Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(. . )
ISBN:
978-974-93332-5-9
-
()
()
,
( ,
() ,
,
,
,
, )
.
.
--
. . .
. ,
e-mail: kala@watnyanaves.net
181
[ ()]
207
..
( ) [
]
210-211 ()
(. . )
..
()
()
..
(Chronology of Buddhism in World Civilization)
..
()
()
()
( )
.. - (.. 605-619)
.. (.. 605)
..
(=Kanauj)
..
(Timeline)
()
.. (; .. 600)
.. 600
..
.. (; .. 600)
.. -
..
.. (.. 617)
:
.. (; .. 600)
:
.
.
.
(
)
(
);
;
(
);
( )
()
.........................................................3
..................................................................7
- 24
......................................34
.................................................43
- ...............50
......................................58
) - ..........................................64
.......76
......................................78
)
1. ........................................90
2. .........................................98
) ..................................116
3. .......................................135
)
) ............................................154
)
.....................................197
......................................................218
.................................................80
1. -
......................97
2. -
.. - .. .......................112
........................................................124
.. - .. ........................154
()
624 .. ....................................................7
500 .. .................................................25
......................................43
141 .. .................................................54
.. - .. ...........................76
1 ...............................................183
2 ...............................................189
.. - .. ........................192
: - ...................................218
.. ........220
c. 2600-1500 BC [- ..]
(Indus civilization,
Harappan civilization)
Mohenjo-Daro (
) Harappa ( )
(Bronze Age)
--
1500-1200 BC [- ..]
Priest King -
-
( . . ) 3
624?-546? BC
(Thales)
(
623543 BC)
(Ionia
/Anatolia /Asia Minor
/Aegean Islands
623 BC ()
( -)
()
:
Anaximander, Thales,
Pythagoras, Heraclitus
)
1000 BC
800 BC
(Classical
Greek) 600-500 BC
(Anaximander) (Pythagoras)
(Heraclitus) (Parmenides)
(Anaxagoras)
( . . ) 7
--
... (= 623 BC; 563 BC)
... (= 594 BC)
()
(
)
(
)
(
)
:
:
( . . ) 9
()
()
10
(, ..//)
(..//)
...
...
...
( . . ) 11
(. .//)
() (
) (
) (
) (
)
,
(..12/98/70)
(
)
()
...
(..//)
.
. .
12
(..//)
()
(..//)
(..//) ()
(..//)
( . . ) 13
14
()
()
(
)
(../-/)
( . . ) 15
(--)
(--)
...
...
(..//)
...
...
(..//) ... ()
... ...
...
()
(..//)
(..//)
..//)
16
()
,
... ... ...
,
,
(..//-)
( . . ) 17
(
)
(
)
( )
()
()
--
(
;
)
(
)
605-562 BC (Babylon
)
(Nebuchadnezzar II)
(..//
; Encyclopdia Britannica, 1994-2002
18
India)
(
2,000 BC
539
BC = .. =
..; 323 BC)
c.604 BC
(Lao-tze or Lao-tzu)
c.551?-479 BC (Confucius)
()
-
(
)
-
(
)
( . . ) 19
527 BC ()
() /
.
.
.
.
(
)
20
: -
546 BC (
) Cyrus II the Great
()
Cyrus II 539
BC (Bactria
= + )
Ionians
Yauna ()
328 BC
( . . ) 21
( ..)
(
)
/
.. (
.. )
24
500 BC ()
(
)
.. 300 ( .. )
.. 900 ( .. )
()
( . . ) 25
470?-399 BC (Socrates) -
Socratic dialogue dialectic
427-347 BC (Plato)
Academy
- (dialogue)
(Athens)
479 BC
(=.. ; =.. )
(Socrates, 470?-399 BC) (Plato, 427-347
26
387
BC
334 BC
(Macedonian Greeks)
133 BC (=.. )
.. 1458 (.. )
322 BC (=.. )
( . . ) 27
.. (443 BC; =381 BC)
()
/
..
(
)
(
)
.. (=381 BC; =321 BC)
( )
400 BC ( .. 400
.. - )
(
) ,-
(
) ( )
()
:
-
425 BC ()
Torah
Pentateuch (
Old Testament Bible/ Genesis
Exodus )
28
( . . ) 29
--
.. - ( =332-325 BC)
Alexandria
Herat
(=Alexandria of the Arians), Kandahar
Kabul
-
(Menander)
30
325 BC
336-323 BC (=.. -;
=.. -)
(Alexander the Great)
.. -
(/Bactria)
( . . ) 31
323 BC
332 BC
(Ptolemy)
32
(: -)
300 BC (; .. )
()
- (=
)
()
(
)
(Ptolemy II
Philadelphus) (
)
( . . ) 33
(=..
=321 BC =261 BC)
() ,
Ptolemy II
Alexander Antiochus II
Antigonus II ()
34
(=.. )
:-
...
()
(freedom of religion
tolerance)
(
)
(
)
?
--
(
)
?
...
?
...
(=.. )
(-
)
()
..
( . . ) 35
()
(=.. )
( )
()
272 BC (=.. )
36
264 BC
(gladiator)
(Coliseum)
256 BC (=.. ..
)
(
1122-256 BC)
( . . ) 37
3
9
..
,
(
)
?
. -
.
. ()
. ()
.
.
.
.
. ()
( =;
= ;
=
= =; =; =)
(
)
.. (=247 BC)
(.. -)
()
( ,
)
38
240 BC (; =..
=.. )
(Khotan =
Hotan )
(
217 BC)
(
.. /.. 65)
( . . ) 39
185
BC (.. )
(Bhopal)
.
(Vidisha/Bhilsa) .
( .)
(=Ujjain)
40
221 BC (=.. =..
)
256 BC
(Chin Shih huang-ti Shi Huangdi)
4 BC)
(Hsiung-nu)
206 BC (=.. =.. )
210-209 BC
206
BC
(Han)
(206 BC
-.. 220=.. -)
( . . ) 41
185 BC ( =245 BC =..
) (
) -
..
()
.. (73 BC)
(-)
150 BC ( .. )
(
5 .. )
42
160-135 BC (=.. -;
=.. - .. =43 BC)
Menander
Indo-Greek king
(= )
(Sialkot)
.. (= 43 BC; =160-135 BC
=.. -= .. )
()
128 BC (=.. =.. )
..
190-180 BC (=.. - =
.. )
(Demetrius) -
167 BC (.. )
100 BC ( .. )
( . . ) 43
(
)
(Pandya )
(Cola Chola
)
(Cera, Chera Kerala
)
Mihintale
44
(Tamil Nadu)
(Kerala)
( ..
=207 BC; =267 BC)
.. (=177 =237 BC)
..
()
.. (
)
( ..
= 77 137 BC)
..
( . . ) 45
--
(.. -)
(
;
)
(
2 .. 4
.. -)
/
(
Ionian)
.. (
)
(Madras Chennai) The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (.. 90)
men of the sea
46
(
Matale
. /
Kandy)
(
)
..
( . . ) 47
/Hindustan
Deccan
/ (Narmada)
(=
=; Deccan
Daks in a/ )
50
/
(Vindhya Range)
()
(
Deccan
)
()//
()
()
(
/Godavari)
()
(=
) (=
)
150 BC (; =..
=.. )
Deccan /
(Ajanta;
) (Ellora;
)
( )
(= )
(
)
(
/)
( )
( -)
.. ( .. )
..
( , , ,
, , ;
..
)
( . . ) 51
.
3
. (
.)
(=Nagarjunas Hill/
) ( ..
-) (
)
52
128 BC (=.. =..
)
(
)
.. (73 BC)
/
(
. ;
)
( .. -
.. .. )
( . . ) 53
90 BC (=.. =.. )
48
BC (Julius Caesar)
(Octavian)
( Ptolemy XI)
31 BC ( Ptolemy XV
Ptolemy)
29 BC
(Augustus Caesar) 27 BC
Sextilis
August 8 BC
(
Quintilis July 44 BC
Julius Caesar)
(Roman Republic)
(Roman Empire)
Pax Romana
141-87 BC -
() ,
(, .)
