PREVENTION & REPAIR OF

CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
BY
B.B.GAMIT XEN( C) W.RLY.
K.S.KRISHNAN AEN (D) W.RLY.
S.C.NAG AEN(W) W.RLY.
G.K.SIROHI AEN ( C) W.RLY
GUIDED BY
SHRI.V.B.SOOD PT-2,IRICEN
 BROAD CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INCORRECT DESIGN, FAULTY
CONSTRUCTION OR OVER LOADING AND
THESE MAY ENDANGER THE SAFETY OF A
BUILDING
NON-STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INTERNALLY INDUCED STRESSES IN
BUILDING MATERIALS AND DO NOT
ENDANGER SAFETY OF A BUILDING, BUT
MAY CREATE AN IMPRESSION OF FAULTY
WORK OR MAY GIVE A FEELING OF
INSTABILITY.
 ORIGIN OF CRACKS

CRACKS MIGHT DEVELOP DUE TO -

1.DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE OR
CORROSION OF REBARS DUE TO POOR
CONSTRUCTION OR INAPPROPRIATE
SELECTION OF CONSTITUENT MATERIALS.

2..TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE EFFECTS.

3. SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORTS.

4. NATURAL HAZARDS; ETC.

 STRUCTURAL CRACKS
IN STRCTURAL MEMBERS LIKE BEAM, ,COLUMNS
AND SLABS
FLEXURAL CRACKS IN BEAM
OCCURE AT THE MAXIMUM MOMENT REGION
THE SECTION CAPACITY TO RESIST THE MOMENT
OF RESISTANCE IS LESS
THE REINFORCEMENT IS IN ADEQUATE
SECTION PROVIDED MAY NOT BE SUFFICIENT
BEAM JUNCTION WITH CONTINUITY
 CHARACTERSTICS

• OCCURS WHEN THERE IS FLEXURAL

STRENGTH DEFICIENCY
• MAXIMUM WIDTH AT TENSION FACE
• CONVERGES TOWARDS OTHER FACE
• OCCURS EITHER SINGLY OR IN GROUP

EFFECTS
• AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
• ATTENDED TO AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE
SHEAR FLEXURE CRACKS IN
BEAM

COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND

MOMENT
DEFICIENCY OF SHEAR AND
MOMENT CAPACITY
 CHARACTERSTICS
• OCCURS WHEN THERE IS SHEAR ST.
DEFICIENCY
• OCCURS IN MAXIMUM SHEAR REGION
• MAXIMUM WIDTH AT MID-DEPTH
• CONVERGES TOWARDS TOP/BOTTOM
• OCCURS EITHER SINGLY OR IN GROUP

EFFECTS

• AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS

• NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO AS EARLY
AS POSSIBLE
TORSIONAL CRACK IN BEAM
INADEQUACY TO RESIST TORSION

BOND SLIP CRACK IN BEAMS

DUE TO ABRUPT CURTAILMENT OF
REINFORCEMENTS
INADEQUATE BOND
SLIPPING OF BARS
 CHARACTERSTICS

• OCCURS WHEN THERE IS TORSIONAL

STRENGTH DEFICIENCY
• UNIFORM WIDTH THROUGHOUT
• OCCURS IN THE FORM OF A SPIRAL
• OCCURS SINGLY

EFFECTS
•AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
• NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO
IMMEDIATELY
DISTURBACE CRACKS IN BEAMS

CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
REMOVAL/STRIPPING OF
FORMWORK/SHUTTERING
SUPPORTING THE MEMBERS
TENSION CRACKS IN TIE BEAMS
IN ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENTS TO
RESIST TENSION
POOR QUALITY OF CONCRETE
HORIZONTAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS
COLUMN SECTION NOT DESIGNED
FOR MOMENT
DIAGONAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
LATERAL FORCES NOT CONSIDERED
SECTON NOT ADEQUATE TO RESIST
AXIAL LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
CORROSION/BOND CRACK IN COLUMNS

CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS

COVER NOT ADEQUATE

QUALITY OF CONCRETE
FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLABS
DEFICIENCY IN DESIGN
UNDER ASSESSMENT OF LOADING
OVER LOADING OF SECTION
POOR CONCRETE QUALITY
TOP FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLAB
MAIN REINFORCMENT INADEQUATE
DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENTS
NOT CONTINUOUS
SHRINKAGE CRACKS IN CANTILEVER
SLAB
W/C RATIO HIGH IN CONCRETE
IMPROPER CURING
NO RESTRAINTS AT CORNERS
CONSTRUCTION JOINT CRACKS IN
BEAMS
CRACKS DUE TO SETTLEMENT OF
FOUNDATION
DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
 NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS
• PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
• PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
• EARLY THERMAL CONTRACTION
• LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
• CRAZING
• DUE TO CORROSION OF CONCRETE
• DUE TO ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
• SULPHATE ATTACK
• DUE TO CORROSION OF STEEL
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
 PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
• PROBABLE AREA
– OVER REINFORCEMENT, ARCHING, CHANGE
OF DEPTH
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– DEEP SECTIONS, TOP OF COLUMNS/
TROUGHS
• CAUSE
– EXCESS BLEEDING
– RAPID EARLY DRYING
• REMEDY
– REDUCE BLEEDING
– REVERBERATE MILDLY
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– TEN MIN. TO THREE HOURS
 PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
• PROBABLE AREA
– RANDOM OVER REINFORCEMENT MESH,
DIAGONAL, NORMAL TO WIND DIRECTION
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– RCC SLABS
• CAUSE
– RAPID EARLY DRYING
– LOW BLEEDING AND FAST SURFACE
EVAPORATION
• REMEDY
– IMPROVE EARLY CURING AND TROWEL
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– THIRTY MIN. TO SIX HOURS
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
EARLY THERMAL EXPANSION
AND CONTRACTION
• PROBABLE AREA
– EXTERNAL/ INTERNAL RESTRAINT
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– THICK WALLS, THICK SLABS
• CAUSE
– EXCESS HEAT GENERATION, EXCESS TEMP.
GRADIENT
– RAPID COOLING, CURING BY COLD WATER
• REMEDY
– REDUCE HEAT AND/OR INSULATE, COOL
CONCRETE, REDUCE SPACING OF STEEL
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– ONE DAY TO 2-3 WEEKS
LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
• PROBABLE AREA
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– THIN WALLS, THIN SLABS
• CAUSE
– ABSENCE OF MOVEMENT, INEFFICIENT
JOINTS
– EXCESS SHRINKAGE, INEFFICIENT CURING
• REMEDY
– REDUCE W/C RATIO, IMPROVE CURING
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– SEVERAL WEEKS OR MONTHS
 CRAZING
• PROBABLE AREA
– AGAINST FORMWORK
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– FAIR FACED SLABS
• CAUSE
– IMPERMEABLE FORMWORK, OVER
TROWELLING
– RICH MIXES, POOR CURING
• REMEDY
– IMPROVE CURING AND FINISHING
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– 1-7 DAYS, SOMETIMES LATER
 CORROSION OF CONCRETE
• PROBABLE AREA
– NATURAL AND SLOW, FAST IF CACL IS PRESENT
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– ALTERNATE DRYING AND WETTING, HUMIDITY
• CAUSE
– LACK OF COVER AND DAMPNESS, CARBONATION,
CHLORIDES
– POOR QUALITY CONCRETE
• REMEDY
– USE DENSE CONCRETE (PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE
SLAG CEMENT), DEHUMIDIFY, CATHODE PROTECTION
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– MORE THAN TWO YEARS
 CORROSION OF CONCRETE
CARBONATION
• THE DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 IN THE
GASEOUS PHASE OF THE CONCRETE PORES
AND REACTS IN FOLLOWING TWO WAYS.
THE DISSOLUTION OF SOLID CA(OH)2 FROM
CEMENT GEL INTO THE PORE WATER AND
REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO2 WITH
DISSOLVED CA(OH)2 IN THE PORE WATER.
THE REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO2 WITH
CSH.
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
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 CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
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CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
 CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CHLORIDES
• MIXING WATER
• AGGREGATES
• ADMIXTURES (ACCELERATORS)
• CURING WATER
• SURROUNDING SOIL
• SEA WATER
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CRITICAL CHLORIDE
CONTENT
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
• PROBABLE LOCATIONS
– DAMP AREA, SHOWS GEL TYPE OR DRIED
RESIN TYPE DEPOSIT IN CRACKS
• CAUSE
– REACTIVE SILICATES AND CARBONATES IN
AGGREGATES REACTING WITH ALKALI IN
CEMENT
• REMEDY
– USE PROPER AGGREGATES, USE PORTLAND
BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT, KEEP
WATER AWAY
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
– MORE THAN FIVE YEARS
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
 SULPHATE ATTACK
• SULPHATE SALTS FROM SURROUNDING SOIL
REACT WITH C3A . NO DEPOSITS LIKE THOSE IN
ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
• USE LOW C3A CEMENT, PORTLAND BLAST
FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
• TIME OF APPEARANCE
-AFTER TWO YEARS
 SULPHATE ATTACK
• HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE IONS
(SO4--) + CA(OH)2 + 2H2O ->
CASO42H2O + 2OH- + EXPANSION
• LOW SULPHATE ION CONCENTRATION
CALCIUM ALUMINATE HYDRATE + CASO42H2O ->
3CAOAL2O3CASO432H2O (ETTRINGITE)
+EXPANSION
• MAGNESIUM AND AMMONIUM
SULPHATE(SERIOUS)
MGSO4 REACTS WITH CALCIUM ALUMINATE
HYDRATE MGSO4 + CA(OH)2 ->
CASO4 + MG(OH)2 + VOLUME EXPANSION
 CORROSION OF STEEL

• ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
• GALVANIC CORROSION
• ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
CORROSION OF STEEL

Fe
Fe3O4
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH).3nH2O

1 2 3 4 5 6

Volume
 ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
• Iron reacts as
Fe >> Fe++ + 2e- (Anode process)

• Water takes oxygen from Atmosphere

2H2O + O2 + 4e- >>> 4 OH- (Cathode Process)

• Fe++ and OH- creates Fe(OH)2

• Fe(OH)2 is not stable, oxidises to form Fe(OH)3

• Takes water to form Fe(OH)3nH2O (Rust)
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
 GALVANIC CORROSION
• MORE ANODIC METAL RELEASES IONS WHEN
TWO DIFFERENT METALS ARE IN ELECTRICAL
CONTACT IN MOIST ATMOSPHERE
 ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
• HIGH HUMIDITY LEVEL ( > 65 %)
• THE CORROSION VELOCITY IS DOUBLED FOR
EVERY 10O C INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE.
• AIR POLLUTION
– SO2 IN AIR
– THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE CREATES H2SO3
WHICH IS OXIDIZED TO SULPHURIC ACID
(H2SO4) WHICH INCREASES THE
CORROSION VELOCITY.
 TIMING OF CRACK
FORMATION
• BEFORE SETTING • HARDENING PHASE
– PLASTIC – CONSTRAINT TO
SHRINKAGE* EARLY THERMAL
– PLASTIC MOVEMENT*
SETTLEMENT* – CONSTRAINT TO
– DIFFERENTIAL EARLY DRYING
SETTLEMENT OF SHRINKAGE*
SUPPORTS – DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT OF
SUPPORTS
•* Non- Structural
 TIMING OF CRACK
FORMATION
• IN HARDENED STATE
– OVERLOADING/ UNDER
DESIGN • ALKALI AGGREGATE
REACTION
– INADEQUATE CONST./
DETAILING • HANDLING CRACKS IN
PRE-CAST MEMBERS
– DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT • CRAZING
– SULPHATE ATTACK* • WEATHERING CRACKS
– RUSTING • LONG TERM DRYING AND
SHRINKAGE*
– CHLORIDE ATTACK
– CARBONATION
– SIMPLE OXIDATION
 ALLOWABLE CRACK WIDTHS
THE MINIMUIM WIDTH OF CRACK THAT CAN BE
SEEN BY NAKED EYE IS GENERALY ABOUT 1.3 MM
INTERIOR MEMBERS 0.35 MM
EXTERIOR MEMBERS 0.25 MM
(Normal Exposure)
EXTERIOR MEMBERS 0.15 MM
(Aggressive Exposure)

