-

9
G G G G
+ = +

G G G
G G

( + ) + = + ( + )

G G

+0 =
G

+ ( ) = 0

G
G
G
G G
G
9 : + +

9
G
G G
G G
G G
G
= 0 = 0
=0
( + ) = +
G
G
G
G
G
( ) = ( )
( ) = ( ) = ( )
G
G
G
G
G
G G
( + ) = +
= 0 , =
G
G
G G
= 0 , =
9 JJJ

G JJJG JJJG
=

9

JJJG JJJG
JJJJG +
=
2

y +y
x1 + x2
y = 1 2
2
2
( x2 , y2 ) : x = x2 x1 y = y2 y1 .

9 ( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) : x =
9 ( x1 , y1 )
G
G
9 : = ( x, y ) , | |= x 2 + y 2

9 : ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) ( ) = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
G
y
9 = ( x, y ) : =
x
G
G
9
G
G
G G G
G
=| | | | , .
G G
G G
G G
= 0 = 0 , = 0
9
G
G
G G G G
2 =| |2
=
G G G
G G
G G
G G
( ) = ( ) = ( ), \
= 0
G
G
G
G G G
G G G
G G G G
=| | | |
( + ) = +

G
G
G
G G
G
= | | | |
9
G
G
G G
x1 x2 + y1 y2
= ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) = x1 x2 + y1 y2 =
x12 + y12 x22 + y22
9
G
G G
G
= ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) //
G
G
G G
1 = 2
det(a , ) = 0
= , \

9
G G G
G
= G

__________________________________________________________________________________
:
1

( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) , x1 x2 =

y2 y1
x2 x1

9
1 // 2 1 = 2 1 2 12 = 1
9
( x0 , y0 ) :

y - y0 = ( x - x0 )

( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) x1 x2 :

y2 y1
( x x1 )
x2 x1
9
y y ( 0, )
y y1 =

y = x + .
,
y = x .
( x0 , y0 ) x x
y = y0 .

( x0 , y0 ) yy

x = x0 .
9 : x + y + = 0 0 0
9
G
x + y + = 0 = ( , ) .
G
x + y + = 0 n = ( , ) .
9
0 ( x0 , y0 ) x + y + = 0
d ( 0 , ) =

9 :
JJJG JJJG
1
( ) = | det(, ) |
2

| x0 + y0 + |
2 + 2

9 ( 0, 0 ) p : x 2 + y 2 = p 2 .
9 ( x0 , y0 ) p : ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 = p 2 .
9 x 2 + y 2 = p 2 ( x1 , y1 ) : xx1 + yy1 = p 2 .
9 x 2 + y 2 + x + y + = 0 ,

2 + 2 4 > 0 , p =
2
2

2 + 2 4
.
2

__________________________________________________________________________________
:
2

p
p
9 , 0 : x = :
2
2
y

p>0

y 2 = 2 px

p
E ,0
2

: x =

p<0

p
E ,0
2

p
2

: x =

p
2

9 y 2 = 2 px 1 ( x1 , y1 ) : yy1 = p ( x + x1 )

p
p
9 0, : y = :
2
2
x2=2py
p>0

:y =

p
E 0,
2

x 2 = 2 py .
p
2

O
x
p
E 0,
2

x
O

x2=2py
p<0

p
:y =
2

9 x 2 = 2 py M1 ( x1 , y1 ) : xx1 = p ( y + y1 ) .
y

9 ( , 0 ) , ( , 0 )

2 :
9

xx1

yy1

x2

y2

= 1 = .
2

C:

x2

y2

=1

E (,0) O

1 ( x1 , y1 ) :

= 1.
y

9 ( 0, ) , ( 0, )

2 :

x2

y2

= 1 = 2 2 .

9 C :

y2

x2

2 2

9 : = < 1 .

E (,0)

E (0, )

= 1 1 ( x1 , y1 ) :

yy1

xx1

= 1.

E (0, )
A

__________________________________________________________________________________
:
3

9 ( , 0 ) , ( , 0 )

2 :

x2

xx1

yy1

y2

y=

y=

= 1 = 2 2 .

C:

=1

1 ( x1 , y1 ) :

(-,0)

(,0) x

=1.

9 C :

x2

y2

= 1: y =

x y = x

9 C ( 0, ) , ( 0, )

2 :

y2

x2

= 1 = 2 2 .

9 C :
9 C :

y2

y2

x2

x2

E(0,)
y=

y=

= 1 1 ( x1 , y1 ) :
= 1: y =

yy1

xx1

=1.

E(0,-)

x y = x

9 = x 2 y 2 = 2
9 : =

> 1.

= , , = 2 .

__________________________________________________________________________________
:
4