cxreka uazrod, dabneulad (p. gaCeC.); budaroba (fS.) _ bartyebis gamosaCekad kvercxebze jdoma (budeSi); bartyebis gamoCeka; budaraobs _ 1. miwaSi (balaxSi) Camjdari frinveli iqeqeba (tans isufTavebs an saWmels eZebs). 2. gadat. sul erT adgilasaa, fexs ar icvlis, erT adgils ar Sordeba (qegl); budarofs (imer.) _ igivea, rac bujarofs. bujarofs _ iqeqeba, eZebs rame (q. Zow.). gulRadara/gulRandara _ avi, Suriani, gulCaxveuli. ra Cumala da gulRadaraa Joraia, sul Cveni ezosken aq Tvalebi moCerebuli, ras eZebs aqeT netai. danamkvlelobia _ Cxubi dauzogavad, sasikvdilod gametebiT. napwanapwa _ nawil-nawil. ulaxmalaxi _ uswormasworo. SiStribuSta/SinStribuSta _ mouxerxebeli, mouqneli. deda, ra SinStribuStaa es gogo. Sdr.: SiStribuqa (gur.) _ ceti da Tamami qali (p. jajan.); SiStibuqai (gur.) _ uxeSi mixvra-moxvris Tamami da ceti qali (al. Rl.). SoqSoqobs _ daukvirveblad, Tanac swrafad saubrobs. Sdr.: SoqSoqi (raW.) _ ix. boqboqi. boqboqi _ uSnoT xmamaRla laparaki, SoqSoqi (v. ber.); SoqSoqi (gur., raW.) _ enis borZiki (al. Rl.). CanTaCunTiT (dadis) _ uswormasworod dadis. Sdr.: CanTvra (imer.) _ mZime tvirTis zidva ZlivZlivobiT (i. qavT.). CundurCunduri _ uswormasworo siaruli. Sdr.: Cunduri (qiziy.) _ mujlugunis kvra; gadat. CuCxuri, Cacieba, ar moSveba (al. Rl.). ZaRlRorobia _ ganukiTxaoba, uwesrigoba, areul-dareuloba.
saleqsikono masalaSi TvalsaCinoa sinonimuri formebis siuxve. igive iTqmis metsaxelebze, sabavSvo TamaSobebzec. l. uklebas naSromis es mokle mimoxilva, cxadia, srulad ver warmodgvidgens saleqsikono masalis saerTo mniSvneloba-Rirebulebas. amjerad Cveni mizania specialistebisaTvis cnobili gavxadoT imeruli dialeqtis Seswavlis kidev erTi axali sando wyaros arseboba. vimedovnebT, rom masSi Tavmoyrili masala, gansakuTrebiT ki zogierTi saintereso zmnuri Tu saxeluri forma, romlebic naTlad warmoaCenen cocxali metyvelebisa da, zogadad, qarTuli enis sityvaTqmnadobis SesaZleblobebs, droulad miipyrobs mkvlevarTa yuradRebas da aqtiurad CaerTveba samecniero sistemaSi.
ZHUZHUNA PEIKRISHVILI, RUSUDAN SAGHINADZE, EKA DADIANI