LIMIT STATE OF CRACKING, AS PER IS 456 : 2000

NOT TO AFFECT ADVERSELY THE APPEARANCE
AND DURABILITY OF STRUCTURES.
 ALLOWABLE CRACK WIDTHS CONTD;

CODE SPECIFIES MAX ALLOWABLE

WIDTH AS 0. 3 MM IN GENERAL
DEPENDS ON TYPE OF STRUCTURE AND
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
ON AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT THE
COMPUTED CRACK WIDTH ON THE
SURFACE NEAREST TO REINFORCEMENT
BARS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.1MM
IT IS DESIRABLE TO CONTROL CRACKS
THROUGH GOOD DETAILING PRACTICES,
RATHER THAN RELY ON COMPUTATIONS
FOR CRACK WIDTHS
 MEASUREMENT
MEASURING MAGNIFIER
CRACK SCOPE
DIGITAL CRACK GAUGE
LOMARO MICROSCOPE
Measuring Magnifier - Proceq
CRACKSCOPE - GERMANN INSTRUMENTS
DIGITAL CRACK GUAGE - ELE
LOMARO MICROSCOPE- ELE
 GENERAL MEASURES FOR
PREVENTION OF CRACKS
BROADLY CASSIFIED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING HEADS
CHOICE OF MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND
PRACTICES
 CHOICE OF MATERIALS
FINE AGGREGATE
AVOID USE OF TOO FINE OR
CONTAINS TOO MUCH OF CLAY OR
SILT AND NOT WELL GRADED.
MAX CLA AND SILT LIMITTED TO
3%
 CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTD.

COARSE AGGREGATE
WELL GRADED TO OBTAIN DENSE
CONCRETE
MAX SIZE SHOULD BE LARGEST POSSIBLE
CONSISTENT WITH THE JOB
REQUIREMENT
POROUS AND HAVING HIGH SHRINKAGE
PROPERTIES SHOULD BE AVOIDED
 CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTD.

CEMENT
IF USE ALKALI REACTIVE AGGREGATE IS
UNAVOIDABLE, ALKALI CONTENT OF
CEMENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.6 %
USE OF POZZOLANA SHOULD BE MADE TO
CHECK ALKAI-AGGREGATE REACTION
LOW HEAT CEMENT SHOULD BE USED IN
MASSIVE STRUCTURES TO LIMIT HEAT OF
HYDRATION
 SPECIFICATION FOR
CONCRETE
MIX SHOULD NOT BE RICHER THAN
WHAT IS REQUIRED FROM
STRENGTH CONSIDERATION
AIM SHOULD BE TO OBTAIN STRONG
AND DURABLE CONCRETE BY
CAREFUL MIX DESIGN, THOROUGH
MIXING , POROPER COMPACTION
AND ADEQUATE CURING
QTY. OF WATER USED SHOULD BE
MINIMUM CONSISTENT WITH
REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPER
LAYING AND COMPACTION. THIS IS
THE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
SINGLE FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR
SHRINKAGE AND CONSEQUENT
CRACKS IN CONCRETE
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONTD.

IN EXPANSIVE CLAYEY SOIL

MOVEMENT DUE TO ALTERNATE
WETTING AND DRYING AND
CONSEQUENT SWELLING AND
SHRINKAGE SHOULD BE TAKEN
CARE BY
TAKING THE FOUNDATION DEEP
AND USING MOORUM, GRANULAR
SOIL OR QUARRY DUST IN FILLING
IN FOUNDATION TRENCHES AND
PLINTH
USING UNDER REAMED PILES
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
AND TECHIQUES
IN CASE CANTILEVER BEAMS AND
SLABS, REMOVAL OF CENTERING
AND IMPOSITION OF LOAD SHOULD
BE DIFFERED AT LEAST ONE MONTH
SO THAT SUFFICIENT STRENGTH IS
ATTAINED BEFORE IT BEARS THE
LOAD
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND TECHIQUES CONTD.

