50 bIEa,NEE

~EA1l0 EAN1NIKHL EYNEMIO,A9HNA-KPHTH,

EIlHAAIOAOrlKHiE ETAlPEIAL, TQMQE XXI, 1293-1994 7-1111 111994 "ANAOTY~H, BZEAI2H KAI OEPIBAAAON

EOHAAION

'"

01 t,KOPIEl: KAI H METAAAOyprlA TOY XAAKOY KATA THN APXAIOTHTA

A1CO 'fllV

'\

A.. IIATIA:ETAMATAKH
llEPIAH'I'H l:'tfiV nsPl'YPClCPtl KU\ ~v nposA.t;t)Q1I 'tCOV OKmpuiiv" 0P\OllSVO)V nSplOXcI>V, e-eov EU ..a:6\KO, lCUplme;, xcI>pO, ",--Qcpsps'tQ\ 11 nQPo60Q SPYQOlQ. UhQl'tspme; QVQcpep~'ta\ 11 , 0111lUOl(l 'tQW oKmpubv, dQV P~o O'tO\XSlO QnOKaA.U1'11e; 't11C; QA.Q\o'tEXVOA.OylQC;on!: n IIE'tQA.A.oupyiQ rou XQA.KOU. H x'ftJ1\~1), Il\KPOX11JUKtl KQ\ OPUK'tOA.O,Y\Ktl.le.A.&'t11'tOOV I (J1COOP\cI>V ouv6oooJ'0 lIE 't11 IlS'tQA.AOUf?Y\Ktl 'tODe; 1lEA£'"1 ('fP\yoov\~a lhQ'YpallllQ'tQ os cpaosoov, 8SPIl, ,KpcJo,lQpsuo'tO'"l"f.Qe; 'tOOV o ~\cI>V, K . ,Q.) OUVSPQA.QV O't1)V SI;Q,1-OO'Y1)1 'tOOV OUlln£PQOllli-tmv ClU'nle; 't1)e; £P'YQ01QC;. QpaU.tWx, n nsp\'Ypacpov'tQ\ QPXQ1Q Ile'lQA.A.dQ XQA.KOU, me; KU\ 8eCJ£\e; onou 11 nupol'e'tQU.ot>py\Ktl KQ'f£PYQa\Q XQA.KOUXOU lle'tQAAeUIlQ'fOC; Exe\ Qno6e\x8£i. ABSTRACT

The present paper is dealing with the descsiption and the origin of slags; in certain places, in Greece. Specially, the importance of the slags, as' a fundamental "tool" helping to reveal palaeotechn_ology of copper metallurgy, is explained. Chemical, microchemical and mineralogical study of the slags, in combination with their metallurgical examination (quaternary phase diagrams, slag liq,uidus temperature etc.) contributed to th~ conclusions of this work. Besides, ancient copper mines are described as well as places, where, evidently, copper smelting has taken place.
To asllQ Il0U QVQcpipe'tQ\ o'ne; l:Kooplee; KQ\ 't1) Me'tQA.A.oUP'Y1Q -eou XQA.KOU, KQ'ta 'tTiV APXQ\o't1)'fQ. 0\ OKmplee; KQ\ 11I'£'fQA.A.OUpylQ Qno'f£A.OUV Ilia QAuo\6oo'ftl "leOTi, QCPOU 0\ OKmpl£e; npoepxOV'fQ\ Qno 'f11 IlS'fQA.AOt>pylQ, 611A..Qno 'f11V 6\Q nupoe; KQ'fep'Yuo,iQ evoe; Ile'fQA.A.eUIlQ'fOC;. . KQ'{a 'f1J,V 6\Q 7tUp6e;K~'tep'YQa\Q ev6c; Il£'tQA.A.£UIlQ'fOe;,tl QnA.o60uPQ, KQ'fa 'f1JV 'ftl.I;1J 'tOU Ile't(lA.A.6UIlQ'tOe; !1&0t1 t'l'tnV KaillVO, nou OKono eX£1 't1)V £l;Q'YO>'Yll 'tau KUpIOU Ile'fQA.A.IKOU O'folXdou, nou n£pISX£'fQ\ O'fO Il£'faA.A.£UIlQ QU'fO, 6TJIl\oUl)'YoUV'fQ\ 6uol npOIOV'tQ: Q) eo Ile'fQA.A.IKO np010V nou QnOUUl 'f11j&1>'fUA.A\Kt} paon l!1.Q\ c ll) ola 'fQ A.Ol'l~aUA.IKa nQU ,ouv06£60U\I ~o Il£'fUA.A.eUIlQ KQI 'fe'f11YIlSVQ onmc; e\vQ\, Q11iOUA.OUV 't1JCPU011 'fOOV OKmp\cI>V. l:KOOP1Q, no!1&vm<;;,elVQ\ bQ 6lal.uIlQ 11iOU e OX'1JlCn\~e'fQ' I'SOQ O'f1JVKalllVO KQ'tcj ~TJV 'tijli1J 'fOU Il£'fQA.~6"Q'f0e;, O£ 8epIlOKPQO\ee; XQPQK'f11PIO'f1 SC; 'fOU £160uc; 'toU K I'e'tQA.A.£ul'Q'fOe;. Msoa O'fTl~all\Vo, 11 (JKoopiQ A.o'YOO 'fOU J'\KPOUPOU £\6IKOU pcipoue;. &nU~Atel nuVOl o'to A.OU'fPO'fOU lIE'faU.ou, nou elVQl llQPuupo. Baoel 'f11e;6\Qqlopac; 'fOU £16lKOU llapouc;, lhQxoopl~e'fQ\ 11IIE'fQ.A.A.lKtlcpao'l1Q·n6 'f1J1 pao,! 'fOOV c qKOOjincl>v(l).

