PREVENTION & REPAIR OF

CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
BY
B.B.GAMIT XEN( C) W.RLY.
K.S.KRISHNAN AEN (D) W.RLY.
S.C.NAG AEN(W) W.RLY.
G.K.SIROHI AEN ( C) W.RLY
GUIDED BY
SHRI.V.B.SOOD PT-2,IRICEN
BROAD CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INCORRECT DESIGN, FAULTY
CONSTRUCTION OR OVER LOADING AND
THESE MAY ENDANGER THE SAFETY OF A
BUILDING
NON-STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INTERNALLY INDUCED STRESSES IN
BUILDING MATERIALS AND DO NOT
ENDANGER SAFETY OF A BUILDING, BUT
MAY CREATE AN IMPRESSION OF FAULTY
WORK OR MAY GIVE A FEELING OF
INSTABILITY.
ORIGIN OF CRACKS
CRACKS MIGHT DEVELOP DUE TO -
1.DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE OR
CORROSION OF REBARS DUE TO POOR
CONSTRUCTION OR INAPPROPRIATE
SELECTION OF CONSTITUENT MATERIALS.
2..TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE EFFECTS.
3. SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORTS.
4. NATURAL HAZARDS; ETC.
STRUCTURAL CRACKS
IN STRCTURAL MEMBERS LIKE BEAM, ,COLUMNS
AND SLABS
FLEXURAL CRACKS IN BEAM
OCCURE AT THE MAXIMUM MOMENT REGION
THE SECTION CAPACITY TO RESIST THE MOMENT
OF RESISTANCE IS LESS
THE REINFORCEMENT IS IN ADEQUATE
SECTION PROVIDED MAY NOT BE SUFFICIENT
BEAM JUNCTION WITH CONTINUITY
CHARACTERSTICS
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS FLEXURAL
STRENGTH DEFICIENCY
MAXIMUM WIDTH AT TENSION FACE
CONVERGES TOWARDS OTHER FACE
OCCURS EITHER SINGLY OR IN GROUP
EFFECTS
AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
ATTENDED TO AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE
SHEAR FLEXURE CRACKS IN
BEAM
COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND
MOMENT
DEFICIENCY OF SHEAR AND
MOMENT CAPACITY
CHARACTERSTICS
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS SHEAR ST.
DEFICIENCY
OCCURS IN MAXIMUM SHEAR REGION
MAXIMUM WIDTH AT MID-DEPTH
CONVERGES TOWARDS TOP/BOTTOM
OCCURS EITHER SINGLY OR IN GROUP
EFFECTS
AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO AS EARLY
AS POSSIBLE
TORSIONAL CRACK IN BEAM
INADEQUACY TO RESIST TORSION
BOND SLIP CRACK IN BEAMS
DUE TO ABRUPT CURTAILMENT OF
REINFORCEMENTS
INADEQUATE BOND
SLIPPING OF BARS
CHARACTERSTICS
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS TORSIONAL
STRENGTH DEFICIENCY
UNIFORM WIDTH THROUGHOUT
OCCURS IN THE FORM OF A SPIRAL
OCCURS SINGLY
EFFECTS
AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO
IMMEDIATELY
DISTURBACE CRACKS IN BEAMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
REMOVAL/STRIPPING OF
FORMWORK/SHUTTERING
SUPPORTING THE MEMBERS
TENSION CRACKS IN TIE BEAMS
IN ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENTS TO
RESIST TENSION
POOR QUALITY OF CONCRETE
HORIZONTAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS
COLUMN SECTION NOT DESIGNED
FOR MOMENT
DIAGONAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
LATERAL FORCES NOT CONSIDERED
SECTON NOT ADEQUATE TO RESIST
AXIAL LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
CORROSION/BOND CRACK IN COLUMNS
CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS
COVER NOT ADEQUATE
QUALITY OF CONCRETE
FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLABS
DEFICIENCY IN DESIGN
UNDER ASSESSMENT OF LOADING
OVER LOADING OF SECTION
POOR CONCRETE QUALITY
TOP FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLAB
MAIN REINFORCMENT INADEQUATE
DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENTS
NOT CONTINUOUS
SHRINKAGE CRACKS IN CANTILEVER
SLAB
W/C RATIO HIGH IN CONCRETE
IMPROPER CURING
NO RESTRAINTS AT CORNERS
CONSTRUCTION JOINT CRACKS IN
BEAMS
CRACKS DUE TO SETTLEMENT OF
FOUNDATION
DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
EARLY THERMAL CONTRACTION
LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
CRAZING
DUE TO CORROSION OF CONCRETE
DUE TO ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
SULPHATE ATTACK
DUE TO CORROSION OF STEEL
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PROBABLE AREA
OVER REINFORCEMENT, ARCHING, CHANGE
OF DEPTH
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
DEEP SECTIONS, TOP OF COLUMNS/
TROUGHS
CAUSE
EXCESS BLEEDING
RAPID EARLY DRYING
REMEDY
REDUCE BLEEDING
REVERBERATE MILDLY
TIME OF APPEARANCE
TEN MIN. TO THREE HOURS
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
PROBABLE AREA
RANDOM OVER REINFORCEMENT MESH,
DIAGONAL, NORMAL TO WIND DIRECTION
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
RCC SLABS
CAUSE
RAPID EARLY DRYING
LOW BLEEDING AND FAST SURFACE
EVAPORATION
REMEDY
IMPROVE EARLY CURING AND TROWEL
TIME OF APPEARANCE
THIRTY MIN. TO SIX HOURS
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
EARLY THERMAL EXPANSION
AND CONTRACTION
PROBABLE AREA
EXTERNAL/ INTERNAL RESTRAINT
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
THICK WALLS, THICK SLABS
CAUSE
EXCESS HEAT GENERATION, EXCESS TEMP.
GRADIENT
RAPID COOLING, CURING BY COLD WATER
REMEDY
REDUCE HEAT AND/OR INSULATE, COOL
CONCRETE, REDUCE SPACING OF STEEL
TIME OF APPEARANCE
ONE DAY TO 2-3 WEEKS
LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
PROBABLE AREA
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
THIN WALLS, THIN SLABS
CAUSE
ABSENCE OF MOVEMENT, INEFFICIENT
JOINTS
EXCESS SHRINKAGE, INEFFICIENT CURING
REMEDY
REDUCE W/C RATIO, IMPROVE CURING
TIME OF APPEARANCE
SEVERAL WEEKS OR MONTHS
CRAZING
PROBABLE AREA
AGAINST FORMWORK
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
FAIR FACED SLABS
CAUSE
IMPERMEABLE FORMWORK, OVER
TROWELLING
RICH MIXES, POOR CURING
REMEDY
IMPROVE CURING AND FINISHING
TIME OF APPEARANCE
1-7 DAYS, SOMETIMES LATER
CORROSION OF CONCRETE
PROBABLE AREA
NATURAL AND SLOW, FAST IF CACL IS PRESENT
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
ALTERNATE DRYING AND WETTING, HUMIDITY
CAUSE
LACK OF COVER AND DAMPNESS, CARBONATION,
CHLORIDES
POOR QUALITY CONCRETE
REMEDY
USE DENSE CONCRETE (PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE
SLAG CEMENT), DEHUMIDIFY, CATHODE PROTECTION
TIME OF APPEARANCE
MORE THAN TWO YEARS
CORROSION OF CONCRETE
CARBONATION
THE DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO
2
IN THE
GASEOUS PHASE OF THE CONCRETE PORES
AND REACTS IN FOLLOWING TWO WAYS.
THE DISSOLUTION OF SOLID CA(OH)
2
FROM
CEMENT GEL INTO THE PORE WATER AND
REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO
2
WITH
DISSOLVED CA(OH)
2
IN THE PORE WATER.
THE REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO2 WITH
CSH.
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2CO
3
> CaCO

+ 2H
2
O
3CaO-2SiO
2
-3H
2
O + 3CO
2
> 3CaCO

-2SiO
2
-3H
2
O
- The pH-value decreases to less than 9,
which normally is insufficient to protect
the reinforcement against corrosion.