106 BC (=.. )
54
(
/Khotan 300 BC/
.. 200
BC 100 BC
1,000 BC
/King David 10
BC)
( . . ) 55
:
Pompeii Street
Roman Road
63 BC (=.. ; =..
) (Pompey,
Julius Caesar)
8-4 BC (=.. -)
=.. -)
(Bethlehem)
Jesus
Joshua Christ
() Messiah
()
(Baptism) John the Baptist
(
/Galilee
/Nazareth
) (12 Apostles
Saint Peter )
.. 25 29 (= .. )
(messianic pretender)
(Resurrection)
(
Saul; Saint Paul)
..
(.. 177)
..
(.. 250)
martyr (saints) ..
(.. 303)
56
( . . ) 57
.. ( .. 78=.. )
(=Peshwar)
(= ==)
(
; .. =2002-78= 1924)
.. (
)
(
.. 78,
56 BC,
/400)
.. (=.. 100)
( = Jullundur
Lahore) ()
(
)
.. (.. 65)
(Khotan =Hotan
)
(= Loyang)
58
3 BC
.. (.. 105)
()
:
()
:
Dragon Gate Cave
.. (.. 78)
( )
, (
, )
( . . ) 59
(Bamian Bamiyan; /
Kabul .)
.. -
(
)
.. (
..)
(Sassanid)
.. (; ..
3)
Deccan (
)
(
/Nasik )
( .. =.. 540
)
.. - (.. 220-280)
()
()
()
(.. 220)
( )
60
(.. -)
-
(Kucha
, .
, .
)
( /
Khotan Hotan .)
.. (.. 265)
(.. 264)
(.. 280)
( )
.. (.. 286)
.. (.. 311)
( . . ) 61
.. (.. 320)
(
)
( .. -
.)
.. (.. 402)
(Fa-hsien)
(
)
62
.. (.. 313)
(Constantine I)
(Edict of Milan)
..
/Franks /Goths /Vandals
Record of Buddhist Kingdoms
(Constantinople; /
Istanbul )
.. - (.. 367-383)
(Gratian)
(persecution)
.. (.. 395)
(Byzantine Empire)
(Western Roman Empire)
(Milan)
(
.. -=.. 305-402
.. =.. 452
..
=.. 539 ..
1000
)
( . . ) 63
.. (.. 372)
(
)
) -
.. - ()
(
.. (.. 422)
Goguryeo
Silla
Baekjae Kaya
64
( .. )
.. (.. 401)
(Kucha)
.. (.. 421)
( . . ) 65
.. (.. 470)
( Valabhipur Gujarat)
()
( .. -= .. 605-619)
(
)
.. (; .. 475)
.. (.. 434)
.. (Attila)
()
.
66
.. (.. 490)
..
()
( )
..
..
..
(
;
.) .. -
..
(
) (Goths
Visigoths)
..
(.. 452)
..
( . . ) 67
.. (; .. 500)
(Bactria)
(
Taxila =; =)
.. (.. 476)
(Odoacer)
(Romulus
Augustulus)
(Middle Ages)
(Dark Ages)
,
(
)
Romulus Augustulus
(Byzantine Empire)
(.. 330)
-
(
)
-
.. (.. 1453)
( . . ) 69
.
.
..
(persecution)
Constantine I
(persecution)
(
..
(; /Attila
)
( ,
) ..
.. (..
540)
.. - (.. 543-757)
(.. -=.. 606647)
(.. =.. 610-642)
..
..
(/Sind
Sindh/
.. (.. 975)
.. (.. 1189)
(
) .. -
(.. 624-1070)
.. (.. 520)
.. (.. 552)
(Emperor Kimmei)
(Chan;
=Zen)
( .. /
.. 538)
:
( . . ) 71
72
. ..
-
(
)
)
:
- .. -
(Aurangabad)
- ( -)
-
)
. ( .
- .. -
)
- ( -)
-
)
. ( .
- .. -
)
- ( -)
. ..
-
)
- .. -
- ( , , , , , , )
)
- .. -
- ( )
(
?
)
(==)
( )
..
( .. -)
(East India Company)
.. (.. 1819)
--
( . . ) 73
.. - (.. 605-619)
.. (.. 605)
..
(=Kanauj)
..
.. (; .. 600)
.. 600
..
:
.. (; .. 600)
76
. .
.. (; .. 600)
.. -
..
.. (.. 617)
( . . ) 77
.. - (.. 606-647)
( )
.. (.. 618)
-
()
.. (.. 581)
.. (.. 907)
.. - (.. 626-755)
.. (.. 622)
..
(Medina )
78
.. - (.. 629-645)
(Hsuan-tsang; .. )
( ) ()
(
)
.. - (.. 626-649)
(
=Allahabad
)
/ ..
..
.. (.. 630)
,
..
( )
--
( . . ) 79
,
Hsi-yu-chi (Record of a Journey
to the West Buddhist Records of the Western World)
1942
Monkey
1. -
(Bamian)
( )
(
.. )
.. (.. 638)
( .. =63 BC)
.. (.. 655)
()
80
.. (.. 639)
-
.. (.. 655)
(Damascus)
(
)
.. 680
(
%
% %
)
( . . ) 81
.. (.. 641)
.. (.. 641)
.. (.. 647)
(
)
.. - (.. 680-695)
(I-ching I-tsing)
.. (.. 671;
)
.. ()
,
.. (.. 661)
(Umayyad)
(Sassanid)
..
(.. 651)
.. (.. 732)
82
King Ardashir I ()
( . . ) 83
(
)
(
)
()
(Pandya ) (Cola Chola
) (Cera, Chera
Kerala
)
.. ( .. 600)
5
.. (.. 13)
.. (.. 707-1107)
.. (
..
.. -)
( )
..
84
( . . ) 85
. .
.. (
.. /.. 225)
(Kanchipuram)
.. (.. 225)
.. (.. 600 )
--
..
/.. 1025
( ..
(
)
..
86
.. - (.. 704-751)
(
.. )
:
Surya Majapahit
.. (.. 543)
.. (.. 757)
..
(.. 975)
.. ( 8)
.
.
(
..
/.. 476)
(.. -/.. 1012-44)
Rajendra Coin
.. (.. 710)
(Nara)
.. (.. 711)
.. (.. 712)
/ (
)
:
Todaiji Daibutsu
( . . ) 87
.. (.. 750)
..
(
)
(
)
( .. ) (.. )
(.. ) (.. )
(
)
( .. /.. 1120)
88
.. (.. 762)
.. (.. 750)
.. (.. 751)
(Umayyad caliphate) (Battle of Talas)
(Abbasid caliphate)
(
)
(.. 795)
( . . ) 89
)
1.
.. (.. 775)
.. (.. 712)
(
)
()
90
(
)
( Arjehir)
- (al ..
- Khwarizmi, Algorithm)
.. -
(
-
-/Hindu-Arabic numerals)
-
( .. ) Algebra ( al-jabr)
(Seljuq/Seljuk)
.. (.. 1055)
(
.. =.. 747)
..
.. (.. 757)
( . . ) 91
.. - (.. 762-1055)
( ..
)
.. - (.. 788-820)
(
.. - (.. 768-814)
(Charlemagne)
(
)
(.. -=.. 800925) Holy Roman Empire
962 (.. )
.. - (.. 778-850)
Borobudur Barabudur (
) (
.)
.
Borobudur ..
()
-
..
.. (.. 840)
(..
-/.. 843-845)
,
,
,
.. (.. 845)
()
:
Emperor Charlemagne
92
( . . ) 93
Shringeri
Math
(
)
.. (.. 871)
.. (=
) ..
.. (.. 962) /
(Otto I)
(Holy Roman
Empire; H.R.E.)
(.. -=.. 962-1806)
/
.. /.. 1273
(Hapsburg)
.. - (.. 972-983)
,
( ..
)
94
( . . ) 95
.. ( .. 850-870)
..
..
.. -
(.. 926-942)
.. - (.. 1014-1044)
()
.. (.. 1054)
.. (.. 1070)
() (..
625) -
.. (.. 1189)
..
(.. 1257) .. (.. 1279)
( Madurai
)
96
.. (.. 992;
)
/Polonnaruva
.. 1056
..
..
..
()
2. -
(
)
( . . ) 97
2.