* **

Copper Slags and Copper Metallurgy, in Antiquity. A.Papastamataki, 38, Constantinoupoleos StlT.,Nea SWirni, 171 21.
AND ENVIRONMENT"

5th rNTCONGRESS,

BULLETIN DE LA SOCltrE SPELEOLOGlQUE DE GRECE, V XXI, 1993-1994 A11-1ENES-CRETE, 7-1 I/lllJ 994 "CAVE DEVELOPMENT, EVOLlJJ10N

371

AlIl;"UJ1a'ta ouyysV1i J1Sn~ aKCDplsC; J1nopOUV 9sCDp1l90uv01 mattes Kal 'ta speiss. va Ta lha;"uJ1a'ta aU'ta oX'lJ1a'til;ov'tal Ka'ta 't'lV nupoJ1S'ta;";"0upY1Kl1 Kanpyaoia 6S10UXmvJ1S'ta;";"su"a'tmv, onmc; 6a avacpsp6si Kal Ka'tm'tspm, (1). 01 Apxaiol naps;..a"JiClVQV 't'1 ll8,ta~"'ncl1 cpao'l syKa'ta;"sinov'tac; 't11 aKCDpia o't'l 6&0'1 't'le; KaJ1lv&iae;. 01 aKCDpisC;napSJ1Svav nav'ta O't'l 980'1 't'le; KaJ11Vsiac;, 610'tl 'I "s'tacpopa 'tou~ l1'tav aOKOn'l Kal 6anaV'lPl1(2, 3). H unapli'l aKCDpu~V,Sn0J18Vme;, n06s1KvUSl on o't'l etO'l nou jJpiaKOv'tal s;"ajJs XcOpa a Kanola J1s'ta;";"oup'Y\Kl1spyaoia (3). Ava;..oycoe; J1S 't'l J1sya;..'1 11 "lKPl1 nooo't'l'ta rcu "s'ta;";"su"a'to~ nou sixs SKKaJ11VSu6si, 01 oKcopise; aX'lJ1anl;av acopoue;, 11 "lKP8~ nooo't'l'tse; nou &J1svav fnaanap'tse; O't'l 0'tSV1itl Kal 't'lV supu'tsP'l nSplOXl1't'le; Ka"lvsiae;. 01 aKcopise; nou unapXouv as no;..)..te; 9&OSl~ O't'lV E;..;..a6a, £ivai 'to "ova611co 'tsXVO;"0YlKOcs'tolxsio nou uncipxs\ cs""spa euv J1ap'tupia, csav an06s1lil1', Yla 'ttC; "s'ta;";"QPP'Y1KSC; 6pao't'lPuh'l'tse; nou s)..ajJexv XcOpa O't'lV E;..;..a6a, Ka'ta rnv apxa lo'tl1'ta. Ynapxouv 61acpopcov ,s16oovCJKcopisc;, va_;"oymc; rcu si60ue; 'tou"s'ta;";"suJ1a'toe; ana a 'to onoio nposPxonUl. 01 CJ1(copisC;nou npO&PXOV'fCIlano 'ttl, "s'ta;";"oupy~a 0~s16co"8VOU J1sta;";"Eu,,,a'to~, onmc; n.x. 0l;s16m"8vou l1S'ta;";"su"cl'tOC; xa;"KOU, nSpl&XOUVolisil)la nupl'tiou, 016"pou, agJiso'fiou, apYl;..iou Kal a;";"a 6sU'tspsUov'ta 0~!;i6\a. 0\ csKO>pis~ nou npospxov'ta\ ana 't'l J1s'ta;";"oupyia 9S10UxCOV I1St!lA.;"su"a'tcov Xa;"KOU, nsp18XoUV 9S106xse; SVIDOSle;.A'I;". 'to nsplsx6"svo o-ro J.ls'ta;";"su"a 6sio aX'I"a'til;sl "saa cs't'l KaJ11VO sva SV61aJ1S00 61a;"u"a 9s10Uxmv J1S-rU;";"lKOOV svoocsscov, nou Ka;"Sl'tal matte. Eival YVCOO't&e; mattes eou xa;"Kou Kal 'tou VlKS;..iou. H 01 Ka"lvsia 9S10UXCOV J1s'ta;";,,suJ1a'tcov analt6i llhai'tsP'I 'tSxvo;"oyia, ;..oym 'tQ)V'tOlilKOOV 9SloUxmv Kal 9SlC06c1>v asplmv, 'ta otnoia SK;"UoV'tal Ka'ta 't'lV KaJ1lvsla. Eno,,&vQl~, 6sv sival ajJaal,,'I 11 ano",'1 on 'I J1s'ta;";,,oupY1KtlKa'tSP'Yaaia 9S10uxmv l~s'ta;";,,suJ1a'tmv sival 1n9avo'ta'ta, 1to;"U VSID'tEP'I, "scsa CS't'lV apxalo't'l'ta, Ils'ta;").oupY\K" 8paO't'lPlo-r'l'ta. 'Oecv 'to ~s'ta)';"sulla 1tSP1£X~1 aposVlKo "al;i J1S'to ai6'1Po, 'to'ts, Il&oa o'tl1V Kaillvo oX11J1a'til;ov'tal sl6lKSe; J1s'ta;";"lKsc; SVc.OOS,le; 1tOUovollal;ov'tal speiss, (AsFe) "al £Xouv "sya;..o s161KOjJapoc;, 1tspi1toU 5 yplK.SK. Ta speiss 01t~ Ka,l 'ta dross sival 61a;"Upa'tQ ava;"oya 1tpOe; Ita mattes.Ql E;";"'IVlKS~ OKCDpisC; tpoepXov'ta\ ana SKKaJ1ivsoo'l 1 0~s\8coptvmv xa;"KouxcoV, Kupimc;, pS'ta;";"su"a'tmv. " I:s 1t0\£~ 1tSP\OXE~ ~pioKoV'ta\ 0\ OKcopis~cs't'1VE;..).a6a; I:Kmpise; SXOUV sV't01tla9si as 1to;..;..ee; 9tOSle; a'tov 'I1tS1PQ)'tlKO Kal V'IalQ)'tlKO E;"A.a61KOXOOpo. no 'tle; 1tSplaao'tSpsc; nsploXsC; EXSl "(iVSl 6s1ypa't0;"'1l1'ia OKCOPlOOV A Kal 'ta 6siYJ1a'ta exouv unojJ;"'I9si as X'lJ1l1C11. tOQAUl\CJ~OV, slie'tao'l. 01 "sya;"6'tsps~ 1tOoo't'lUe; OKmpl(Q,VSXOUVsV'tonn09si O'tl~ aKo;"ou9se; 9tOS1~, O'tl~ onoise; Kal au"nspaivs'tal O'tl f).ajJs XIDpa00jJaptll1s'ta).;"oUPY1Ktl6pao't'lPl<h'l'ta. (3): llayyaio: Msya;..sc,:, nooo't'l'tse; aposvlK0UxCOV aKmplolV O't'lV nsplo'X.", N1K"alaV'Ie;. E600, avaJ1saa CS'tlG, csKcopise;anav'touv lisiYJ1a'ta speiss. 0\ Ils'ta).;"0upY1K£e; sP'Yucsise; apxloav nplV, iaco<;'. a1to 't'lV S1tOXl1 rou ~l;"i1tnou Kal ouvSXiO't'lKUV ptxP\ Kal 'tOY 150 m., J1.X.(3). AKO,,'1.,os no;..;..se; a;";"se; nsploxte; rcu llayyaiou, onm~ AsuKa61u, Au;"it, rlaVVaK'I Bpuo'l, Ba;"'tou6a, Aocpo~ I:lVa, AV'tlcpiA.lnnOl, roupvse;, Movit Ava;..tlll'sme; o-env llpID't'l I:sppc.iiv Kal a;";"ou, onou 01 aKmpise; l1'tav aql60vs~, a;..;..a O'tle; etOSle; aU'tse; ).\yocs'tsuouv sn\Kiv6uva ;"oYO)'t'le; xpTi;aTl~ 'to~ anD 'toue; v'tonlOUe; Ka'toiKou~ as Ka'taoKsut~ aypo'tl,1(OOV 6po"cov. To n;..it90~ 'tCOV aKO>p\OOV O't'lV nSplOXtl eou llaY'Yaiou oqlsi).s'ta\ cs'to yvmo'to anD 't'1V apxalo't'l'ta, n;"oualo OPUK'tO 'toU 1t;"ou'to. ,AYY10'tpO:MS'Ya;..s~ nooo't'l'ts~ OKcoplolV. 1tia'le; es Kapa;"a, 9acso, ~91oo't16a, Eupola, E Aaplooa, Atcspo, I:ap09paK'I, I:&PlqlO, I:iqlvo, Ku9vo, Kta, KPl1't'l, Xa;"KllilKl1, lls;"o1tovv'Iao, cpoolKa AaUp\o Kal a;";"ou, onou aocpa;..ooe;lisv &XOUV aKOP'l sV'tonlcs9sl.