AVOID CONCRETING IF IT IS VERY HOT, DRY

AND WINDY. IF UNAVOIDABLE, SHOULD BE
DONE DURING EARLY HOURS OF THE DAY.
PRECAUTION SHOULD BE TAKEN TO KEEP DOWN
THE TEMPERATURE OF FRESH CONCRETE AND
TO PREVENT QUICK DRYING.
PART OF MIXING WATER SHALL BE REPLACED
WITH ICE
RE-TROWELLING THE CONCRETE SURFACE
SLIGHTLY, BEFORE ITS INITIAL SETTING, TO
MITIGATE PLASTIC AND SHRINKAGE CRACKS
PROVISION OF ADEQUATE TEMPERATURE
REINFORCEMENTS TO CONTROL THE CRACK DUE
TO SHRINKAGE AS WELL AS TEMP. EFFECT
 ENVIRONMENT
CONSTRUCTION IN COLD WEATHER
LESS LIABLE TO SHRINKAGE
CRACKING THAN THAT IN HOT
WEATHER
 REPAIR PLAN
• CRACKS
– LIVE CRACKS
– DORMANT CRACKS
– REPAIR PLAN
• OTHER DAMAGE
– VOIDS, HOLLOWS AND HONEYCOMBS
– SCALING DAMAGE
– SPALLING DAMAGE
– REPAIR PLAN
• CARBONATED OR CHLORIDE CONTAMINATED
CONCRETE- REPAIR PLAN
 LIVE CRACKS
• CAULKING
– ELASTOMERIC SEALER
• PRESSURE INJECTION WITH FLEXIBLE FILLER
– EPOXY GROUTING
– CONBEXTRA UR63 BY FOSROC
• JACKETING
– STRAPPING OR OVERLAYING
• STRENGTHENING
– STEEL PLATE, POST TENSIONING, STITCHING
ETC
 DORMANT CRACKS
• CAULKING
– CEMENT MORTAR
• PRESSURE INJECTION WITH RIGID FILLER
• CONBEXTRA EPLV BY FOSROC
• COATING
– BITUMINOUS, TAR
• OVERLAYS
– ASPHALT WITH MEMBRANE
• GRINDING AND OVERLAY
– LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE, HIGHLY
DENSE CONCRETE
• DRY PACK
 DORMANT CRACKS ( CONT.)
• SHOTCRETE/ GUNITE
• PATCHING
– CEMENT MORTAR, EPOXY OR
POLYMER CONCRETE
• JACKETING
– STEEL ROD
• STRENGTHENING
– POST TENSIONING, STITCHING ETC
 CRACK REPAIR PLAN
INJECT WITH
CRACK WITH STRUCTURAL •CEMENT GROUT, IF CRACK > .5MM
IMPLICATION
YES •EPOXY RESIGN, IF CRACK < .5MM

No
Yes
Yes CRACKS WITH MINOR MOVEMENTS
RISK OF
CORROSION
No
No INJECT WITH
•POLYURETHANE RESIN
Yes
•LEAKINESS •ACRYLIC RESIN
•POLYMER IMPREGNATION
•SURFACE TREATMENT
•OVERLAYS
NO INJECTION
 CEMENT PRESSURE
GROUTING
• MATERIAL
• ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AS PER
IS 269
• ADMIXTURE WITH APPROVAL OF DIV.
ENGINEER
• PROPORTION
• W /C RATIO 0.4 TO 0.5
• PRESSURE FOR GROUTING
• 3 TO 4 KG PER SQ CM
 CEMENT PRESSURE GROUTING