.. (.. 977)
(Sebuktigin;
)
(Ghasna =Ghasni
.)
(=)
(Ghaznavid)
.. ( )
98
.. - (.. 1001-1026)
()
..
,
,
,
,
..
-
(Khajuraho) ..
-
(
)
.. (.. 1007)
.. (.. 1012)
(persecution)
persecution
( . . ) 99
.. - (
..
)
.. (; .. 1070)
(Nadia = /Navadwip/
Nabadwip
. .
.. (..
1095)
.. (.. 1044)
(
) ( ) ()
(
.. )
.. (; .. 1045)
(
/Gutenberg
/1450)
.. - (.. 1088-1167) ()
. (Bologna .. 1088) . (Paris
.. (.. 1055) .. 1150) . (Oxford .. 1167)
(
. .
)
(Seljuq Seljuk)
: , .
: ., .
100
( . . ) 101
.. (.. 1095)
(
.. )
(
)
Dhakeshwari
: -
.. (.. 1095)
(Pope Urban II)
(Crusade=
)
.. (..
1291)
.. - (.. 1100-1532)
(Inca Empire)
()
.. - (.. 1113-c1150)
102
( . . ) 103
.. (.. 1173)
--
.. (.. 1206) --
(Bakhtiyar Khalji Iktiar
Khilji)
(/Mamluk [Slave] dynasty)
104
.. - (.. 1198-1207)
( ..
)
..
..
( . . ) 105
..
..
..
()
(.. -=..
1198-1757)
.. (.. 1173)
(Muham-
mad of Ghur) .. (.. 1206)
(Ghur =Ghowr )
.. (.. 1186)
(
.. )
106
.. (.. 1215)
..
..
-
(Khwarezm-Shah
)
Khwarezm Shah
Ala Ad Din Mohammed
( . . ) 107
..
..
()
(Khajuraho)
..
..
(Bamian)
(Delhi Sultanate)
( .. +
.. )
..
.. (.. 1858)
.
.
108
( . . ) 109
.. (.. 1232)
(Koryo period, 918-1392)
(Sung period,
960-1279)
(Kanghwa Island
( .. -)
.. (.. 1233) /
(Gregory IX)
(Inquisition)
(persecution)
.. (.. 1243)
(Seljuk Turks)
(.. 1055)
(Asia Minor)
.. (.. 1071)
(Crusades)
.. (.. 1099)
()
(.. 1243)
:
Inquisition
112
( . . ) 113
( )
( ) .. /
.. (.. 1257) 1347-1378
/1361
.. /1275 /1279,
(
/1317 /1299)
,
)
(
.. )
..
/1419 ( )
:
114
.. (.. 1261)
.. (.. 1250)
.. (.. 1261)
(Slave
dynasty/Mamluk dynasty/Mameluke dynasty)
..
(.. =.. 1250-1517)
(.. =.. 1206-1290; )
(
)
( .. 1398
)
(
)
..
(.. 1517)
.. (.. 1811)
( . . ) 115
.. (.. 1293)
.. /.. 1120
(-)
..
(Majapahit Empire)
.. (.. 1290)
(Anatolia=Asia
Minor )
(Osman I)
(Ottoman
Empire) (
.. =.. 1918)
116
.. - (.. 1274-1281)
( ,
)
.. (.. 1280)
(=)
17
..
(
.. /.. 1202)
..
, 1300-1359
1359-1451
1451-1481 ( )
1512-1520 ( )
1520-1566 ()
1566-1683
( . . ) 117
.. (.. 1294)
Deccan
.. (.. 647)
)
(.. 650
)
(Baluchistan )
/712
,
(Sind
)
-/705715
() (
)
.. (.. 1206)
.. (..
1294) -- (Ala-ud-din Khalji)
,
Deccan
.
()
.. (.. 1291)
( .. 1095)
118
.. (.. 1299)
()
/ / (Temasek/Tumasik
)
()
(
/1025 )
(
)
( . . ) 119
..
/
1310)
(
/1378
/1565
)
/1309
(Cape Comorin)
--
/1316
(Devagiri=Daulatabad)
/.. 1327
/1335
/1351
/1327
/1336
.. (.. 1398)
,
.. (.. 1351)
( )
.. (.. 1353)
Hampi
.. (.. 1355/1385)
( )
..
..
( )
..
()
(, ..
) ( .. )
120
( . . ) 121
(
.. (.. 1370) )
(Timur Timour Tamerlane Timur
(Ankara )
Lenk=Timur the Lame=)
-
(Genghis Khan;
(.. 1405) (Timurids)
)
(Samarkand)
(.. =
..
.. 1526) (Babur
Baber)
:
.. (.. 1392)
( )
122
.. (.. 1403)
(Melaka Malacca)
.. 9-13
(Tumasik/Temasek -->)
( )
.. (.. 1414)
( .. /.. 1511)
.. (.. 1405)
1405
,
1405/
1407
1409
(1411 1419)
1456
(1488-1511/)
1511
()
1641/
1795/
1826/ Federation of
Malaya 1957/
( Federation of Malaysia)
1963/ ( 1965/
)
( . . ) 123
/1488
/1492
.. (.. 1418)
(Porto Santo ( Dutch East India Company /1602,
/Madeira Islands) Dutch West India Company, /1621)
(British East India Company, /1600)
(French East India Company, /1664)
.. (; .. 1405)
, encyclopedia
Yongle Encyclopedia
:
.. (.. 1413)
-
.. - ( .. 1520-66)
124
.. (.. 1435-1487,
/1432-1488)
..
( )
:
( . . ) 125
.. (.. 1448-1488)
/1350
/1369
( )
(
) ( ) ()
()
()
126
/1378
(
) .. /1438 (
)
/1474
/1558 /1569
/1578
/1584
/1592
()
/1595
/1763
/1767
.. /1774
() (
) ( )
(
)
(
)
( .. ..
) ..
.. /1482
( . . ) 127
.. (.. 1450)
(Gutenberg)
()
.. - (.. 1453-1527)
(Renaissance)
,
(
)
.. (.. 1453)
(Byzantine Empire)
(Middle Ages,
.. 476-1453)
(modern era)
/:
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti
.. (.. 1483)
/
(Sixtus IV)
(Spanish Inquisition)
(persecution)
14 18 ( .. -) Spanish
Inquisition
(
)
(
)
(persecution)
(anti-Semitism)
,
..
128
( . . ) 129
.. (.. 1492)
(Christopher Columbus)
( /.. 1499 /
Amerigo Vespucci
:
Treaty of Tordesillas
130
.. (.. 1494)
(Treaty of Tordesillas)
/
(Brazil)
(..
1500-1822 = )
(
)
(
)
/1514
( . . ) 131
.. (.. 1502)
..
.. (.. 1509)
.. (..
1808) (
/1865)
132
.. (.. 1510)
(Manuel)
(Goa)
.. (.. 1512)
.. (.. 1511)
(
) (Duarte
Fernandez)
(
)
(Mergui)
(Tenasserim)
(Aztec)
/1517
2
(Mexico City)
(Peru)
(Inca) /1532
/1535
(Lima;
)
(Guatemala)
(Maya)
/1542
,
..
=50 BC
-/
292-909
( . . ) 133
3.
.
.
.. (.. 1520)
(
)
(1530)
(1605)
(1707)
%
.. 17
.. (.. 1517)
(Selim I)
(Byzantine Empire
=.. 1453)
(Arab Caliphate)
134
.. (.. 1526)
(Delhi Sultanate)
..
(.. 1206) (Timur)
(.. 1398)
..
(.. 700)
(Middle East) -,
(Central
Asia)
(Babur Baber;
=)
(Timur)
(Mogul/Mughal Empire)
.. (.. 1858)
.. (.. 1258)
( . . ) 135
.. - (.. 1517-1559)
() (Reformation)
..
(Holy Roman Emperor)
.. - (.. 1519-1522)
(Ferdinand Magellan)
(Moluccas)
..
.. 1519
(
)
(South Sea)
(Pacific Ocean,
) (Guam)
( ..
