Kfiu

Kidt. .

ghl Ma FG jiyt

bghUslf
t. v.

maha

gf

1.

bk vf bjhF

2.

afj

3.

tha fj

100

4.

msitf

150

5.

toa

173

6.

brKiw toa

207

7.

tiuglf

252

8.

tufis ifahSj

269

ilf

303

59

bk vf bjhF
1.1

mKf

1.2 ghit - jKW vfis

vnfho Fj
1.3 jKW vf ehF gf
1.4 _til bfhl vnfhitf RUf
1.5 mLFf : vfis mLFF to
KGf goahf vGJj
1.6 mLFF f
1.7 tff, tf _yf, fdf,

gh vlh
(26 kh, 1913 20 brlg, 1996)

kW fd _yf
1.8 vf njhuha k
1.9 vfSl isahLj

1.1 mKf
va m mogil Twh fj ts
KagF twJ. nuf fj tYe jnfhu kW
mtj lf xbthW v vW ml sf
vfis ikakhf bfhL mikJsJ vW edhf.
vf vGJ KiwahdJ Rkh 10,000 tUlf Kng
njh ts milJsJ. W eh gagLJ v Kiw
tsu ah gF kfjhdJ. v Kiwd KGikahd
tsia bgw Rkh 5000 MLf MdJ.
vyh fjF CW Kfgh KG vf
UwJ. iwa v Kiwd a mnua v Kiw
vwiHfgLwJ.
Kiw 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Ma vf gagLj
gLwJ. J gjokhd v Kiwd vW miHfgLwJ.
gJ vw bghUSila My bkh blk vw thij
y bkh bl vw brhUJ bgwglJ.
ma mu fj
fj mu v Kiwd
1

t f bgw,
Kakhd
Anfa
fj tYe
Mth. vlh
W fzfhd
tYefSl
nrJ
va
kw vj fj
tYefis
R tz
MntLfis
btLsh.
tUila fj
Mt tUila
_W tanyna
bjjJ. tuh
xU kj thj
ehofis Tl
fzl KojJ.
tuJ thif
MdJ t th
ehnyna N
vw v. gh
vlhi[ Fj
xU u vw
bga Mtz
glkhfglJ.
vf
mHfhdit. mit
mHfwit v,
kw vit mHF?
vd vlh
Tdh.

VHh tF eh a vf N = {1, 2, ... }, KG vf W = {0, 1, 2, ... },

KGf Z = {..., 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, ... }, jKW vf Q kW mt ehF
mogil brafis fwnjh.

1.2 ghit - jKW vfis vnfho Fj

jKW vf
p
vw tot mik vf jKW vfshF. tot
q
p
p, q Mad KGfshF, nkY q ! 0 MF.
tot mik, q > 0 vD
q
vf bjhF jKW vf bjhF vd mjid Q vd
Flyh. jKW vfshdJ, a vf, KG vf, KGf kW
if, Fiw dfis cslajhF. fhQ gl xU W vthW
vyh jKW vfis xU _il nrfwh vgij fhzyh.

jKW vfis v nfhoY Ffyh. fhQ gl xU

W v nfho elgij fhzyh.

jKW vfis v nfho FFnghJ, xbthU ilbtia

mj gFF rkkhd vif f. bfhLfgl viz
v nfho Ff.
cjhuz:
4 vw viz v nfho Ff.
(i)
7
4 vw v 0 F 1 F ilna mikJsJ.
7

bk vf bjhF

(ii)

17 = 3 2
5
5
J 3F 4F ilna mikJsJ.

(iii) - 2
3
J 1 F 0 F ilna mikJsJ.
xbthU a vQ
xU jKW v MF.
j kWjiy cikah?

1.3 jKW vf ehF gf

1.3.1 (m) Tl
(i) mil g
uL jKW vfis Todh, ilF v xU jKW v
MF. Jnt Tl mil g vdgL. Q MdJ Tl mil
gig bgWsJ.
a kW c vgd VnjD U KW vf v a + c
b
d
b d
vgJ xU jKW v MF.
cjhuz:(i) 2 + 4 = 6 = 2 vgJ xU jKW v MF.
9 9
9
3
1
5
1
(ii) 5 + = + = 15 + 1 = 16 = 5 1 vgJ XU jKW v MF.
3
1 3
3
3
3
(ii) gkhW g
U jKW vf Tl gkhW gig iw brwJ.
a kW c vgd VnjD U jKW vf
b
d
v a + c = c + a
b d
d
b
cjhuz: 1 , 2 vgd VnjD U jKW vf v
2 5
lJ gf = LHS
1 + 2 = 2 + 1 MF.
2 5
5 2
tyJ gf = RHS
1
2
LHS = +
RHS = 2 + 1
2 5
5 2
= 5+4 = 9
= 4+5 = 9
10
10
10
10
LHS = RHS
Tl gkhW gig iw brwJ.

(iii) nr g
jKW vf Tl nr gig iw brwJ.
a , c kW e vgd VnjD _W jKW vf v
b d
f
a + c + e = a + c + e MF.
b `d
f j `b dj f
cjhuz: 2 , 1 kW 2 vgd VnjD _W jKW vf v
3 2
2 + 1 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 2 MF.
j
`3 2j
3 `2
LHS = 2 + ` 1 + 2j
RHS = ` 2 + 1 j + 2
3
2
3 2
2
1
2
4
= +` + j
= ` + 3j+ 2
3
2 1
6 6
= 2 +`1 + 4 j = 2 + 5
= 7 +2 = 7 + 2
3
2 2
3 2
6
6 1
4
15
1
19
1
7
12
1
+
+
=
=
=3
=
= 19 = 3 1
6
6
6
6
6
6
` LHS = RHS
` Tl nr gid iw brwJ.
(iv) Tl rk
xU jKW viz kW aij Todh ilF
TL bjhif jKW vnz MF.
a vgJ xU jKW v v a + 0 = a = 0 + a .
b
b
b
b
jKW vf Tl rk a MF.
cjhuz:

(i) 2 + 0 = 2 = 0 + 2
7
7
7
7
7
(ii) `
+0 =
= 0 + `-7 j
11 j
11
11

(v) Tl vkiw
a
a
` -b j vgJ b Tl vkiw MF.

a xU w
jKW vzhF.
jid 0 = 0 , q ! 0

q
vd vGjyh.

a vgJ xU jKW v v - a vw jKW viz a + - a = 0

` b j
b
b ` b j
vwthW fhzyh.
cjhuz:

(i) 3 Tl vkiw - 3 MF.

5
5
3
(ii)
Tl vkiw 3 MF.
5
5
(iii) 0 Tl vkiw 0 MF.

bk vf bjhF

vf

mil
g

Tl
gkhW
g

nr g

a vf
KG vf

KGf
M

jKW vf

1.3.1 (M) fj
(i) mil g
uL jKW vf ntWghL vbghGJ jKW vzhf
UF. Mfnt, Q MdJ fj mil gig bgWsJ.
a kW c vgd VnjD U jKW vf, v, a - c
b
d
b d
vgJ xU jKW v MF.
cjhuz:

(i) 4 - 2 = 2 vgJ xU jKW v MF.

7 7
7
(ii) 1 - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1 vgJ xU jKW v MF.
2
2
2

(ii) gkhW g
U jKW vf fj gkhW gig iw brahJ.
a kW c vgd VnjD U jKW vf v a - c ! c - a .
b
d
b d
d
b
cjhuz: 4 kW 2 vgd VnjD U jKW vf v
9
5
4-2 !2-4
9 5 5 9
LHS = 4 - 2
RHS = 2 - 4
9 5
5 9
U jKW
20
18
18
- 20
=
=
vf rk v,
45
45
mit gkhW
= 2
= -2
45
45
gig iw
` LHS ! RHS
br.
fj gkhW gig iw brahJ.
(iii) nr g
jKW vf fj nr gig iw brahJ.
a , c kW e vgd _W jKW vf v
b d
f
a - c - e ! a - c - e MF.
b `d
f j `b dj f

cjhuz: 1 , 1 kW 1 vgd _W jKW vf v

2 3
4
1 - 1 - 1 ! 1 - 1 - 1 MF.
2 `3 4 j `2 3j 4
LHS = 1 - ` 1 - 1 j
RHS = ` 1 - 1 j - 1
2
3 4
2 3
4
1
4
3
3
2
1
= -`
=`
2
12 j
6 j 4
= 1 -` 1 j = 6 - 1 = 5
= 1 - 1 = 2 - 3 = -1
2
12
12
12
6 4
12
12
` LHS ! RHS
` fj nr gig iw brahJ.

vf
a vf
KG vf
KGf
jKW vf

mil
g
iy

fj
gkhW
g

nr
g

iy

1.3.1 () bgUf
(i) mil g
uL jKW vf bgUf gy vbghGJ xU jKW
vnz MF. vdnt Q MdJ bgUf mil gig bgWsJ.
a kW c vgJ VnjD U jKW vf v a # c = ac
b
d
b d
bd
vgJ jKW v MF.
cjhuz:

(i) 1 # 7 = 7 = 2 1 vgJ xU jKW v MF.

3
3
3
(ii) 4 # 5 = 20 vgJ xU jKW v MF.
3 9
27

(ii) gkhW g
U jKW vf bgUf gkhW gig iw brwJ.
a kW c vgd VnjD U jKW vf v a # c = c # a MF.
b
d
b d
d b
cjhuz: 3 kW - 8 vgd U jKW vf v
5
11
3 # -8
= ` - 8 j # 3 MF.
5 ` 11 j
11
5

bk vf bjhF

LHS = 3 # ` - 8 j
5
11
= - 24
55

RHS = - 8 # ` 3 j
11
5
= - 24
55

` LHS = RHS
` bgUf gkhW gig iw brwJ.
(iii) nr g
jKW vf bgUf nr gig iw brwJ.
a , c kW e vgd VnjD _W jKW vf
b d
f
v a # ` c # e j = ` a # c j # e MF.
b
d
f
b d
f
cjhuz: 1 , ` - 1 j kW 1 vgd _W jKW vf v
2
4
3
1 # -1 # 1
= ` 1 # ` - 1 jj # 1
2 ` 4
3j
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
LHS = # `
=
RHS = `
# 1 = -1
2
12 j 24
8 j 3 24
` LHS = RHS
` bgUf nr gig iw brwJ.
(iv) bgUf rk
VnjD xU jKW viz 1 I bgUdh tU bgUf gy
mnj jKW v MF.
xW vgJ KW vf bgUf rkahF.
a vgJ VnjD xU jKW v v a # 1 = a = 1 # a MF.
b
b
b
b
cjhuz:

(i) 5 # 1 = 5
7
7
(ii) ` - 3 j # 1 = - 3 .
8
8

KGfSF 1
vgJ bgUf
rk MFkh?

(v) a bgUf gy
xbthU jKW viz aJl bgUdh a
ilwJ.
a vgJ VnjD xU jKW v v a # 0 = 0 = 0 # a MF.
b
b
b
cjhuz:

(i) - 5 # 0 = 0
(ii) ` - 7 j # 0 = 0 .
11

(vi) bgUf vkiw myJ jiy

xbthU jKW v a , ( b ! 0 ), F c vw jKW v, a # c = 1
b
d
b d
c
a
vwthW UF. j v ,
bgUf vkiw myJ jiy
d b
MF.
a vgJ jKW v v, b vgJ bgUf vkiw
b
a
myJ jiy MF.
cjhuz:

(i) 2 bgUf jiy 1 MF.