FOR THE VOKABULARY OF IMERETIAN DIALECT
(MATERIAL OF L. UKLEBA'S DICTIONARY)
Recording and collecting dialect materials have great importance for the comprehensive study of a dialect and of modern or historical conditions of the language. This paper analyses dialect materials (Imeretian vocabulary, word-forms and phrases, total 1700 units) compiled by Leila Ukleba, presently deceased colleague from the Chair of the Georgian Language at ATSU. The scholar conducted exhaustive study of the speech of one village of Rokhi, Baghdadi region. We have collated the given materials with the existing explanatory and dialect dictionaries and sorted them out into the following groups: a. lexical units not found in the dictionaries: atchpavs, kankocha, zhizhmaritobs, kotilares,.. b. words that have different meanings than those give in the dictionaries: aagundavebs, gamochkhakuli, tsamtsatkhavs.. c. phrases used as figures of speech: burdavalas idzakhis, bustavis samarile, enit tsarbebs istsorebs, saprchkhile ar amouvides Materials compiled by Leila Ukleba present an interest for the study of both the Imeretian dialect and of the words of the literary Georgian language.
k. qebulaZe
recidivebisa, mTlianobaSi es ar iyo uprincipo brZola calkeul pirTa Soris. masSi asaxvas poulobda reformis Semdgomdroindeli saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari socialur-ekonomikuri Zvrebi da maTi Sedegebi (n. SveliZe, 1967, gv. 4), qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis sxvadasxva fenisa da sxvadasxva sabanko politikis momxreTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobani (a. kikviZe, 1977, gv. 272). XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTan dakavSirebul polemikaSi Caebnen, erTi mxriv, gamoCenili qarTveli revolucioner-xalxosani, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe giorgi zdanoviCi (1854-1917) da, meore mxriv, mesame daselTa erT-erTi lideri da maTi ideuri beladi noe Jordania (1868-1953). rogorc cnobilia, quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankis garSemo polemika gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac gamgeobas saTaveSi Caudga ganaTlebiT iuristi, quTaisis sazogadoebaSi Taviseburebad popularuli piri kalistrate nikolozis Ze CikvaiZe (1889 wlidan 1902 wlamde). 1894 wels mTavrdeboda gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris postze k. CikvaiZis yofnis erTi vada. saadgilmamulo bankis damfuZneblebi bankis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris asarCev samzadiss Seudgnen. k. CikvaiZisa da mis momxreTa opoziciam, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino da kolorituli warmomadgeneli g. zdanoviCi iyo, miznad daisaxa k. CikvaiZis gadayeneba. g. maiaSvilis werilebi quTaisis bankoviada swored am mizans emsaxureboda. es naSromi sayuradReboa ara marto imiT, rom werilebSi kargad Cans g. maiaSvilisa da mis TanamoazreTa Sexeduleba banksa da mis daniSnulebaze, aramed imiTac, rom masSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs cnobili publicistis pirovnebasa da sazogadoebriv kredoze. g. maiaSvili werilebSi sistematurad da mkacrad akritikebda bankis Tavmjdomares da mis gamgeobas. igi k. CikvaiZesa da mis momxreebs brals sdebda sazogadoebis interesebis RalatSi, saarCevno kampaniis dros amomrCevelTa mosyidvaSi, bankis saerTo krebebze Tavisufali sjabaasis aRkveTasa da saamisod uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebaSi. marTlac, bankis krebebze zogjer viTareba imdenad mwvavdeboda, rom saqmeSi policia ereoda. garda g. maiaSvilisa, k. CikvaiZesa da mis momxreebs opoziciaSi edga qalaqis progresuli inteligencia (k. lorTqifaniZe, d. baqraZe, k. abaSiZe da sxv.), romlebic aseve aqtiurad monawileobden quTaisur bankoviadaSi. giorgi zdanoviCis werilebs mogvianebiT gamoexmaura qarTvel marqsistTa erT-erTi lideri noe Jordania, romelmac gazeT kvalis 1899 wlis me-10 nomerSi gamoaqveyna mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli statia saTauriT TavadaznaurTa saqmeebi, ramac safuZveli daudo maiaSvilJordanias polemikas. amis sapasuxod g. maiaSvilma gazeT novie obozrenieSi dabeWda werili, sadac xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: `SemeZlo n. JordaniasaTvis pasuxi gameca. magram me jer-jerobiT maCerebs erTi garemoeba: me ar vici, vinaa n. Jordania. zogierTi statiebiT, romlebic
giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordanias polemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo...
TvalSi momxvda, SemiZlia davaskvna, rom Teoriulad is aris im filosofiuri sazogadoebrivi msoflmxedvelobis agenti, romlis principuli safuZvlebic mec mwams, da esaa Cveni msgavsebis punqti. magram Semdeg, rogoria misi publicisturi da zneobrivi fizionomia, me absoluturad ar vici (gaz. novoe obozrenie, 1899, #5221). g. maiaSvili aaSkaravebda n. Jordanias orWoful pozicias. es ukanaskneli quTaisis inteligencias kicxavda, magram arafers ambobda imaze, Tu rogor afasebda Tavad quTaisis bankis mesveurTa saqmianobas. marTlac, n. Jordanias werilebidan ar Canda, romeli adamianebis, rogori principebisa da wesrigis zeimi surda exila quTaisis samiwadmoqmedo bankSi (iqve). g. maiaSvilis sapasuxod n. Jordaniam kvalSi gamoaqveyna TavSeukavebeli SeniSvnebi, sadac mowinaaRmdeges usafuZvlod brals sdebda bankis krebidan wvrili wevrebis gagdebas da maT saarCevno uflebis Sekvecas (gaz. kvali, 1899, #11). kvalis imave nomerSi daibeWda g. wereTlis polemikuri xasiaTis statia saTauriT quTaisis saadgilmamulo banki da inteligenciaTa partiebi, romlis gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi gamoqveynda. avtori n. JordaniasTan erTad im Sexedulebas aviTarebda, rom k. CikvaiZis amomrCevlebi axladaRmocenebuli vaWarmrewvelTa warmomadgenlebia da maT ebrZvis opozicia _ quTaisis WeSmariti inteligencia (r. niJaraZe, 1988, gv. 243). Tavis mxriv, n. JordaniasTan polemikis dros g. maiaSvilsac gamouCndnen mxardamWerebi. quTaisis klasikuri gimnaziis yofilma moswavlem l. TumaniSvilma 1899 wels xelnawer JurnalSi krebuli mowafebis Sromebisa (#2) gamoaqveyna werili - b-ni n. Jordania da kvali misi xelmZRvanelobis qveS, romelic, rogorc saTauridan Cans, n. Jordanias winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. masSi garCeulia iveriis, moambis, kvalisa da sxva Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze gamoqveynebuli statiebi, romlebic mesame dasisa da misi xelmZRvanelis - noe Jordanias moRvaweobas exeboda. avtori gansakuTrebiT vrclad Cerdeba n. Jordaniasa da g. maiaSvils Soris gaCaRebul polemikaze. l. TumaniSvili icavda g. maiaSvils n. Jordanias Tavdasxmisagan da aRniSnavda am ukanasknelis uprincipo, winaaRmdegobiT savse werilebis Sinaarsobas (p. vaWriZe, 1987, gv. 141). rac Seexeba Tavad g. maiaSvils, man gazeT novie obozrenieSi (1899, #5221) gamoaqveyna werili redaqcias, sadac gaakritika n. Jordaniasa da g. wereTlis Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT bankis mesveuri k. CikvaiZe qarTuli demokratiis mesveuradac moCanda (r. niJaraZe, 1988, gv. 246). g. maiaSvilis sapasuxod n. Jordaniam gazeT novoe obozrenieSi dabeWda werili redaqcias, sadac aRniSnavda, rom am gazeTis furclebze g. maiaSvilma orjer gamoaqveyna mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli werilebi, amitom igi redaqcias Txovda daebeWda Semdegi ganmarteba: me brals vdeb g. maiaSvils imaSi, rom is gamovida quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankis wvrili damfuZneblebisa da msesxebelTa winaaRmdeg da uwoda maT quCa,
k. qebulaZe