1521)
.. 1522
:
136
:
Pope Clement VII
.. (.. 1524)
(..//;
..//)
.. -
( )
(.. /.. 14951525)
(, ) (, ) ()
()
()
.. (.. 1534)
(Henry VIII)
(Tudor)
/
(Church of England)
( . . ) 137
.. - (.. 1540
1559-1610)
(Counter-Reformation)
.. (.. 1542)
(persecution) /
138
(Paul III)
.. (.. 1588) /
(Sixtus V)
the Congregation of the Roman and Universal
Inquisition the Holy Office
.. (.. 1543)
(Copernicus) On the Revolutions of
Celestial Spheres ()
(scientific revolution)
(Inquisition)
(Giordano Bruno)
.. 1600 (Galileo Gali lei)
.. 1642
:
.. (.. 1553)
-
.. (.. 1555)
(Mary I Mary Tudor)
(persecution)
(Huguenot)
(Conspiracy of Amboise)
,
(-/1562-1598)
(persecution)
)
(Wars of Religion)
.. (.. 1560)
( . . ) 139
.. (.. 1565)
(Vijayanagar
Empire)
(.. 1565)
(.. 1672)
.. (.. 1563)
(Elizabeth I)
(persecution)
.. (.. 1568)
(persecution)
140
(
)
(-/
1568-1648)
/1588
(Spanish Inquisition)
(-/1478-1834)
/
1618
( . . ) 141
/1581
Din-e llahi
(Divine Faith = )
Tabinshwehti)
.. (.. 1590-1605) (
)
(-/1488-1491) -
(-/1491-1529
( )
)
(-/1529-1533
)
(/1533 ) () (-/1534-
1546) ( (/1548-1568)
/1605
(
Bayinnaung)
..
() .. /1584
/1592 ()
( /1605)
..
:
Kamakura Buddha Daibutsu
Thirty Years War
144
.. (.. 1597)
(persecution)
.. (.. 1640)
.. (.. 1854)
(religious war)
.. (.. 1648)
(Thirty Years War)
(
)
.. - (.. 1618-48)
(Thirty
Years War)
..
.. (.. 1620-1628)
(/1605/1620)
.. ( )
(
)
(/1491-1529)
()
James I (
1603/1625/
)
( )
(
)
( . . ) 145
.. (1648) (Taj Mahal)
(Agra) (Shah Jahan)
(Mumtaz Mahal)
(
)
/1657
(Agra fort)
/1666
.. (1658) (Aurangzeb)
(persecution)
:
Mayflower
.. (.. 1620) - ()
(Puritans) (persecution) (Pilgrims)
.. 1608 Mayflower
(Plymouth)
.. (.. 1626)
()
($24) (
/New Amsterdam;
/New York)
146
.. - (.. 1643-1715)
( . . ) 147
148
.. (.. 1656-1688)
(
)
()
(/1630
/1655) -
..
.. /1681
(Constantine Phaulkon,
/ )
()
()
(/1597-1854)
..
(, )
( . . ) 149
(.. 1715)
.. (.. 1665)
(Louis XIV) (persecution)
()
.. (.. 1685)
(...several
provinces were virtually depopulated. <The
Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, 1991)
150
.. (.. 1739)
(Koh-i-noor diamond
)
( )
(Nadir Shah)
.. (.. 1747)
.. (.. 1719)
(persecution)
(Herat;
. .)
(Safavid dynasty)
(.. 1722)
(Kandahar )
.. (.. 1736)
(.. 1736)
( . . ) 151
.. (.. 1757)
(British East
India Company)
(French East India Company)
/1774
(Warren Hastings)
-
/ (Sir
William Jones)
(Samuel Johnson )
(Warren Hastings)
.. - (.. 1750-1850)
(Industrial Revolution)
/1453
/1543
..
..
() (Enlightenment)
(idea of
progress)
.. (.. 1750)
154
/1505
/1581
(
/1658
/1796
/1815
)
( . . ) 155
.. (.. 1767-1782)
/1688
(
, /1688-1703)
(
, /1703-1708)
(
, /1708-1732)
() (
)
( ,
/1732-1758)
( )
156
.. /1750
(
)
()
(
,
)
/1758
()
..
(
)
(
)
/1782
( . . ) 157
.. (.. 1784)
.. (.. 1768) (Captain
James Cook, Captain Cook)
(Tahiti)
Terra Australis
(New
Zealand)
(Australia)
(James Prinsep;
.. 1799-1840)
.. - (.. 1775-83)
(American Revolution)
/1776
.. (.. 1781)
(Sir William Herschel)
()
(Uranus)
, .
, .
.
158
Wealth of Nations
( . . ) 159
...
.. (.. 1782)
160
;
(/1782-1809)
..
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
...
....
...
( . . ) 161
.. - (.. 1814-16)
(protectorate; /1923)
.. - (.. 1824-26)
/
1886
/ 1948
.. - (.. 1789-1815)
(French Revolution)
(nobility)
(clergy)
Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity ( )
(Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen)
:
Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen
162
.. - (.. 1804-1814)
(Napoleon
I; Napoleon Bonaparte)
/1806
(Duke of Wellington)
(Waterloo) /1815
.. (.. 1817)
(Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet)
(sign
language)
Hartford School for the Deaf
( . . ) 163
(/1809-1824)
()
( --)
.. (.. 1817)
()
..
()
164
.. (.. 1829)
(. )
(
)
() ..
.. ( )
.. (.. 1829)
(Louis Braille)
(
)
.. (..1831)
(
)
(UNESCO)
(Memory of the World)
(/1824-1850)
(/1851-1868)
( )
(/Annual
Bangkok Calendar) (/
Bangkok Recorder)
..
.. (.. 1835-1871)
..
(Rev. Dan
Beach Bradley)
( . . ) 165
The Communist Manifesto
.. (.. 1848)
(Communist
League) The Communist Manifesto
(Manifest des Kommunismus,
)
(Karl Heinrich Marx) (Friedrich
Engels)
.. (.. 1839)
(Matthias Jakob Schlei-
den) (Theodor Schwann)
1864/
( First Inter
national)
:
.. (.. 1837)
(Friedrich Wilhelm
August Froebel) (kindergarten)
The Education of Man
(1826)
.. (.. 1850)
..
/1898
( )
..
.
/1950-1954
/1966
()
.. (.. 1851)
166
( . . ) 167
.. (.. 1858)
/1849
(British East India Company)
.. (.. 1855)
(extrater
ritoriality, extraterritorial rights)
.. (
/1855
(Queen Victoria) )
/Treaty of Kanagawa
(Sir John Bowring)
( )
sakoku/national seclusion (1639-1854)
(Bowring Treaty) (1688-1855)
168
..
: , , ,
.. (
)
/Bowring
Treaty (
)
(1688-1855)
(Woodrow Wilson)
/
1920
. (Francis B. Sayre,
)
.. (
.
)
.. - (.. 1859-1952)
(John Dewey)
(progressive education)
(child-centered education)
.. (.. 1858)
(Charles Darwin)
(theory of evolution)
( . . ) 169
.. (.. 1863)
Indian Archaeo
logical Survey
(Sir Alexander Cunningham) (
/1837 /1850
;
.. 1814 .. 1887 .. 1893)
.. (.. 186165)
Union
Confederacy (
)
(Abraham Lincoln)
170
(Deep South)
(
.. ) South Carolina
( Union,
.. )
..
Confederate States of America
( Confederacy)
..
, ,
(Civil War)
Confederacy ..
( ..)
,
( Union ,
, Confederacy
, ,
, )
(
1783/
, ,
,
, )
( . . ) 171
Mr. Carllyle
(Archaeological Survey Reports, vol.18)
1924
White Supremacy America
for Americans
172
()
(Major
Kittoe)
...
..
(malignant Brahmans)
(musulman
)
(Nobel Prize)
.. (.. 1866)
(Alfred Bernhard Nobel)
(dynamite)
$9,200,000
..
/1901 /1969
(
$1.2 )
.. (.. 1866)
(Remington) 1873
.. (.. 1872)
:
Remington No.1
Typewriter (1873)
.. (.. 1871)
..
( . . ) 173
vs.
.. (.. 1879)
(Sir Edwin Arnold)
The
Light of Asia ()
.. (.. 1881)
(persecution)
(Zion ism
)
.. (.. 1881) ..