2
3
(ii) `
bgUf vkiw ` - 5 j MF.
5 j
3

i) 0 F jiy ilahJ.
ii) 1 kW 1 vw jKW vfSF
mbtfns jiyfshF.

vf

mil
g

a vf
KG vf
KGf
jKW vf

0.3 vgJ 3 1

jiyah?

bgUf
gkhW
g

nr
g

M
M

1.3.1 (<) tFj

(i) mil g
akw jKW vf bjhF tFj mil gig
bgWsJ.
a kW c vgd U jKW vf, kW c ! 0 , v a ' c
b
d
d
b d
vgJ xU jKW v MF.
cjhuz:

(i) 2 ' 1 = 2 # 3 = 2 = 2 vgJ xU jKW v MF.

3 3
3 1
1
(ii) 4 ' 3 = 4 # 2 = 8 vgJ xU jKW v MF.
5 2
5 3
15

(ii) gkhW g
U jKW vf tFj gkhW gig iw brahJ.

bk vf bjhF

a kW c vgd U jKW vf, v a ' c ! c ' a MF.

b
d
b d
d b
cjhuz: 4 kW 3 vgd U jKW vf v
5
8
4'3 ! 3'4
5 8
8 5
LHS = 4 # 8 = 32
RHS = 3 # 5 = 15
5 3 15
8 4 32
LHS ! RHS

` tFj gkhW gig iw brahJ.

(iii) nr g
jKW vf tFj nr gig iw brahJ.
a , c kW e vgd _W jKW vf
b d
f
v a ' ` c ' e j ! ` a ' c j ' e MF.
b
d
f
b d
f
cjhuz: 3 , 5 kW 1 vgd _W jKW vf v
4
2
3
1
3
1
` 4 ' 5j ' 2 ! 4 ' `5 ' 2 j MF.
LHS = ` 3 ' 5j ' 1
RHS = 3 ' `5 ' 1 j
4
2
4
2
= `3 # 1 j' 1
= 3 '`5 # 2 j
4
1 1
4 5
2
= 3 #2
= 3 ' 10
20 1
4
3
=
=3# 1 = 3
10
4 10
40
` LHS ! RHS
tFj nr gig iw brahJ.

vf
a vf
KG vf
KGf
jKW vf

mil
g
iy

tFj
gkhW
g

iy

nr
g

1.3.1 (c) gL g
(i) Tl J bgUf gL g
jKW vf bgUf, Tl jhd gL gig iw
brwJ.
a , c kW e vgd VnjD _W jKW vf v
b d
f
a # c + e = a # c + a # e MF.
b `d
fj b d
b
f
cjhuz: 2 , 4 kW 3 vgd _W jKW vf v,
3 9
5
2# 4+3
= 2#4+2#3
3 `9 5j
3 9 3 5
LHS = 2 # ` 4 + 3 j

3
9 5
2
= # ` 20 + 27 j
3
45
= 2 # 47 = 94
3 45
135

RHS = 2 # 4 + 2 # 3

3 9 3 5
= 8 +2
27 5
= 40 + 54 = 94
135
135

` LHS = RHS
` Tl J bgUf gL gig iw brwJ.
(ii) fj J bgUf gL g
jKW vf bgUf, fj jhd gL gig iw
brwJ.
a , c kW e vgd VnjD _W jKW vf v
b d
f
a # c - e = a # c - a # e MF.
b `d
fj b d
b
f
cjhuz: 3 , 4 kW 1 , vgd VnjD _W jKW vf v,
7 5
2
3# 4-1
= 3#4-3#1
7 `5 2j
7 5 7 2
LHS = 3 # ` 4 - 1 j

7
5 2
3
= #`8 - 5 j
7
10
=3# 3 = 9
7 10
70

RHS = 3 # 4 - 3 # 1

7 5 7 2
= 12 - 3
35 14
= 24 - 15 = 9
70
70

LHS = RHS
` fj J bgUf gL gig iw brwJ.

10

bk vf bjhF

g 1.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
i) jKW vf Tl rk .......... MF.
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
ii) - 3 vw v Tl vkiw .......... MF.
5
(A) - 3
(B) 5
(C) 3
5
3
5
iii) - 5 bgUf jiy .......... MF.
13
(A) 5
(B) - 13
(C) 13
13
5
5
iv) 7 bgUf vkiw .......... MF.

(D) 2

(D) - 5
3

(D) - 5
13

(A) 7

(B) 1

(C) 7

(D) - 1

(A) 0

(B) 1

(C) 1

(D) 1

7
v) .......... vw vF jiyna iy.

4
2. tUtdt gagLjgLs Tl gfis vGJf.

(i) ` - 3 j + 1 = 1 + ` - 3 j
(ii) 4 + ` 7 + 1 j = ` 4 + 7 j + 1
7
9
9
7
9
8 2
9 8
2
7
7
7
7
7
(iii) 8 +
(iv) `
=
+8
+0 =
= 0 +`
10
10
15 j
15
15 j
(v) 2 + ` - 2 j = 0
5
5
3. tUtdt gagLjgLs bgUf gfis vGJf.
(i) 2 # 4 = 4 # 2
(ii) ` - 3 j # 1 = - 3 = 1 # ` - 3 j
3 5
5 3
4
4
4
(iii) ` - 17 j # ` - 28 j = 1
(iv) 1 # ` 7 # 4 j = ` 1 # 7 j # 4
28
17
5
8 3
5 8
3
(v) 2 # ` 9 + 2 j = 2 # 9 + 2 # 2
7
10 5
7 10 7 5
4. nH bfhLfgl vf Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj
gkhW gig iw brwjh vd nrhf.
(i) 4 kW 2
(ii) - 3 kW - 2
5
4
7
5. nH bfhLfgl vf Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj
nr gig iw brwjh vd nrhf.
(i) 1 , 2 kW - 3
(ii) 2 , - 4 kW 9
3 5
7
3 5
10
6. bgUf gL gig gagL RUf :
(i) - 5 # ` 8 + 5 j
4
9 7

(ii) 2 # ` 1 - 1 j
7
4 2

11

1.3.2 U jKW vfSilna cs jKW vfis flj

2 kW 5 F ilnas a vfis Tw Kokh?

mit 3 kW 4 MF.
2 kW 4 F ilnas KGfis Tw Kokh?

mit 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 MF.
vdnt U a vf kW KGfSF ilna Fl jFj
KGfis fhzyh.
bghGJ, 1 F 2 F ilnas KGfis Tw aYkh?
ayhJ.
Mdh U KGfSF ilna eh jKW vfis fhzyh.
0 F 1 F ilna 1 , 2 , 3 , g nghw vfis fhzyh. tiw
10 10 10
0.1, 0.2, 0.3 vd vGjyh.

J nghynt, 1 , 1 , 3 nghw vf 0 F 1 F ilna csij eh

4 2 4
mayh. j jKW vfis eh 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 vd vGjyh.
0.25

0.5

0.75

bghGJ 2 kW 4 I vLJ bfhf. tF ilna VnjD

5
5
jKW vfis Tw aYkh?
aY. 3 vw jKW viz Twyh.
5

12

bk vf bjhF

njnghW, 1 , 2 , 3 kW 4 nghw vf 0F 1F ilna

5 5 5
5
csd.
2 kW 3 F ilna nkY gy jKW vfis fLof
5
5
aYkh?
aY. eh 2 I 20 vd, 3 I 30 vd vGdh, nkY gy jKW
5
50
5
50
vfis fLofyh.

21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

kW

29
50

nghw xgJ jKW

vfis fLofyh.
22 kW 23 , F ilna nkY gy jKW vfis fLof, eh
50
50
22 I 220 vd, 23 I 230 vd vGj ntL. eh 221 , 222 , 223 ,
50
500
50
500
500 500 500
224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 kW 229 nghw xgJ jKW vfis fL
500 500 500 500 500
500
ofyh.
jid eh gl
cs v nfho _y
mJ bfhsyh.
cUbgU _y v
nfho 0 F 1 F
ilna cs gFia
cW ftf.
nj nghW eh gy
jKW
vfis
1 UJ 2 tiu, 2 UJ
3 tiu flayh.
thW
bjhlUnghJ,
uL
jKW
vf
ilna eh nknkY
gy jKW
vfis fla Ko vd mayh. UJ U jKW vfSF
ilna jKW vf ml mf vd ygLwJ.
Mfnt a vf kW KGfis ngh myhk, bfhLfgl
U jKW vfSF ilna vzw jKW vf csd.

13

U jKW vfSF ilyhd jKW vfis flj

eh U jKW vfSF ilyhd jKW vfis U
Kiwf flayh.
1. Nu Kiw
a kW b vgd U jKW vf vf. eh a F b F
ilna q1, q2, q3, ... nghw gy jKW vfis tUkhW flayh.
q1 = 1 ^ a + b h
2
q2 = 1 ((a + q1)
2
1
q3 = ((a + q2), .....
2

a
a

q2

q3

q2

q1

q1

q1

q2, q3 vw vf q1 F lgf mikJsd. njnghW q4, q5 Ma

jKW vf q1 F tygf mikJsij tUkhW mayh.
q4 = 1 (q
( + b)
b
2 1
q5 = 1 (q
( + bb), ....
2 4

q1

q1

q4
q4

b
q5

U vf ruhr vbghGJ mj vfSF

ilna mikUF.

2. khW Kiw
a kW b vgd U jKW vf vf.
(i) df gFfis rkkhf UFkhW ..k.(LCM) _y
khw. bjhFfSilna vfis fhz aYkh it
uLF ilna jKW v csJ.
(ii) bjhFfSilna v VJ iyba, bjhF kW
gFfis 10 M bgU mtilnaahd jKW vfis
bgwyh. nkY gy jKW vfis bgWtjF 100, 1000 ... vw
vfsh bgUf ntL.
btntW Kiwfis gagLdh btntW jKW
vfis a F b F ilna fhzyh.

vLJfhL 1.1
3 , 4 Ma vfSilna cs xU jKW viz fhf.
4 5

14

bk vf bjhF

Nu Kiw:
bfhLfgLsit: a = 3 , b = 4
4
5
q1 vgJ 3 F 4 F ilna cs xU jKW v vf.
4
5
q1 = 1 ^a + bh
2
= 1 ` 3 + 4 j = 1 ` 15 + 16 j
2 4 5
2
20
1
31
31
q1 =
#
=
2 ` 20 j 40
mj jKW v 31 MF.
40
khW Kiw:
bfhLfgLsit:
a= 3,b= 4
4
5
3
5
15
a I b I Kiwna # =
kW 4 # 4 = 16 vd vGjyh.
4 5
20
5 4
20
eh 15 F 16 , il cs jKW vfis fLof
20
20
bjhFia gFia 10M bgUf ntL.
15 # 10 = 150
150 , 16 # 10 = 160
20 10
200
200
20 10
200
150
160
kW
F il cs jKW vf
`
200
200
151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 kW 159 MadthF.
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
200
vLJfhL 1.2
- 3 , 1 Ma vfSilna uL jKW vfis fhf.
5 2

bfhLfgLsit: a = - 3 , b = 1
5
2
q1 kW q2 vgd U jKW vf vf.