brbo da moiTxova maTi gaZeveba bankis krebidan. me vekiTxebi mas: Tu sazogadoebrivi moRvawe ver SeZlebs Cadges am brbos saTaveSi, gana amaSi damnaSavea adamianuri ufleba, gana mis gamo unda yvirili?! amaSia sakiTxi. esaa Cveni sadao punqti" (gaz. novoe obozrenie, 1899, #5229). n. Jordanias mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod, g. maiaSvilma scada daesabuTebina, rom bankis krebidan wvrili wevrebis da wvrili msesxeblebis gaZeveba ar mouTxovia. amasTanave, misi ganmartebiT, k. CikvaiZis partias ebrZvis ara imitom, rom is wvrili adamianebisagan, wvrili burJuaziisagan Sedgeba, aramed imisaTvis, rom k. CikvaiZis partia vnebs bankisa da sazogadoebis interesebs. g. zdanoviCis SefasebiT, k. CikvaiZis partia mis irgvliv aerTianebs sxvadasxva fenis adamianebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvari piradi interesebiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli k. CikvaiZesTan. g. maiaSvili n. JordaniasTan erTad erTgvar sayvedurs g. wereTlis mimarTac gamoTqvamda, romelic, misi azriT, marqsizmis k. CikvaiZis partiis samsaxurSi Cayenebas eswrafoda. g. maiaSvili akritikebs e.w. inteligenciasac, romelmac Tavisi umoqmedobiT bankis saqmeebi xelSi Caugdo brbos, quCas da antisazogadoebriv elementebs. amis Semdeg n. Jordaniam gazeT kvalSi gamoqveynebul patara werilSi (gaz. kvali, 1899, #12), g. wereTlis mosazrebis gaziarebiT, scada eCvenebina, rom imereTis saerTo ganviTarebis Sedegad soflis xalxi daiZra Tavisi budidan da aqeT-iqeT midga-modga. misi erTi nawili - wvrili Tavadaznauroba da vaWarTa klasi gamovida sxvadasxva sarbielze, maT Soris bankis arenaze, mas win daxvda Zveli gvarebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac banki sakuTar dawesebulebad miaCndaT. ase atyda Sejaxeba. kalistrate axali klasis momxreao, xolo mowinaaRmdege drogadasul feodalTa klass CaebRauWao _ askvnida igi. aRniSnuli polemikidan irkveva, rom g. wereTlis gavleniT n. Jordania yuradRebas amsxvilebda kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTarebis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis klasobriv dayofaze, mesame wodebis gaCenis niSnebze da cdilobda k. CikvaiZis partia mesame wodebis warmomadgenelTa interesebis damcvelad warmoeCina (r. niJaraZe, 1988, gv. 247). n. Jordanias mier gazeT novoe obozrenieSi 1899 wlis 31 marts gamoqveynebul feletons g. maiaSvili imave wlis 4 aprils gamoexmaura weriliT - kidev wvrili adamianebis Sesaxeb, sadac igi uaryofda mosazrebas, TiTqos k. CikvaiZis banakSi metia e. w. wvrili adamianebi, vidre opoziciis mxares. g. maiaSvilis mtkicebiT, mxolod naklebad ganaTlebul pirebs da marqsistuli moZRvrebis asokirkitebs SeuZliaT ifiqron, rom yovelgvari brZola, rac sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs, aucileblad aris erTi klasis brZola meores winaaRmdeg, dromoWmuli klasis axladaRorZinebulis winaaRmdeg. g. maiaSvili miuTiTebs, rom TviTon srulebiT ar uaryofs klasobriv brZolas Cvens sazogadoebaSi, magram miaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba yoveli sazogadoebrivi faqti, yoveli
giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordanias polemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo...
movlena klasobrivi brZolis TeoriT aixsnas. marqsistuli Teoriis yoveli gonivruli mimdevari unda daeTanxmos imas, rom xSirad brZola warmoebs ara marto klasebs Soris, aramed erTi da imave klasis SigniT - miiCnevda g. maiaSvili (gaz. novoe obozrenie, 1899, #5249). zemoT xsenebulma polemikam aSkarad cxadyo, rom g. maiaSvili ufro Caxeduli iyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare klasobrivi brZolis sakiTxebSi, vidre misi oponenti. erTi saintereso detali g. zdanoviCisa da n. Jordanias urTierTobidan. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daisva sakiTxi quTaisis qalaqis Tavad giorgi zdanoviC-maiaSvilis arCevis Sesaxeb, rasac cnobis furcelma ramdenime werili miuZRvna da mas sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada. n. Jordaniam mkacrad gaakritika aRniSnuli werilis avtorebi da isini arakompetenturobasa da araobieqturobaSi daadanaSaula. misi azriT: am uprogramo rigianma gazeTma ramdenime mowinave werili uZRvna uprogramo rigiani xalxis meTaurs g. zdanoviCs da Caacivda, marganecis mrewvelobasTan erTad, quTaisis meTaurobac Tu ar itvirTe, daviRupebiTo. ai, gazeTis saarako sabuTic: pirvel yovlisa, mgoni, arafrad dauSlis qalaqis Tavoba Tavisi saqmis (marganecis mrewvelobis) warmarTvas, meorec, egrec rom iyos (e.i. kidevac rom dauSaloso), es msxverpli unda moutanos g. zdanoviCma usaTuod Tavis qveynis keTildReobas (!) da Tavis partias... xom xedavT, marganecis mrewvelobis Seferxeba Turme qveynisaTvis sasargeblo yofila. g. zdanoviCi uTuod quTaisis Tavad unda Seiqmnes, Tundac amas imereTis umTavresi mrewvelobis dangrevac moyveso. ai, rogor yvarebia imereTi cnobis furcels. aqedan gana cxadi ar aris, rom eseni Tavisi megobrebis asamaRleblad arafers ar eridebian da pirovnebas saqmeze maRla ayeneben. g. zdanoviCis partias (e. i. TviT cnobis furcels) unda enacvalos Savi qvis mrewvelobao. amas qadagebs gazeTi. marTalia gazeTi, magram uprogramo da rigiani (n. Jordania, 1911, gv. 436). am Temaze iseve, rogorc quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTan dakavSirebiT, cnobis furclis publikaciebis gacnobisas yoveli miukerZoebeli mkiTxveli naTlad dainaxavs, rom n. Jordania ferebs gangeb amuqebda da saqmes ise warmoadgenda, TiTqos g. zdanoviCis niWisa da pirovnebis pativismcemlebs viwropartiuli interesebi amoZravebdaT. namdvilad ki qarTvel mamuliSvilebs gulwrfelad surdaT qalaqs, romelic ruseTis carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erT ZiriTad sayrdens warmoadgenda, saTaveSi Cadgomoda im rangis qarTveli patrioti, moazrovne da sazogado moRvawe, rogoric giorgi zdanoviC-maiaSvili iyo. polemikuri werilebidan aSkarad igrZnoba, rom n. Jordanias g. zdanoviCisadmi gamomJRavnebuli swored es udidesi ndoba da pativiscema aRizianebda.
k. qebulaZe
damowmebuli literatura p. vaWriZe, 1987 - p. vaWriZe, yvelas raime aqvs saxsovari, Jurn. ganTiadi, 1987, #4. gaz. kvali, 1899, 10, #11, #12, #13. a. kikviZe, 1977 - a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria 1801-1890 ww., Tb., 1977. r. niJaraZe, 1988 - r. niJaraZe, giorgi maiaSvilis (zdanoviCi) socialur-politikuri SexedulebebisaTvis, Jurn. ganTiadi, 1988, #2. gaz. novoe obozrenie, 1988, #5221, #5229, #5249. n. Jordania, 1911 - n. Jordania, rCeuli nawerebi, tf., 1911. n. SveliZe, 1967 - n. SveliZe, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriidan, Tb., 19671. i. WavWavaZe, 1890 - i. WavWavaZe, quTaisis bankis saqme, tf., 1890.
KAKHABER KEBULADZE
POLEMICS BETWEEN GIORGI ZDANOVIC AND NOE ZHORDANIA ON THE KUTAISI NOBILITY BANK
In the late half of the 19th century Georgias credit providing insitutions, various kinds of banks, - played great roles in the social and economic life of the country. Tbilisi and Kutaisi Nobility (or Land) Banks, whose activities were not confined to only economic spheres, enjoyed particular importance over the others. Kutaisi Nobility Bank (1876-1917) was the first European type lending institution that had greatly promoted the economic and social and cultural life of the west Georgia. Although the banks official name was Kutaisi Nobility Bank but, in fact it was in charge of the money reserves of the entire west Georgia. The representatives of the nobilities of Imereti, Racha Lechkhumi, Svaneti, Guria and Megrelia took active parts in the management of the bank. The bank was essentially different from the analogous bank in the Russian empire. Kutaisi Nobility bank was in the center of attention of the Georgian people as it was not only a financial stronghold but also an inseparable part for the national liberation movement in the west Georgia. Kutaisi Nobility Bank financed the Nobility Gymnasium and some other school, Georgian Theatre, publication of Georgian books, and with this activities provided invaluable service to the fight of the Georgian people for their independence. The present paper discusses the polemics, related to the Kutaisi Nobility Bank, between Giorgi Zdanovic (1854-1917) a famous Georgian publicist, stateman, and a revolutionary - populist and Noe Zhordania (1868 19 53) an ideology leader of the The Third Group of the social democrats
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2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
daviT SavianiZe
qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