372

nUpU'"IP1\91\KS 01\ 01\~ nsplQX&~ 7l0UI UVUIp&P91\KUV,1\ 9&011 1T1~ 11~'fUU,Ol>py\1(llC; KunpyuoiuC; 1l1UV KOV1U 0'f1\ 9to1\ s~opul;1\C; 'fOU XUA.KOUxOUI1s'fui~e,ul1u'toC;, onou U7l1\PXBKUI mty1\ noml'ou vspou UA.A.UKUI ~uA.siu, ylU, KU6ml'1\ UA.'I. H I'S'fUlPopU TOU npoc; SKKUl1ivsua1\ I'S'fUA.A.SUl'U'fOC; 'f'1l 9ton 'f'\C; KUI'lVSiuC; snpsns va siVUI S15"'OA.1\1 0 KUI 'fuxsia. AA.A.u KUI TI n'ly1\ vspou enpsns vu siVUI KOV'fU YIU 'nc; UVUYKSC; TOU uv9pcMnvou l)uVClI1IKOU UA.A.UKUI YIU TIC; UVU'YKSC;TOU SI'nA.OUTl0I10U (nA.UOIl'o) TOU I1STUA.A.sul1u:roc; Kill T'Ie; I'STUA.A.Ol>pYIK1\C; TOUKUTSPyuoiue;. H ~STUlpOPUT1\C;!;uA.siuC; OS OXSTIKU I'IKptC; unO(J'TUo~ac;Bsv tlTUV Bunuv'IP1\, (3,,4). xub;oC; sivul '{Q nu)..ulo'fSPO XP1J011'0~tTUA.l.O OTO uv9pronlYo ysvoC;. Av KUI 11 XPtlO'1 TOU XPu(Jou I1nopsi vu &l81 -npo1\Y1\9s1 T1\C;XPtlOTlC;'fOU XUA.KO~ es OPIOl'SVS~ nsploxie;, sivul uni9uvo 0 xpuaoc; VU SXSI XP'I01110nol'1gei YIU TTIV KU'fUaK8U1\ sPYQA.siCl)v KI;l10nA.CI)v. H napuYCI)Yll TOU xpuaou Bsv sixs sniSpuaTlI OTTIV nd,UIOT8XVOA.oyia. AA.A.a, onCl)e;ypaIP81 0 Forbes (5), 11-r8XV11, 8n8~8ptyuoiae; TOU Xpuoou j}01\9T1ds UPYOT8p(l OT'I 118TUA.)..oUPyiu.flavTme;, 'I nupuYCl)ytl TOU XU"'KOU Qt)VlaTu 'fOV nuA.ulo'fU'fO' KA.aBo T'Ie; TiXV1\C; ~1\C; I'S'fu"'A.ol>pyiue;, nou elA.A.U~8 'rTlV 0"" eou Av9pronlVou rSVQUe;, a'fTl NSOA.19IK1\ Enox1\. A1KUiCl)e;! 0 Childe (5) nspl8ypu,,8 TTl I18TUA.A.ol>pyiu TOU XUA.KOU me; -eo nA.so,v aU'YKA.OVla'fIKO QA.I1U aTTlIV IO,Topiu 'fOU Av9pronlvou rtvoue;. H uVUKaA.U,," KUI TI XPtloTl TOU I1sTdA-A.oU as KUTuaKsuse;, npooBlopi~sl T11IV UPXtl 'f11e;aTopiu~ Svoe; OTlI'UV'f\KOU nOA.\'floI10U, TOU nOA.1TIOl'OU TTlC; l EnoXtlC; TTle;XUA.1.COKPUT1UC;. I10T~ KUI nou 0110><0 'fon09usiTUI XpoVO,)..oYIKa TI UPXtl' TTle; JjSTUA.A.OUP'YiuC;, aTouc; npOla'fOp\KOQl; xpovoue;, as axta'l Jjs TTIVS~SA.l~'1TTle;T&XvoA.o'Yiue;; OPlal1&VQI !J8"'ST11TSC; BSXOVTUI euv K&VTPO I1sTaA.A.oupyia:c; TOU XUA.KOU TTl M1Kpel, Aaiu, uno TTIV 7'1, XIA.ISTTlPiBu (6). H JjSTUU,OUP'YIKtl TSXV'1 811q1uvit;STUI O'TTI, Msaono'fulliu KU\ 'fllV nUA.alaTivTI, nspi TO 3500 n.X. Eivul YVCI)O'fll 'I nspilpTlJj'1 KclJjIVOe; TTlC;Tim.lla a'fO vono Negev, nou Ton09sTsiTU\ OTO TSA.OC;, spinou, 'fTle; 4T1,e; n X1A.ISTTlPiBue;,aTTI XUA.KOA.19IK1\EnoXtl, (7). ET'I1v iBlu snOXtl Ton09sTe.i 0 Pleiner T'I1V uvulPopa 'fOU aTU a1111UnIKel JjsTUA.A.siu XUA.KOU aTa Ba:A.K«VlU (6~. AA.A.u, UV'flKsiJjsvu nou s:xouv