q1 = 1 ^a + bh
2

q1 = 1 # ` - 3 + 1 j = 1 # ` - 6 + 5 j = 1 # ` - 1 j = - 1
2
10
2
10
20
2
5
2
q2 = 1 (a + q1) = = 1 #` - 3 + ` - 1 jj

2
2
5
20
12
1
^
h
+
m = 1 # ` - 12 - 1 j = 1 # ` - 13 j = - 13
= 1 #c
2
20
2
20
2
20
40
- 1 kW - 13 Mad U jKW vf MF.
20
40
F: j jKW vfis eh - 3 < - 13 < - 1 < 1 vd vGjyh.
5
40
20 2

15

g 1.2
1. fl jKW vfSF ilna cs xU jKW viz
fLof.
(i) 4 , 2
(ii) - 2 , 5
(iii) 5 , 7
(iv) 7 , 8
3 5
7 6
11 8
4 3
2. fl jKW vfSF ilna cs uL jKW
vfis fLof.
(i) 2 , 3
(ii) 6 , 9
(iii) 1 , 4
(iv) - 1 , 1
7 5
5 11
3 5
6 3
3. fl jKW vfSF ilna cs _W jKW
vfis fLof.
(i) 1 , 1
(ii) 7 , 2
(iii) - 1 , 3
(iv) 1 , 1
4 2
10 3
8 12
3 2

1.4 _til bfhl vnfhitf RUf

eh y cjhuzfis ghngh.
(i) 2 + 3 = 5

(ii) 5 10 = 5

3 # 4 = 12
(iv) 4 - 2 # 1 = ?
5 7 35
2
cjhuz (i), (ii) kW (iii) Mat xnu xU bra csJ. Mdh
cjhuz (iv) eh U brafis fhnwh.
(iii)

cjhuz (iv) vj braia Kj bra ntL vd cfSF

bjkh?
cjhuz (iv) y Kiwfis gagLjho ekF gntW
f ilF.
cjhuzkhf, (i) ^4 - 2h # 1 = 2 # 1 = 1 ,

2
2
(ii) 4 - `2 # 1 j = 4 - 1 = 3 vw U f ilwJ.
2

vdnt FHgij jf, brafis gagLJ nghJ y

Kiwfis gw ntL. brafis lwUJ tywkhf
tirukkhf BODMAS vw Kiw gagLjyh.

B - mil, O - , D - tFj, M - bgUf, A - Tl, S - fj

F:mj ts bga Tl fz jhnd. j mik _y m - mil,
t - tFj, bg - bgUf, T - Tl, f- fj vd RUfkhf id
bfhsyh.

16

bk vf bjhF

bjhF
FpLf
--()

bga
nknfhL mil (Fy)
mil FpL

{}

fz mil

[]

rJu mil

myJ myJ klF (of) vw bra

y neuf 3 U klF, 20 eh xU gF, 10 gh
nghw brhbwhlfis bfhl nfhitfis fhz neLwJ.
t myJ myJ klF vgJ bgUFj vw
braia FwJ.
cjhuzkhf,

(i) 3 U klif 2 3,

(ii) 20 eh xU gif 1 20,

4
1
(iii) 10 ghia 10 vd vGjyh.
2
vdnt, xWF nkgl fj milfis gagLJbghGJ eh
Kj, c mil cs brafis Koj mtilig f ntL.
bjhlJ mjidaLJ cs csilF Kiwia gagLj
ntL.
vLJfhL 1.3
RUFf: `1 1 + 2 j # 8
3 3
15

1 2
8
4 2
8
`1 3 + 3 j # 15 = ` 3 + 3 j # 15
= ` 6 # 8 j (mil Kj RUfgLsJ)
3 15
= 2 # 8 = 16 = 1 1 .
15
15
15
vLJfhL 1.4
RUFf: 5 1 + 3 8 .
2 4
9

5 1 + 3 8 = 11 + 3 # 8
2 4
9
2
4 9
11
24
=
= 11 + 2 ( vgJ Kj RUfgLsJ)
+
2
36
2
3
33
4
37
1
+
=
=
=6 .
6
6
6
vLJfhL 1.5
RUFf: ` - 1 # 5 j + 8 3 ' ` 1 - 1 jB
3
4
5
2 4

17


= ` - 1 # 5 j + 8 3 ' ` 2 - 1 jB (cnss mil Kj RUfgLsJ)
3
4
5
4
1
5
3
1
= `
# j + 8 ' B = ` - 1 # 5 j + 8 3 # 4 B = - 5 + 12
3
4
5 4
3
4
5
12
5
= - 25 + 144 = 119 = 1 59 .
60
60
60
vLJfhL 1.6
RUFf: 2 - $` 1 ' 2 j - 5 .
7
4 3
6

2 - 1 ' 2 - 5 = 2 - 1 # 3 - 5 = 2 - 3 - 5 = 2 - 9-2
20
0
$
.
$
.
$
.
$
.
`
j
`
j
7
4 3
6
7
4 2
6
7
8 6
7
24
= 2 - $ - 11 . = 2 + 11 = 48 + 77 = 125 .
7
24
7 24
168
168

g 1.3
1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
(i) 2 # 5 = ..........
3
(A) 10
(B) 2 5
(C) 10
3
6
6
2
4
(ii)
# = ..........
5 7
(A) 14
(B) 8
(C) 20
20
35
14
(iii) 2 + 4 = ..........
5 9
(A) 10
(B) 8
(C) 38
23
45
45
1
1
(iv)
' 2 = ..........
5
2
2
(A)
(B) 1
(C) 10
25
2
7
1
3
1
(v) `1 - j + ` - j = ..........
2
4 4
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
2
2. RUFf:

(i) 11 ' ` 5 # 18 j
12

(D) 35
8
(D) 6
13
(D) 3
10
(D) 3
4

(ii) `2 1 # 8 j ' `1 1 + 5 j
2 10
2 8

25

(iii) 15 ` 5 - 1 j ' 10
16

(D) 2
3

11

(iv) 9 ' 3 ` 3 + 3 j
8

(v) 2 ' $ 1 8 3 - 1 B - 1 . (vi) `1 3 # 3 1 j - `4 3 ' 5 3 j

5
5
4 2
4
7
8
5

(vii) ` 1 + 2 3 1 7 j ' 1 1 (viii) ` - 1 j - '1 ' ` 2 # 5 j + 8 - ;5 - 1 - 1 E1

3
3 7
2 4
6
4
11
6
18

bk vf bjhF

1.5 mLFf : vfis mLF F to KGf goahf

vGJj
gF, vfis vthW mLF F to vGjyh vgij
g eh gof Unwh.
2 # 2 # 2 # 2 vgij 24 vd vGjyh. 24 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 vw rkgho 2
vgJ mo vW 4 vgij mLF myJ mLbf vW Twyh.
bghJthf an vgJ a ia n jlit bgUFtjh ilF bgUf
gy. a vgJ bkba kW n MdJ if KG v MF. a ia
mo vW n I mLbf myJ mLF vd miHnwh.
tiuaiw

mLF

myJ

n vgJ if KGthf U x n vgJ x.x.x.....x MF.

go

n fhuf

mjhtJ, x = x x x ..... x ( F n > 1)

n

n jlitf

mo

F : x1 = x.

vgo thgJ?
73 vgij thF nghJ 7 go _W myJ 7
Kgo vd thf ntL.
F 7 I mo vW, 3 I mLF myJ go myJ
mLF v vW miHnwh.
ij nkY thf sf fhQ mltizia nehFf :
t.
v.

v bjhl
bgUf gy

mLFF
mik

mo

mLbf
myJ go
myJ mLF

2#2#2#2

24

^- 4h3

-4

^- 4h # ^- 4h # ^- 4h

2
2
2
2
2
2
`3 j#`3 j#`3 j#`3 j#`3 j#`3 j

2 6
`3j

2
3

a # a # a # ... m jlitf

am

vLJfhL 1.7
fl vfis uo go Mf vGJf.
(i) 2
(ii) 8
(iii) 32
(iv) 128
(v) 256
:
(i) 2 = 21

19

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

8 = 2 # 2 # 2 = 23
32 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 25
128
8 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 27
256
6 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 28

1.6. mLFF f
bkbaf if mLFf tiuaiwia bfhL eh,
fhQ mLF F f gfis g fhzyh.

(i) bgUf
1

a m # a n = a m + n , F a vgJ bkba kW m, n vgd if

KG vf.

cjhuz
m
n
m+n
2 3
2 4
2 3+4
2 7
2
4
` 3 j # ` 3 j = ` 3 j = ` 3 j (nkfl go a # a = a , F a = 3 , m = 3, n = 4)

(ii) tFj
2

a m = a m - n , F a ! 0 kW m, n MdJ if KG vf,
an
F m > n MF.

cjhuz
64 = 64 - 2 = 62 (nkTa go a m = a m - n , F a = 6, m = 4, n = 2
62
an

MF)

(iii) mLF
3

^a mhn = a m # n , F m kW n vgd if KG

vf MF.

cjhuz
2 4

(3 ) = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 = 3

2+2+2+2

=3

(x - y)z
)z

#a

(y - z) x

#a

(z - x))y

vd Wf

nj ilia U mLFfis bgUFtj _y bgw Ko.

mjhtJ, ^32h4 = 32 # 4 = 38 .
(iv) aij mLfhf bfhl v
m=
Y o, v

kbwhU Kiw :
3
m3 ' m3 = m3 = m # m # m = 1
m#m#m
m

( go);
m3 ' m3 = m3 - 3 = m0 (2

nkfl uL Kiwgo, m3 ' m3 = m0 = 1.

nkfl cjhuzUJ, ehfh mLF ia bgwyh.