sofel didaWarasa da xixanis xeobis soflebSi mcxovrebi gvarebis1 kvlevisas dgindeba, rom Turqebis mcdelobisa da Semdeg XIX saukunis meore naxevridan mefis ruseTis mier gatarebuli `reformis"2 miuxedavad istoriulma gvarsaxelma funqcia srulad SeinarCuna. gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvleva ramdenime kuTxiTaa saintereso; irkveva: a) aWaraSi qalis gvaris warmoebis saerToqarTveluri wesi; b) gaTxovili qalis mamis saxlTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. goba) gobaZe (< sakuTari saxelidan goba CelebaZeebisa (`didi dedes dede _ Celeba vaWari, ganTqmuli da gavleniani kaci iyo") da ximSiaSvilebisaTvis daurqmeviaT rusebs. nawili gobaZeebisa dRes ukve daewera sakuTari `jiSis" gvarze da ximSiaSvilia sxvebic eZeben ximSiaSvilia, Tavis Zirgvarebs. emruloRli3/emrulaTi (emrulas Svilebs niSnavs), emrulaTi maTi ganayofi rejebustienTi arabienTi (momdinareobs sakuTari rejebustienTi, saxelidan araba qitiaSvili (ximSiaSvilis ganayofi)/qitioRli araba), qitioRli da haiTienTi - yvelani gobaZeebi arian. irkveva, rom qitia saqarTvelos danarCeni Temebis msgavsad aWaraSic gavrcelebuli saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1984, gv. 572; 1986, gv. 208). CelebaZe _ gvari mkvidrobs qobuleTis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 232). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, adigenis raionis sofel kikibos 11 komlidan 3 iakobaZea, 3 komli iremaZe, 5 komli ki gobaZe: `yvelani aWaridan arian gadmosulni da laparakoben qarTulad" (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gobaZeebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic, sofel saqaras mkvidrobdnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102). melaZeebi didaWaraSi almedan (Turqobisdroindeli saxelia. komunistebis dros erqva oqtomberi dRes vaSlovani hqvia) arian oqtomberi. qitienT (gobaZe) ojaxs mouyvania zedsiZed almeli axalgazrda mosuli. `qitienT da ori saukunis manZilze gamravlebula. melaZeebi arian keJeraanTi/ keJeroRli (keJera magari xalxi yofilan). keJera sxvadasxva keJera dialeqtSi `metad magaris" mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (al. Rlonti, 1984, gv. 281).
1 masalebi CaviwereT 2009 wels akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa eTnografiuli praqtikis dros xulos raionis sxvadasxva soflebSi. 2 XIX saukunis II naxevridan rusebma sxvadasxva ubnebSi gansaxlebul sxvadasxva gvarebs erTi romeliRac niSniT gamorCeuli, maT mierve arCeuli qarTuli gvari misces. 3 -aanTi, -ienTi, -aTi, -iani... sufiqsebis nacvlad arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba Turquli -oRli.
d. SavianiZe
yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic dasaxelebulia imereTis sofel maTxojSi mcxovrebi melaZis gvari, TariRdeba 1448-1512 wlebiT (pal, 2004, gv. 141). gvari gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da samegreloSic. x o z r e v a n i Z e e b i (< x o z r e v a n i ) `dapirispirebis gamo gadmosaxlebulan qobuleTidan didaWaraSi. gvaris gamaerTianebeli saxelia iordaneTi xazrienTi sawimaranTi yarslienTi yarslioRli iordaneTi. xazrienTi, sawimaranTi, yarslienTi/yarslioRli (yarsidan mosulobis gamo), guloSvilebi yvelani xozrevaniZeebi arian. xozrevaniZeebi mkvidroben xulos raionis sofel xixaZirSi, istoriuli zemo qarTlis Tem samcxeSi. 5 komli fiqsirdeba samegreloSic, sofel Zvel xibulaSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 168; i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 198). bolqvaZe eponimuri gvaria. momdinareobs sakuTari saxelidan bolqva - bolqvis msgavsi adamiani (g. bedoSvili, 1991, gv. 9). `daaxloebiT 300 wlis win mosula Cil memedi TxilvanaSi xulodan. Cil memedTan erTad wamosula meorec da sacixurSi (sofeli xulos raionSi) dasaxlebula. yaeoRli (Cil memedis Svilis yaes Svilebi); buZgioRli (buZgis, dabali kacis Svili); qeqeCoRli (enamoTlefili winapris Svili) _ yvelani bolqvaZeebi arian. faCoRlienTi CvenebienTi faCoRlienTi, CvenebienTi, kvetaraanTi da yaraxmedanTi (Savi axmedas Svilebi) didaWaraSi xuciaSvilebis ubnis mkvidri bolqvaZeebi arian. bolqvaZeebi yofilan yadioRlebic. yadioRlebic . Sdr.: àm eklesiis (saubaria xulos eklesiaze - d.S.) mRvdlebad Cveni gvaris kacebi iyvneno, bolqvaZeebi. rom gaTaTreba dauwyes, maSin Cveni Zvelebic gaaTaTres; gaTaTrebuls mRvdels bolqvaZes yadoba misces da amitom gvewoda Cven yadioRli..." (z. WiWinaZe, gv. 66). bolqvaZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevis safuZvelze dasturdeba didi, gauyofeli ojaxebis arsebobis tradicia: `Cven jiSs, modgmas jalaboRli hqvia. jaloba ojaxobas niSnavs. gauyofeli ojaxi hqondaT da amitom daurqmeviaT jalaboRli"; dasturdeba sisxlis Serevis kuTxuri niSniT gamorCeuli saerToqarTveluri wesi: `Tu memkvidre, gvaris gamgrZelebeli ar hyavda, maSin moiyvandnen gaTxovili Svilis Svils (badiSs). gayofisas Cveulebrivi wili miecemoda. bolqvaZeTa gvari dasturdeba XVII s. damdegidan. 1601-1627 wlebis sabuTebSi moxseniebulia Cexedanas mcxovrebi, mamia gurielis mier Cexedanas taZrisadmi Sewiruli giorgi, kakai, lomkaca, JoJona, WuWua bolqvaZeebi (pal, 1991, gv. 553-554). Sdr.: guruli bolqvaZeebis gadmocemiT: `Cven didaWarel winaprebs yaraxmedoRlebs eZaxian da bolqvaZeebs iwerebian". Zveli gvarebis Sesabamisad aRidgenen. samegrelosa da imereTis bolqvaZeebi, vfiqrobT, aWaridan arian migrirebulni. XIX saukunis 40iani wlebis aRweris masalebis mixedviT, bolqvaZeebi imereli nefariSvilis Sinamosamsaxureebi iyvnen; sabatono glexebi iyvnen sajavaxoSi, saxelmwifo glexebi yumurSi, RanirSi ki saTavado aznaurebi (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102); bolqvaZe mkvidrobda adigenis raionis sofel lelovanSi (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 79).
SavaZe didaWaris mkvidri gvaria. gvxvdeba xuloSi da xulos raionis soflebSi: didaWarasa da agaraSi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 40, 114, 119). mosulobaze gadmocema ara aqvT. SavaZeebis gamaerTianebeli saxelia SuanTebi (soflis Sua adgilas mcxovreblobis gamo). SuanTebidan gavida TofalanTi (koWli aRas Svilebi). SavaZeebi arian: quCugaRa _ patara aRas Svilebi, zemuanTebi (TofalanTis zemoT mcxovrebni), beqiranTi (saxelidan momdinare jiSi, Sto), WoWioRlebi (WoWe _ sveli. sveli adgilis mkvidrebi), guduganTebi gudugoRli guduganTebi/gudugoRli (Turqulad ùcxviros" niSnavs). SavaZeebis gvars atareben: pawaSuanTi pawaSuanTi, jovrienTi, fiTnaanTi, lakolienTi, islamaanTi, beqiraanTi, jovrienTi fiTnaanTi lakolienTi islamaanTi beqiraanTi efendienTi. efendienTi efendienTebi dRes ServaSiZisa da SaraSiZis gvarsac atareben". SavaZeebis xulos raionSi mkvidrobis damadasturebelia anTropotoponimi SavaZeebi SavaZeebi. gvari SavaZe moxseniebulia mowmed 1766 wlis 19 ivnisis nasyidobis wignSi giorgi wereTlisa zalika abduSeliSvilisadmi (dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 109); SavaZeebi mkvidroben Telavis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 187). agreTve, cxovroben samegreloSi, sofel keTilarSi. imereTis sofel korboulis mkvidri SavaZeebi sabatono glexebi iyvnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv: 48). SavaZeebis gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas ramdenime saintereso sakiTxi ikveTeba: a) xaragaulis raionis sofel saqariqedis mkvidri SaviZeebis adrindeli sacxovrisi zemo aWara yofila: `socialuri dapirispirebis niadagze xulodan gamoqceuli winapris sami vaJi dasaxlebula imereTis sofelebSi: ilemSi, saqariqedsa da laSes". b) saistorio sabuTebSi pirvelad 1260 wels moxseniebuli abesaZeebis gvaris samkvidro xuloc yofila3: `SaviZis winapari xulodan gamoqceula abesaZesTan dapirispirebis safuZvelze, misi mokvlis gamo"; g) dasturdeba xeTa Tayvaniscemis, RvTaebis xis saxiT warmodgenis tradicia: `sofel saqariqedSi aris gancalkevebiT mdgomi rcxilis xe. SaviZeebs amJamad am xesTan dabrZanebuli hyavT wminda giorgis xati, Tumca RvTismSoblobas aRniSnaven". SevniSnavT imasac, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mkvidri, sakuTari saxelidan Sava (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 217) nawarmoebi gvari SavaZe damoukideblad warmoqmnili SeiZleba iyos. `xulos yvela sofelSi ityvian Savavri boZavrula... dedaCemi Savavri, boZavrula iyo SavaZe da misi gvari ixsenieboda Savavrad. Savavriao ityodnen; Cemi mezoblis qali sofel boZauridan (xulos raioni) aris gamoTxovili da eZaxian boZavrula". solomoniZe eponimuri gvaria. `diakoniZeebidan4 gansaxlebulan: gudasaxoSi, oqruaSvilebSi, mexvaToRlebSi. Cveni Zveli winapari diakoniZeebSi Camosula xerTvisidan Zmobis gayofis Semdeg. xerTvisSic solomoniZeebi viyaviT. varT TofaloRlebi aWaridan wasulan TofaloRlebi.
3
Sdr.: qvemo maWaxelSi dadasturebulia geografiuli saxeli abeslamiZiebi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 130). 4 diakvani yofila aq da amitom daerqva diakoniZeebi.
d. SavianiZe