KU'fUaKSUua9si ano I1S'fUA.A.OI:lPYIKoXU"'KO ~pi9!'l.KUV OTTIV 7tSPloX1\ Yahya TOt) Ip«v KUI txouv u7toB09s\ OTO 3800, 7t.X., 7t8pinou. Tu UVnK8\JjsvU uUTa I17tOPOUV 9sCDp1l,90uveuv 't8KI11\PIO K(ll piiasl UU'fOU vu un0809sf '1 UPXtl Tl1e; vu I1STUA.A.Ol>p'YiuC; TOUXI1A.K9U, O'f'1V 4'1 XIA.IST'1piBu, aTa Ipav., (8). H I1STUA.A.oupyiu TOU XUA.KOUI1S'tUlPsp911KsU7to TO Ipdv OTIC; YS1'tOVIKte; Xci)pse; 't11e;, Msa'1C; Avu'toA.1\e;, 07tme; KUI OTTIV AiyunTO KUI O'tlW Kunpo. ~P'YOT&PU, 118TUlptp9'1IK8 OT11 BUTlK1\ Eupro7tl1 KUI a'f'l1v Aoiu. nolu UPYOTSPU, OTOUe; Io'topucouc; Xpovouc;, SI1CPUvit;8TUlOTl1V AI1SPIK1\, xmpie; vu UnOKA.e£S'tUI, o"me;, 11XPtlaTl uUToqluo6e; XUA-KOU, 7tPlY U7tO 'to "s'tUA.A.OUP'YIKO XUA.KO, os o).se; 'nc; Xropsc; 7tOU uVUCPSp911KUV.l:uv 7tUPelliSlY"U UVUqll~pSTU\ 011 OTTIV Ai'YU7t'to unapxouv SUp1\"UTU, XelA.KIVU Koo"ft"U'tU KUI I1\Kpa sPyuA.siu nou txouv KU'tUOKSuuo9sl U7tOUU'toq,u1\ XUA.KOKUI SXOUVunoo09si 0T'1 XPOVIKll 7tspioBo 5000-4000 n.X. (8). H 't1\~TI rou uU'tocpuo6c; XUA.KOUtl,'tuv 0X8TIKQ S6KQA.11, .oyCI)Ttte; Ku9upOT'l'tUC; 'tOU, A xmpie; TTIV uva'YKTI 'tTle; 7tposP'YuoiuC; TOU Ku9UP101106. 01 SIA7tSlpiiC; U7tO TTIV 't1\~'1 TOU uUTolpuo6c; XUA.KOU, UA.A.QKUI U7tO T'lV 'tixVl1T'le; KSPUI1S\Kt\e;, 7tOU sixs 7tpoTl'YTl9si" oBtl'Y1\auv a'touc; UVOIK'tOUe; opit;ovuc; 'tTle; nupol1s'tUA.A.Ol>pY1Ktle; KU'tSP'Yuoiue; TOU XUA.KOUXOU I1STUA.A.SUI1UTOC;. 0 Gowland (9) un09STS\ O~I TIl npc!>'tTl Ttl~'1 I1STUA.A.OuPYIKou XUA.KOUI'nopEi VU 8'Y1V8as UVOiKTO xoipo. AKOA.ou9T1aS '1i KUTaaKSUtl KU' XPtlOTl TTle;XUI1T1A.tle; KUl1ivol), 67tme; s",siV'l 'tTle; Timna aTTI XuA.KOA.,9u<:tl E7t0Xtl. l1iXP' vu sn'Tsux9si TlKUTUdKsutl TTle;CPPsuTroBouC; KUI'ivou I1E cpuaspuKul onte; s~oliou TCOV I1STUA.A.ouP'Y\Krov 7tPO,OVTCI)V. T'1v S7tOXtl SKEivTI TI XPtlOTl TOU XUA.KOUS7tSKTEivSTUI OE KUTUOKSuie; KU' elA.A.COV UVTIKSIl1ivCI)v, SKTOC; no TU KOOI11JI1UTU. u

373

1rQ,ii p$1iaUoDp'irlac;. 'tllliv Xgl.~~leIKfj U1' X~1IJCOKpa'(iac;.Kti,f' oO-ttlV 'it[.... S'fCl XP'¥1\ lCa~ 'f,(Di\i KPm"ui~m", ~Q:U' iG~,,"t<~6.-'u oRCa ,6~<liiJi¥, ~1'l'f1(1)J&tV~ IIO~VilliCic;, tlit.~rree;. h.r" "(IV :Prult:for! (5). 'VMla '~oW KllIlrii~1!' Opll!ll'~ UmlPX£ no!,"6 1I:plY11Z1~ ~o~O n.X. hu; p.:I!,u11oliJ,Y.,co K.iV'r'o ~Olll illflcncO'fIUV C1'~ i'lmlrol~vW ~, ·\l"o~,Eo~{o~. !iB~ 'UI<V(J'lO'j.!:el!.6,'Rlnl. 1:1 '16';""', ,r-mli pE'fa1!,~Urpyiae; 'fet) P:l<,,~:G Q\~efll\K& 'a,~1I' 'CI~JYUl'\!'Q~O~!1