(T.W. Rhys Davids) Pali Text Society
() to foster and , (1903, 1905-6)
promote the study of Pali texts
(anti-Semitism)
-
:
..
174
.. - (.. 1883-1946)
(John Maynard Keynes)
20
.. (.. 1888)
.
()
,
.. ..
.. (.. 1889)
()
.. (.. )
.. (.. = .. + ; .. = ..
+ ; .. = .. + )
()
.. (.. 1888)
..
..
( ,
)
( . . ) 175
: ..
.. (.. 1891)
(Anagarika Dharmapala) ..
=.. 1864
David
Hewavitharne
David
.. /Col. H.S. Olcott
.. (.. 1889)
.
..
176
..
.. .
..
..
..
()
Maha Bodhi Society ()
Buddhagaya Maha
..
Bodhi Society (
)
( .. )
.. (the
1893 Worlds Parliament of Religions in Chicago)
.. (.. 1892)
( )
..
.. (.. 1893)
.
.. ..
. ..
( . . ) 177
..
(
.. 1931: Ordained as a
Bhikkhu... .. 1933: Received Higher Ordination.
)
..
...
.. (.. 1949)
.
(Buddha Gaya Temple Act)
(Kolkata Calcutta)
The Maha Bodhi
.. (.. 1892)
Buddhist
Text Society ()
.. (.. 1895) ..
(Wilhelm C. Roentgen)
(X-ray) /1901
.. (.. 1897)
(Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki)
.. (.. 1896)
/
194
178
:
Wilhelm C. Roentgen
( . . ) 179
.. (.. 1898)
.. (
.. )
..
() () (
) ()
:
.. (.. 1898)
..
(
university) ..
(.. )
(... )
180
+:
.. - (.. 1900-16)
:
(Max Planck)
/1900;
(Albert Einstein) (
)
/1905
/1916
(
..
)
(Guglielmo Marconi)
/
1901; (Orville Wright)
(Wilbur Wright)
/1903;
(Leo Hendrik Baekeland)
/1909
: (Alexander Graham
Bell)
.. /1876; (Sir Joseph Wilson Swan)
(Thomas Alva Edison)
/1860 /1879
,
(1881-2)
( . . ) 181
...
.
.. (.. 1902)
..
..
.. (.. 1905)
182
..
/1874
..
..
..
.. (..
)
:
.. (.. 1911)
-
..
.. (.. 1913)
(.. =
.. + )
.. - (1914-18)
(World War I) (Central
Powers -
) (Allies
)
.
( + .)
( . + .)
. ( . + .)
.. (.. 1916)
(
)
( )
..
..
.. (.. 1916)
...
..
.. (
, )
( . . ) 183
:
Abdul Aziz Al Saud
184
.. (.. 1918)
-
16
.. (..
1571)
(Sick
Man of Europe)
/1913) .. 19161918
/1921)
..
(.. 1917)
.. (.. 1921)
( )
(
.. 1453=.. )
/
/.. 1290
(secular state)
..
(Constantinople -> Istanbul)
(Angora -> Ankara)
(Ottoman Empire)
.. 1290 (.. )
( . . ) 185
.. (.. 1925)
,
- .
..
..
.. (.. 1932)
.. (.. 1929)
.. (.. 1930)
(Clyde W. Tombaugh) (Pluto,
)
, .
, . (
, ., )
.
.. (.. 1932)
186
.. (.. 1934)
..
.
(... .)
(
)
.. (.. 1933)
(.. .)
..
( . . ) 187
:
Little boy
Fat Man
188
.. - (.. 1939-45)
(World War II) (Axis
Powers )
(Allies
)
(Pearl
Harbor) ..
..
(Hiroshima) ..
(Nagasaki) ..
..
,,,,
( -
+ - )
.
.
. .
. .
.
- -
.
()
( . . ) 189
.. - (.. 1937-2000)
-
:
-
Mac Plus
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
192
(Computer)
(third-generation
computer) ( ICs
(John V. Atanasoff)
integrated circuit computer) main
- frame minicomputer
1960s 1970s
/1939-1942
(fourth-generation
(first-generation comcomputer)
puter)
ENIAC .. /1946 UNIVAC I (LSI=large-scale integration
/1951) 1970s VLSI=very-large-scale integration 1980s
( )
LSI microprocessor
(second-generation
microcomputer personal computer
computer)
UNIVAC Model 80 /1958 [ PC
/transister /1947]
1992)
(generations)
IBM Floppy Disk /1970 .
. CD-ROM
/1980 Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Windows /1985
Internet
ARPANET
1960s World Wide Web
/1991) /1997
Web Sites
/1837
/1876 /1899
() /1926
/1939 ( )
/1940
cellular phones
. (Motorola)
/1983
( . . ) 193
.. (.. 1941)
.
..
( .. )
.. (.. 1941)
.
.. .
.. ..
...
.. (.. 1941)
... ..
.. (.. 1949)
(Mao Tse-tung Mao Ze dong)
, (Long March, /
1934-1935)
(Peoples Republic of China) ..
.. (.. 1945)
(
(Arab
nationalism) /1949-1959)
(Great Leap Forward)
(Cultural Revolution, /1966 (Arab League) ..
1969)
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt,
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, /1976
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates,
Yemen the Palestine Liberation Organization
(factionalism) (.. 1948)
194
( . . ) 195
196
.. (.. 1947)
.. (.. 1948)
(Mahatma Gandhi)
(nonviolence)
(.. )
.. (.. 1951)
Nalanda Institute of
Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Buddhist
Learning and Pali (
)
( . . ) 197
.. (.. 1956) (
)
(Wat Thai Buddhagaya)
..
2500 Years of Buddhism The Way of the Buddha
.
..
.
.. (.. 1955)
.
.. ..
.
..
198
..
( . . ) 199
.. (.. 1956)
..
..
(
)
.
.. ( .. ) .
. .
( )
.. ..
:
Sputnik 1
200
.. (.. 1957) ..
Sputnik 1
.
(childcentered education)
.. (.. 1958)
..
..
.. (.. 1959)
..
(
)
..
(
)
..
( . . ) 201
.. (.. 1960)
.. (.. 1959)
(Theodore H. Maiman)
(Laser)
.. (.. 1960)
(Sirimavo R.D. Bandaranaike)
:
:
Potala Palace
.
(1960-1965/, 1970-1977/
202
, 1994-2000/)
1972/
Ceylon
Sri Lanka ()
.. (.. 1961)
(Gene Regulation)
.. (.. 1962)
... .. ( ..
.. )
( ...
.. )
.. - (.. 1962-5)
(./WFB)
..
.. (.. 1966) ..
.
(Buddhapadipa Temple)
.. (.. 1965)
/The World Fellowship of Buddhists
( . . ) 203
.. (.. 1970) ..
(First Earth Day)
.. (.. 1967)
/. Time, Newsweek, Life, Look, the New York Times
(hippie)
..
( - )
(counterculture;
subculture
anti-culture )
204
(communes)
--
(New
Left)
( =/1954-75)
.. (.. 1971) ..
(The Theravada Buddhist Center, Inc.)
(Wat Thai
of Los Angeles)
(
/Wat Thai of Washington,
D.C. ..
/1974; /Vajiradhammapadip
Temple
.. /1975 Buddhist
Study Center /1965;
/Wat Buddhawararam of Denver,
Inc.
.. /1976; /Wat
Dhammaram
.. /1976 The Thai Buddhist
Temple;
)
( . . ) 205
UN
.. (.. 1972)
(UN Conference on the Human
Environment) (Stockholm)
/1970
(UN Environment
Programme; UNEP)
.. (.. 1973)
(Genetic Engineering) (gene splicing) DNA
.. (.. 1975)
/1970
(Khmer Rouge)
..
(Pol
Pot /Saloth Sar)
(
.. )
.
(
, )
.. (.. 1975)
..
.
..
.. (.. 1975) /
1960 (
)
..
..
( /
1987 ,,
, [= , + ,]
, ( , )
206
( . . ) 207
.. (.. 1976)
(Geneva Conference) /1954
( .. /1975)
,,
,
,
$141,000,000,000 (
$405,000,000)
.. (.. 1978)
(/Doomsday Cult,
millennium
)
1977
San Francisco
Jonestown (Guyana)
..