solomoniZeebi xelvaCaurSi (miwebi uyidiaT)". mkvidroben samegreloSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 128). yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic moxseniebulia imereTis mkvidri gvari solomoniZe, TariRdeba 1576 wliT (pal, 1991, gv. 189). vfiqrobT, rom gvaris imereTSi mkvidrobis . mizezic migraciaa. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT solomoniZeTa gvaris raWis mkvidrobaze. gvarsaxeli gvxvdeba sofel murRulSic. zemo quraSi Cawerili masala: `_ Sen ra guari gaqua? _ TofaloRlebi mamisiani yofilan" (S. futkaraZe, 1993, gv. 297). solomoniZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas vgebulobT beSumis5, ramdenime gvaris mier `samkvidro mamulebad" dayofisa da aWarelTa sacxovrisis tipis Sesaxeb: èrTi begidan nayidi aqvs Svid kacs xulos raionidan: s o l o m i Z e s , a n a n i Z e s S a v a Z e s T a v a r T q i l a Z e s , s, s, bolqvaZes, abaSiZes; bolqvaZes abaSiZes rom `sazafxulod aq amosuli Zveli cxovrobda Werebian (mrgval xes `Weri" qvia) saxlSi". eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, ìakobiZe adgilobrivi gvaria. iakobiZe mkvidroben xulos sofel urtaSi. iakobiZeTa oRlebia: RadaroRli RadaroRli; m o l a i b r a m o R l i (mola hyvanden); k o b e r o R l i ; i u s t a memiRli". memiRli iakobiZeebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adrindeli cnoba TariRdeba 1433 wliT. istoriuli argveTis saTavadoTa Soris yvelaze didi da Zlieri abaSiZeTa saTavados ymaTa siaSi gvxvdeba (pal, 1993, gv. 394; o. soselia, 1973, gv. 158; dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 102, 104). eponimuri warmoSobis gvar iakobiZis imereTSi mravlad mkvidroba saqarTvelos or sxvadasxva TemSi sxvadasxva dros gvarsaxelis damoukideblad warmoqmnis magaliTi unda iyos. iakobiZeTa aWaridan migraciis Sesaxeb g. boWoriZec aRniSnavda. adigenis raionis sofel kikibos mkvidri iakobaZeebi aWaridan gadasaxlebulebi arian (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gadmocemiT, `surmaniZeTa didi dedis dede amosula baRdaTidan. surmaniZeTa surmaniZeebs erTi oRli aqvT _ sunan oRli surmaniZeebis ZiriTadi oRli. sacxovrisia xolos raionis sofeli iakobiZeebi". gvari surmaniZe gansaxlebulia qedis raionis sofel saRoreTSi (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 151). nawarmoebia sakuTari saxelidan surmani < suleiman/sulman/surman/surma (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 129). sofel TxilvanaSi gundaZeebis 30 komlia. qedisa da Suaxevis raionebSi arsebuli sofel gundauris amosavali aris eponimi gundari (< gunda-ur-i). gundauris mkvidrobis damadasturebelia `tbeTis sulTa matianeSi" moxseniebuli ormagsufiqsiani gvarebi - gundareTi da gundariZe (matiane, 1977, 123, 331, 405). gundaZeTa gvaris kvlevisas dasturdeba, rom gamahmadianebis miuxedavad aWaris qarTvelobaSi gvari naTesavebs Soris qorwinebis wesis akrZalvis umTavres garantad rCeboda: `Suaxevis
legenda mogviTxrobs: `dRevandel beSumSi, sadac dRes iailebi gvaqvs, mosula rusi, profesiiT eqimi. balaxebidan wamlebs amzadebda Turme. yofila aquroba Zalian mSvidi. uCxubia da daurqmeviaT `bez Sumi". 6 aslan dedes adgili - memiSoRlebis toponimia.
5
sofel gundauridan gayofis Semdeg mosula TxilvanaSi6 ori Zma mamo da memo (>memiSoRlebi mamo mamulaZed memiSoRlebi). mamulaZed/mamuloRli (-ul-a aq memiSoRlebi kninobiT-moferebiTi saxelis warmomqmneli sufiqsia) dawerila. sxvadasxva gvaris miuxedavad erTmaneTTan vnaTesaobT, sabiZaSvilobas arc SuaxevSi ar vkargavT. gundaZe myavs qmaric, magram daSorebuli varT xuT Taobaze bevriT metiT". àbaSiZeebi, gadmocemiT, alibaboSvilebi yofilan: "cxovrobda abaSiZeebi, xulos raionis sofel oqruaSvilebSi (manam iyo duaZeebi)7. TurqobaSic alibaboSvilebi viyaviT. sisxli ar Segvicvlia, sarwmunoeba SevicvaleT". uxucesTa gadmocemiT, tarielaZeebis winapari Wvanidanaa sacxovreblad gadmosuli didaWaraSi. `rusebs rom aRuwerian, gvarebic maTi survilisamebr miuniWebian. roca sofeli TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda, miiRo halvajoRli Semdeg tarielaZe telanTiT SevicvaleT. dResac halvajoRli. yvela telanTis ityvis. ufro gvian wulukiZiT Segvicvalen da dRemde am gvariT vagrZelebT cxovrebas. `XIX saukunis dasawyisamde am gvars tragikuli seni gadautania. erTaderTi vaJi jalabienTs (bolqvaZe) gauzrdian da Camqrali keria ase gaRvivebula". CafanienTi (Cafa adamianis Cafa sakuTari saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 223) da yinalienTic (wiTuri feris gamo) wulukiZea. eTnografiuli masala: ìmereTis wulukiZnebi aWarlebi arian"; `romanaZeTa gvaris Zveli roman wulukiZe ukmayofilebis gamo wamosula xonidan. pirvelad dasaxlebulan xinoSi, Semdeg gadmosula aWyvisTavSi. aqedan gansaxldnen danarCen aWaraSi". TxilvanaSi cxovrobdnen: Suaxevidan gadmosuli daviTaZeebi (2 ojaxi)8, abulaZeebi (almedan)9, lomsianiZe (skvanidan), jaiani (2 ojaxi skvanidan). mecnierebi eponim lomsianTan akavSireben mTiani aWaris oikonims lomsianiZeebi da likanisa da dRvaSiris xevis sofel lomsiaTubans lomsiaTubans. lomsiani) lomsianiZeebi (<lomsiani baRdaTSi migrirebuli arian zemo qarTlidan lomsiani (mesxeTi, 2000, gv. 48; r. TofCiSvili 1997, gv. 26; d. SavianiZe, 2007). jaianebis Tavdapirveli samkvidro samegreloa. jaianTa saTavado XV saukunis damlevs unda Camoyalibebuliyo. XVII saukuneSi vinme Saqar jaianis xuTi Svilidan erTi Zmis Svili àxuTidan wavida da miendo foTis faSas. Semdeg gadavidnen lazeTSi, romlis STamomavalni axlac cxovroben gonioSi, atareben jaianis gvars, iwodebian aRebad" (o. soselia, 1973, 284, 296).
oqruaSvilebSi cxovroben agreTve: SavaZeebi, koCaliZeebi, cecxlaZeebi, abulaZeebi. 8 migrirebulia samegreloSi; sof. lesiWineSi mosaxleobs 6 komli. 9 imereTs, baRdaTs mravlad mkvidri abulaZeebi zemo qarTlidan arian migrirebulni (msjelobisaTvis ix. d. SavianiZe, 2007).
7
d. SavianiZe
damowmebuli literatura g. bedoSvili, 1991 - g. bedoSvili, anTroponimuli dakvirvebani, etimologiuri Ziebani, III, Tb., 1991. g. boWoriZe, 1992 - g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1992. r. TofCiSvili, 1997 - r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1997. dokumentebi, 1959 - istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770 ww.), wigni I, Tb., 1959. m. kezevaZe, 2004 - m. kezevaZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi imereTSi, quTaisi, 2004. pal - pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, Tb., t. I - 1991; t. II - 1993; t. IV - 2007. i. maisuraZe, 1990 - i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990. o. soselia, 1973 - o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan, Tb., 1973. i. sixaruliZe, 1958 - i. sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, wigni I, Tb., 1958. siZveleni, 1909 - saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, eqvTime TayaiSvilis redaqciiT, 1909. matiane, 1977 - tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo Tina enuqiZem, Tb., 1977. S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993. qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., t. II - 1959; t. IV - 1963. qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970. al. Rlonti, 1984 - al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984. al. Rlonti, 1986 - al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi, Tb., 1986. d. SavianiZe, 2007 - d. SavianiZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (baRdaTis eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT), quTaisi, 2007. p. cxadaia, 2000 - p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2000. z. WiWinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba.
DAVID SHAVIANIDZE
GEORGIAN FAMILY-NAMES (On the example of ethnographic materials of some upper-Acharan villages)
Earlier or more modern political histories have left their traces on the formation of family-names but the mentality of the people with relation to the function of family-names has remained unchanged. The study of family names of some upper-Acharan villages attests the cases of formation of family names independently. Acharan Georgians would move to different regions of Georgia to maintain their Christian faith. There are also facts of their relocation within the Achara region. To denote the ancestral family-names they used ganarigi/gamrigo and jishi, based on the name of the ancestor. They also followed common Georgian tradition of forming woman family names. Those Georgians of Didachara who had been converted to Moslem faith avoided mixing with Turkish communities and continued to make their journeys to holy Christian places for praying and worshiping. There are also evidences of traditions of living in large extended families. The type of abode was called cherebiani (cheri means log). The material is also interesting for the study of Acharan dialect.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
revaz Serozia
qarTveluri etimologiuri masalisaTvis. III