• EQUIPMENT
– DRILLING EQUIPMENT FOR HOLES UPTO
25MM DIA
– GROUT INJECTING MACHINE
– AIR COMPRESSOR OF 3 TO 4 CUBIC M/MIN
AND PRESSURE 3-4 KG/SQ CM
– 12- 20 MM DIA GI PIPES WITH COUPLERS
 "

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 EPOXY GROUTING
• EPOXY SYSTEM
– RESIN AND HARDENER ( THINNER IF NECESSARY)
– FILLER ( DRY SILICA FLOUR) FOR WIDE CRACKS
– MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATION
– CONDITION OF APPLICATION
– PROPORTIONS
– POT LIFE
– APPLICATION PROCEDURE
 EPOXY GROUTING
• BASIC REQUIREMENTS
– SUFFICIENT POT LIFE ( 60 MIN AT 300 C)
– COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF EPOXY ( NOT LESS
THAN CONCRETE)
– SHEAR STRENGTH ( NOT LESS THAN 100 KG/CM2 )
– VISCOSITY - DEPENDING ON CRACK WIDTH
– STABLE SYSTEM ( CLIMATIC CONDITION )
– NON SUSCEPTIBLE TO FIRE / EXPLOSION DURING
PROCESS OF INJECTION
 EPOXY GROUTING

• EQUIPMENTS FOR EPOXY GROUTING

– DRILLING EQUIPMENT (PNEUMATIC OR
ELECTRICAL)
– PRESSURE INJECTING EQUIPMENT
– AIR COMPRESSOR 3-4 M3 / MIN, 10 KG / CM2
– POLYTHENE / METAL PIPE PIECES 6-9 MM
DIA.
– POLYTHENE PLASTIC CONTAINER
– PORTABLE GENERATOR
 EPOXY GROUTING
– AREA TO BE GROUTED SHOULD BE DRY, CLEAN WITH AIR
JET
– CRACK TO BE PREFERABLY DRY
– ALL CRACKS TO BE CUT OPEN TO A V GROOVE, 10MM DEEP
– DRILLING , CLEANING LOOSE MATERIAL AND SEALING THE
GROOVE
– HOLE OF 7-10MM DIA DRILLED AND GROUT NIPPLES FIXED.
– FULL PENETRATION DOUBTFUL IF CRACKS > 0.6 M DEEP –
PORTS ON BOTH SIDE
– MEMBERS < 0.3 M , PORTS ON ONE SIDE ONLY
– FIRST / LAST PORT TO BE AT OR NEAR BOTTOM / TOP
 EPOXY GROUTING
PRECAUTIONS
• FOLLOW MANUFACTURES’ INSTRUCTIONS
• DIRECT SKIN CONTACT SHOULD BE AVOIDED
• THE GREASE GUN SYRINGE SHOULD BE
WASHED WITH ACETONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
USE.
REPAIR OF CARBONATED/CHLORIDE
CONTAMINATED CONCRETE
• BREAK AFFECTED CONCRETE
• FOSROC PRODUCTS AND METHOD
– USE NITOPRIME ZINCRICH PRIMER OVER
REINFORCEMENT
– USE NITOBOND AR (NITOBOND EP) AS
BONDING AGENT
– REPAIR WITH RENDEROC TG POLYMER
MODIFIED REPAIR MORTAR
– APPLY NITOCOTE DEKGUARD PRIMER
– APPLY TWO COATS OF NITOCOTE DEKGUARD
PIGMENTED TOPCOAT
 CONCLUSION -
THE INDIVIDUAL CRACKS IN R.C. MEMBERS ARE
UNIQUE BY THEMSELVES.

THEY ARE VERSATILE DIAGNOSTIC DEVICES, CLEARLY

INDICATING THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE
CONCERNED R.C. MEMBERS. IN ADDITION, THEY ALSO
INDICATE THE DEGREE OF SERIOUSNESS OF THE
PROBLEM.
THE CRACKS THROW LIGHT ON THE
DISCIPLINE IN THE ASSOCIATED STRUCTURAL DESIGNS
AND CONSTRUCTION QUALITY.
THE CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED
ARE CLEARLY INDICATED BY THESE CRACKS.
*****