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Microform9967791 ‘Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 ‘Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346Copyright by Timothy Charles Callan 2000[would like to thank a number of persons, without whose assistance this dissertation would not have been possible. First, my advisor, and friend, Professor Claude E. Welch, Jr. Without his assistance, advice, patience, and determination, I would have not finished this project. He has truly been an inspiration and an outstanding mentor. I would also like to thank committee members Professor Frederic J. Fleron and Professor Paul Senese, as well as outside reader Professor Pablo De Greiff for their many helpful comments and advice. Many thanks also go to Political Science Graduate Secretary Margaret M. Kasprzyk. For five years, and always with a smile on her face, she patiently answered my many questions and greatly eased the process. Finally, and most importantly, I owe a great debt of gratitude and much love to my wife, Kathleen, who was at my side throughout the entire Ph.D. program, cajoling, sympathizing, pushing, and supporting me. Without her, this study and this degree would not have been possible.Table of Contents Abstract ‘Acronym List Chapter One Introduction: Foreign Policy, Foreign Aid and the United States Complex Humanitarian Emergencies Research Methodology Response Rates Chapter Two Bureaucratic Pol Foreign Policy xi xiii Public Opinion, National Interest, Humanitarianism and 2 National Interests, Self-Interests, and the Donor Interest and Recipient Needs Models Humanitarianism and US Foreign Aid introduction to Bureaucratic Politics and Public Opinion Key Findings 23 28 30 32Bureaucratic Politics Decision-Making Approach Rational Actor, Bureaucratic Politics, and Organizational Institutional Models The Role of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy The Realist View on Public Opinion and Foreign Policy The Liberal View on Public Opinion and Foreign Policy The Dialogue on Public Opinion The Blitism Paradigm/Elite Theory The Post-Vietnam War Paradigm Stability of Public Opinion/Discrediting of Mood Theory What Afiects/Increases Public Opinion? Belief Orientations, US Presidents, and Foreign Policy Outcomes How Public Opinion Affects Foreign Policymaking Public Perceptions of Foreign Aid Summary 35 38 53 54 58 65 2 76 88 99 107 113 1SChapter Three The European Recovery Program Introduction Major Findings Historical Antecedent for US Humanitarian Aid: The Hoover Commission Conditions in Europe The Start of US Thinking on an Aid Plan The Truman Doctrine The Start of the Aid Process The Harvard Speech Congressional Hearings on Aid Motivations for US Aid US Security Interests in Europe Prevent Europe from Going Communist Economic Recovery of Europe European Integration German Economic Recovery US Economic and Trade Interests New International Trading and Economic System ERP and China Summary 118 128 131 134. 138 140 143 143 147 155 157 160 161 174 176 177Chapter Four The Cambodian Genocide and the “Killing Fields” Introduction: The Extent of the Genocide Major Findings The Start of the Genocide The US Response Refugee Accounts of Killings: The Information Problem Polemical Debate between Left and Right: Did the Genocide Really Occur? Summary US National Interests Appendix: A Note on the Sources Individuals Interviewed for the Cambodian Case Study Individuals Who Declined to be Interviewed 190 193 195, 197 204Chapter Five The Ethiopian Famine of 1982-1986 Introduction Major Findings The Roots of the US-Soviet Conflict in Ethiopia The Ethiopian Revolution The Start of the Famine and US Involvement The BBC Film and the October 23, 1984 NBC Nightly News Broadcast US Aid to the Ethiopian Rebel Movement Summary The Role of Bureaucratic Politics The Role of Public Opinion and the Impact of Television The Role of the Ethiopian Government in Propagating the Famine National Interests The Role of the US Presidential Election The Interplay between Congress and the President Conflict between Conservatives within the Reagan Administration Total Aid Deliveries to Ethiopia US and Soviet Superpower Contention ‘An Amalgamation of Motivations for Aid Appendix: Literature Review Individuals Contacted vis a vis the Ethiopian Case Study viii 298 301 309 357 359 371 373 376 382 386 387 392 394 397 399Individuals Who Declined to be Interviewed Chapter Six The North Korean Famine Introduction Major Findings The Context The Agreed Framework The US Response to the Food Crisis, Summary The View of the Hard-Liners ‘The Hard Landing and the Soft Landing The Use of the Carrot and the Stick Why has the US Provided Food Aid? Dominant Views on the Future of Food Aid US-South Korean Differences: The Korean Sunshine Policy Japanese Policy US National Interests in Korea ‘An Amalgamation of Motivations for Aid The Impact of Public Opinion Appendix: A Note on the Sources 413 418 420 422 423 428 433 474 475 484 488 491 494 499 503 506 507 509 514Individuals Contacted vis a vis the North Korean Case Study Individuals Who Declined to be Interviewed Chapter Seven Conclusion: US Foreign Aid in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies ‘An International System in Distress Conclusions from the Cases Bibliography Works Cited Works Consulted 21 524 533 536 537 554 642Abstract The use of foreign aid as an instrument through which the government of one state voluntarily transfers resources to another state is a relatively recent phenomenon. Almost every state either now provides or receives foreign aid. Foreign aid has become entrenched at some level either as a duty or an obligation or as charity or benevolence on the part of wealthy states. Since the early 1950s, the US has transferred more than $200 billion in economic aid to developing states (and some that are relatively developed but which are strategically or politically important). Consequently, foreign aid now constitutes a fundamental, enduring aspect of north- south relations and a major financial transfer. This study examines the motivations of US officials in foreign policymaking in complex humanitarian emergencies and poses several questions. Are US officials affected primarily by realist or liberal conceptions of the world? Are US officials motivated by humanitarian considerations when making foreign policies? Do bureaucratic politics influence US foreign policy? In a democratic political system, do the mass public and its opinions influence US foreign policy? This analysis combines exhaustive study of public documentation with scores of interviews with policymakers, in order to determine how US policy was shaped in four complex humanitarian emergencies. Detailed case studies of the European Recovery Program, the unacknowledged genocide in Cambodia, US emergency food