( )
()
208
:
Jim Jones
.. (.. 1979)
..
.. /1979 (
)
/1982
, ( /1999
, ,
, )
( ..
/1991
)
.. /1989 (
/1998
)
/1993
(
,
/1997)
/2004
(
)
( . . ) 209
.. (.. 1983)
(AIDS=
acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (
/1981)
+ +
+
210
(Wat Pah Cittaviveka
Chithurst Forest Monastery) West Sussex ..
..
(Amaravati Buddhist Centre)
.. (.. 1985)
Guru (/,
) TM (Transcendental
Meditation) the Beatles
(
Hare Krishna) (Sun Myung Moon)
Unification Church
()
( ) ()
1981/
,
(Oregon)
()
Rolls-Royce
dynamic meditation
(salvation through free love)
sex guru
.. (.. 1988)
..
Version VI (BUDSIR VI)
( . . ) 211
.. (.. 1989) ..
(Berlin Wall)
(Cold War)
/1946
.. (.. 1991) ..
.. (.. 1992) ..
212
(unsustainable development)
(idea of progress)
(conquest of nature)
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Earth Summit 1992
:
David Koresh
Marshall Herff Applewhite (Bo)
Timothy J. McVeigh
Shoko Asahara
.. (.. 1993)
Branch Davidians (David Koresh)
(1995/)
(Waco, Texas)
..
.. (.. 1995)
(sarin)
(apocalypse)
, Shoko
Asahara (Aum Shinrikyo)
..
.. (1995) 1999/
Timothy
.. (.. 1997)
J. McVeigh
Branch
Davidians (Heavens Gate)
()
(Bo) (Peep)
- (Comet Hale-Bopp)
.. (.. 1994) ..
(Solar Temple)
()
(Quebec)
( . . ) 213
.. (.. 1997) ..-..
(Taliban)
:
Dr.Ian Wilmut
Dolly
MRTC
.. (.. 1997) ..
( /
Dolly)
.. (.. 2000) ..
(Apology)
214
.. (.. 2001)
(
)
( ) (Bamiyan
Bamian)
.. (.. 2000)
(Uganda)
(Movement for the Restoration of the
Ten Commandments of God/MRTC)
.. 1999/
()
Y2K millennium 3
.. (.. 2000)
millennium (
)
(apocalypse)
(doomsday) .. 2000
Y2K (Year 2 Kilo; Kilo=1000)
millennium 2
Y2K problem
Millennium Bug
1999 2000
International Conference
on Y2K .. 1998/
Y2K
1965, 1987,
1993 65, 87, 93
2000 00
00 2000
00 1900 0
(January 1, 2000)
3rd millennium
( )
(December 31,
2000) ( )
(January 1, 2001)
()
( . . ) 215
.. (.. 2001)
(
;
Banga /Bengal
Bangladesh
;
)
SDNP Bangladesh
( Microsoft Encarta
Reference Library 2002 Encyclopdia Britannica 2002)
. ( /
Republic of India
) 1,029,991,100
82% 12% (
)
2.3% 2% 0.7% (0.7%=7.2
/) 0.4% 0.6%
. (
/Peoples Republic of
Bangladesh
) 131,269,860 88%
() 10% 1.0%
: -
218
. (
/Islamic Republic of Pakistan)
144,616,639 97% (4/5
1/5 )
. (
/Islamic State of Afghanistan)
26,813,057 99% (
84% 15%)
(
1,273,111,300 )
228,437,870 87%
6,615,847,000
- 2,199,817,400 - 1,387,454.500
- 875,726,000 - 385,609,000
- 22,927,500 - 14,956,000
( Encyclopdia Britannica )
:
.. (..
2008)
. 1,147,995,900
. 153,546,900
- 60,916,441
(
63,389,730 )
. 167,762,040
. 32,738,376
- 57,157,751 - 2,777,542
- 486,840
- 52,631
- 6,925
- 48,156
(: ..
)
( . . ) 219
..
..
..
(International recognition of the Day of Vesak)
..
()
..
(International Buddhist Conference)
220
..
..
..-..
..
(
)
.. (- ..)
..
..
( . . ) 221
Y2K
millennium 3
Book of Revelation (The Apocalypse
) millennium ()
(apocalypse)
19 William
Miller (Second
Advent) .. 1843/
.. 1844/
1844
( ,
)
(The Great
Disappointment)
( Millerites)
Seventh-day Adventist
church (
)
1914/
Jehovahs Witnesses
20
.. (.. 1978) Jim Jones (
/Methodist)
apostolic socialism
Peoples Temple 1977
San Francisco
1974 (Guyana)
Jonestown
1978 Jim Jones
(cyanide)
revolutionary suicide
(
)
( ,
, Jim Jones
,
)
Jim Jones
Jim Jones
() (Doomsday
Cults, Encyclopdia Britannica, Book of the
2000
.. (.. 1993)
Branch Davidians
Seventh-day Adventist
(Waco, Texas) 1935/
1987/ (David Koresh)
Lamb ()
(Revelation 5:6) (Messiah)
(apocalypse)
( , )
(1995)
(
/Patriots Day
..
/1775) (
Internet)
( )
Oklahoma City bombing
/2001 (
.. (.. 1994) ..
(Solar Temple)
(Quebec)
()
(1995/)
1996/
.. (.. 1997)
.. (.. 1995)
(sarin)
,
Shoko Asahara
()
1987/
1999/
(
)
1996/
(Heavens Gate)
UFO (unidentified flying object
)
(Bo) (Peep)
1972/
Marshall Applewhite ( /Bo
/Do) Bonnie Nettles
( /Peep
/Ti, 1985/)
my two witnesses (
)
(Revelation 11:3)
(kingdom of heaven)
1994/
.. (.. 2000)
(Uganda)
(Movement for the Restoration of
the Ten Commandments of God/MRTC)
Jonestown
1978/ ( )
Joseph Kibwetere
Credonia Mwerinde
(Virgin Mary)
year ( )
.. 2000
(National Guard)
Millennium apocalypse
1999/
(Dec. 31, 1999)
Y2K
1965, 1987, 1993 65,
87, 93
2000 00
00 2000 00
1900 0
1999 Jan. 1, 2000
(January 1, 2000)
3rd millennium
( )
(December 31, 2000)
( )
(January 1, 2001)
Acknowledgements
Particular thanks are due to the following principal sources
for permission to use their copyrighted material:
1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2. www.flickr.com
3. University of Texas Libraries
4. David Rumsey Map Collection
Care has been taken to trace copyright holders. However,
if any source has been omitted, we apologize for it and will, if
informed, make corrections in any future edition.
Picture Credits:
Page:
01 Annapurna Himal Foothills Paul A.Souders/CORBIS
03 Corpus of Indus Seals and inscriptions, eds. Jagat Pati Joshi
and Asko Parpola
03 Replica of Mo-Jo man, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
03 Harappan bullock cart, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
04 Peacock on the roof, by Charnchai Bindusen
07 Thales / Wikipedia / www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de
07 Kapitolinischer Pythagoras / Galilea / de.wikipedia.org
07 Heraclitus / cote / www.flickr.com
08 Birthplace of Buddha / Matthew Knott / www.flickr.com
08 Mahabodhi Temple Atlantide Phototravel/Corbis
09 Dhamekha Stupa, India, by Sitthisak Thayanuwat
09 Mahaparinibbana Stupa jumpee2010 / www.flickr.com
10 Gandara Art, Sravasti, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
11 Vulturepeak / National Informatics Centre, Bihar State Unit
13 Jetavana / Bpilgrim / Wikipedia
13 Animal Sacrifice / www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett
15 Castes of India / beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary
16 Tapas / www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett
16 Hindo Dadhu, Benares by Herbert Ponting, 1907 / WIkipedia
17 Fasting Buddha, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
18 Buddha sculpture, Gupta period Luca Tettoni/Robert
Harding World Imagery/Corbis
18 Bas-Relief Sculpture from the Palace of Sargon Gianni
Dagli Orti/CORBIS
20 Buddhas Footprints, Sanchi Adam Woolfitt/CORBIS
21 Scenes from Buddhas life / centralasian / www.flickr.com
22 Asokan Inscription, by Charnchai Bindusen
24 Sattapannaguha, by Charnchai Bindusen
25 Temple of Kukulkan / pugwash00, www.flickr.com
26 The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio
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Wikipedia
Head of the Buddha, Afghanistan (Hadda) /
www.buddhascupture.net
Moulin banal in Braine-le-Chateau, Belgium / Pierre 79 /
Wikipedia
Statue of the Buddha at Mahintale, Sri Lunka / Wikipedia
Shiva Nataraja, Freer Gallery, Washington DC / Mr. T in DC
/ www.flickr.com
Four-Armed Vishnu, Metropolitan Museum of Art /
PHGCOM / Wikipedia
Abayagiriya Dagaba in 1800 / www.comeonsrilankabykun
chana.blogspot.com
Abhayagiri Dagaba / Gwen Vanhee / www.flickr.com
Uttama coin / http://lakdiva.org/coins/
Ribbed Vault and Carvings in Ellora Cave 10 Richard T.