20

=1

bk vf bjhF

a vgJ a ju ntW vj jKW vzhf

U, a0 = 1 MF.

cjhuz
(ii) ` 3 j = 1
4
0

(i) 20 = 1

(iii) 250 = 1

(iv) `- 2 j = 1
5
0

(v) ^- 100
100h0 = 1

(v) jiy
X v Fiw mLF viz fhz mj v if mLF
v nekhwhd bgUf gy fhz ntL.
cjhuz
1
(i) 4- 4 = 14 =
= 1
4#4#4#4
256
4
1
1
1
-3
(ii) 5 = 3 =
=
5#5#5
125
5
1
1
-2
(iii) 10 = 2 =
= 1
10 # 10
100
10
0
3 jiy 1 = 31
3
3 0
1
`
= 31 = 301 = 31.
3
3
0
2
nj ngh, 6 jiy = 12 = 62 = 60 - 2 = 6- 2
6
6
1 = 8 - 3 MF.
8 3 `3j
`3j
nkfl cjhuzUJ eh Ijh mLFF id vGj
Ko.
nkY, ` 8 j jiy
3
3

a vgJ X bk vzhf, m MdJ KG v

Mf U a- m = 1m MF.
a

(vi) xnu mLF vfis bfhl vf bgUf

fl RUF Kiwfis fhf:
(i)
43 # 73 = ^4 # 4 # 4h # ^7 # 7 # 7h = ^4 # 7h # ^4 # 7h # ^4 # 7h
= ^4 # 7h3
(ii)

1 # 1 = 1 3# 1 3
`5j `4j
53 43
= 1 #1 #1 1 #1 #1
5 5 5 4 4 4
3
= `1 # 1 j#`1 # 1 j#`1 # 1 j = ` 1 j
5 4
5 4
5 4
20

5- 3 # 4- 3 =

= 20 3 = (5 # 4) 3

21

3 2
1 2
3 3
1 1
3 1
3 1
`5 j #`2 j = `5 # 5 j#`2 # 2 j = `5 # 2 j#`5 # 2 j
2
= `3 # 1 j
5 2

(iii)

bghJthf, a, b vgit VnjD U KG vf v

a2 # b2 = ^a # bh2 = ^abh2
j _y ekF ilgJ mLFf bgUf MF.
( a # a # a # .... m Kiw) # ( b # b # b # .....m Kiw )= ( ab # ab # ab # ......m Kiw) =^abhm
mjhtJ, a m # b m = ^abhm
6

a m # b m = ^abhm , F a, b vgd bkbaf kW m vgJ

KG v MF.

cjhuz
(i)

3x # 4x

= ^3 # 4hx = 12x

(ii)

72 # 22

= ^7 # 2h2 = 142 = 196

(vii) mLFf <

fl cjhuzf RUF Kiwfis fhngh :

(i)

4 2
`3j =

(ii)

3 -2
`5j =
=
=

4 # 4 = 16 = 42
3 3
9
32
m
1
1 = 1 = 52 = 5 2
` 3 j ca a- = m m
2
2
3 2 c3 m 3
a
`5j
52
5 # 5 = 5 # 5 = 52 = 52 1 = 52 x 32 = 1 # 3- 2
5- 2
3 3 3 # 3 32
32

3- 2 .
5- 2

2
2
vdnt ` a j I vGJ nghJ a2 vd vGjyh.
b
b
a # a # a.....m Kiwf
m
a
a a a
Kiwfj =
` b j = ` b # b # b # ....m Kiwf
b # b # b # ....m Kiwf
m
m
` a j = am
b
b

a m am
` b j = m , F b ! 0 , kW a , b vgd bkbaf, m MdJ
b
KG v MF.

cjhuz
7
7
(i) ` a j = a 7
b
b

3
3
(ii) ` 5 j = 53 = 125
27
3
3

22

4
4
(iii) ` 1 j = 1 4 = 1
256
4
4

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.8
RUFf :
(i) 25 # 23

(ii) 10 9 ' 106

(iii) ^ x0h4

(v) ` 3 j
2

(vi) ^25h2

(vii) ^2 # 3h4

(iv) ^23h0

(viii) 2p = 32 v, p k fhf.

(i) 25 # 23 =2
25 + 3 = 2 8
(ii) 109 ' 106 =109 - 6 = 103
(iii) ^ x0h4 = ^1 h4 = 1

[a a0 = 1]

(iv) ^23h0 = 80 = 1

[a a0 = 1]

(v) ` 3 j = 3 5 = 243
32
2
2
5 2
5#2
(vi) ^2 h = 2 = 210 = 1024
5

gfhfhu gLj

(vii) ^2 # 3h4 = 64 = 11296

(myJ) ^2 # 3h4 = 24 # 34 = 16 # 81 = 1296

(viii)

2p = 32 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
jid 2p = 25 vd vGjyh
vdnt

2
2
2
2
2

32
16
8
4
2
1

p = 5 ( F mof rkkhdjh mLFfS rkkhF)

vLJfhL 1.9
flt kig fhf :
2
(i) 34 # 3- 3
(ii) 1- 4
(iii) ` 4 j
(iv) 10- 3
5
3
2 2
5
4
9
0
7
(vi) ` j # 3 (vii) 8` 2 j B
(viii) ` 3 j # ` 3 j ' ` 3 j
4
3
8
8
8

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

34 # 3- 3 = 34 +^- 3h = 34 - 3 = 31 = 3
1 = 34 = 8
81
3- 4
2
2
4
16
4
` 5 j = 2 = 25
5
-3
10 = 1
1000
1 5
1
` -2 j = 32
7 0
`4j # 3 = 1 # 3 = 3

7
8a ` 4 j = 1 B
0

23

(v) ` - 1 j
2

(vii)
(viii)

2
2
8` 3 j B = ` 3 j

4
4
= ` 2 j = 24 = 16
3
81
3
5+4
3
3 9
`
j
`
j
5
4
9
3
3
3
=1
` 8 j # ` 8 j ' ` 8 j = 83 9 = 8
3 9
`8j
`8j
2#2

2 2

(myJ) ` 3 j
8
vLJfhL 1.10

9-9

= `3j = 1
8
0

16- 2 I eh mo bfhl mLfhf vGJf.

16 = 42 vgJ eh mjnj
vdnt, 16- 2 = ^42h- 2
= 42 # - 2

= 4- 4
vLJfhL 1.11
RUFf :

^ 2h3
(ii) 22 2
^3 h

(i) ^23h- 2 # ^32h2

(i)

^23h- 2 # ^32h2 = 2^3 # - 2h # 3^2 # 2h

^22h3
^32h2

(ii)
vLJfhL 1.12

4
= 2- 6 # 34 = 16 # 34 = 3 6 = 81
64
2
2
2#3
6
2
2
64
=
.
= 4 =
81
32 # 2
3

f :

(ii) ` 2 j # ` 2 j = ` 2 j
2x

(i) 12x = 144

(i)

12x = 144 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

12x = 122

(ii)

` x
2
2 x
`8 j #`8 j
2 2x + x
`8j
2xx + x
2x

= 2

(a F mof uL rk vf)

= `2j
8
6
= ` 2 j (a F mof uL rk vf)
8
= 6
6

3x = 6
x = 6 = 2.
3

24

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.13
^33h- 2 # ^22h- 3
RUFf: 4 - 2
^2 h # 3- 4 # 4- 2

^33h- 2 # ^22h- 3
3- 6 # 2- 6
=
4 -2
-8
-4
-2
^2 h # 3 # 4
2 # 3- 4 # 4- 2
= 3- 6 + 4 # 2- 6 + 8 # 42
= 3- 2 # 22 # 42
1 # 4 # 116 = 4 # 116
9
32
= 64 = 7 1 .
9
9
=

g 1.4
1. flt rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf

(i) a m # a n
(A) a m + a n

(B) a m - n

(C) a m + n

(D) a mn

(ii) p0 =
(A) 0

(B) 1

(C) 1

(D) p

(B) 1

(C) 10

(D) 100

(B) 1

(v) 24 bgUf jiy

(A) 2
(B) 4

(C) - 1
6

(D) 1
6

(C) 24

(D) 4

(vi) ^- 2h- 5 # ^- 2h6 =

(A) 2

(B) 2

(C) 5

(D) 6

(vii) ^- 2h- 2 =
(A) 1

(B) 1
4

(C) - 1
2

(D) - 1
4

(B) 5

(C) 4

(D) 3

(B) 34

(C) 1

(D) 3-4

(B) 50

(C) 50

(D) 1

(iii)

102 mLF

(A) 2

(iv) 61 =
(A) 6

2
0
(viii) ^2 + 4- 1h # 22 =

(A) 2
-4
(ix) ` 1 j =
3
(A) 3

(x) ( 1)50 =
(A) 1

25

2. RUFf:
2

(ii) c 13 m
2

(i) ^- 4h5 ' ^- 4h8

(iii) ^- 3h4 # ` 5 j
3

6
2
3
7
(v) ^3- 7 ' 310h # 3- 5 (vi) 2 # 3 8 # 26 # 3
2 #3

2
5
2
(iv) ` 2 j # ` 3 j # ` 1 j
3
4
5

- 1/ 2
(viii) ^4ph3 # ^2ph2 # p4 (ix) 95/2 - 3 # 50 - ` 1 j
81

(vii) y a - b # y b - c # y c - a

-2
- 1/ 2
(x) ` 1 j - 3 # 82/3 # 40 + ` 9 j
4
16

3. k fhf:
-2
-2
-2
(ii) ^2- 1 # 4- 1h ' 2- 2 (iii) ` 1 j + ` 1 j + ` 1 j
2
3
4
2
2
(v) 8` - 2 j B
(vi) 720 721.
3

(i) ^30 + 4- 1h # 22
(iv) ^3- 1 + 4- 1 + 5- 1h0

4. flt m k fhf:
(i) 5 m ' 5- 3 = 55
(iv) ^a3hm = a9

(ii) 4 m = 6
64

(iii) 8 m - 3 = 1

(v) ^5 mh2 # ^2
25
5h3 # 125
1252 = 1

(vi) 2m = ^8 h 3 (23) 2/3

5. (a) 2x = 16 v, flt k fhf:

(i) x

(ii) 2 2

(iii) 22x

(iv) 2 x + 2

(v)

2- x

(b) 3 x = 8
81 v, flt k fhf:
(i) x

(ii) 3 x + 3

(iii) 3 x 2

(iv) 32x

(v) 3 x - 6
l+m

x+1
x x+1
m m+n
n n+l
l
6. Wf : (i) 3x^ x + 1h # ` 3 j = 1 , (ii) c x n m
.c x l m
. e xm o
3
3
x
x
x

=1

1.7 tff, tf _yf, fdf kW fd _yf

1.7.1 tff
X viz mnj vzh bgUFnghJ ilF v mbt
tf vdgL. jid mbt mLif myJ goia 2 Mf ca
vGjyh.
vLJfhL :

(i) 3 # 3 = 32 = 9
(ii) 5 # 5 = 52 = 2
25 .

vLJfhL (ii) , 52 vgij 5 mLF (myJ) go 2 myJ 5

Ugo vd miHfyh. 25 MdJ 5 tf MF.

26

bk vf bjhF

njngh 49 kW 81 MdJ Kiwna 7 kW 9 tff MF.

ghl , tffis fLoF y Kiwfis g ma
cnsh.
KG tf
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, g Ma vfis KG tff myJ tff vd
Twyh. Vbd 1 = 12 , 4 = 22 , 9 = 32, 16 = 42 .
X v KG tf v mbt xU v tfkhf Uf
ntL.
tf vf gf
fhQ tf vf gfis mt mikfis bfhL
ftngh.
1. tf vf 1M yff 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 kW 9 Mf UF.
khwhf 2, 3, 7 myJ 8 nghw vf Ujh mit tf vf
Mf Uf KoahJ.
2.

i)

v
1
9
11
19

ii)

tf
1
81
121
361

X v 1 M yf 1
myJ 99Mf U mj
tfkhdJ 1 Ko.

iii)

v
3
7
13
17

X v 1 M yf 3
myJ 77Mf U mj
tfkhdJ 9 Ko.

27

tf
4
64
144
324

X v 1 M yf 2
myJ 8Mf U mj
tfkhdJ 4 Ko.

iv)

tf
9
49
169
289

v
2
8
12
18

v
4
6
14
16

tf
16
36
196
256

X v 1 M yf 4
myJ 6Mf U mj
tfkhdJ 6 Ko.

3. fl tf vfis ftf :
102 = 100
100
2
400 4
*20 = 400
2
30 = 900
900

vfl xnu
a csJ

vfl uL
af csd

Ko

Mdh vfl
uL af
csd

100
10
02 = 110000
0000
2
200 = 4
40000
0000 4
*200
2
700 = 4
700
490000
90000

Mdh vfl
ehF af
csd

(i) X vzhdJ xiw aij bfhL Kojh mj

tfkhdJ uil aij bfhL Ko.

(ii) xiw gil vif a Ujh mbtzhdJ

KG tf my.
4. fltiw ftf:
(i)

100 =

102

uL af
csJ

` 100 MdJ KGtf MF.

(ii)

81,000 =

_W af
csJ

81 100 10
92 102 10

` 81,000 vgJ KGtf my.

5. fl mltizia ftf:
uil gil vf tff

xiw gil vf tff

v
2
4
6
8
10

tf
4
16
36
64
100

v
1
3
5
7
9

tf
1
9
25
49
81

nkfl mltizUJ tUtdtiw mayh.

Ko

(i) uil vf tff uil vf.

(ii) xiw vf tff xiw vf.

28

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.14
fl vfSF ilgl KG tf vfis fhf.
(i) 10, 20

(ii) 50, 60

(iii) 80, 90

(i) 10F 20F ilnas KG tf v 16.

(ii) 50F 60F ilna KG tf v ilahJ.
(iii) 80F 90F ilnas KG tf v 81.
vLJfhL 1.15
3136, 867 kW 4413 vw vf 1 M yfij ftJ vit KG
tf vf my vd fhf?

v 3136 1M yf 6 csjh mbt tf vzhf

Uf Ko. Mdh 867 kW 4413 1M yff 7 kW 3 tUtjh
btf foghf KG tf vfshf Uf KoahJ.
vLJfhL 1.16
fl vf tff 1 M yffis fLo.

(i) 24

(ii) 78

(iii) 35

(i)

24 tf = 24 24. F 1 M yf 4 csJ.
vdnt, 4 4 = 16.

` 24 tf 1 M yfkhdJ 6 Ko.

(ii)

78 tf = 78 78. F 1 M yf 8 csJ
vdnt, 8 8 = 64.

` 78 tf v 1 M yf 4 Ko.
(iii)

35 tf = 35 35. F 1 M yf 5 csJ.
vdnt, 5 # 5 = 25.
` 35 tf v 1 M yf 5 Ko.

tf vf mHa totik
(i) bjhlahd xiw a vf TLj
1 = 1 = 12
1 + 3 = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52

29

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + g + n cWf = n2 (1 Kj n tiu cs xiw a vf TLj)

2
(myJ) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + g + n = ` n + 1 j
2
nkfl gl ekF ij sFwJ.
a vw jKW v tffis fhQj
b
a # a = a2 = bjhF tf
b
b b2
gF tf
cjhuz
2
(i) ` - 3 j # ` - 3 j = ` - 3 j
7
7
7
=
(ii)

^- 3h # ^- 3h

(i) 452 = 2025 = (20 + 25)2

(ii) 552 = 3025 = (30 + 25)2
45, 55 vgd
'nffh' vf
MF.

= 9
49

7#7

5 # 5 = 5 2 = 25 .
8 8 ` 8 j 64

g 1.5
1. fl vf 1 M yfij ftJ vj v KG tf
my vd TWf.
(i) 3136

(ii) 3722

(iv) 2304

(v) 8343

(iii) 9348

2. fl vf tff 1 M yfij fhf.

(i) 782

(ii) 272

(iv)352

(v) 422

(iii) 412

3. neuoahf Tlhk fl vf TL bjhifia fhf.

(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15

(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7

(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17
4. fl vfis xW Kj bjhl bjhl xiw vf
TLjyhf vGJf.
(i) 72

(ii) 92

(iii) 52

(iv) 112

5. fl vf tffis fhf.
(i) 3
(ii) 7
(iii) 1
8
10
5
2
31
(iv)
(v)
3
40
6. flt kig fhf.
(i) ^- 3h2

(ii) ( 7)2

(iii) ( 0.3)2

30

(iv) `- 2 j
3

(v) `- 3 j
4

(vi) ( 0.6)2

bk vf bjhF

7. bfhLfglt totikig gagL Lgl vfis

fhf.

b) 112

a) 12 + 22 + 22 = 32 ,

= 121

2 2 + 3 2 + 6 2 = 72

1012

= 10201

32 + 42 + 122 = 132

10012

= 1002001

42 + 52 + ___ = 212

1000012

= 1_______2_______1

52 + ___ + 302 = 312

100000012 = _______________________

62 + 72 + ___ = ___

1.7.2 tf _yf
tiuaiw
X
viz
mnj
vzh
bgUFnghJ ilF bgUfgy
mbt tf vdgL. mj
viz mbgUfgy tf _y
vd Twyh.

9 tf _y 3
9

3 tf 9

cjhuzkhf,
(i)
(ii)

3 # 3 = 32 = 9
( 3) # ( 3) = ( 3)2 = 9

F 9 tf _yf 3 kW ( 3) MF.
X v tf _yF
vdnt,

vw FpL gagLjgLwJ.

9 = ! 3 (ij if myJ Fiw 3 vd gofyh)

UD if tf _yfis kLnk vLJ bfhlh,

F: x tf _yij
vdnt,

4 = ^4h2 kW

9 = 3.

x myJ x 2 vd vGjyh.
1

100
0 = ^100
100h2 MF.

, eh if tf _yfis kLnk vLJ bfhnth.

tU mltizia ftf.

31

mltiz 1
KGtf
1
16
36
81
100
225
2025
7396
9801
10,000
14,641
2,97,025
9,98,001
10,00,000
15,00,625
7,89,96,544
999,80,001

tf _y
1
4
6
9
10
15
45
86
99
100
121
545
999
1000
1225
8888
9999

xW myJ uL yfKs
v tf_y X yf
vzhF.

_W myJ ehF yfKs

v tf _y uL
yf vzhF.
IJ myJ MW yfKs
v tf _y _W
yf vzhF.
VG myJ vL yfKs
v tf _y ehF
yf vzhF.

nkny cs mltizUJ eh ytiw khfyh.

(i) KG tf n yff UJ nn-MdJ uil v v
n
mj tf _y yff UF.
2
(ii) KG tf n yff UjJ nn-MdJ xiw v v mj
n
1
+
tf _y
yff UF.
2
X v tf _yij fl uL tKiwf fhzyh

(i) fhu Kiw

(ii) tFj Kiw
(i) fhu Kiw
KGtf v tf _yij mbt gfh fhuf
bgUf gydhf J fhzyh. nkY mgfhfhufis Kj
nrhoahf nrf ntL.
gfh fhugLj

vLJfhL 1.17
64 tf _y fhf.

64 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 22 # 22 # 22
64 =

22 # 22 # 22 = 2 # 2 # 2 = 8

64 = 8

32

2
2
2
2
2
2

64
32
16
8
4
2
1

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.18
169 tf _y fhf.

gfh fhugLj

13 169
13 13
1

169 = 13 # 13 = 132
169 =

132 = 13

vLJfhL 1.19
12.25 tf _y fhf.

gfh fhugLj

5
5
7
7

12.25 # 100
100

12.25 =

1225 =
100
12.25 = 35 = 3.5
10
=

52 # 72 = 5 # 7
10
102

vLJfhL 1.20
5929 tf _y fhf.

gfh fhugLj

7 5929
7 847
11 121
11 11
1

5929 = 7 # 7 # 1111 # 111 = 72 # 11112

5929 =

1225
225
49
7
1

72 # 11112 = 7 # 111

` 5929 = 77
vLJfhL 1.21
200 cl vj viz bgUdh mbt KG
tf MF.

gfh fhugLj

200 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 5 # 5

2
2
2
5
5

200
100
50
25
5
1

2 MdJ nrhoahf mikahk jJ csJ.

vdnt 200# 2 M bgUdh mbt KGtf MF.
vLJfhL 1.22
384I vj vzh tFjh mbt KG tf
MF.

384 = 3 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
3 2 nrhoaW jJsd,
vdnt, 384I 3 2 = 6 M tFf, mbt KGtf
MF.

33

gfh fhugLj

3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

384
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

(ii) tFj Kiw

X v tf _yij fhu Kiw fLogij eh
fWnsh. vD xU v bga vzhf U mj fhufis
fLogJ vjhdJ my. vdnt ntbwhU Kiwia gagLJnth. mJ
tFj KiwahF.
Kiwia gagL, jrk vf tf _yij fhz
Ko. KiwahdJ nH bfhLfgLs vLJfhLf _y
sfgLsJ.
vLJfhL 1.23
529 tf _yij tFj Kiw fhf.

go 1

: eh 529I 5 29 vd uL thf, xwh yfUJ

MuJ uL uL yffshf J bfhs
ntL. xbthU J a nfhoLj ntL.

go 2

: Kj thd 5-F rkkhd myJ Fiwthd 2 5 29

fbga tf bfhl viz fhz
ntL. F mJ 2 MF.
2

go 3

: vdnt '2' I <thf, tFahf vGj ntL.

go 4

: tF 2I nkny cs 2M bgU, bgUfgy

4I 5 vG ff ntL. j
1 MF.

go 5
go 6

: ulh thd 29 I nH bfhL tJ 1

tyw vGj ilgJ 129 MF.

2 5 29
4
1
2
2 5 29
4
1 29

2 3
: <thd 2-id uL klfh ((2 2 = 4I) mLj
2 5 29
id vGajF mU l L tFahf
4
vG bfhSj ntL. 4n # n MdJ 129I 43 1 29
1 29
l Fiwthf myJ rkkhf UFkhW n vw
0
viz fLof ntL.
cjhuzkhf : 42 # 2 = 8
84 ; kW 43 # 3 = 1129 . vdnt, n = 3 MF.

go 7

: 3 I mLj tFahf, < l 2 mUY vGj

ntL. bgUF bjhif 43 # 3 = 1129 I 129 vG
ff ntL. 0 Mdjh tFj Ko bgW lJ.
vdnt,

529
9 =2
23 .

34

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.24
tFj Kiw

3969 fhf.

go 1

: v 3969 # 39 69 vd uL thf, xwh yfUJ

MuJ uL uL yffshf J bfhs
ntL. xbthU J a nfhoLj ntL.

go 2

: Kj thd 39 F rkkhd myJ Fiwthd fbga

tf bfhl viz fhz ntL, mJ 6 MF.
6
: 6-id <thf, tFahf vGj ntL.
6 39 69

go 3

6
6 39 69
36
3

go 4

: tF 6 I 6 M bgU, bgUf gy 36 I 39
vG ff ntL. j 3 MF.

go 5

: ulh thd 69 I nH bfhL tJ ahd

3 tyw vGj ntL. ilgJ 369 MF.

go 6

: <thd 6-I
I U klfh ((2 6 = 12I) mLj
mU l L tFahf vG bfhSj
6
ntL. 12n # n MdJ 369I l Fiwthf myJ
rkkhf UFkhW n vw viz fLof 123
ntL.
cjhuzkhf 122
2 # 2 = 244 ; 123
3 # 3 = 369 .
vdnt n = 3 MF.

go 7

6
6 39 69
36
3 69
6
39
36
3
3

3
69

69
69

: 3-I mLj tFahf, < l 6 mU vGj

ntL. bgUf gy 123
3 # 3 = 369 I 369 vG ff
ntL. 0 Mdjh tFj Ko bgW lJ. vdnt
3969 = 63.

1.7.2 (m) jrk vf tf _y

tFj Kiwia ifahSnghJ, bfhLfgl v KG v
gF MuJ uL uL yffshf J mj J nfhoL
bfhs ntL. d jrk F tywKs jrk gFY nk
brhdgo uL uL yffshf J mj nk nfhoL bfhs
ntL.

35

cjhuzkhf, eh 322.48 vw viz vGJ nghJ

KGv gF

jrk

jrk gF

vd vGJnth.
tf _y fhQnghJ jrk ia vgo FgJ vgij mUf
ntL. Vbfdnt mj khdgo xW myJ uL yfKs
v tf _y X yf vzhF (mltiz 1 go). fl
cjhuzf Kiwia eF sFwd.
vLJfhL 1.25
6.0516- tf _y fhf.

bfhLfgl viz 6 . 05 16 vd vGj ntL. KG v gF

cs yf xW (6), vdnt mj tf _ykhdJ xnu yfij
bfhoUF. K nghynt, tFj Kiw 60516 vw vQF tf
_y fhz ntL.
2. 4 6
2 6.05 16
4
44 2 05
1 76
486 29 16
29 16
0
vdnt

6.0516 = 2.46
. .

vLJfhL 1.26
3250 vw vUJ vj a viz ff KG tf MF.
5 7

5 32 50
25
107 7 50
7 49
1
nkfl Kiw 572 MdJ 3250 itl 1 FiwthdJ. vdnt 3250UJ
1-I fjh mbt x KG tfkhF.

36

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.27
1825 cl vj a viz Tl KG tfkhF.
4 2

4 18 25
16
82 2 25
1 64
61
2
nkfl tFj Kiw 42 < 1825 .
42 mLj KG tf vzhd 43 tfkhdJ,
432 = 43 43 = 1849 MF.
vdnt, 1849 1825= 24
vdnt, Tl ntoa v 24 MF.
vLJfhL 1.28
0.182329 k fhf.

vdnt

0.182329 I 0 . 18 23 29 vd vGj
ntL. F KG v gF iy.
vdnt tf _yY KG v
gF iy. vdnt K brhd go
Kiwfis ifahL 182329 vw
v tf _y fhz ntL.

0.4 2 7
4 0.18 23 29
16
2 23
82
1 64
847
59 29
59 29
0
MF.
0.182329 = 0.427
.

F : tf _y fhQ v KG v gF a v, mj tf
_y KG v gF a MF.
vLJfhL 1.29
121.4404- tf _y fhf.
1 1. 0 2

1 1 21. 44 04
1
21 0 21
21
2202
0 44 04
44 04
0
vdnt, 1211.4404 = 11.02

37

0. 0 7 2
7 0. 00 51 84
49
2 84
142
2 84
0

vLJfhL 1.30
0.005184 tf _y fhf.

0.005184 = 0.072
.

F : v.fh 1.30 jrk F K KG v gF iy. vdnt <Y

jrk F K xU a vGj ntL. jrk ia mLJ
clnd uL af Ugjh tf _y ia mLJ
xU a vGj ntL.
1.7.2 (M) KGikaw tf vf tf _yf
xU v KG tf iyba mJ KGikaw tf v MF.
y vf 2, 3, 5, 17.... nghwit KG tf vf my. tiw
KGikaw tf vf vd miHnwh. btf tf _yfis
fhz tFj Kiwia gagLJnth.
eh n jrk l Ujkhf tf _yijfhz n + 1 jrk lfSF
tf _yij fL n jrk lfSF U vGj ntL. Kiw
jrk F wF mikj vf tyJ w njitahd afis
nrJ fzL brayh.
vLJfhL 1.31
3- tf _yij uL jrk lUjkhf fLof.

1. 7 3 2
eh uL jrk lUjkhf
1 3. 00 00 00
ilia fhz ntosjh,
1
tf _yij _W jrk lfSF
27 2 00
fLof ntL. jfhf eh
1 89
6 (_W nrho) afis jrk
343 11 00
F tyJw vG bfhs
10 29
ntL.
3462
71 00
69 24
1 76
` 3 = 1.732 (_W jrk lf k)
3 = 1.73 (uL jrk l Ujkhf)

vLJfhL 1.32
10 2 tf _yij uL jrk lUjkhf fL of.
3

10 2 = 32 = 10.66 66 66 ........
3
3

38

bk vf bjhF

tf _yij uL jrk lUjkhf fL

of ntL vgjh _W jrk lfSF tf _y
fLof ntL. vdnt 2 ia MW jrk lfSF
3
kh vG bfhSj ntL.
10 2 = 3.265 (njhuhakhf)
3
= 3.27 (uL jrk lUjkhf)

3
62
646
6525

3. 2 6 5
10. 66 66 67
9
1 66
1 24
42 66
38 76
3 90 67
3 26 25
64 42

g 1.6
1. tUtdt tf _yfis fhf:
(i) 3 # 3 # 4 # 4

(ii) 2 # 2 # 5 # 5

(iii) 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3

(iv) 5 # 5 # 11 # 11 # 7 # 7

2. flt tf _yfis fhf :

(i) 9
(ii) 1
(iii) 49
(iv) 16
64
16
3. tFj Kiwia gagL flt tf _yfis
fhf :
(i) 2304

(ii) 4489

(iii) 3481

(iv) 529

(v) 3249

(vi) 1369

(vii) 5776

(viii) 7921

(ix) 576

(x) 3136

4. gfh fhu Kiwia gagL flt tf _yfis

fhf :
(i) 729

(ii) 400

(iii) 1764

(iv) 4096

(v) 7744

(vi) 9604

(vii) 5929

(viii) 9216

(ix) 529

(x) 8100

5. fl jrk vf tf _y fhf :
(i) 2.56

(ii) 7.29

(vi) 0.2916 (vii) 11.56

(iii) 51.84

(iv) 42.25

(v) 31.36

(viii) 0.001849

6. fl vfUJ vj fa vz ff mbtf
KGtf MF.
(i) 402

(ii) 1989

(iii) 3250

(iv) 825

(v) 4000

7. fl vfSl vj fa viz Tl mbtf KG

tf MF .
(i) 525

(ii) 1750

(iii) 252

39

(iv) 1825

(v) 6412

8. flt tf _yij uL jrk lUjkhf fhf :

(i) 2
(ii) 5
(iii) 0.016
(iv) 7
(v) 1 1
8
12
9. xU rJu gugs 441 rJu lf v mrJu gf
msit fLof
10. flt tf _yij fhf :
(i) 225
(ii) 2116
(iii) 529
(iv) 7921
3136
3481
1764
5776

1.7.3 fdf
mKf
fbgw fjnkij uhkD# mtf
th eilbgw xU Ka fit g fhzyh.
xU Kiw fj tYe nguha G.H. Aho
mtf U. uhkhD# mtfis ghf thlif
k tjh. mt tj thlif k v 1729.
UtU ng bfhSnghJ Aho mtf jh tj
thr uhkhD#
thlif k v 1729 vW, mJ xU kjkhd
(1887 -1920)
v vW Tdh. clnd uhkhD# mtf
<nuho wj a
1729 vgJ f mjkhd v vW, fj nkijahd uhkhD#
mbtzhdJ U fd vf TLjyhf U va nfhghLf'' Fj
mtuJ gf mtUF
btntW Kiwf vGjToa fa gfh fbgU cyf fiH bgW
jjJ. f FWa mtuJ
v vd sdh.
mjhtJ, 1729 = 1728 +1 = 123 + 13
kW 1729 = 1000 + 729 = 103 + 93
1729 I uhkhD# v vW miHnwh.
fdf, fd _yf kW
mjDl bjhlila
cikfis g
ghngh.
fd rJu

thehfSFnsna Rkh 3900

Muh Kofis jahfnt
bjhFJ btL rhjid
gilJsh.

1729 vw vzhdJ
f a uhkhD#
vzhF. njnghw ntW
y vf 4104 (2, 16 : 9, 15),
13832 (18, 20 : 2, 24).

eh toa fd vw thijia
g goJnsh. s, mfy, cau Ma
midJ rkkhf cs X fd cUt fd rJu
MF. xU fd rJu xbthU gfK a myFf v
mj fd ms a a a = a3 fd myFf.

a3 vgij a- "Kgo" myJ "a- fd" vd

miHfyh.
bghGJ, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, g vw vfis ftf.
it fd vf myJ KG fd vf vd miHfgLwd.

40

bk vf bjhF

it x viz mnj vzh KKiw bgUf ilwd.

cjhuzkhf,
1 # 1 # 1 = 1 3 , 2 # 2 # 2 = 2 3 , 3 # 3 # 3 = 3 3 , 5 5 5 = 53
vLJfhL 1.33
tUtdt kig fhf

(i) 153

(ii) ^- 4h3

(iii) ^1.2h3

(i)

(iv) ` - 3 j
4

153 = 15 # 15
15 # 115 = 3375

(ii)

( 4)3 = ^- 4h # ^- 4h # ^- 4h =- 64

(iii)

(1.2)3 = 1.2 # 1.2 # 1.2 = 1.728

3

(iv) ` - 3 j
4

^- 3h # ^- 3h # ^- 3h

4#4#4

= - 27
64

(ii) M fz ( 4)3 = 64 vgij ftf.

F : X Fiw v mLF X uil v v mJ xU if
vzhF. mj mLF X xiw v, mJ xU Fiw vzhf UF.
mjhtJ,
1, n xU xiw v
^- 1hn = '+ 1, n xU uil v
nH csit 1 Kj 20 tiuyhd vfS mt fdfS MF.
vf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

fd
1
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
1000

ehfS, vf
fdfS
uil vf

ehfS, vf
fdfS xiw
vf

vf
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

fd
1331
1728
2197
2744
3375
4096
4913
5832
6859
8000

mltiz 2
fd vf gf
nkfl mltizUJ fl fd vf gfis g
mJ bfhsyh.
1. X v xwh yf 1 Mf U, mbt fd
xwh yfK 1 Mf UF.
cjhuzkhf, 13 = 1 ; 113 = 1331 ; 213 = 9261 ; 313 = 29791 .

41

2. 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 kW 0 Ma yffis 1 M yf bfhl
vf fd vfS mnj yffis 1 M yf
bfhoUF.
cjhuzkhf: 143 = 2744 ; 153 = 3375 ; 163 = 4096 ; 203 = 8000 .
3. 2I 1 M yf bfhl v fdkhdJ 8 Mf, 8I 1M
yf bfhl v fdkhdJ 2I 1M yfY
bfhoUF..
cjhuzkhf: ^12h3 = 1728 ; ^18h3 = 5832 .
4. 3I 1M yf bfhl vf Kgo (fd) MdJ 7I, 7I
1M yf bfhl vf Kgo 3I 1M yf
bgUF.
cjhuzkhf : ^13h3 = 2197 ; ^27h3 = 19683 .
5. uil vf fdkhdJ uil vzhf, xiw vf
fdkhdJ xiw vzhf UF.
bjhl xiw vf TLj
fhQ xiw vf TLj fhQ mikid ftf:
1 = 1 = 13
mLj U xiw vf,
3+5
mLj _W xiw vf,
7 + 9 + 11
mLj ehF xiw vf,
13 + 15 + 17 + 19
mLj IJ xiw vf, 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29
j mik agwjh?
vLJfhL 1.34

=
=
=
=

8 = 23
27 = 33
64 = 43
125 = 53

gfh fhugLj

64 vgJ KGfd v MFkh?

64 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
14
424
4 3 114
4
424
43
3
3
3
= 2 # 2 = ^2 # 2h = 43
vdnt 64 X KGfd v MF.
vLJfhL 1.35
500 vw v KG fd v MFkh?

F 3 IJf
csd. Mdh 2
uLf csd.

500 = 2 # 2 # 5 # 5 # 5
14
424
433
vdnt 500 MdJ KG fd v my.

42

2
2
2
2
2
2

64
32
16
8
4
2
1

gfh fhugLj

2
2
5
5
5

500
250
125
25
5
1

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.36
243 vgJ KG fd vzhFkh? iyba vj vzh bgUdh
mJ KG fd vzhF.
gfh fhugLj
3 243

3 81
243 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3
3 27
14 24
433
3
2
3 9
nkFl fhugLj, 3 3 . (3
3 # 3)
3 MdJ
3 3
K_whf vGj Koahjjh 243 X KG fd v my.
1
jid X KG fdkhf 3 M bgUf ntL.
gfh fhugLj
mjhtJ

243
3#3 = 3#3#3#3#3#3
1 4 2 4 3 114
4 24 3
3
3
729 = 3 # 3 = ^3 # 3h3
729 = 93 J x KG fdkhF.

vdnt, 243 I 3 M bgUf mJ xU KG fd vzhF.

3
3
3
3
3
3

1.7.4 fd _yf

729
243
81
27
9
3
1

X fd rJu fd ms 125 br 2 v mj gf s vtsthf

UF. mgf s fhz vj v
FpL
Kgo myJ fdkhdJ 125 vd fhz ntoJ.
3
vw FpL fd _y
vdnt Kgo _y myJ fd _y vgJ, fd
vgij FF
fhg jiy Kiw MF.
cjhuzkhf :
23 = 8 vgJ ehkjnj. UJ 8- fd _y 2 vd mayh.
3

ij Fpo

8 = ^8 h1

= (23)1/3 = 23/3 = 2 vd vGjyh.

nkY y cjhuzf :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

125 =

53 = ^53h1 3 = 53 3 =51 = 5

64 =

43 = ^43h1 3 = 43 3 = 41 = 4

1000 =

103 = ^103h1 3

= 103 3 = 101 = 10.

gfh fhu Kiw fd_y fhQj
v fd _yij fLoF tf
go 1
: bfhLfgl viz gfh fhufshf J bfhs
ntL.
go 2 : xnu v fhuf _W _whf tUkhW vG bfhSj
ntL.
go 3 : xbthU _W v bjhFUJ xU v vd vLJ
mt bgUf gynd bfhLfgl v fd _ykhF.

43

gfh fhugLj

vLJfhL 1.37
512 fd_y fhf.

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

^^2 # 2 # 2h # ^2 # 2 # 2h # ^2 # 2 # 2hh3
3
3
3 1
^2 # 2 # 2 h3

`2 j3

512 =

8.

^512
512h3

512 =

512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

vLJfhL 1.38
27 # 64 fd_y fhf.

gfh fhugLj

27 kW 64I gfh fhufshf f ekF ilgJ.

3

3 1

27 = ^3 # 3 # 3h3 = ^3 h3
1

27 = 3

64 = ^2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2h3
1

6
= ^2 h3 = 22 = 4
3

27 # 64 =

gfh fhugLj

2
2
2
2
2
2

64 = 4
27 # 3 64

= 3#4
3

3 27
3 9
3 3
1

27 # 64 = 12

vLJfhL 1.39

64
32
16
8
4
2
1

250 MdJ xU KG fdkh? iyba vj a a vzh

tFf mbt KG fdkhF.
gfh fhugLj

2 250
5 125
250 = 2 # 5 # 5 # 5
14
424
433
5 25
gfh fhu 2 MdJ KKiw yhjjh 250
5 5
X KG fd MfhJ.
1
2 MdJ gfh fhugLJ nghJ xnu Kiw
tJsjh, 250 I 2 M tFjh < 2 tuhJ. jKs fhufis
K_whf bgU vGj Ko.
3
` 250 2 = 125 = 5 # 5 # 5 = 5 .
vdnt 250I 2 vw a a vzh tFf ilF v KG
fd MF.

44

bk vf bjhF

d fd_y
bjhF fd _y
gF fd _y

d fd _y =
mjhtJ,

a
b

3
3

a = a 13 = ^ah3
`bj
1
b
^ bh3

vLJfhL 1.40
125 fd_y fhf.
216

gfh fhugLj

5 125
5 25
5 5
1

125 kW 216 Matiw gfh fhufshf f

ekF ilgJ.
3

`3
`3

125 = 5 # 5 # 5
14
424
433
125 = 5

gfh fhugLj

216 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 3
14
424
4 3 114
4 24 3
216 = 2 # 3
216 = 6

` 3 125
216

= 5.
6

vLJfhL 1.41
- 512 fd _y fhf.
1000

gfh fhugLj

512 = - 8 # - 8 # - 8
1 444 2 4 44
4433
- 512 = - 8

1000 = 5 # 5 # 5 # 2 # 2 # 2
3

1000 = 5 2 = 10
- 512 =
1000
- 512 =
1000

-8
10
-4
5

0.027 =
=

-x

27
1000
3#3#3
10 # 10 # 10
45

216
108
54
27
9
3
1

gfh fhugLj

5
5
5
2
2
2

512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
3

=
=

0.027 fd_y fhf.

3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

vLJfhL 1.42

2
2
2
3
3
3

1000
200
40
8
4
2
1

^- xh # ^- xh # ^- xh

-x.

=
3

33 = 3
103 10

0.027 = 0.3

vLJfhL 1.43
3
3

gfh fhugLj

729 - 27 kig fhf.

512 + 3 343
3

729 = 3 93 = 9

3
3

27 =

512 = 3 83 = 8

343 = 3 73 = 7

3 27
3 9
3 3
1

gfh fhugLj

3 =3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3

729 - 3 27 = 9 - 3
8+7
512 + 3 343
= 6 =2
15 5

gfh fhugLj

7 343
7 49
7 7
1
gfh fhugLj

729
243
81
27
9
3
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

g 1.7
1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf :
(i) fl vf KG fd v vJ?
(A) 125
(B) 36
(C) 75

(D) 100

(ii) fl vf KG fd mw v vJ?
(A) 1331
(B) 512
(C) 343

(D) 100

(iii) xiw a v fd MdJ

(A) uil
(B) xiw
(C) uil myJ xiw
(D) gfh v
(iv) 1000 vw KG fd v fd _y cs bkhj af
vif
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(v) 50 vw v fd xwh yf cs v
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 5
(D) 4
(vi) 100 vw v fd cs af vif
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 6
(vii) 108 I vj a vzh bgUf KG fd MF?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5

46

bk vf bjhF

(viii) 88 vw viz vj a vzh tFjh mbt KG

fdkhF
(A) 11
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 9
(ix) xU fd rJu fd ms 64 fd br, v mj gf ms
(A) 4 br
(B) 8 br
(C) 16 br
(D) 6 br
(x) flt vJ jtwhd TW?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

(A) xiw v fdK xiw vnz

(B) x KG fd v uL afis bfhL UfhJ.
(C) xU yf v fdkhdJ x yf vzhf Ufyh.
(D) 8I xwh yf bfhl KG fd v ilahJ.
flt KG fd vf vJ?
(i) 400
(ii) 216
(iii) 729
(iv) 250
(v) 1000
(vi) 900
flt vJ KGfd vf my?
(i) 128
(ii) 100
(iii) 64
(iv) 125
(v) 72
(vi) 625
fl vfis vj a vzh tFf mit KGfd vf
MF vd fhf.
(i) 81
(ii) 128
(iii) 135
(iv) 192
(v) 704
(vi) 625
fl vfis vj vzh bgUf mit KGfd vf MF
vd fhf.
(i) 243
(ii) 256
(iii) 72
(iv) 675
(v) 100
fl vf fd _yij gfhfhu Kiw fhf:
(i) 729
(ii) 343
(iii) 512
(iv) 0.064
23
(v) 0.216
(vi) 5
(vii) 1.331
(viii) 27000
64
xU fd rJu fd ms 19.683 fd br. v fd rJu gf
msfis fhf.

1.8 vf njhuha k
eh mwhl thF njhuhakhd kf
myJ njhuhakhd msf njitgLwd.
bgr ` 59,896 F ko f (Laptop)
thFwh. mij kwtfSF brhy KgL
nghJ ` 60,000 F thUgjhf brhwh. J
xU njhuhakhd kghF. k Muf
kLnk brhygoUwJ.

47

tr xU nrho fhyfis
thFwh. v brhtjfhf
kig ` 600 vwh.

` 599.95F
njhuhakhf

xU gl msf 35.23 br. sK 25.91 br.

mfyK MF. ij rghf rhjhuz msnfhyh
msf KgLnthnkahdh ekh f Jakhf
msf KoahJ. Vbd rhjhuz msnfh xU
bro l 10 f kLnk FfgLsd.
ijl a msf Ffgliy. thwhd rkaf
mgl s msfis r ghf, g xF Ujkhf 35.2 br
vnwh, KGfSF Ujkhf 35 br vnwh vLJ bfhsyh.
nkfl Niyf eh ekJ trfhf njhuhakhd kfis
vLUnwh. thwhf bfhLfgl vf f mUYs
kfis fU bfhtij vf KGjhf'' vnwh. Mfnt
ekF njitahd vifila yffSF UjgL vGjgL
njhuha k yffis KGjhf'' vdgLwJ.
y neuf njhuha kfis kLnk ftd bfhs Ko.
Vbd
((m) X C kf bjhifia g brhy ntL v mij
njhuhakhf 30 yr myJ 25 yr vW jh FLnwh.
(M) U efufSF ilnaahd bjhiyit TWnghJ, 350 . vW
vfis KGjh TWnwhnka 352.15 vd TWtiy.
vfis KGjhF nghJ tU fis eh gWnwh.

(i) Ujgl ntoa l mLj yf 5 I l Fiwthf

U mj lYs yf tiu mgona vGJf.

(ii) Ujgl ntoa l mLj yf 5 myJ 5I l

mfkhf U Ujgl ntoa lYs yfJl 1I
To il vGJf.
njhuhaid FF FpL - MF.
A4 jh xid vLJ bfh. mj s, mfy fhf.
ij br.. msf vgo njhuhakhf vGJth
nH cs y cjhuzfis bfhL vf njhuha
kig fhQ Kiwia mnth. 521 vw viz fUJf.

48

bk vf bjhF

gjh lF Ujkhf njhuha kl.

vLJfhL 1.44
521 vw viz vLJ bfhL, mij 10M lF Ujkhf
njhuha kLf.
521 MdJ 520 kW 530 F ilna csJ.

Mdh 530I l 520F f mU csjh v nfhoid ghF

nghJ 521 njhuha k 520 MF.
wh lF Ujkhf njhuha kl
521 vw v 500F 600 F ilna mikJsJ.

521 MdJ 600 I l 500 F mU csJ. vdnt 521 wh l

njhuha k 500 MF.
kWbkhU cjhuzij ghngh.
vLJfhL 1.45
625 vw viz 100 M lF Ujkhf kLf.
nH cs v nfhil vLJ bfhnth.

F 625 MdJ 624 myJ 626F mU csJ vd Tw KoahJ.

Vbd mJ U vfSF rahf eL mikJsJ. F 625 MdJ
626F mU csJ vd TWtnj kughF. vdnt 625 njhuha k 626
vd vLJ bfhnth.
khwhf wh lUjkhf TWnghJ 625 I njhuhakhf 600 vd
Twyhnk myhk 700 vd Tw ayhJ.

49

nkY y cjhuzf
47,618 vw viz fUJf.
(m) gjh l Ujkhf njhuha k = 47,620
(M) wh l Ujkhf njhuha k = 47,600
() MukhtJ l Ujkhf njhuha k = 48,000
(<) gjhukhtJ l Ujkhf njhua k = 50,000
jrkf njhuha kL
vLJfhL 1.46
36.729 vw jrk viz U kW xU jrk l Ujkhf vGJf.
(m) ij U jrk l Ujkhf 36.73 vd vGjyh.
(Vbd, xwh l yfkhd 9 > 5. vdnt 2 cl 1 I To 3 vd
kh vGjyh)
` 36.729 - 36.73 (U jrk l Ujkhf)
(M) 36,729 ulh jrk cs 2 I vLJ bfhnth. 2 MdJ 5 I
l Fiwthdjh, 7 I mgona L l ntL.
` 36.729 b 36.7 (xU jrk l Ujkhf)
vLJfhL 1.47
36.745 vw jrk viz U kW xU jrk l Ujkhf vGJf.

m) ij njhuhakhf 36.75 vd U jrk l Ujkhf vGjyh.

Vbd, fil yf 5 Mdjh, Kija yfkhd 4 cl 1 I
To 5 vd kh vGjyh.
M) ij njhuhakhf 36.7 vd xU jrk l Ujkhf vGjyh.
Vbd ulh yf v 4 MdJ 5 I l Fiwthf Ugjh
7 I mgona L l ntL.
` 36.745 - 36.7 (xU jrk l Ujkhf)
vLJfhL 1.48
2.14829 vw jrk viz 1, 2, 3 kW 4 jrk l Ujkhf vGJf.

(i)

1 jrk l Ujkhf 2.1

(ii)

2 jrk l Ujkhf 2.15

(iii) 3 jrk l Ujkhf 2.148

(iv) 4 jrk l Ujkhf 2.1483
50

bk vf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.49
tU vfis KGfSF Ujkhf KGjhFf.
(m) 288.29

(M) 3998.37

() 485.995

(<) 4999.96

(m) 288.29 - 288

(M) 3998.37 - 3998

(nkny cs vf gbyh l kYs vf 5I l

Fiwthdit. vdnt vyh KGf kf mgona vGjgLsd)
() 4856.795 - 4857

(<) 4999.96 - 5000

(F gbyh l kYs vf 5I l mfkhdit. vdnt

KGf k 1 mffgLsJ)

g 1.8
1. tU vfis U jrk lF Ujkhf vGJf :
(i) 12.568

(ii) 25.416

(iii) 39.927

(iv) 56.596

(v) 41.056

(vi) 729.943

2. tU vfis _W jrk lF Ujkhf vGJf :

(i) 0.0518

(ii) 3.5327

(iii) 58.2936

(iv) 0.1327

(v) 365.3006

(vi) 100.1234

3. tU vfis bfhLfgl yffSF njhuhakhFf :

(i) 247 I gJ l Ujkhf (ii) 152 I gJ l Ujkhf
(iii) 6848 W l Ujkhf (iv) 14276 I gjhu l Ujkhf
(v) 3576274 I yr l Ujkhf
(vi) 104, 3567809 I nfho l Ujkhf.
4. fl vfis KGFfSF Ujkhf vGJf.
(i) 22.266

(ii) 777.43

(iii) 402.06

(iv) 305.85

(v) 299.77

(vi) 9999.9567

1.9 vfSl isahLj

fj vgJ Mra Fj, kL, ndhjkhd ghl MF.
gF fj mrakhd, kL fzFfis ff cnsh.

51

(m) vf bghJthd mik Kiw

42 vw viz vLJ bfhnth, mij vGJ nghJ
42 = 40 + 2
= 10 4 + 2
mnj ngh, 27 vw viz vGJ nghJ
27 = 20 + 7
= 10 2 + 7
bghJthf, a kW b vw U yffis
bfhL vGjgL U yf v ab ia vGJ nghJ

F ab vgJ
btW yff
kLnkbaha
a # b MfhJ.

ab = 10 a + b
= 10 a + b
ba = 10 b + a
= 10 b + a
vd vGjgLwJ.
eh 351 vw viz fUJnth.
J 3 yff bfhl xU vzhF. ij vGJ nghJ
351 = 300 + 50 + 1
= 100 3 + 10 5 + 1 1 vd vGjyh.
bghJthf, abc Ma _W yffis bfhL vGjgL vjbthU
_yf viznk Kiwahf

abcc = 100 # a + 10 # b + 1 # c
= 100a + 10b + 1c , vd vGjyh.
nj Kiwia gagL _yf vf cab kW bca id vGJ
nghJ

cab
b = 100c + 10a
10a + b
bca
a = 100b + 10c
10c + a vd vGjyh.
(M) vf isahLf

(i) yffis kh vGJj - <yf v

ntQ, kndhl VnjD X 2 yf viz kd idJ bfhs
brhdh. d mt vd bra brh brhwhnwh, mij mgona
brgo Tdh. mUtUF ilna elj ciuahl fl
totik bfhLfgLsJ. mij ftdkhf gof.

52

bk vf bjhF

ntQ kW kndh{ Ut ciuahl:

nghJ, eh ntQ rhkaij g bjJ bfhnth.

xUntis kndh{ nj brj v ab Mf UUjh, 10a
a + b vgJ X
U yf v FWa tot MF. mj yffis kh vGj
ilF v ba = 10b + a MF. U vfis Todh kndhF
ilgJ

a + 11b
^10a + bh + ^10b + ah = 11a
= 11^a + bh
vdnt mTL bjhifahdJ vnghJnk 11 klfhf UF.
mijjh ntQ Tdh.
mTL bjhifia 11 M tFf ekF ilgJ ((a
a + bb)) . mjhtJ
U vf Tl gy.
() bfhLfgl mik Kiwia fL mLj _W vfis fhf :
nH bfhLfgl bjhl mik Kiwia ghf.
(i) 3, 9, 15, 21, .... (xbthU cW Kija cWig l 6 mfkhf
bgWsJ)
nj mik bjhljh mj mLj _W cWf Kiwna .....,
..... kW ..... MF.
(ii) 100, 96, 92, 88, ....., ....., ..... . ( xbthU cW Kija cWig l
4 Fiwthf csJ )

53

(iii) 7,

14,

21,

28, ....., ....., ..... . ( 7 klF )

(iv) 1000, 500, 250, ....., ....., ..... . ( xbthU cW mj Kija cW

ghahF )

(v)

1, 4, 9, 16, ....., ....., ..... . ( a vf tff )

(<) ghf Knfhz v mik Kiw

nH bfhLfgl Knfhz to mikJs btf
totik ghf Knfhz vdgL.

ghf Knfhz cs v mikid fLoJ

6MtJ tiria brf.

3 3 kha rJu
mU cs v mltizia ghf. J X 3 # 3
kha rJu vd miHfgLwJ. kha rJu cs
xbthU iu, u, _iy l cs vf TLj
rkkhf UF.
j kha rJu TLj 27 MF. 9 vw
vzhdJ ika fl vGjgL lh, jKs 8
flfS uggl ntL. mit 9I l Fiwthd 4 vf kW 9I l
mfkhd 4 vfS MF. mitahtd :
(m) 5, 6, 7, 8 kW 10, 11, 12, 13 MF. F xbthU vQF cs
ntWghL 1 MF.
(M) 1, 3, 5, 7 kW 11, 13, 15, 17 Ma vfshdh btf
ntWghL 2 Mf UF.
ju ntW VjhtJ xnu viz ahrkhf bfhl vf mjhtJ
11, - 6, - 1, 4 myJ 14, 19, 24, 29 vd 5 ahr cilajhf vGjyh.
- 11

54

bk vf bjhF

tW VjhtJ X mik vfis Ko brj , cjhuzkhf 1, 3,

5, 7 kW 11, 13, 15, 17 vd vLJ bfhlh rJu 4 gffY ehF
Hfis nH fhosgo tiuJ bfhs ntL. _iy l mik
bfhLfgLsgo xbthU vzhf eh flF ug ntL.

Hf uggl vf v Kid cs btlkhf cs

flfSF khwgl ntL.

3
5
4

2
9
7

9
2
3
4
1
8

8
5

9 5
1
7
2 6 3

1
9 8 2
6
3 5 8

3 4 2

7
8

6
2

4
9
5
3

3
7
1

btntW fy cs rJufis 1 Kj 9 tiu cs vyh

yffis bfhL xbthU iu, ufis uf. vfis
Ug Ug gagLjTlhJ.

RH vf

1 4 2 8 5 7
Kj nkfl yffis tl mikJ bfhf.

55

bghGJ 142857 vw viz 1 Kj 6 tiu cs vyh vfshY

bgUf ntL.
142857

142857

142857

#1

#2

#3

142857

285714

428571

142857

142857

142857

#4

#5

#6

571428

714285

857142

nkfl bgUf _y eh mjJ vdbt, tl

bghUjgl vf RH Kiw btntW mik tl VjhtJ
xU UJ MuJ bjhlJ miktij ghf KowJ.

g 1.9
1. fl totikig brf
(i) 40, 35, 30, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(ii) 1, 2, 4, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(iii) 84, 77, 70, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(iv) 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(v) 1, 3, 6, 10, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(vi) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ......... , ......... , ......... .
(bjhl mikig nghdh bjhl vd miHnwh)
(vii) 1, 8, 27, 64, ......... , ......... , ......... .
2. xU bjhoahdJ cw gofLfis
bfhoUjJ. xU FufhdJ gofo c
mkJsJ. (mjhtJ Kj go UwJ)
j klkhdJ xgjh gofo csJ.

56

bk vf bjhF

(m) FufhdJ 3 gof Hhf FJ 2 gof nk neh FwJ.

thW Fjh j klij mila vjid Kiw Ff
ntL?
(M) FuF j Foj , L nkny tu ntL. jfhf 4
gof nk neh FJ 2 gof neh FwJ. go
efJ brW, j bjho nk gFF (Kj goF) tu
ntLkhdh FuF vjid Kiw Ff ntL?

3. xU gH ahgh M gHfis fl totik mL

itjh.

(m) totik 10 tirf M mL

itfgoUjh bkhj Mf
vifia vzhk fLo.

(M) mnj mik 20 tirf Mf mL itfgoUjh

bkhj M gHf vif vts?
bkhj Mfis fzL totikig cdh bjJ bfhs
Kowjh? fl mltizia ug Kaf.
tir

Mf
vif

10

15

57