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
X= K T

- Where X is measured in mm and T in years

- K is function of concrete strength
- Above relation is for RELATIVE HUMIDITY 50%
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CHLORIDES
MIXING WATER
AGGREGATES
ADMIXTURES (ACCELERATORS)
CURING WATER
SURROUNDING SOIL
SEA WATER
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CRITICAL CHLORIDE
CONTENT
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
DAMP AREA, SHOWS GEL TYPE OR DRIED
RESIN TYPE DEPOSIT IN CRACKS
CAUSE
REACTIVE SILICATES AND CARBONATES IN
AGGREGATES REACTING WITH ALKALI IN
CEMENT
REMEDY
USE PROPER AGGREGATES, USE PORTLAND
BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT, KEEP
WATER AWAY
TIME OF APPEARANCE
MORE THAN FIVE YEARS
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
SULPHATE ATTACK
SULPHATE SALTS FROM SURROUNDING SOIL
REACT WITH C3A . NO DEPOSITS LIKE THOSE IN
ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
USE LOW C3A CEMENT, PORTLAND BLAST
FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
TIME OF APPEARANCE
-AFTER TWO YEARS
SULPHATE ATTACK
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE IONS
(SO
4
--) + CA(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O ->
CASO
4
2H
2
O + 2OH- + EXPANSION
LOW SULPHATE ION CONCENTRATION
CALCIUM ALUMINATE HYDRATE + CASO
4
2H
2
O ->
3CAOAL
2
O
3
CASO
4
32H
2
O (ETTRINGITE)
+EXPANSION
MAGNESIUM AND AMMONIUM
SULPHATE(SERIOUS)
MGSO
4
REACTS WITH CALCIUM ALUMINATE
HYDRATE MGSO
4
+ CA(OH)
2
->
CASO
4
+ MG(OH)
2
+ VOLUME EXPANSION
CORROSION OF STEEL
ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
GALVANIC CORROSION
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
CORROSION OF STEEL
Fe
Fe(OH)
2
Fe
3
O
4
Fe(OH)
3
Fe(OH).3nH
2
O
1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
Iron reacts as
Fe >> Fe
++
+ 2e
-
(Anode process)
Water takes oxygen from Atmosphere
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e
-
>>> 4 OH
-
(Cathode Process)
Fe
++
and OH
-
creates Fe(OH)
2
Fe(OH)
2
is not stable, oxidises to form Fe(OH)
3
Takes water to form Fe(OH)
3
nH
2
O (Rust)
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
GALVANIC CORROSION
MORE ANODIC METAL RELEASES IONS WHEN
TWO DIFFERENT METALS ARE IN ELECTRICAL
CONTACT IN MOIST ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
HIGH HUMIDITY LEVEL ( > 65 %)
THE CORROSION VELOCITY IS DOUBLED FOR
EVERY 10
O
C INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE.
AIR POLLUTION
SO
2
IN AIR
THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE CREATES H
2
SO
3
WHICH IS OXIDIZED TO SULPHURIC ACID
(H
2
SO
4
) WHICH INCREASES THE
CORROSION VELOCITY.
TIMING OF CRACK
FORMATION
BEFORE SETTING
PLASTIC
SHRINKAGE*
PLASTIC
SETTLEMENT*
DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT OF
SUPPORTS
HARDENING PHASE
CONSTRAINT TO
EARLY THERMAL
MOVEMENT*
CONSTRAINT TO
EARLY DRYING
SHRINKAGE*
DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT OF
SUPPORTS
* Non- Structural
TIMING OF CRACK
FORMATION
IN HARDENED STATE
OVERLOADING/ UNDER
DESIGN
INADEQUATE CONST./
DETAILING
DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT
SULPHATE ATTACK*
RUSTING
CHLORIDE ATTACK
CARBONATION
SIMPLE OXIDATION
ALKALI AGGREGATE
REACTION
HANDLING CRACKS IN
PRE-CAST MEMBERS
CRAZING
WEATHERING CRACKS
LONG TERM DRYING AND
SHRINKAGE*
ALLOWABLE CRACK WIDTHS
THE MINIMUIM WIDTH OF CRACK THAT CAN BE
SEEN BY NAKED EYE IS GENERALY ABOUT 1.3 MM
INTERIOR MEMBERS 0.35 MM
EXTERIOR MEMBERS 0.25 MM
(Normal Exposure)
EXTERIOR MEMBERS 0.15 MM
(Aggressive Exposure)
LIMIT STATE OF CRACKING, AS PER IS 456 : 2000
NOT TO AFFECT ADVERSELY THE APPEARANCE
AND DURABILITY OF STRUCTURES.