qarTveluri leqsikuri fondi, rogorc cnobilia, saerToa saliteraturo da mravalferovani sametyvelo variantebisaTvis. gamonakliss nasesxobebic ar warmoadgens (lazuris dRevandeli viTarebis gamoklebiT...). Zir-fuZeebSi fonetikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli sxvaobebi uklebliv yvela qarTvelur metyvelebas axasiaTebs met-naklebad. dasadgeni mxolod is SeiZleba iyos, Tu romel maTganSia mocemuli amosavali foTol?...]. enis sistemisa forma [magaliTisTvis: foTel (sulxan-saba) Tu foTol da struqturis kanonebma (moTxovnebma) unda agvixsnas es da ara mxolod saliteraturo variantis fiqsirebulobam, _ rakiRa Zvel qarTvelur teqstebSi leqsemis es forma dasturdeba, amosavalic is aris... msgavsi damokidebuleba saetimologio masalisadmi igrZnoba araerT avtorTan. 1. cnobilia Sefardeba Tia : dixa. h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis . mier arqetipad aRdgenilia di- (saerTozanur arqetipad -*dia), xolo di di di g. klimovi Tavisi qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanis TeoriiT aRadgens *Tia arqetips. TavisTavad daismis kiTxva: Tu aseTi xana arsebobda da Ti Ti gabatonebuli forma Tia iyo, rogorRa miviReT Tanamedrove megrulTi dixa?! lazur metyvelebaSi dixa sistemisa da struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlebelia zanurSi disimilaciuri gamJRereba vigulisxmoT. savaraudoa, rom saliteraturo variantSi d>T procesi -s gamo moxda, xolo zanurSi -s neitralizeba (x-Si Serwyma) gacilebiT adre ganxorcielda. amitomac x d-m aq SeinarCuna pozicia (saliteraturoSi >x gadasvla cnobilia). amrigad, Ti Tia:dixa SefardebaSi amosavali viTareba (nawilobriv mainc) megrul-lazur metyvelebebs aqvs daculi (amitom samarTliania *dia arqetipis aRdgena). di di SeniSvna: svanuri metyvelebidan moxmobili na-di forma na-di (m. Cuxua, 2003), romelic samegrelo-svaneTis toponimiaSic dasturdeba, zanuris im viTarebas asaxavs, roca >x procesi jer kidev ar iyo realizebuli... 2. specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, bork-il fuZe, uZveles qarTvelur teqstebSi dadasturebuli, zanuria gaxmovanebiT (megrulidan an lazuridan aris nasesxebi). es daskvna gakeTebulia qarTuli barkal, al megruli bork da svanuri barka fuZeTa SepirispirebiT (safiqrebelia, rom megrul metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli barkalia (gvari), gi-bark-al-u (daborZikobs), gi-fark-al-u (fexze Zlivs dgas, daqanaobs) formebic bark-al (//fark-al fuZisgan iyos nawarmoebi da fark-al) fark-al is ukunasesxobad ver kvalificirdeba). 3. etimologiuri Ziebebis dros zogjer saeWvo (Tu ararsebuli ara...) masalasac aris moxmobili: da-lag-eb-a formis lag Ziri erT SemTxvevaSi Sepirispirebulia megrul log-u-a gamofena gaSla leqsemasTan (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 301), Tumca msgavsi sityva mocemuli mniSvnelobiT megrul metyvelebaSi ar dasturdeba. meore SemTxevvaSi ({da}-lag-eb-a dakavSirebulia svanuri metyvelebis {da}-lag-eb-a lag//lg ZirTan, romelic dafasebas, fasis dadebas aRniSnavs. aqedan
gamomdinare, avtori aRniSnul masalas ukavSirebs b-log-in-an-q (vafaseb), log-in-u-a (dafaseba)... formebs erTob saeWvo mniSvnelobiT da askvnis: fuZeTa erTianobas zanursa da svanurSi mxars uWers sityvis semantikac, rac erTaderTi fas/dafasebis SinaarsiT vlindeba; qarTulSi msgavsi gageba ar aris cnobili. cxadia, dafaseba qarTvelur enebSi dadgmis/dadebis (dalagebis) semis Semdgom evolucias warmoadgens (m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 138). gaugebaria, a:o bgeraTSesatyvisobis dasamtkiceblad msgavsi manipulaciebi ratom aris saWiro?! Zneli dasanaxi ar unda iyos, rom saliteraturo lag (da-lag-eb-a) upirispirdeba megruli metyvelebis log-in fuZes, romelic semantikuradac axlos dgas lag ZirTan. amasTan, log aSkaraa, rom log-in-i da bork-il-i formebi erTgvarovania saliteraturo leqsikur fondTan mimarTebiT... 4. ser erT-erTi im ZirTagania, romelic megrul-lazurma metyvelebam dRemde SeinarCuna amosavali formiTa da semantikiT, _ misgan sxvadasxva saxeluri da zmnuri fuZeebi iwarmoeba: o-ser-(i)S-e (vaxSami), g-i-ser-u-an-s (daiRamebs; Rames gaaTevs), qewa-ser-u (TvalT daubneldeba; gonebas dakargavs), dRaSdoseriT (dRedaRam), ser-seriT (RamRamobiT)... saliteraturo fondSi ki igi araproduqtiuli gaxda. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ser-i kvalificirebulia rogorc Zveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom zanurSi am Zirisgan nawarmoeb formaTa aseTi simravle dasturdeba, ser miCneulia qarTulis kuTvnilebad, xolo mis kanonzomier Sesatyvisad warmodgenilia zanuri o-sar-e (perangi), _ damowmebulia e:a bgeraTSesatyvisobisaTvis (Sdr.: i. yifSiZe, 1994, gv. XXI). aseT SemTxevvaSi unda axsniliyo, Tu ratom gvaqvs zanurSi ser Zirisgan nawarmoebi fuZeebis simravle da a gaxmovanebiT ki _ mxolod erTi leqsema! m. Cuxuam eWvi Seitana ser:sar SepirispirebaSi, magram ara imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom orive (ser, ser, sar) sar dasturdeba megrul-lazur metyvelabaSi. man o-sar-e Seupirispira qarTul (gurul) asala (qeCa, kexis qveS dasafeni) da svanur uosar (Coxa) fuZeebs da zanurisTvis aRadgina *osora arqetipi (!). avtoris osora msjelobidan Cans, rom asala:osare Sepirispirebisas misTvis mniSvnelovani iyo osare (aseve, zewari) leqsemis meoreuli, gadataniTi mniSvneloba (urmis nawili)... rac Seexeba svanuri metyvelebis uosar (Coxa) formas, aSkaraa misi identuroba osare osare-sTan, romlis Ziri da semantika ver daSordeba ser-i sityvas. SeniSvna: a:o SesatyvisobisaTvis Sepirispirebulia qarTuli far-av-s, far-av-s `megruli" for-u-a (dafarva), `svanuri" li-l-far-i (dafarva), li-fr-en-i (dafareba)... megrul metyvelebaSi dasturdeba a-xmovniani formac: o-far-e (zurgi) mosaferebeli) - ofare qurTinu (zurgi Seaqcia). savaraudoa, rom ser>sar da for>far cvlilebebs zanurSi semantikuri mizezi udevs safuZvlad. 5. baZgar-i (ekliani mcenare) Setanilia sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi. dadasturebulia igi imerul, leCxumur, gurul, aWarul metyvelebebSic (baZg-i, baZgar-i. baZg-i, baZgar-i...). megrulSi Sesatyvisad dasaxelebulia buZg-a (eklebi wablis qerqze), romelic miRebulia aRdgenili *burZg<borZg formebisagan (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2007, gv. 97). imave leqsikonSi, sxvagan, es aRdgenili Ziri (burZg ukve arqetipad aris warmodgenili (burZg) qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisaTvis (gv. 126), _ saubaria aa-
r. Serozia