Ml; "n~ s~,"'~I!'Ie (I:~~, jElIl'OJ'~j 1I11ili&6JJfl'i!f;tt, 1:1&no~

E:~¥a ,l'i:Q'!liXV ~o 2HO ",:X. '1 p-HllQ~yla 1;,OU x,obou ,e:ix,s 1qiIM\''tlledPiI; ~~1!:Gl~1lP"alr;;OIJjI f1C14lillQ'fC~IQ:U. () Zbilll :s:.&Qdal~g iavacpeps\ ,8," :&nu·~litd l!J.vu1«>iwnro lilri ~g; Xlilii.x~ p,E, Kaam'fSpo. 1O(DV ~,v 'ta\!l il!Nu Q;l. 1I:.X. B{,val,Eva ~-spi(!TlQ ophymV1;o-&~~O (lp.JII,l&'L9~iK6 CJiK£!'~{t i'!',uu a,r!!18'lKS OS,'I1,Ite_n, ,"\e; llI.~q~(;, ~Q:1I1 lI!g';}J. 'iB'I\I,S. ~Q~ :8", 1!t~ ~~,~.O~ U9, Ill- EhrQ.\ ~C,' ~61i'ef.o p~Oi~'J1\~n!'ol!!.~gil1&1j!D hI) qe;! Jp&9£i pelWl ~pn es i_~Q ~Q1V dGJio. (1:0),. To ~m y~6'lIipciPLa 'llrfiG;Y 'f!l)U 'z,c4l«li6 ,I" 'ilO'l Kuooil;;epo ~K~'!i p& '~\G£v\KO. 1'(; ~£'Vld'lIhijm:v,6uI'~l!i ~av m!0'ra'!n~6 TOI) p11!"~~I0~ Pi£~lZ~e6j.La'toe;, (8). 'I'll) '~!Jl 1I'<I~ 'XOl«!<U jill!; '1tO~~_tri~IlPO U'r&'~e\ KpcnQp!'D:Po 't\, iI'~6v'f,t~, ,oxl o~fi'xu11COC;.1I:OU ,&iva'l ItfflPiUl, Jlm1.Kclll p.B .8_~!JiI1IO. I() :,~ula.r>l"upoC;. 16103',,\'1; l6mco~1\,C; IJ!BQ,"~l~£~e; "!JDU. 'tl,'~ ''II'\i'COO'toC; 'Ql'tcl W :2ia law. '!!:.X. t a ~o~fiu~l1:!~~ liliY,Dll "fill' '!i!O'~IIlJ!tclQ'fa'tn1 ,ilIP"IClcia. l!Io11oi dvul C\ M<pi'O,\M;£C; 1iIGi) ill:'" E~di~CJli'\!, • .4£¥ d'VIU 'fOU ~apO'V'fOe; 1\ 1t£p ..1'iI'Iltp~ 'toue;. lhltl!; p;!!Im'k'~,;m~a,e;\!'t",~ d""~ll~ , IIJ!1p~.ahr..H lCa'fCl111\1tt e&p~oKPuoia as ries. fip~n'f~~ ,a~ !IllI"',\!B~ap:.s iii!!: '(l'\v KI!I.'1r6l~1:I11l,qOO'faaq, 'tooll&'fa11&UpU'foe;. , &%8\ ~a !!:!!!I~~l\hspa ~~o1'2I.tGPla:.' "tUl '"I,Y 1!i1ltl'!:':!ii l.el'foupyia. 'f1\C; '~Qil'i:~\). Eival .~\O K:!l!:!I!,lv.t1;iu.'g, Bhr,gl, ~1C6

E~dft;TtJ. 1I'€C!1<O ~,p~K'!Il~ 01 ILIiWi~llc p.'I!:~UP'oc;

~lHa'lJG:lt "e Elu@p1\Iliai

.WlI~
on

E'it,~~c;,. Z111l1 !'hoahug, (10) ~'~,g,pm ona'f:q'tl'

41~ 'Jlal1Co~ illS-V

~aatit'~o~~snv

e'~

ifJIlUj.La0I10U1 Y~"{c;\!l61!;;: :B_I'I~~~I 'l

!leG\ ~& >!j)ud::lpa.

&Pl1olCpaaiac;

:liUV(I)

a1l:0 1000 °C

IJ.lS~~loKupJ~ ..uva )

~LO-~'~~.l'Q~

ill ~€J.\i1i1 't\1l~ ~'BIX\lio~o"fi~c; OUV6SS'f1l1 al'eaa I'e rnv npoanu9sla ~&1'ficoollc; q~ PWilB,*(I;.'We; ~ou9-u \)no'l.T~f)i as 1I:upoJ'E'OO1,).onpV"Kij Ka'f&p .. ,~aia. lh'''oo,.:l!;!,~; 'i~jioli\it; E;A:i!t:~~IiC!lIIiQU T,D~ J!,s'fa.l.1EuJ&a'foc; Kal 1t;PDd'Ih1!lCll U'fa7l.,1.'IAou 0'\I'il.lt~6o~ul·~~C;.''-~)a\K:i. a\);1:o Itum'~fil\!J' S!eng OAA.'lC;0Iu11ac;. Ho~1l ~wI,l6l1iUl<,.fiII ",pe'Yl'ia.'f1KQ'';1Il'fa GcTillV E2li,.168cl" K~'fci qv apxalO'f'l1rra. Qaov I!II,Pop6 tI'fCV ,o;p~1«6 :fi~lhD ~a:~,CQ~ ~'fiQ;~J\oot~\KSC;~P'llacril~C;; IOB,,ji&O'fO!;, t:x:tt ypl\i;W,M '"~. '!t1Jiv6J1~.q ~b!;I:(I,tJ' '"ell 1Ji,.,u,IOUO''fO Ih~'~YOiio.glU IKl~~ Gnt.4,eo. ·AJi,lo,ld.eaO\K(lii~«,,£If\1;,'2lUl1vt'l~~id 'Ino :l!Puoo ~r.8pa1li:1IJ,~ 1«11,\ 'HI~ !~"~1). Mij~~~ 'iii Ol"";op,l1ri\ rou 'lI\l.'i,,,,,,,o~, as ~~II1J piG. llQ~, 'll~Il(JD~ AQ,pS\KQk "'t~ttl_p.E~ ;15:£:\1 Mtijli:c&slillt& CJ~il noJl..U'lli111a~1~-.aj~1« TIlt MilmevilWll;; 0 "Oll'lPO!;', DVIi!,,~!~a, I~:n~ XiilHi .YI'fJl\~JU IC€U xp~~l ~Ia. lZB m~oru.; '"t~ [l.u.i8~gvQ).&Th ,~\ti ''Ii'O cr!E5f;1flo ",(1' 11'0XWliD;B'llh~\! ~lIP'!Il"fw'ttl 'if,oliJ O:rl'(li~1i! om Aa~lg.-i.XO~ gmlSI!.~,8~'~DYO~! j.mll':lnl1>€e;, (lll). kTOJl~dr;: 11.u.~h:~ U1Ia,~OI)~ iKen, 1IllZ 'l\liil. ,"!PDI8i6i,Bl;'Ir,l!' ~P''jl• .o'D Q~oAQ.~~J!). () UIS'I-''nJ0lmc; u~1P1k & Kov-o,I1¥QIi, (12.). a:va~&p6P:l'ii"iO€ ClT'I:I'1!I'~,'@'II'q .-r6t1ou '0'''0' .Ai!lU(JlID~ .!B~il~l;s*'"I¥

