jehL muR

ma
gjh tF

gidF mW

lhik kjneakw braY bgUFwK MF

jehL muR
ytr ghl tHF
l btlglJ

g fJiw
 jehL muR
Kj g - 2011
Ua g - 2014, 2015, 2016
(bghJ ghll btlgl ghl )

ghl cUthf
khy fa Muh kW g Wtd
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

mrhf
jehL ghl kW fa gf fHf
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

bt

ghl tiyjs

www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in
ii
 bghUslf
myF jiy gf

ca
1. ku gzhkK 1
2. nehjilfh kly 18
3. kj cl cW klyf mik
braghLfS 38
4. jhtuf dbgUf 58
5. ghof 85
6. thif af braf 101
7. RWNH ghJfh 121
8. f nkyhik 140
nta
9. fiurf 154
10. mQfS _yTWfS 165
11. ntidf 177
12. jkf Mtjd tifghL 200
13. fhgD mj nrkfS 224

aa
14. msL fUf 241
15. af fS <aY 245
16. ndhlaY MwY 262
17. ndhl fhj is xaY 286
ilf 319
ghll 321
brKiw 328

iii
MaUF....

ma jf Ua gig btL jUz vKidUJ

wghd Cfid, Mjuit e tU fngh, fngh r_fnjhUF vf
berhj efis g brnwh.

cy _iyKLFf vyh JJ fLofS, MfS nkbfhL

tUtjh, maiy bghUjtiu, mj mogil bfhiffS, nfhghLfS
vj X Wahd tiuaiwF cglhJ, fhynjhW khbfhnl Uj fTL.
ma cikfis, fUJfis mt rhuij J rfhk ca
glfSl ml KaWnsh.

ma fj brJ fw Kiwdh bgW mDgt X mogilTwhf

midtuhY VWbfhsgLsJ. ghlf lbgWs braghLf thyhf,
mjj ghlfUJfis kL fWbfhsnth, rghfnth khzhf ftdij
Ff brtjF khwhf braghLfis brnghJ, mtwh flagL
Ko vgJ mLjnjh nrhjid nkbfhtjF lkgjhf Uj ntL.
gagLJ bghUf iykthf, jj UlfSF mUnf v ilf
ntL vgJ fU UjgL, braghLfS MfS totikfgLsJ.
braghLf nkbfhtij begLj, mit _W fshfgLsd.
)) ehnd brnw - khzt xbthUtU Rakhf nkbfhtd.
)) ehfns brnwh - khzt FGfshf J nkbfhtd.
)) cWneh mnth - Mauh brJfhl jfd.
_whtJ braghLf, nkbfht rnw fodkhd myJ rhu,
mghafukhd ntbghUf bjhlghditahf UF.

nkY mJ bfhnth jiy cs, ghl rhj aL cikf/ brf

btW jftfns m nj fnzhl khzhfiu mbrf rhJ
nrhj TlhJ.

kL vgJ fwYfhd kbwhU js vw ntWgl nfhz mQfgLsJ.

JbfhSjiy KjikgLJtdh, cUnghLj vD tHfij KYkhf
ntuWf Kid fhlgLsJ. fwjtiw mwhl th gagLJ w,
fiy F w, gFjh jid nghwtiw CfgLj ntL. xU
dhF xF nkgl ilfis khzhf jU th UFkhdh, mjF
Kaf vnghJ ghuhlglntL.

nkY ma, jffS, izajs KftfS, ghlf W

bfhLfgLsd. cflUJ Mftkhd fUJfS, krdfS
tuntfgLwd. jFahd krdf fU bfhsgL, cgLjgL.

- Ma FG
sciencetextbook@gmail.com
 myF 1
TT

Tt Tt
ku gzhkK
tt

1.1. ghugaK ntWghLfS

gR <w fiw, id <w id xU jiyKiwUJ mLj
Foia cWnehFf. gR fnwh, jiyKiwF gf fljgLjiy
id Fonah j bgnwhlUJ ghuga vdyh. wnjhw, cl
njh w, tot Ma gf csik, clbraa, dbgUf
ntWgLsJ. mit bghJthf, mj nghwit fljgL gf MF.
s rjf mtf bgnwhiu
jh, jij UtU jf ku
xJ Ugiy. bgnwh lYs
bghUshd o.v.V (DNA) _y g
gugiu gf f _y xU
flJj rkgid bfhtj _y
rjUJ mLjLj rjfSF
Ka gfhWwd.
fljgLwd. vdnt vj U egfnsh,
beUa cwdfnsh xUt kwt f n#hf bkl (1822 -1884)
nghy mR mryhf xJ Ugiy. jifa ghuga flJjiy Kj
xbthU rjY thW fljgL Kjyhf btlh. Ma ehL
g khWghLfns, ntWghLf (Variation) Jwahd bkl, j kl cs
vdgL. kjfY jifa njhl tsj, njhl glh
ntWghLf gytiw fhzyh. bro (igr rilt) gy ntWghLfis
cila gfis fljh.
ghuga
gfis fy brJ fhQt
dbgUf bradh cUthfgl Mt bfhlh. bkl, njhl
jiyKiw, j cl mik, braa glh bro flj ntWgl
ff bgnwhiu xUF. gf.
ghuga flJj Kiwf tiw
ij tot : cUil/ RUf
cWbrwd.
ij w : kr / gir
bra 1.1 ky w : Cjh / btis
cf tF khztf ehid f tot : KGikahdJ/
th, cUl brhYf. RUaJ
thW cUl ayhj khztfis
f w : gir / kr
aghf cUL ehid cilat
fis flJ g br. ky
njnghW f w mikl : nfhz / E
ntWghLfis g bra. jo cau : beil / Fil

1
 XF g xLF g 1.1.1. bkl xU g fy
bkl j MF cau, Fil
cUil RUf vd U tif glh brofis(igr
ijtot
rilt) gagLdh. mU
brofis j kfujnrifF
kr gir cgL mt mt tsia U
ij w
MLfshf bjhlJ cWnehdh.
caukhd glh bro mLjLj
rjf caukhdjhf, Filahd
Cjh glh brof mLjLj rjf
btis
ky w
Filahdjhf bjhlJ g khWghL
fhzglJ. vdnt bkl bro
g fhuzkhf mtF a gf
KGikahdJ
bfhl brof vd bgalh.
f tot RUaJ
a d bgnwhfshd beil/
Fil brofis fy brJ
mt_y bgwgl ijfis
fzlh.
gir kr bgnwh
f w
TT X tt

beil Fil

nfhz F1 jiyKiw

ky mikl E Tt X Tt

beil beil
jo cau jfy
F2 jiyKiw

TT Tt Tt tt
ca

beil beil beil Fil

brf nghL
T t

wnjhw j = 3:1
beil Fil T TT Tt
beil beil
dhf j = 1:2:1
gl 1.1 glh bro t Tt tt
bkl njbjLj VG n#ho beil Fil

ntWgl g iyf gl 1.2 xU g fy

2
 ku gzhkK

bgnwh jiyKiwfshd (P) a

f n#hf bkl (1822 -1884)
beil, a Fil gfSl Toa
bgnwhfis fy brjj_y bkl xU Ma
bgwgl Kj nr jiyKiw (F1) - mfa Jw.
ilgl cau gfis juhk, jh rhj Jw
bgnwh gf xwhd beil klnyna bjhlf
gid kLnk bfhoUjd. f, adh
gfiyfHf
jid jfy brJ, ulh ma, kW
nr jiyKiw (F2) bgwglJ, fjK gwh.
Kj jiyKiw btglhj Fil Ma g rhj nj
g btglJ. jiyKiw njhailjhY tUila ma
bgwgl beil : Fil gf 3:1 Mt Fiwaiy. klnyna
vw j Ujd. F1 rj njhl glh bro fyd
btgL g XF g vdgL. Mid nkbfhlh.
btglhj(kiwJs) g xLF
g vdgL. nkTa M, xnu xU tiu nghnw glh
gid kL bfhL (cau- beil/ broY, w jhtufY g
Fil) M brjjdh, jF xU flJjiy g w Mthsf
g fy vd bgalh. M brjnghY, bkl ma,
fj uil izJ
wnjhw btgilahf fzLjiy btl kut
fhzgL gfshd beil flj fis btlh.
myJ Fil, Cjh myJ btis
w nghwit wnjhw gf ghuga aa jik
(ndhil) vdgL. gfSF dhf gfis zw
fhuzkhd Fnuhnkhnrh myJ fhufSF f vW
mik dhf g(ndhil) bga. itna ghuga
vdglJ. g fhuf, fdh fhufshwd. xU g U
zfgLwd. ntWgl fhufis(Tt) bfhLs
mik jikF mf
bra 1.2 vdgL. mf btgLJ
cf gF cs, ntWgl gF mnyh kh~f vW bga.
gfSl Toa jhtufis iyf bkhLf kW
flJ g bra. gHf

bjid beil Fil

btis ijf
Cjh w ky
w ky
myF-1

btik Cjh w
fU f Gf
w jL jL
rF
y ky btis ky gl 1.3 cQ jnfg gwitf
(isnlhah)
myFf ntWghLf

3
 v.fh. jhtu cau(Tt), ij 2. dbr ntWghLf - dbr
tot(Rr). cf w mik f VgL ntWghLf mLj
khWghLfns ntWghLfis jiyKiwF fljgLwd.
cUthFwd. tif ntWghLfns JJ
df cUthf, gzhk
1.2. ntWghLf
tsF fhufshwd.
eik Rs d cdf
rhy lh (1809 -1882)
xbthW xWlxW khWgLwd.
xnu dij rhj cfSilna rhy lh
Md gf khWghLf ntWghL jkJ 22-M ta
ca Mfhf
vdgL. ntWghLf vgd:
fl gazij
 d cdfSilna nkbfhlh.
fhzgL ntWghL. bjmbkfh, mj
U ntWgl dfSilna flnyhu fis 5
fhzgL ntWghL. MLfshf ca
ngdfSilna fhzgL Mfhf Muhjh.
ntWghLf vd tifgLjgLwd. , yhJ
xnu khahd mikigila Ual L flgazij
effshf cdf vW nkbfhshJ, j U lnyna
nkY gy Mfis nkbfhL
miktiy. ghyh dbgUf Kiw f
gzhk bfhifia(aif nj)
beUfkhd mikig cila cdfis
cUthdh. mnghJ mtuh cd
cUthFtjh, fa msyhd
ntWghLf fhuzij sf
khwfisna VgLJwd. ayiy.
ghd dbgUf Kiw cila bkl f tUF
cf, Fl eF bjaToa bjUFnkahdh, D gy
ntWghLfis cUthFwd. bfhiffis btoUgh.
mPf UtU xUtiu xUt
mUf th Ujd.
rhy lh jkJ gzhk
bfhif_y eF mUD,
tUila kGit, kts
jikia Mf _ykhf,
jh X aif Mty vW
czUwh.

ntWghLf KaJt
gl 1.4 xj uila
gzhkF ntWghLf CW
ca

1.2.1. ntWghLf tiff nfhfshwd.

1. clbr ntWghLf - clbr cdf, NiyfSnfg
f VgL ntWghLf mLj jfis khbfhs
jiyKiwF fljgLtiy. ttFwd.

4
 ku gzhkK

fk nta gzhk Fj 1.3.1. gzhk

yhkh fUJ Vfdnt cs va jik bfhl
ghil cdf gogoahf VgL khwf
yhkh(1744- _y nkgl jik bfhl cdf
1829), clYW njhWtijna gzhk vnwh.
gaghL ga gok rhWf _y, gzhk
FJ f bkJthf, gy a MLfshf
sUjh. eilbgW fthF vgij mayh.
j g o ,
Niy fhuzkhf cdf
bjhlJ mf
ntWghLf gy d gutfis
gagho
VgLd.
1.5 xlf U F
cWf eF tsW vW, 1.3.2. kj gzhk
gaglh cWf ehsil ga HJ
VwjhH gidJ a
WJnghF vW sUjh.
MLfSF Kd, Mfh cl
yhkh ia bkf, xlf KGtJ cnuhkfSl Toa bfhyh,
fGij vLJfhlhf g FuFf kj clyikig
bfhL, caukhd kuisf bfhoUjd.
iyfis gJ cgjfhf oa
3 - 4 a MLfSF Kd
fGJ, ehsil skhf khabjW,
kj nghw nAhLf (kj
njit vzKnk khwF
Kndhof) HF MfhF
fhuzbkW sUjh.
tjd.
bghJthf, tf gHfis cL
cdf thaYfhd
thjjF, ffsh Md Mjfis
nghuhlij jhF jikfis
gagLajFkhd rhWf ilf
VgL bfhwd.
bgWsd.
cdf jfSbfW j
milahsij VgL bfhwd. gl 1.6 ed
tif ntWghLf mikahlh, kj
gzhk vD ma khwnk kilnahL,
g Fo
VgoUfhJ. vyh cdfS kilnahL
xnu khahd mikig bgUF. Kj
g
1.3. aif nj bfhif kil
nahLl
rhy lh cy cs xl
cdfis TJ neh, cd gLsd.
Fo g
f thaYfhd nghuhl, kilnahL
myF-1

bt bgWgitna iyWjgL, vw kj
kilnahL
aif nj nfhghil btlh. Xus
xUgij
kua khwf njhW fhzyh.
ntWghLfns gzhkij VgLJwd.

5
 ehF mofSF fhk cauKila ciwg fhy thjd.
tf, j eil bfhltfshf
75,000-10,000 MLfSF Kd
HF Mfh thjd.
jfhy nAhnkhbraf njhd.
tifd kj aig xUj
Rkh 18,000 MLfSF Kd
nAhLf, nAhnkh bA
tuyhF Kija fhy Fiff
(kjUF xghd ad)
thJ, ntilaho tjd. 10,000
vwiHfgld.
MLfSF Kd trhaij mJ,
mLJ 1.5 a MLfSF mjid nkbfhL j FoUfis
Kd, nAhnkh vul vD khr cUth thG kj gzhk
cf njhd. HF ka bjhlaJ.
Mah xU a MLfSF
Kd thj ahlj kjf, 1.3.3. gzhk ku
j cliy iy jiHfsh kiwJ, cdf gzhkij v
wjtfis ijF tHfij Jbfhs, kua kW njhwa
bfhL thUjd. xj myJ ntWgl cfis, kua
bjF Mfh njh gfnshL gzhk miljij
flfis flJ Fljf fgid fyj mik tiuagL
dkhf kha, M nAhnkhbraf mikng, gzhk ku vdgL.
ca

gl 1.7 gzhk ku

6
 ku gzhkK

1.4. ku bgha trhfSF gagL tif, ~

id ghOahthf kh ieu#id
ku bgha vgJ, c
Fnuhnkhnrh o.v.V (DNA) iyWj brj.
jhf kua jikfis nrnjh, 1.4.1. ku bgha mogil
Fiwnjh, khw brtjhF. j bjhEg
_y c w mik khwij
ku bgha mogil
njhWf aY. braKiw
kWnrif o.v.V. bjhEg vdgL. bjhEg o.v.V.-it gy
J jfhy kua, _yTWa Jlfshf bto, kW
kW cnta Vgl Jlfis xlitF KiwahF.
tsah fjjhF. o.v.V. -it W JLfshf btl,
JLfis xlitF behfis
ku bgha eikf flj dnu, ku bgha bgJ
 mikfis mj ts milJsJ.
braghLfis mJ bfhSj. m) tiuaiw behf (myJ)
mf ms kj R cUthf, buo vnlh na
lbguh (itufsh ghfgl vD beh, xU _yTW
brfsh cg bragL fjnfhyhf bragL o.v.V.it
itufSF vuhd uj), kj Fl gF btLtjF,
ts Ahnkh, fheilf th, M) o.v.V. nf beh, (_yTW gir)
Fs neh (nfhkh neh) nghwtF o.v.V- btlgl JLfis
vuhd jL cg brj. xlitgjF gagLwJ.

kUJt bghUf EQ tsij

vbghUf
1. R khw bghUf
2. ts Ahnkh 1. c vth 1. behf
3. jL 2. itlf
3. ouhLf
4.neh v kUJf 4. vjdh
5. khndhFnshd
v bghUf

c ff nkyhik
ku bgha
bjhEga 1. ff
1. k
 u bghUf 2. eR ff
khwgl jhtu thf
3. gaglh vbz
2. k u bghUf bghUf
khwgl yFf 4. trha ff

fk myf gHf, ghdf

Ruf bjh:
myF-1

1. mo my 1. gh bghUf
1. f
 k bghUfis
2. my 2. MfAh
bjLj
3. l my 3. buho bjh
4. xU br uj

c bjhEga thf

7
 1.5. c bjhEgaY, vt b#d (1749-1823)
FnshF vt b#d
cd braghLfY, c 1791 jL
bjhEg, kUJt, trha, vD brhbwhliu
fheil cg, RWNHiy cUth jL
ikgLJjY gagL a bfhiffis
bjhEg c bjhEgkhF. btlh. c
braghL, rhuha bjhrhiy, bjh Ega
beh bjhEg, neh v bghU _y jahfgL
cg, fk my cg, itl, jL bra
jL, ouhL, nkhndh Fnshd kjkhfgl, myJ bfhygl
v bghUf cgF bgJ cfSF gyhf, v
gagLwJ. njhahf, ujfis gagLdh.
tif jL bAgilo B
rhuha bjhrhiy: behj _y
itufSF (HBV) vuhf KjKj
, x nghw MfAh bghUf
gagLjglJ.
cgF gagLwd.
beh bjhEga: beh vgJ
ca id Cf MF. v bghU (Mogho) cg bra
brf braiy ntfgLJj j gagLwd.
gahF. fk ntaY kUJ OuhLf: OuhLf
cg bjhY behf mfkhf LfUJ bgwglitahF. v.fh.
gagLwd. iunrhg irfUJ bfhyouh
c v bghUf: it mla urnyh vD ouhL
EQfsh cUthfgL, bgwgLwJ.
kj cl neh v jikia khndhFnshd v bghUf:
CFF tif, cl eR (Xd br v bghUf)
EQfSF vuhf kUJ bghU WnehF vuhf gagL v
cg gagLwd. bghUfshF. it iAnlhkh
fk myf: f cg bra, bjhEg _y Fnsh brfsh
mo my gagLwJ. cg bragLwd.
itlf: itlf aifahf Fnsh : Fnsh bra Eg
cz fhzgLwd. it fa _ykhf mikY, ku gfY
ms njitgL ntbghUshF. xj cfis cUthF bjhEg
Mw VJ mfhj, Mdh Mw khw KiwahF. Fnsh _ykhf cUthf
kW tsij khw xGFgLJj Toa c myJ cf jkJ xiw
ca

bgJ gagLwJ. ku bgnwhiu kLnk xJ fhzgL.

jLf: Fl nehF vuhf bra Eg _ykhf bgnwhiu
bragL bghUfshF. it X v nghw Vuhskhd effis cUthf
oahf (Mob#) bragL, aY.

8
 ku gzhkK

lh cUthf

gl 1.8 MLFol lhl Iah k

Fnsh braEg cUs
dfSF kLnk bghUJ. Fnsh
Fnsh braEgij fheil lh vgJ uahf Kiw,
ma gagL gaDs lhl Iah k kW mtUila
yFf effis Ugjf cjahsfsh fhyh nuh
Kj brf _y Fnsh brJ M Wtd #]iy 1996M
bgw Ko. ML cUthfgl xU brk
MLFoahF.
1.5.1. Fnsh tiff lhia cUthf, Mthsf
1. aifahdJ: aif Fnsh MW taJila ~ lhbr btis
aifahd Kiw njhWtJ. brkaho ghko br
2. lglJ: braif Kiw, cfUit gagLd.
cfU khw _y bgwgLtjhF. fU, Uka (2n)
vfh. lh cUthf. Fnuhnkhnrhf, midJ fSl
1.6. blbr (_ybr) ts - Ujd. tiw jFj Kiw
cW uik ghJfhjd. kbwhU Mo ml
vLJbfhsgL, mjD UF
bl br ts vdgL _y
xUka (n) cfU fglJ.
br ts Kiw, gaghL ca
a JiwfS xwhF. _ybrf, gh koUJ vLfgl
khWghL milahj xU br FGkkhF. (2n) br cfU, ml
brfSF U Ka gf irnlhshr nrfglJ.
csd, mit: cfU nrfgl mlij,
1. _ybr vgJ khWghL milahj br kbwhU ts jhahd brk
FGk MF. it iklh Kiw aho fUig gaglJ.
sW, f mf brfis cUthF mlD izfgl
jikilad. cfU Fnuhnkhnrhf (2n)
myF-1

2. _ybrf Fl xU bra Uka iy Ujjh, it

jik cila vj xU Rthf tsu CFfgL, a Fnshdhf
khWghL milaToaJ. vLJfhlhf cUth wjJ. ij lhl Iah
jajir, Rid cg br k, lh vd bgalh.

9
 fiza fhzgL lh brf, bjh nghw gy bjh mikf,
_is fhzgL w eu brf Fj thf cilajhF.
(uhf) nghwt brYjgL,
mwhl th EQ bgUf
tsu CFfglh, it w
gaghL:
jikila brfshf khW.
jLf: bfhygl, myJ cUs
1.6.1. _ybrf tiff EQf _y vbghUf
_ybrf UtifgL. mit: bgwgLwd. it neh jLghwiy
CFf gagLwd.
1. fU _ybr tif: Mtf
c vbghUf: EQfshd
fLgLjgl Niy, clYF
ir, ghOah _y bgwgL nta
btna braif Kiw fU
bghUfshF. nehia VgLJ
cUthfgL, mfUUJ fU
c myJ EQfis bfhW
_ybrf bgwgLwd.
nehUJ ghJfhwJ.
 UUjYF, br j _y
f itl B12 : c bjhEg Kiw
fUbrf fUnfhskhwd. bgwgL itl B12, bga uj
ntWghL milahj br FGf jJ nrhif nehia Fzkhf gagLwJ.
J vLfgLwd. itna
behf: c nta Ka
_ybrf vdgLwd.
gnfF behf, EQf
2. Kj myJ cl _ybrf: _y bgwgLwd. vLJfhlhf
kj kW caiy yFf mikny beh, ghoah, miknyh
ts iy va R, nuhof _y bgwgLwJ.
izR, jirR, uj FH, R: ca bjh Eg
jhFR, euR, dbgUf _ykhf cUthfgl R
Rf nghw eF ntWgLjgl neh (lahgo) irF gagLwJ.
Rf fhzgL ntWghL
milahj brfSF cl _ybrf 1.8. c cz, c fS
vW bga. tiw gJ ts c cz vgJ, beh, v bghU,
CFfglh, it J bgU Ahnkh, my, cf
tsJ, mnjnghW R tsFa brf _y nghjgl czl
brfshf khW. izfgl xU fUahF. fU
t ts KiwahdJ, fU ca liy lyhf
_ybr iy nghwnj MF. khWwJ. fUf kUJt
bjhrhiyf gagLjgLwd.
 l _ybrf bghJthf vY k{i#,
c
fUbr, gFl ut, bjhbfho fUf _y,
tUJ bgwgLwd. 1. uj FSnfh msit
ca

fzlyh.
1.7. EQ bgUf 2. nehWj fhuzkhf cUthd, c l
c bjhEga f gutyhf eRj iki a fzlyh.
gagLwJ. trha, kUJt, cz 3. Fo khRWjiy ffhfyh.

10
 ku gzhkK

1. nehahlUJ brf 2. Mtf itu

fgLwd bgUf milahjthW
khw bragLwJ

3. ituF
EiHfgLwJ
6. khw
7. khw bragl
bragl br,
br, Uggl
nehahF
Ahnkhid
brYjgLwJ
RuwJ

4. khw bragl brf

nehah brYl
fyfgLwd

5. nehah br, kua

khw bgWsJ
gl 1.9 ir Kiw

4. cz kz, ea, Rit nghw bgwgl nehFiwghLfSF

nghwtiw msl gagLjyh. fhuzkhd id rbrj _ynkh
cf: c bjhEga myJ a id FJj _ynkh
_ykhf, cf vdgL FzgLJjyhF.
Ef cUthfgLwd. kugQ kUJt clbrf
vfhy, it ca myJ dbrf (J br myJ
fbghfis cUthf, ghJfh ml br) fhzgL FiwghLfis
Jiw, kUJt JiwY bgJ flJ rbrayh.
gaglyh.
kugQ kUJt tiff
1.9. iwa ma - kugQ kUJt
1. clbr kugQ kUJt-
R rhj neh
clbrfYs FiwghL cila
(lahgo), R brYJj _y
id L Ujgl id
FzgLjgLwJ. tif lahgo
cFJ KiwahF. khw mLj
FiwghL cila f _y fiza
jiyKiwF fljgLtiy.
cs lh brf mWjyh
VgLwd. c bjhEg _ykhf 2. dbr kugQ kUJt-
a FJj myJ rbrj bgnwhf ml myJ J
tiff ir mfgL brf khwdh bragLtjhF.
rbragLwJ. ~J mLj jiyKiwF
myF-1

kugQ kUJt vgJ ku t fljgLwJ.

nehFiwghLf myJ Wneh, v

11
 kL - kh dhf
gF - m
1. bkl njhl glh (igr rilt) bro 7 tifahd khW cUt ntWghLfis
fljh. Gst xU tif ntWghL khsJ __________________.
i) beil kW Fil ii) ij w- kr kW gir
iii) E ky kW nfhz ky iv) bkikahd jL kW fodkhd jL
2. M kj njhaJ __________________.
i) Mfh ii)mbkfh iii) Mnuah iv) ah
3. GstW ghuga jik bfhlJ __________________.
i) kugQ khw bragl jQ ii) fu kugQ khw bragl f
iii) njh br kugQ khw braglit
iv) ghko br kugQ khw braglit
4. aif nj nfhghil btlt __________________.
i ) rhy lh ii) nfh-O-
iii) f n#hf bkl iv) ghil ykh
5. clbr irKiw vgJ __________________.
i ) J br khwij VgLJwJ ii) jiyKiw khwij VgLJwJ
iii) clbr khwij VgLJwJ iv) ml br khwij VgLJwJ
6. glh bro kr ij gghdJ, gir w ij nk XFjik
bfhlJ. GstW gir w ijfhd dhf __________________.
i) GG ii) Gg iii) Yy iv) yy
7. y kjf ehid cUsbr XFgghdJ cly Fnuhnkhnrhfsh
fLgLjgLwJ.
(ehid cUs brgt = RR / Rr kWs ehid cUs bra ayhjt = rr )
 hid cUs br FHijF, ehid cUsbrahj xU rnfhjuD, ehid
e
cUs br U rnfhjfS csd. tf bgnwhf UtUnk ehid
cUsbrgtf v, flt bgnwhf kugQthf _________.
i) RR x RR ii) Rr x Rr iii) RR x rr iv) rr x rr
ca

8. bjhF nlahit nrj gybr cahd iAuh gytifahd dbgUf

Kiwf csd. Gst a rj FLgoahd ntWghLfSl
cUthfgL Kiw _________.
i) bkhL Lj ii) H l iii) gh dbgUf iv) ghyh dbgUf

12
 ku gzhkK

9. Kj Fnsh yfhd brk ML lh cUthf ff

m) ml brUJ xiw ka cfU f.
M) uil ka cfU bfhl ml briy tsjh fUig gj.
) brk Mo ghko brfis nrfj.
<) cfU fgl ml brD ghko br uil ka cfUit brYJj.
c) s Fnsh cUthj.
nkfl ff rahd tir mik _________.
i) m, M, , <, c ii) , m, M, c, < iii) , m, <, M, c iv) c, <, , M, m
10. fhgit blbrf (_ybrf) ga TWf.
m) itf wgilahj / khWghlilahj brf.
M) itf cl vjtifahd brfshf khW w bfhlit.
) it ntfkhf bgUfkilJ xnu khahd mf vif brfis
cUthFwd.
<) itf ja brfshfnth myJ eu brfshfnth khwkilahJ.
c) itf dbgUf thyhf njhW jiyKiwfUJ bgwgLwJ.
rahd TW _________.
i) m, M, ii) , <, c iii) m, , c iv) M, , <
11. R rhj u nehdh ghfgLs kj fiza ____________
brf ijtilUF.
i) Mgh ii) lh iii) fhkh iv) bllh
12. xnu khahd uilaf wgjF fhuzkhd fUWj _______ ilna
eilbgWwJ.
i) uL ml brf kW uL J brf
ii) uL ml brf kW xU J br
iii) xU ml br kW xU J br
iv) xU ml br kW uL J brf
13. xnu khahd uilaf ga jtwhd TW _________.
i) xU fU KilUJ cUthf ii) xnu ghdkhf Uj
iii) bgUghyhd gf xUj iv) ujtif ntWgLj
myF-1

14. ahlj kj ga rahd TW _________.

i) kjid xj Kj nAhLf ii) ntshik bjhlf
iii) iwfis cQjY, j eil iv) wjtfis ijj

13
 15. jiyKiw, jiyKiwahf gf flJjiy ghuga vdgL. bkl j
MF gagLa glh bro, kugfhd fhuf _________
fhzgLwJ?
i) o . v . V ii) M . v . V iii) uj iv) irnlhshr
gF - M
1. bkl j M njhl glh bro cau vw gid XF gghf
Ugij fljh. mnjnghy, ehid cUisahf cUs brj kj XF
gghF. 60 khztf cs xU FG 45 khztf ehid cUs bra Ko,
15 khztf thW bra ayhjtf.
i) nkTa Niy, g XF kW xLF rjjfis fhf.
2. flj Toa gf j dFS, ngdFS khWgL. fhQ
gf vjifa khWghLf bfhLsd vd FLf.
i) kj f w y, fW, gG, gir vd khWgLwJ. tif khWghL
_________ vdgL.
ii) Ka, ahid nghwt fhzgL g mik khWgLsJ. tif khWghLf
__________________ vdgL.
3. Ugh cfilna njhW mj jiyKiw, Fl jikila eF
bjaToa ntWghLfSl UF. ghyh dbgUf Kiw cUthF
jiyKiwf Fiwj msnt khWghLl fhzgLwd.
i) nkTa Tiw VWbfhfsh?
ii) fhQ cf ghyh dbgUfKiw dbgUf br c vJ?
(fugh, dh, kG, gwit)
4. ghuga rhj y Ka brhFf nH bfhLfgLsd. mtW
cadtiw njbjLJ vGJf.
i) ________________ fhuf aa rhj ghugafhuf MF.
ii) __________________ vgJ xnu khW jikahF.
iii) __________________ vgJ mfSila vggik MF.
(m, khWghLf, dkhj, , mnyh kh~f)
5. clbrf VgL khw mLj jiyKiwfSF fljgLtiy. d
ca

br VgL khWghL mLj jiyKiwF fljgLtjhF. nuhkh

mQFL faf jiyKiw jiyKiwahf fljgLwJ. nkTa
Tiw gFjhJ, f bjJbfhlij vGJf.

14
 ku gzhkK

6. M
 kj Kj jfhykj tiu bfhLfgl kj dfis tirgLj.
(ahlj kj, nAhnkh bA, nAhnkh vul, nAhnkh bra.)
7. c bjhEga, ca ed mayhF. j mogil bjhEg
cjah gntWgl bghUf cg bragLwd. nH bfhLfglt
vFG c bjhEg Kiw cUthfgLtiy vd flJ fhuz TWf.
i) behf, fk myf, ouhLf, jLf.
ii) jLf, behf, vcbghUf, fk myf.
iii) v cbghUf, Ahnkhf, ouhLf, jLf.
iv) ouhLf, behf, vbghUf, jLf.
8. X c wnjhw g(ndhil) kW dhf g(ndhil) g
fUJtJ vd? sFf.
9. ntWghLf vwh vd? mj tiff ahit?
10. aif nj bfhifia btlt ah? mj uL nfhghLfis FLf.
11. khndhFnshd vbghUf vwh vd? mj ga ahJ?
12. Fnsh vwh vd? fheil ma Fnsh Eg vthW gaDsjhf
UwJ?
13. ehf FiuF g, mikahd gF XF jikilaJ. d flij
gagL (Rr) ndhil bfhl U FiuF ehf _y wf ths
ehFof gfis TWf.
14. lhl. Iah k mtf Fnsh M _y cUthd lh MLFo
ghko br bgwgl lhbr btisahil xUFkh? myJ ts jhahd
brkahoid xUFkh? fhuz TWf.
15. bfh kUJf mf gagho fhuzkhf f mtij
l, mj kUF vjik bfhl a dkhf mit cUthwJ.
jid lh aif nj nfhghL kW gzhknjhL vthW
bjhlgLJf?
16. Kj kUJtahd ir 1990 ML mondhir o miknd FiwghL
nehila ehF taJ WF tHfglJ. nj nghW ir Kiw _y
ujukhd fhzgL ir Kiw g mj tiff g cfsh Tw
Kokh?
17. bghUjhj izfis flf:
~ ieu# iyWJj
myF-1

tt mf
cf cfbghfis cUthf
lbguhf ghOah v uj
blbr (_ybr ) khWghL milahj br FGk

15
 18. lhl Iah k jdJ Mfhf MW taJila ~lhbr btis
brkaho ghko br cfUit ( 2 n ) gjgL gagLdh. mt kbwhU
Mo UJ X ml brid nrfjh. UJ xiwika ( n ) cfUit
dh. cfU fgl ml brD, kobr UJ vLfgl uilika
cfUit brYdh. uilika ml br ts jhahd brk Mo
fUig gfglJ. uil ika ml br UJ tsj s c lh
vd miHfglJ .
m) lhl Iah k V kobrid njbjLjh?
M) tiuaW : nAshL, oshL
19. GstW jFj izfis bghUJf:
(kUJf, vbghU, EQ, tsij khw, fk myf)
m) jL kUJ M) aif th ) my
<) khndhFnshd vbghU c) itlf
20. njhl glh bro bkldh flagl ij, ky XF gfis,
xLF gfis FLf.
gF -
1. kj gzhk flj 15 a MLf Fljf khwfis bfhljhf
csJ.
m) ts gzhkij ML mogil KiwgLJf.
M) bjhlffhy Fiff vnghJ njhd?
) bjhlffhy nAhf th FJ vGJf.
2. bkl xU g fyid RUfkhf vGJf?
3. eh ah vd flf.
i) ct Rits mykha eh cz gjgLJj gagLnw.
ii) eh u tif gHf fhzgLw nehjLghw VgLJ fk my.
iii) eh xU bfhyuh bfhl OuhL. buhofhshf fhzgLnt.
iv) eh o.v.V. -it JlhF wbgw beh.
v) eh U o.v.V. - JLfis izF beh.
4. rah myJ jtwh vd TWf. il jtbw brhbwhliu r brf.
i) ntWghLf cdf jfSbfW j milahsij VgLJwd.
ca

ii) clYW gaghL ga ia rhy lh Tdh.

iii) cdf gzhkid v J bfhs, isj tiugl myJ ku
tiugl _y gntW dfSilna cs bjhlid mJ bfhs Ko.

16
 ku gzhkK

iv) ku bgha vgJ c o.v.V.- cs kujftfis nrnjh

myJ Fiwnjh khw brtjhF. j _y c w mik khwij
njhWf aY.
5. isnlhah (rF ) jhtu xU g fyfhd u glid cWneh
A,B,C,D fhd ilfis vGJf.
g : ky w
bgnwh: Cjh w ky x btis w ky
BB bb

F1 jiyKiw midJ Cjh w kyf (ndhil Bb )

F2 jiyKiw BB Bb Bb bb
wnjhw j C

dhf j D

nkY ma
f: 1. Framework of Science - Paddy Gannon, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

2. Biology - A Modern Introduction, B.S.Beckett, 2nd Edition, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi.
3. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York
myF-1

izajs: http://www.britannica.com, http://www.khanacademy.org

science.howstuffworks.com

17
 myF 2

nehjilfh kly

nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt kd kW r_f iyfis rk brJ

vgJ f rahd gHbkhahF. bfhwJ.
Mnuhaijl Mdj ntW
RWNH rhj btg, <ugj,
VJiy. Mnuha vgJ cl,
fhwGj, kiH, kjdh VgLjgl
kd kW r_f rhj braf,
khR, mQf R, ClrJ
lgho Ugij FwJ.
gwhFiw, eikR a fz
ekJ cl mik nehfSF vuhf
cs EQf, kjfSF
bragL ffyhd braghLfis
VgL nghuhlf Mad e
bfhLsJ. j fhuzkhf nehfSF
Mnuhaij ghF fhuf MF.
vuhd jilaikig e cl bgWsJ.
Mnuha gkhzf
2.1. cl eyK mj KaJtK
clgkhz: ey Mnuha kj
cl cW Fiwgho, neh
njhw bj, ey tsij khw
UgJ kLkyhk, cley
braghLf, ff fUtisakw
vgJ xU kj cl, kd, kW
jik nghwit ey cl gkhz
r_f rhj lgho Ujiy
TWfshF.
FgjhF. clFiwghL, nehW
Ugij kLnk FgJ MfhJ. kdgkhz: jDila gy, gydij
mj iy, jh kdghikawiy
xU kj, ey Mnuha iy
Mait ey kd gkhzfshF.
csnghJ, mtDila cl cWf
ey Kiw aFwd. mtuJ cl, r_f gkhz: r_fJl xirJ,
wJ Fw fhzhJ, ey r_f
czfis ngQtJ, FLg
Mnuhakhd Mnuhakhd rilrruf , g
kdey cley
lY R_f cwit ngQtJ
cley r_f gkhz vdgL.
2.2. nehfS mj fhufS
ca

nehw iy vgJ MnuhaF

Mnuhakhd vuhdJ. cl cWf uw braghL
r_fey neh vdgL. gntW nehf e cl
gl 2.1 ey cley eyij ghwd.

18
 nehjilfh kly

bra 2.1 kua

nkTa gkhzfis bfhL, ClrJ

cf tF njhHf / RwjhUila
eyjikia g bra.
Niy
ey cl eyJl cstf,
wUl ey cwit ngQgtf,
tsij khwij ghF
nehwtf, tfis tifgLj,
cf egl cfSF oj
Fzfis tirgLj.

nehfhd fhuf
nehUf, Niy fhuf, tsij
khw neh
rJ gwhFiw, kua fhuf,
Uf
tsij khw FiwghLf it
nehfhd fhufshf mikwd.
fhufis bfhL, nehfis
gl 2.2 nehfhd fhuf
fhQ Kiw tifgLjyh.
Fqnfhfh vD Ahnkhfsh
1. nehUf myhk njhW
fLgLjgLwJ. R njitahd
nehf
ms RufhjnghJ, uj fhzgL
2. nehUfsh njhW nehf TLj rfiu gagLjglhk
2.2.1. nehUf myhk njhW ff f WUl fyJ
nehf bjhW jikaw nehf btnawgL. nehF lago
bkl () vW bga.
1. cl cWf brayw jik myJ
tsij khwFiwghL nehf njnghW, lahgo l,
ja nehf, Wuf braH, ca
Mnuhakhd cleyJlToa
uj mGj, clgUk, ma
kj uj rfiu ms,
neh, _isia jhF gfthj nehf
czF Kd 80 - 120 .. / bl..
nghwit tsijkhw braghL
vw ms UF. czF d
Fiwth njhW nehfshF.
mf ms FSnfh uj
caUnghJ it fiuahj isnfh#dhf 2. g
 ugiu nehf myJ kua nehf
khwgL, vfhy njitfhf kua nehf FiwghLs myJ
fuY jirfY nrfgL. O khwkilj dh njhWwJ.
njitgLnghJ isnfh# L
myF-2

mr vgJ bky tsij khw

FSnfh[hf khwgL uj nrU. Fiwghlh VgL gugiu nehahF. J
braghLf midJ fiza, njh, cnuhk, ff bky vD
yhffh Lf fhzgL lh, w yhjjh njhWwJ. J O
Mgh brfsh RufgL R, khwkilj xLF fsh VgLwJ.

19
 gl 2.3 mndh
j mFf: gh nghw btikahd
njh w, Na xJ mf cz
bfhljh VgL x fh (nghnlh
~nghah) iy, nkhah vD
uj ciwahik neh, br
mah vD f mth uj nrhif
neh, jhyah, l FiwghL, wFUL,
F Wt neh nghwit gugiuahf
fljgL kua nehfshF.
3. rJ gwhFiw nehf
ey cl eyF, kj clYF
njitgL midJ cz bghUfS
ca
gl 2.4 Fthahf
gl 2.5 kuhRk
ca j ca ms Uj
ntL. t fhzgL FiwghL
gyj rJFiwghL nehfis
njhWwJ. FHijfSF uj
FiwghL kuhk kW Fthahf
vD nehfSF fhuahwJ.
kuhRk neh fhuzkhf, FHij
vil Fiw, fLikahd tWnghF,
vYJ njh nghjglJ nghw
clyikl FHijf fhzgLt.
Fthahf nehdh FHijfSF
ca tW, Kf, fhf f
fhzgL.
2.2.2. Uf fhuzkhf njhW
nehf
Ufdh neh gu bfhifia,
uhg nfh, ghl btld.
xU EQ myJ nehU kj
clYF EiHJ, ntfkhf tsJ j
vifia bgU bfhwJ. it
eRfis cg brJ UnjhF
nehid clhFwJ. nehw c,
neh mFfis btgLJwJ.
20
 nehjilfh kly

itl Fiwghlh VgL nehf mltiz nH jugLsJ

itl FiwghL nehf mFf

itl A nlh nyhah khiyf
itl D f vYf fha FiwghL
itl E kyL jik dbgUf bra FiwghL
itl K uj ciwahik mf uj H
itl B1 bg - bg eu braghL Fiw
itl B5 bgyhfuh kw neh, njh neh, tWnghF
itl B12 bga mah uj tgQ ij
itl C f <Wf uj fj, g Gj

xL EUf
EUf kjf mfkhd
nehF fhuzkhf csd. j
Uf itu, ghOah, irf,
nuhnlhnrhth vd gy tiff
fhzgLwd.
1. itufS, itufsh clhF
nehfS
ituf, Unjh cl
cUsitahf, clYF bt gl 2.6 ngiy
cuwKiwY bragL. ituf kj th, _F, njhf fhzgL
ujjh NHgl ciwia cila uhf, cl fhzgL f
DNA myJ RNAit ku bghUshf tahf clD EiHwd. it
bfhLsJ. Jtiu magl clD ntfkhf bgU mf aKs
midJ itufS xLfns. eRjikia btLtj_y nehia
it nghnah, bt ehfo, fu f, cg brwd. fhrneh, bjhGneh,
_is ciw f, _is fhr nghw fhyuh, ilghL, bjhil milgh,
kuzij VgLjToa nehfis fFth, Uk, blld (uz#),
cUthFwd. ns, nkhah, , bfhndah
2. ghOahfS, ghOah nehfS nghwit kj fhzgL ytif
ghOa nehfshF.
ghOah vgJ, Enzh
3. irfS, ir nehfS
myF-2

_y kLnk fhzToa xU br
nuhnfnahLf MF. ytif
ghOahf fwitfshf UD,
ytif xLfshf, UJ nehF
fhuahwd. bghJthf ghOahf
irf, gira mw rhW
myJ xL tiffshF. it
wj, mGnghd fk cf myJ
cUs jhtuf myJ yFf

21
 thG. ytif irf kj fljggLnkahdh, it bjhW
njhYs fnuhOfis ijJ, tl nehf vdgL. tif nehfis
totkhd gilnehia cUthF. nkY mj fhu, gu jik kW fLghL
bghLF, nrWfSF fhuahwJ. Matiw mJ bfhtj _y, e
eho fhzgL tif nehfUJ
nuhnlhnrhthfS, nuhnlhnrhth
ghJfhJ bfhs aY.
nehfS
2.3.1. itu nehf
nuhnlhnrhthf xUbr
cfshF. ytif nuhnlhnrh rhjhuz r: WF nkgl
thf kj xLahf UJ ituf nehF fhufshf
knyah, jng, f ah nghw csd. bgatfisl FHijfns
nehfis cUthFwd. mfkhf ghgilwd.
 j fhzgL
k neh cUthF neh mFf
xLf
1. Rthrghij, mj nkwfYs eh
kj, jilG, fuG, va Rf f.
cUisG, ahidfh(ignyah)
2. r xGFj.
nghw xLf _ykhf Oah,
Mfhah, ignyah nghw 3. jiyt, fhr.
nehf clhwd. rhjhuz rdh cl neh v
jik FiwJ nkhah, _RFH
2.3. EQfsh VgL nehfS,
nehf nghw, Jiz nehf VgL.
jL KiwfS
neh guj
xUtlUJ kbwhUtUF,
xL _y neh 1. nehah eh, thtahf bjF

rnghw
nfnrha nkYiw
o.v.V jiy
o.v.V

ciw
M.v.V

isnfh uj nf th iH
ca

mondh itu Sarh itu ngonahng{

gl 2.7 ituf tiff

22

tiyf, nehwt ngRj, j,
r Jj nghw brafdh
wUF guwJ.
2. nehwt cilik bghUfshd
ifFil, gLif , Milf,
ghuf, nkY fgiw rhjdf
Mait ~nghikLf vdgL.
it _ykhf neh guwJ.
nehfLghL, neh tuhk jLjY
ey rJs cz, nehahldhd
bjhlid jj, rahd kW
ikahd Mil cLJj nghwit
_y nehia jf aYnk ju,
ntWjkhd w eilKiwf VJiy.
gl 2.8 kj iundh itu
qarh
cy vyh gFfY, Fghf
1970 cyif Mogilj bfhLikahd
xU neh.
nehfhu
A (H1 N1) vdgL itu nehia
guwJ. ~J cUil toYs
iuthf gu tifia rhjJ.
mFf
Obud njhW fhr,
KJFwY, if, fhfY fLikahd
t.
nehjilfh kly
neh guj: nehwt eh,
thUJ bjF tiyf
_ykhf mLjt RthrFH tahf
neh guwJ. nkY, nehwt
cilik bghUf _ykhf gu.
neh fLghL
1. nehah ghfgltfSl
kwt bjhl yhkY, Uk,
Jj nghJ nehahf mtf
thgF a Jodh kiwJ
bfhs ntL.
2. iffis Rjkhf fGt ntL, j Ra
neh ghJfhig gw ntL.
gl 2.9 v1 v1 itu
2.3.2. ghOah nehf
ghOahf nuhnfaho cf
MF. ytif ghOahf kjfl
xLahf UJ fhrneh, fhyuh,
ilghL, jng nghw nehfSF
fhuahwd.
fhrneh: fhrneh vgJ fh gu
neh tifia rhjJ. Eiupuiy
cl w cWfshd vYf, _Lf,
z Ruf, brkhd cWf,
myF-2
fu kW Wufij ghwJ.
nehfhu: iknfhghOa
ogFnsh (TB), vD F tot
ghOahfsh cUthwJ.
23
 mFf
1. ghOahdh ghfgl gF
W fofSl Toa cUthtjh,
nehF ogFnsh (fhr neh)
vd bgalglJ.
2. bjhlahd Uk.
3. cl vil Fiwj. gl 2.11 ogFnsh ghOah

neh guj: fhrneh fh _y neh fLghL

guwJ. nehwt thUJ 1. e
 y Mnuhakhd iy UjY
bjF v tiyf _yK mRjkhd Niyia jjY,
guwJ. j v tiy, nehwt mf kf TL lij jjY,
cz cQnghJ, r tahf, fhnwhlkhd miw UjY, neh
ngRj, j _y btnawgL, gujiy jF.
l neu fh fyJ cUl UJ
2. ey Na x, ikahd fhW
neh gu.
Uf beUflhk jLF t
fhrneh, ghOah brRt Kiwf MF.
fhzgL xUj tGtGghd xL
3.n
 ehahia jikgLJj, nehah
jikah fhnyna mf neu UJ,
gagLJ bghUfis Ueh
jid RthF kj Eiupu
bfhL ikgLJj.
tahf guwJ.
4. nehah v, r nghwtiw
nrfJ vj.
ika eu kly
gik, nrh 5. fhrneh jL Cahd BCG
jLia FHij wjl nghLj.
6. 
nehah UK nghJ, JK nghJ
Eiupu ifFilah _if, thia
beR t, bjhl Uk _obfhSj nghw brafsh
UknghJ j neh jhFj UJ jLJ
uj Jf bfhsyh.
btgLj
ilghL
nehfhu: F tot vzw
fir iHfSl Toa, rhnkhdyh
njh il~ vD ghOah _y neh
u aj, njhWwJ.
bt w
ca

mFf
1. bjhlahd fhr.
2. FlgF fK fS
njhWj.
gl 2.10 fhrneh (TB) mFf

24
 nehjilfh kly

2.3.3. nuhnlhnrhth _y gu nehf

bra 2.2
xUbr cfshd nuhnlh
ghOah ts Kiw
nrhthf y xLf neh
y uh khr JLfis eF bgho Ufshf csd. it kjfSF
brJ Jl 15 l bfhf nehfis clhFwd.
itfgl nfu, cUis HFf knyah
nrJ, eF fy iu tofoa
nehfhu: `shnkhoa' vD
cs fyitia wj X MFHh
EQ _y knyah guwJ.
vLJ y k neuf itf ntL.
d Rkh 25oC btgiy gdh ah shnkhoa tiff
MFHhia _o itf ntL. fhQ Kiw fhzgLwd.
mit :
ghOah tsUtjF Vw fyit,
ghOah tsUtij fhzyh. 1. shnkhoa itth
2. shnkhoa knyna

3. ku f, Fljf t 3. shnkhoa ghghu

f mo t njhWj. 4. shnkhoa xnt MF.
neh guj t shnkhoa ghghu wig
1. i
lghL nehahdJ khrilj , VgLJ fLikahd tifahF.
cz _ykhf, gut: knyah bg mdh bfhR
2. i lghL nehah ghfglt tahf guwJ.
xU jhahf bragLtj mFf
_ykhf,
1. fL fhrY, cl FJ
3. <
 bkhj cz bghUf eLfK, ajY knyahfhd
_ykhf neh guwJ. Ka mFfshF. LL
neh jL fLghL fhr bjhlU.

nehwtiu jikgLJj 2. mofo knyahth jhfglh,

<fUJ ghJfh ku gGjiljY fu R
mjY VgLwJ.
Rfhjhukhd cz gHf.
neh jL fLghL
f
 tiw gaghil Rfhjhukhd
Kiw guhkjdh neh 1.bfhR foia jLf, Rfhjhu Kiwfshd
guthk jLfyh. U eh bjj, if nghLj
ilghLF vuhf jnghJ y (Ground Fogging)
jLf gagho csd. xUKiw 2.bfhR tsia jLf,
myF-2

ilghL neh Vgo, iyahd neh njUF lij _LjY,

v jikah ilghL nehF rhfil njfhk ghJ
vuhd ghJfh cl VgLwJ. bfhSjY KakhditahF.

25
 kj
nghnuhnrhLf fu br fu
cUthj RH

bfhR kjD
knyah Uia
cbrYJj uj
C tgQF irrhL
nghnuhnrhth f btna
cUthf RH nrhL
nuh
s onuhngh Kj
nrhL onuhngh
bfhRD nrhL
RH
Cifd iknuh bfhRD uj
nfnlh ir nfLf tgQF
cbrYj
kj
uj
RH

iknuh nfnlh
ir nknuh nfnlh
irLF EiHj nknuh nfnlh irrhL
irLf nfnlh
nfnlh ir irLf
gl. 2.12 knyah xL thif RH

3. bfhR tiyfis gagLJj, bfhR r nuhdhL uh

uo _y bfhR foia jJ
knyah neh tuhk jLfyh. r nuhdhL uh (1857
- 1932) mnkhuh wj
knyah xL thif OZ-a kUJt.
RH t jKila g
shnkhoa: shnkhoa goig, kUJt goig
gh dbgUf mdhy bg yh gwh. ,
bfhRY, ghyh dbgUf ffjh khy bghJ
kjY eilbgWwJ. nehw kUJtkid gjh. 1882 - 1899M
kjiu mdh bg bfhR MLf uh knyahit g Muhjh.
foFbghGJ shnkhoa , bgfq gnghJ, bfhR
bfhR clYF brW thif RH , dbgUf
ghdbgUfdh bgU Ka gfgij knyahit
nghnuhRthLfshf cUth gu bjhlfis Muhjh. ,
bfhR c Ru brfjuhgh gnghJ, knya
nrfgLwJ. bg bfhR xLf bg mdh bfhR
nehaw kjid foFnghJ j Ugij fljh. knyah neh,
nghnuhRthLf kj cl vthW bfhR fodh knyah nehs
ca

EiHJ fu brf bgU xUtlUJ wUF vthW guwJ

d uj tgQfis vgij btgLdh. khbgU
jh btof brwJ. j gfhf 1902 r nuhdhL uh[&F
fhuzkhf nkhnrh vD nehg gR tHfglJ.

26
 nehjilfh kly

eRbghU btgL Fiu, fL brf J thH aY. mit njh,

fhriy VgLJwJ. fhr cnuhk, ef nghwt nknyhlkhd
3 Kj 4 ehf ofyh. bjhWfSF fhuzkh ml Toa
gil(L)fis VgLJwd.
m jng (mah)
neh guj: nehah ghfgl
nehfhu: vlgh nlhiyofh
tlUJ neuoahf mtf gagLJ
vD nuhnlhnrhth EQ,
, Jthiy tahf guwJ.
bgUFl gu m jngia
VgLJwJ.
mFf iffGt MW iyf
1. fhr
2. kyf, mo t t.
3. r nghw nfhiHl Toa uj
JfSl fhzgL ky.
neh guj
csiffis fGj wiffis fGj
m jng , cz _y gu
nehahF. nehw kj kyUF
nehUf, <f tahf czY
Y gu, neh cUthwJ.
neh jL, fLghL
 Uf mw Rjkhd iu gUFtj ufSilna fGj u Efis fGj
_yK, < bkhfhj, Rfhjhukhd Kiw
ntf itj cz bghUfis cgj
_yK, j ik brafshd ftiw
Mnuhaij filogj _yK
neh tuhk jLfyh.
2.3.4. irf _y gu nehf bgUu kW
kfLfis fGj effis fGj
y irf xLfshF.
gl 2.13 Rfhjhu a gHff
ir kjf, yFfY nehfis
VgLJwd.
gljhkiu
nehfhu: irf _W
btntW ngdf csd. mit
vblnkhiglh, iknuhnghu,
myF-2

iunfhiglh Mait
gljhkiuF fhuahf csd.
mFf: gljhkiu nehF
fhuzkhd irf kj njh wj gl 2.14 gljhkiu

27
 neh fLghL: nehwtlUJ, jFj  eh bjhWs jhlUJ nrF,
n
ghJfhbgw mt gagLJ cilik FHij wnghJ bjhbfho
bghUfis gagLjTlhJ. _y neuoahf fljgLwJ.
2.4. neh gu tf 2. kiwKfkhf neh guj: clYF
btna cUl cs, y
nehw kjlUJ, eykhd
nehUf nehahf cilik
kjDF neuoahfnth, neh flf
bghUfshd cilf, gLif
_ykhfnth Uf gujiy 'neh guj'
f, ifFil, ftiw
vnwh.
fUf, ghuf, Ftisf khRw
neh guj fhQ tKiwf bghUf, tahf neh gujiy,
eilbgWwJ. kiwKf neh guj vnwh.
1. 
neuoahf neh guj: nehw 3. yFf _y neh guj:
kjlUJ, eykhd kjDF neh cf, o vdgL uF
gujiy neuo neh guj vnwh. cf, gwitf, f,
v.fh. oah (bjhil milgh) ghof _ykhf, knyah, fhyuh,
fFth Uk, nkhah, fhyuh, nu (btehfo) nghw nehf
ilghL, r (kzth mik) guwd.
lhyik.
2.5. jL l

nehf, r, Uk, ngRj
neh jLghw: neh jLghw
_ykhf bjF tiyf _y
vgJ kj cl nehfSF vuhf
kwtf th, _F gFfSF
Fl xU tif nehU myJ
fh tahf gu, neh VgLwJ.
mj bghUfSF vuhf bragL
KiwahF.
clYF Fj nehU, m~J
cg br eR, nehfSF
fhuzkhd bt ujK Mo#
vdgL.
nehjil mik, uj shkh,
z, nghirLf nghwit
Mo#fSF vuhd braKiwfis
mj nta jikl MuhJ,
mjF vuhd jFj uj bghUshd
vbghUis (Antibody) cg
br. it Mo#fis bfhnwh
myJ eR jikia nah, neh
ca

jilfhig VgLJwd.
neh jLghw tiff
aifahd neh jLghw myJ
gl 2.15 neuoahf neh flJj aghd neh jLghw. Fl tif

28
 nehjilfh kly

neh myJ nehUfSF vuhd, aifahfnt tif jLghw,

aifahf bgwgl jL KiwfshF. mikjh, tif jLghwiy
aifahd braF jLghw vd,
jhtu tif nehf yFfis
jhfhJ. vbghU cg jL
Kiwnyh, kj ntW Kiwnyh
bgwgl neh jLghw
bragLjglh it braifahd
j theh nehW, mj _y braF neh jLghw vdgL.
mj nehF vuhf bgwgl jL v.fh. neh jL l nghnah
KiwahF. tif jLghw, jL, KjL nghLj.
braF bgwgl jLghw, kjkhf
kjkhf bgwgl jLghw
bgwgl jLghw vd Utiff
csd. Kiw jahfgl Mogho
(neh vbghU) cl aifahf
braF neh jLghw
cUthtjF gyhf cbrYjgLwJ.
tif jLghw cF
jh ujUJ bgwgl
KjKiwahf nehfhuah neh
vbghU, fUF brYjgL
clhF nghJ VgL jLghw MF.
neh jL w VgLjgLwJ.
Mogho vdgL neh vbghU
tif, aifahd kjkhf bgwgl
uj l fhyF UJ
neh jLghw vdgL.
tif nehUfSF vuhf
bragLwJ.

neh jLghw tiff

 nehjilfh

aifahd myJ a bgwgl nehjil fh

neh jLghw. (wUnj (wj bgwgLtJ)
bgwgLtJ)

braF neh jil kjkhf bgwgl nehjil

fh (vnjh fh. Kdnu vbghU
Lj _y vbghU tahf bgwglJ.
cUthfgLjyh bgwgLtJ.
myF-2

nehfhuzkhf nehjL  aifahd jhgh braifahf w

aifahd _y braifahd _y FHijF cflUJ
bgwgLtJ. bgwgLwJ. vbghU brtjh bgwgl vbghU
bgwgLwJ. brY bgwgLtJ.

29
 vbghU braifahf w l vgJ, nehfSF vuhd
tif yFfUJ bgwgL jLfis jL kUJfis
brYjglh tif, braifahd FHijfSF mJ, nehflUJ
kjkhf bgwgl jLghw vdgL. ghJfh mF KiwahF.
tif jLghw iyahdjW.
neh jLfis vj ta, vj
jL _y bgwgL jLghw. nehF, vjtizf mfgl
neh jL l : neh jL ntL vw mltiz jugLsJ.

ah bragLjgL neh jL l

t.
taJ jL ms
v

1. wj FHijF BCG Kj jtiz

2. 15 eh nghnah brhL kUJ Kj jtiz

bjhil milgh,
3. 6 MtJ thu fFth Uk, bllhd Kj jtiz
(KjL) nghnah

4. 10 MtJ thu KjL kW nghnah 2 MtJ jtiz

5. 14 MtJ thu KjL kW nghnah 3 MtJ jtiz

6. 9 - 12 khj r Kj jtiz

Kj CF
7. 18 - 24 khj KjL kW nghnah
jtiz

8. 15 khj - 2M ML MMR Kj jtiz

1 khj ilbt
9. 2 - 3 ML ilghL
U jtizf

ulhtJ
10. 4 - 6 ML DT kW nghnah
CF jtiz

11. 10 MtJ ML TT kW ilghL Kj jtiz

ulhtJ
ca

12. 16 MtJ ML TT kW ilghL

CF jtiz

30
 nehjilfh kly

ah bragLjgL neh
jL lf

BCG fhrneh jL
bjhil milgh, fFth
DPT
Uk, bllhd (KjL)
MMR lhyik, r, %bgyh
oah(bjhil milgh)
DT
gl 2.16 nghnah jL kUJ mj bllhd(U jL)
TT bllhd lh[hL
nkY mJ bfhnth
2.6. nehfhd iffS jL
jhgh tahf FHij vj
KiwfS
tifahd nehjLghwiy
bgWwJ? nehfhd ir vgJ,
kUJt _y nehia fLgLj
jhgh w
vLfgL eltoifahF. J,
wj FHijF jugL
1. kUJf _y ir Kiw
jhghYF <Lizahd cz
VJiy. neh v bghUfS, 2. kUyh ir vd U Kiwf
ndh FnshfS jhgh FzgLjgL.
csd. tsU s FHijF 1. kUJf _y FzgLjgL ir
jhgh tahf neh v bghUf Kiw:
ClgLwd.
bghJthf, Uf tahf neh
braifahd gh cz _y jhFnghJ, kUJt irf
FHijfSF vj nehF vuhd nkbfhsgLwd. kUJf
jL Kiwf bgwKoahJ. neh aij Fiwnjh neh
FHijF FiwjJ 6 khjkhtJ Ufis bfhnwh bragLwd.
jhgh tHfglntL. nehfSF vuhf tHfgL
braif gh cz _y neh vbghUf, neh bragL
tsfgL FHijfisl jhgh Kiwia jLJ, clYF vj F
_y tsU FHijf Fiwthd iHfhk bragL.
nehF Mshwd vgij kUJt 2. kUyh ir Kiw : eu
Mf cWgL csd. irFwnfh, vY K
jhgh, tsU s FHijfSF irF wnfh nehUJ FzkhF
vb[ah nfh, rhbkhbdyh, kjDF nahfh, a kUJt
yh, bunlh fhif, ilignyh (nahbju Kiwf) _y mfgL
myF-2

fhif nghw nkhfhif ngoah kUyh irKiw mtDila

UJ, nghnah itu, nuhnlh tha braghLfis eKiw
ituflUJ ghJfhgfyh. bragLj cjwd.

31

gl 2.17 nahfh g
kJgHf kW nghij kUJF
moikahdtfis kd irahd,
fyjh _y gHfUJ
Lgl brayh.
nehjL Kiwf: nehjhF U NHgl xU tif bunuh itu. HIV
fUJ ghJfhJ bfhs Toa
Kiw nehjL Kiwf vdgL.
nehjL Kiwf U tifgL.
1. bghJthd nehfhdit: neh
U bjhWfUJ, neh
jL kUJf tahf nehia
jfyh. ikahd thifKiw,
Tlij jj, ikahd
fhW, ghJfhghd Fo kW wghd
fgiw Rfhjhu Kiwfis guhkj
tahf neh gu Ufis jJ, HIVI fl Mf
nehflUJ ghJfh bgwyh.
2. Fl nehfhdit: Fl
y nehF vuhf neh v
jikia VgLJtJ, mFl
nehUfis vF neh
jilfhig VgLJtJ MF.
vLJfhlhf, neh jL l. 2. ghJfhghd ghYw Kiwf.
2.7. kUJt c bjhEg
kUJtJiw c 4. kUJtkidf xU Kiw kLnk
bjhEg gaghL FJ Kj
bjhF thf fWzuglJ.
ca
2.8. v.I.. mj jL
KiwfS
bgwgl neh jLghw Fiw
(AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) vD neh, ghd bjhl
myJ ujbghUf tahf gu
xU tif bfhoa nehahF. mbkf Ia
eho cs nja ey M ika
uhg nfnyh kW gh eho Y
khla Mnah AIDS nehfhd
HIV itui[ bjLjd.
v.I.. vdgLtJ xU RNA it ku
bghUshf bfhl isnfh ujjh
itu Moghofis cUthF CD4
kW T cj brfis cUthF
(nghirLf) uj btis
mQf vifia FiwJ
neh jLghw Fiwit VgLJwJ.
neh mFf: Fljf vil
Fiw, fL ng, bjhlahd fhr,
nfoilah, bAg Nl vD
itu jhf kW T.B. nghw HIVfhd
rjgthj nehf cUthj.
1. viyrh (ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immuno
Sorbent Assay)
2. btl sh- cWgLJ M.
jLKiwf
1. ghJfhfgl ghYw elijf.
3. H
 IV M bragl uj brYJj
gagLjgL Cf.
5. Ko Ujf f / nsL

c bjhEg thyhf nghwtiw xUtUF xUKiw

R braifKiw cg kLnk gagLJtJ.
bragL, nehahfSF
6. xnu Cid gagL
R cg FiwghoF khwhf
girFJjiy jj.
kUJtJiw gagLjgLwJ.

32
 nehjilfh kly

kL - kh dhf
gF - m
1. tUtdtW Ugjf cl eyTW ________________.
i) U X bjhWnehUJ Fzkilwh.
ii) U Y ehnjhW R C nghLbfhwh.
iii) U Z f kd mGj csh.
iv) U K ehnjhW j flikid brwh, kahf csh.
2. r_f R_fkw bra ________________.
i) xUt, wjeh Hh kl gnfwh.
ii) va brafY fLikahf elJ bfhwh.
iii) NiyfSF xgbragLwh.
iv) j cleykw jhia kUJtkid brW ftJ bfhwh.
3. tUtdtW ghOahth clhF neh ________________.
i) _isfhr ii) btehfo iii) uz# iv) bgaik
4. tUtdtW fh_y gu neh ________________.
i) fhrneh ii) _isfhr iii) ilghL iv) fhyuh
5. f fLikahd knyah fhriy cUthF shnkhoa U ________________.
i) Xntny ii) knyna
iii) ghghu vi) itth
6. ekJ czFl gF neh clhF nuhnlhnrhth EQ ___________.
i) shnkhoa itth ii) vlgh liyofh
iii) onghndhnrhkh nfna iv) Oah nrha
7. kiwKfkhf neh gu Kiw ________________.
i ) r Jj ii) th tahf bjj
iii) jh nr iz R iv) nehah gagLJ cilikf
8. w cflUJ bjLfgl vbghUf, kjUF neh jLahf
nghlgLwd. tUtdtW ________________ vtif jL Kiw?
i) braifahd braF neh jL Kiw ii) braifahd kjkhd neh jL Kiw
iii) aifahd braF neh jL Kiw iv) aifahd kjkhd neh jL Kiw
9. wj FHijF Kj Kj bfhLfgL nehjL ________________.
myF-2

i) tht nghnah ii) DPT iii) DPT kW nghnah iv) BCG

10. xU wj ey thifia thH, xbthU kjD ey cl, kd, r_f eyJl
Uj ntL. VnjD xW FiwglhY mt ________________
vdgLth.

33
 11. xU khz uj czit jJ mfgoahd fhnghiAnu czit cwh.
v vrJ FiwghL neh mtSF VgL?
i) Fthnahf ii) khiyf iii) lahgo iv) l FiwghL
12. cWgLJj: (A) lahgo bkl nehahf uj fhzgL TLj
rfiu gagLjglhk W tahf btnawgL.
fhuz (R) fiza nghJkhd Rid Rugiy.
i) A kW R rahdJ. R, A fhd rahd sf
ii) A kW R rahdJ. R, A fhd rahd sf my
iii) A r Mdh R jtW iv) A jtW Mdh R r
gF - M
1. kuhk kW Fthnahf nehf uj Fiwghlh VgLwd. kuhk neh,
Fthnahf nehUJ ca tW kW Kf f Ma mFf _y
ntWgLwd. TW rah? jtwhf U U vGJf.
2. bfhLfgLs clFiwghLf jahd xiw jFj fhuzfSl flJ
vGJf.(jhyah, nkhah, khiyf, mr, f mth uj nrhif )
3. rhjhuz rah ghfgl egl fhzgL bghJthd mFf ahit?
i) __________________________ ii) _______________________________
4. wFUL nehUJ khiyf nehia ntWgLJf.
5. g L js xU khzt njh ml Toa mlj jo fhzglJ.
ij mj L fhghs kw khztfis ghfgl khzt Jthiy, Mil,
Matiw gJ bfhsTlhJ vd mWJwh. mkhztUF VgLs
neh bga, mj nehfhd fhuia flf.
6. knyah xLia gu ia (nehgu ) TWf. f fLikahd knyah
fhriy cUth wig VgLJ knyah xL vJ?
7. HIV- I fl M kW cWgLJ Mf ahit?
8.KjL vwh vd? jL kUdh jLfgL _W nehf ahit?
9. jhgh _y FHijF vbghU brtjh vjifa nehjLghw
clhwJ?
10. fh thafis goJ rah? jtwh? vW TWf
i) wFUL xU kua neh, v khiyf neh rJ FiwghL nehahF.
ii) bga mah xU rJ FiwghL neh v br mah xU kua
ca

neh / FiwghL neh.

iii) TT jL ghfgl FHijF kjkhf bgwgl jLghw v BCG jL
braF bgwgl neh jLghwiy mwJ.
iv) knyah xU ghOa neh v gljhkiu xU itu neh.

34
 nehjilfh kly

11.
 uahF <Wf uj fj, g MLj Ma cghijf csd. Mjj
it itl FiwghL vd flaglJ.
 uah cz gHf gwhFiws itl ___________ , FiwghL

nehfhd bga ________________ MF.
12. (m) , (M) it () l bghUJf.

m M

itlf FiwghL nehf neh mFf

itl - A nlhnyhah khiyf

itl - B1 f eu FiwghL

itl - C f gf uj f

itl - D ujf vYf fha Fiw

itl - K bg bg uj Fiwj

13. xU Rfhjhu mYty mgF thG kfl xnu Cia gagL gyUF
gir FJjiy, KoUjf xnu nsL/f gyUF gagL rtu
brj, KoUJj ntlh vd mWJwh. t _y vj bfhoa
neh guthk jLfyh? nkY mj jL Kiwfis TWf.
14. bghUJf:

nehf mFf

m) m jng i) f
 L fhrY cl FJ eLfK LL bjhlU

M) fhrneh ii) njh, eff ml Toa gil

) gljhkiu iii) m
 ot tl nfhiH kW ujJl Toa ky

<) knyah iv) b

 jhlahd Uk kW cl vil Fiwj
15. guj mogil nehfis tifgLJf.
( _y , fh _y, ghd bjhl _y )
1. fhyuh 2. ilghL 3. fhrneh 4. bjhGneh 5.
6. bfhndah 7. nkhah 8. rhjhuz r 9. m jng 10. v
myF-2

16. m) kjiu bgUks ghF nehfhuf _id TWf.

M) A
 IDS nghw itu bjhWnehfSF kUJ fLogJ kw nehfis l
f fodkhdJ. TW rah? jtwh? thf.

35
 17. xU khzt r nehdh ghfgL Fzkiljh. mt ma Ma
mtdJ thif L neh mtid jhfhJ vd Tdh. TW rah?
jtwh? fhuz TWf.
18. kj gljhkiu neh clhtjfhd nehfhuf ahit? mj mFfis
FLf.
19. bghUjhtiw njbjLJ vGJf:
m) AIDS : nuh itu, nghirLf, BCG, ELISA
M) ghOa neh: btehfo, fhyuh, rhjhuzr, qarh.
) DPT jL: bjhilmilgh, fhrneh, fFth Uk, bllhd.
<) kj shnkhoa neh bjhWiy: nghnuhRth, nuhnrh,
nuhnghnrh, nfnlhir.
c) kdgkhz: gsgsghd njh. ey tsij khw braghLf, ff
fUtisa mwjik, j gy kW gydij mj iy.
20.g
 h foF v eR kUJ jahF njitahd vbghUis Fiuf
clUJ cg brJ, gagLjgL tUwJ. J vj tifahd neh
jLghw?
21. fhQ nehfis tsij khw FiwghL neh myJ kua neh myJ
rJ FiwgL neh vW tifgLJf.
m) jhyah M) bg-bg ) lahgo bkl <) F Wt neh,
c) f C) kuhk v) cl gUk V) mk neh
I) nlhnyhah x) nkhah
22. rahd Tiw fLof (r / jtW)
m) fhrneh, iknfhghOa ogFnsh vD ghOahth cUthwJ.
M) ilghL, iunfhiglh vD irah cUthwJ.
) knyah, shnkhoa itthdh cUthwJ.
<) qarh, vlgh lhiyofh vD nuhnlhnrhthdh cUthwJ.
23. bg mdhy bfhR _y nghnuhRthLf xU kj cl EiHjlnd
knyah fhr mtUF VgLtiy. V? sFf.
24. shnkhoa thif RH iyfis flf:
m) bfhR kjD knyah Uia cbrYJj.
M) nehw kjiu mdhy bgbfhR foF bghGJ shnkhoa bfhR
clYF brYj.
ca

25. <fsh gutToa nehf uoid TWf. mnehfis VgLJ neh

fhufis FLf.

36
 nehjilfh kly

26. fhQ u glij cWnehFf.

'X'

uj cs FSnfh fu cs isnfh#

 nH bfhLfgLs mltizUJ x nehfhu kW tsij khw

FiwghL nehia TWf:
FiwghL neh fhu
m) lahgo l ADH Ahnkh FiwghL
M) lahgo bkl R Ahnkh FiwghL
) fnuhd ja neh ja jirfSF uj mF jk mil
<) Wuf braH ujij tofL beuh braH

gF -
1. fyh vgt FHij bgWsh.
m) wj FHijF Kj MW khjfSF tHf ntoa nehjLf Fj
mltizia jahf.
M) jLf _y vbjj nehfis jLl aY?
2. cf gF knyah gu csJ.
m) jid fLgLj cf gF ca mYtyfSF jFj Mnyhrid
tHFf.
M) knyah rahd neh mFid njbjLJ vGJf.
(F, eLf kW fLfhr, ng)
3. mnlhg 15, cyf if fG ehshf bfhlhlgLwJ.
m) cf egDF if fGj eikfis TWf.
M) xU eh vbjj neuf if fGf?
4. nehjLghw vwh vd? nehjLghw tiffis g F vGJf.
5. kj eilbgW shnkhoa thif RHia tf.
6. rJgwhFiwdh VgL gntW nehfis FLf. mnehfSfhd
mFfis vGJf.

nkY ma
f: 1. Biology - RAVEN, Johnson WCB McGraw - Hill, USA
myF-2

2. Biology - A Modern Introduction, B.S. Beckett, 2nd Edition, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi
izajs: www.khanacademy.org, www.ase.tufts.edu/biology

37
 myF 3

kj cl cW klyf
mik braghLfS

eu bjhF
bloiuLf
xU Fl gid brJKof
Jff
uL myJ mjF nkgnlh cfU
xW TLwhf vd fUJnth. br cly
mtf xbthUtU jknf ca nua fQ
jj ehlfS, wfS isj Ko gFf
irnlh
bfhltfshf, mtut t jf shr
gfis brayhWgtuhf Ughf. bykh
thwhd ntWghLfis bfhl
Mrh
mtf braghil xUizf,
ika ciw
xGFgLj xirjikia
clhf ahnuh xUt mtakhwh.
bliuL
mijnghynt, cl cWf
brafnsh myJ cW klyfnsh
jj gfis jirahf bra cfU
ayhJ. mt gf
xUizfgL jiy Mrh
xUKid UKid
braghil fhjYF gyKid
nAhnahnl vW bga. gl 3.1 uhf mik, tiffS

xUizj vgJ uL myJ ehsyh Ru kly, Ahnkhf

mjFnkgl cWf ilid _ykhf cl cWfSilna nt
j, xW kbwhWF Jizahf xUiz Kiwia VgLJwJ.
brayhWj vgjhF. j bjhF eu, ehsyh
ekJ cl eu klyK, ehsyh Ru klyf mik, mit
Ru klyK, cl cWf brayhW j g bjJ bfhnth.
midJ brafis xUizF 3.1. eu kly
gia brwd. vdntjh
midJ brafS xirthf kj eu kly mikJsit:
ca

eilbgw aYwJ. 1. ntWgl lfis flj,

bgWj, flj Kja brafis
f iuthd xUizfhf, eu
br wtif brfns uhf
kly mLjLj Kidfis izF
myJ eu brf MF.
tiyd mikl mikJsJ.

38
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

2. nuhah brf uhf bga. M[hid NJs ika

Jiz brf MF. vw ciwahdJ gymLFfis
3. eu iH vgJ, eu brf bfhl th brfsh MdJ. j
fiwfis bfhl iH mikghF. bt mLF bykh vW bga.
M[h isj Ko gFfis
3.1.1. eu brf
ju, kw gFfis bykh
eu brf myJ uhfns, eu nghago csJ. M[hJ
kly mik, bra myFf MF. ika ciwah clhfgL
_is Rkh 860 nfho eu brfsh ilbtf, nua fQf
MdJ. nkY mfkhd nuha vdgL. bykh nua fQf
brfsh MdJ. bjhlaW fhzgLwJ. l
E mikghd eu br, _W iuthf flJtij ika ciw cW
gFfis bfhlJ. mit, br cly, brwJ.
bloiuLf, M[hf MF. eubr tiff:
br cly: euf br cly, m) ika ciw myJ bkLnyl
xGfw tot myJ gKf uiktw myJ btik w uhf:
mik MF. eubr (m) eu br M[hf btikahd bfhG
cly irlh vd miHf bgW. ikadh _lgL UFnkahdh,
br cly irnlhshr, mit ika ciw myJ
Jff, br EQWf nghwit bkLnyl myJ btikw
fhzgLwJ. Jf vgit uhf vdgL. J _is
ujnriffhd nghnrhfis btik gFia cUthFwJ.
bfhlit. M) ika ciwaw myJ bkLnyl
mwit myJ rhg w uhf:
bloiuLf: br clyUJ
ika ciwdh _lglhj
btwkhf o bfhoUF,
M[h rhg w csJ. j
mLjLJ isjYFshd Fil
M[h bykh brfshnyh
iHfns bloiuLf myJ
myJ th brfshnyh
blouh MF. bloiuLf
nghjgLsd. tif uhf
br cliy neh lfis
bgU_is rhg wgF
flJwd.
fhzgL.
M[h: br clyUJ cUthF ) xU Kid uhf: ts fU
iHf xW f L fhzgL. eu Rf xU Kid uhfis
Ko J isJ fhzgL. ~J bfhLsd. xU Kid uhf
M[h vd miHfgL. M[h xiw myJ iHia bgWsd.
Kid isj, F nghw mik j na M[h, blouhdhf
KowJ. it eu br ilbt brayhWwJ.
myF-3

Ff vd miHfgL. it eu <) UKid uhf : cz

flJ bghU myJ eu rirfis cWfshd iu fhzgL
flJ bghU vw ntbghUsh T kW F brf UKid
uggLsd. M[hYs uhfsh Mdit. xnth
irnlhshrF Mn[hshr vW UKid uhD xU br cly kW

39
 U fis Kidf bfhlJ. W _is
xU M[hdhf, kbwhW bgU_is
jLtl
blouhdhf brayhWwJ.
c) gyKid uhf: bgU_is
w gyKid uhf csd. fGJ euf
xbthU gyKid uh br cly,
gy bloiuLf, xiw M[hD
fhzgLwd.
kh euf
eu br iz: mUfUnf, mikj
uhf bloiuLfS, eu
br ilbt FfS xWl xW
izJ bfhshk, Mdh, mnjrka
cl bjhl bfhLsd. mUfUnf
mikj eu brfSF ilnaahd
bjhl gF eubr iz vd
L euf
miHfgL.
3.1.2. eu cz l
bjhil euf
eu brf lf
fljgLjny eu cz l
vdgL. bloiuLf cz iraho euf
thlUJ(y cW) lfis
bgW lfshf irlh
tna M[hDF flJwd. eu
br iz gF iz Ff,
oah euf
eu flJ bghU vw ntbghUis
btLwd. ntbghUf
lfshf khwgL mUfikj
uhDF fljgLwd.
3.1.3. kj eu kly
kj eu kly _W gFfshf
gl 3.2 kj eu kly
fgLsd. mit:
m. ika eu kly [CNS] cslanj w mik eu kly
MF.
m. w mik eu kly [PNS]
ika eu kly: ika eu kly
. jhaF eu kly [ANS]
_is, jLtlij cslaJ.
ca

ika eu kly, _is, jLtlij it kilnahoD, KbsY

cslaJ. J brfis myRj, fhthD ghJfhghf mikJsd.
fLghL nghw braf ika MF.
_is ciwf: ika eu klyij
ika eu kly eufis R, _W ghJfh ciwf csd.

40
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

mit xL bkhjkhf _is ciwf vd U gFfshf JsJ.

(bk#) vd miHfgLwd. bgU_is miunfhsf
kilnahL, KbsY bjhlUF mogF fhgfnyh[ vD eu
moY ika eu klyF R gilah izfgLsJ.
btY mikJs uil bgU_is btwgFF
fod ciwF ouhnkl vW bga. rhg wgF myJ bgU_is w
bkaJ, uj ehsfis bgwJkhd vW bga. cwgFF btik
eLciwF mudhL ciw vW bga. wgF vW bga.
_isia, jLtlij R bgU_is w: J eu br
beUfkhf mikJs cw bka clyfis bfhl gy mLF rhg
ciwF igahnkl vW bga. w eu brfsh MdJ. J rhg
_is: _isna brfis Mj w bgUgjdh J rhg wgF
ika cW MF. nkY, mJ flis kW vdgL. kj bgU_is w
fLghL mikghf bragLwJ. mfgoahd wgu kofSW, gy
kw KJbfYf csij RUffis bfhL fhzgL. j
nghynt, kj _is _W ghffshf RUff nkL (if) gsfis(r)
fgLsJ. bfhLsd.
bgU_is w mikJsit
1. K _is 2. eL _is 3. _is
m. af gFf
K _is: bgU_is, jyhk, iAngh
jyhk Ma mikfis bfhLsJ. M. cz gFf

bgU_is: _is bgUgFahf, bgU . iz gFf (cz, af gF

_is mikJsJ. (_is _ myhjit)
uL gFahf bgU_is csJ.) af gFf: af gFf vgit
MHkhd eLs, bgU_isia bgU_is flis kW xGF
beLFthl tygf, lgf gLJ gF MF. e cl gntW

rf

fhg fnyhr bgU_is

eL_is

blnghu fJ
myF-3

gh

gl 3.3 kj _is
W_is
KFs Ka gFf

41
 cWf brafis fLgLj af
ngR bjhL cz
flisf UJjh njhWwd. kW mGj
ir brafS Unj
Rit
bjhlFwd.
nfl
cz gF: ~J, cz cWf bkhw
bgW cz lfis, cz goFw
eu tna bgwgL lkhF. ghit
iz gF: gntW czjYF Efj
ilnaahd bjhl idthw, jft
gkhw Kja fyhd gfSF
bghWngF gF iz gFahF.
gl 3.4 _is braghL gFf
bgU_is btik gF:
bgU_is w mogF gfis bra ayhj iy VgL.
fhzgL cwgF btik bghU
jyhk: jyhk vw mikig R bgU
MF. J ika ciwah nghjgl
_is NJsJ. cz kW aF
eu ehiHfsh Mdjh btik
cztiyfis flJ Ka gia
w fhzgLwJ. y eu
J brwJ.
ehiH fiwf, bgU_is gntW
ghffis izwd. Mdh, y iAnghjyhk: J jyhk
ehiHf, bgU_isia vs mow mikJsJ. ~J cl
_islD jLtl gFfSlD btgiy, cQj, gUFj
izwd. nghwtfhd cJj, ghYw
bgU_is miu nfhsfSF elijia xGFgLJj, s,
cs FfSF btf d, ga, Lj nghw kdbtG
vW bga. Ff, _is jLtl btghLfis fLgLJ
ut vD xUtif Clutjh brafis brwJ.
uggLsd. eL_is: jyhkF _isF
bgU_is gf: bgU_is, cz, il eL_is mikJsJ.
mTik, idthw, fgidw, bgU_is FH vw fhth
fhuz fha Mjj Kjat eL_is Cnl brwJ. eL_is
Ulkhf fwJ. ~J cl KJF gf ehF miutl
gntW gFfUJ cz nfhsf fhzgLwd. mit
lfis bgW ir brafis fhnghuh Fthb#dh MF. J
bjhl itwJ. gntW ghj mir brafis,
ghit rh afij
bgU_is Fl gFf
fLgLJj, xGFgLJj nghw
Fl gfis brtnjhL,
brafis brwJ.
ca

bjhlig VgLJwd. thW

nfl, ghj, Ritaj, Efj, eL_is, _is uL nrJ
ngRj nghwtbfd jjna _isjL vd miHfgLwJ.
ikaf csd. bgU_is Fl _is: gh, W_is, KFs
gF VgL nrj mj gFfhd Mait _is fhzgLwd.

42
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

W_is: J bgU_isF wkhf bfhLsJ. jF fhlh <dh myJ

mikJsJ. W_is ika Fiuth vW bga. jLtl
gF uL gfthL fJfSl KJF gf ika gF FWfyhd,
fhzgLwd. W_is, elj gskhd KJFgf s fhzgLwJ.
myJ XLj nghw aFjirf kh gf ika gF mfw gskhd
affis xGFgLJwJ. kh gf s fhzgLwJ.
gh: W_is fJfis izF jLtl ikagF beLY,
eu ehiH ghy gh MF. J _is jLtl utjh uggl
bgU_isUJ W_isF
ika FH gu UwJ. J _is
brfis flJwJ. mikJs
btf bjhlahF.
w ikaf, cwf, Rthrfhdit
jLtl, wgF bkLyh
MF.
ciws btik w uhfshY
KFs: jLtlnjhL iz cgF bkLyh ciwaw rhg w
_is fil gF KFs MF. uhfshY MfgLsJ.
nknyW kW wF eu
_isFS, btna eu
ghijfis xUizF tjlkhf
lfis flJtjhf, mir
KFs brayhWwJ. jaJo,
bra ikakhf jLtl
ujFHf RUf, _RLj
brayhWwJ.
nghw brafis xGFgLJ gntW
mir braf ikakhf KFs w mik eu kly (PNS)
bragLwJ. _is jLtlUJ cUthF
KFs bt bgU euf w mik eu klyij
_is miunfhs btfSl njhWwd.
izJsJ.
m. fghy euf / _is euf :
jLtl: _is bjhlahd FH _isUJ 12 iz fghy euf
nghw mikghd jLtl, KbsY cUthwd. y fghy euf cz
eu FHYF mikJsJ. eufshf brawd. (cz
cWfUJ eu lfis
_isia nghnw jLtlK,
_isF vLJ brwd. v.fh.
igahnkl, mudhL r, ouh
fUJ njhW ghit
nkl vdgL _isrfsh
euf), y fghy euf aF
_lgLsJ. U lf jLtl
eufshf brayh, _isUJ
mfWsJ. mit Kiwna fGJil,
brayhW cWfSF eu
Lil vdgL. jLtl euf
lfis vLJ brwd. v.fh.
j ilfUJ njhWwd.
fnfhsij NJs jirf
LilF jLtl FW T
CLU fF tUw af
nghw mikig bgWwJ. jF nfhd
myF-3

eu. y tif fghy euf fy

bkLyh vW bga. jLtl
euf MF. it cz kW
Kid ehiHngh fhzgLtjF
af eufshf bragLwd.
igyblnd vW bga. mj wF
v.fh. Kf euf, ntf eu.
jLtl Fiuth nghw mikig

43
 M. jLtl euf: jL kh - m) ijk Ru
tlUJ 31 iz jLtl
tWgF
euf cUthwd. xbthU
m) fiza - yhf Ah Lf
jLtl eu cz ntfis
af ntfis bfhLsd. M) md Ru - md fhbl,
vdnt midJ jLtl eufS md bkLyh
fy eufshf fUjgLwd.
) dbgUf Ruf - Mf
jhaF eu kly [ ANS ] jf, bgf ml Ru
jhaF eu kly cs Ahnkhf: nta mogil
g eufS vg eufS Ahnkhf ujfshfnth myJ
xWbfhW vuhf bragL, e OuhLfshfnth csd. Ahnkhf
cl midJ Ka cWf fFiwj msnt RujhY bra
braghil fLgLJwd. wDsitahf csd.
3.2. ehsyh Ru kly l Ru: glh msnt
clbraa ffis nta cs l Ru _is
xUiz _y jiy guhkgnj iAnghjyhkn[hL izJsJ.
ehsyh Ru kly ntiy MF. ehsyh Rufis l Ru
xGFgLJtjh, ehsyh FG
ehsyh Ru kly, ts,
elJe vd ij miHfyh.
dbgUf, thit bjhlJ ngQj
Kja abrafis fLgLj,
xUizf brwJ. ehsyh iAnghjyhk
Ru kly ehsyh Rufis a
mt Ahnkhfis cslaJ
l
MF.
vnlhiu Ruf vdgL
ehsyh Ru kly cs ghuhijuhL
RufSF ehsf iy. mit ijuhL
RuF bghUfSF Ahnkhf ijk
vW bga. Ahnkhf cgahF
lfUJ brayhW lfSF
uj _y vLJ brygLwd.
kj ehsyh Ruf
xWbfhW bjhl gntW md
lf fhzgLwd. kj
fizaYs
ehsyh Ruf fhzgL gFf yhfAh
tUkhW mikJsd. Lf
ca

jiy - m) l Ru ml
(bgf)
M) a Ru jf
fGJ - m) ijuhL Ru (Mf)
M) ghuhijuhL Ru gl 3.5 kj ehsyh Ru kly

44
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

l Ru fJf: l Ru K fJghf, mondhiAnghig

kW fJghf nuhiAnghig mikJsd.

mondhiAnghig
braf
Ahnkhf
bghJthf tsia fLgLJwJ.
[nfhshWf : 1. atf Fiwthd Ru - Fs
brhknlhnuh Ahnkh / jik, Fa ts 2. atf if Ru
ts Ahnkh ( STH / GH ) - mRujik, ifahd ts 3. bgatf
if Ru - mnuhbkf (l iffhf, l
jhil)]
ijnuhnuh / ijuhL ijuhL Ru tsia o ijuh
L Ahnkh (TSH) cgia L.
mndh fhonfhonuh
MnlhOnuh kW fhon[h cg bra
Ahnkh / md wia
md wia L.
L Ahnkh (ACTH)
bgf uha ~gh mlRu
gh brfis L Ktiljiy o ml cgF
Ahnkh (FSH) tnfhYwJ. Mf J cUthjiy o
LwJ.
uha ~ghUJ ml LgLj
bgf oid vw ml btpL fia LH brwJ.
Ahnkh(LH) myJ <nuh#, nuhb#onuh nghw bg d
Mf ilpL brfis Ahnkhf cgF fhuzkhwJ.
L Ahnkh (ICSH) ICSH Mf ilpL brf, M d
Ahnkhdhd blnlhOnuhid Ruf brwJ.
bgf gh Ru ts kW FHij
nynlhb# Ahnkh
ngF wF gh cgia LwJ.

nuhiAnghig RuF braf

Ahnkhf
bgf fUigia RU tila
Mnlh
brJ kfngW fia iugLJwJ.

 L crgLjiy, mlahd
Wiu Fiwj ms cUthf brwJ.
thn[h u,
 uj FHfis RUf brJ uj
Moilo mGjij caJwJ.
myF-3

Ahnkh (ADH)
(nfhshWf:- ADH Fiw Ru, lahbgO
li[ njhWwJ. j fhuzkhf
j Wiu mf ms btnaWwJ.)

45
 iAngh
jyh
Futis
uh

iAngh
jyh
mondh iAngh ijuhL
ig (K
goy
l)
_RFH

gl 3.7 m) ijuhL Kgf mik

nuhiA
nghig
( l)

gl 3.6 l Ru c mik
ijuhL Ru : fGJ gF
ghuh ijuhL
Futis UwK gfF
xwhf U fJfis cila mikng gl 3.7 M) ijuhL gf mik
ijuhL Ru MF. J ijuh vw
m) va fhl : (K fGJ fHiy)
Ahnkhid RuwJ. ilnuhD
cz mnaho gwhFiwdh
(mndh my), mnahoD csd.
~J VgLwJ. fGJ gF
ijuh gf ijuhL Ru fhzgL iy,
tsij khw jij caJwJ. fhl vdgL.
cl btgij mff
LwJ.
R ts kW khWghL miljiy
CFwJ.
cl tsia kiwKfkhf ghgjh
~J MSik Ahnkh vd
miHfgLwJ.
uj mnaho kW rfiu
msit xGFgLJwJ.
Wuf braghil, W gl 3.8 fhl nehah
nghif fLgLJwJ. M) okh: FiwghL bgatf
ca

ijuho FiwghLf njhWwJ. j mFfshtd :

 iwj
F tsij khwj,
1. iAngh ijuho[ : ijuh Fiw
clysY, kdjsY js
Ru, va fhl, okh, o[
W fhzgLj, vil TLj, njh
Kja FiwghLfis clhFwJ.

46
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

fodkhj, Fiwthd jaJo, kh fuY, jirfY nrJ

kdnrh. itwJ.
) or : J atf njhW. uj, bfhG bghUfUJ
 j mFf Fsjik, Fa
FSnfh cUthjiy jLwJ.
kdts, FiwghLila gf, lahgO bkl: R Fiwthf
JUa ehF, jsthd njh Kjad Rugjh lahgO bkl njhWwJ.
MF. uj fhzgL mfgoahd,
gagLjhj FSnfh W
2. iAg ijuho[ : ijuh if
btnawgLwJ.
Ru vnrh~jh fhl myJ
nu nehF fhuzkhwJ. FSnfhfh: ~J uj
rfiu ms FiwnghJ
 j
mFfshtd: ifahd
RuwJ. isnfh#id FSnfh[hf
tsij khw j, ca uj
khwkiltij o ujrfiu
mGj, glgl, mfkhf aj,
msit caJwJ. aghd uj
vil Fiwj, fisgilj, Ja
rfiu msthd 80 120 .. / bl..
ff nghwit MF.
uj vw iyia guhkf uj
yhfAh Lf: fiza ehsKs, rkms RD, FSnfhfhD Uf
ehsyh Ruahf Utf ntL.
bragLwJ. fiza ehsyh
md Ru: xbthU WufJ
Ru gFahf yhfAh Lf
md Ru mikJsJ. J fhbl
csd. Mgh, lh vw Utif
vD wgFia, md bkLyh
brf fhzgLwd. Mgh brf
vD cwgFia bfhLsJ.
FSnfhfh Ahnkhid lh brf
R vw Ahnkhid Ruwd. md fhbl: MnlhOnuh,
R fhon[h Ma Ahnkhf Ruwd.

 R R Mfuzfhf, MnlhOnuh(jhJ fyj fhofhL):
brf FSnfhi[ vLJ J , nrhoa L crgLjiy
bfhtij CFwJ. CFgjh bghlha, ghng

J FSnfhi[ isnfh#dhf mafis f f brj, jhJ
cf tsij khwij guhkj
Ma gfis brwJ. nkY
iuig gFfshd vynuhiyLf rkiy,
KWFl clut ml, rL gut mGj,
uj mGj nghwtiw guhkwJ.
fiza
fhon[h(FSnfhfhofhL): is
nfh#id FSnfh[hf ijtila
brjiy o uj rfiu
myF-3

msit caJwJ. nkY, ~J

yhfAh mH jL idfis njhWJ
Lf nehjil fh Jyfiy
fiza ehs (vnlhiu gF)
kLgLJwJ.
gl 3.9 fiza yhfAh Lf

47
 md bkLyh: md bkLyh jf: it irnlhb#
cUkha eu wgil brfsh MdJ. (dbrfis cUthFj) lkhf,
~J uL Ahnkhfis RuwJ. ehsyh Ruahf (M d
mit md (epinephrine), eh Ahnkhid clhFj) bragLwJ.
md (norepinephrine) MF. it jf ehsyh Ruahf cs
uil nrJ bghJthf, mtru o brf blnlhOnuh vD
fhy Ahnkh myJ ril, gaKWJ, M d Ahnkhid (Mnuh#id)
gwF Ahnkh vW miHfgLwJ. RuwJ. blnlhOnuh dbgUf
mGjkhd, mghafukhd iyikfis cWf tsia M d
vbfhs ekJ cliy, it bryhd Jbr cgia o
iuthf jah brwgoah thW LwJ.
miHfgLwJ.
Mf ulh iy gh
j Ahnkhf ja Joid gfshd Kf cnuhk ts, fufughd
mff brwd. Fu, gujnjhf nghwtiw
blnlhOnuh khwJ.
zit mfwd.
mlRu: ml Ruf, ml
Rthr jij mfwd.
br Mf gF kW ehsyh
isnfh#id FSnfh[hf Ru gFfis bg dbgUf
khWtij CFwd. Ahnkhfis (<nuh#,
f ghitia tila brwd. nuhb#ouh, yh) bfhL
xUnf brawJ.
ifahd ajiy clhFwd.
<nuh#: J bg dbgUf
cnuhk FL f brwJ.
cWf ts kW tU
RUfT, mdD, eh ulh iy bggh gf njhw
mdD mtru fhyf cliy fhuzkhwJ gUt cnuhk ts,
jah brJ mjifa fhyflfis bkikahd Fu, bkikahd cl
vbfhs VJthFwd myJ mij nghwit. nuhb#ouh khjlh
L y bry brwd. RH kW fg iyia guhkwJ.
md yh, kfngnghJ L
md Ru
fhbl gF jirfis jstila brJ
bfhG
FHijwig vjhFwJ.
M)
m) ghuhijuhL Ru: it ijuhLF
cnsna fhzgLwd. it RuF
Ahnkhf fhnlh, ghuhjhnkh
MF. j Ahnkhf fha
tsij khwij guhkwd.
ca

Wuf ijk Ru : ~J, ja nk

md bkLyh
mikUF bgU z mik MF.
gl 3.10 m) md Ru J ijnkh Ahnkhid RuwJ.
M) md btL njhw ijnkh, neh bjhWjiy jLF.

48
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

T nghirLf ntWghL miljiy dbrfis clhFwd.

o LwJ. j xiwka brf bgnwh
brfis ngh yhJ Fnuhnkhnrh
a Ru: J, _is fhg
vif ghia kL bgWsd.
fnyhr mo fhzgLwJ. J
ah mLjLj uL f
bkynlh vw Ahnkhid cg
elnjWwJ. mit ah I, ah II
brwJ. bkynlh, kh fh,
MF.
ijig Kja gFf wf
mlF fhuzkhwJ. ah-I Fnuhnkhnrh vif
ghahf FiwfgLtjh ij
3.3. br j
Fw vd miHg. ah II,
Kj xU br U nrfshf iklh nghwnj MF.
til. xU br yFahd
ah-I: j gntW ff
mgh nghwit, Urk sWjYF
ehF Jiz iyf mJ
cgLnghJ Fnuhnko tiyd
bfhsgLwd. mit nuhiy-I,
vj khwK Vglhk eilbgW br
bklhiy-I, mdhiy-I, Onyh iy-I.
j Viklh (neKf br j)
vdgL. nuh iyI: Fnuhnko tiyd
tiyaik HJ jj Fnuhnkhnrhf
midJ jhtu, yFf
xUJ xW LgLwd. cfU
clbrf eilbgW br j,
r fiuJ nghwJ. Fnuhnkhnrhf
iklh(kiwKf br j) MF.
Fljf tif jkJ tot,
jifa br gF Fnuhnkhnrh
mik khwfSF cshwd.
mik khWghL VgL Fnuhnkhnrh
ah, Fnuhnkhnrhf totf
vif vj khw
mogil bynlhO, irnfhO,
UF.
ghO, onshO, ilahifd vw
yFf, dbgUf va Jiz iyf J bfhsgLwd.
brf ah (Fw gF)
bynlhO: Fnuhnkhnrhf
br j eilbgWwJ. br
RUfkilJ ngh njhWwd.
tjh Fnuhnkhnrh mikY,
xbthU FnuhnkhnrhK brnuha
vifY khwf VgLwd.
gF ju Vida gFf sth
iklh br jiy FJ swJ.
Vfdnt K tFf mUnwh.
irnfhO: xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf
j my ah br gF
beU tJ iz nrwd.
cs gntW iyfis mj
(xirthd Fnuhnkhnrh iz
KaJtij mJbfhnth.
vgJ xnu khahd fis
ah (Fw gF): dbgUf bgWs jh, jij Fnuhnkhnrhf
cWf d br va brf izMF.) izWj vgJ E
myF-3

ah vw br gF _y d myJ eLgF bjhl sth

brf njhWfgLwd. ah izahf iztJ MF. j iz
brgF _y dbgUf cWf dh vdgL. it izw
wghd Uka brf, ehF xiwka Fnuhnkhnrhf uilf vdgL.

49
 ghO: Fnuhnkhnrhf nkY onshO: FWnf fyj KGik
RU joJ Filahwd. milj xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf
xnth uil nghJ ehF wd. j j E milj
FnuhnkoLfis bfhoUgjh, vd miHfgL. j E milj
mit bluL myJ Fthnty vgJ fahnklh bjhl
vd miHfgLwd. xirthd Fnuhnkhnrh E tiu mil.
Fnuhnkhnrh izf fahnklh vw
ilahifd: j iy cfU
y f izJ fhzgLwd.
r, cfU k kiwwd. f
xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf
mik irnlhshr njhWwJ.
rnfhj myhj FnuhnkoLf
JLf fahnklh f bklh iyI: Fnuhnkhnrh nkY
gkh bfhwd. xirthd RUFwJ. uilf ff ika
Fnuhnkhnrhf FnuhnkhoLfSF gF jf FnuhnkoLfis ika
ilna jifa gkhw VgLtij gFia nehathW, brnuha
FWnf fyj vW miHfgL. JUt gFia nehathW mikwd.
mdh iyI: f iHf RUfkilJ
ah
Fnuhnkhnrhfis vv JUtfis
neh Gwd. uL
jij t
Fnuhnkhnrhf FnuhnkoLfis bfhl KGikahd
Fnuhnkhnrh vbu JUtfis
Fnuhnkhnrhf jh t milwJ. jdh, Fnuhnkhnrh
j Fnuhnkhnrhf
vif Fiwj VgLwJ.
vdnt bghGJ xbthU JUtY
xirthd gh vifYs Fnuhnkhnrhf
Fnuhnkhnrhf bfhl U Fnuhnkhnrh FGf
fhzgLwd.
izj
izjY Onyh iyI: xbthU JUtY,
FWnfwK
Fnuhnkhnrh bjhFia R cfU
r cUthwJ. thW xbthU
ah - I JUtY ghas Fnuhnkhnrh cs
uL nr cfUf cUthwd.
f iHf kiwwd. ah I-
Ko, cfU nenfhzF
ilklkhf irnlhshr RUf
VgL br gFgilwJ. irnlhshr
ah - II
jYF irnlhifd vW bga.
ah II: iklh nghwnj ah
ca

dbrf
II MF. vdnt, J knaho iklh
vd miHfgLwJ.
ahII- ff ehF
gl 3.11 ah brj iyf iyf magLwd.

50
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

mit, Onyh iy II: uL JUtf cs

nuhiy II, bklhiy II, mdhiy xU bjhF Fnuhnkhnrhf RUsilJ
II, Onyh iy II Fnuhnko tiyd mikghf
khWwd. cfU r, cfUk
nuhiy II: Fnuhnkhnrh uilf
L njhWwd. thW uL
FWfyilwd. brnahf,
nr cfUf cUthfgLwd.
Ml iHfis clh JUtF
efJwd. cfUk, cfU r irnlhifd: cfUF neFjhf
kiwwd. irnlhshr j eilbgW ehF
d brf cUthfgLwd.
bklhiy II: FnuhnkoLf br
ika gF tJ mikwd. ah br gF KaJt
brnuha f iHfSl 1. xbthU d Fnuhnkhnrh
izfgLsJ. vif, iyWjgLtjfhf
mdhiy II: brnuha ulhf xiw ika dbrf cUthf
tjh uL FnuhnkoLf gLwd.
wd. it jbghGJ nr 2. FWnf fyj f nrf ku
Fnuhnkhnrhf myJ a gf ntWghLf njhWjiy
Fnuhnkhnrhf vd miHf bgW. VgLJwJ.
nr Fnuhnkhnrhf vbu JUtij 3. ntWghLfns gzhk tsF
neh efwd. mogilahf mikwd.

kL- kh dhf
gF - m
1. xiw Kid uhf fhzgL l _______________________ .
i) _is ii) jLtl iii) tsfU eu R iv) Kj eu R
2. cz cWf mlsit _______________________.
i) xiw Kid uhf ii) UKid uhf
iii) gy Kid uhf iv) bkLnyl uhf (kaDiw uhf)
3. ekJ cl kdbtG btghil fLgLJ _is gF __________.
i) W_is ii) bgU_is iii) jyhk iv) iAnghjyhk
4. _isjo xU gFahf mikJsJ _______________ .
i) K _is kW eL _is ii) eL kW _is
iii) K kW _is iv) K _is kW jL tl
myF-3

5. jLtl euf vgit _______________ .

i) cz euf ii) aF euf
iii) fy euf iv) _isnahL izJsit

51
 6. fGJ gF fhzgL xU ehsyh Ru ____________________.
i) md Ru ii) l Ru iii) ijuhL Ru iv) fiza
7. vnrhiu, vnlhiudhf brayhW ehsyh Ru _______________ .
i) fiza ii) l iii) ijuhL iv) md
8. xU bl.. uj fhzgL aghd uj rfiu ms _______
i) 80- 100 ../ bl.. ii) 80-120 ../bl..
iii) 80-150 ../bl.. iv) 70 - 120 ../bl..
9. nehbjhiw vF T nghirf _________ cW khWghL milwd,
i) ghuhijuhL Ru ii) z Ru iii) ijkRu iv) md Ru
10. ah-I xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf n#hoWj iy __________ .
i) bynlhO ii) irnfhO iii) ghO iv) onshO
11. ekJ cl cWf midJ brafis fLgLJ kW xUizF
gid br U klyf _______________ .
i) brkhd kW uj RH kly ii) Rthr kW uj RH kly
iii) f f kW vY kly iv) eu kly kW ehsyh Ru kly
12. eu br iz gF eu flJbghUis btLtJ _______________ .
i) bloiuLf Kidf ii) iz Ff
iii) br cly E cWf iv) Mrh ika ciw
13. nehjil fh klyJl bjhlila ehsyh Ru _______________ .
i) ijuhL ii) ijk iii) md iv) a
14. aif kfngWfhf f bg FHij wfhf kUJt gagLJ
Ahnkh _______________ .
i) <nuhb# ii) nuhb#uh iii) R iv) yh
15. ah brj Ka fthd FWnf fyj, __________ iy eilbgW.
i) bynlhO ii) ghO iii) onshO iv) irnfho
16. Fw gF vgJ dbrfis cUthF xU f. Fw gF eilbgW
brf _______________ .
i) dbgUf va brf ii) bjhL cz va brf
iii) ghl va brf iv) va brf
17. mgh eilbgW brgFKiw _______________ .
ca

i) Fnuhnko tiyd khwfis VgLJwJ.

ii) Fnuhnko tiyd khwfis VgLJtJ iy.
iii) Fnuhnkhnrhf vif FiwwJ.
iv) cfU sit VgLJtiy.

52
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

18. tUtdtW ca xGF mikKiw _______________ .

i) irnfho bynlhO ghO onshO laifbd
ii) laifbd irnfho bynlhO ghO onshO
iii) bynlhO irnfho ghO onshO laifbd
19. nghnah xU itu neh. jdh ghfgl FHijF if, fh braHJ LwJ.
FHij _______________ cW kly mfkhf ghfgLwJ.
i) eu kly ii) brkhd kly iii) Rthr kly iv) ff kly
20. mf x gL nghJ ffis iuthf _o bfhtJ, btg gll ifia
clnd GJ bfhtJ mir braYF y vLJfhLf MF. braYF
ika eu kly _______________ fhuzkhwJ .
i) K _is ii) jLtl iii) _is iv) eu iz gF
21. tUtd uh ghff
m) Mrh M) isj Ko gF ) br cly <) bloiuLf
v, eu l rahd ghij _______________ .
i) M, m, <, ii) <, , m, M iii) M, <, m, iv) m < M
22. va mWit irnghJ kUJt Fl gFf cztW
bghUfis gagL nehahf tia czu ayhk brth. jdh eu
br _______________ eu l W itfgLwJ.
i) br cly ii) Mrh
iii) eu br iz gF iv) Mrh ikagF
23. cWgLJj ( A ): midJ jLtl eufS fy euf.
fhuz (R): xbthU jLtl eu cz nt kW af nt bfhLsd.
i) (A) kW (R) r. A F rahd sf R
ii) (A) kW (R) r. A F R rahd sf mW
iii) (A) r R jtW iv) (A) jtW R r
gF - M
1. clbraa braghLfis fLgLJ kW xUizF gia br
uL cW klyf ahit ? mtilna cs ntWghL xid TWf.
2. bkLnyl uhfis bkLnyl mw uhflUJ ntWgLJf. mit
eu kly vF fhzgLwd?
3. ja Jo, _RLj nghw brafis xGFgLJ _is gF ahJ?mJ
myF-3

_is vj gF mikJsJ?
4. fhnghuh Fthb#dh vwh vd?mJ vjifa gfSl bjhlilaJ?
5. ehsyh Ruf vwh vd? j Ruf RuF Ru bghUf ahit?mit
cgahF lfUJ brayhW lfSF vthW vLJ brygLwd?

53
 6. tU ehsyh Ruf bgafis TWf.
m) ehsyh Ruf elJd M) uil Ru
7. vj Ahnkhf tUkhW miHfgLwJ?
m) MSik Ahnkh M) ril, gwF kW gaKWJ Ahnkh
8. M , bg dbgUf Ahnkhfis TWf. mj gfis FLf.
9. ah - I vbjj Jiziyf tU ff eilbgWwd.
m) xirthz Fnuhnkhnrhf izWj M) E milj
) FWnf fyj <) o fmik cUthj
10. Gs glij tiuJ, bfhLfgLst uL ghffis Ff.
(br cly, M[h, blouh, isj Ko gFf)

11. nH bfhLfgLs kj _is tU brafis fLgLJ gFfis

Kiwna m, M vd Ff.
m) Efj czU gF
M) ghit czU gF

12. braf mogil nH bfhLfgLst ca TWfis njbjLf.

m) Ru Ahnkhfis, behfis RuwJ
M) ijuhL Ru ijuh kW Rid RuwJ
) o brf blnlhouh Ahnkhid cg brwd
<) fiza behfis, Ahnkhid RuwJ
13. Gs TWf jtwhf U rahd Tid vGJf.
m) Mgh brf Rid cg brwd, lh brf FSnfhfhid cg
brwd.
M) fhonrh neh v jikia FiwwJ.
ca

) ijk Ru xU z bjhF.
<) mlf Kilfis, Mnuh#id cg brwJ.
14. kj ehsyh Ru kly ga y TWf nH bfhLfgLsd. mit
xbthW rah? myJ jtwh? vd TWf.

54
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

m) ehsyh Ru kly ts, dbgUf, thit bjhlJ ngQj Kja

abrafis fLgLj, xUizf brwJ.
M) vnlhiu Ruf ah ehsKs Ruf; mit RufToa
ntbghUfSF Ahnkhf vW bga.
) fiza vgJ uil Ru.
<) ijk Ru nfhshdh KfGJ fHiy VgLwJ.
15. fh mltizia uf.
mondhiAnghig Ahnkhf braf kW nfhshWf
brhknlhnuh Ahnkh/ts
Ahnkh(STH/GH)
ijuhL Ru tsia o
ijuh cgia L
16. nH cs glij tiuJ bfhLfgLs Ff cjah ghffis Ff.

m) J Wuf J mikJs Ru.

M) J RuF Ahnkhf MnlhOnuh kW fhon[h MF.
17. nH bfhLfgLs uhf tiffis tiuJ d fhf.

18. nH bfhLfgLs ah br j ga brhbwhlf rah? myJ jtwh?

vd FLf.
m) J clbrf fwJ. M) ah Fw gF vd miHfgLwJ.
) xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf iztJ FWnf fyj vdgLwJ.
<) ah ntWghLfis njhWwJ. mJnt gzhkF _ybghUfshf
mikwd.
19. mltiz cstiw bghUJf.
myF-3

m) bynlhO i) cfUr, cfUk kiwj

M) irnfhO ii) E milj
) onshO iii) izWj, dh, uilf
<) ilahifd iv) Fnuhnkhnrhf RUfkilJ ngh njhWwd.

55
 20. xUt U rfu thfd jiyftr mahk gawh. mt rhiy g
jiy gyj fha milwh. kUJtkidF brtjF Kghfnt ja braH
kW _R zwyh wJLwh. mtuJ _is vgF ghgh cH
VglJ. cf ilF rahd sf jUf.
21. bghUJf.
goa I goa II
m) thnrhu neh jL
M) R lahbgO l
) Mnlh lahbgO bkl
<) ijnkh fUig RUf, a brj
22. fh tiugl cl cWfUJ ika eu klyF eu l
fljgL ghijfis FLwJ. jid cWneh tU dhfSF
ilaf.

ghij P cl cWf CNS

uh 1 dh 1 uh 2

ghij Q cl cWf CNS

N1 S1 N2 S2 N3 S3 N4

 uL ghijf cs midJ eufS totY, jokY xnu khahf

csJ v vj ghij eu liy iuthf flJ. V?
23. Ujkhd gfis br Ru vJ? V?
24. xU 16 taJ Wt Mgh gf yhikfhf, kUJtl miHJ tuglh.
(ir / jho / fufughd Fu / guj njhf )
 nrhjidF wF kUJt J xU Ahnkh FiwghL kW Fl ehsyh
g
Ru l kh mikJsij fljh. Wt FiwghLF fhuzkhd
ehsyh Ruia, mj Ahnkhid FLf.
gF -
1. eu br mikig bjthd glJl ghffis FJ sFf.
2. kj _is gntW ghffis FL, mj gfis FLf.
3. kj cl fhzgL ehsy Rufis mt miklfis bgaLf.
mt VnjD uoid g thf vGJf.
4. ah gF V Fw gF vd miHfgLwJ? mj gntW iyfis
njitahd glfSl sFf. mj KaJt g F tiuf.
ca

5. nH bfhLfgLs brhfis itJ, gia uf.

(kilnahL, KbsY bjhl, igahnkl, mudhL ciw, _is, jLtl,
_is ciwf, ouhnkl)

56
 kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

 ka eu klyij Rs _W ghJfh ciwf, xL bkhjkhf ______ vW

i
miHfgLwd. ______ kW ______F mo mikJs btw uil
fod ciw ______ vd miHfgLwJ. bkaJ, uj ehsfis bgwJkhd eL
ciwF______ vW bga. _isia, jLtlij R beUfkhf mikJs
cw bka ciwF ______ vW bga.
6. bfhLfgLs ghffis mj gl bghUJf.
KFs, W_is, K_is, jyhk, bgU_isw, _is, gh, iAnghjyhk.
m) cwf ika kW Rthr ika
M) jaJo, uj FHf RUf, _RLj nghw brafis xGFgLJ
gntW mir braf ika
) bgU_is, jyhk kW iAnghjyhk bfhlJ.
<) af kW czgFf.
c) cz kW aF cztiyfis flJ Ka gia brwJ.
C) ghYw elijia xGFgLJj.
v) gh, W_is kW KFs Matiw cslaJ.
V) elj, XLj nghw aFjirf affis xGFgLJwJ.
7. nH bfhLfgLs kj _is tU brafis fLgLJ gFfis
Kiwna m, M, , < vd Ff.
m) _is vgF cz, mTik, idthw,
fgidw, fhuzfha Mjj Kjat
Ulkhf fwJ.
M) _is vgF aFjirf affis
xGFgLJwJ.
) _is vgF cwf kW RthrfhdJ.
<) _is vgF jaJo, ujFHf RUf,
_RLj nghw brafis xGFgLJ gntW
mir braf ikakhF?

nkY ma
f: 1. Biology - RAVEN, Johnson WCB McGraw - Hill, USA
2. B
 iology - A Modern Introduction, B.S. Beckett, 2nd Edition Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
3. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York
myF-3

izajs: www.khanacademy.org, www.ase.tufts.edu/biology

www.biologyreference.com, science.howstuffworks.com
http://arvindguptatoys.com/films.html

57
 myF 4

jhtuf dbgUf

midJ cdfS (jhtuf, yFf) dbgUf brwd myth?

dbgUf vgJ, mnj dij nrj a cfis njhWF
xU w jik thj ca brayhF. czl, Rthr, ff nghW
dbgUfK ca ff xwhF.
kfuj
kfujig

(Fw gF)
kfuj kfuj nrif
M dbrf

kfuj FH
FH cfU

(Fw gF)

Kjiy Nyf
fU fUig
cfU (3N) N

fU
N Jis
fU
ca

M dbr

fU Kil(1N)
ij irnfh(2N) M dbr
fUWj
gl 4.1 kfujnrif, fUWjY

58
 jhtuf dbgUf

cdf eilbgW y dbgUf Kiwfshtd :

yFf dbgUf Kiwf jhtuf dbgUf Kiwf

sthj nuhnlhnrhthf sthj ghOah

mUj F clf mUj - <

Jlhj Mfhf
Jlhj jil Gf
nghf ir

kfuj nrif kW fUWj F

ghd bgUf - ghof
jhtuf

cf dbgUf iyba
bra 4.1
vd fG?
ff <
 ugLa xU buhoJil,
dhf : Fahd, <ukhd kW Ushd
1. dbgUf vwh vd? l itf.
2. jhtuf, yFf eilbgW y ff c
 UbgUF fzho _y
dbgUf Kiwfis FLf. buhoJo nkguig
cWnehFf. mnj buhoJoid
nkY mJ bfhnth xU thu fhyF cWneh
y ghOafshd, nynlh ghiy, Ffis vLf.
rhnkhbdyh vgit ntfkhf,
kw ghOafshd iknfhghOa
nkY mJ bfhnth
ogFnsh vgJ bkJthf
bgUf milwd. KjKj njha
cd ghOa MF. mjhtJ,
kjfSF eik gaF braf
nahghOa vgJ Rkh ehF
nynlhngiy vw ghOah a MLfSF Kng
ghiy juhf khWwJ. njhaJ vgjfhd rhWf bj
kjfSF ik gaF braf Mf bjhY gokf _y
magLwd.
iknfhghOa ogFnsh
vw ghOaf vYU nehia flj uL a MLfSF
njhWwd. K njha cf gy f
VgL, mt W y cUlD,
4.1 dbgUf Kiwf y mJ fhzgLwd. Mdh,
xU br cf dbgUf Kiwf ghOaf W vj khWghL
yhk ghOafshfnt thwd.
myF-4

btntW cf vthW
dbgUf eilbgWwJ vgij
fhngh. cf dbgUf xU br cf dbgUf: xU br
Kiwf, mt cl tot, mikig cfshd, mgh kW ghOaf,
rhnj mikJsJ. Urk gFfshf sfgL a

59
 sj Kiw
f, gof, d mf.
V gntW tif dbgUf
ghOa o.v.V. uoghj Kiwf fhzgLwd?
gzhk vgJ Vfdnt
jL Rt cUthj
njhs cf gogoahf ts
milJ fyhd mikila cf
brj
njhd vgjhF. dbgUf
mogil va cfshd
gl 4.2 xU br cf dbgUf mgh, ghOaf nghwit va
Kiwfshd, sj, Jlhj
cfis njhWwd. KiwF
nghw Kiwf _y dbgUf
ulhf sj myJ Urk
brwd. cf cl
vW bga.
fyhd mik mfkhf, mfkhf,
gybr cf dbgUf mt dbgUf KiwfY
Kiwf: uL cdf nrif Kiwf
clhd. (M kW bg)
Jlhj
1. cly
dbgUf cfU
bkhLLj (mUj) FWF Rt
2. ghyh dbgUf nghf
RU tot
gRff
3. ghd dbgUf
gl 4.3 ignuhifuh Jlhj

kfuj nrif fUWj vLJfhlhf, ignuhifuh

cf, clyik gh, jhtu cly, W W JLfshf
mogil gntW tifahd dbgUf cilJ, cilj xbthU JL a
Kiwf fhzgLwd. ignuhifuhit cUthFwJ.

cly dbgUf mUj (m) bkhLLj

cly dbgUf vgJ ghd iAouh, brf bjhlJ

bgUf yhk jhtuf Vfdnt gFgiltj fhuzkhf Fl
cs cl cWfUJ a lf bkhlhdJ wtsfshf
jhtufis njhWF dbgUf njhWwJ. bkhLf K
KiwahF. mil bghGJ, jh clyUJ J
ca

jhf WW iAouhfshf ts
Jlhj milwd.
gy br, va cl mikig cila thnw, iunah~y (fo
cf, vikahd dbgUf nghlh FonghL) jhtu iy
Kiwf magLsd. f bkhLf njh d

60
 jhtuf dbgUf

GJ a jhtukhf tsU tiu

jfis ghJfhJ bfhwd.

s dhf
jhtu
1) cly dbgUf, ghyh
dbgUf - ntWgLJf.
2) ghyh dbgUf nghf
bkhL iy ytiw FLf.
gl 4.4 iunah~y
bra 4.2
mit k GJ a jhtufshf TL Enzh ghOah
ts milwd. xU eGtij itJ cWnehFf.
ghyh dbgUf mnjnghW ghOah sj
Kiwia fhF kbwhU
iy jhtuf, ghyh
eGtij cWnehFf.
dbgUfkhdJ nghf _y
eilbgWwJ. nghf joj Rtid uL eGtfY cWnehaij
VgL bfhL, jFj <ukhd gu xLf.

nghf tiff

Vshndhngh Nnghf VifLf bfhoahf

Mfhf Nngh vgJ ghf rhjfkw bga nghw
cly brf firiHfis Niy, cly irf
nuhnlhshrkhdJ gagL efU brf jfis cUthF xU
xW uL jikila RY mfgoahd bryhyhd, efU
bka ciwah ghyh dbgUf Rt mLFfis jikaw, ghyh
NHgL Kil nghf Ruwd. dbgUf
tot mikfshf MF. jifa brD cz nghfns
cUthwJ. nghfis bghUf nrfJ bfhonah nghf
jifa bka y Mfhf, itfgLwd. MF.
Rtiu cila efU irf kW ~J VifLf
jikaw nghf, ghOaf vdgL. rhjfkhd
Vshndhnghf jf d Niy cUthaJ
vdgLwd. bgUffhf j VifLf
it KisJ cUthFwd. KisJ a
a iHfis iHfis
njhWwd. clhFwd.
myF-4

Vshndhngh Nnghf VifLf bfhoahf

61
 N
K
bra 4.3 o
g

N
ff V h i

N
 myJ FsUJ, iH nghw

yf

j j

j u

j
mikfis bfhl fUgir u kf
kf

L

id nrff. f

N
j

i
ff xW myJ uL iHfis u

g
kf
fzho eGtJ itf.
ff mjJ xUy r Jfis
L, fzho bkjfL itJ
_Lf.
ff eGtij Enzh itJ
cWnehFf.

4.2. jhtuf ghd bgUf

ghdbgUf vgJ M, bg N m j
j
nfLf izJ, j rjfis
gl 4.5 ky ghff
cUthF nrifahF. xU fhis
jna a fWfis ju ayhJ, mjF Nyf tl ky bg dbgUf
xU gR njit. xU bg ML jna a ghf MF.
ML Fofis ju ayhJ, mjF X kfujjh tl
M ML njit vdnt, xU a rjia
kfujjh tl vgJ gy kfuj
cUthf ntLkhdh, M, bg vw
jhf bjhFghF. xbthU
U ghdfS njitgLwd.
kfujjhS xU fhid mj
ky vgJ, F jhtuf E ig nghw mikid
dbgUf cW vgij Vfdnt bgWsJ. fh gF kfuj f
Kija tFf goJf. vW, ig nghw gF kfuj ig
Kj ijg ma ky vW miHfgLwJ. kfuj ig
mikig g bjJ bfhnth. klfSF kfuj f csd.

ky ghff kfujjh
ky vgJ khWghL milj tuila,
tsid cila jL bjhF 1
MF. J ghdbgUf <LgLwJ.
KGikahd ky Ka ghffshtd:
1. tl( jfsh Mdit)
2. mtl (m jfsh Mdit)
ca

3. kfujjh tl 4. Nyf tl 2

kfujjh tl ky M
dbgUf ghfkhF. 1. kfuj ig 2. kfuj f
gl 4.6. kfujjh tl

62
 jhtuf dbgUf

Nyf tl 1. kfuj nrif

Nyf bg dbgUf cWghF. kfuj igUJ kfuj f
J Niyfsh MdJ. NyfkhdJ Nyf Koia brwil brany
Nyfig, Nyf jL, Nyf Ko vd kfuj nrif vW bga. kfuj
_whf ntWgLjgLsJ. Nyf f, fhW, , f, yFfsh
ig Nf csd. xbthU vLJ brygLwd. it kfuj
NY fUig fhzgLwJ. jF nrif <LgL wfhufshF.
mlbr (m) bgnf fhzgLwJ.
f, ij cUthf Kj Ka
NKo f kfuj nrifahF.
kfuj nrifia bjhlJ
fUWj eilbgWwJ.
NjL
4.2.2. kfuj nrif tiff
kfuj nrif uL tifgL.
Nig 1. j kfuj nrif
2. ma kfuj nrif
gl 4.7 Nyf tl

4.2.1. kfuj nrif ma kfuj

nrif
F jhtuf ghd dbgUf
vthW eilbgWwJ?
F jhtuf ghd bgUf
uL ff eilbgWwd.
j kfuj
1. kfuj nrif 2. fUWj. nrif

bra 4.4
j kfuj
ff b
 rgU jhtuUJ xU nrif
kyiu vLJ bfhf.
ff mky
 fhzgL ky
ghffshd tl, mtl,
kfuj jh tl, Nyf gl 4.8 kfuj nrif
tlid ftf. j kfuj nrif (Mnlhnf)
ff kfuj
 jhfis, Nyfij j kfuj nrif vgJ Mnlhnf
jJ J mj ghffis vdgL. xU ky kfuj , mnj
myF-4

ftf. ky cs Nyf Koia brwil

ff k
 fuj fis eGtJ myJ mnj jhtuij nrj kbwhU
bjJ Enzh itJ ky Nyf Koia brwil
cWnehFf. fF j kfuj nrif vW
bga.

63
 j kfuj nrif eikf eilbgWwJ. yFf t kfuj
1. Ugh kyf kfujnrif nrif (N~) gwitf t kfuj
flhakhf eilbgW. nrif (Mnjh~) f t
kfuj nrif (vlnkh~)
2. j kfujnrif wfhufis
rhUf njit iy. f t kfujnrif
(vlnkh~)
3. kfuj f zhtiy.
f thyhf eilbgW kfuj
j kfujnrif ikf
nrif vlnkh~ vdgL.
1. Fiwj vif ijf
cUthF. tzJf, njf kyf
gy tz w mfsh <fgLwd.
2. fU f Fiwthf UF. vdnt,
kyf ms bgadthf ey
ijf f etilj jhtufisna
kzKiladthf csd. xU y kyf
cUthF.
ey kzK, f cQtjnfw
3. atif jhtuf cUthfhJ. mj njid Ruwd. ft kfuj
fhuzkhf jhtuf gogoahf kiwa nrifjh bghJthf eilbgW kfuj
neL. nrif KiwahF.
ma kfujnrif (mnyhnf)
xU ky kfuj mnj dij
rhj kbwhU jhtu ky cs
Nyf Koia brwiltJ ma kfuj
nrif myJ mnyhnf vdgL.
ma kfujnrif eikf
1. ma kfujnrif isthf gl 4.9 yFf _y kfujnrif
cUthF ijf, KisJ lkhd
fhWt kfujnrif (mnkh~)
jhtufshf tsU jikia
bgUF. mjhtJ ma kfuj fh _y kfujnrif
nrif _y a tiff cUthF. eilbgW bgUghyhd kyf ms
ajhf, tz, kz, njRu
2. eF KisF wDila ijf
Mait mwjhf fhzgL. fh
cUthF.
_y kfuj f vLJ brYnghJ,
ma kfujnriffhd fhuf: zhF kfuj fis <Lfl, mf
kfujshdJ xU kyUJ kbwhU ms kfuj fis cUthFwd.
kyUF vLJ brtJ vthW kfuj f fh vLJ
aYwJ? brtjnfg xL jikaw, cyj
ma kfujnrif eilbgw nyrhd, fshf UF. y kfuj
f wFf fhzgL. y kyf,
ca

ntLbk, xU ky kfuj
shdJ kbwhU jhtu kyUF Nyf KoahdJ kfuj fis v
vLJ brygl ntL. w bgWtjF VwthW ms bgajhf,
fhufshd yFf, f, fhW, isJ wF nghW fhzgL.
Mat _y ma kfujnrif v.fh. kfh nrhs, f, ig.

64
 jhtuf dbgUf

bra 4.6
ff
 yF t, fhW t, t
kfuj nrif eilbgW y
jhtuf kyfis nrff.
ff m
 jj t kfuj
nriffSnfg, mkyf
fhzgL jftikfis
FbgLJ mltiz xiw
gl 4.10. fh _y kfuj nrif
jah brf.
t kfuj nrif (iAonuh~)
_y eilbgW kfuj nrif
4.3. fUWj
kfuj nrif vdgL. J y th kfujf, kfuj igUJ
jhtufshd thneah, iAyh, Nyf Koia miltJ kfuj nrif
NOuh nghwt fhzgLwJ. vdgL. xbthU kfujS,
vir, il vd U ghJfh
jhtuf kyf wyhjit.
ciwfis bgWsd. btiw
njid Rugiy. kfujf
(vir) joJ, gy a tsJisfis
<uUJ ghJfhfgL tif
bfhL csJ. cSiw (il)
tGtGghd jik bfhlit.
bka jik cilaJ.
kfuj Kisj: kfuj,
jFj Nyf Ko GjJ Kisf
bjhlL. Kj kfuj
uL brfis bfhlJ. bga br
cly br vW, a br cg br
(b#dnuo br) vW miHfgLwJ.
cly bryhdJ KisJ tsJis
_y J bfhL bt tUwJ.
J Nyf jL tahf l xU FHh
ngh tswJ. Jnt kfuj FHyhF.
cg br kfujFHh gFW
uL M nfLfshf khWwJ
gl 4.11 _y kfuj nrif (Jf.)
kfuj
bra 4.5
ff c
 f mU cs njhl
cs kyfis nrff. M dbrf
myF-4

ff v
 bjj jhtuf vjifa
f, gwitf kfuj kfuj FH
nrif <LgLwd vgij FH cfU
fLoJ g brf.
gl 4.12 kfuj Kisj

65
 fUWj f: kfujFH
fUigF NJis tahf kfuj
EiHwJ. j iy kfujFH
btoJ, nfLf kfujFH UJ
N jL kfujFH
fUigF brwd. mlJl X
M nf izwJ. j izF
fUWj vW bga. KGikailj
fUw KilF irnfh vW bga. J
fUthf tswJ. Monghl
brf fUig
uil fUWj: ulhtJ M
ulh iy fU Kil
nf ulh iy cfUl cfU
izwJ. ulh iy cfU d nghit
uil ka jikilaJ. j Uka M NJis
dbr
cfUl knwh M nf iztJ
_iz vdgL. _iz
_y cUthF cfU fU cfU gl .4.13 fUWj
vdgL. Vbd, J fUiz fUWjYF VgL khwf
( vnlhg) clhFwJ. fU X
1. NyhdJ ijahf khWwJ.
czl RthF. J fU tstjF
2. NYiwf ijiwfshf khWwd.
cjwJ. uL M nfLf
3. Nyfig tsJ bgjh fahf
xW mlJlD, kbwhW ulh
khWwJ.
iy cfUlD iztJ uil
fUWj vdgLwJ.

ff tifghL f

jf uf TLf

rijgWs f cyf nrhnuh irnfhd

KG rijf c xL cy btof cy btoah s f

1. bg rijf 1. Uwbtof f 1. byhbkl
2. bAbgoa (%) (byT) 1. m 2. nkhfh
ca

3. ngh 2. xUwbtof 2. nfah 3. bukh

4. bgngh 3. fhN 3. bryh
(i) miw btof 4. bfhil
(ii) jL Rt miw
btof

66
 jhtuf dbgUf

4.4. f cUthj
f midtU ff FJ myJ izj Niyfisnah
mJf. it, e mwhl th bfhoUF. fnjh mogil
elUJ f ayhjjhf csd. jfahdJ rijf kW cyf
ff cs itl rJ ekF vd tifgLjgLwJ.
Mwiy jUwJ.
rijgWs jf: rijgWs
jbghGJ eh ff ts mj
jff, KWbghGJ rij
tiffisg fhngh. fUw
gWsjhf, rhW iwjjhf
Kj Nig, f vdgL. Nig
csJ. it btoah jik bfhlit.
Rt f btnjhyhf, Nf
f njhyhdJ, f btnjh,
ijfshf khWwd.
(vfh) f eLnjh, (nrhfh) f
fUWj eilbgwhknyna y cnjh (vnlhfh) vd KgFfshf
jhtuf ff cUthwd. ntWgLjgLsJ. rijgWs f
mjifa ffSF fUwh ff (m) U tifgL. 1. gnf(KG rijf)
ghndhfh ff vW bga. v.fh. 2. % (c XL rij f)
ijyh uhir, bfhah, Kjad.
gnf tif ff L,
jf : xU jf vgJ xUky bg, bAbgoa, ngh, bgngh vd
cs xU NigUJ njhWwJ. mj tifgLjgLsd.
Nig xU Niynah, gy Niyfisnah

gnf
t.
v tif sf

1. bg - jfh ~J xW myJ gy ijf bfhl f. j

btnjh f bkaJ. eLnjh rhW
rijgWsjh fhzgLwJ. ijf
ijJsd. gF cQ gFahF. f
U Niyf izj nkkl NigUJ
njhWwJ.
2. bAbgoa - MuR f, mR N xLKiw bfhl gy Nyf iyf
izJ nkkl NigUJ ts milwJ.
j fnjh, btnjh joJ, gy vbz
Rufis bfhL fhzgLwJ. f eLnjh
btikahd gR nghUF. J f bt
myF-4

njhYl izJsJ. f cnjh cw

RtfUJ rijgWs gy rhWs f
njhWfgLwd. Jnt f cQ
gFahF.

67
 t.
tif sf
v
3. ngh - M
f gy ijf bfhlJ. izj IJ Nyf iyf
bfhl kl NigUJ njhWwJ.
cz Toa gF rij gWs jskhF. cikahd
f cns gyijf fhzgL.

4. bgngh - bts
J _W Nyf iyf izJ Rt N xL Kiwia
bfhl kl NigUJ njhWwJ. N xL
R gy ijf fhzgLwd.

5 % : c xL ~J X miw, xU ij bfhl rijf. f

rijf -kh xU Nyf iy NyfUJ clhwJ. f
btnjh njh nghW, eLnjh rijgWsjhf,
cnjh f nghW fodjikahf fhzgL.
rijgWs eLnjh cQ gFahF. cnjh f
nghW fodkhf Ugjdh, f f nghw f vW
miHfgLwJ.
cyjf: ff btnjh cyJ fhzgL. mit btogj mogil
_tiffshf fgLwd. 1. cybtof, 2. cybtoahf, 3. s f
cybtof: f Kj btoJ ijfis btnaW.

t.
tif sf
v

1 Uw bto f (byT)-
glh f xU Nyf iydh Md X miw
bfhlJ. N xL Kiw bfhl
nkkl NigUJ clhwJ. f K
miljJ, fnjh UwfY cs
f btoJ ijis btnaW wd.
v.fh. glh, mtiu.

2. xU w btof - vUF
f U Nyf iyf izj nkkl
ca

NigUJ njhWwJ. f, Uw
btofia nghwnj. Mdh, fnjh
xU kL btoJ ijfis
btnaWwJ. v.fh. vUF.

68
 jhtuf dbgUf

3. fhN
m) miw btof - gU
gy ijf bfhl f. gy Nyf iyf
izj nkkl NigUJ ts milj
fahF. f fRt gntW Kiwf
btowJ. fRt xbthU Nyiw
M) miw jL Rt
btof - btil ikagFUJ btogJ miwbtof MF.
f miw jL Rt tahf btoF f
miwjLRt btof MF.

cybtoahf: f KjhY btogiy. f btwnjh mGa

ijf btnawgL.

t. tif
sf
v
1. btoah cy W f (m) - f xUij bfhlJ. xU
kho, Nyf iy, xU Nyf miw, nkkl
mkjhiu NigUJ clhaJ.
fnjh cyJ r nghW
ijiwl izahk
jUF.
2. btoah cy jha (nfah) - xUij bfhl f. xU Nyf
be iy, xU Nyf miw, nk kl
NigUJ njha W f.
fnjh ijiwl
izUF. v.fh. be, nfhJik,
nrhs

3. bryh - oiulh
J kl NigUJ njha
U Nyf iy izj Xuiw,
xUij bfhl f. j
fnjh ijiwl izahk
jUF. v.fh. iulh

4. bfhil - K
~J xU ij bfhl cy
btoah f. j fnjh twL
myF-4

fod jik bfhoUF. ~J

uL myJ gy Nyf iy bfhl
nkkl NigUJ njhaJ.
v.fh. K

69
 sf: f Kj xUij bfhl gy ghffshf . j ghffSF
bkfh vW bga. ijfis bfhl bkfh btogiy. vdnt, s fahdJ
cybto, cybtoahj vd Ugfis bfhLsJ.

t.
tif sf
v
1 byhbkl - fUnty
f, Uw btofia xJsJ.
f ijfSilna FWa gF
fhzgLwJ. gF f xU ij
bfhl W gFahf wJ. v.fh. fUnty

2. nkhfh - bfhJk ~J U Nyf iyf izj, U

miwfis bfhl kl NigUJ
clha fahF. J th sW
uL xU ijs btoah W fahwJ.
jF bkfh vW bga. v.fh. bfhJk

3. bukh- MkzF J _W Nyf iyf izj nkkl

NigUJ tsailj f. Kj
f btoJ xU ijs W fahwJ.
wF xbthU W f kWgo sth
sJ ijfis btnaW. ~J xiw
ijbfhl _W fhffshf wJ.
v.fh. MkzF
uf: nkkl Nigbfhl izahj gy N iyf cs jkyUJ
cUthF f ufahF. jj xbthU Niy Wfahf tsailwJ.
vdnt, uf bghJthd xU fh gy Wff bfhjhf fhzgL.
v.fh. beof.
mndhdh Fthnkhrh (jhgH) jhtu f fUWjYF wF Kj NyfYs
Niyf f izJ xU KGf njhW.
ca

gl4.14 beof gl 4.15 jhgH

70
 jhtuf dbgUf

TLf
gy kyf bfhl xU kr UJ cUthF xiwf TLfahF. ~J
UtifgL.
1) nrhnuh 2) irnfhd.

t.
tif sf
v
1. nrhnuh - gyh f kr ikajL, kl.
f kr kyf midJ izJ
TLfia njhWwd. gyhf
ika mR joJ rij gWilaJ. joj
rijgWl fhzgL jf cQ
gFahF. f njh ig nghW xU
ijl UF. l, btikahd,
jilahd cQ jfSF ilna
fhzgl Toa mikf kyL kyfshF.
f nkw fhzgL Kf N
KofshF.
2. irnfhd - m
J iAgnjhoa vw w tif
krUJ njha kbwhU tif
TLfahF. mf js
rijgWlUJ f cQ
gFahwJ. bgU msyhd
Ea xUgh kyf fhzgLwd.
v.fh. M, m.

4.5. ij cUthj
bra 4.7
fUw N, ij vdgL. ij,
gy tifahd ffis nrff. fU, cz bghUfbsd ijiwdh
mit vtif f vd mJ NHgLsJ. rhjfkhd Niy
mtiwg F vGJf. ij KisJ a sjhtukhf ts
milwJ.
ijf, ms, tot, tz,
nkY mJ bfhnth nkgu Mat bgUks
f, gof, d mf. ntWgL fhzgLwd. M
myF-4

ff V gy tiff jhtuf vzw Ea

fhzgLwd? ijf Jf nghW fhzgLwd.
bjid, ms bga xnu xU ij
csJ. ij xU KG jhtukhf

71
 ts milwJ. ij (fU)
fhzgL ijiyf vif
mogil F jhtufis
xUiy, Uiy jhtuf vd
Utiffshf fyh.
1. Uiy jhtuf : ijf
Uiyfis bfhLsd.
v.fh. glh, mtiu, MkzF
2. xUiy jhtuf : ijf
xUiyia bfhLsd. v.fh.
kfh nrhs, be, nfhJik, btfha
Uiy ij mik (mtiu):
mtiu ijahdJ joj, Wuf tot
bfhL, bkjhf xU w tisJ
fhzgL. j gF, tl
mikj btikahd rW joj u~ng
vw mik csJ. j u~ng
xU E a Jis csJ. jF
tsJis myJ iknuhig vW bga.
Cw itfgl ijia
bkJthf mGJnghJ, J, fhW
FfS j tsJis tahf
bttUwd.
fU, ijiwah NHgLsJ.
fU xU ika mR csJ. jDl
KisFUJ
iAngh fhil
Kisnt
ca
iy
gl 4.16 Uiy jhtu ij (mtiu)
rijgWs Uijiyf
izJsd. ika m xU
Kid KisntU kbwhU Kid
KisFUJ csd. Kisnt
EahdJ, tsJis mU
mikJsJ. Kis FUjhdJ,
UiyfSF il csJ.
KisFU a Filahd ika
jL, f a bkhL, Fj uL
a iyfS csd.
xUiy ij mik (be):
be, jhtu ij vd miHfglhY
m~J cik xU fahF. J btoah
xU ijila jf MF. jF
nfah vW bga. be ij
ciw f bkajhF. fiw bkaJ;
ijiwl izJsJ. fahdJ
bghJthf kr w to bryhY
fh brfshY _lgLsJ.
bghJthf jF c vW bga. fUthdJ
Tly vdgL xU iyia,
FWa mir bfhLsJ. FWa
mDila moE KisntU, E
Kid KisFUJ csd. Kis
ntuhdJ nfhnahiurh vdgL Kisnt
ciwdh _lgLsJ. njnghW
KisFUJ nfhahil vdgL
ijciw
fU
gl 4.17 xUiy jhtu ij (be)
72
 jhtuf dbgUf

ciwdh _lgLsJ. be fia

bra 4.9
<ukhd k Ca XU ehf
nfhnahiurh ij ciwia J ff b
 fhil fliy Cw itj
bfhL bt tUwJ. nfhnahiurhit y ijfis <u J u
J bfhL Kisnt bt KGtJ itf.
tUwJ. j Kisnt beg nt ff
 Fahd id tofo, ijfis
bjhFahf khWtiy. j d <u Jah _o xU eh
tsU KisFUJ mogF c s KGtJ itf. ijf cyuhk
f Q U J n t f njhWwd. ghJbfhf.
vdnt, j ntf ntl ntf vd ff
 ijfis ftdkhf eW cns
miHfgLwd. j ntl ntf UF gntW ghffis
Kj g rntbjhFghf ftf.
khWwJ. jilna KisFUJ
ff m
 jid glf cs ghffnshL
mj ciwia (nfhnahil)
xL milahs fhz Kowjh?
JbfhL jiuF nk tswJ.
vgij ghf.

bra 4.8 nkY mJ bfhnth

y #hof fl iu, mt
lh vw ma mP
ijfis vLJbfhf.
Kilnfh, btfha nghw
7 ehfSF wF mijfis
jhtuf ijfis xU nrhjidF
ryil L, FHhUJ tU
cgL, fl ij Kisj
j fGf. L mjid
fnghJ, fl btgiy
Fl bjhof C, tsia
jhfij, ijf fl
ftf.
jj Matiw g Mfis
nkbfhlh. fl ijf
4.6. ffS ijfS guj wgij jDila M Ko
ijf, j jh jhtuijL btF fljh. mt MF gagLa
bjhiy GtJ V? 87 df 75 GfhL ijf,
jhtuf dbgUf jik fl 28 ehfns jhFojd
f afjf tif csJ. xU vgij mjh.
jhtuUJ f mf vif bgUghyhd jhtuf ffS
ijf cUthwd. xU jhtu ijfS guj ms gutjF
ijf midJ mj jh jhtu Vg gy jf mikfis bgWsd.
mUnyna GJ Kisjh, Cl, , ij kW f guj gy fhuf
M#, Na x tfhf ngho bragLwd. ~J xnu l
VgLwJ. xnu l s jhtuf
myF-4

jhtu Tlf berdh VgL

Tlkhf UFbghGJ, v nk nghoUJ Lgl, mnj rka,
yFfdh mfgLLwd jhtu df btfukhf
iy, mjhtu df KGtJkhf gutjF, jfis iy Wj
m iyia VgLJ. ttFwJ.

73
 ijf gu fhuf v.fh. vUF, KUif
jhtuf ff kW ijf oiulh jhtu ff, iyj
fhQ fhuf _y guwd. tlkhdJ ghg fshf khWghL
mit nH tfgLsd. milJsd. wF nghw f
jhaF Kiw (Mnlhnfh) ghuhN nghW bragL f gujYF
cjwd.
Kiw, ffS ijfS f
ntfkhf guwd. ghr jhtu guj (iAonuhnfh)
ff ObuW btoJ ijf fh Kiw, ffS ijfS
j guwd. _y guwd. _y gu
ff, jgjF VwthW f
ciw mikJsJ. bjid, f
eLnjhyhdJ eh nghW mikJ,
uiyf nuhl _ykhf btF
uF vLJ brygLwd.
jhkiu jskhdJ gR nghW
fhwiwfis bfhL nuhl
jF jikia bgWsJ. js
fhzgL ijf jahf J
jJ brW ntW l Kiswd.
gl4.18 jha ij guj (ghr)

fh guj (mnkhnfh)
Kiw ffS ijfS
fh _y guwd. fh btF
u jJ brtjF Vg ijf
adthf, nyrhf, Jffshf
csd. yt fh vLJ
brtjF VJthf ijf nkgu
tsfS, r nghw wFfS gl4.20 ij guj (jhkiu)
fhzgLwd.
yFfsh guj (Nnfh)
ffS ijfS yFf _y
guwd. mjnfg y ff
f bt ciwf Kf, bfhf,
tsf nghw mikfis bgWsd.
jifa ffis bfhl jhtufis
ca

cu brYbghGJ ff nkfl
wtsf cjah yFf
cl xo bfhwd. d gy
lf yFf brYbghGJ
gl 4.19 fh ij guj (oiulh) ff guwd.

74
 jhtuf dbgUf

[ha jhtu ff
Ta bfhf nghw mikf
UgjhY, ehU jhtu
ff iyUF jf
E Tikahf UgjhY vjhf
yFf cl xo bfhwd.

gl 4.21 yFfdh ij guj

([ha)

rijgWs gy ff, yFfshY

gl 4.22 yFfdh ij guj (ehU)
kjfshY czgL, mt
ff _y ijf btF uF bra 4.10
guwd. jfh kW bfhah
wFfis bfhl ffis
ff ijfnshL czgL, ijf
ijfis nrff.
ff _y btnawgLwd.
Jnghw ijf j ij ciwf oiulh jhtu fia
_y brkhd rhWfUJ (Digestive ftJ gl tiuf. ghg ia
Juice) vjj gh Vglhk ghf.
ghJfhfgLwd. bjid ku f, f
kj, ffS ijfS eLnjh V ehuhf csJ ?
gujYF fhuzkhf csh.
gntW bghUshjhu KaJt cf mU cs y
thj, nfhdh, ug, fl jhtufis nrff. mt
nghw jhtufis bjhiy cs tlhu bgaf ahit? mt
w ehLfUJ bfhL tJ a jhtua bgafis fLof
Niyf mKfgL bt aYkh?
fLsh.
myF-4

75
 kL - kh dhf
gF m
1. xU br cfshd mghY ghOahY eilbgW dbgUf tif ________.
i) Jlhj ii) ulhf sj iii) mUj iv) ngh clhj
2. F jhtuf ghd bgUf Kiw eilbgW Kj f _____________.
i) fUWj ii) Kisj iii) L cUthj iv) kfuj nrif.
3. Gst bghUjkhd TW _____________.
i) efU wdw, bka Rtiuila nghf Nnghf MF.
ii) y Mfhf, ghOaf, irf clhF efU jikila ghyh
nghf VifLf
iii) irf clhF X cfU bfhl efU wdw ghyh nghf, bfhoah
iv) r
 hjfkw Niyf Mfhf clhF joj Rtiuila cly brf
Vshndhnghf
4.fUw Nig, f MF. xU ky gy izahj Nyf iyf bfhl nkkl
NigUJ cUthF f _____________.
i) uf ii) TLf iii) jf iv) gyf
5. Cwitj ijia mGJbghGJ _____________ tahf fwJ.
i) iyJis ii) byobr iii) iknuhig iv) Kisnt
6. khf, fnghw f vwiHfgLwJ. Vbd j _____________.
i) btnjh, njh nghwJ ii) eLnjh f nghwJ
iii) cnjh rijgWsJ iv) cnjh fodkhdJ
7. Gs TWf, jtwhdJ _____________.
i) Uiy jhtu ij fhzgL Filahd, brFjhd, btikahd
gFF u~ng vW bga
ii) Uiy jhtu ij fhzgL f Ea JisF iknuhig vW
bga
iii) fU jL cUthF gFF Kisnt vW bga
iv) fU nt cUthF gFF Kisnt vW bga
8. Gs TWf, fh _y f, ij gujYfhd bghUjkhd TW ________
i) ff, ijf ObuW btoJ guwd
ca

ii) oiulh jhtu, tl, ghg fshf kh f gujYF cjwJ

iii) rha jhtuf ff Ta Kf _y guwd
iv) bjid f eLnjh eh nghW csJ

76
 jhtuf dbgUf

9. _izdh clhF R, fU tsF Cl mftyJ _____________.

i) irnfh ii) N xL R iii) Tbly iv) fU
10. j kfuj nrif Kiw ik _____________.
i) kfujf zhtiy
ii) ijf Fiwj vif clhwd
iii) Ugh kyf flhakhf eilbgWwJ
iv) kyf kfuj nrifF btfhufis rhUf njit iy
11. jhtu Kakhd gF ky. J __________________ F cjwJ.
i) ftj ii) nj Ruj iii) kfuj nrif iv) gh dbgUf
12. ky aikahj ghff __________________.
i) tl, mtl ii) kfujjh tl, Nyf tl
iii) tl, kfujjh tl iv) mtl, Nyf tl
13. __________________ cg bra ma kfuj nrif cjwJ.
i) a tif jhtuf ii) eF tsU jhtuf
iii) eF KisF wDila ijf iv) nkTa midJ
14. fhW _y kfuj nrif __________________ eilbgWwJ.
i) thneah ii) iii) bjid iv) Ckij
15. _
 ____________ mikdh f _y ma kfujnrif eilbgw VJthwJ.
i) wFfisila kfuj , isj NKo ii) wKs mtl, njRuj
iii) Fiwthd kfujKila bfhjhd kyf iv) Tk Nj kfuj
16. fUw N __________________ Mf khWwJ.
i) ij ii) f iii) fUC( vnlhg) iv) fnjh (bgfh)
17. tUtdt rahf bghUaJ _____________.
i) bghf- kh ii) TLf- M
iii) uf beof iv) nfah thiH
18. tUtdt bghUjhj iz _____________.
i) Uw btof - cybtof ii) bryh cy btoahf
iii) ngh - rijf iv) bukh- Uw btofia nghy
gF M
myF-4

1. ghyh kW gh dbgUf KiwfSilna cs ntWghLf uoid vGJf.

2. cly dbgUf vgJ vd?
m) iunahy M) ignuhifuh fhzgL cly dbgUf Kiwf ahit?

77
 3. jhtuf eilbgW ghdbgUf ffis rahd Kiw tirgLJf.
ij cUthf , kfujnrif , ij guj, fUWj.
4. tiuaWf - kfujnrif.
5. tiuaWf - fUWj.
6. tUtdt fhzgL kfujnriffhd fhufis bgaLf.
m) ey kzK njRu bfhl gy tzfis bfhl kyf.
M) wkwJ /kzkwJ / njRu mwJ. Mdh kfujJff cyj, nyrhd,
fshf UF. NKo wF nghW fhzgL.
nkfl uL tif kfujnrif eilbgW jhtufis FLf.
7. fhQ m) kW M) ffSF bgaL ff Ko cUthF
cfU jikia FLf.
m)M nf ( n ) + ml ( n ) = irnfh ( 2n ) .
M)M nf ( n ) + ulh iy cfU ( 2n ) = fU cfU (3n ) .
8. jFj vLJfhLfSl cy btoffis, cy btoah ffUJ ntWgLJf.
9. xU iy, U iy jhtuf vwh vd? vLJfhLf jUf.
10. fhQ f / ij gu KiwfSF jFj brhbwhl jUf.
xbthF X vLJfhL jUf.
m) fh guj
M) guj
) yFfsh guj
11. fhQ f /ij gu KiwfSF uL vLJfhLf jUf.
m) gwitf ff _y
M) kj _y -
12. uilfUWj vwh vd?
13. _iz vwh vd?
14. m) gl A , B ia milahs fhf.
M) A vghf B Mf khWwJ?

NKo
ca

NjL

Nig

A B

78
 jhtuf dbgUf

15. cdfS mt dbgUf KiwfS bfhLfgLsd. dbgUf

Kiwfis mjFa cdfnshL bghUJf.

sj ignuhifuh <

mUj nuhnlhnrhtf jil Gf

Jlhj iunah~y ghOaf

16. TLf ______ midJ kyfUJ cUthwJ.

 _____ fahdJ xU ky izahj gyNyf iyfis bfhl nkkl
_
NigUJ cUthwJ.
17. bfhLfgLs glij tiuJ Gs ghffis Ff.

m) vir M) FHh a
18. ffS / ijfS guj - bghUJf

m ) Mnlhnfh I) jhkiu
M) mnkhnfh II) oiulh
) iAonuhnfh III) [ha
<) Nnfh IV) ghr

19. nH bfhLfgLs jFj brhFfis bfhL gia uf.

(ij, f, kfuj nrif, guj, Kisj, fUWj, kyf, dbgUf)
u hK j jijl taYF brwh. mt js fLF ijfis dh.
yehfSF wF, ijf_______I ftjh. mj ijf jhtufshf
ts milJ ________ fis njhWjd. j kyf cUtha
kfuj_______ _y NKoia miljd. _______ f nghJ M nf
mlJl izwJ.
20. b
 jid, f _y (iAonuhnfh) guwJ. njfh fh _y
(mnkhnfh) gutjhf fUdh, mJ bgUf ntoa jftikf uoid
FLf.
myF-4

gF
1. m) f cUthF fia TWf.
M) fid RUfkhf tf.
) mfid FF glid tiuJ ghffis Ff.

79
 2. F jhtuf eilbgW ghd bgUf Kiw <LgL uL ffis
vGJf.
m) Kj f kW mt tiffis tf.
M) mj eik ikfis vGJf.
3. m) fUWj isthf cUthtJ f, fUWj eilbgwhk VnjD f
cUthwjh?
M) ff tifgho mltizia jUf.
4. uf, TLf jFj vLJfhLfSl xLf.
5. Uiy jhtu ij mikig tf.
6. xUiy jhtu ij mikig tf.
7. nH bfhLfgLs glij cWnehFf.

A
B

C
D
E
F
G
m) glij tiuJ ghffis Ff.
M) fUWjYF E, F jhtu vj ghfkhf khWwd?
8. nH bfhLfgLs glfis cWnehFf.

tUtdtF ilaf:-
ca

m) F fhw dbgUfKiwia bgaLf.

M) vj c jtifahd dbgUfKiw fhzgLwJ?
) j dbgUfKiw cf ntWghLfis cUthFwjh?

80
 jhtuf dbgUf

9. nHbfhLfgLs jhtuf cf njhl Ugjhf fgid brJbfhf.

njf njhlij ehotUwd. Mdh, njf vyh kyfis eho
brwdth? njf vbjj kyfis eho brwd? cf ilfSF
jFj fhuzfis jUf.
(kif, mu, bfhiw, nuh#h, jhkiu, nrhs, fU, _, rhk, nlah, ,
bjid, glh)
10. xU trh A, B vw uL taf itJsh. mj uL tafY glh
(igr rilt) ijJsh. ta A gwitfS fS beUfhk Uf,
tiyfsh _lgLsJ. ta B tiyfsh _lglhk csJ.
m) ta A kW ta B f vjtifahd kfuj nrif eilbgW?
M) vj ta mf kfNiy jU?
) mLj Kiw g brJ isriy mff, trh vj ta ijfis
njbjLgh? cf ilF fhuz jUf.
11. k
 h, bjid uLnk cxLrij ffshF. kh eLnjh cQ gFahF.
Mdh bjdf eLnjh cQ gF my. mgoahdh,
m) bjdf cQ gF vJ?
M) V bjdf eh nghw eLnjhiy bgWsJ?
) eh nghw eLnjh bgUgjh ntW vd eik vd cfsh Tw Kokh?
12. Gstiw tU jiyf tifgLJf.
m) f M) ij ) fiy ijiy
(jfh, bts, KisjgaW, cj glh, uhir, y (tiu),
cUisHF, fU , M, bfhomtiu)
13. uhK, nrhK fh jJbrY vUFijfis cWnehf nejJ. mit
jiuia mil tiu, mtf y ijfis bjhlu khjd. mtf
jf cWnehfiy tU mltiz gbrjd.

ijf gaj u (l) vLJbfhlfhy (l)

25 6
50 15
37 10
87 17
17 2
m) bjhiyid XmY fhyij Y-mY vLJ bfhL xUtiugl tiuf.
myF-4

M) ijf gaj bjhiyF, gu wDF VnjD bjhl clh?

) tiuj tiuglUJ Koid TWf.

81
 14. cyff bgagoa nH bfhLfgLsJ. mffis, cyf
tiffSnfg tifgLJf.
(gU, oiulh, be, MkzF, bfhjk, mtiu, glh, vUF, mkjhiu ,
K, fUnty, btil)
m) m M) nfah ) bryh <) bfhil
c) nkhfh C) byhbkl v) bukh V) fhN miwbtof
I) fhN jLRt btof x) xUwbtof X) U wbtof
15. nkhZ rikayiwF EiHa nej bghGJ, mt jh, fjgrhgh brtjF
njitahd bghUf itUjh. nkhZ mbghUfis ghwh. ff
tiffSnfg, rhghUF njitahd bghUfis J itf nkhZF
cjf.
(gU, , fjfh, jfh, KUiffh, bfhjk, fLF, btilfh, kh)
16. nHbfhLfgLs Ffgo Uiy ij ghffis bgaLf.
m) Mugiynt ______________
M) MugiyjL ______________
) fUF njitahd cz mla rijgWs gF______________
<) ijia Rs btghJfh ciw______________
c) ijiw fhzgL a Jis bga ______________
17. kfujnrif tiff ahit? vtif kfujnrif eik juToaJ? V?
18. jkfujnrif (Mnlhnf) vwh vd? mj eikfis, ikfis
FLf.
19. kfujnrif vwh vd? kfujnriffhd gntW cUs, cuw
fhufis sFf.

nkY ma
f: 
1. P
 lant Reproduction - S.R.Mishra - Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Ltd,
ca

New Delhi.
2. Complete Biology (IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York.
izajs: www.biologyreference.com science.howstuffworks.com

82
 jhtuf dbgUf

jhtuf jhtua bgafS bghJbgafS

t. mjj Cf
Ubrh bga bghJ bga miHfgL
v bgaf

Vgkhf
1. btil
vFbyl

2. mnfah fhah iffh

3. muhj Mbguh ehU

mdfhoa
4. K
Mblnl

5. mndhdh Fthnkhrh jhgH

Mnlh fhg
6. gyh
l~nghah

fo nghlh
7. iunah~y
FonghL

fnyhnuh
8. vUF
i#b#oah

9. u irbd rhJFo

10. nfhf ~bguh bjid

11. bfhahu rilt bfhJk/ jah

12. fha Mngha gU

btsfh,
13. FF rilt
njhirfh

rfh/ gufh/
14. Fflh nkkh
murhizfh

mikah Tj/
15. fTlh ~bs[h
myF-4

rljh/ jfbfho

16. ~igf shknulh m

17. ng ghrhah ghr/ghbrL

83
 t. mjj Cf
Ubrh bga bghJ bga miHfgL
v bgaf

18. yhyh ga mtiu

iynfhbgf
19. jfh
vFbyl

20. kh~bguh ofh kh

bjhlh tho/ bjhl

21. iknkhrh ofh RU / bjhlh
Q

mkjhiu / m
22. uh #ygh
kif

23. yngh ~bguh jhkiu

24. xiurh rilth be

25. igr rilt glh

ghahah
26. beof
yh~nghah

27. igu nky M

MkzF/
28. d f
KJbfhil

btLfha L
29. oiulh nuhFg
bro
ca

84
 myF 5

ghof
ghof gntWgl jftik fy, lhfSF, _
fSl gntW Niyf wghf E cz iHf mikJsd.
thJ tU yd TlkhF. ghof cnuhkkhdJ cl btg
cy vyhjkhd thlfshd, btnawhk jLfToa njh xU
fl, e, kiy, fhLf, ghiytdf, w mikghF. ghof njh
JUt unjrf, rJy fhLf wK, mik RWwnfwthW
ghof thJ tUwd. mikJsJ. cnuhkf X czW.
5.1. w mika id, eh irf bjhLzilait.
Ksg nghw yFf jik
btntW thlf thw
vflUJ jfhJ bfhs, skhd
ghof mjj thlfSF
Tikahd, iughf cs cnuhkfis
VwthW wnjhw clyikfSl
gagLJwd.
thwd. fl thG ghofshd
lh, fy nghwit bra 5.1
clyikY, braghoY id eh, id, khL, kj, Fiu,
ngh yhk khWgLsJ. mit y fGijf cnuhkfis nrfJ
ghofUJ njhaitahF. mt tot, mik, g tiw
thd gwF Uis U mltizgLj.
btsth, gwitf clyikig gh Ruf
xJsd. MdhY mJ xU ghoahF.
bg ghof midF
y thG fbga clyikig
gh Ruf csd. jhf wF
cila yFf ah ghofshF.
gfyhj ghof ghiy c
ghof clys y thG
Fowd. ghRuf khWghlilj
kw yFf cl msUJ
ait RufshF.
khWgLsJ.
fhQ uL mogil
5.2. thl
gfsh kw KJbfYs yFf cdf thG lF thl
UJ ghof ntWgLsd. vW bga. ghof jh thG
gf ghofl kL thlF jfthW unaf
fhzgLwd. kw KJbfYfl jftikfis bgWsd. eh
fhzgLtiy. mit ghofis caj kiyfY,
rkbtfY, fhLfY, u gF
1. w mLF cnuhkf 2. gh Ruf
fY, ghiytdfY, btfY,
w mLF cnuhkf e iyfY, fl Y fhzyh.
midJ ghofSF cnuhkf y Kakhd ghof ntWgl
csd. wmLF cnuhkf yhj thlf nH tirgLjgLsd.

85
 caj kiyf: k
 iyahLf, bfhila ugF: k
 iyahLf, vUik, v
brkahLf, fuof. (bfhF yFf)
rkbtf, fhLf: Ksg, kiy ghiytd:
 a tdfGij, sh g
m, khf, ahidf, f, Wij, khf.
fhlhUf, ahid.
fl :
 fy, lh, thu, flgR,
e: t, shog, eh nghwit. flf ().

gl 5.1 gntWgl tiffis nrj yFfS mt FofS

5.3. ghof jftikf
ghof gntW NiyfSF Vg bfhG Lf nrfgLwd.
jfis jftikJ bfht w fyf jhilahdJ ryil
bgWsd. nghw cWghf khWghL milJsJ.
1. f
 l thG fy, lhf j ryil nghw jhil, g
ca

nghwt JtjF VwthW jLf vdgL. fyf jf

Kiff JLfshf khWghL Ugkhd czthd (Krill)
milJsd. cl btgij vdgL jit cfis UJ
jfitJ bfhtjF VJthf tofLtjF j g jLf
yFf f mf ms gagLwd.

86
 ghof

2. g
 hiytd thG xlf
njh f jokdhdJ. mJ iu
<J itJbfhS Mkho
brfis bfhLsJ.
ghiytd kzfhW jhfhk fhf
xlf mlahd f Utf
gagLwd. xlf eh Jis,
kz Jff cns fhtz
mikUwJ.
3. b
 gUghyhd ghof jhtu
gl 5.2 btsth
cfshF. brYnyh Fj
czit brkhd brtjF gwf j iuia of
VwthW gJ thG ghOahfis bah czwid gagLJwJ.
bfhLsd. j ghOaf btsth gwFnghJ ca Ru
brYnyhi[ ijF behfis L x btgLJj _y
bfhLsd. gwF f, vgL bghUfis
4. f
 heilf, khf, gR, vUik, mJ bfhwJ.
ML nghw ghof ehF bga 7. k
 hNa (ffhU nghwit)
miwfisila iuig, nr, Fofis RkJ ghJfhf t
behj fydhf csJ. fheilf igfis bfhLsd.
tif iuig mirnghLtjF 8. J
 Ut fuof joj njh, mt
gagLwJ. nkYs cnuhk fg nghit _y,
5. g
 hof ntWgl g mik kW JUt gF eLF F UJ
gntWgl gf mik cQ ghJfh bgWwJ.
KiwF Vg jftikjjhf csJ. 9. j
 m Tikah r_f yfhf,
vLJfhlhf, khr cf caj iy cs kj,
khrij gjF VwthW j uf _ykhf EQfkhd
Kgfshf, ahidf btL braghLfis br tif
gf jjfshf kh gntW gfis EbghUfis ifahSj, vGJj
nkbfhwd. nkY mit mt nghw brafis bra KowJ.
ghJfhF gagLwd.
6. g
 hof MwYl gwF xnu
5.4. mogil clbraa
gho btsth MF. j Kiff braghLf
wif nghw mikghf kh csd. wtif KJbfYfisl
btsth wif(bglha) ghof cla braf
bkikahd njhYlD, Kifl nkgljhf, fyhdjhf csJ.
izj uf, vYfSl
myF-5

ghof, btg uj yFfshF.

izJ, jirfSl ailJ
t cl btgiy thl btg
csJ. btsth jiyHhf
jhf xnu uhd btgiyia
bjh X vLwJ. u cy
bfhLsJ. kj cl btgiy
btsth vbghUY nkhjhk
98.40 F UJ 98.60 F Mf csJ.

87
 l btgiy njh cs ait a Ah (15781657)
Ru, Wuf, Eiupu, uj _y
iyWjgLwJ.
nfhilfhy cliy Ff
aitia mfkhf RuJ btgij
btnaWwJ. bra TLjyhd
uj, ait Ruf brYJj
_ykhf, mfkhd ait _y
btnawgLtjhY Wuf Fiwj a Ah (15781657) Mnya
ms Wiu btnaWwJ. kUJt Mth. KjKj uj
Ffhyf, f Fiwthd RHia, uj gfis
aitia btna, cl btgiyia ja brafg sdh.
caJ braghoid nkbfhwJ. RHia fljh. mJtiu eKila
iy ait Ruf Fiwthd cl KGtJ ujjh ugglJ
ujij brYJtj_y cl kW iyahdJ vd fU Unjh.
btgiy cawJ. Mdh, Wuf
ja: kj ja X clw jireh
mfkhd Wiu btnaWwJ.
mikila cWghF. J rW jiy
gho uj tgQ T tot myJ u tot cilaJ.
nkhFnsh vD w mf jaij RY ulLF glykha
ms M#id vLJ brwJ. bgfhoa ciw mikJsJ. ja
ghof uj tgQ cfU bgfhoa ciwfSF il cs
iy. l nkhFnshdh ilbt bgfhoa ut u
uggLsJ. csJ.
5.5. kj uj RH kly ja y w gfis bfhl
cl X l UJ knwh fhoah jirdh cUthfgLsJ.
lF njitahd bghUfis ja ehF miwfis bfhlJ.
flJtjF uj RW mikf mit: tyJ Va lJ Va, tyJ
njhwyhd. ekJ cl uj RW bt, lJ bt
kly ja, jkf, iuf, MF. tyw jakhdJ cl UJ
jJf vD uj FHhf, uj Rffglhj ujij bgW
vD utR, z Mad csd. btnaWwJ. lw jakhdJ
Rffgl M# f ujij
a Ah (1628M ML) vw bgW cl KGtJ brYJwJ.
Mnya kUJt kj uj
Mf (Vaf): ja bka
bra 5.2 jirahyhd nk miwf Mf
cf tF njhHf
ca

vdgLwd. tyJ MS lJ
cl btgiyia fhiy 10 k, MS il MFyh jL
gf 1 k, khiy 4 k ms Rtuh fgLsd. Mf
flJ g brf. t VjhtJ ujij bgwToa miwfshf csd.
khWghil fhfsh? bgUiu, nkbgUiu _y

88
 ghof

bgUjk
nkbgUiw

Eiupu jk Eiupu iu

lJ Va

tyJ Va iw ru th

u th
_j th

lJ bt

tyJ bt

bgUiu ja jir

gl 5.3 kj ja
clUJ Rffglhj uj ja Jisf: tyJ MSF,
KGtij tyJ M bgWwJ. tyJ btSF il tyJ
ehF Eiupu iuf _y MFnyh-btFyh Jis mikJ
EiupuUJ M# f ujij csJ. lJ MSF, lJ
lJ M bgWwJ. btSF il lJ
btf: ja joj MFnyh-btFyh Jis
jirahyhd miwf btf mikJsJ.
vdgLwd. tyJ btS, lJ ja thf: tyJ M xU bga
btS, il btFyh Vnah btFyh Jis tahf
jLRtuh fgLsd. tyJ btis wwJ. Jis
btf jaUJ btis neh mikJs
ujij btbrYJ gid _j thdh ghJfhfgLwJ.
nkbfhwd. tyJ bt tyJ ~J uj tyJ MUJ tyJ
MUJ M#dw ujij btSF brtij xGFgL
bgW Eiupu jk _y EiupuYF uj ndh brtij
brYJwJ. lJ bt, jLwJ.
myF-5

lJ MUJ M# Fj
lJ M bga xU MFnyh
ujij bgW bgUjkF
btFyh Jis tahf lJ
brYJwJ. , isf _ykhf
btnshL bjhl bfhLsJ.
cl gy gFfSF M# Fj
Jis, btis neh
uj brYjgLwJ.

89
 mikJs <j thdh ja Jo: btf
ghJfhfgLwJ. th u th RUf nghJ MFnyh btFyh
vW miHfgL. ~J uj lJ thf _Ltjh y vw x
MUJ lJ btSF btf nghJ l
brtij xGFgL uj vw x njhWwd. xU kj
ndh brtij jLwJ. ruhr jaJo, xU lF 72
JofshF. jaJo mj jirf
tyJ bt xUJis
cshj rah bjhlfgL w
tahf Eiupu jkl bjhl
jireh fiwah eilbgWwJ.
bfhLsJ. Jis, iw tot
gkd thdh ghJfhfgLwJ. ujFHhf: jkf, jJf,
~J uj tyJ btUJ iuf vd _tif uj FHhf
Eiupu jkF brtij xGFgL csd.
uj ndh brtij jkf: jkf jaUJ
jLwJ. Rffgl ujij vLJ
lJ bt xU Jis brgit. Mdh jF yfhf,
tahf bgUjkl bjhl Eiupu jk kL Rffglhj
bfhLsJ. Jis, iw tot ujij, Rffgjfhf
bgUjk thdh ghJfhfgLwJ. jaUJ EiupufSF vLJ
~J uj lJ btUJ brY. bgUjk Wjkfshf
bgUjkF brtij xGFgL wd. mit nkY MOnahf
uj ndh brtij vD bka Ejkfshf
jLwJ. wd. mit nkY J bka,
a bklh MOnahfshf, nkY
ja bragL Kiw: fhoah
jJfshf wd.
jirdh kj jakhdJ RU
tilwJ. ja miw, RUF jJf: it a uj FHhfshF.
iyF nlh vW bga. ja jJf Rfis R tiy nghW
miw tiltjF ilanlh vW glJ, RfSF uj
bga. UJ bghUfis tHFwd.
jJf
ujij bgWbghGJ M
tilwJ. jF MFyh
ilanlh vW bga.
bt UJ Eiupu
jkFS, kfhjkFS uj
brYnghJ, ja RUFwJ. jF iu
btFyh nlh vW bga.
ca

Mf RUFbghGJ <j,
_j thf tahf uj jj
btfSF mDggLwd.
jk
gl 5.4 jkf, jJf, iuf

90
 ghof

iuf: jJf L izJ

btfshfkh (Eiuf),
RfUJ Rffglhj
ujij vLJ tUwd. btf
(Eiuf) izJ iufshf uj jLf uj t nuh~
khWwd. iuf nkY bgU mQf
iuahf, nkbgU iuahf
kh, ujij nrfJ jaD
nrwd. Eiupu iufis ju
kw iuf M#dw ujij vLJ
brY. nkhndhir ngh ir <ndh~

uj: cl bgUghikahd
gf vyhtY uj Ka
gnfwJ. uj ut iyYs
iz RthF. uj shkh
vD ut gF brfS cL. ngnrh~
gl 5.5 kj uj brf
shkh: uj cs ut bghUshd
mghL brf MF. uj
shkh, , fk, fk Mf TWfis
btisaQf br GFj _y
bfhLsJ. shkh nuhO vgJ
nehUfis GFtJl, cl
shkh Ka fk TwhF.
EiH nehUfSF vuhd
mtW Fnsh, neh vghwYF
Moghofis cg brwd.
aikahjJ. uj ciwj
~igndh# Ka gF twJ.  uj jL brf (uhnghirLf):

M rkiyia uhFwJ. it vY t k{i#Ys, y
bga brf ciltjh cUthw
uj brf: _W tifahd uj
xGfw brf MF. uj ciwj
brf shkh csd. mit: uj
_y uj Hig jLj Ka
tgQf, uj btisaQf,
gfhWwd.
uj jL brf.
uj tgQf (vnuhirLf): 5.6. kj f f cWf
it tltot bfhl, UgfK f f vgJ tsij khw
cFj, jL tot brfshF. Kj f bghUfis btnaW Kiw
cUthFnghJ cfUfnshL njhW MF.
Kj brf cfUfis Hwd. Wuffns, Ka f f
ujF t wijaF cWfshF. it uj nt
nkhFnshid bgUwd. iaig uhf itgjh tiw
nkhFnsh vD Rthr w ekJ cl khl bf vW
M#J mf ehl cilaJ. J
myF-5

miHnwh.
Rthr thfis vLJ brt Ka
Wuf wnjhw mik: cl
gF bfhwJ.
L gF ika KJbfY
 uj btisaQf (nfhirLf):
bjhl U wY gfF xwhf
it bjthd cfUit bfhl

91
 Kakhd f f cWfS, f f bghUfS
f f cW btnaW f f bghUf
ah, my, aho
Wuf W
nghw Ka ieu# ff
Eiupu btnawgL fhW fhg ilMi[L, Mahj
njh ait mfkhd kW cf
U Wuff twiw Rt Wuf csik: Wuf
xosd. xbthU WufK nfN btL njhw mlt wKs
vdgL, joj x CLUtToa
btgF dfhbl vd,
glydh NHgLsJ. mtiu ij
bt w cgF d bkLyh vd
tot U Wuff fhzgLwd.
miHfgLwJ. bkLyh vzw
Wuf btw FJ cw
T tot mikf fhzgLwd.
FJ fhzgLwJ. Wuf
tF d uLf vW bga.
Fj cwgF diAy vdgL.
d uLf KidgFF
jirdhyhd W ehs d
Wuf ngyhf vW bga. Wuf
iAy gFUJ bttUwJ.
ngyhf Wuf cgF
U Wuff UJ bttU
wwJ. jF d bg vW bga.
U W ehsfS jirahyhd
iAy tna cF ehs tilJ
xU ig nghw mik wwd.
mfw d nghw mikghwJ. J
jF Wig vW bga.
d bg vdgL. d bg
W nrfJ itfgLwJ. ,
FWfyilJ W ehskhf khWwJ.
WigUJ Wfhth tahf
btnawgLwJ. Wuf mik, bra myF beuh

Wuf jk bkLy uL
Wuf iu md Ru

d
bg

Wuf nf
bkLyh d bg

w Wuf jk
(fhbl) W ehs
fhbl Wuf iu

d nfN
W ehs
ca

W ig

Wwt

gl 5.6 kj f f kly gl 5.7 Wuf btL njhw

92
 ghof

MF. Wuf xU aDF EFH tU ghff

mfkhd beuhf fhzgLwd. fhzgLwd.
beuh mik 1. mik RUl gF
2. U tot bAny tis
beuhf Wuf mik,
3. nrik RUl FH
braghL myFfshF. xbthU
nrik RUl FH gF, l
be~uhY, kha nf, skhd
nrfF xU FHhl izwJ.
gy RUfis bfhl Wuf EFHf
nrfF FHhahdJ d uo cs
Ma U ghff fhzgLwd.
d ghyh wwJ. beuh
nshkUy ujij tofo Wiu wJ.
5.7. mikF, braghoF ilna
cs bjhl
bgskh
z

nrik braghoF Vwhngh cW

RUl FH
f mik khwf VgLwd.
Wf mbraghoF Vg ca
mik nrfF ehs jftikig bgWwJ. cWf
RUl mik, braghL xiwbahW rhJ
FH
csJ. khWgl Niy thG gntW
bA ghof Kdfhf, mit thG
tis
Niynfg khWghL milUwd.
vLJfhlhf, vyh KJbfYs
yFfS, Fghf, ghof
Kdfhf xnu khahd mikig
gl 5.8 beuh bgUwd. mt Kdfhf
5 gFfshf fgLsd. mit
kha nf: kha nf
nkif, Kif, kfL, csif,
uil RtUila z nghw
uf MF. mthW ghof
mik xW csJ. jF bgskh
Kdfhf bghJthd X mikig
z vW bga. jFns
bgUjhY, mit btntW
fhzgL miutlFF cbr
yFf gntW jkhf
kW btbr is jkf xU
gagLjgLwd.
bfhJngh mlsd. jF
jtis Fiu
FnshKUy vW bga. FnshKUy
gFUJ btbr jk gy
jJfshf J w beuh
gFf tiyngh glJsd.
FnshKUy jJf, bgskh
myF-5

zK nrJ kha nf
MwJ.
Wuf EFH: bgskh z kj btsth flgR
Wuf EFH wwJ. Wuf gl 5.9 KJbfYf Kif mikf

93
 1. k
 j Kiff, bghUfis fhzgL r_f izig r_f
g bfhtjF, vGJtjF milahs vd bfhnwh.
EQfkhf EfUfis bgnwhfSF mtf
irgjF bka FHijfSF ilna fhzgL
mQfUfis ifahtjF r_f izig m milahskhf
VwthW mikJsd. fil u kw bfhnwh. y rkaf xU
ufUJ y mikUgj dij rhj Foia kbwhU
_y nkfl brafis brtjF dij rhj bgnwh guhkjiy
VJthf mikUwJ. FWF guhkj myJ uh
gh vW miHfgLwJ.
2. Fiu Kdfhf f ntfkhd vLJfhlhf F FRfis
ghrYF gagLjgLwd. fhf ng ghJfhwJ.
3. bgUrh, v Kdfhf bgUghikahd f, f,
kiz njho v tis mikf gwitf, ghof r_f Tlfshf
gagLwd. thwd. j Tlij rhj
4. ku c UF iy yFf jilna fUJ gkhwK
jiHfis gJ cgjfhf jft gkhwK brJ bfhwd.
xlf Kdfhf vLJfhlhf xU dij rhj
L gUJ tikahdjhf gho Tl y yFf
mikUwd. ghJfht wd.

5. Fu Kdfhf kuL

ku jhtjF kuisfis
gbfhL Cryho jhtjF
gagLwd.
6. fy Kdfhf
JtjF JLghf gagLwd.
5.8. yFf elijf
Niy LjYF Vg
jftikJ bfhS yFfis X gl 5.10 nj
c elij vW tiuaWfyh.
xU ahid Tlij, tajhd bg
Lj f rhjhuzkhd cz
ahid t el brY. tikahd
thridahfTl Ufyh. eu kly
M ahidf Tl ghJfhtyfshf
Ljfis bgW, czJ mjnfw
bt UJ bfhL, Fo
Jyffis btgLJtij eh
ahidfSF w bg ahidfSF
yFf elijahf fhnwh.
ghJfhghf csd.
ca

r_f elijf: yFf elij

ghd elij
kugQfsh fLgLjgLwJ.
aifahf fG xU braKiwahf, M, bg ghYf, ghd
fWzj_y bgwgLw X ftah xWl xW <f
mDgtkhf csJ. yFfilna gLwd. dbgUf fhy njhW

94
 ghof

ulh iy gh gf M, cz bjhla dU guhk

bg yFf xiw xW ftUtj bjhlwJ.
thyhf ghd dbgUfF
5.9. yFf elijfhd jah
ttFwd.
M
ghd milahsf: X M cnyh
gntW Niyf yFf
xU bg cnyh jdJ dij
elijf ga Mf jehL
rhj vgh cl, iriff _y
gfiy fHff nkbfhLsd.
bjhl bfhtij z iriff
vnwh. thwhd z iriff KJkiy thG brehf g
xU dij rhj cfl bgfq cs a ma
Fghf fhzgl Toa mrkhF. fHfij rhj mU btfuhk vw
jdh, btntW dij rhj Mths ela M Ffshtd:
cfilna z jfgLwJ. jeho cs KJkiy td yF
ruzhya Ft mig vD
bgnwh guhk: bgnwh j
yd bga bfhl brehf
FHijfis ngghJfhf
thwd. brehf mU tU xU
nkbfhS Kaf myJ _yjd,
dkhF.
mFHijf lfhy thtjF
cjwJ. bra bgnwh guhk brehf 8 Kj 10 cWdfis
vd miHfgLwJ. bgnwh j bfhl Tlkhf thwd. xbthU
FHijfSF rjhd cz mJ, breh FGY taJ Kj bg,
bfhW flUJ fhgh M, mj Fof Tlkhf thwd.
btfukhf thH ttFwJ. breh Tl xUizJ
flkhid (Sambar deer) moJ cQ
ghof, j FHijfSF
gHfKilait. mthW xU flkhid
gho, bfhW f_y
moJ cQ nghJ cWdfilna
jFofSF MgJ tuhkY
iwia cg xWik ywd.
ghJfhwd. y ghofilna
s Fo brehf Kj iwia
Fof eF tsJ jhdhf cz
cz mDkfgLwd. d

myF-5

gl 5.11 ahid bgnwh guhk gl 5.12 breh

95
 taJ Kj M brehf iwia
bra 5.3
cwd. mj d, w s
brehfS taJ Kj bg vWf CJ brY ghij
brehfS iwia cwd. vWfSF iHfh tz c
uiy itJ vWf ghijia
(e, U. mU btfuhk - Ma
jLJ WJf. bghGJ vWf
ahidf ghJfh ika, RW Niy
elijia M brf, mit j
ma ika, a ma fHf,
ghijia kh bfhwdth?
bgfq.) brehf, j Fofis
vW Tl fiyJ brwjh? vd
fGij , nghw yFflUJ
M brJ vWf elijia
fhghWtjfhf mofo jkJ
g X mif jah brf.
Ulij kh bfhnl UF.
jah M:- cfSila thl thG L ehfis, bjU UF ehfis
M brJ mt thl, L bfhLF jikia FJ F tiuf.

kL - kh dhf
gF m
1. ghof f Kakhd g __________
i) ehFmiwf bfhl ja ii) Kdfhf, dfhf
iii) ghRuf iv) th
2. khr cf __________ gfis gagL khrij wJ.
i) btL gf ii) nfhiu gf iii) Kfilthgf iv) filthgf
3. Wuf beuh bA tis gF jh bgUks L
crgLwJ. tUtdtW __________ f skhd bA tis bfhl
beuhid bgW mf iu L c nrwJ.
i) JUtfuo ii) xlf iii) jtis iv) fy
4. ghof __________ uj mQf neh v ria mwJ.
i) s uj t mQf ii) uj btisaQf
iii) uj jL mQf iv) K uj tgQf
5. bgalhj Uth, gho uj Rf mla fzho eGtf
jugLsJ. uj Rfis vthW ntWgL mf?.
i) wij cWneh ii) tgQfis cWneh
iii) btisaQfis cWneh iv) shkh Mf TWfis cWneh
ca

6. brYnyh brjYF brYny vD beh njitgLwJ. brYny cg

br ghOahfis y ghof jdJ czghij Uf brJ czit
ghJfhig jUwJ. tUtdtW bra Fahf fhzgLtJ __________.
i) jhtu cf ii) khr cf iii) midJ iv) uj cf

96
 ghof

7. ghof Kdfhf bghJthd X mikid bgUjhY, mit btntW

yFf gntW jkhf gagLjgLwd. jid thW miHfyh
i) nAhnkhnyhf cWf ii) mdhnyhf cWf
iii) vr cWf iv) tswh cWf
8. cz ir cnuhkf fhzgL yF.
i) btsth ii) ahid iii) kh iv) id
9. ahid jjf ______________________ g khWghL MF.
10. ehF miwfSl Toa tW cila yF.
i) ahid ii) lh iii) kh iv) ffhU
11. kj ruhr cl btgiy ______________________.
i) 98.40 98.60 F ii) 96.60 96.80 F iii) 94.40 98.60 F iv) 98.40 99.60 F
12. u th ______________________ il fhzgLwJ.
i) tyJ M, tyJ bt ii) lJ M, lJ bt
iii) tyJ bt, Eiupu jk iv) lJ bt, bgUjk
13. cikfUJ (A): gho ja xU iknahb# ja MF.
fhuz (R): ghof ja Jo wghd jir fiwfsh fLgLjgLwJ.
(ng nkf)
m) A kW R uL r; R MdJ Aia sFwJ.
M) A kW R uL r; Mdh R MdJ Aia sFtiy.
) A kLnk r; Mdh R jtW. <) A jtW; Mdh R r.
14. gho myhj bjhFia flJ vGJf.
m) lh, thu, Ksg, Ka, btsth M) ahid, g, Fiu, fGij, FuF
) Monyh, kh, gR, vUik, flkh <) eh, id, Kjiy, f,
15. ghof wnjh fhzgLtJ.
m) cnuhk, cz cnuhk, cnuhk Kf M) cnuhk, ef, u eff
) cnuhk, cz cnuhk, bfhf <) cnuhk, ef, brf
16. xWik mogil flf.
fy : JLf : btsth : _________________
17. nfholtiw uf.
uj tgQ : M#id vLJ brwJ.
myF-5

uj btisaQ : ______________________.
18. khWghL miljj mogil, xUizJ vGJf.
btL gf, ahid jj, _______________, Ksg Kf

97
 gF - M
1. ghofSFa j gf uoid FLf.
2. tUtdt xbthF uL vLJfhLf jUf.
m) mirnghL yFf M) flth ghof
3. ghof fhzgL gyik ahJ ? ahid jj vj khWghL?
4. ghiytd NH thH xlf bgWs jftikf ehid FLf.
5. bah vbuhj _y vgL bghUfis mj vwh vd?
vLJfhLf jUf.
6. ghof ja fhzgL thfis, mt miklfis vGJf?
7. ghof jk, iuf tilna cs ntWghLf ehid FLf.
8. uj shkh gF fhzgL shkh nuhOf _id TWf.
mt gfis FLf.
9. cfU yhj uj brf ahit? cfU Ugjh vd ga?
10. uj ciwj gFbgW shkh nuhOf, uj mQf ahit?
11. m) Wuf mik, bra myFf ahit ?
M) W btnaW ghij mogil kjf f klyYs tU
cWfis tirgLJf. (W ehs , Wwt, Wuf , Wig)
12. tU ghof uj RHia sF uglid cWnehf.
i) nH jugLs rahd ujFHhf m , M , , < -ia njbjLf.
m) Eiupu iu M) bgUiuf
) Eiupujk <) kfhjk
ii) P, Q, R, S khf rahd izia njbjLf.

cl cWf

P A D R
ja

Q B
C S

Eiupu

m) P kW Q = M#ndw. R kW S = M#ndw milahj

M) P kW Q = M#ndw mw. R kW S = M#ndw milj
ca

) midJ M#ndw miljJ <) midJ M#ndw milahjJ

13. tU gia gof:
 gUghyhd KJbfYf jhilfis bgW m gfS fhzgLwd.
b
jhilf gf mikJs KiwF gyik vW bga. ghof fhzgL

98
 ghof

gntW jkhd gf tUkhW. btL gf(I), nfhiugf(C) K filth

gf(P) kW filth gf(M). mit Kiwna czit fogjF, gjF,
bkYtjF miugjF gagLjgLwJ. khr cf nfhiugf
khrij gjF eF ts milJsd. nfhiu gf jhtu cf
Fiwthf ts milnjh myJ yhknyh fhzgLwJ.
tU dhfSF ilaf:-
i) jtis nk jhil xnu khahd gf fhzgLwJ. Mdh kj
khWgLsJ. kj fhzgL jifa gyikF __________ vW bga.
m) nAhnkhlh tif M) Inrhlh tif
) bAonuhlh tif <) mnuhlh tif
ii) ghof gNu ICPM = 2023 / 1023 vW vGjglh l bgwhj
gf tif __________
m) (I) btL gf M) (C) nfhiu gf
) (P) Kfilth gf <) (M) filthgf
14. Lgl dfis rahd il bfhL uf.

thf Ul ntiy
<j th lJ btUJ lJ
myJ u VaF uj brYjiy
th jF
tyJ MUJ tyJ
tyJ Mnyh
btSF uj brYjiy
btyh Jis
fLgLJwJ
bgUjk njhW
bgUjk th
l
tyJ btUJ Eiupu
iwru th
jkF uj brtij fLgLJ
15. btntW thlf thw cdf mjj thlfSF VwthW
jfthif Kiw, cz gHf, cl mikfSl thwd. jF jftik
vW bga. gho wghd jftikid njbjLf.
m) flth ghoahd fy, jdJ cl btgij uhf guhkf bgWs
jftik :- (jhil g jLfshf khaJ / Kiff JLfshf khaJ /
njhYfo nrfgl bfhG)
M) czit fltjfhd btsth jftik :- (Kiff wifahf khaJ/
fhf _ykhf jiyHhf bjhFj / gwjnghJ ca Ru L x
myF-5

btgLJj )
16. cl `khl bf' vW Wuf miHfgLwJ fhuz flJ vGJf.
m) cl bgwgL midJ ntbghUfS Wuf bgwgLwd.

99
 M) Wuf, uj ntia rk iyia ngQwJ.
) Wuf, cl UJ ntbghUfis btnaWwJ.
<) Wuf, ntbghUfis nrJ itJ bfhwJ.
gF
1. beuh mik ga sf glid cWnehf.
beuh

kha nf Wuf EFH

m M < c C

i) m Kj C tiu cs ghffis vGJf ii) beuh Ka braghLfis sFf.

2. kj ja mik, bragL jij jFj glJl ghffis FL
sFf.
3. Wuf btLnjhw gl tiuJ ghffis Ff
4. jftik vwh vd? tU ghof jftikfis tf.
1. fy 2. JUtfuo 3. ffhU 4. jhtufis cQ ghof.

nkY ma
f:
1. Biology - RAVEN, Johnson WCB Mc Graw - Hill, USA
2. Biology - A Modern Introduction, B.S. Beckett, 2nd Edition Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
3. Frame work of Science - Paddy Gannon, Oxford University Press, New Delhi
ca

4. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York

izajs: http://www.khanacademy.org

100
 myF 6

thif
af braf

vthW cUstiw cdf eilbgW y thif

cuwtiw ntWgLJf? af brafshtd:
eh XLtij, gR mirnghLjiy, czl: cz cbfhtj_y
FHij bjU isahLtij eh Mwiy bgW f czlkhF.
fhnwh. brafUJ it
Rthr: brf Rthj_y
cUsit vW mnwh.
M#id bgW fk bghUfis
eh myJ gR myJ kj va _yTWfshf ijfgL
cwFnghJ vd fwJ? f Rthr vdgL.
bghGJ, tf cnuhL csd vd
flJj: cl X cWUJ w
idnwh. jid vthW mnwh?
cWfSF cz bghUfis,
mtf Rthr brtij fL M#id flJ f flJj
cUl csd vd mnwh. MF.
jhtuf vd fwJ? jhtuf ff: gntW cWfUJ
cUsit vgij vthW mnwh? btahF tsij khw f
bghUfis clUJ btnawgL
eh mt gRik iyf,
f f fkhF.
iyf _Lj wj nghw
mirf, ts gof Matiw dhf
rhWfshf bfhL cUsit vd 1. 
cf cth jikia eh
TWnwh. vthW mJ bfhnwh?
thif af braf ahit? 2. cf cbfhtjF btUJ
cdf, clbraf ilF bghUf ahit?
yhlhY mit jKila thif 3. e cliy ngQtjF njitahd
afij bjhlJ iyWJwd. ff ahit?
eh jna cfhUF bghGJ,
cwfUF nghJTl thif 6.1. jhtuf czl
af braf, brf thyhf eKila gntW brafSF Mw
bjhlJ eilbgWwd. njitgLwJ vgij mfsh?
thif af braf vgJ, mthw vthW ekF ilwJ?
clid gntW cWf xUizJ
eh cQ cznt MwYfhd
bragl Toa braa ffshF.
Mjhu MF.

101
 czl tiff

jrh ClKiw w ClKiw

xLf kFf

czl tiff CO2 : tklyUJ, iyf

cs iyJisf thyhf
jrh ClKiw: bgUghyhd jhtuf
bgWbfhwd.
Rarh jik bfhlit. Vbd,
mit xnrif _y jhkhfnt gira : jhtu brf br
czit jahwd. thW jhkhfnt EQWfshd gRfff,
czit jahF KiwF jrh gira wf fhzgLwd.
ClKiw vW bga.
jrh czl Kiw vgJ Rarh
jhtuf bt MjhufUJ
bghUfis bgW mtiw nrJ
itfgL Mwyhf khwgL
fahF.
iyf Na x Kiy,
gira Jizl, CO2, uhdJ
fhnghiAnulhf khwgL
jhtuf jf braf
KGtjF njitahd Mw
_ykhf gagLJwd.
xnrif fid tU
c ntid _y sfyh.
(m) lh (M) lh
gira
6CO2+12 H2O C H O +6O2+6H2O nrhjidF K nrhjidF
Nax 6 12 6
gl 6.1 khWgl iyf
Na x, , CO2, gira Mait
xnrifF njitahd _y w ClKiw : irf brf,
bghUf MF. gRfff fhzglhjjh, mit
ca

Na x : NaUJ bgwgL Mw. xLfshf, kFfshf

thwd. mnjnghy gRjhtuis
: jhtuf, ntf thyhf
ju, Vida jhtuf midY
id kUJ c bgW
gRfff fhzglhjjh mt
bfhwd.

102
 thif af braf

xnrif eilbgwhJ. vdnt cUs jhtuf myJ

mjhtuf czlfhf w yFfUJ bgWwd. mit
jhtufisnah myJ w xL jhtuf vdgL. vj xU
cdfisnah rhJsd. jifa jhtu myJ yFfUJ,
ClKiw w ClKiw vdgL. xLf cz bghUfis
bgWwdnth, mj jhtu myJ
xnrifF gira njit
yF X vdgL. xL
vgij %f X Mid
jhtuf y wghd ntfis
nkbfhnth.
bfhLsd. mntf X
bra 6.1 jhtufis JisJ cbrW
gytz iyfis bfhl xU iryUJ iu, fk cfis,
bjho jhtuij vLJ bfhf. ~nshaUJ cz bghUfis
v.fh. nghjh, Fnuhl. cRwd. ntf
mbjho jhtuij _W Ahnlhaf vdgL. v.fh. f,
ehfSF U itJ lh flh.
f brf.
wF jhtuij Na x MWk
neu itf.
m jhtuUJ X iyia gJ,
gir w gFfis FJbfhf.
iyia, y lf bfh
m itf.
wF, jid xU fzho Kfit
cs MfAh _f itf.
fzho Kfitia, MfAh
bfhF tiu RL itf.
gl 6.2 flh - xL jhtu
iy w vd khw
fwJ? fiur w khw vd?
jbghGJ iyia mnaho fiur
y lf mJ itf.
jnghJs iy wij Vfdnt
bjhlf cs iy wnjhL
xLf.
iy gntW lf lh
csJ vgj thyhf vd
KoF tUf?
myF-6

xLf : y cdf jkF

njitahd cz bghUfis w gl 6.3 f - xL jhtu

103
 kFf: y jhtuf jhnk cz ca yFf kW kj
jahf Koahjjh wJnghd jhtu, brj klyK, brj RufS,
yF clf fk bghUfUJ wgilJ brj behfis Rujd.
j czit bgWwd. it kF
czFH tna brw fyhd
jhtuf vdgL. gy irfS
cz, th, tW, onahod vD, K
ghOafS kFfshf csd.
WFl gFf RuF behf
khndhnuhgh nghw y brayh, cz brfgL WW
Mnahbgf gira mW _yTWfshf khwgL brkhd
fhzgLwd. it iknfhiurh milwJ.
ntfis bfhLsd. jhtuf
wjt mGa ka thW brYF btna Fl
bghUfUJ cz bghUfis gF k (Lumen) gF, brj
iknfhiurh ntf _y cRwd. ftjh jifa brkhd ffis
brYF btna brj vnwh.
dhf ~J xU brj Kj wghd
1. jrh ClKiw, w ClKiw bra fthF.
ntWgLJf. kj brkhd braKiw:
2. xnrifF njitahd kjfSF njitahd, Mw
_ybghUf vUJ bgwgLwd? _yTWfis cz bfhLsJ. ~J
cliy tsgjF, gGJgl Rfis
6.2. kj brkhd kly rbrtjF, njitahd gy nta
mgh nghw xU br cf, t ffSF njitahwJ.
cz bghUshd ilahlfis jkJ czgl cz, W _yTWfshf
nghfhf _y GFwd. khwglhjh, mUF KGgaid
kbwhU xUbr cahd ghua cl mila Ko. fodkhd cz
jDila Fnghw irnlhgh bghUis, vikahd ntbghUshf
tahf cs EQfis G kh, mjid cuJ jkakhf
brYF brkhd brwJ. fna brj vdgL.
tif brj, brYF brj cz kly mik, braghL,
vdgL. gzhk, bjhlffhy iuig, cz FH njhW
cdf fhzgl tif nehfis flj, neh ir
brjYF, vj kly mikngh, Kiwfisg mtJ nfonuh
Flnghw mikngh njitgliy. vahy (iuig Fla)
flgR, Flf tif vdgL.
brj f eljhY, Flnghw F brj klyij U fshf
mikid cUth bfhoUjd. fyh.
ca

brYF btna brj: yFf 1. iuig - Fl FHf

gzhk khw bgW tsutsu,
t brj klyK tsJ 2. Jiz brkhd Ruf
czit brj wD tsu bgwJ.

104
 thif af braf

iuig - Fl FHf (cz ghij)

bga jirahyhd 9 l sKila ig
th
kW FH nghw gFahF. J th Kj
gf c Ru kyth tiu L csJ. j gFf
ehF bjhil gF th, thF, bjhil, czFH,
Futis iuig, WFl, bgUFl, kyFl,
czFH kyth csd.

fu 6.3. jhtuf Rthr

iuig V eh cz ntL?
jig
V jhtuf czit jahf
fiza
ntL?
bgUFl
midJ cdfSF mjhtJ
WFl Ea ghOahUJ jhtuf,
Flth ahidf, kjf tiu ts, mir,
kyFl dbgUf Ma ffSF Mw
njitgLwJ.
kyth
Mw vUJ bgwgLwJ?
gl 6.4 kj brj kly jhtuf clhF lhjh eh
cQ cz. zjh eh bgW
MwYF mogilahf mikwJ.
bra 6.2
cik, cz bghUfjh
1 .. (1%) lh utij
Mw csJ. Rthj fnghJ
MFHhf A kW B
vLJbfhf. cz bghUf Mfuz
milwd. idbghGJ,
1 .. c A MFHh L czUJ Mw LfgL,
20 - 30 l mgona itUf.
jjik thj nt (m) c
, yJf mnaho utij bghUshd ATP (mondh
U MFHhfY L oiughng) nrJ itfgLwJ.
eF fyFf. v w khwij j ATP cs Mwjh brf
fhf. gntW brafSF gagLjgLwJ.
j M _y lh v RthrbghGJ ATP kLkyhk kw
csJ vgij flf. uL bghUfshd, fay th,
c lhJ bragL jij U clhwd.
fzLf.
Rthj fia tU X
vikahd nt rkgho _y
myF-6

brj vgJ gogoahf behfis mayh.

gagL eilbgW fthF. beh C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900KJ Mw
vgit c ah Cf vdgL.
(FSnfh) (ATP)

105
 RthrF moilahf gagL sWwJ. J irnlhshr
bghU Rthr jsbghU vdgL. tirahf eilbgW kWidf
Rthr jsbghUf _tifgL. _y clhwJ. gy tifahd
mit fhnghiAnuLf, bfhGf, behfS <LgLwd. igU my
ujf MF. clhtnjhL isfh f
KoF tUwJ.
Rthr tiff: M#
gagLjgLwjh? myJ gagLj igU my M#ndw
gliyah? vw mogil Rthj iknlhfhah uL, _wh
UtifgL. gof eilbgWwJ.
1. fhWs Rthr 2. fhyh Rthr. Wiyahd vyuh flJ
rbghGJ, btlgL
fhWs Rthr: bgUghyhd
vyuhfnshL bjhlila MwyhdJ,
cdf Rthj nghJ
ATP Mw _yTWfis y lf
M# gagLjgLwJ. M#
clhf gagLjgLwJ.
gagLjgL Rthr fhWs Rthr
Ko vyuh, iAu# Mait
vdgL.
M#Dl nrJ clhwJ.
fhWs Rthr ehF gof
xU FSnfh _yTW KGikahf
fwJ.
M#ndw bgWnghJ 38 ATP
1. isfh _yTWf clhwd.
2. igU my M#ndw fhg f fhyh Rthr: y cdf
3. bu RH RthjnghJ M#
gagLjgLtiy. jifa
4. vyuh flJ r
Rthj fhyh Rthr vdgL. J
isfhnghJ FSnfh behj vW miHfgLwJ.
uL igU my _yTWfshf
v.fh. gh juhF f

M#
vjdh + fhg ilMirL
mw NH
(2-fhg + Mw
(<o) _yTW)
irnlh shr

igU my M#
FSnfh mw NH
(3-fhg yho my + Mw
(6-fhg
_yTW) (jir brf) (3-fhg _yTW)
_yTW)
+ Mw
ca

M#
cs NH
fhg ilMirL
(iknlhfhoah) + + Mw

gl 6.5 FSnfh ijtil gntW tKiwf

106
 thif af braf

bra 6.3
ffgHrhW (myJ) rfiu fiuriy
vLJbfhf. m js Rzh
<oid nrf. j fyitia xU
rfiu+
T TLit vLJbfhL,
+ <
xU Jis milghdh _Lf.
ffxU tisj fzho FHhia
milghDl izf. fzho
FHh kWKid Rzh
bfhl nrhjidFHh _FkhW
gl 6.6 fhyh Rthr - nrhjid mik
brf.
r tahf CLU brD it
ffRzh vd khw gagl cUthd, fhg ilMi[L,
VgLwJ? khwfhd fhy aghd Kiw, njnghW D
ms vts? j M _y btnawgL fiuJ LwJ.
behjiyg eh mtJ vd?
f Rthr cW, mj br
nkY mJ bfhnth gFahF. yth cahd jtis
ff ATP vgJ bgUghyhd br nk njhY, EiupuY Rthr cWf
eilbgW idfSF MF. yth cf Eiupu Rthr
njitahd Mw ehza. cWghf mikJsJ.
RthnghJ cUthF fh cs M# msitl,
Mwiy gagL ADPUJ cs M# ms Fiw. vdnt, y
ATP cUthwJ. cfisl, th cf ntfkhf
Mw Rthwd. f, th tahf iu
ff ADP + ghng ATP vLJ, br tahf btnaWnghJ,
ffxU fy vthbwyh br gFYs ujFHf
gagLwJ vgij J M#id bgWwd.
ghUf. UJ vu Mw, x yth cf, th klyYs
Mw, Mw Mait bgwgL M#id j RthrF gagL
gagLjgLwJ. mnjnghy bfhwd.
bgUghyhd ATP ahdJ, jir
RUf, uj nrif, euUJ btntW tifahd cf, btntW
czfis flJj, gntW tifahd Rthr cWfis bgWsd.
brafSF gagLjgLwJ. Wf midJ M#id
bgW msF, bga guid
6.4. yFf RthrKiw bgWsd. gu _ynk, M#,
myF-6

mgh, iAuh, flgR nghwit fhg ilMi[L khw eilbgWwJ.

thG cfshF. tif Rthr gu clD ghJfhghf
cf Rthr j cl nkgu itfgLsJ. Rthrbfd
_y eilbgWwJ. fiuJs j Rthr braKiw ffis
M#id j nkgughd br bfhLsJ.

107
 kjf Rthr fhW, ehJis 6.5. jhtuf , jhJf
_y cGfgLwJ. cRthr fljgLj
fhwhdJ, eh gFYs cnuhk,
jhtuf, , CO2 , Na x, gira
ehFHf cs nfhiHgly
Ma _y bghUfis gagL
_ykhf toflgL ikahd fhW
xnrif _y vthW cz
Eiupuiy milwJ. fhWFHh Rt jahwd vgij id Tf.
FUbjY tisaf fhzgLwd.
it fhW FHh wJ, ijJ iyfjh gira csJ
lhkY ghJfhwJ. vgij eh Vbfdnt mJnsh.
vdnt, iyjh xnrif eilbgW
lkhF. iy cgahF
ehgs
czthdJ jhtu kw vyh
ghffSF fljgLj njitahwJ.
weh Jis
bjhil ijnghynt, jhtuf eilbgW
Futis xnrif, gntW ca ffSF
_RFH njitahwJ. vdnt, jhtufSF ,
ulh iy fk bghUfshd ieu#, ghgu
_Ris FH nghwit kUJ f v
fhWwiw ilwd.
cjujhd crgl U, fk bghUfS,
gl 6.7 kj Rthr kly
jhtu xU gFUJ kw
EiupuYF fhWFHh, gyKiw gFfSF vthW fljgLwd?
WW FHfshf fgL, Ko
jhtu vgF knzhL
_R wiwf vdgL Rthr E
bjhlilaJ?
igfshf khWwd. uj jJfsh
NHgl it, Rthr gughf bragL, nkfl dhfSfhd ilfis
fhW gkhwij fJwd. cfSila tFfnyna
bgUf.
bra 6.4 ntf : jhtuf cR cWfshF.
fhaf cs fis vdnt, jhtuf iyfUJ
ftf. it j thia wJ cz bghUfS, ntfUJ U,
_Ltij ftf. ffSF fk bghUfS fljgLwd. j
w cs, br_o wJ uL brafS jj uL flJ
_Ltij ftf. th kW FHhf _y eilbgWwd.
br wJ _Lt, Fl neu
XGFghL csjyth? 1 ) iry thyhf , fk bghUf
kUJ ntf _y
xU lF vjid Kiwf crgL fljgLwd.
thW wJ _LwJ vgij
ca

2 ) ~nsha thyhf iyUJ

fzLf.
xnrif _y jahfgl
tiw xU lF czthdJ fljgLwJ.
f RthF vifnahL flJj: ntf, jLf,
xLf.

108
 thif af braf

iyf, iryR fhzgL jhtuf f caukhd gFfSF

iry FHhf, ouLf flJ iryUJ nknyWtjF kbwhU
TWfshf bragLwd. iry Kiwahd uhnghF cjwJ.
FHhfS, ouLfS xWl xW jhtufSF nghJkhd ms
izJ jhtu vyh gFfSF ilf bgWbghGJ J rhakhwJ.
iu flJ bjhlahd fhthahf iyJisf thyhf Mah
mikwd. ntf, nt brf btnawgLwJ. l iyf
f v k bjhlbfhL , iryFHhf _y bgwgl uh
fk bghUfis bgWwd. it <LflgLwJ.
nt, kF ilna maf br
uh
ntWghil njhWwd. br
ntWghil f uhdJ kUJ
ntUF brwJ. vdnt, bjhlJ
nt iryF brtjh, uhdJ
jhtu nkghffSF cjgLwJ.
iry cUthF mGj, f
caukhd kuf fljgLtjF
nghJkhdjh?

K gF

gl 6.10 kuf uhngh bghGJ

af
nt gF
cik, iyf brf
_yTWf Mahjdh cUthF X
Gir, ntf iryUJ iu
f cauF nknyWwJ.
gF jhtuf jiunk ghffUJ
nt _o uhdJ Mahf HfgL f
MF R gF uhnghF vdgL.

gl 6.8 nt gFf
vdnt, uhnghfhdJ ntUJ
, fk bghUfis cRtjF
mtiw iyf tiu nkneh
iry
nsha flJtjF cjwJ. nkY, J
w jhtu btgiyia uhFtjF
cjwJ.
myF-6

nt u neuf flJtjF
ntuGj f Kakhdjhf
iunrhbl
bgir fUjgLwJ. gf neuf, iy
mfnjh
Jisf wUgdh, uh
gl 6.9 nt tna brY ghij

109
 nghdh clhF Gir, iry dhf
flJtjF X cJ rahf mikwJ. 1. nkghL milj jhtuf, flJj
cz, ju bghUf flJj: <LgL TWf ahit?
xnrifdh clhF cz 2. jhtuf , fkf vthW
bghUf vthW iyfUJ fljgLwd?
jhtuf kw gFfSF 3. cz bghUf jhtuf vthW
fljgLwd? fljgLwd?
xnrifdh clhF fiu
cz bghUf fljgL f bra 6.5
lbgaj vdgL. f, ffxU bjho broia fzho
thFyh Rthd ~nsha k#hoF itf. bjho
eilbgWwJ. kUJ Mahfhk jLf,
bjhoia sho igdh _l
xnrifdh clhF cz
ntL.
bghUf kLkyhk mndh myf
nghw kwbghUfS, ~nsha ffulhtJ k#hoF iyfsw
tahf fljgLwd. bghUf bjho broia itf.
Fghf nr cWfshd nt, ff, ffk#hofis miw btgiy
ijf nghw tsU cWfSF (200C) Rkh MWk neu itf.
bfhL brygLwd. ffiyfsw bjho jhtuKila
cz, ju bghUfS nsha k#ho ut tiyf
ryil FHhf tahf l fhzgLtiy.
bgaj, Jiz brf cjnahL, ffiyfisila bjho jhtu
nkneha kW neha Ma bfhl k#ho ut tiyf
uL irfY eilbgWwJ. fhzgL.
(ryil FHhf vgJ iyf ffnfhgh FnshiuL jhis bfhL
Kj w ghff tiu FHhf nghW ut tiyfis nrhJ gh.
bragL ~nsha gFahF). mJ y wkhf khW. vdnt, ut
Rnuh nghw bghUf ATP UJ vgJ ydhwJ.
Mwiy gagL nshaF ffiyf cs bjho bro V
l bgaj fwJ. J Rf tiyf clhwd vgij
rL gut mGjij mff brJ cf rf khztfnshL thJ
id flj brwJ. tGjkhdJ fhuzij fLof.
nsha cs cz bghUfis
mGj Fiwj RfSF flJwJ. 6.6. yFf Rnwhl
Kiw jhtuf njitfSF yF EQfshd mgh,
Vg cz bghUf fljgLwd. ghunka nghwt cl mik
ca

vLJfhlhf, iy fhyf, f aitahf Ugjdh, tF

nt, jLf nrfgLs rfiu njitahd bghUf CLUt _y
bghUf tstjfhd Mw njitgL bgwgLwd. vLJfhlhf
bkhLfSF fljgLwd.

110
 thif af braf

mgh M#, mj nkgu

bra 6.6
tahf vLJbfhsgL, mnj
1. cf gFYs ey ika brW,
ms clD guwJ. njnghW
mF uj cs brf
clD cUthF, fhg ilMi[L
vifia, nkhFnsh
btnawgLwJ.
msitia nflJ bfhf.
bga gybr cf clyik
2. M, bg kW FHijfSF
bga ms Ugjh, tif CLUt
xnu ms nkhFnsh
f bkJthf, M#, cz ff
csjh? ntWgo, ntWgho
mfW Kiwf, mt clyikF
fhuzij flf.
rW bghUjhj KiwY csd.
6.7. jhtuf ff
gybr cf, clD
fhzgL beUfkhd brfSF, ff vgJ vd?
CLU M# ikagF cs jhtuf vthW ff
brfSF njitahd ms ilgJ eilbgWwJ?
fod. vdnt, jahdbjhU kly jhtuf ff vgJ, jhtu
M#, cz, f bghUfis clUJ tsij khwdh
vLJbry gagLwJ. clhF fbghUf
kj cl cs Rnwhl kly btnawgL f.
vgJ, ujij, ujFHfUJ jhtuf ff eilbgW Kiwf.
cjs ja X c jS 1. jhtu ff brf thF
fUahf (g) bragLwJ. uj, nthfsh nrfgLwd.
ujFHfUJ brYnghJ,
2. jhtu ff cU iyf
EiupuUJ M#id bgW cl
nrfglyh.
midJ ghffSF mwJ.
mnjngh f bghUfis fhg 3. kw jhtu ff Fghf Kj
ilMi[L jkf, cf nghw iry Rf, fshf
wtif bghUfis bgW ff bufshf nrfgLwd.
cWf tahf btnaWwJ. 4. jhtuf y fbghUfis
ntf thyhf jh NJs
z: uj nghynt kbwhU
knyna btnaWwd.
klykhd z klyK clD
brfgL, cufgl, bfhG 6.8. yFf ff
nghw bghUfis bgW xUbr cfshd, nuhnlh
brilgFf tJ tHa nrhthf, cUthF fbghU
L ujij milwJ. fis, iu RUFFf _y
btnaWwd.
z Fiwj ms ujij
bfhLs k bghUshF. ~J ynulh vD Flf
myF-6

uj mQf, uj shkhit f bghUf, brr tahf

xJsJ. Mdh wkwJ. CLUwd.

111
 jil G, cUil Gf f gwitf myij btnaWtjh
f FHf tahf, tisjir nfhbl yFf vW
Gf w ff cWghd miHfgLwd.
beoahf, clFD cs f
ghof ah Ka f
bghUfis nrfJ btnaWwd.
bghUshf Ugjh it nahbl
KJbfYf eF ts milj yFfshF.
ff cWghd ff FHfS,
beuh: beuh uj cs f
WuffS csd. KJbfYf
bghUfis, Fnshk%y _y tofo,
Wuff cs beuhf,
W EFHf tahf btnaWwJ.
ujYs mfgoahd , cfis
W EFHf clYF ntoa
tofo Wuhf btnaWwJ.
, w bghUfis L ca
f mfkhd mnkhahit btnawglntoa mfgoahd ,
fbghUshf btnaWtjh ieu# fbghUfis Wuhf
mnkhahbl cf vW, btnaWwd.
braif Wuf (nkh lah):
Wuf, cthH f mtakhd Wufjh bragL L Ug
cWf xW. neh bjhW, cRj kL eilbgw ayhJ.
taJ, fhagLj, WufF rhjhuzkhf ey cliy cs
brY uj ms Fiwj kj ehbshWF 180 l
nghwit, Wuf braghil uj Wufjh toflgLwJ.
FiwF. j isthf cl UJ ehbshWF 1 1.5 l
eR fbghUf mfkhF. J ms f bghUf mla
kuznf t tFF. Wuf Wuhf btnawgLwJ. jKs
braHjh, braif Wuf c KG ms Wufjh L c
fhf gagL. braif Wuf vgJ vLJbfhsgLwJ.
lah vD Kiw uj cs
f bghUfis F fUahF. jkUJ braif
WufF brY FH
braif Wuf, xU gf njbjLJ
kLnk CLU brY gly mDkF gly
bfhl WFHfis bfhljhF. FHf
J lany ut vD
ut izfgL. ut,
uj cs mnj ms rL gut
mGjij bfhoUF. nehah
lahiy

uj FHf tahf
brYjgLnghJ, bragho braif Wuf
ut

uj fbghUf CLUt UJ iuF

Kiw btnawgL. ff brY FH
ca

bragl uj L nehah a lahiy ut

gagLjgl lahiy
cl brYjgL.
ut (mfgoahd ah
braghLf, Wuf bra kW cfSl)
ghil xUwJ. braKiw

112
 thif af braf

6.9. eu xUiz kly ghof kW w ts milj

cf cl xUiz, eu
yFf gy afzfhd
kly kW ehshyh Ruf _y
brfS, RfS jjahf
eilbgWwJ.
afhk, xGfhd Kiw
xUizfgL brayhWwd. RUfT eu kly vgJ,
mjhtJ, it xwhf bragLwd. eu brf tahf `brfis' f
jdh cl njitnfg, cliy ntfkhf cl KGtJ eu mfshf
KGikahd braghoF Vilajhf fl xUizgjhF.
khWwd. 6.10. jhtuf xUiz ts,
jirf, mt afnghJ af
fwj Kiw xUizf
jhtuf vthW xUizwd?
gLwd. vLJfhlhf, xUt gJ
xiw of KaYnghJ, mtUila yFfis ngh jhtuf
iff cs vY izfshd eu klyijnah jirfisnah
_Lf, fhf, y cWf tahf bgUgiy. MdhY mit vthW
bgwgl jftf xUizfgL, LjYF gid mwd?
Wfzfhd jirfis afF bjhlh Q jhtuij eh,
bfhLtJ, bra bragLwJ. bjhLbghGJ mt iyf
mtUila eu kly, jirfis RUFwd.
xUizwJ. vdntjh mtuh ij KisF bghGJ, nt ia
ca Kiw, ca ntf ca neh, jL, F vuhf nk
u gid of KowJ. neh tswd.
jirf braghL, Rthr, jaJo,
nkFl braf vbdd
uj mGj, xUiz nghw
fwd?
cl mfgoahd btg btnaw,
uj rahd rfiu, c msit Kj f bjhL czila
guhkj nghwit midJ, jhtuf iyf, bjhLjYF f
jirahf eu kly_y iu g id mwd. (iyf
xUizfgLwd, RUFj) j af ts vgJ
ilahJ. ulhtJ f nt ia
Gf, vikahd xUiz
neh, jL Na xia neh
kly fhzgLwJ. kG
tswd. F ts fhuzkhf
uil euiHf csd. uL eu
ntY, joY, ir rh aff
uf _isnghW `f f` x
eilbgWwd.
czthahf csd.
vdnt, jhtuf uL tifahd
f euuf tWw
aff fhzgLwd.
eu iHl izJ _isahf
myF-6

bragLwd. f eF ts 1. tsrhuh af
milj ghit Effhf cz 2. tsrh af
bfhfis bfhLsd.

113
 6.11. tsrhuh af bra 6.8
l cldo gid: j ff T FLitia uh uf.
af jhtuf bjhL czdh ff T FLit fGJgFia
Vgl ToaJ. F ts vgJ f tiydh _Lf.
iy. Mdh, bjhLj fhuzkhf
ff KisF xW myJ uL
jhtuf iyf afij
mtiu ijfis f tiy J
VgLJwJ. bjhL czF
itf.
fhuzkhd eu klynkh jirfnsh
yhjnghJ af eilbgWwJ. ff gftho w bfhl X
mil bgoia vLJbfhf.
vthW jhtu bjhLjiy czwJ?
ff mil bgo wj gf
bjhLjiy VW vthW iyf g
#dUJ tU Na x gLgo
idahf mirwd?
itJ m T FLitia itf.
bjhlh Q jhtuij ff uL myJ _W eh fJ
eh X l bjhnlhnkahdh, ghjh, jL gF Na xia
midJ iyfS RU mirfis neh, ntgF Na xia
VgLJwd. X l VgL L y tstij fhf.
l gy iyfSF fljgLwJ
ff bghGJ T FLitia
vgjid J fhLwJ.
jLgF Na xiaL
Mdh, yFf fhzgLtJ yUFkhW, ntgFia
nghy bjhL czid flJ Na xia neh UFkhW
w Rf jhtuf iy. U itf. j iy T
bjhlh Q bro gUj iyao FLitia y eh itf.
(gitd) gF cs ghuifkh ff giHa jLgF, ntgF
brf cFj kW btnaWj j ts irfis kh
fhuzkhf iyf iugGj bfhldth?
VgL iyf RU wd.
ff a tsU jL, ntgFf
tsrh af : b g h J t h f ts ir VnjD khw
jhtuf Fl xU ir tsJ, fhfsh?
lYF bkJthf g id ff j braghodh f vd
mwd. jhtuf Fl xU J bfhf?

bra 6.7

1. bjhlh Q
jhtuij ghUf.
2. X l jhtuij
ca

bjhLf.
3. vd fwJ vgij
ftf.

(a) gl 6.11 bjhlh Q jhtu (b)

114
 thif af braf

ir tstjdh ts irrh 2. <ir rh af : jhtuf

ts myJ af vdgLwJ. ntf < irF neuhf ia
neh tswd. ntf Na xia
tU vLJfhLf _ykhf
neh, jL <iria
eh gntW tifahd affis
neh tstiy.
mJbfhsyh.
1. xirrh af - jhtuf
gid xia neh UF.
2. <ir rh af - <
ne <
iria neh jhtuf rh af
gid UF.
3. ir rh af - iu neh v < rh
af
jhtuf gid UF.
4. nt ir rh af - nt
gl 6.13 < rh af
bghUfis neh jhtuf
gid UF.
3.  ir rh af:: f bga
1. xir rh af: jhtuf jhtuf ntf, UF lij
jL, Na xia neh F nkny neh gutyhf tswd.
tswJ.
v.fh. bjidku ntf, j
njitfhf jhtuijL btF
bjhiyF tswd.
4. nt ir rh af: nt
bghUfis neha jhtu ghff
afkhF.
v.fh. Nid neh kfuj FH
gl 6.12 xrh af ts.

kL - kh dhf
gF m
1. khndhnuhgh, cz bghUfis cRtjfhd wghd ntf __________.
i) Ahnlhaf ii) iknfhiurh ntf iii) gW ntf iv) ntl ntf
2. <o fhyh Rthrdh clhtJ __________ .
i) yho my ii) igU my iii) vjdh iv) mo my
myF-6

3.  njitfhf bjid ntf, jh jhtuijL btFbjhiyF k

CLU brwd. mjifa ntf af __________.
i) x rh af ii) <rh af iii) rh af iv) ntrh af

115
 4. jhtuf iry g __________.
i) iu flJj ii) czit flJj
iii) mndh myij flJj iv) M#id flJj
5. jrh ClKiwF njitgLtJ __________.
i) CO2 kW ii) gira iii) Na x iv) it midJ
6. iyJisf __________ cjwd.
i) xnrif nghJ CO2 it vLJbfhtjF
ii) xnrif nghJ O2 it btLtjF
iii) uhngh nghJ uhia btLtjF iv) it midJ
7. gRjhtuf fhzgL __________ br EQWig cz cg
bjhrhiyf vd miHfyh.
i) iknlhfhoah ii) gRff iii) vnlhshrtiy iv) cfU
8. flh, f nghw xL jhtuf fhzgL wghd ntf nghw
mik __________ vd miHfgLwJ.
i) ntf ii) Ahnlhah iii) iAghf iv) nlhy
9. kj czFH ghij mikahj cW __________.
i) bjhil ii) th iii) thF iv) fiza
gF M
1. A, B Fl jhtu jo thFyh Rf bgafis FLf.

m) A , B- bgaf
M) A tahf fljgL bghUf ahit?
) B tahf fljgL bghUf ahit?
<) vthW A tahf bghUf iyfSF
A B
fljgLwd?

2. czl vwh vd? vtif czl gRjhtufY bgUghyhd

ydfY fhzgLwJ?
3. nH bfhLfgLs Cl KiwfnshL, mt w cWfis jf
vLJfhLl bghUJf.
ca

jrh ClKiw iknfhiurh ntf flh

xLf gira khndhnuhgh
kFf Ahnlhaf iAf

116
 thif af braf

4. bfhLfgoUF glij ftf.

m) gl A, B fhzgL affis FLf.
M) vthW aff bjhlh Q iyf
affUJ ntWgLwd?

 hyh Rthj __________________ vgJ 6 fhg bfhl nrk, yho

5. f
my vgJ __________________ fk nrk.
6. rfiu fiur MfAhyhf khwkilwJ.
m) nkfl bra vjifa f eilbgWwJ?
M) vj EQ <LgLwJ?
7. kj RthrfhwhdJ _____________ tahf _______________ F brwJ.
f uhdJ _____________ tahf clYF brW, fiuJs M#
__________________F guwJ.
8. nt xLfSF uL vLJfhLf jUf. mit XflUJ
czbghUfis cRtjF bgWs w mik ahJ?
9. kFf vwh vd? uL vLJfhLf jUf.
10. kj uz kly s vd? uz kly ghffis cz brY
mogil tirukkhf vGJf.
11. Rthj vwh vd? fhWs RthjYfhd ntrkghoid vGJf.
12. UJ btna vLfgl f l neu cUl Uf KoahJ V?
13. mnkhahbl, nahbl yFf vwh vd? vLJfhLf jUf.
14. bjhlh Q jhtu bjhLnghJ VgL khwid sFf.
15. jhtuf eilbgW uhnghid sF kh mikid cWnehFf.
fl bghUf jhtuf vj mikl xlgLwJ?
1) flgR 2) iwj fzho FHh.

RHY

eidj gR
U w wj fzho FHh (f
mogFF rW nkyhf itj)
myF-6

117
 gF
1. jhtuf fhzgL gntW affis jFj rhWfSl sFf.
2. yFf fhzgL gntW jkhd ff Kiwfis tf.
3. c
 atif jhtuf eilbgW Rthjiy, iy jhtuf eilbgW
RthjnyhL xLf.
4. bjhlh Q jhtu iyf vjifa affis fhf? tf.
5. brYF brj, brYF btna brj ntWgLJf. vtif brj
gzhk cakl cdf fhzgLwJ?
6. fhWs Rthr, fhyh Rthr ntWgLJf. uoF bghJthd f vJ?
7. tU kj Rthrij sF khia cWnehFf. tU Rthr
klyYs cWfis Fl kh gagLjgl bghUfis flf.
1) Eiupu 2) cjujhd 3) _RFH 4) ehJthuf(_F)

8. tU glij cWnehFf.

fzho FLit
KOH

A B
 C tsfgl A kW B Ma U jhtufis Na xgLgo itfntL.

KOH (bghlha iAouhirL) mla rhD cs B jhtu iy xU
gFia lh / mnaho nrhjidF cgLJ nghJ ywkhf khWtiy. J
iy lh yhjij FwJ. Mdh nkTwgl nrhjid rhF
ca

btna cs iy gF ywkhf khWwJ. tU vj _ybghU yhjjh

rhD iy gF xnrif eilbgwiy._________
i) m) Nax M) gira ) CO2 <)
ii) rhF btna cs iy gFF ilF fhufis goaLf.

118
 thif af braf

9. i) glij ghJ rahd czlKiwia njbjLf.

m M <
jrh
i) rhW w ClKiw w ClKiw
ClKiw
ii) w ClKiw jrh ClKiw rhW rhW
jrh jrh
iii) rhW w ClKiw
ClKiw ClKiw
jrh
iv) w ClKiw w ClKiw rhW
ClKiw
ii) V A jrh ClKiw vd miHfgLwJ?

A B C

10. tU bjhlf glid cWnehf.

jkf ja iu

br ilbt
jJf z
ut
FHhf
Co2
laho ff
I I
X
br
ilbt
o2
z
ut ClrJf
jJf
cl brf
/ Rf
i) X - vgJ vij FwJ?
myF-6

ii) mJ vj tif ujUJ ntWgLwJ?

119
 11. tU nrhjid mikig cWnehFf.

nrhjid FHh
fhWF
f
th ua nrhjidFHh

iAyh jhtu

m) gl czJ f bgaiu, btL th bgaiu vGJf.

m) Rthj , CO2 M) xnrif, O2
) uhnghF, H2O <) ff, N2
M) xnrif vwh vd? j c ntidfhd rkghoid vGJf.

nkY ma

f: 1. Modern Plant Physiology R.K.Sinha, Narosa publishing house, New Delhi

2. 
Fundamentals of plant physiology Jain .V.K.S.Chand & Company Ltd.
New Delhi
3. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York
ca

izajs: www.britannica.com, science.howstuffworks.com

http://arvindguptatoys.com/films.html

120
 myF 7

RWNH ghJfh

cdf gntW Niyf kj thif nkghodh,

thwd. y jhtufS llhj, jtwhd gaghodh aif
yFfS KGtJkhf nyh myJ tsfshd ts, yts, fkts,
ynjh myJ uoYnkh fhLfUJ ilF bghU ts
thwd. kjfS gntW Ma tsf ehSF eh FiwJ
Niyf thwd. y bgU bfhnl tUwJ. ~J aif
efufY, y efufY, y rkiyia ghgnjhL kLkyhk
uhkfY thwd. jhf thkly gy F isf
thG lfSnfg jfis vj Toa bghUfis btLwd.
jahgL bfhwhf?
kj d braghLfsh
jhtuf, yFf, kjf RWNH ghfgLwJ. jdh
xUtiuxUt rhJ cuw kj kL mNiy
bghUfshd fhW, , ynjhL bjhl klyij rhj w cdfS
bfhL cshf. kjf thif ghfgLwJ. kfbjhif bgUf,
Kiw aif tsfisna rhJsJ. Niy khRgLj, F fLghL,
k, yf, vbz, rhu, thf aif tsfis ghJfhj nghwd
Mait aif tsfshF. kjts kj vbfhS Ka rthfshF.
nkgho jifa aif tsf
eKila mwhl thif eh
Ka gF twd.
mfgoahd fbghUfis cUth
cdf mt RWNHnyhL j Niy klyij khRgLJ
izJ gY ma F tz elJ bfhnwh.
Niy ca vW bga.

cuw TW
y, , fhW, jkf

cUs TW cUs TW
jhtuf, yFf jhtuf, yFf

cuw TW
gl 7.1 y, , fhW, jkf
cnfhs cuw, cd
TWfSF ilna cs bjhl

121
 ff L, bjhrhiyfUJ btnaW ca braghLf fhuzkhfnth
fbghUf ahit? EQf braghLf
ffNiy kly vbdd fhuzkhfnth ijtilahj mf
isfis VgLJ? bghUf ca ijF cshfhj
eKila mwhl thif ff vW miHfgL. v.fh. be,
LfUJ bjhrhiyfUJ cnyhf jhJf f
iwa fbghUf btnaw ff m
 uR, gntW jah Wtd mikf
gLwd. midJ fbghUfS sho x z ffis
neuoahfnth kiwKfkhfnth khRgLjiy elJtJ V?
VgLJtjF Ka fhuzkhwd.
fbghUfis ca Kiw bra 7.1
btnawhjjh fhW, y, nghw ff
 Lf f bghUfis
Niyf khR milwd. jdh, nrfgjF eh VnjD xU
aif rkiy ghfgLwJ. Kiwia filonwhkh?
ff khRgLj vwh vd? ff g
 rhaJ, efuh mikf f
bghUfis mf vd eltoif
ff khR bghUf vwh vd?
vLfgLwJ vgij fLof.
khRgLj : fhW, y, Mat
ff c
 a ijF cshF ff,
aa, nta, ca gf
ca ijF cshfhj
clhF kjDF F isF
ffis mf btntW Kiwf
Ugjfhj khwfis khRgLj vW
ifahsgLwdth? vgij
Twyh.
mJbfhf.
khRbghUf: jhtuf, yFf,
ff c
 f o ehnjhW vts
kjDF F isf Toa
fbghUf nrwd.
y, , fhW Niyf fhzgL
ff m ca ijF cshF
bghUfSF khRbghUf vW
ff vts?
bga. it aifahfnth kj
eltoiffshnyh VglTL. v.fh. ff c
 f tFgiw ehnjhW
fjf ilMi[L, fhg nkhdhi[L, vts fbghUf nrwd?
fha, ghjur nghwit. ff m ca ijF cshfhj
ff vts?
7.1. fbghUf tiff
ff f
 bghUfis ifahtjFa
1. ca ijF cshF ff
tKiwf TWf.
(kF ff)
2. ca ijF cshfhj
lghL jU ffUJ eik
ff(kfhj ff)
vthW ghJfhJ bfhtJ?
fbghUf ca braghL
f fhuzkhfnth EQf lghL jU fbghUfis
ca

braghLf fhuzkhfnth ij ifahS Kiwf.

tiljh, mfbghUf ca 1. y uj: uhQt bjhlghd
ijF cshF fbghUf lghLfis jU ffS f
vW miHfgL. v.fh. , kyf, R ffS Kiw ghJfhghf
iyf.

122
 RWNH ghJfh

nkY mJ bfhnth 3. vJ rhgyhf: lghL jU

ca kUJt ff vfgL
ifto xUKiw kLnk
rhgyhfgL. kj cl ff
gagLj Toa Ftis :
vagL kUJf, eRjik
cfSila bgnwhl nflh, bfhl kUJ, uj, , yFf
mfhy ifto gaz ff, EQa kW ca
brnghJ bfoahd sho bjhEg ff nghw c
Ftis nj mUL mj kUJt ff Kiw
Ftisfis gtl U ju mfgLwd.
ntL vd TWt. Mdh, jbghGJ
iftof xUKiw kLnk lghlw ffis ifahSj
gagLjToa sho Ftisfis (lff nkyhik)
gagLJnwh. Rfhjhu vw L gagLJj myJ kWRH
bga eh gagLJ tif be Kiwf: ff UJ k thj
Ftisfsh VgL a isfis bghUfis fyh. ug, fzho,
g eh xbthUtU f fhj, JL cnyhff nghwtiw
ntL. y MLfSF Kdh ffUJ jna bjLJ L
kzh bragl Ftisfis gagLJtjF kWRH vW bga.
(Kulhads) gagLd. j tif fhj: fjhis (54% kWgo
Ftisfis mfms gagLajh gagLjyh) L THh mij
tskhd k FiwjJ. jbghGJ kWRH <LgL mil bgof
fhjdh bragl Ftisf nghw bghUfshf cg brayh.
gagLjgLwd. xUKiw
fzho: (20% kWgo gagLjyh.)
kLnk gagLjToa sho
fzhofis eF behW,
FtisfSF gyhf xUKiw kLnk
bghoah Jfzho rhkh
gagLj Toa fhj Ftisfis
fis jahfyh. myJ mj
gagLJtjh eikf myJ
behWfiy fLkhd gfSfhd
ikf vbdd?
bk fyit(fh), rhiyfhd
y fyit (Mgh) nghwitfshf
F mo nrfgLwd. f
khwyh.
MHkhd gJF Ff f mf
ms fR w bfhl ff czf, njhlffis
nrfgLwd. (iyf, f) kf brJ yij
tskhF vUit cg brayh.
2. MzW ghr : Kiw Jff,
Jisf bfhl k guila
7.2. nkyhik
f MH, yjo UF nH njit mfkhf UgjhY,
MzWf njhlgL. z e ts Fiwthf UgjhY,
lghLf jU ut ff ilfbgW xbthU brhL iu
myF-7

brYjgLwd. it kYs ghJfhf eh eltoiff vLf

Jff, JisfSF EiHJ fhy ntL.
fhykhf jikgLjgL mgona kj xbthU braYF
UF. a e njitgLwJ. midJ

123
 RWNH fhufisl e 7.2.2. e nkyhik
ilf Toa tKiwjh kj
thlij kw braghLfis ilF ms xU
khwJ vdyh. Fl msjh. mf iu cUthf
ekh vJ bra KoahJ. UD
ff mfgoahd njitfhd
Fl lf ilgjF gy
fhuzfis Tw Kokh?
tf nkbfhsgLwd.
7.2.1. Mjhuf
(1) nkf (nt bghUf) j:
midJ ehLfSF X mogil cyg myJ bghlha mnahilL
njitahd aif ts. eh Ff, Jffis kiH nkffJ dh
Jitf, rika bra, nghFtuJ, yrka kiHbgh VgL.
rhu jahj nghw brafSF
(2) c
 iu Fo uhf (jiy rL
iuna rhJ Unwh.
gut): e msit mff, fl
ah uL tifahf cjikia FtJ xU wj
fhzgLwd. mit: 1) fl myJ bjh EgkhF. ciu FouhF
c , 2) e. l Fj bry VgLJ l.
kiH, nkgu , yjo ciu Fouhf Mahj,
nghwtUJ ekF e L Fj ff
ilwJ. _y Mjhuf kiH, eilbgWwd.
btg MF. it RHF xU (3) m
 izf, njff kW
Ka fhuzkhf sFwd. fhthf: mizf nghw
njff _y mfkhf ilF
nkgu : ah mfms
iu nrJ vbfF njitnah
MWfS, VfS, nuhilfS,
mbfyh fhthf, Ruff,
FsfS fhzgLwd. tUJ
jiuao FHhf _y jiu
bgwgL , nkgu vdgL.
mgJ bghJthd eilKiwahF.
yjo : kmLFfSF nH
(4)  KfL (Water Shed) nkyhik:
fhzgL j, yjo vdgL.
tirahf mikJs WW mizf
kiH kJffSilna myJ Vuhskhd e isf
CLU, JthufSila ghiwf Mait _y j btskhf
tna cbrW yjouhf nrUwJ. bgU zhfhk nj itfgLwJ.
ghiwfS nghJkhd ms iu J KfL vdgL. khahd
c bfhwd. yjo ms mizfsh clhF Fsf
nkgu yjo kl vdgL. j iu nj itgJl tdyF
yjo , jhtuf tsF flfshf mik.
Kakhd xwhF. kjfS yjo
(5) kiH nrf: Lf nkTiu,
iu MFHh zW, zWf
ca

ikjhdf G kiHiu
_ykhf bgW bfhwhf.
yjo nrjny kiH nrf
kiHbgh Fiw, fhLfis mj
MF. kiH nrf vgJ kiH
nghw ff yjo FiwF
zhfhk jLgnj MF. nkTiuf,
fhuzkhf mikwJ.
ikjhdf G kiHiu

124
 RWNH ghJfh

FHhf _y yjo cs bfhL tUtj _y nrfyh.

j bjhof nrfJ, ekF Fiwj iu gagLJ Fa,
njitahdnghJ j iwF gagLa iu btfSF
au _y nkny bfhsyh. ghRj, L njhlf, thfdf
fGj nghw ntiyfSF Fiwj
 iH nrf f vikahdJ
k
msyhd iu gagLj ntL.
kLkyhk bghUshjhu fd
Fiwj ms iu gagLJ L
thjJTl. J kjDila
gaghL bghUfis gagLJj
mfgoahd njitia
ntL
rkhf cjtnjhL kLyhk
efwf kiH zhtij, (8) bjhrhiyf nrj (Industrial
thlf kiH bts Conservation): aufis
VgLtij jLf gagLwJ. Ff gagLJ iu
RfJ kWRH <LgL
nkjs
L gagLjyh.

7.3. td cf ruzhya
FHh
td cf: aifahd thl
fhzgL kjdh tsfglhj
cf td cf vdgL.
aifahf fhzgL jhtufS
kiH njF F yFfS mlF. J ekF
zW vfhy rjdUF gagL
gl 7.2 kiH nrf ghJfhfgl ntoa xU brhjhF.
(6) <u yf nrJitj: jfhy fzbfLgo Rkh
Kiw y nrJ 400 tif Ctd dfS, 200 tif
itF uhdJ njitahd neu UthfS, 3000 tif dfS
kw lfSF vLJbry kW 3000 tif gwitfS, 20,000 tif
gagLwJ. F jhtufS kW 4100 tif
(7) Lf nrj: Lf eh ghofS ah fhzgLwd.
jbghGJ gagLJ msit mHF, NH, f, tuyhW, ma
e thif Kiw y khWjfis nghw KaJtfhf td
cfis ghJfhf ntL. Niy
rkiyF ey ca gtifjik
njit. mf ms td cf
mfgLtjh aif Niy mj
rkiyia HwJ. td cf
ruzhyafdh btehL RWyh
myF-7

gaf tUif To xU eho

bghUshjhu ts cawJ. td
gl 7.3 Lf cf _y ilF bghUfdh
nrfF Kiw eho bghUshjhu Niy caU.

125
 jeho cs tdc ruzhyaf ga tuf.

t. ruzhya
l yFf
v bga
, Wij, Ksg, y
uhfh td nkF bjhl
1 jhkh, DF id, ahid, fhL
c ruzhya kiy
vUik, vW .
fsfhL td Ubent fth FuF, rhgh kh,
2
c ruzhya khtl fuo, fhL vUik, gwF m.
$ m, vkh, FiyF kh,
3 UJef khtl
m ruzhya ku_NW.
flgwit, rhg ehiu,
ntljhf
Cth thJ, bfhF, fuo
4 gwitf fhu khtl
myF ehiu, kW btehL
ruzhya
gwitf.
ahid, fhL vUik, yT, ,
KJkiy td c
5 y kiy Wij, fuo,fKf FuF,
ruzhya
e, Ksg, .
6 uhkiy U khtl k
uhkehju kW
kdh tisFlh gtsghiw, fl gR, Mik,
7 JFo khtl
fl nja fh lh, ngyndh shr.
flnyhu gF
KlJiw td Ubent , FuF, fuo, fhL eh,
8
c ruzhya khtl yT.
tyehL fW fW kh, fhL id, Ka,
9 JFo khtl
kh ruzhya .
mP mzh tl fhu
10 f, ahid, , FuF.
ya fh khtl
KFU nja
11 y kiy .
fh
nfhoafiu td
12 ehfgod khtl kh, fhL vUik, FuF
c ruzhya
DF id, Ksg, fhL
Mid kiy td nkF bjhl
ca

13 vUik, , Wij, y
c ruzhya kiy rf
jhkh.

126
 RWNH ghJfh

vylfh jhtuf kUJt aif NH MF. nkY, ruzhyaf

Fzf vfhy f gagL. ghJfhfgl, m UF
mf kua ntWikia bfhLs td cfis L f bra
J, ku bgha ts bgU gagL Kakhd X mikghF.
gif twJ. gHfhyUnj
ah kjDila brafsh
td cf bgJ gagLsd. J
Vgl aif Niy khwfdh
vfhyY bjhlU. vdnt, tiw
ghfgl yFfis ghJfhf td
ghJfhgJ KaJt thj xwhF.
c ruzhyaf VgLjgld. e
ruzhyaf: ruzhyaf vgd eho 1.6 yr rJu .. gu 89 nja
yFfis bfhtnjh myJ fhf, 500 td c ruzhyaf,
ntilahLtnjh, ofnth jil 27 ghJfh gFf, 200 td c
braglJ xU jF thj fh rhiyf, 13 ghJfhfgl c
Wtdduh ghJfhfglJkhd thlf Mait mikfgLsd.

Ka nja fhf, td c ruzhyaf kW ghJfh gFf

t.
bga l yFf
v
g nja fh (J fehlf a fhL vUik, kh,
1
ghJfh gF) khy fuo, , ahid.
fhbg nja fh
(ah Kj nja , l, ahid, Wij,
2 cjuhr
fh kW ghJfh fhL id, fuo.
gF)
3 nja fh F#uh Ma f
fAh nja fh ( ka kh, , kh, fW kh,
4
ghJfh gF) unjr Wij, Xeh.
374 gwit df
v.fh. a ehiu, bfhF, fW
5 gu gwitf ruzhya uh#jh
fGJ ehiu, fuo myF ehiu,
wj myF ehiu nghwit.
khd td c
Ka, g, jf w s th
6 ruzhya ( ghJfh mrh
FuF, .
gF)
Rjtd nja fh) nkF
7 tfhs .
( ghJfh gF) tfhs
myF-7

127
 7.4. Niy kly rkiy shnlhnkhdh, ignuhifuh,
thth nghw jhtu jit cf
Niy vwh vd?
cgahs MF.
thwJ.
Kjiy Efnth myJ jhtu
fho thwJ.
cf: jhtu jit cfis
nkny Ta thlf it vthW czToa yF jit cf
jj thifia elJwd? Kjiy Efnth MF.
gntWgl cdf jkF v.fh. Wf, jlh s
xiwbahW rhJ, Fl X l cf.
RWNHYl izJ thwd.
jF Niy kly vW bga. ulh iy Efnth : Kjiy
Efnth myJ jhtu cfis
Niy kly uL tiffshf cQw cdf ulh iy
fgLsd. Efnth MF.
1. thl Niy kly. v.fh. W f, jtis, f.
2. y thl Niy kly. _wh iy Efnth: ulh iy
Niy kly mik TWf Efnthiu cL thG cdf
ahit? _wh iy Efnth MF. v.fh. bga
f, bfh.
Niy kly ehF TWf
csd. mitahtd: ijgit: it jhtu, ydf
clyfis ffis ijwd.
1 ) cuw fhuf 2) cgahsf
v.fh. ghOaf, irf.
3) Efnthf 4) ijgitf.
cgahs, Efnth, ijgit
Mad cUs fhuf MF.
midJ cf
Niy kly - Fs: iyahd
(rydkw) e Fs xU Niy
klykhF. yF cf
cuw fhuf: Na x, btgiy,
iAu# ma br, fhg
ilMi[L, iAu#, M#, jhtu cf
ghng, fhgnd, fjf nghw fk
bghUfS, fhnghiAnu, uj,
cgahs
Lf nghw fk bghUfS
cuw fhufshF.
ca

c fhuf: it cgahs, Na x
Efnth, ijgit Matiw
cslait. th jhtufshd gl 7.4. Niy kly Mw xGF
iAyh, thndah,

128
 RWNH ghJfh

Niy kly rkiy: Niy

bra 7.2 kly rkiy vgJ c
ff  bjho mikFnghJ a
Tlf xiwbahW rhJ Fl
f yhk VghL brjh xU Niy xbthW bragL
vd elF? myFfshf csJ. xnth c
Tlf vif Fl xU
ff  hztf WW FGfshf
k fLghLF tUwJ.
J Niy kly
xbthU Niy klyK
vthW cdf xiwbahW
aif rk bragLwJ. cz
rhUwd vd thf.
bghUshf gagL cdfSF
ff 
Gs flf th cQ cdfSF ilna xU
rkiy VgLwJ. Niy kly
cdf cz ria
gUJf vif vf
tirahf vGJf.

vifial mfkhf Ujh mJ
ff  njD Fl X cdF
V rkiy ilahJ.
KaJt jUfsh, FuFfSF thiH kufSF
iyah? fhuz TWf. ilna cs rkiy thiHkuf
iybawh FuFfSF

myF-7

gl 7.5. cz tiy

129
 thiHgH ilfhJ. xbthU
Niy klyY tsfSF,
gadhfSF ilna rkiy
Uf ntL. j rkiy cz
bghUfSF cQgtfSF
ilna VgLw rkiy.
cz r vwh vd? cz tiy
vwh vd?
cQj, czgLj Ma bjhl
braf _y MwyhdJ cz _ykhf
X cUJ mLjLj cfSF
fljgLtJ cz r vdgL.
vLJfhL:- bt kly
cz r.
btL jtis gh fGF
cgahs, btL jhtucf,
jtis Kj iy Ccf,
gh ulh iy Ccf,
fGF _wh iy Ccf.
gl 7.6 bt kly cz r
cz tiy: xU Niy kly
gy cz rf xWl xW
cw bfhL xU tiynghw mikig
cUthFwd. Jnt cz tiy
vdgL.
Niy klyij vthW ghJfhgJ?
aifahfnt Niy klyij
gntW fhuf rk brwd.
VjhtJ xU fhu ghfglhnyh
mfglhnyh mj Niy
kly thG kw fhuf
ghfgL rkiy Vgl thyhk
nghwJ. vLJfhlhf Niy
ca
kly jhtuf KGtJ fglh
y, Niy klyf ghfgL.
jdh kw cdfSF cznt
ilfhJ. yFfis bfhYj,
kW , y, fhW khR miltjh
aif rkiy ghfgLwJ.
jhJ cf, , cz bghUf
kWRH _y aif Niy
kly rk bragLwJ. aif
tsfis f ftdkhf gagLdh
eh aif rkiyia ghJfhfyh.
cdfSF aif
tsfSF ilna cs rkiy xU
Niy kly rkiy vdgL.
xbthU NiyY J khwhJ Uf
ntL.
c - ntRHf: xbthU
Niy klyY jhtuf
NalUJ x Mwiy bgWwd.
d mj Mw jhtu cfSF
midJ cfSF fljgLwJ.
mjhtJ, MwyhdJ xU tghij
kLnk brwJ. Mdh, jhtufSF
njitahd jhJ cf ghng, ienu
nghwit UJ bjhlahf
crgL d yFfSF
fljgLwd. kUJ
vLfgl jhJ cf L RH
Kiwf _y kizna milwd.
ghOahf, irf nghw
kFfsh ijfgl myJ
wJ mGa cdflUJ L
RH _y jhJ cf kiz
milwd. (c- nta RHf
g Kija tFf Vfdnt
goUf.)
7.5 yf, bgnuha
yf: yfahdJ fhg, fjf,
iAu#, M#, ieu# nghw
jkfsh gntW j xW Toa
xU fyit. Mdh yf Kakhd
gif tgJ fhg jknk.
yfahdJ xU ijgot
vbghU. cyf ms mfgoahd
rhu jahgjF eh yfiana
130
 RWNH ghJfh

UJ btnawgL fbghUf
kjDF F isgnjhL
kL Niyia ghwd.
2. yf cs fjf Jff my
kiH cUthf fhuzkhwd.
3. yjo cl tsfis
ghwJ.
4. , y khR mila fhuzkhwJ.
5. khR Jf cUthwJ.
6. 
gRikaf th, fhg ilMi[L,
btnawgL fhyiy
khWghoF btg khjYF
fhuzkhwJ.
gl 7.7 yf 7. yf UJ mfgoahd CO2
gagLJnwh. Mdh, mf btnawgL th klyij
ms fhg ilMi[L bttUtJ milwJ.
yf UJ kLnk. bkhj fhg bra 7.3
ilMi[L yfia gagLJt 1. bent yf Rufij
Unj btnawgLwJ. bgnuha,
ghitLf.
aif thfis vgj _y
2. vthW yf bto
btnaW fhg ilMi[L msitl
vLfgLwJ vgij ghf.
yf UJ uL klF fhg
3. cfSila tF khztfl
ilMi[L btnaWwJ.
yf gafis g thf.
Ruff UJ wjbt
FfUJ yf bgwgLwJ. bgnuha: fhy thif
mfgoahd rhu jahgjF, kjfis bgnuh, bgnuha
btgij cg brtjF bghUflUJ f KoahJ.
liy cs yfiana bgnuha vthW cUthwJ vW
gagLJnwh. yf UJ cfSF bjkh?
btgij cg brnghJ yf
bgnuha fl thG
vJ mf ms fhg-ilMi[L
cdflUJ njhWwJ.
btnawgLwJ. yf
fl thG cdf wjwF
bjhrhiyfUJ ulh iy
mit fl jiukl gowd.
gabghUf cg bragLwd.
d, mit kzyhY, kzhY
v.fh. f, fjh, fth.
_lgLwd. gy a
yfdh Niy VgL
myF-7

MLfSF wF, fhyh iy

isf: mf btg iy, mfgoahd
mGj wj cdf ijthd
1. ghjur, nua, njha, Mr, fd
cnyhff Mad fyj fyit bghUf bgnuha myJ aif
thfshf khWwd.

131
 jh gJf (Tar Balls): vbz
fdh fl kl jf Toa
vbz jwf jhgJf vdgL.
it fl khR VgLtjF Ka
fhuzkhf mikwd.
bgnuhaF - khW vbghU: thfd
mogil
1. cv vuf (jhtu vbghU
myJ iAu# vbghU)
gl 7. 8 bgnuha bjhrhiy
2. rhu (rhu tof myJ
rhu-bgnuha tof) fhW
bgnuha aif fo
mGjgl myJ vbr (iAu#
UJ ilwJ. bgnuha
vbr)
eRjik bfhl, g vaToa
iAnuh fhgf, y fk bghUfsh 3. mGjgl aif thdh
Md xU fyit. afToa thfdf.
bgnuha, aif thf nkY mJ bfhnth
UJ gy tifahd gajU bghUf
nlh xgj eilKiwgo,
bgwgLwd. mbghUf nrh,
iH (ghbal, ieyh) gh, gy ehLf Fiwj gRikaf
sho nghw bghUf jahf thit btL neh
gagLwd. aif th UJ bgnuha gaghil
bgwgL iAu# th cu (ah) FiwJbfhs x bfhLsd.
jahf gagLwJ. bgnuhaij
(Kyoto Protocol jgbtgiy
mj ahghu nehf fU eh fW
khwdh VgL
jf vd miHnwh.
btgkiljiy vF Ia
RWw NH isf ehLf xgj Tlik.)
vbz ff (Oil Spills)
1. R
 ffglhj vbz (Crude 7.6. gRik nta
Oil) gJfdh fgfUJ
gRik nta vgJ ik
fJ aif Niy kly
isfToa ntbghUfis
ghfgLwJ.
Fiwj msnt cUthFj myJ
2. vbz fdh y VgL mbghUfis gaghoUJ mwnt
nfLfisl fl mf ms F xUj a tKiw MF. gRik
nfLf VgLwd. fl nta bfhifahdJ 1995M ML
ca

klJ vbz ff mKfgLjglJ. gRik nta

gotjh fl gwitf, ghof, Wtdf jnghJ cUthfgL
f, ju cdf ma jiyik gRik nta rhjid gRf
neLwJ. 1999M ML Kj tHfgLwd.

132
 RWNH ghJfh

nkY mJ bfhnth ffvj NiyY kjDnfh

Niynfh J F VgLjhj
yf, rhu jahf,
bghUfis cUthFj myJ
bgnuha bghUfshd, bgnuh,
f a msnt nfL isF
Or, nkhlh thfdf, fg,
bghUfis cUthFj.
th}fSF vbghUshf
gagLwd. fUf, nkhlh ffnt bghUf Fiwj msnt nfL
thfdf yhj thifia isF tifY mjDila
idJTl ghf KoahJ. yf, ga vjj Fiw yhj ms
bgnuha bghUfis Fiwthf ghJ bfhs ntL.
gagLJtjfhd tKiwfis gRik nta isthf clhF
cfsh f Kokh? bghUf
giHa cg KiwfSF g a 1. fha yhj gw itghf,
gRik idf fha myhj bg kW fy
Rfghf.
v.fh. fk fiurf, UF gyhf
fiurf gagLjhj idf. 2. c
 shoFf :- kfh nrhs,
cUisHF, jhtu bghUfUJ
giHa ntbghUf jahF
cUthfgL shoFf.
KiwF gyhf a gRik cg (v.fh.
bgnuha nt bghUfSF gyhf 3. v ofhj bghUf.
c Mwiy gagLJj myJ 4. Ahnyh# yhj mizghf
ntfhuF gyhf idfis v.fh. fh rhj bghUfis
gagLJj ) gagLJj.
Fiwj eRjikila bghUfsh
gRik nta isth
Md khwh nta gfis bfhl
cUthfglToa vfhy bghUf
bghUfis jahj.
fffheil tdfhd _y bghUf
v.fh. gfis ghfhj fis
FiwtjF gyhf Jfjf
kLnk bfhyToa a bfh
a bghUf.
kUJf.
ffjk msit nt fhufSF
gRik nta myJ bjhEg
gyhf id nt fhufis
jbghGJ fk nta, c-nta,
cUthFj.
fk nta, ghk, eRa,
Niya, cla, bjhJiw nghw ffgRik nta, thif RH
kw fshf ts milJsJ. vyh tiffY a bghUfis
cUthf gagL. gRik nta
gRik nta Ka bfhiff
vgJ id Fiwgjhf,
fffbghUfis Rfj kW khR VgLjiy jLgjhf Uf
myF-7

Fjiyl ff cUthjiy ntL.

jLgnj wjJ.

133
 cy cs kf xU a uhk
Ugij nghy f vjhf
iuthf bjhl bfhsgLwhf.

uhk vwh vd?

brhyh, cyf, xU uhkF

xlgLwJ. F brf cyf
KGtJ iuthf fhy jft bjhl
fUf _y brwilwd.
cy mogil fUJ dQ
gl 7.9 gRik nta fUf _y f iuthd jft
braif gygo nrk (PVC), fha bjhlid nkbfhtjhF.

Fiwj btgij gagLj Toa dQ uhk vwh vd?

a fha mw gwitghf.
gRik NH ghJfh: gRik nta vgJ
Jha RWNHYfhd xU fhQ
Kana. gRikNH bflhj tz,
gRik nta cy bjhlahd
KndwF fhuzkhf csthW
vrifl bragl ntL.
7.7. iwa ma uhk
uhk
uhk vgJ iwa cyf
gntW jkhd bjhl rhjdfdh
xU a uhkkhf RUfgLsJ.
Fghf izajs _ykhf brfis
btF vjhf cyf KGtJ gutbrJ,
dQ uhk vw brh
X viyaw uhkij FwJ.
~J cyf kfis jft bjhl
bjhEg thyhf izwJ.
uhk vw brhiy KjKj
gagLat kh[ khfh.
uhkkhdJ cy gntW ehLf
cs kfis xizJ, cyf
ffis ma ttFwJ vgij
khfh tWJwh. mnjnghy,
izajsJl Toa fbghf
_y kfis xwhf izwJ.
JikahdJ xU a r_f fyhrhuij
cUthf tnfhYwJ.

kL - kh dhf
gF m

1. bghUf bjhFf nH bfhLfgLsd. t ijtil bghUfis

bfhl bjhFid njbjLf.

i) , kyf, iyf ii) , fil kW sho

ca

iii) gHnjh, nf kW sho iv) nf, fil kW fzho

2. Gst vJ cz r?
i) , nfhJik, kh ii) , ML, kj iii) ML, gR, ahid iv) , , ML

134
 RWNH ghJfh

3. t vit Niyia ghJfhF eilKiwf?

i)bghUf thFtjF Jigia vLJ brYj
ii) gagLjhjnghJ sFf fis mizj
iii) bghJ nghFtuij gagLJj iv) nkfl midJ
4. fW jf vwiHfgLtJ _____________.
i) iAnuhfhgf ii) yf iii) bgnuha iv) <j
5. bghUjkwij cz r mogil Ff.
( jhtuf btL jtis gh )
6. gRik ntadh clhF bghUSF vLJfhL _____________.
i) sho ii) fhj iii) c sho iv) nAy# aizgh
7. ________________ gRikaf th btgiy khw, btgkhjiy VgLJwJ.
i) iAu# ii) M# iii) ieu# iv) fhg ilMirL
8. _
 _______________ Fs Niy bjhF ijgit MF.
i) jhtuf ii) ghOaf iii) jtis iv) jhtu EQf
9. nkffis o braifahf kiH bga cj ntbghU _____________ .
i) bghlha mnahilL ii) fha fhgnd
iii) fjf ilMirL iv) mnkha ghng
10. gok vbghUSF vLJfhL _____________.
i) jhu ii) U iii) ka iv) yf
11. fhW khRgLj thfdfUJ bttU ifahY bjhrhiy ffshd
CO2 , SO2 , NO2 Ma thfhshY VgLtijnghy, khRgLj ___________M
VgLwJ.
i) f ii) grhFgo iii) kiHbgh iv) k m
12. tdyFf bfhygLtjh eh vbfhS d ahJ?
i) aif rkiy ghj ii) gbgh Fiwj
iii) kfbjhif Fiwj iv) kiHbgh mfj
13. ah kfbjhif bgU bfhoUF NH Kakhd MjhukhF.
tsij nkgLj eh bra ntoaJ ____________.
myF-7

i) fhLfis mj ii) nghFtuij Fiwj

iii) ffis vj iv) kufis eLj
14.  fK yFfshf Ugij nghy ahid fhblUik
________________ MF.

135
 15. TW A : yf, bgnuhaK gok vbghUshF.
fhuz R : gy a MLfSF K thj wj cdf ijJ gok
bghUshf khsJ.
i) A , R r kW R, A fhd rahd sf
ii) A , R r Mdh R, A fhd rahd sfky.
iii) A r R jtW iv) A jtW R r
16. mGjgl aif vth(CNG) vgJ yf, bgnuhaijl wj vbghU.
Vbd _______
17. j o, cz lghf trha bghUfUj cUthfgLwJ. it
______________ vd miHfgLwd.
gF M
1. tUtdtiw cgahsf, gy tifahd Efnthf, ijgitf vd
tifgLJf
m) tzJ M) btL ) Xzh <) ghf
c) brgU C) ienuhghOah
2. thlij bghUJ cdf gntW jftikfis bgWsd.
tUtdtiw bghUJf:

m) f wFf
M) xlf joj njh
) jtis JL
<) gwitf uil rila dfhf

3. nfhol lij uf:

m) ydf Rtrhj nghJ ______ btlgLwJ.
M) Nax Kiy jhtufsh jahfgL bghU ______ MF.
4. ghOafS irfS wJnghd myJ mGa jhtu,yFfis
ijf fhuzkhwd. ijj bghUf kWRHF cgLnghJ, jhtuf
tsF gagLwJ. ij eh vdbtW miHfyh?
5. tU gia goJ, jFj ilia flJ nfhol lfis uf.
(F isgJ, fd cnyhff , fhg ilMi[L, fjf Jff)
 hjur, nua, njha, Mr, _______fyj fyitUJ btnawgL
g
ca

fbghUf kjDF _______ kL Niyia ghwJ.

yf cs _______ mykiH cUthf fhuzkhtnjhL kLkyhk, gRikaf
th, _______ btnawgL fhyiy khWghoF btg khWjYF
fhuzkhwJ.

136
 RWNH ghJfh

6. tUtdtiw gagL cz ria cUthFf.

gh, , fGF, jtis, btL
7. tU cfis bfhL NH fhzgL czria vGJf. ( a
, jhtu jit c, bfh, yF jit c)
8. tU cztiyia cWneh, jtwhd Tiw njbjLf.

H I

E F G

A B C D

m) i) 'A' cgahs ii) 'F' jhtu c

iii) 'H' midJ iv) 'I' W Cc
M) glYs cztiy vjid cz rf csd vgij fLof.
9. tU c-nta RHia flJ tU dhfSF ilaf.

tkly

jhtuf, EQf
gRjhtuf gok vbghU
yFf ghOah / ir
m M <
m) vtif ClbghU gkhWwJ. M) m Kj < tiu eilbgW braf ahit?
myF-7

10. Gs cz ria goJ KiwgL, mjid Mw ulhf khWf.

kbg FU fg gUJ

137
 11. bfhLfgl vLJfhoid goJ Gs dhfSfhd ilid jUf.
m) A
 myJ B nfhLf vJ Mw Xlid FwJ? mjfhd fhuzij
TWf.
M) ijgtF X vLJfhL jUf.

cgahsf B
A
cgahsf jhtu cf

y, fhW khr cf

ijgit

12. m) 1 kW 3- fhzgL ffis vGJf.

M) f 1-I tiuaWf.
tkly
CO2
1
3
yFf
ijj jhtuf
2

ijgok jhtuf

gF
1. m) Gs bghUfis tifgLJf. fil, fhj, sho, f.
M) cfSila tifghofhd sfij jUf.
2. cfSila gF jLghodh kf mygLwhf. vdnt,
jLghoid jf vbdd tKiwfis ifahSf?
ca

3. if, if, vF nehD if kly. NH cl eyF Vwjh vgij VW

bfhfsh?
4. fia vgjdh VgL ikfis goaLf.

138
 RWNH ghJfh

jHf jJtkhd aif Niy klyf

nrhiy fhLf, btf njfhL

nkF bjhl kiy _Fng, JFo

rJ yfhL 12 MLfSF xU Kiw F yF

rhtu, fl y

nkF bjhl kiy fhzgL nrhiy fhLfS btfS bja

MWf Mjhufshf sFwd. kiybjhlf fhzgL tif
btfis, nrhiyfis eh ghJfhf ntL. Vbd it ekh
cUthf Koahj aif Niy kly MF.

nkY ma
f: 1. Environmental Studies, Dr. J.P. Sharma, Laxmi publication, New Delhi.
myF-7

2. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York

izajs: www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/600 html,
science.howstuffworks.com

139
 myF 8

f nkyhik

kjfsh, midJ tifahd gghiwfJ, kiyf J glwJ.

fbghUfS cy cs jhtuf id kUJ c
iyf fyJ khrhwd. jkJ tsF gagLJwd.
f bghUf dh moJ mfgoahd , uhngh _y
brygLwd vd eh enwh. tklyF uhahf brwJ.
Mdh, cik uhdJ ekF kw Mjhuf: uhdJ aif gntW
midJ cdfSF c eho iyfshd l, ut, th iyf
vgij kwJ iu khRgLJnwh. gu fhzgLwJ. F Kjikahd
MWfY f fhthfY Mjhu kiHahF. Mjhuf
eh rToa bghUfis goal fbgaJ fl MF. f a
Kokh? ms mjhtJ 2.4% e. m
bgUghikahd ms gghiwahf
nkfl kj brafsh cy
yjo uhf csJ.
gntW gFf cs MWf, Vf,
mLFf yjo X mLfhf
Fsf, fl Kff, Xilf, flf
fhzgLwJ. nkgu y
Mait khrhwd. vdnt, eh
gFf jFjil XL eUF
khRgLjiy mjdh ekF VgL
MOa %Wf myJ Xilf
nfLfis jF bghUL fiu
vW bga. MWf f mf ms
Kiwahf ifahSj ntL.
id VfSF FsfSF bfhL
8.1. gaz brwd. <u yf, rJ yf
uhdJ midJ cdfSF Mait gaz Ka gF
njitgLw Kakhd xU bghU twd.
MF. midJ ca ffSF
brtsij khwF 8.2. f
njitgLwJ. gfdh FoU gFf UJ,
vj X cdK thH ayhJ. Wtdf UJ, tf,
RH: cyf KGtJ f mf bjhrhiyf UJ gagLjgL
btnawgL f MF.
ca

msyhd Rkh 1400 a ..3

gugs csJ. uhdJ <ukhd L ffshd fgiw,
gF UJ Mah kiHahf Fayiw, rikayiw Mat UJ
gahf Vf, MWf tahf yjo FHhf tahf btnawgL U
gFF, flYF brwilwJ. nkY, mlF.

140
 f nkyhik

8.3. f Rf ulh iy Rf : iy
fiuj kW cns jF iy
f Rf mik f
cs c bghUf fgLwd.
clhF lF mUnyna mikf
iy , cUthd
ntL. (v.fh. kyf bjho, c
EUfis jf NH FtJ
tofo, fhWs NH Rf) myJ
MF. ulh iy Rf
f nrffgL, FHhf tahf
EQfis jikgLj Toa
efuh Rf iyaF bfhL
f iu btnaW Kngh, mLj
brYj ntL. (fRf gl
iyahd _wh iy RfF
8.1. I ghf.) f nrf, Rf
Kdnuh brj ntL.
vgJ Cuh, ka, khy muRf
fLghL, ju KiwgLjYF cgljhf _wh iy Rf: _wh iy
Uf ntL. bjhrhiyf UJ Rf vgJ ntKiwnyh,
btnaW fiu Rff wghd tofLj Kiwnyh, Kj, ulh
tKiwf njitgLwd. iy RffSF wF brtJ
MF. Rffgl uhdJ y
tHf cs f Rf
rkaf ntKiw myJ aa
_W iyf eilbgWwJ. Kiw Rffgl ntL. (v.fh.
1 ) Kjiy 2) ulhiy Lf, Ea tofof) _wh
3) _whiy Rff. iy RfF d iu Xil,
MW, tisFlhf, Lf myJ <u
Kjiy Rf: Kjiy Rf yf Mat nrgjF K, nfh
fiu jfhf f njf btf, btf, fhfSF
nj itf ntL. m fod l ghryh. nkY nghJkhd ms aiu
bghUf ah mo go, vbz, eh yjo nrF, trha
ca vbz, va lbghUf gaghoF gagLjyh.
Mait nkgu jF. mo
goj, jF bghUf fgL va bra 8.1
utij ulh iy RfF
cfsJ thl gF f
brYj ntL myJ mgona
vthW ifahsgLwJ vd mf.
btnawyh.
KjiyF Kd fuh, thl e khRgLtij
jLf t Kiwf vitnaD
csdth vd mf.
ulh iy Kjiy cf gF bjhrhiyf f
iu vthW ifahwd vd mf.
f thG gF cs k,
Mait ffsh khRglhk
myF-8

Uf vitnaD tKiwf
ifahsgLwdth vgij cW
_wh iy
brf.
gl 8.1 f Rf

141
 f Rf ca uik: 8.5. Ju nehfS
EQfis bfhL RWNH , Ju, cley Mait
cs ffis mfW bjhEg xWbfhW bjhlilait. ik
ca uik vdgL. ieu# ik, a gwhFiw, Ju
TLbghUf f mfms trf ik Mat fhuzkhf
cs khrilj gFf fiu, MLnjhW yrfzfhd ViH
fllf Rtfis, idlf kf wwd. jf Rfhjhu
Rt nkguig, eiu Rff tKiwfis gdh nehfdh
ienuhnrhnkhdh nuhna vw ww kfis fhfyh.
ghOah gagLjgLwJ.
kjr_f brafsh clhF
8.4. Lf f nkyhik f, nta bjhrhiy f
Kiwf khrilj , mij cbfhtjhY,
FoUf ftiwf, bjhLtjhY gntW tifahd
Fayiwf, rikayiw, w gFf bjhWnehf clhwd.
UJ fthf btnawgL f dh gutToa nehf: kj, yF
vdgL. ff, W fyj Mat
bghJthf L fiu gG bjhWjik thj ghOah, ituf
vW, fW vW uL tifahf fhzgLwd. iu gUFtjh
fyh. gG iu jhtufSF ilghL, jng, fhyuh, tWnghF
myJ kWRH _y ftiwia Ma nehf clhwd.
gaghoF L gagLjyh. iu Kiwahf gagLjhjjh clhF
f: L f vgJ gG . nehf: j ikik, bjhWjik
J ftiw gagL btnaW thj dh njh, f Matiw
iu ju, kw midJ tifahd fGj fhuzkhf VgL nehf,
L gaghoF gagLjgL iu Kiwahf gagLjhjjh VgL
btnawgL gG MF. id nehf. v.fh. brh, uF, ghit H,
eh gntW tiff gagLjyh. c nehf, ng, y fsh
VgL nehf.
ff
 L njhl, o wnj cs
jhtufSF ghr gagLjyh. uogil nehf: nehf thG
iliy cdf fhzgL
ff ffis tofo gagLjyh.
xLfsh VgLwd. ah G,
ff trhaF gagLjyh.
uj G, cUis G, jil Gfsh
L f RHdh VgL clhF nehf mlF.
eikf
bjhl nehf: dbgUf
ff m
 fms e gagLJjiy
br nehgu fsh clhF
Fiwfyh.
ca

nehf bjhl nehf vdgL.

ff f
 bjhof VgL fiwfis
nghfyh.
ff yjo msit cajyh.
ff jhtuf tsjiy CfgLjyh.
blF, ahidfh neh, knyah,
cUis Gfsh VgL ghit
FiwghL neh (Mnfhbrah), f
neh, kr fhr nghwit mlF.

142
 f nkyhik

ff
 gwhFiw fhuzkhf, Ju,
bra 8.2
ik ghfgL tsU ehLf,
ftiwfis gagLJtjF
nehfS wfS Vgl fhuzkhf
KD D iffis Rjkhf
csJ.
fGjiy gHf bfhs
ff C
 lrJ yhj czF
ntL.
mLjgoahf cy nehf
cz, fyf vbghGJ clhtjF ulhtJ f Ka
Rjkhf, gagLJnghJ fhuz ikahd Fo ik
_o itUfntL. Juiknk MF.
bts, aif wf ff M
 LF VwjhH 4 a kf
VgLnghJ iu bfhfitj tWnghF VgL 1.5 a
dnu gUf ntL. kf wwhf. mtf
bjhrhiy ff nrUl bgUghyhndh 5 taJFgl
f, khRgl cs lf FHijf Mt.
FoUF kf yjoiu ff t
 sU ehLf cs 10 rjj
gagLJnghJ vrifahf kf FlGfsh ghf
Uf ntL. gLwhf. j fhuzkhf rJ
gwhFiw, uj nrhif, ts
ff k
 hR milj iu gUFtjh, FWj Mait VgLwd.
_y gu nehfshd kr ff 3
 00 a kf knyahth
fhkhiy, il~ghL, fhyuh, jng, ghfgLwhf.
tWnghF nghw nehf
clhwd.
8.6. f btnaWj khW
ff j
 ikF nghJkhd ms
tf
ilfhjjh njh, f nehf
btF v gu. eh g brnghJ gfSF
rJfS, U njitgLwd. f
ff K
 iwaw Fo tHF lf
jkfS, jhJbghUfS
fhuzkhf mogil nehfS,
csjh mJ trhaF
bjhlila nehfS
gagLjgLwJ. khwhf ij
clhwd. it bfhRf kW
Ju brtJ Fj bryid jU.
eijf thtjfhd Vw lij
thW trhaF fiu
cUthFwd. it knyah,
gagLJbghGJ FoUF ju
ujG neh (nlhah),
thj mf ms ilf th
ahidfh neh, _isfhr
VgLwJ. f uhdJ ey cukhf
Kja nehf gut fhuzkhf
gagLtjh nt cuf njitfis
cs xLfSF iliy
Fiwfyh. jdh iy, Mw,
Unjhahf csd.
myF-8

bryd, bjhrhiy khR Matiw

ff F
 o mf ms y nt
Fiwfyh. f iu gizfSF
bghUfis (Mbr, ienuf)
myJ c tsF bghJthf
bfhoUgjh y bfhoa nehf
gagLjyh.
VgL.

143
 8.7. bghJ lf Ju vgJ kf thG LfY,
WtdfY Mw nrig
kf mfkhf TL lfshd
ffhgJ kW fLgLJ f
ngUJ iya, gTl nghwt
MF.
mUYs cztff kf cz
cz Toa lfshf Ugjh fhyuh, 8.8.1. Mw fzL
kr fhkhiy, il~ghL, tWnghF
Mw fzL vgJ fllf
Ma nehf VgLtjF Ka
Mw nrig M brJ msL brJ
fhuzkhf mikwd.
Muh KiwahF. ~J btpL
kf vif, mgF Mwiy vtifY ghfhj tif
kf bryL neu, kf braf cL Mw ms Fiwfgl ntL.
Mat mogil bghJ lf
Lf Mw fzL: Lf Mw
jik khWgLwJ. vD midJ
fzL, Lf cs bjhEg
bghJ lfSF nghJkhd ms Ju
fUf _ykhf msfgLwJ. fhW
kW ik trf njitgLwd.
fj iu, mf t sFf
bghJ lf Jufhd mogil gagLJj, miwf btg, F
Kiwf Niyfis fLgL nrig
1. n
 ghJkhd ms fgiw trf nkgLJ tKiwfis FF.
Uj ntL. Lf Rtf, nkTiu, jiu mik,
2.Mf, bgfSF jj fjf, aif btr nghwt
ftiwf Uj ntL. _yK Mwiy fzlyh.
t _y fll xLbkhj
3. Mf fgiw W fgjF,
btg braghil caj Ko.
ky fgjF jj f
fzL _y braw aa
mikj ntL. bgf
jik, vua braghLf tahf
fgiw ky fgiw kL
btg, fhnwhl, fhW F%o,
nghJkhdJ.
btggLJ fU nghwt bra
4. if fG l tr Uj ntL. wfis ma aY.
5. if fGtjF j ikF, o Mw fzL, btg ms
ftiwia ikahf a Mw, mgF jg btgiyia,
ntL. Tiu mik, Na xgL irfis
bghUJsJ. tiw Fl xU
8.8. Mw nkyhik fhy fzlyh. y rhu
Mw nkyhik vwh vd? gaghL, aif th, v vbz
gaghL nghwtiw XuhL myJ
Mw nkyhik vw brh gy
<uhL fhy fzlyh. j
bghUfis jjhY F thf,
ca

tuf rahf Ujh o Mw

bghJJiw, muRJiw, Lf Mw
fzL Jakhf UF.
nrig FgjhF.
y Mw fzL _y bry
Mw nr Kiwf: Mw nkyhik
Fiwj, fllf ju, trfis

144
 f nkyhik

mR ik Ffis kWRH Kiw

bra 8.3
gagLjyh. Kiw Niy
1. btgkhd eh cf tF
nkgLJjiy, nrig bra
btgiyia, ntg ku H
aY.
btgiyia, btgkhia
bfhL fzLf. 8.8.2. kurhuh tsf (Na Mw,
2. ll iH sF, xU iAu#, fhW)
sF bfhL gaghil aif tsf vgit Jfjf
xLf. tsfshF. aif Kiwf kj
nkgLJ tKiwfis Muhj EfU ntfijl iuthf
nghwtiw brayh. nkY o Jfjf aif tsfis
Mw wid nkgLaikjYF Jfjf tsf vnwh.
ka mu khafis bgwyh. Naf R, iAu#, fhW,
gf Mw fzL: Mw Matiw bfhL rhuij l
fzo braghlhdJ Mw fhyF jahfyh vgjhjh
gaghil ghF gntW tfis, aif tsfis Jlhj Mw
Mw gaghil FiwF gy tsf vnwh.
tfis milahs flj MF. Na Mw: Na Mw vgJ neuoahf
j_y nrfgL bjhif g NalUJ bgW Mw. F f
bralF gagLtJ nghy mfms ilF Mw Na Mw
Mw nr, MwYfhd MF. f ntfkhf khW Mwiy
_yfis Fiwthf gagLJtjh, MLF 50 GfhL ms cUthF
khriltij Fiwfyh. tif x fy Na MF. Na
gf Mwiy nkgL Fiwthd Mw neuoahf Mwyhf khWwJ.
Mw gagLj aY. vLJfhlhf kjf jbghGJ gagLJ
Mw xDF gyhf kwij Mwiyl MLF 10 Mu klF
gagLJtjhF. a xU mfkhd Mwiy Na btLwJ.
sFfis (CFL), btgjh xU
sFfSF gyhf gagLJtjh NagLf
MLF 6000 bkfhth dhw
nrfyh.
kh
nkY cf gf zhjiy fLgL
rbrj, gaghil Fiwj
(Kakhf bt), nkgLjgl wF
iwF fUia gagLJj _y
Mwiy nrJ gzij nrf
cfsJ gF f cjtyh. fy
myF-8

kWRH brtj _yK bjhF

ne
Mwiy nrf aY. v.fh. rika ndhl
miwUJ jh, gh ciwfis
myJ mrf miw fthf btnaW gl 8.2 Na Mw (Na fy-mik)

145
 bra 8.4
Na mL myJ Na Nnl
mik, g br j tiw
mJ bfhf. Fghf vthW
mfms btgij cRwJ
vgij cW brf.

Na mL myJ Na Nnl

xid Fiwj iys
bghUfis gagL cUthFf.
mt UJ vj ms
btgiyia bgWf vgij
ftf.
gl 8.3 fhwhiyf
Na mL, Na Nnlia fhW Mw: fhW Mw, Na
gagLJtjdh VgL _ykhf nkgu VgL
eikfis, tiuaiwfis rkkw btg fhuzkhf cUthwJ.
egfnshL fyJiuahLf. bgUghyhd fhW MwyhdJ, RHY
jfLf RH fhuzkhf a
_y Mwyhf khwgLwJ.
iAu#: iAu# vgJ xU ey
fhwhiyf_y bgwgL Mw (f
khW vbghUSfhd tahF.
giHikahd bjhEg) vu Mwyhf
jid Vuhskhd msF bjh
khwgL jhafis miugjF,
EgJl cUthfyh. iAu#
iu nknyWtjF gagLjgLwJ.
kj rKjhaF njitahd
midJ Mw njitfis, nkY mJ bfhnth
cg cgl bgnuh vbghUfis blkh fhWf ehL vW
fhoY bghUshjhu KiwY, khRglhj miHfgLwJ. eho
Niyia cUthF tifY njit 25 rjjF mfkhd
gagLwJ. nkY eRjikaw, rhu fhwhiyf _ykhf
ifahStjF, tHFjF ghJfhghd cg bragLwJ. fhwiyf
xU vbghU iAu#. f mf iw _y bgwgL bkhj cg
bfhl Mwiy bgUwJ. XuyF b#k Kjik lY, ah
vil bfhl iAu#, bgnuha IjhtJ lY csd. ah
bghUf vj btgij fhoY cs KGikahd fhWwid
2.5 klF mfkhf, vjdhiyl gagLdh Rkh 45000 bkfhth
4.5 klF mfkhf, bkjdhiyl r cg bra Ko vd
6 klF mfkhf Mwiy mwJ. fzlgLsJ. jeho
ca

j btg af Mw khW w fahFkF mU 380 bkfhth

(30-35%) bgnuhiy (nfn[h) l r cg braToa f bga
(20 - 25%) mfkhf csJ. fhwhiy giz VgLjgLsJ.

146
 f nkyhik

8.8.3. k
 urh tsf : (f, bgnuha, aif th: aif th vgJ 90
aif th) rjjF mfkhd njD
js <njD, nuhngD bfhl
kurh tsf vgJ, Ug
xU TL bghU. J ijgot
bgw Koahj aif tsf MF.
vbghUfnshL yf gLiffJ
jDila Ef vgJ bjhlahdJ.
nj bghUfshf fhzgLwJ. J
j tsf aif cUthF
rJ yfY, njid cUthF
ntfijl gagLjgL ms
cdfis bfhL ygu
mfkhf csJ. ijgot vbghUf
cUthfgLwJ. J Fghf cuf
(yf, bgnuha, aif th),
jahgjF gagL Ka vbghU.
mQfU Mw (nua) Mait
nkY, J xU gRikaf th MF.
jfhd vLJfhLf MF.
aif thit vbghUshf
ijgot vbghUf: ijgot
gagLJtjFK njid
vbghUf vgJ gyhufzfhd
ju, Vida bghUf midij
MLfSFK ijtilJ F
Ftjbfd braKiwfis nkbfhs
ijJ lj c bghUfUJ
ntL. bra KiwnghJ <nj,
bgwgL Mw iwj va Toa fk
nuhng, nl, bgnl, mf
bghUf myJ fk nrkf MF.
_yTW vils iAnuh fhgf,
yf: J jhtufUJ bgwgl jk fjf, fay th, uh y
fUikahd xU fk jhJbghU. jk rkaf a, ieu# Mait
fhg, fhg nrkf kW iAu#, JizbghUfshf bttUwd.
M#, ieu#, fjf Matiw
aif thit Fghf kw Mw
bfhl fyhd nt fyitahF.
tsfshd vbz, yfnahL
bgnuha: bgnuha vgJ xLnghJ, bghJthf J va th vd
fUikahd, tGtGghd, JehwKila miHfgLwJ.
ut bghU. J l, ut, th iy
gaf
cs iAnuh fhgf MF. J
js c JffS, ghiwJffS, cg: th RHf, uh
id bfhLsJ. RHf Matiw gagL
aif thUJ mf cg
bragLwJ. bgUghyhd r
nrF iyafY, cg
vufY aif th gagLwJ.
L gaghLf : LfSF tHF
aif th gntW gfSF
gagLjgLwJ. rika gfSfhf
mLf gagLwJ. aif th
myF-8

Nnl Jfis cyj gagLwJ.

bghJthf NnlWtjF aif
th gagLjgLwJ. Lf,
gl 8.4 yf bto vLj bjhrhiyf gagLjgL

147
 bfhfyf, ciyf, Nnlf MF. it c ufUJ
MatF aif th gagLwJ. y tf bgwgLwd. tW
mnkhah cgY, cuf liy vbghUf, ut iy
jahgY aif th bgUgF vbghUf, th iy vbghUf, gy
twJ. c thfS mlF. midtUila
kwit : iHf, fzho, be, ftdK c vbghUfJ
tz R, ju bghUfis cg rhJsJ. jF fhuz vbz
bra aif th gagLwJ. iynaw, Mw nr njit,
ij got vbghUfUJ Fahd
kj vbghU njit vnghJ ms btnaW gRikaf thf
mfJ bfhnl brwJ. kj nghwitahF.
ijgot vbghUfis mfgoahf
gagLJwh. mjdh nfLisf nghFtuJ thfdf gagLjgL
Toa y bghUf fhWl fyJ fhiw ut c vbghUf
khrila brwd. 1. c v rhuha (gnah MfAh)
2. gRik Or
8.8.4. c vbghUf cg
3. c Or(gnah Or)
gaghL
4. jhtu vbzf
gutyhf fhzToa vbghUf
5. c <j(gnah <j)
c vbghUf Kakhdit
6. c th (Biogas)
bra 8.5 gnah MfAh (c vrhuha)
ff
 Gs uL uidfis
jhtuf rfiu bghUfis
cfSila tF fyJiuahLf.
behf brJ gnah vjdh(c
ff
 Ys bkhj yf kj vrhuha) jahfgLwJ. bgUghY
gaghoF 200 MLfSF rfiu, khbghUfis jU gf,
kLnk nghJkhdjhf csJ. J jF gagLwd. bjhEg
ftiy mf Toajhf csjh? ts fhuzkhf jnghJ
iyah? brYnyh ca TLbghU bfhl
ff N
 a Mw 5 a kuf, fis gagL c
MLfSF dh FiwJ vrhuha jahfgLwJ. ikahd
L vd fzlgLsJ. c vrhuha thfdfSF v
Fiw ftiy mf Toajhf bghUshf gagLjgLwJ. nu
csjh? iyah? ehoY, mbkf Ia ehLfY J
gutyhf gagLjgLwJ.
ff vj Mw JlToaJ?
c Or (gnah Or): jhtu vbz,
ff v
 j Mw uhk bjhlJ Uf
yFf bfhGUJ c
ca

ToaJ?
Or bgwgLwJ. J a iy
ff vj Mw Ug bgw KotJ? thfdfSF vbghUshf gagLwJ.
ff v
 j Mw Ug bgw KoahjJ? c th: fk bghUf
xbthF fhuz flf. fhyhij _yK, fhyh

148
 f nkyhik

Rthfshd ghOahf _yK c 4. FH sFfis gagLJj.

th cg bragLwJ. ~J ca
5. jhu f milfSF (nrh)
ijF cshF fbghUfis
gyhf dQ milfis
gagLnah jhtufis fhyh
gagLJj.
ijF cgLnah c thit
jahfyh. j id ilF l f
JizbghUis c vbghUshfnth, 1. Tiu f rhjhuz
c cukhfnth gagLjyh. xGFgLfSF (buFnyl)
8.8.5. Mw nkyhik e gF gyhf dQ xGFgLfis
gagLJj.
Mw nkyhik vgJ RW
wF vj khRghil VgLjhj 2. fhiw btnaW fis, Tiu
tif vfhy njitfhd tsfis fSF nk mikj.
ghJfhgnjhL Fiwthd Mwiy rhu ryit bgo
gagLJ ttiffis FgjhF.
1. jhaF btg fLghL fUf
jid mila Mwiy Kiwahf bfhl ryit bgofis thFj.
gagLJtnjhL, Fiwthd Mwiy
2. rahd iy xGFgLfis
gagLj ntL. Mwiy
itJ ryit brj.
nrgjdh RWw ik, eho
ghJfh, jah ghJfh, bghUshjhu 3. mf ms iu bjJ ryit
ts mfwJ. bra TlhJ.

jah, gntW mikf Mwiy 4. <ukhd Jfis xU nghJ ryit

neuoahf Efnthuht. tf Mwiy bra TlhJ.
rgL, mjfhd brydij th mL
FiwJ bghUshjhu tsia
caJwd. bjh, tjf 1. th mL rikFnghJ Rthiy
Wtdf wj tf Mwiy mikig ca ms mikJ ut
gagL mfs yhgij milayh. vthit nrj.
Mw bfhif (Energy Policy) 2. y w Rthiyl mL vkh,
Mw nr vgJ Kakhd X mJ Kiwahf bragLwJ vgij
mfkhF. mayh.
sF gaghL 3. kr w Rthiyl vjh
mLid Rj bra ntL.
1. gagho yhjnghJ sFf
izid Joj. 4. Koj ms mGj rika fyfis
gagLJj.
2. xU jikia rtu bgw
sFf bghUUF gFfis 5. rikF ghufis _o itJ
myF-8

Rj brj. rikj.
3. njitgL lfSF sFfis 6. rhu bfh fyfSF
U mikj. gyhf Nax bfhfyfis
gagLJj.

149
 dQ fUf
1. bjhiyfh, xfUfis kLnk ryit auij gagLj
gagLjhjnghJ bjhlig ntL.
jj. mjhtJ, njitaw neuf
2. n
 jitahd ms, iu kL
bjhl JofglhkUjh
gagLJj.
xU bghUSF Rkh 10 th tiu
rhu H VgLwJ. 3. r
 yitfhF neuid vu
g brJ rhuij nrj.
2. kof, brlng, va
glfU nghw fUfis ndw 4. rahd ms mGF f
brnghJ, nghJkhd iy gagLJj.
bjhlig Jogj_y 5. 
 Fj mGfhd JfSF kL
ria nrfyh. bt gagLJj.
ryit vu 6. F
 j iuna Jfis myRtjF
1. nghJkhd ms Jf UFnghJ vnghJ gagLJj.

kL - kh dhf
gF m
1. dh gu nehF vLJfhL ____________.
i) brhuF ii) ahGneh iii) ghitFiwghL iv) ilghL
2. goj kW jF bghUfis ____________ Rf Kiwdh fyh.
i) Kjiy Rf ii) ulh iy Rf
iii) _wh iy Rf iv) nkgu Rf
3. ____________ Ug bgw ayhj ts.
i) f ii) bgnuha iii) aif th iv) midJ
4. aif th fhzgL Kjikahd bghU ____________.
i) <nj ii) nj iii) nuhng iv) nl
gF M
1. A,B efuf fhzgL bjhWnehf gil tiuglkhf bfhLfgLsJ.
1. blF fhr, 2. vfhr, 3. fhyuh, 4. F Fah
m) efu A fhzgL nehF vd fhuz? A B
neh jhf

M) vefuF ff, ik f mf ms
ca

njitgLwJ?
) A
 efu cs nehid vthW fLgLJf?

1 2 3 4

150
 f nkyhik

2. X C 2008-2009M Mo Vgl bjhWnehf tu tl tiuglkhf

bfhLfgLsJ. jid TJ neh GstF ilaf.

m) bgUghyhd kfis jha nehf ahit?

M) vthW nehf guwd? blF fhr
FFah
) kw U nehfis fLgLJ vitnaD _W

uh

r
y
Kiwfis vGJf.

fh

h
f
v
3. khs, Ug bgw aY, Ug bgw ayhj tsfis Kiwahf bghUJf.

tsf A B C
Ug bgW tsf f fhW bgnuha
Ug bgw ayhj iAu# aif th Na x Mw
tsf

4. bghUjhjtiw Ff.
m) c MfAh, gir Or, c <j, bgnuha.
M) fhyuh, il~ghL, brh uF, jng.
5. Ug bgw ayhj ts vgJ X aif ts. jid kj Ef ntfijl
f ntfkhf aif fdh L cUthfyh.
 kfl Tiw goJ, jtwhdjh myJ rahdjh vgij cW brf. jtwhf
n
Ujh, rahd Tid TWf.
6. Mwiy nrf cj rhjdfis tUtdtUJ njbjLf. xU
gf, jhu mil, Na Nnl, Nnl, ll sFf, dQ
mil.
gF
1. bfhLfgLs glij cWneh, cUthfgL Mw vJ vgij fLof.
m) cUthfgl Mw kurh Mwyh? kurhuh Mwyh vgij fLof.
M)bfhLfgLs glij tiuJ nH
bfhLfgLs ghffis Ff.
(fy, fyij ndW fLgL,
Na gLf, ne ndhl Na fy, fy
myF-8

mik)
) gl ____ Mw ______ Mwyhf khwgLwJ.

151
 2. m) bfhLfgLs gl vd Mw
cUthfgLwJ?
M) thwiy bgWt eh vnehF
df ahit? sFf.
) Na Mw kW mQ MwhnyhL xLnghJ
j Mw wjJ vd Tw fhuz vd?

3. gy a MLfSF Kd ijl jhtubghUf ijtiljjh

gok vbghUf cUthd.
m) VnjD _W gok vbghUfis TWf.
M) cu jahj vj vbghU gagLjgLwJ?
) aifth cs bghUf ahit?
4. fhW Mw Na UJ nkguJ gL rkkw btg fhuzkhf
cUthwJ.
m) fhWf ehL vW miHfgL ehL vJ?
M) fhwhiyf _y bgwgL bkhj cg, Kjik l cs ehL
vJ?
) jeho fhwhiy gizf vbjj khtlf csd?
<) fhQ vj ygu mfgoahd fhwhw bgwgLwJ?
(rkbt, fhth, gsjhF)
5. bghUJf:-
dh gutToa bjhl iu Kiwahf gagLjhjjh
nehf nehf clhF nehf
ilghL blF brhuF
knyah m tWnghF fhyuh
nyah
ng ghit H
(ahidfh neh)
6. kj, nta bjhrhiy f uh, khR milJ, mij cbfhtjhY,
bjhLtjhY gntW tifahd bjhW nehf clhwd.
m) khrilj dh cUthf Toa nehf uoid vGJf.
M) eh V bfhf itj iu gUf ntL?
ca

) cf L fiu vthW L gagLJf?

7. uhdJ midJ cdfSF njitgLw Kakhd aghd xU bghUshF.
m) Mjhuf f bgaJ vJ?
M) ilf Toa ntW Mjhuf ahit?

152
 f nkyhik

) Kjik Mjhu vJ?

<) cf L yjo msit vbjj Kiwf caJf?
8. Mw fzL vgJ fllf Mw nrig M brJ, msL brJ Muh
KiwahF.
m) Lf rhu gaghoid f vthW msLf?
M) cf g Kiwia gagLdh, milaToa gaf ahit?
9. eh khRgLjiy, mjdh ekF VgL nfLfis jF bghUL fiu
Kiwahf ifahs ntL.
m) vtf khrilwJ?
M) cf o khRgLjiy vthW fLgLJf?

nkY ma

f: 1. Land treatment of waste water M.B. Gohil, New Age International (p) Ltd,
New Delhi
myF-8

2. Complete Biology(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York

izajs: en.wikipedia-org/wiki/sewage

153
 myF 9
fiurf

isahL ngho btbgW uL myJ mjF nkgl

mD L Udh. mt jh f bghUf nrj xUgojhd fyitna
kl X Mnuha ghdJl fiur MF.
mtis tuntwh. xU fiur vgJ fiubghU
mD : mkh! vd J? fiughfsh Md xU gojhd
fyitahF.
jh : J cDila Mnuha ghd.
cDila Jzfhf uL myJ mjF nkgl
gHrhW, rfiu bfhL bghUf xnu iyik xU fyit
jahfgl fiur. Ujh miy xUgojhd iyahF.
xU fiur uL bghUf
fiurf e mwhl th f
fyUjh, m~J Ukofiur vW
aikahjit. kj cl cz
miHfgL.
jkakhj fiur (k) Kiwnyna
eilbgWwJ. kj mwhl jF wj vLJfhL
clbrafSnfg uj, z cfiur. c U nrj fyitna
Mait k iynyna csd. cfiur.
nta

fiubghU + fiugh = fiur

(c) + () = cfiur
gl 9.1 xUfiur vgJ fiubghU fiughfsh Md xU gojhd fyitahF

154
 fiurf

9.1. fiubghUS fiughD 2) Tk fiurf: J if iyik,

if Clf vD uL gFfsh
xU fiur vj bghU Fiwj
Md fyitahF. Jffshf fgl
ms iw csnjh mJ fiubghU.
bghU if iyik vdgL. Tk
vj bghU mf ms iw csnjh
Jff us bjhl iyik
mJ fiugh. bghJthf fiugh
if Clf vdgL.
vgJ fiuF Clf. J fiubghU
Jffis NJ bfhtjh fiur if iyik + if Clf
cUthF. Tk fiur

fiur vgjid tUkhW

Flyh.
(fiubghU + fiugh fiur)
9.2. fiurf tiff
9.2.1. Jff msit bghWJ
bghUf cs Jff cUt
msit bghWJ, fiurf _W
tifgL.
1) cik fiurf: ~J xU bfhG, itl, uj
xUgojhd fyit. fiubghU +
Jff eF fiugh fiuUF.
(v.fh.) rfiu fiur.

rfiu rfiu
fiur

myF-9

gl 9.2. rfiu, U fyJ cUthd gh (Tk)

cik fiur gl 9.3.

155
 bjhff
bra 9.1
fiugh fiuahk UF khztfis tFgiw cs
W Jff gygojhd fyitna #d tna Na x tUnghJ
bjhff vdgL. mj ghijia fhzbrJ
kJff cUts bgjhf xjw (olh is) fhL
fhzgLtjh mit fydhFgit. cikia czubrayh.
v.fh. Rzh , fyit

Rzh + = bjhf

gl 9.5 aif fG olh is

nkY mJ bfhnth
bjhlJ xGyh iy
aF TkJf afnk
busa af MF.
gl 9.4 Rzh, U
kfuj Jff afij
fyJ cUthd bjhf
MuhnghJ fit uhg
bus vw ma mP
nkY mJ bfhnth fljh. mjdh f
Tk JffJ xgL busa af vd
jW iyna olh is vdgL. miHfgLwJ.
xahdJ cik fiur tna
brYjgLnghJ y xfiwf
cufgLwd. y fiwf
bt mDggLwd. cik
fiur cs Jff xfiwia
jwoF tz bgjhf iy.
Mdh xahdJ Tk tna
nta

brYjgLnghJ, ms bgjhf
cs Tk Jffsh jwofgL,
fQF bjwJ. Jnt olh
is vdgL. gl 9.6 busa af

156
 fiurf

cik fiur, Tk fiur, bjhff gfis xLj

gf cik fiur Tk fiur bjhf

Jff cUt
0
ms (A )
0 -10
1A =10 m 0 0
10 A Kj 2000A
0 0 0
1 A Kj 10A tiu tiu 2000A nk
xF jik gFas xF xfh jik
njhw
bfhlJ jik bfhlJ bfhlJ
Enzh Enzhah fzh ghf
Jfis
tna ghf kLnk ghf aY
ghfToa w
aYtiy aY
fiur jik xUgojhdJ gygojhdJ gygojhdJ
guthJ myJ
Jf gu jik v gu bkJthf gu gu jik
mwJ.
xia jw xia jw xia jw
jw is
brahJ br brahJ

9.2.2 fiugh jikia bghUJ 9.2.3. fiubghU ms bghUJ

fiugh aig bghUJ fiugh fiuJs fiu bghU

fiurfis Utifahf fyh.
(m) fiur: vj xU fiur,
fiubghUis fiuF fiughdhf
bragLwnjh, mfiur fiur
vdgL. (v.fh.) rfiu fiur.
(M) uw fiur: vj xU fiur,
iu ju, w utf VnjD
xW fiughdhf bragLwnjh,
mfiur, uw fiur vdgL.
fhg ilrigo fiuJs rg
uw fiurYF wj vLJfhlhF.
fk nrkfis fiuF uw
msit bghUJ, fiurf _W
tifgL. mit
(m) bjlhj fiur (M) bjoa
fiur () m bjoa fiur
(1) b
 jlhj fiur: xU Fl
btgiy nkY fiubghUis
fiuf Koj fiur bjlhj fiur
vdgL. fiur bjL iy
mil tiu jDl fiubghUis
nrf Ko.
v.fh. 5 uh, myJ 10 uh myJ
20 uh c, 100 uh j fyj
myF-9

fiughfSF bg, <j, fhg fiur.

ilrigL(CS2), mnlh Kjyhdit (2) bjoa fiur: xU Fl
wj vLJfhLfshF. btgiy vj xU fiur xU
Fl ms fiugh, nkY

157
 fiubghUis fiua Koahnjh, nkY mJ bfhnth
mfiurny bjoa fiur vdgL. fyJs ieu#,
(v.fh.) 36 uh nrhoa FnshiuL bjoa fiurYF aif fhL
c, 100 uh fiufgl bjoa rhW. (Ys k xU Fl
fiur. msFnk ieu#id jD
(3) m bjoa fiur: Fl itUf ayhJ.)
btgiy bjoa fiuriyl
mfkhd fiubghUis bfhl nkY mJ bfhnth
fiur m bjoa fiur vdgL. xU Fl mss fiugh
fiuJs fiubghU msit
FgJ fiur brthF. xU
bra 9.2
fiur Fiwj ms fiubghU
U, mfiur j fiuryhF.
mjF khwhf mfms fiubghU
bjlhj fiur U, mfiur mlF
fiuryhF. j kW mlF
fiurf vgJ fiubghU
bjoa
fiur msit bghUjJ.

9.2.4 a iyia bghWJ

m bjoa
fiur fiubghU, fiugh a
iyia bghWJ fiurfis
gl 9.7. bfhLfgl fiur 9 tiffshf fyh. mtiw
bjoa fiur, bjlhj fiur, m tUkhW mltizgLjyh.
bjoa fiurYfhd nrhjid
fiu
fiugh v.fh.
bghU
ff b
 fhLfgl fiur, bjlhj
k k cnyhf fyitf
fiuryh myJ bjoa fiuryh
myJ m bjoa fiuryh k k rfiu fiur
vgij vthW nrhf? k th if

ff x
 U Kfit 100 .. vLJ k k ghyhil fo
bfhs d rhjhuz c k k gh
Kiwna 20 uh, 16 uh, 1 uh vd k th nkf
3 bghlyfis, xU th k jif
fyia vLJ bfhs.
th k nrhlh
nta

ff b
 fhLfgl c bghlyfis
a - M#
xw xwhf thfyit
fiuLnghJ eilbgW th th
(Mfl _Fj
khwfis ftf. gagLwJ)

158
 fiurf

bra 9.3
 c (bghlha FnshiuL - KCl) fiu wid, miw btgiy fzLj.
ff K
 fit 30 .. bghlha Fnshiuil nrJ, bjoa fiuriy
cUthf. mJ bjoa fiuryh vgij cW brJbfhs mfiur
nkY bghlha Fnshiuil nrf. d js fiuahk mo c
jFwjh vd ftf.
ff mfiuriy tojh _y tofo k KCl cig mf l.
ff btg iykh _y btgiyia FJ itf.
ff Fiwj ms Rl cig cyiyF tUtiu fiuriy Mah l.
ff
 wF va <ugjij mfw, c cs z uw fha FnshiuL
bfhl cR fy Jneu itf.( fha FnshiuL xU F
fhu. vdnt mJ iu cRwJ)
ff d mzij vLJ mj iwia fhz.
ff flj cikfS, fzLfS tUkhW:-
fzL
z iw = W
z + bjoa fiur t iw = W1
z + cyj KCl t iw = W2
bjoa fiur iw = (W1 - W)
KCl iw = (W2 -W)
bjoa fiur cs iw = [( W1 -W) - ( W2 -W)]
= (W1 -W2)
KCl c iw
bghlha FnshiuL c fiuw = _______________ x 100
fiugh iw
(W2 - W)
= x 100
(W1 - W2)

Kcl- bjoa Kcl- bjoa kz

fiur fiur bjho
myF-9

gl 9.8. c fiuwid fzLj

159
 bjJ bfhf v.fh. RlRzh fiuw
btgiy mfgh FiwwJ.
100uh j 36 uh
nrhoa Fnshiuil 250C Fj M# fiuw
btgiy fiuJ mf.
bjoa fiuriy 2. fiubghUS, fiugh jik
cUthF.
xU fiubghU fiuw m cs
9.3. fiuw
fiugh kW fiubghU jikia
fiubghU fiuw vgJ, bghWjJ.
vjid uh fiubghU, 100 uh
ma cghdJ, Kidw fiugh
fiugh xU Fl btgiy
v fiu. Mdh mJ Kidtw
fiuJ xU bjoa iyia milwnjh
fiugh fjsnt fiu myJ
mJnt mbghU fiuwMF.
fiuahJ.
200 C btgiy fhg
v.fh. rhjhuz c vjhf fiu.
rngo fiuw 20.7 uh.
3. mGjjh is
250C y ma cf
fiuwid cs mliz fhf. mGjjh, fiuwDF VgL
isit, thua k fiurYF
fiuw kL czuKo.
ma c
(/100 )
thua kfiur mGj
NaCl 36 uh mfgh fiuw mfF.
NaBr 95 uh
v.fh. CO2 th ua Fghd
NaI 184 uh
NaNO3 92 uh

9.4. fiuwid ghF fhuf

1. btgiy
2. fiubghUS, fiugh jik
3. mGj
1. btgiy is
btgiy mfkhdh btg bfh
id fiuw mfkhF. v.fh. KNO3
c fiuw, btgiy mfgh
mfkhwJ. khwhf,
nta

btg cid, fiuw

FiwwJ. gl 9.9 CO2 th ua Fghd

160
 fiurf

nkY mJ bfhnth MahFnghJ, 13.2 iws

uw NaCI cUthwJ, v NaCI
mGj mf, thf
fiuwid 30C fzLf.
fiujikia mfF xU Fl
btgiy, xU Fl gUkds  iur cs iw = 50 13.2
: f
k fiuJs th iw = 36.8
mjJ brYjgl mGjF NaCI fiuw
nej bghUjKilaJ. Jnt NaCI iw
bA vwiHfgL. = x 100
iw
fzL:1 13.2
= x 100
10 uh rhjhuz cig 40uh 36.8
fiuLnghJ cUthd fiur
NaCI fiuw = 36
brit iw rjj fzLf.
fzL: 4 xU fzho z
: iw rjj
iw 20. nrhoa ienu(NaNO3)
fiubghU iw
= x 100 bjoa fiuriy vLjnghJ, bkhj iw
fiubghU iw + fiugh iw
66. cyiyF MahFnghJ 41.5
10
= x100= 20% iws NaNO3 goff iljd v
10 + 40 NaNO3 fiuwid 20C btgiy
fzL: 2 2 uh bghlha rngil fzLf.
12.5.. fiuJ ilj fiur,
600C btgiy c gotfis
jjbj, bghlha rngo NaNO3 fiuj bjoa fiur
fiuwid fzLf. iw = (66.0 - 20.0) = 46

: 12.5 iw = 12.5 uh NaNO3 goff iw

= (41.5 20.0) = 21.5
12.5 uh fiuj bghlha
rngo iw = 2 bjoa fiur cs iw
= (46.0 21.5 ) = 24.5
~1 uh fiuj bghlha
rngo iw = 2/ 12.5 NaNO3 fiuw

vdnt, 100 uh fiuj bghlha NaNO3 gof iw

= x 100
rngo iw = (2x 100)/12.5 = 16 iw
~bghlha rng c fiuw 21.5
= x 100
60C btgiy = 16
24.5
fzL: 3 30C btgiy nrhoa
= 87.7
myF-9

FnshiuL(NaCI) fiuj bjoa

fiur 50 iws fiuriy 20C btgiy 100 uh
NaNO3 fiuw 87.7 uh.

161
 kL-kh dhf
- m
1. X cik fiur vgJ, fiubghU kW fiughdh Md xU gojhd fiur.
rh Jff j fyj fiur gy gojhd fyitahF. ~J cik
fiuryh?
2. iu fiugdhf bfhl fiur fiur MF. fhgil rigil
fiughdhf bfhl fiur _________ MF. ( fiur, uw fiur )
3.c fiuw 100 uh j 36 uh MF. 20 uh cig fiuj
mfiur bjoa iyia mila D vjid uh c njitgL?
4. uL utf xbyhW fiukhdh mutf _________ vdgL.
( ulw fygit, ulw fythjit )
5. Na x E tF rd tna tUnghJ, mj ghij bjtj fhuz x
_________( uggh, jwyh )
6. xU fiur Jff Enzh tna bjtjdh mfiur _________ vdgL.
( cik fiur, Tk fiur )
7. Uko fiur cs cWf vif _________ ( xW / uL)
8. Mfl KJ Fgtf Rthf gagLJ thfyit __________
( a - M#, M# - ieu#).
9.  kzgu xU Fl msFnk ieu#id jD bfhsKoahiy
_________ vdgL. ( bjoa iy, bjlhj iy )
10. xU btg bfhid, btgiyia _________, fiuw mfF.
(mfjh / Fiwjh)\
11. th cdfSF Fj nu cfjJ. Vbd_________
m) btgiy FiwnghJ Ys M# fiuw mfwJ.
M) btgiy caUnghJ Ys M# fiuw mfwJ.
) btgiy caUnghJ Ys M# fiuw FiwwJ.

- M
1.
ntbghU fiuw (25C btgiy)
nta

NaCl 36
NaBr 95
NaI 184

nkfl mltizUJ czU cikfis vGJf.

162
 fiurf

2. bjoa fiurYF bjlhj fiurYF cs ntWghLfis bfhLfgLs

Ff _y vGJf.
m) 16 NaCl 100 M) 36 NaCl 100 (F - NaCl fiuw 36)
3. cik fiuriy TkfiurUJ ntWgLJf.
4. rfiuia, fiuJ, miwbtgiy bjoa fiuriy cUtha
nkbfhL rfiuia fiuf Kokh? cf fUij jUf.
5. 20 rika cig 50 fiuUjh mfiur br rjj iwia
fzLf.
6. t js rhjhuz c, ehj cUilf, fu, rika nrhlh, ryit
nrhlh Matiw vLJ bfhlh. mtiw myJ mnlh fiuf Kawh.
vghF Kofis bfhL mltizia uf.

bghU fiuaToa fiugh fhuz

m) rhjhuz c
M) ehj cUilf
) fu
<) rika nrhlh
c) ryit nrhlh
7.

m) Fghdf fiufgL th vJ?

M) mth fiuwid mff f vd brf?

8. Kfit A rfiu fiufgl fiurY, Kfit B- lh fiufgl

fiurY csJ.
m) vfiur xia jwoF ?
M) vj Kfit busa af fG?
) Kfit A, Kfit B cs fiur tifia vGJf.
<) U fiurfS xUgojhd fiur vJ?
c) 10 Kj 2000 tiu cUt mss Jff vj Kfit csJ?
9. tUtdt cUthF fiur tifia vGJf.
myF-9

m) 100 uh 20 uh NaCl M) 100 uh 36 uh NaCl

) 80 0C 100 uh 45 uh NaCl <) CS2 - fiufgl fjf
c) kYs ieu#

163
 10. tUtdt if iyik, if Clfij flf.
m) ghyhilfo M) nrhlh ) if
11. uhjh tofLj _y fgL xU fiuriy jahjh.
m) mfiur vtifia rhjJ?
M) mfiur xia j tna mDkFkh? mDkfhjh?
) mfiur aid vGJf.
<) fiubghU Jf cUts ahJ?
12.
E Jis ghu

rfiu fiur

fzho Kfit

 kTa f J neu fJ nrf ghf khaij fljh.

n
jfhd fhuz TWf.
13. Kfit A RzhS U fyj fyit csJ. Kfit B uj
fiuj fiur csJ.
m) vfiur busa afij bgWsJ?
M) 2000 A F nk Jf cUtsit bfhLs fiuriy flf.
0

) vj Kfit Tk fiur csJ.?

<) Kfit B cs Jf cUtsit FLf.
c) Tk fiur xUgojhd fiuryh ? myJ gy gojhd fiuryh?
14. ilfSfhd rahd sf jUf.
m) RlRzh fiujik btgiy mfgh FiwwJ.
M) btg cid btgiy mfkhdh fiujik vthW khWgL ?
) btg bfhid btgiy mfkhdh fiujik mfwJ.
<) Fl btgiy th ua k fiur mGj mfgh fiujik
mfF.

nkY ma

f:1. Physical Chemistry by : Puri & Sharma - Vishal Publishing Co, Punjab.
nta

2. Advanced Chemistry by: Bahl & Arun Bahl - S.Chand publishers, New Delhi.
3. Complete Chemistry(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York
izajs: www.chemistry explained.com

164
myF 10

mQfS _yTWfS

Mg IO

uh xU rh Jil thl
fhJ WW shf cilf
brhwh. f Koyhk
bjhlu mU njhaU mW Jf
fQFbjahj mQf bjhFng xU bghU iwia Mwyhf
vw KoF tUwd. mij ga khW rkghil fLojt.
Mit nkY bjhlwd.
mQfUid eilbgWnghJ id
isbghU iw, id gLbghU
iwial FiwJ fhzgL.
jfhd it Mg IO vD
b#k ehL mayh fbgw
E = mc2, vw rkgho _y sf
Ko.
E = btahd Mw
m = iw, c = x ntf
mQitga M
t mQbfhif W
mQ bghU MLfF nkyhf vj thj
mQ vgj My brh Ml VWbfhsgl xwhf UjJ.
vgjhF. mj My brh mlhk UD, 19M who KoY
vw nuf brhUJ tJsJ. 20M who bjhlfY
mlkh vgj bghU fKoahjJ eilbgw ouh Jf kW miyg,
vgjhF. #h lhl vw ma bArg iyyh nfhghL gy
mP TWgo mQf vgit mQit ga ed mQ bfhifia
fKoahj fodkhd nfhsfshF. tiuaWf fhuzkhW.

165
 nkY mJ bfhnth
Inrhnlhf
xj mQ vfis ntWgl
iw vfis bfhl xU jk
btntW mQf, Inrhnlhf
vdgL.
gl 10.1. mQ csik v.fh. 17
Cl 35, 17Cl 37
10.1 ed mQbfhif Inrhghf
ed mQbfhif wTWf xj iw vfis ntWgl
mQ vfis bfhl btntW
ff m
 Q vgJ ntid <LgL
jkf mQf Inrhghf
fa JfshF.
vdgL.
ff mQf sf Toait.
v.fh. Ar 40, 20Ca 40
ff x
 U jk midJ mQfS 18

Inrhnlhf
midJ gfY xUf
ntoa njitiy. xj uh vif bfhl
btntW jkf mQf
v.fh. Inrhnlhf ( 17Cl 35, 17Cl 37 )
Inrhnlhf vdgL .
ff b
 tntW jkfis nrj
v.fh. C 13, 7 N 14
mQf y gf xUF. 6

v.fh. Inrhghf ( 18Ar 40, 20Ca 40 )

ff x
 U _yT cs mQf mtfhnuh : xnu btgiy, xnu
j KGikahdJ, mGj bfhl rk gUkDs thf
zfglJ MF. Mdh rkms vif cs _yTWfis
m~J va jkhf Uf ntoa bgUF.
mtaiy. v.fh. C 12H22O 11 Rnuh
mtfhnuh gaf
ff x
 U jk mQfis kbwhU
jk mQfshf khW 1. t
 hf mQfL viz
jkkhf Kiw khw Ko. fzl cjwJ.

ff x
 U jk iwia, mj 2. t
 hnrkf _yTW
Mwyhf khw Ko. J E = mc2 thghil fzl cjwJ.
vw IO rkghogo 3. _
 yTW iwF, M mlF
mikjjhF. cs bjhlig cUthFwJ.
J E = Mw m = iw 4.
 l btg mGj iy(STP)
c = xntf vgjhF. th nkhyh gUkid fzl
cjwJ. STP th nkhyh
10.2 mtfhnuh fj bfhif
nta

gUk k = 22.4 l (myJ)

th gUkDF, _yTWf 22400 f.br.
vifF cs bjhlig mtfhnuh 5. n
 fr ia bjthf
tUjh. sFwJ.

166
 mQfS _yTWfS

va thf mQfL viz th x _yTW iw =

flj th myJ M xU _yTW iw
mQfL v: xU jk xU
xU iAu# mQ iw
_yT cs mQf vif
mJnt, mjk mQfL v M ml: M ml vgJ khwh
MF. btgiy kW khwh mGj,
mtfhnuh _y, thf Fl gUkDs X M myJ
gUkUJ _yTWf th iwF, mjF rk gUkDs
vif, _yTWf iAu# iwF cs jkhF.
vif UJ thf
gUkid fzlyh. M ml =
xU fdgUkDs M myJ th iw
v.fh. N2 + O2 2 NO
xU fdgUkDs iAu# iw
ieu# + M# ie Mi[L
(xU gUk) ( xU gUk) ( U gUk) mtfhnuh FgLJnghJ
nkfl rkgho, mtfhnuh
M ml =
ia gagLa wF,
xU _yTW M myJ th iw
N2 + O2 2 NO
xU _yTW iAu# _yT iw
(xU _yTW) (xU _yTW ) (U _yTWf)

UJ, 2 _yTW ie iAu# <uQ _yTW Mjyh

Mi[o, 2 ieu# mQfS, 2
M# mQfS Ugij mayh.
j 2 ieu# mQfS, 2 M#
mQfS 1 _yTW ieu#UJ
1 _yTW M#UJ
tJsikia czu Ko. Mifah
ieu#, M# Matiw <uQ
_yTWf vnwh.
UJ ieu#id N2 vW
M#id O2 vW vGjyh. j,
mnthbfnuh _y th
jkf mQfL viz
fzl Ko.
xU th M mlF x
mnlh mtfhnuh vD jha
_yTW iwF cs bjhl
Ph (1766-1856) th
myF-10

x _yTW iw: x _yTW iw gUkDF, Jff vifF

vgJ th myJ M cs xU
cs bjhlig tUjt.
_yT iwF, xU iAu#
mQ iwF cs j MF.

167
 M ml = nkY mJ bfhnth
xU _yTW M myJ th iw
nkhyh gUk: STP xU nkh
2 x 1 iAu# mQ iw ththdJ milJ bfhS gUknd
nkhyh gUk vdgL. j k
2x M ml = 22.4 l.
xU _yTW M myJ th iw 22.4 l gUk cs vj xU
th 6.023x1023 _yTWfis
1 iAu# mQ iw
bgUF.
2 x M ml = M myJ th
10.3.1 mQ
x _yTW iw
(myJ) xU jk mogilahd Jf
mQ vdgL. J jnjh myJ
2 x M ml = x _yTW iw
nrnjh fhzgL. iAu#, M#,
10.3 mQfS _yTWfS ieu# Mat mQf jJ
gUbghUf flikig Ugiy. Mdh He, Ne, Ar Kjyhdit
zF f Ea Jff jJ UF.
mQfS _yTWfS MF.
vyh jkfS mQfsh
nkY mJ bfhnth Mdit.

uh nkhyh gUkid fzl 10.3.2 _yTW

uh nkhyh gUk = xU jk myJ nrk f va

mik myF _yTW MF.
uh nkhyh iw xW myJ mjF nkgl mQf
th ml STP fhzgL. xU jk _yTW mYs
jkf gfis bgUF.
M# uh nkhyh gUk =
xU nrk _yTW mYs gfis
M# uh nkhyh iw bgUfhJ.
M# th ml STP xU _yTW jJ F
= 32 / 1.429 = 22.4 l jikilaJ. J izfgl mQ
bjhFghF. mnj rka mQ vgJ
~ uh nkhyh gUk = 22.4 l izwhj JfshF.
STP
STP - l btg mGj iy
nfr _yTW
xj btgiy kW
mGj thf xnwhblhW
nta

idnghJ idgL bghU

gUkD, idis bghU gUkD
va jij bgUF.

gl. 10.2. _yTW

168
 mQfS _yTWfS

cf MF mQfL viz fhQ

fl _yTWf cs rkgho _y tUfyh.
mQfis mt vifia _yTW iw
mQfL v =
Muhf. mQ iw

 ) ieu#
m M) xU
) mnkhah <) fjf my _yT
mQfL
cs v.fh.
v
mQf
10.3.3 mQF _yTWF cs vif
ntWghL
XuQ a,
_yTW 1 ah,
mQ _yTW cnyhff
1 ntid
<LgL xU xU jk myJ <uQ iAu#
jk xU nrk _yTW (H2), Fnsh
fa Jf f a Jf 2 (Cl2),
mQthF. _yTwhF. M# (O2)

_tQ Xnrh ( O3)

2 mQ vgJ 3
_yTW vgJ _yTW
izwh
izw Jf
Jf
gy mQ ghgu ( P4),
3 mQ vgJ >3 rg ( S8)
_yTW _yTW
jnjh,
nrnjh jJ
2. ntW mQ _yTW
fhzgL. fhzgL.
E j wid nrhJghf
_yTWf tiff
m. Fnsh mQiw 35.5 mj
_yTWfis, xj mQ _yTW _yTW iw 71 v mQfL
ntW mQ _yTW vd Utifahf v vd?
fyh.
M. Xnrh mQiw 16, _yTW
1. xj mQ _yTW iw 48 v mj mQfL v
_yTW xnu jk vd?
mQfsh MdJ. bgUghyhd
th jkf tifia _yTWf btntW
nrjd. rhwhf, iAu# th jkf mQf fhzgL.
uL iAu# mQf csd. tiw _yTWf UF mQ
M# th, uL M# vifia bghWJ <uQ _yTW.
mQf csd. _yT UF _tQ _yTW myJ gy
myF-10

mQf vifia bghWJ mQ _yTW vd fyh.

XuQ _yTW, <uQ _yTW, , mnkhah, nj nghwit
_tQ _yTW vd gytifahf ntwQ _yTWfSF vLJ
fyh. fhLfshF.

169
 10.4. x mQ iw 10.5. x _yTW iw
10. 4. 1 . x mQiw (iAu# tiuaiw (iAu# msnfhgo )
msnfhgo) x _yTW iw =
xU jk myJ nrk _yTW iw
xU jk x mQ iw vgJ
mjk X mQ iwF, xU xU iAu# mQ iw
iAu# mQ iwF cs jkhF.
xU jk myJ xU nrk x
xU jk x mQ iw =
_yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
jk X mQ iw xU nrk cs xU _yT
xU iAu# mQ iw iwF xU iAu# mQ
iwFKs jkhF.
10.4.2 tiuaiw (fhg C-12 msnfhgo) x _yTW iw (fhg msnfhgo)
xU jk x mQ iw = xU jk x _yTW iw =
jk X mQ iw xU jk myJ nrk _yTW iw

1/12 ghf fhg C-12 mQ iw 1/12 ghf fhg C-12 X mQ iw

xU jk x mQiw vgJ xU jk myJ xU nrk x

mjk X mQ iwF _yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
fhg 12 mQ 1/12 ghf iwF xU nrk cs xU _yT
cs jkhF. iwF 1/12 ghf fhg-12 mQ
iwF cs jkhF.
xU jk x mQ iw vgJ
j vgjh mjF myF iy. x _yTW iw vgJ j
xU jk mQ iw uh vw vgjh mjF myF iy. bfhLfgl
myfh FLnghJ mJ uh mQ bghU _yTW iwia uh vw
iw vdgL. myfh FLnghJ, mJ uh _yTW
iw vdgL.
iAu# uh mQ iw = 1 uh
xU nrk myJ jk xU
fhg uh mQ iw = 12 uh
_yT cs bkhj mQf mQ
ieu# uh mQ iw = 14 uh iwf TLbjhifna mnrk
myJ jk _yTW iwahF.
M# uh mQ iw = 16 uh
fzL wid nrhfyhkh?
nrhoa uh mQ iw = 23 uh
uh _yTW iwia fla
mQiwahdJ mQiw myfh
(m..m myJ amu) FfgLwJ. :- H2O = 2(H) + 1(0)
= (2x1+1x16) uh
X mQ iw myF vgJ fhg X
nta

mQ iw 1/12 ghf MF. uh _yTW iw= 18 uh

170
 mQfS _yTWfS

CO2 th uh _yTW iwia myJ mafis bfhl bghU

fla msthF. bghU xU uh _yTW
iwna xU nkh vdgL.
(CO2) = 1(C) + 2 (0)
mtfhnuh v: xU nkh bghUYs
= (1x12 + 2 x16) uh
mQf myJ _yTWf myJ
CO2- uh _yTW iw maf tiw FF vizna
= 12 + 32 = 44uh mtfhnuh v vnwh.
10.6. nkh fUJ j k 6.023 X 1023
xU ntid <LgL mQf vdnt xU nkh mss vj xU
vifia Fl nkh fUJ bghUY mtfhnuh vif
mKfgLjglJ. xU nkh vgJ cs Jff mlsd. Jff
nta Kiwgo fzoF gagL vgJ mQfisnah _yTWfisnah,
myF MF. mafisnah FgjhF.
NA = 6.023X 1023
v.fh. xU nkh M# mQf
NA = mtfhnuh v = 1 nkh vgJ 6.023 X 1023 M# mQfis
FF. 5 nkh M# mQf
180uh M
vgJ 5 X 6.023 X 1023 M# mQfis
FF.
18 uh
nkhf vifia fzl,
fhQ rkghLfis gagLjyh.
342 uh Rnuh nkhf vif =
bghU iw

mQ iw
nkhf vif =
bghU iw
58.5 Nacl 201 uh bkF
_yTW iw
254 uh nkhf vif =
mnaho mQf vif
55.9 uh U
6.023 x 1023
gl. 10.3. nkh btntW gkhzf nkhf vif =
10.6.1. nkh tiuaiw _yTWf vif

fhg-12 Inrhnlh 12 iw 6.023 x 1023

fhzgL mQf vifF
myF-10

rkkhd ms Mjhu Jffis cf ftdF: nkh vw

bfhLs bghU iwna nkh brhiy gagLJnghJ, mj
vdgL. Jff tifia rahf FLj
xU nkh vgJ mtfhnuh vif ntL.
6.023 X 1023 ms mQf, _yTWf

171
 10.6.2. nkh fzL bjhlghf: 360 FSnfh cs
_yTWf vif
1. ntbghU iw bfhLfgL nghJ
ia fzLf.
nkhf vif =
3. _yTWf vif
iw iw
(m) bfhLfglh jk iwia
mQ iw _yTW iw fzLtJ vgo?

m. nkhf vifia fzL. iw =

1) 81 uh mYa, 2) 4.6 nrhoa, uh _yTW iw x _yTWf vif
3) 5.1 NH3, 4) 90 H2O, 5) 2 NaOH 6.023 x 1023
bghU iw
nkhf vif = m. 18.069 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl SO2
mQ iw iwia fzLf.
= 81/27 = 3 nkh mYa :-
bjhlghf: v
 s dhfSF SO2 uh _yTW iw = 64
nkhfis fzLf.
64 x 18.069 x 1023
M. 0.5 nkh U iwia fzLf SO2 iw = = 192uh
6.023 x 1023
:-
M. 2
 x1024 _yTWfis bfhl
 k iw = mQ iw x
j
FSnfh iwia fzLf
nkhf vif
FSnfh uh nkhyh iw = 180 uh
= 55.9 x 0.5 = 27.95
bjhlghf : 2.5 nkh M# iwia 180 x 2 x 1024
FSnfh iw = = 597.7
fzLf. 6.023 x 1023
iw =mQ iw x nkhf vif bjhlghf : 12.046 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl
2. iw bfhLfglh _yTW CaO iw fzLf.
vifia fzL Kiw 4. bfhLfgl _yTWf
_yTW vif = vifia bfhL xU bghU
nkhf vifia fzLf.
mtfhnuh v x bghU iw
 .0115 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl xU
m. 3
uh _yTW iw
bghU nkhf vifia
m. 11 CO2- cs _yTWf fzLf.
vifia fzLf.
nkhf vif
:- _yTWf vif
CO2 uh _yTW iw = 44 =
6.023 x 1023
nta

_yTW vif = 3.0115 x 1023

=
6.023 x 1023 x 11
6.023 x 1023
44 = 0.5 nkh
= 1.51 x 1023 _yTW

172
 mQfS _yTWfS

M. 12.046 x 1022 mQf bfhl jhu cs nkhf vifia fzLf.

nkhf vif
mQf vif
=
mtfhnuh v
12.046 x 1022
=
6.023 x 1023

= 0.2 nkh
bjhlghf : 24.092 x 10 _yTWf bfhl nkhf vifia fzLf.
22

162.4 FeCl3

200.6 Hg 159.6 CuSO4

12 C 27 Al
1
nkh

56 Fe
32 S

58.5 NaCl

gl 10.4. nkh btntW gkhzf

kL - kh dhf
- m

1. Gs vLJfhLfUJ Inrhnlh, Inrhghfis milahs fhf.

Ar 40, 17Cl 35,
18
Ca 40 , 17Cl 37
20

2. ieu# _yTW iw 28. mj mQ iw 14. ieu# mQfL viz

fhf.
3. M# uh _yTW iw 32. mj ml 1.429/ M# uh nkhyh
gUkid flf.
4. Cl vgJ Fnsh mQit, Cl2 vgJ Fnsh _yTiw Fgit v
mQfSF, _yTWfSF cs ntWghLfis mltizgLJf.
myF-10

5. iAu# uh mQiw 1 uh. M# uh mQiw 16 uh v,

uh _yTW iwia fzLf.
6. xU nkh mss vj ntbghUS 6.023 x 1023 Jffis bgUF
3.0115 x 1023 Jff bfhl CO2 nkhf vifia fzLf.

173
 7. ________ xj uh vifia bgWsd.
m) Inrhghf M) Inrhnlhf ) Inrhnlhf <) iw v
8. mQfL v mogil tifgLJf
m) Fnsh M) ah ) ghgu <) Xnrh
9. tU TWf jtiw flJ UJf.
m) S.T.P xU th nkhyh gUk 22.4 br 3
M) 2 x x _yTW iw = M ml
) X mQ jj iy fhzgLtJ iy
<) _yTYs mQf j KGikahdJ myJ vikahdJ myJ
zf ayhJ
c) ) H2O X xj mQ _yTW.
10. tU xbthF xU brh gLf .
m) 6.023 x 10 23 _yTWf M) S.T.P 22.4 l gUkDs th
) xU fhg 12 mQ 1/12 ghf iw <) x _yTW iw rgh
c) _yTW iw / mQ iw
- M
1. X mQit ga bjthd sfij mf Toa ed mQ bfhifahdJ
miy bfhif, iyyh nfhghL, jnghija fLof Matiw
bfhL cUthdjhF. t _y ed mQbfhif nfhghLfis tf.
2. mtfhnuh go _yTW iwF M mlF cs bjhlig tUf.
3. tUtdtF nkhf vifia fzl.
m) 12.046 x 1023 mQfis bfhl jhu M) 27.95 U
) 1.51 x 1023 _yTWfis bfhl CO2
4. bfhLfgl jufUJ tUtdt uh _yTW iwia fzLf.
m) H2O M) CO2 ) NaOH <) NO2 c) H2SO4
jk FpL mQ v mQ iw
iAu# H 1 1
fhg C 6 12
M# O 8 16
nta

ieu# N 7 14
nrhoa Na 11 23
fjf S 16 32

174
 mQfS _yTWfS

5. tU mltizia uf.
jk mQ iw _yTW iw mQfL v
Fnsh 35.5 71
Xnrh 48 3
rg 32 8
6. 0.18 uh iws xU J cs _yTWf vifia fzLf
7. bfhLfgl tufUJ nfhol lfis uf.
 ha Mi[o thghL CaO. fha mQiw 40, M# mQiw
f
16 kW fhg mQiw 12.
m) xU nkh Ca ( ______) kW xU nkh M# mQ ( ______) izJ ______
nkh CaO ( ______ ) jUwJ.
M) xU nkh Ca ( _____) xU nkh C ( ______) kW 3 nkhf M# mQ
( ______) izJ xU nkh CaCO3 ( ______ ) cUthwJ.
8. tUtdtiw uh TWf.
m) 5 nkhf M) 2 nkhf mnkhah ) 2 nkhf FSnfh.
-

1. mnkhah, iAu# FnshiuL thl idJ btw ththd

mnkha Fnshiuil jUwJ.
 zho F A- cs NH3 gUk fzho F B- cs HCl- gUkid
f
ngh _W klF csJ.
bfhss = 67.2 l

bfhss = 22.4 l

1 nkh
NH3 th HCl th
A B

m) fzho F A- cs mnkhah nkh vif ahJ?

myF-10

M) milghid wjl cUthF NH4Cl- iwia uh fzLf.

( mQ iw N= 14 , H =1 , Cl = 35.5 )
) id iww vUF th vJ ?
<) idfhd ntrkghil vGJf.

175
 2. ienuh r btokUjhf gagLwJ. btoj idfhd rkghL
4C3H5(NO3)3 12 CO2 + 10 H2O + 6 N2 + O2
( l ) ( g ) ( l ) ( g ) ( g)
( mQ iw C= 12 , H =1 , N = 14, O = 16 )
m) rkgho tUtd nkhf vif ahJ ?
1) ienuh r 2) cUthd th _yTWf.
M) xU nkh ienuh r UJ ilF th nkhf vif ahJ?
) xU nkh ienuh r iw ahJ ?
3. nrhoa igfhgndil btggLJnghJ, tUkhW ijtilwJ.
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
m) rkgho vjid nkhf nrhoa igfhgnd csJ?
M ) rkgho gagLjgL nrhoa igfhgndo iw ahJ ?
) rkgho vjid nkhf fhg ilMi[L csJ?
4. 40 uh fha 56 uh fha Mi[oUJ bjLfgLwJ ?
( mQ iw Ca = 40, O = 16 )
m) 56 uh fha Miro cs M# iw ahJ ?
M) Ys M# mQf nkh vifia fzLf.
) 40 uh fhaYs fha mQf nkh vif ahJ?
<) 1000 uh fha MiroUJ ilF fha iwia fzLf.
5. tUtdiw uh my TWf.
m) 1 nkh Fnsh _yTW, Cl2 M) 4 nkhf Xnrh _yTWf, O3
) 2 nkhf rg _yTWf, S8 <) 2 nkhf ieu# _yTWf, N2
6. tU mQf nkh vifia fzLf.
m) 2 ieu# M) 23 nrhoa
) 40 fha <) 1.4 a
c) 32 rg

nkY ma

f: 1
 . Physical Chemistry by : Puri & Sharma - Vishal Publishing Co, Punjab.
nta

2. Inorganic Chemistry : P.L. Soni - S.Chand publication, New Delhi.

3. Complete Chemistry(IGCSE) - Oxford University press, New York
izajs: www.chem4kids.com/tag/atomsandmolecules

176