burZg-n-a (Tmisa); megr. buZg-u-a (!) (gaburZgna Tmisa), laz. o-buZg-u/ o-buZg-in-u (gaburZgna Tmisa) Sepirispirebaze (gv. 125). naSromSi damowmebuli biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a saeWvo formebis garda megrul metyvelebaSi gamoyenebulia a da u xmovniani sxva fuZeebic: baZgar-ami (ekliani mcenaris yvavilebiT mosvrili); bawkar-ia (baZgar-ia-s gamkveTrebuli varianti); buZg-ur-i (bususi; burZgli); go-burZg-onil-i, il-i, gobiZgvinafili (gaburZgnuli); sqan nabuZgulu (fexi, naburZgli) vabZira Taq (Seni fexi ar vnaxo aq). SesaZlebelia, amave rigSi dasaxeldes burZgla (gvari) da RubaZgar-i (Zunwi, wuwuraqi), Tu vivaraudebT process *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari pirekliani (?). warmodgenil masalas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gaWirdeboda baZg, buZg, burZg, biZg Zirebis ereTmaneTisgan dacileba rogorc struqturis, ise semantikis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, yuradRebis gareSe ver darCeba is faqti, rom mTeli es Zir-fuZeebi fiqsirdeba dasavlur qarTvelur arealSi, sadac zanuri metyvelebis maxasiaTebeli kvali saZebari ar aris. arn. Ciqobava roca lazur (Wanur) u-buZg-u-n (dabuJeba), megrul buZg-a (eklebi wablis nayofze) da qarTul buZg-i (patara zRarbi _ sulxan-saba) fuZeebs erTmaneTs udarebda, iqve aRniSnavda, rom erTis SexedviT, araferia saerTo fexis dabuJebas da zRarbs anda wablis nayofis eklebs Soris, magram es ori ukanaskneli rom erTmaneTs daukavSirdes, savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda; dabuJeba iseT gancdas iwvevs; TiTqos buZgebi esobodes dabuJebul nawilSi (arn. Ciqobava, 1938, gv. 356). am savsebiT marTebul msjelobaSi mecniers buZg-ur-i (burZgl-i), burZg-ur-ia formebi ar Semoutania (isedac naTeli iyo azri?). Tumca daismis sakiTxi ga-m-burZgl-a zmnis zanur baZg, buZg, burZg ZirebTan mimarTebisa. savaraudoa, rom burZgl (<burZg-al Sdr. kurcxburZg-al. burZg-al al>kurcxl-i...) guruli metyvelebis meSveobiT damkvidrda qarTvelur al>kurcxl-i leqsikur fondSi. SeniSvna: araiSviaTad, etimologiur naSromebSi zanuri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi romelime dasavluri metyvelebis (guruli, imeruli...) kuTvnilebad aris miCneuli (ix. zeviT). msgavsi viTarebaa qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic. sasurvelia da saWiroc, axal gamocemaSi aseTi xarvezebi gaswordes. 6. werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi da Tanamedrove qarTveluri metyvelebebi gviCvenebs Z:j dapirispirebas: Z-el-i:j-al (arn. Ciqobava, 1938, gv. 120); Zir-i:jinj-i (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 628). am ukanasknel dakavSirebaSi Semotanilia agreTve sa-Zir-k-u-el-i : jir-ki/jik/i, i/jik/i lazuri jir-ek-i formebi (fuZeTa segmentacia z. sarjvelaZes ekuTvnis). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saZirkvel da jirk fuZebTan jinj jinjis gaTanabreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu Z-el ZZ-el, ir, j-al, Z-ir-ku, j-ik, j-ir-k) ir j-al j-inj (aseve: Z-ir-ku j-ik j-ir-k formebSi Zireul masalad Z da j-s gamovyofdiT. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi j Ziridan nawarmoebi fuZeebi sakmaod xSiria: jargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkva (dabali, Caskvnili adamiani), jirkvali, jirkutana; jinkola (<jinj+kolo Zirmwara, mcenare), ojinjali (Suacecxlis Tavze gadebuli Zeli, romelzedac hkidia jaWvi (ician guriaSi, imereTSi (?), _ yvela forma megrul-lazuri metyvelebis wilia saerToqarTvelur leqsikur fondSi
da ara qarTvelur enebad dasayofi masala, bgeraTSesatyvisobis samtkiceblad gamosayenebel-gamosadegi. Z:j bgeraTfardoba (aseve, zogierTi sxvac) qarTvelur metyvelebebs Soris dasturdeba (Tumca regularuli ar Cans...), magram erTi metyvelebis farglebSi arsebuli formaTvariantebis an am metyvelebidan saerTo leqsikur fondSi damkvidrebuli leqsemebis gamoyeneba bgeraTSesatyvisobis dasamowmeblad marTebuli ver iqneba. SeniSvna: savarudoa, rom i. yifSiZe jirk-i sityvis ganmartebisas sulxan-sabas eyrdnoboda. SemdgomSi am leqsemis qarTuloba ukritikod iqna gaziarebuli. Tumca cnobilia Zveli mwerlobis Zirku forma (i. abulaZe, 1973). damowmebuli literatura i. abulaZe, 1973 - i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973. a. mayaSvili, 1963 - a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1963. s.-s.orbeliani, 1966 - sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, 1966. h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000 - h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000. i. yifSiZe, 1994 - i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994. r. Serozia, 2002 - r. Serozia, CvenebiTi sistemisa da orientaciis kategoriis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel saliteraturo enasa da megrul-lazurSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XIII, 2002. arn. Ciqobava, 1938 - arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1938. m. Cuxua, 2003 - m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-2003. a. WinWarauli, 2005 - a. WinWarauli, xevsuruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.
REVAZ SHEROZIA
ON THE KARTVELIAN ETYMOLOGY MATERIAL. III
Kartvelian word stock is common to the literary language and to the variety of the Georgian speeches. Even the borrowings (except from the todays condition of the Laz dialect) do not make exceptions to the rule. The variations in the roots and stems are the results of phonetic changes in all the Georgian dialects. The question is which one of the phonetic varieties can be regarded as an initial form. The laws of the language system and structure in general should explain the originality of the form, - and not only the fixed literary forms, as is often believed that if a particular word is found in the ancient Kartvelian texts, then it is regarded as original form This paper discusses roots and stems traced in the speech of Megrels and Laz, as, for instance: log-in-i, ser-i, o-sar-e; badzgar-i, go-burdzg-on-il-i, budzg-ur-i-a, burdzgla (a family name), ghubadzgari; jik-i, jirk-i, jirkval-i.. The present article promotes an idea that these and many other common Kartvelian lexemes have been established through Megrel-Laz speech forms.
XIV
2010
KARTVELIAN HERITAGE
mzeqala Canqseliani
mdinare
B eleduras xeobis
mikrotoponimia
2010 wlis seqtemberSi akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mivlinebiT vimyofebodi lentexis raionSi, kerZod, mdinare Beleduras xeobis soflebSi: Beledi, BaCeSi, fayi, sadac Caviwere mikrotoponimebi.1 masala Seuswavlelia da am TvalsazrisiT samuSao jer kidev bevria. kvlevis am etapze motivaciis mixedviT gamovyaviT mikrotoponimTa ramdenime jgufi: a. reliefis mixedviT motivirebuli mikrotoponimebi: RoSkmeS _ sof. Beledis erT-erTi ubani, romelic soflis bolos mdebareobs, RoSkmeS "ukanisa"; RoSkin "ukan", eS - "isa", naT. br. niSani (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000). skimer _ saialaRo mTa (sof. BaCeSTan axlos); aq uxvad miopoveba mJave wylebi. sgim "veZa, mJave wyali", zagald@S _ qedis saxelia (sof. Beledi), zag@r "zegani, qedi, gadasasvleli", -@S - naT. br. niSani. @S sEif _ amaRlebuli da scenis magvari adgili (sof. BaCeSi). sEif "sasoflo moedani, xalxis Sesakrebi adgili, safixvno". BacWala _ mrude Wala (sof. BaCeSi). adgils mrude, daxrili forma aqvs. tHba~nak _ tbiani vake (sof. BaCeSi), adgili mTaSi movakebul adgilasaa, sadac agreTve aris tbac, tub@, tHba "tba, tbori, Waobi", nak "vake". BarBHld _ momcro qedis saxelia, romelic vizualurad Zalian hgavs nadiris xaxas (sof. Beledi), BarB "xaxa, piri"; -Hld - kninobiTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi. tEibare laylula _ xevebis gamyofi (sof. Beledi), tEib, "xevi", -ar - mr. ricxvis sufiqsi, laylula - "gamyofi". adgili marTlac yofs sxvadasxva xevs erTmaneTisagan. wHrani qE@nar _ wiTeli kldeebi (sof. Beledi), wHr@ni "wiTeli", qE@n "Wiuxi, kldovani adgili", aq klde bunebrivad wiTeli ferisaa. gEalHldar _ boslebi, adgili mTaSi (sof. BeledTan). gEal "boseli", -Hld kninobiTobis sufiqsi. adgili vizualurad Zalian gavs Hld