'~CJ:q

ng'f'l1

1ffi.1'I. 1l!l~X~ ~lC'lJa,

ID~,

'IN~,tpi8tlm

GT11 ~laJilli~., iltlJ.'!iI.ba: ~~Ui:6, TIl'll! IDppl0,",'t1L Itw;

'fl~ i&£~~V lCU'fIDl,nllllllrmlJ',d

lt10 ",,,nl;al~ ~: U.
iKe:f~w,

iZ~

&Q. 61'fI1 ,"111 m;l1il pp~na~ uuW!ilrfY1fQ!'j, liE flIIli! ~"i('g'l1''fI Ji~~o:ii • .,6 (1,\ ,~b.; aU'!\6~ '6~Vf,ll Il:t:\1!'o6x~. B~lh'K'6uf!!a. ,J.!ii:Mni."~ q .~~.OJ. ii. 'nl'; Glilll&R&li;, m'1'J:~ OlfOilG: B;x:ou.v ~mml!i~ ~ 1i~1;6: "oll~6.'iC'IOTOV 'lIw~G lCGI:"KG'l'J,x,I!i:~ aK!:Qp~ .. as OA,ld ~-Ml1"'Q !)lC p.e"t'lIJl.j~'t£f'111 ad

't~iu~,~

ml!D6Plifi~~ ,6~

,.-a~

e.ll\~""TOK~t1~, ~ci.~ri.1CT,I(Js1'O'~ Ilf;pal!~ Ml>;OI¥' dp~",; l\ia:'1IP~K1i~. ,U~i,- O~ &i;iYa,va!pipl!~It q _"~.,..,,q 1t:UtCo,6 Cft1:ll\l' B~""k.Kas~
O!:mts.;, Q
a:-qv l1I).Wa

""0 ,1tOO' \iI'.X 'Mu.,,-ax.,allDv' ow 60,"~1KQ\,H .•

~1'-.£a ~m!!l'll(

'~OI(!'Y ~a,l.1!lo6,:~~, CMO¥I~c; Q!JI'& P!:.£~ '''IPOQ:''''.'''''l1C:B. .1I!'HpouaCa. Tall!' a~~dI,v hl~~' qO(OiU~a:J!:I!' I~ p£-m:lla~l'~ :6plucri;8" omo~ore(i;

374

10ilUlIlll

I'Q!..

ChMiP1Q.a6cf:BPs-c;

a:..o

~!Ij.

~~c;

~~~

'P\cnc~~c",.

J6pa~a,~QiIl1

flI'; 1Isl.Dill!fiiIlC. Ad, 'UI ~)4t'Q .,.m\f!ll1l!~UlBfI\!1 'Ii~ ",~e{::t9ftn ,6<n,~Ji~s:X~!l)l!f p:~a:U4.m:G~1(6 (4, 13). F! n~~(1 P;s,'faU,I':OU' Xglo1(Q1oi IJ;I" rI:I'H1, p,d~,a 'limr\!!'~~,,~ g\\Hitd .. { a!'llqiI"~OII,qiff:l'fq '1I~~,q 6,g~Jiou¥ nKo, ~pe"la:1.lol!lp"!&DiI!liIl"~1a.nm. ~!l,",1I!oilQU j,M~aJ..~~IIl'\'l100i;. 1111 't1i1ti' '1lI,,~~W'tl 1:oU,
KIl4!IlI~~iO~'

m,.,~y(~

~'~iJ'"
1IIOB

,s;"o~ftJl!Qm~' 'M M- v6011: TlO!!! Q~IlI1'imI' ,~~4'V:, To ~p'Dl'Bvi~ l'Ieii"~QIIm 1I\~~V uIpoll¥.p~.~;
61'lMf;l.a~.i6'llC8 i~'!VOl.\ Xa1K'O~~TI1.~Q Ktlm

jIl,llLll'J€ou.

TIO

'Xa:"O'~!l p:I,1lIilU~~1iI. '~61 'rI'~8~i

aM

';01n~'

~1'a:)'M_

XaJ.lCO'U

(!IOWl~ 'ttl,,; q ~"'ia:Ull1lopi~ cli'lllo1.UU!le{H, pq~III"'Uti HoU P;S'T~rp,n~~,epJU~ :fnlplio.p.i!lt~1!I!lQ;¥J1ta~ C,divql ~~~~a~ 01 Xg""~6~ ~&, '~1TIIv ~1>1j,&0JJ!i-'1II'II 11I000""lIlmv *~M'mv "m~ o:Mo& K'1iIp~ ~ POM'" "rmV (r.WPIlR!Qa):y 'mU au.1!Q;I,v! ~hlU ~CIi).Q.1iTq "1iI,'I.1I0";0 ).lyOl!:~i mil 'lI<1;;cupi'UI. H !!l'!l,aj;1Il1'tIIJ,Gi'JJ,""ff1.... !lnI.l'mv ~o4i! l~ltlioqo~Ii&"'!llklip,a~~~ Ill'~ ~'tlla.s Cii'mlfj" aW1C~l'q'II 0"11111, CIl'll_'" 1!1!!;\. ,6h UR'f~iV! CR1!jlil' '{"!II. n8p~iOX,ti. A\kI ~~~ eB~~e'1!l'(I,V dqla"I1C~!!pSl\:, I!I1QI IIIPf01'lP«lP'Ij,9q1it!!!,y. JH blv.o~~q ~mY 11m, 'i,!!(i'lt~i\I dpxUf.I~. (~!l1Ila:1 ,,~ ~'il(l:"1.sb1!:~g. ,tilb'll!IlJI:aUd t~(Ii,,6~x.& "IlO 'Ol.,o,vop,nc~ )..Q,yQ~. E8"R,P.'~ll VII ~v(#i~ei: 'OIfL 't,I !BC'~ qt8j1lr.UV1'J,""~'li. .!'f!Jiai~ 01"'1 ''''!iI~&lqaa" {;'P\!~:pB d~~g '"'011' Tllm16'l~1J 11:. 4. A·W¥pf~~ lCQIU"!I:O'U1I111l!il."AEOU !N~)!:!4::A.sl;m"'. ~iB., OplPmw~ 1iC'1l'!. 1;IJ1\1;Uc, Mi:14,""~~iIlC:1I! 0'Am .. H C1iiUV,SP"Ii!lIi,ftlil. ~¥(Il 1lt~lIPai'T1K1ll rIfI'ftJll!'aPJij.10P'fP1Klil .'P~U::YD,. ')[14 ,",V ill1!U,,," o,,"o>v ~~~ ~~,¥ 1Il~~ SUiPI!&I&d.'Ilmv"'[lIQ1iS C'L '~.lQ~Cn "6'\1'Q1" <l>uuall 'iC~XV!i,'Koi P.Ul/i pQlII'oltljal1C"n,a~

xal1!lj,n'i:x~ a:&!5'!lI'O~iUl~

:!IlJi;o;il.8llCllill,i;.

Q11"

H n!if:¢"I~:\itam\ ftoe ,a-a J,JU;bI:Cf~" :E1i(lj ':U" '!Ji.Jllonb,!;G'. (lit

'''1'0 ~,tb"nvo G
~~~,{q .Pll'
'1i~O!;) .. Ta