ALLOWABLE CRACK WIDTHS CONTD;
CODE SPECIFIES MAX ALLOWABLE
WIDTH AS 0. 3 MM IN GENERAL
DEPENDS ON TYPE OF STRUCTURE AND
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
ON AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT THE
COMPUTED CRACK WIDTH ON THE
SURFACE NEAREST TO REINFORCEMENT
BARS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.1MM
IT IS DESIRABLE TO CONTROL CRACKS
THROUGH GOOD DETAILING PRACTICES,
RATHER THAN RELY ON COMPUTATIONS
FOR CRACK WIDTHS
MEASUREMENT
MEASURING MAGNIFIER
CRACK SCOPE
DIGITAL CRACK GAUGE
LOMARO MICROSCOPE
Measuring Magnifier - Proceq
CRACKSCOPE - GERMANN INSTRUMENTS
DIGITAL CRACK GUAGE - ELE
LOMARO MICROSCOPE- ELE
GENERAL MEASURES FOR
PREVENTION OF CRACKS
BROADLY CASSIFIED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING HEADS
CHOICE OF MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND
PRACTICES
CHOICE OF MATERIALS
FINE AGGREGATE
AVOID USE OF TOO FINE OR
CONTAINS TOO MUCH OF CLAY OR
SILT AND NOT WELL GRADED.
MAX CLA AND SILT LIMITTED TO
3 %
CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTD.
COARSE AGGREGATE
WELL GRADED TO OBTAIN DENSE
CONCRETE
MAX SIZE SHOULD BE LARGEST POSSIBLE
CONSISTENT WITH THE JOB
REQUIREMENT
POROUS AND HAVING HIGH SHRINKAGE
PROPERTIES SHOULD BE AVOIDED
CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTD.
CEMENT
IF USE ALKALI REACTIVE AGGREGATE IS
UNAVOIDABLE, ALKALI CONTENT OF
CEMENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.6 %
USE OF POZZOLANA SHOULD BE MADE TO
CHECK ALKAI-AGGREGATE REACTION
LOW HEAT CEMENT SHOULD BE USED IN
MASSIVE STRUCTURES TO LIMIT HEAT OF
HYDRATION
SPECIFICATION FOR
CONCRETE
MIX SHOULD NOT BE RICHER THAN
WHAT IS REQUIRED FROM
STRENGTH CONSIDERATION
AIM SHOULD BE TO OBTAIN STRONG
AND DURABLE CONCRETE BY
CAREFUL MIX DESIGN, THOROUGH
MIXING , POROPER COMPACTION
AND ADEQUATE CURING
QTY. OF WATER USED SHOULD BE
MINIMUM CONSISTENT WITH
REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPER
LAYING AND COMPACTION. THIS IS
THE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
SINGLE FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR
SHRINKAGE AND CONSEQUENT
CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONTD.
IN EXPANSIVE CLAYEY SOIL
MOVEMENT DUE TO ALTERNATE
WETTING AND DRYING AND
CONSEQUENT SWELLING AND
SHRINKAGE SHOULD BE TAKEN
CARE BY
TAKING THE FOUNDATION DEEP
AND USING MOORUM, GRANULAR
SOIL OR QUARRY DUST IN FILLING
IN FOUNDATION TRENCHES AND
PLINTH
USING UNDER REAMED PILES
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
AND TECHIQUES
IN CASE CANTILEVER BEAMS AND
SLABS, REMOVAL OF CENTERING
AND IMPOSITION OF LOAD SHOULD
BE DIFFERED AT LEAST ONE MONTH
SO THAT SUFFICIENT STRENGTH IS
ATTAINED BEFORE IT BEARS THE
LOAD
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND TECHIQUES CONTD.
AVOID CONCRETING IF IT IS VERY HOT, DRY
AND WINDY. IF UNAVOIDABLE, SHOULD BE
DONE DURING EARLY HOURS OF THE DAY.
PRECAUTION SHOULD BE TAKEN TO KEEP DOWN
THE TEMPERATURE OF FRESH CONCRETE AND
TO PREVENT QUICK DRYING.
PART OF MIXING WATER SHALL BE REPLACED
WITH ICE
RE-TROWELLING THE CONCRETE SURFACE
SLIGHTLY, BEFORE ITS INITIAL SETTING, TO
MITIGATE PLASTIC AND SHRINKAGE CRACKS
PROVISION OF ADEQUATE TEMPERATURE
REINFORCEMENTS TO CONTROL THE CRACK DUE
TO SHRINKAGE AS WELL AS TEMP. EFFECT
ENVIRONMENT
CONSTRUCTION IN COLD WEATHER
LESS LIABLE TO SHRINKAGE
CRACKING THAN THAT IN HOT
WEATHER
REPAIR PLAN
CRACKS
LIVE CRACKS
DORMANT CRACKS
REPAIR PLAN
OTHER DAMAGE
VOIDS, HOLLOWS AND HONEYCOMBS
SCALING DAMAGE
SPALLING DAMAGE
REPAIR PLAN
CARBONATED OR CHLORIDE CONTAMINATED
CONCRETE- REPAIR PLAN
LIVE CRACKS
CAULKING
ELASTOMERIC SEALER
PRESSURE INJECTION WITH FLEXIBLE FILLER
EPOXY GROUTING
CONBEXTRA UR63 BY FOSROC
JACKETING
STRAPPING OR OVERLAYING
STRENGTHENING
STEEL PLATE, POST TENSIONING, STITCHING
ETC
DORMANT CRACKS
CAULKING
CEMENT MORTAR
PRESSURE INJECTION WITH RIGID FILLER
CONBEXTRA EPLV BY FOSROC
COATING
BITUMINOUS, TAR
OVERLAYS
ASPHALT WITH MEMBRANE
GRINDING AND OVERLAY
LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE, HIGHLY
DENSE CONCRETE
DRY PACK
DORMANT CRACKS ( CONT.)
SHOTCRETE/ GUNITE
PATCHING
CEMENT MORTAR, EPOXY OR
POLYMER CONCRETE
JACKETING
STEEL ROD
STRENGTHENING
POST TENSIONING, STITCHING ETC
CRACK REPAIR PLAN
CRACK WITH STRUCTURAL
IMPLICATION
RISK OF
CORROSION
INJECT WITH
CEMENT GROUT, IF CRACK > .5MM
EPOXY RESIGN, IF CRACK < .5MM
LEAKINESS
NO INJECTION
CRACKS WITH MINOR MOVEMENTS
INJECT WITH
POLYURETHANE RESIN
ACRYLIC RESIN
POLYMER IMPREGNATION
SURFACE TREATMENT
OVERLAYS
YES
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

No
CEMENT PRESSURE
GROUTING
MATERIAL
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AS PER
IS 269
ADMIXTURE WITH APPROVAL OF DIV.
ENGINEER
PROPORTION
W /C RATIO 0.4 TO 0.5
PRESSURE FOR GROUTING
3 TO 4 KG PER SQ CM
CEMENT PRESSURE GROUTING

EQUIPMENT
DRILLING EQUIPMENT FOR HOLES UPTO
25MM DIA
GROUT INJECTING MACHINE
AIR COMPRESSOR OF 3 TO 4 CUBIC M/MIN
AND PRESSURE 3-4 KG/SQ CM
12- 20 MM DIA GI PIPES WITH COUPLERS
a
a
a a a
a = 500 to /50 mm
- HOLE OF 25 NN D!A.
- G! P!PE P!ECES 12 / 20 NN D!A X 200 NN W!TH THREADED END.