Cveni informatorebi iyvnen: neli gazdeliani (51 wlis, sof. Beledi), sadiko qardava (70 wlis, sof. Beledi), anzor Canqseliani (60 wlis, sof. BaCeSi), gela Canqseliani (78 wlis, sof. fayi), denola Canqseliani (79 wlis, sof. Beledi), nino Canqseliani (50 wlis, sof. Beledi).
1
mdinare Beleduras xeobis mikrotoponimia
saqonlis sadgoms. am adgilze Serekil saqonels rom SevxedoT, vifiqrebT, daubamTo. awolir _ mTis saxelia (sof. Beledi). es mTa kargad Cans lentexidanac. awol "zvini", mas marTlac zvinis forma aqvs. lHcqEeir _ mTaSi erTi adgilis saxelia, sadac Zalian civi lHc wyalia (sof. fayi); sityvasityviT: wyali civi (lHc "wyali", qEeir "civi"). naJaEa Rar _ nazvavi Rari, adgili mTaSia (sof. Beledi), J@ "zvavi", Rar "Rari". xoSa laxElHd _ didi mTa (sof. Beledi). xoSa "ufrosi, didi", laxE "mTa", -lHd - kninobiTobi sufiqsi. neska~ laxElHd _ Sua mTa (sof. Beledi). neska "Sua, SuaSi, Soris". naCEalaur _ adgilis saxelia (sof. Beledi). CEal "mewyeri, namewyrali", na-ur - wina viTarebis aRmniSvneli konfiqsi. Jibe mol _ zeda moli, axo (sof. Beledi). Jibe "zeda". SixaS _ mTis movakebuli kalTis saxelia, sadac adre tye gadauwvavT da daumuSavebiaT (sof. Beledi). Sixa "dawva". b. mikrotoponimebi kuTvnilebis mixedviT: simona~Sa _ ubani, sadac simonas Sto cxovrobda (sof. fayi). gonierSa mol _ gonieris Stos sakuTrebaSi Semavali adgili, moli (sof. Beledi). gigo~ mol _ gigos moli (sof. Beledi). mose~ mol _ moses moli (sof. Beledi). xuTSa mol _ xuTas Stos kuTvnili moli (sof. BaCeSi). miqelSer _ ubani, sadac miqelis Sto cxovrobda (sof. fayi). janyvaTSa mol _ janyvaTis Stos moli (sof. Beledi, sof. BaCeSi). maTe~nalag@n _ mTaSi adgils qvia (sof. Beled), informatoris TqmiT, am adgilas uxsovar dros kacs, saxelad maTes ucxovria; saxelwodebac aqedan modis. n@lag@n/nalagan "RamenaTevi" anu maTes RamenaTevi. ladaEari _ sadeve (sof. fayi). gadmocemiT, am adgilas devebs ucxovriaT. g. mcenareebis saxelebidan momdinare mikrotoponimebi: lewf@r _ wiflnari; maRali adgilia moSorebuli sacxovrebeli punqtidan (sof. fayi), wif "wifeli", le- _ matoponimebeli prefiqsi. leStix _ saTxile (sof. fayi). Sdix "Txili". leEcxar _ samsxale (sof. fayi). Eicx "msxali". leuskEar _ savaSle (sof. fayi). EsgE/uiskE "vaSli". nafatE _ nafetvari (sof. Beledi). informatoris TqmiT, am adgilas adre fetvi mohyavdaT, radganac fetvis mosayvanad Sesaferisi adgili mxolod aq iyo, fatE "fetvi", lemerxelid _ saWinWre (sof. BaCeSi), merxel "WinWari". la~naRi _ saJoloe (sof. Beledi), inaRa "Jolo". leg~anWE _ saanwle (sof. BaCeSi), ganWE "anwli",
m. Canqseliani
leCCEel _ sadiye (sof. BaCeSi), CiCEa "diyi". laRe~ - saduce (sof. BaCeSi), Re "duci, mcenare, mxolod WiuxebSi , xarobs, vargisia saWmelad" laburRE _ sabuere (sof. BaCeSi), burRu "buera, mcenare, , saWmelad vargisi". ifBaldH _ gvimnari (sof. BaCeSi), ifx "gvimra" cxEmaldH _ rcxilnari (sof. BaCeSi), cxEim "rcxila". , d. rwmena-warmodgenebTan dakavSirebuli mikrotoponimebi: jgHragi nak _ wminda giorgis vake, soflidan moSorebiT ferdobis saxelia (sof. Beledi). informatoris TqmiT, SesaZloa, am adgilas adre eklesiac yofiliyo. jgHr@g " wminda giorgi", nak "vake". . macxEariS _ macxovrisa (sof. BaCeSi); ivaraudeba, rom aqac SesaZloa eklesia yofiliyo, macxEar "macxovari". ieruSalim _ ierusalimi; adgilis saxelia (sof. fayi). gadmocemiT, es adgili ierusalimisTvis miumsgavsebiaT da saxelwodebac aqedan momdinareobs. qristejora WHSxe nagam _ qristes joris fexdanadgmeli; adgilia sof. faySi. lerskEen laspHnar _ marjvniv mosabrunebeli, gzis saxelia, romliTac mTaSi adixar (sof. Beledi). arsebobda rwmena, rom am gzas rogorc ki daadgebodi, aucilebeli iyo pirjvris gadasaxva da marjvniv Semobruneba. lerskuen "marjvniv", laspHnar "mosabrunebeli". TaSlamezHr _ saqonlis saZovari ferdobis saxelia (sof. BaCeSi.), sityvasityviT niSnavs: yvelis salocavi. informatoris TqmiT, aq sufTa balaxi amodis, yovelgvari sarevelas gareSe, amoyvanili yvelic iseTive sufTaa da Sesaferisia salocavi puris - lemezirisTvis. T@S "yveli", lamezHr "salocavi". utexuria _ moubrunebeli; udabur tyes qvia (sof. BaCeSi). adgilobrivebis TqmiT, tye saSiS adgilad iTvleboda, saidanac ukan veravin brundeboda. -u-a - uaryofiTobis gamomxatveli konfiqsi, -ur u-a - uqonlobis sufiqsi, warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi ver moxvda is mikrotoponimebi, romelTa motivacia bundovania, magaliTad: BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil, RHrk~aS, mHniaS, Camfana, lHmaya, biWuld, isHnder, caider...
damowmebuli literatura d. bakuraZe, t. futkaraZe - toponimTa klasifikacia, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. I, quTaisi, 1995. v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000 - v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
mdinare Beleduras xeobis mikrotoponimia
p. cxadaia, 2005 - p. cxadaia, onomastikis Sesavali, Tb., 2005.
MZEKALA CHANKSELIANI
MICROTOPONYMS OF THE BELADURA RIVER VALLEY
In September, 2010, I recorded place-names in some villages of the Lentekhi Region, namely, in the villages along the Beladura valley. The material has not yet been duly studied and it awaits its further processing and investigation. At the present stage of the research I have identified some groups of the microtoponyms on the basis of the related motivations. These are grouped according to: a. Relief: Atsolir, Ghoshkmes, Skimer,Shikhash... b. Ownership: Goniersha mol, Khutsha mol, Mikelsher... c. Relation to plants: Laghei, Lemerkhelid, Leshtikh... d. Rites and beliefs: Ierushalim, Matskhvarish, Utekhuria... Those micro-place names whose motivations were ambiguous have not been included in the list. As for example: Baldish, Bichuld, Champana, Tsaider

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ISSN 1512-09-53

AKAKI TSERETELI STATE UNIVERSITY

MFHSDTKEHB VTVRDBLHTJ<F XIV

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris

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akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

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qarTuli ena qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

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qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

LELA AVALIANI, LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE, OMAR AKKAM

RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi

l. avaliani, l. xaWapuriZe, o. aqami

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)

akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

`ucxos " mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis

rusul imperiul sivrceSi

"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi

"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi

"eri dedaa enisa"

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qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli...

qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli...

qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli...

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimiidan

lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi

lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi

lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi

lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi