Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

CHEMISTRY GRADE 11, MS ALDRIDGE

Types of Chemical Reactions

Experimental Report compiled by Upekkha Pham

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

Aim To demonstrate and distinguish the basic types of chemical reactions and infer probable products from the observations. Safety Precautions SAFETY GOGGLES MUST BE WORN AT ALL TIMES DURING EXPERIMENT HANDS MUST BE WASHED AT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT Hazard Risk Precaution
When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames.

Contact with other material may Lead Nitrate, Sodium Hydroxide cause fire. Fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Very Corrosive Copper(II) Carbonate Harmful

May cause irritation to skin and eyes When handling, take great care and Harmful if digested use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames. Highly flammable When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames. When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Minimize exposure. Keep away from naked flames. When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames. Do not empty into sink. When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames. When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Report spills to teacher immediately. Keep away from naked flames. Do not empty into sink. When handling, take great care and use appropriate instruments. Check glassware for any cracks or dents before use. If breakage occurs, report to teacher immediately.

Sodium Bromide - Incompatible Prolonged exposure may lead to with strong acids, alkali metals, bromide rashes halogens

Hydrochloric Acid - Very corrosive., toxic, Dangerous for environment

May cause severe burns. May cause serious permanent eye damage. Very harmful by ingestion. Harmful by skin contact or by inhalation of dust. May cause burns May irritate skin, eyes and respiratory system .

Calcium Hydroxide Corrosive

Silver Nitrate Harmful, Long-term exposure can cause Dangerous for the permanent blue-grey staining of environment, Oxidizing, eyes, mouth, throat and skin Corrosive Glassware Cuts to skin, or other bodily harm

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

Materials Spatula Test Tube Rack Standard Test Tubes (6) Test tube fitted with gas delivery tube Test tube/Beaker tongs Bunsen Burner Dropper already fitted with bottles containing chemicals.

Chemicals Required Universal Indicator Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Silver Nitrate Solution (AgNO3) Sodium Bromide Solution (NaBr) Copper Sulphate Solution (CuSO4) Lead Nitrate Solution (Pb(NO3)2) Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH) Calcium Hydroxide (Lime water) Solution (Ca(OH)2) Copper Carbonate Powder (CuCO3) Zinc Strips (Zn) Copper Strips (Cu) Magnesium Strip (Mg)

Method PART A: DECOMPOSITION REACTION 1. Small amount of CuCO3 placed in test tube fit with gas delivery tube and stopper. 2. 2-3 squirts of Ca(OH)2 placed into a new test tube. End of gas delivery tube placed into test tube containing Calcium Hydroxide solution. 3. Bunsen Burner prepared. Ca(OH)2 test tube carefully waved over blue flame of Bunsen Burner. 4. After short period of time OBSERVATIONS RECORDED. PART B: SYNTHESIS REACTION 5. Strip of magnesium placed in blue Bunsen flame. 6. OBSERVATIONS RECORDED.

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

PART C: SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION 7. Three new test tubes filled with approximately 3 squirts of CuSO4, Pb(NO3)2 and AgNO3 solutions respectively. 8. Zinc strip placed into test tubes containing CuS04 and Pb(NO3)2. 9. Copper strip placed into test tube containing AgNO3. 10. During a period of 5-10 minutes OBSERVATIONS RECORDED. PART D: DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT/PRECIPITATION REACTIONS 11. 12. 2-3 mL of AgNO3 and NaBr solution placed into same test tube. OBSERVATIONS RECORDED.

PART E: NEUTRALISATION REACTION 13. 2-3 squirts of HCl solution placed into new test tube. Followed by approximately five drops of Universal Indicator. OBSERVATIONS RECORDED. 14. NaOH solution added to test tube gradually until colour change became visible. 15. OBSERVATIONS RECORDED.

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

Discussion & Analysis

In this experiment, various chemicals were used to demonstrate basic types of chemical reactions. There are five major classes in chemical reactions. These include; a synthesis reaction, this is when two or more substances are combined to form a single product. In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into two or more substances. Single displacement reactions involve one element taking the place of another in a compound, as for a Double Displacement reaction, the positive and negative portions of compound interchange. Lastly, a Neutralisation reaction occurs in which an acid and a base interact, with the formation of a salt. Chemical reactions involve a change from reactant substances to product substances whereby the product substances will have physical and chemical properties different from those of the reactant. In order to be classified as a chemical reaction, they must involve a detectable change. Part A of this experiment, involved a Decomposition reaction. Reactions such as this, generally occur when the temperature is raised. As the Copper Carbonate powder was placed over the flame, with time, it began to gradually blacken from its initial turquoise coloured state. During the process, the production of a gas became evident as the solution in the connected test tube began to bubble, by which the product was Copper Oxide (CuO) and carbon dioxide in its gaseous state. When carbon dioxide is bubbled through the lime water solution, it converts the hydroxide to the carbonate CaCO3, which is sparingly soluble. The cloudiness apparent is caused by the suspended CaCO3. This separate reaction correlates to the chemical equation: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ---> CaCO3 + H2O. The general equation for a Decomposition reaction goes by:

AB A + B
During the Synthesis reaction (Part B), a strip of magnesium was placed into the blue flame through which began to glow orange at first, until reaching a point where a magnificent bright, white light was radiated. The light emitted is due to the chemical reaction taking place, where magnesium reacts with the oxygen in the air. The white-gray powder which gets left by the burnt magnesium is magnesium oxide or MgO. This oxide produces a base when mixed with water. To elaborate, when a metal reacts with oxygen, heat is generated and the metal is concerted to the metal oxide. Combustion is another term for this form of reaction. The general equation for a Synthesis reaction is:

A + B AB
Single Displacement reactions or slightly more complicated then Synthesis reactions. This is because a metal can replace a metal and/or a non-metal can replace a non-metal. In Part C, Test tube 1, a Zinc strip was placed in Copper Sulfate solution. During this process, the copper solution, originally blue due to the Cu2+ ions present, began to fade and became lighter. This is because Zinc is higher in the reactivity series, therefore it wants to be 'charged', which then results in Zn2+ ion (which does not have a characteristic colour), and an uncharged copper metal. Black crystals and a precipitate (copper metal) also began to form on the zinc strip and in the solution, where by bubbles also became evident, and very light fizzing occurred. The reaction was also quite exothermic, thus it gave off a fair amount of heat. When zinc was emerged in Lead Nitrate solution (TEST TUBE 2), black crystals and small bubbles were present on the zinc strip. Because zinc is more a more reactive metal then lead, the zinc, in solution, will displace the lead therefore the product is lead and zinc nitrate. During Part C, of Test Tube 3 ,

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

as the reaction progressed the AgNO3 solution slowly changed from clear to clear blue, this colour change took a few minutes to become noticeable. Through time, there was evidence of silver precipitating out of solution by the formation of silver metal on the copper strip. The colour change to a grey/blue became evident as is due to the copper (II) ions dissociating in the solution, the solution will become more blue in colour as more silver ions are removed from the silver nitrate solution and replaced by the copper (II) ions to form Copper (II) nitrate. On the Activity Series of Metals, copper is above silver, thus copper will replace silver in the silver nitrate solution. This is why silver forms a precipitate and why a new solution of copper nitrate forms. Part C experiments were all examples of a Single Displacement reaction, the general formula is:

A + BC AC +B
Double Displacement reactions, or otherwise known as Metathesis, occurred during the procedure of combining Sodium Bromide with Silver Nitrate and Copper Sulfate with Sodium Hydroxide. When a colourless solution of Sodium Hydroxide was added to a clear blue solution of Copper Sulfate, a blue precipitate of copper hydroxide formed, by which the precipitate appeared cloudy, but defined from the surrounding solution (CuSO4). As for when Sodium Bromide was combined with Silver Nitrate, the two solutions blended together and formed a milky white, opaque mixture. Precipitation reactions occur when clear solutions of two ionic substances are mixed, they react to produce a finely divided solid. The 'driving force' behind a precipitation reaction is the formation of an insoluble substance. Precipitation occurs if one type of positive ion present, can combine with one type of negative ion present, therefore forming an insoluble substance. The general formula being:

AB + CD AD + CB
Neutralisation reactions, similar to double displacement reactions, occur when the reactants are a base and an acid, whereby the products are salt and water. The positively charged hydrogen ion (H+) in the acid, and the negative charge of hydroxyl ions/oxide ions of the base, lose their electrical charge, thus becoming a covalent molecule of water. To elaborate, the product of this reaction is generally, an ionic salt and water. During PART E of the experiment, Universal Indicator was added to HCl solution, turning the originally clear solution, into a translucent red colour. The Universal Indicator tells us the pH of the solution. By adding a few drops of NaOH gradually, the solution then goes from red green then to purple. Thus the more drops of NaOH added, the more basic the solution will become. Although, it took a fair 19 drops of NaOH to transform the solution to purple, it only took one drop of HCl to reproduce the red colour. From a pH indicator, it can be inferred that when the solution was green (pH 7), was when the product of water was present (also having an approximate pH of 7). From the equation, HCl(aq)+NaO(aq)NaCl(aq)+H2O(l), it portrays that after a reaction has occured, salt and water will be the final products. Because solubility of salt in water is extremely high, it is hard to detect whereabouts the salt is present. The general formula of a Neautralisation reaction is:

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER

Upekkha Pham Chemistry Grade 11, Ms Aldridge

To conclude, various chemical reactions were demonstrated, and were successfully distinguished by using the rules and properties of the product.