'1I:l.~1II1iMtlp.~'~lqp~'II'vc&o~wv Km a,l&u,:pi~. n:~~1'N6 1Ca~1!!rtbn:o'rs. H ·liIlPdm1I a:~O: 6~ O1iIii&'tI'lft'ilC&;: G'fOil;;; :iltl p.:Ii~oc; 1191p., 6~ U'O

Qn~i)",.

"

'0:,11:0 !1i!.11~

",p:~~ ["(Ii~ lilfu.m't,m "iGeJ o~oUi. .~oVl1m;t; ;uWvu!: t""':.Q.f:UG.f'f1ll,~, 'l!:!:.l' ~VtdiU6'qp,a 6,"ltP~" g;ilO' plll,~: Q~, ~l\6iU1'lIl,l(!iL 1!:olld':r::~'" lIJ~t'nl~lI IElCEtll',Q 'to ~,"t t1Ut1jl anCl{~~,'El1'Q'wl; :I1r~Ir;VdiU1'l(kHa~~Q.&.tu ~l P,GM ytll!WlfO" ,gl!.,Ullm liS,mdlo~ 'HI il&,a~lIlJ!W; 'o''KclCiU!9oL''I1'g,v 'il:1DL ,l$&ri ,&"o:GG:,Ag: 'X~ ~i; 6~,k'1'~IO~, ·!!"Q~fhIlt~ ,,"Op&llUC;. n£pu ,a;g ~, q80va SP&1~~f1Ki I!.YKo"cmQ, 1m~ou\l,tpiu; ~p.~ViIII«ri mtli8~~I!l(il II!w'K~,dl.~;p;iy~.HlIllll.'1Ill.lS6uVGfII 'i'q; CI}'lrO~~II\ r.~iV IB'if!ll!lpm~v flIliO''''~6( 'I!:I~
~"L~6.Y.(;te~

~~ro p..

am~Ul

ft~.

'U."~"&~~i'l:OInl'

'n!;

,g;,'IiIt':'P!'1J1;

P,\!l!iCO

~1&1a'VI!Iir;;.

A!fO!lT,~i'm~ MO'

,1Il1.'U, 'lI,",,""<;' '11m" lC:Gl..~V'l)

il,'Sj,t ••
~ a'tTlI

~....q

"'!>pi_". He;(c:oaot;; '"l~ '!nIoa~ll,i'lllcn

~~H""M1,A1t~\.ft\9i11k&

n6v@) (UIO,

xapq~q 'f.oe la. 1~)ill1 ~dHa p'~Pa:" 11~,'~6

C~1toyi~{l]CIq

da~iI;ai,~" 1lii!lii1t1le9ai

'f1D',,","Wll'd;~tllJYl!imv
''CD _c'
1

•• um .EIi

P:'l},1Iio,; ''tG,v p'!l'll'lIIaTOO:¥"m,~

Ell"

-m, Xg;).KO'IiI'Qp£~11! j:LlIS '11:0 .:n5V"!IJ:P~T'!I.

';;SPI; -'f'q

cp~fimv.

;i~~ViIl!iCl;·gKa1!.

'~,v

'OPD~.

apu,ptvm ~~
~il:Kpd:

'1Ia;~o6:xo~'mUo,,~iQ,
,1Ii'nq~ qc;
Mlln

",(ra, "tol,)

'lHII~a!ilV

Ui56~o~_x,gll.u&ill!JV-

all.. Ol!1G! Il[IIIi&qpg~Q)1V

At,m.,aP''I1!!.1~6.MtPlllh
EqJOP~l(( .Apxifl;l~tl!J(V. ~.~

._~
A(lJJ&fa.

IPfl'l!l1m~" 'l1iOQ!(l'itlill a1:H.R!If:Q;U:8qIlilIll.Y

GTIl 14q

D: Ishtilp1l ,g~O' 'X.61P·fuKQ;, ll,.6 Po, Uw~ ~ 'WI; 2,.,1 Ii!> Kill n"i1'G\; u.~;O t ~ :3 11-, Ta; r WlJ.tvOj;!JI,H'fOiJ u'JC:tI)'VIJQ!'ou IIlgl ftK. P1VJ'illIh~'!1; ~y ;!I(I,'qIUlpaT:m.¥ ~1i!I1 n04 a\lTilj,