- SEAL ALL CRACKS AND ANNULAR SPACE AROUND G! P!PES.
- FLUSH ALL HOLES W!TH CONPRESSED A!R.
- GROUT START!NG W!TH BOTTON NOST HOLE.
- CURE FOR 1+ DAYS.
- USE GROUT N!XTURE W!TH!N 15 N!NUTES.
- CLEAN GROUT EOU!PNENT THOROUGHLY.
CENENT GROUT!NG
EPOXY GROUTING
EPOXY SYSTEM
RESIN AND HARDENER ( THINNER IF NECESSARY)
FILLER ( DRY SILICA FLOUR) FOR WIDE CRACKS
MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATION
CONDITION OF APPLICATION
PROPORTIONS
POT LIFE
APPLICATION PROCEDURE
EPOXY GROUTING
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
SUFFICIENT POT LIFE ( 60 MIN AT 30
0
C)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF EPOXY ( NOT LESS
THAN CONCRETE)
SHEAR STRENGTH ( NOT LESS THAN 100 KG/CM
2
)
VISCOSITY - DEPENDING ON CRACK WIDTH
STABLE SYSTEM ( CLIMATIC CONDITION )
NON SUSCEPTIBLE TO FIRE / EXPLOSION DURING
PROCESS OF INJECTION
EPOXY GROUTING
EQUIPMENTS FOR EPOXY GROUTING
DRILLING EQUIPMENT (PNEUMATIC OR
ELECTRICAL)
PRESSURE INJECTING EQUIPMENT
AIR COMPRESSOR 3-4 M
3
/ MIN, 10 KG / CM
2
POLYTHENE / METAL PIPE PIECES 6-9 MM
DIA.
POLYTHENE PLASTIC CONTAINER
PORTABLE GENERATOR
EPOXY GROUTING
AREA TO BE GROUTED SHOULD BE DRY, CLEAN WITH AIR
JET
CRACK TO BE PREFERABLY DRY
ALL CRACKS TO BE CUT OPEN TO A V GROOVE, 10MM DEEP
DRILLING , CLEANING LOOSE MATERIAL AND SEALING THE
GROOVE
HOLE OF 7-10MM DIA DRILLED AND GROUT NIPPLES FIXED.
FULL PENETRATION DOUBTFUL IF CRACKS > 0.6 M DEEP
PORTS ON BOTH SIDE
MEMBERS < 0.3 M , PORTS ON ONE SIDE ONLY
FIRST / LAST PORT TO BE AT OR NEAR BOTTOM / TOP
EPOXY GROUTING
PRECAUTIONS
FOLLOW MANUFACTURES INSTRUCTIONS
DIRECT SKIN CONTACT SHOULD BE AVOIDED
THE GREASE GUN SYRINGE SHOULD BE
WASHED WITH ACETONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
USE.
REPAIR OF CARBONATED/CHLORIDE
CONTAMINATED CONCRETE
BREAK AFFECTED CONCRETE
FOSROC PRODUCTS AND METHOD
USE NITOPRIME ZINCRICH PRIMER OVER
REINFORCEMENT
USE NITOBOND AR (NITOBOND EP) AS
BONDING AGENT
REPAIR WITH RENDEROC TG POLYMER
MODIFIED REPAIR MORTAR
APPLY NITOCOTE DEKGUARD PRIMER
APPLY TWO COATS OF NITOCOTE DEKGUARD
PIGMENTED TOPCOAT
CONCLUSION -
THE INDIVIDUAL CRACKS IN R.C. MEMBERS ARE
UNIQUE BY THEMSELVES.
THEY ARE VERSATILE DIAGNOSTIC DEVICES, CLEARLY
INDICATING THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE
CONCERNED R.C. MEMBERS. IN ADDITION, THEY ALSO
INDICATE THE DEGREE OF SERIOUSNESS OF THE
PROBLEM.
THE CRACKS THROW LIGHT ON THE
DISCIPLINE IN THE ASSOCIATED STRUCTURAL DESIGNS
AND CONSTRUCTION QUALITY.
THE CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED
ARE CLEARLY INDICATED BY THESE CRACKS.
*****