Nowitz/Corbis
Ajanta cave / Pnp! / www.flickr.com
Cave #24, Ajanta Caves Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS
Amaravati / soham_pablo / www.flickr.com
Buddha Image from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh Luca Tettoni/
CORBIS
Coins of Kossano (Kushan) / Jeantosti / Wikipedia
Gatius Julius Caesar, National Archaeological Museum of
Naples, Italy / Andreas Wahra / Wikipedia
Cleopatra, Altes Museum, Berlin by Marco Prins /
www.livius.org
Bust of Marcus Antonius, Museo Vaticano, Rome CORBIS
Augustus of Prima Porta, Museo Chiaramoni, Vatican,
Rome / Andreas Wahra, Till Niermann / Wikipedia
Street in Pompeii / Paul Vlaar / Wikipedia
Map of the Roman Empire in 125 during the reign of
emperor Hadrian by Andrein with EraNavigator / Wikipedia
Pompeo Magno / Guido Bertolotti / Wikipedia
Sermon on the mount by Bloch, Copenhagen / Wikipedia
Descent of the cross by Rubens, Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille
Nero, Glyptothek, Munich / Freebase / Wikipedia
Gold coin of Kanishka, British Museum / Wikipedia
White Horse Temple by Charnchai Bindusen
Maitreya Buddha, Thikse Monastery / Payal Vora /
www.flickr.com
Dragon Gate Cave in Luoyang, China / Fanghong / Wikipedia
Colossal Buddha in Bamian Paul Almasy/CORBIS
Colossal Buddha at Bamiyan Robert Harding World
Imagery/Corbis
Three Brothers / The Field Museum / Wikipedia
Germania Antiqua / Philip Clver / www.library.yale.edu
Nalanda by Bhikkhu Panot Gunavattho
62
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Congress, cph.3c17122
188 Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 / USS West Virginir
188 Scene of destruction in a Berlin street / IWMCollections
IWM Photo No.: BU 8604
190 Buddhas footprints, Mahabodhi Temple Photosindia/
192 John Atanasoff at a press conference Bettmann/CORBIS
192 ENIAC Paul W Shaffer, curator for the University of
Pennsylvania ENIAC Museum / Wikipedia
192 UNIVAC II / U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office / Wikipedia
192 Altair 8800 Computer by Michael Holley / Wikipedia
193 IBM 1130 console by Bob Rosenbloom / Wikipedia
193 FGCS, PIM/m1 / Nixdorf / Wikipedia
193 MacIntosh Plus / Rama / Wikipedia
193 Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X / Redrum0486 / Wikipedia
195 Dr. Oswald T. Avery Bettmann/CORBIS
195 Mao Tse Tung Roman Soumar/CORBIS
197 Mahatma Gandhi Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
198 Wat Thai Buddhagaya, Bihar / www.watthaibuddhagaya.com
198 The Way of The Buddha by Bhikkhu C. Buddhivaro
199 Buddhamonthol, Nakhonpathom by Thongsook
Changvijjukarn
199 Phrasrisakyadasapalanyan, Nakhonpathom by Krisda
Nithananond
200 Chaththa Samgiti / Tipitaka International Council B.E. 2500
(1956) / www.dhammasociety.org
201 Sputnik I, National Air and Space Museum / NASA
201 The Buddha and Pancavaggiya, water-color painting by
Chakrabhand Posayakrit, courtesy of The Chakrabhand
Posayakrit Foundation All rights reserved
202 Tibet, Lhasa: Potala Palace Fridmar Damm/Corbis
202 S.S. o Dalai Lama / Elton Melo / www.flickr.com
202 Theodore Maiman & the worlds first laser /
Kathleenfmaiman / wikipedia
202 Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon
Bettmann/CORBIS
203 Pope John XXIII / John McNab / www.flickr.com
203 The World Fellowship of Buddhists / www.wfb.org
203 Buddhapadipa Thai Temple Tomasz Nowak /
www.flickr.com
204 Hippies 1960s / brizzle born and bred / www.flickr.com
204 Sharing a joint, Palm Springs / Wikiwatcher1 / Wikipedia
204 Prabhupada Dancing at Bhakt / aquarius2001.worldpress.com
204 Hare Krishna Grigory Kubatyan/shuttlerstock
205 Wat Dhammaram by Weerasak Witthawaskul, Chicago
206 Pol Pot In The Cambodian Jungle Bettmann/CORBIS
207 Wat Phra That Phanom, Thailand / Matthew Gold /
www.flickr.com
.. 1 - 100
25
25
25
26
27
27
28
- 29
.. 101 - 200
28
29
( ) 29
30
-- 31
31
31
32
3
7
7
-- 8
9
10
18
18
19
20
20
: - 21
21
24
.. 201 - 300
32
32
33
(: -) 33
34
35
37
38
? 39
39
39
40
40
40
42
42
.. 301 - 400
43
(-) 43
.. 401 - 500
: 43
44
44
45
46
46
46
-- 47
47
: 50
51
52
53
54
55
+ 56
56
.. 501 - 600
57
.. 601 - 700
57
58
58
59
59
.. 701 - 800
60
60
60
61
76
.. 1101 - 1200
.. 901 - 1000
63
63
64
65
- 64
65
66
67
76
: 76
77
77
77
78
78
78
79
80
80
80
80
81
- 81
- 82
82
.. 1001 - 1100
.. 1201 - 1300
.. 801 - 900
61
62
62
66
67
68
68
69
70
70
71
71
71
- 72
73
73
82
82
83
- 83
84
84
84
85
85
85
86
-- 86
87
88
88
88
89
+ 89
.. 1301 - 1400
89
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
94
94
95
95
.. 1401 - 1500
94
96
96
.. 1501 - 1600
95
95
96
97
98
98
98
99
99
99
100
100
: 101
101
.. 1601 - 1700
101
101
: - 102
102
103
103
.. 1701 - 1800
: 104
104
- 104
105
106
106
107
107
- 107
- 108
108
108
109
112
113
113
114
126
: 128
128
128
.. 1801 - 1900
.. 2001 - 2100
115
115
116
117
- 117
118
- 118
119
119
120
120
121
121
121
.. 1901 - 2000
- 122
122
: 122
123
123
124
124
124
125
125
129
129
130
130
132
132
132
132
132
133
134
134
135
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
138
138
139
139
.. 2101 - 2200
139
140
140
140
141
141
141
141
141
143
144
- 144
144
146
146
146
147
147
147
148
.. 2201 - 2300
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154
154
155
.. 2301 - 2400
154
155
156
158
158
159
159
159
159
...
160
162
162
163
163
163
164
164
164
164
165
166
166
The Communist Manifesto 166
167
. 167
168
.. 2401 - 2500
169
169
169
170
170
171
: 172
172
(Nobel Prize) 172
: 173
- 173
173
173
173
174
174
vs. 174
175
175
175
.. .. 175
176
176
177
177
177
178
178
178
178
179
179
179
180
180
+: 181
... . 182
182
:
182
182
183
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184
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185
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186
186
187
187
187
:
189
: 192
194
194
...