GI~rd;!OI!I",P' x:a_.eOpIl'tO ~iV(l""~ p\l ~"Iilh,. "f,(!l!Ia."a I!I.n'~1L. lil~9a'Vo VIIl. XPtlai,.l!)f; 'ria IlEll!(lpO .~ ,CIlII'll i:~,ol« lIQI.) ll(oPOOil'OJ,le'YOII)' m,T.lI.1a&lIa.m~ l:.1ta ~cxc6:p,g~~ ~.r: ,n~, w!;""~I)V !1!,6u--e~i; ~ ,;l<d!;u;.x"" I!:(U lu.~IMOvil:il:Tl.HinI'~"j\ml .!HOa, l.i!'t'WOp"A ~OT£P(jl, Ii!.M TIll' ~~ ,q sI!mW~1'm~111,Q1I·6,,~ U,'l!rQi5Ii!J;LW\IIIJel 'Ii ~y6:;''Il1 G;tlloli~ 'E:nt~~\ '11 ,(ll1RIlwLa:CG1l:piK{IIY.EK'~ 'f,(Q'Y ~Q\1 G,.oli\l'eV1imG\UJ~qV !Cal i!i11Qi Ih~~qm&:lV'l'l!i. 1W'i!:g;1.~Uft;",a Bp'il'a. ~~ 1m", Ui~Ilf'lia. IilInt'" {lha: ~\~ As" 19a: 'oy,q~p.9(1vpl\ 'cJ1111l. ,~pya 'lJUt" JI..''fOU ~o"'lgpJi,VQIII~1!I'CIlI napi,l&{lI$t; pMa1.1G'Uj;lYlQtj ~1:Ii~~B.X'OU\if .1lilll" ,;!ipm. dHJ" ~Gl!kqlt1!1 ,g;1!'o, A:J)ltd:Vil ~OiJ.m'il:~,6QJ~

riYCl~,M"U

'",oyg:,

t~

E~

ami

~n \)1I~oe\'

epe'I)VqTLllli mwY,i&.&.

~Y

OfOfq

'njr;

(13) Kal CS'nl v11csoKia (15). 01 ~s'tal.A.oup'YldC; sp,,(acsisc;, 0'nlIV Hsl.ao~ia Kal O'fO ApXUVl, PUCJSl'fOlVapxalol.0'Y1KolV SUP1ULU'tOlV, 'ton068't06V~I1\ XPOVol.O'Y1KU O'fOV40 Ol<; 0 al. n.X. Ynupxouv sv6si~lC; o~mc; 3 CJ<tl1Vsl.acsyia &KaVaVnalm'YCll'Y"X«l.K06 U Kal Ka'fU 'fOV 110 m, n.X.Ta apxalol.o'YlKd O''tolxsia 'fl1S K8«<;, 'fon06s't06v 'tl1V napa'YOl'Y'] 'fOU Xal.K06 CJ'fa IO<toplKa XpOVla, al.l.a CJs OP1CJ~SV&C; n8plO;(SC; Kal CS'fa npoIO'fOP\Ka,.

on

BIBAIOI'PA~IA 1 - MoUaoul.oC; A.: E~a'YOl'Y\K,] S'fal.l.oupyia M To~oC; 1, 19,75 A9"va 2 - nanuo'fa~a'tuKl1, A. H Msl.£'tl1 'tOlVApxalOlv l:Kmp'~olvKa\ 11l:Ul'Pol.1l 'toue; e-env anoKu1u.11 't'llC;na1alO'fSocvol.oylac; CJ't'llMs'tal.l.oUP'Yla. 't6~0C; o'tTJ Jlvt1~TJ 'fOU~a6'1l'Y'Il't06 L nanao'tQ~a'tiou, IrME 1984, A61]vlI 3 - Uanacs'ta~«'tuKll, A. 0 OpUK'fOC;llo6'toC; Ka1 0\ l:Kcopisc; CJn}VApxaia El.l.u6a, l E8IrME, 1975, AEh\vp: 4 - nanaO'falla'tuKll, A., A1ULl1'tP{OU.: Uapu'YOl"t1\Xal.KoU CS'01V A Ilsl.acsyia Ka'tu "'IlIV APXalo'fl1'ta, llAA 62 ("1987), . 5 - Forbes R. J. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol!. IX, Oxford 1.965 6 - Pleiner R., Bia1ekova D., The Beginnin~ of Metallurgy on the Tenitory of Czechoslovakia, Institute of Archaeology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, 1982 7 - Rothenberg B., Tylecote R.F., Boydell P. J : Arcbeometallurgy lAMS, MQQograph Nol 21 1975 8 - MoUaoul.oC; A.: H MS'fal.l.ouP'Yla rou Xa1Kou "a'fu 'toU<;,npO\0'fop\K06<; XpOVOUC;. ' l:sll\VapIO ApxalOIlS,'fpi~, ]rME, 1985 A9"va A 9 - Gowland W., J. Institute MetallUrgy 1912,7,23, - 49 10- Zhu Shoukang: Early Bronze in China. General Research Institute of NonFerrous Metals, Beijing, Pea pIe 's Republic of China 1985 11 -Kovo.u'YoC; K., nana&1UL'Il'tpiou r., H Texvl1',] 't'll.c; llapa'YOl'Y']<; l:d>,]pou Kal Xul.upo<; ano 'tou<; AP'XalQuc; 'iBl.111vsC;O'f'llV An",,] Ka'tu 'fl1V Kl.gO(J1Ktl nsplo&o, llAA 1981, Aa"va 12 - Kovo.u'Yoc; K., To Apxaio AQUplO,EK&O'f\K" EA.l.u&oC;, 980, A6"va 1 13 - llanao'fa~a'fUK'1 A., Asolv'1.<;K. etaL APX(1loi&s'tal.1oup"f\KSC;I:KmpisC; Ka\ K.ujI\vo\ T"~l1<; CS'fO APXUVl ~9\Cwn&a<;. A' NO'tlosupOlna\KO Luvi6p\o Apxa\o~s'tpiac;, Asl.cpol, 1984 14 - Uanao'fa~a'tuKl1 A., A'IlJl'l'fplOU A., Opcpavoc; B.. : Apxaia MS'fa1l.~U'tlKu'Ep'Ya O't'llVnSp\OX" nsl.aoyiac; ~Ih~d)ac; , nAA 63, 1988, A9"va 15- Uanao'fal'a'fUKl1 A., MS'fal.l.ouP'Y,"!dc; Apao'nlp\o'f'll'fSC; CJ'f'1V Ksa. AIS9v6C; l:uvi&p\o cs'tTJV Ksa n Ics'topia-Apxalol.oyia Kiae; - K69voun, 1994

376