194
195
195
195
197
197
197
197
198
198
199
200
200
200
201
.. 2501 - 2547
201
201
202
202
202
202
203
- 203
. 203
203
204
205
205
UN 206
206
206
207
207
208
208
209
210
211
+ + +
211
211
212
212
212
213
213
214
214
214
214
214
Y2K millennium 3 215
218
: - 218
220
220
, 112
/ ,
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, 77, 82, 88
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121
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64
, 56, 66, 101,
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, / 8, 10, 42
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, 168
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3
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40
/ 7-9, 25, 29, 30,
53, 62, 197
97, 100, 107, 109,
112, 113, 115-117, 120-122,
124, 135
137
, 86, 117,
119, 123
, 53, 100
96
143
100
, 159
47
, 44
85, 119, 123
176, 177
50
, 24
176, 220
127
, 45, 46
, 38
, 38
29
177
29, 33
177, 180
72, 83, 85, 93, 99,
114
, 38
38, 39
, 72, 218
211
, 17, 18
46, 47
21
28
, 211
, 40
, 38
16
, 77, 100, 143,
164
, 78, 79, 82, 83,
92, 97, 135
132
85, 119, 123, 132,
142
, 78, 79, 135
137
156
, 156
7
, 38
50
, 38
173
47
7
173
26, 31, 34, 37
124
47
, 52
, 133
25, 133
, 64, 95
166
, 57
116
136
15
123
, 58, 59
144, 165
, 173
, 3
62, 63
, 23, 30, 43
30, 43
/, 70
146
/
185
26, 63, 70, 71, 79,
80, 82, 87-94, 97-99, 101,
102, 104-109, 111, 113,
115, 117-123, 129, 132,
134, 135, 140-143, 151,
173, 185, 197, 214, 218,
219
84
, 118
104, 106, 107
25, 132-134
31
, 121
, 7, 18, 56
, 3,
81, 90
/ 195
181
, 144
, 146
104, 115
, 57, 214
, 139, 140
, 129
, 79
, 100, 146
, 9, 11
, 38
, 31, 40, 42, 53
, 136
, 66, 82, 90
202
, 186
16, 78
21
28
8
10
119
145
29, 54, 56, 57, 78-80, 129,
141, 174, 184, 189, 195,
214, 218
128
68, 69, 128
3
212
3
123, 124
29
30, 37, 66, 68, 69, 80,
83, 88, 90, 95, 99, 101,
102, 108, 113, 116, 122,
71, 73, 86
19
147
212
173
65
28
175
33, 51, 54-56, 60, 62,
63, 66, 68, 81, 95, 140,
147
26, 37, 43, 47, 55-57,
61-63, 65, 66, 68-70, 80,
81, 83-85, 87, 92, 95, 113,
128, 131, 133, 135, 136,
138-140, 144, 147, 148,
163, 174, 178, 185, 211,
214, 218
95, 113, 133,
138, 139, 144, 148, 174, 214
61, 63, 66, 68,
70, 87
61-63, 65, 66,
68-70, 80, 128, 132, 135,
185
95, 136,
144, 147, 163
68
45
18
11
58, 60
99, 100, 149
206
139, 165, 166, 174,
203, 210
, 205
130
99, 125
104, 106
106
218
/ 38-40, 44-47,
63, 65, 84, 86, 96, 125,
155, 156, 164
96
100, 120
100, 121, 125, 127,
137
59, 120, 207
114, 121, 127
155
133
, 130
/ 8, 36
3, 50
19
60
177
38
, 29
3, 13, 14, 16, 35, 88,
94, 95, 103, 199
, 66, 83,
90, 118
163
154, 155
218
7
7, 25, 28, 46
28, 46
, 45, 46
125
149
149
205
198
205
164, 200
121
9, 155
156
210
125
9, 18, 19
161, 165
207
125,
160, 176, 200
126
203
205
125
173
164, 176, 183
58
145
205
156
167
137
210
210
114
131
159
179, 202, 210
193
17
61, 67, 86
13
71, 86
137
33
28
132
, 105, 168
89, 91, 92, 105
15
, 148
66
181, 184, 212
, 40
40
50, 119
181
155
159
, 169
, 95
, 9
, 65
//, 60
60
, 71
, 116
11
24
, 19
163
132
, 18, 19, 25, 28
, 67
19
9, 18, 19
, 125, 157,
207
208
204, 208
62
, 95
// 58
52
149
25, 45, 96, 155, 202,
214, 220
155
63, 76, 83-89, 91-93,
99, 117, 119, 123
, 207
, 132
144
145
114, 120, 123, 125,
126, 127, 132, 142-145,
147, 148, 155, 156
66, 76, 77, 88
95
93-95
, 8
113, 138,
140, 147
137, 139
33-36, 39, 46, 78,
158, 159, 197
, 3, 42, 95
, 90
, 175,
183, 194
, 42, 51, 53
93
, 70, 76, 93, 155
160
212
117, 144,
169, 171, 172, 174, 184,
185, 189
171, 184,
189, 192, 206
70, 102, 118,
139, 141, 144
206
83, 87, 95, 103, 124,
129, 130, 132-134, 136,
139, 140, 143-145, 147,
168, 173
162,
186, 194
68, 69, 128
174
179
157
123, 127, 132, 143,
145, 149, 155, 168
/ 155,
156
, 155
, 59
, 77
, 145
, 12, 16
187
144
181
206, 220
100
122
21, 23-25, 28, 30,
38, 44, 47, 59, 125, 161,
173, 200
, 38, 40, 44
, 149
176,
183
36, 63, 179
24
166
195
, 3, 46, 63, 99
28
, 181
13
8, 25, 35,
178
33, 62
43
70
, 40, 52, 170
40, 51-53, 60, 61,
67, 84, 86
60, 165
125
, 126, 127
36, 170, 172, 176-
178, 197
, 9, 21
, 9, 18, 19, 62
, 60, 83
, 17
218
, 207
38, 77
, 137
, 25
, / 29
81, 91, 101, 132, 151,
218
44
103
60
, 102
, 41
, 148, 156
7, 27
, 38
89, 105
7
, 114, 127
165
, 123, 124
, 116
/, /
71, 77, 78, 82, 118
204, 211
187
125
164
139, 147
139,
147-150
, 93
183
/ 121
10
29
15, 38
, 202
, 202
28, 51, 66, 72, 83, 85
/ 60, 66, 68, 70,
71, 77
/, 73,
79, 80, 82, 83
, 60
, 19
, 51, 52, 61, 67,
72, 73, 84
, 24
159
, 91
12
7, 117, 135
9, 18
/ 38, 44,
45, 47, 96
, 100
, 84
, 38
8
() 38
46
46
, 84
, 52
25, 103, 124, 129,
130, 132-134, 140, 141,
146, 150, 158, 159, 168-
173, 177, 179, 186, 189,
202, 205, 208, 211-213,
220
, 158
130
, 33, 62
, 29
, 13
19, 20, 33, 65, 137,
174, 211
24, 28, 38, 100
/, 9,
167
114
38
26, 27, 31
218
, / 82
30
133
, 32
, 32
,
170
,
130
,
18, 26, 27, 30-32, 155
7, 32, 40, 50
/, /
32-38, 158, 159,
197
38
, 44, 45
, 101
145
55
/ 55, 56
, 95
, 26, 69,
115, 117, 122, 124, 128,
161
() 28
10
50, 53
, 25
210
, 24, 156
, 155
, 155, 156
, 82, 88
, 207
, 8
, 120, 126, 127
19
166
3
7, 31
, 165
, 174
181
, 7, 26, 27, 32,
178
34
25
, 51
, 140
/,
44, 45
, 102
122, 185
, 130
, 55
, 88, 89, 92
18
, 132, 139
150
68
89, 105
, 178
9, 167
181
, 56
7, 21, 26
7, 20, 21, 148
, 30
25
145, 146
93, 123, 124, 145,
146
-, 54
/, 41, 58- 60,
66
, 95, 184
, 208
, 89
, 158
78, 185
, 63, 95, 99, 102,
108, 134, 155, 197, 199
50
204
, 189
81
209
139, 150
130
, 137, 150
7
151
, 64
208
218
(. . )
( .. )
( ) ..
.. ..
.. ..
..
University Museum Pennsylvania .. Swarthmore College
Pennsylvania .. .. visiting scholar
research fellow Divinity Faculty Harvard
(Most Eminent Scholar)
(UNESCO) ..
..
()