Softening cations Ca2+ Mg

2+

mg/l 1073 574 10165 1.12

eq.wt 20 12.2 23 27.9225

mg/l as CaCO3 2682.5 2352.5 22097.8 2.0

Anions
2CO3

mg/l 0 46 16415 3750

eq.wt 30 61 35.5 48

HCO3Cl SO42-

Na Fe2+

Availability of CO2 @ Ph 7.7 Concentration H+ HCO3Ka H2CO3 1.94984E-08 0.0009 4.46684E-07 3.92864E-05 H2CO3 = [H ] x [HCO3 ]/[Ka1], mol/l
+ -

Assume all of H2CO3 forms CO2 Therefore CO2 = H2CO3 expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l CO2 CO2 1.728602696 3.92864249 mg/l as CaCO3 Ca2+ 2686.4 37.7 HCO3Mg2+ 5038.9 23157.4 ClNa+ 27136.7 Fe+ 27138.7 27063.7 SO42expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l as CaCO3 Mol wt of CO2 44.0 g 1000.0 mg

CO2 3.93

Amount of lime required = (CO2 + Ca carbonate hardness + Mg Carbonate hardness + excess Lime) CO2 Ca carbonate hardness Mg Carbonate hardness excess lime 3.93 mg/l as CaCO3

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitated t 37.7 mg/l as CaCO3 0 mg/l as CaCO3 20 mg/l as CaCO3

2) first step to remove carbonate hardness which is formed by (H association with Ca & Mg.

Amount of lime (CaOH)2 required 61.63491803 mg/l as CaCO3 After the Carbonate Hardness is removed Ca2+ Mg2+ CO2 2648.7 5001.2

alkalinity exist in the form of HCO3- & there would be presence of C the alkalinty exist as OH so either forms carbonic acid or HCo3- depending upon pH precipitate calcicum and Magnesium carbonate hardness ness forms CaCO3 which precipitaes MgCO3 which is soluble and does'nt get removed convert MgCO3 to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes Na+ 27099.0 Fe+ 27101.0

CO2 23119.7 27026.0 3.93 ClSO42Amount of Soda Ash required = (Ca Non carbonate hardness + Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Ca Non carbonate hardness Mg Non Carbonate hardness Amount of Soda Ash required

2648.7 mg/l as CaCO3

2352.5 mg/l as CaCO3

5001.2 mg/l as CaCO3

Note: 1)Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed 2)CaCl2 Or CaSO4 reacts with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which preci dosent contribute to hard 3)Mg Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed by additi 4)Firstly Mg Non Corbonate is added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 contributes hardness along with this 5)secondly Lime is added which reacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg( leaves behind Nacl and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and non-ha

Amount of Lime required = ( Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Mg Non Carbonate hardness 2352.5 mg/l as CaCO3 Total Amount of dosage required Lime 2414.093934 mg/l as CaCO3 Soda Ash 4494.2 mg/l as CaCO3 After Ca & Mg being removed CO2 3.93 12584.5 ClNa+ 34748.9 Fe+ 24182.3 17355.3 SO42-

mg/l as CaCO3 0.0 37.7 23119.7 3906.3

pH pKa

7.71 6.35 at 25C

26630.8616380354 27063.7

xcess Lime)

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitated to remove hardness.

2-

arbonate hardness which is formed by (HCO3 ,CO3 ,OH -Contributes to Alkalinity) in 3) At pH < 8.3 4) At pH > 8.3 all of 25) CO3 is not stable 6) Lime Ca(OH)2 is used to 7) Lime + calcium Carbonate hard 8) Lime + Mg Carbonate Hardness forms 9) So further addition of lime is required to 10) finally excess lime is added

of HCO3- & there would be presence of CO2

cid or HCo3- depending upon pH Magnesium carbonate hardness ecipitaes and does'nt get removed to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes

ness)

Note: n Carbonate Hardness could be removed by addition of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which precipitaes and NaCl,Na2SO4 which dissolves and dosent contribute to hardness ate Hardness could be removed by addition of both Lime & Soda Ash (Na2CO3) onate is added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 is formed which is a soluble product and contributes hardness along with this CaCl2 r CaSO4 . which reacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg(OH)2 & CaCO3 a product that precipitaes .and and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and non-hardness product, but contributes to TDS.

Softening cations Ca2+ Mg

2+

mg/l 942 530 5921 0.1

eq.wt 20 12.2 23 27.9225

mg/l as CaCO3 2355.0 2172.1 12871.7 0.2

Anions CO3
2-

mg/l 0 45 8935 4580

eq.wt 30 61 35.5 48

HCO3 Cl SO42-

Na Fe2+

Availability of CO2 @ Ph 7.7 Concentration H+ HCO3Ka H2CO3 1.94984E-08 0.0009 4.46684E-07 3.92864E-05 H2CO3 = [H+] x [HCO3-]/[Ka1], mol/l

Assume all of H2CO3 forms CO2 Therefore CO2 = H2CO3 expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l CO2 CO2 1.728602696 3.92864249 mg/l as CaCO3 Ca2+ 2358.9 36.9 HCO3
-

Mol wt of CO2

44.0 g 1000.0 mg

expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l as CaCO3

CO2 3.93

Mg2+ 4531.1 12621.4 Cl

-

Na+ 17402.8

Fe+ 17403.0 17392.2 SO42-

Amount of lime required = (CO2 + Ca carbonate hardness + Mg Carbonate hardness + excess Lime) CO2 Ca carbonate hardness Mg Carbonate hardness excess lime Amount of lime (CaOH)2 required 3.93 mg/l as CaCO3 36.9 mg/l as CaCO3 0 mg/l as CaCO3 20 mg/l as CaCO3

60.8152459 mg/l as CaCO3

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitat 2) first step to remove carbonate hardness which is formed b association with Ca & Mg. alkalinity exist in the form of HCO3 & there would be presence the alkalinty exist as OH so either forms carbonic acid or HCo3- depending upon pH precipitate calcicum and Magnesium carbonate hardness ness forms CaCO3 which precipitaes forms MgCO3 which is soluble and does'nt get removed to convert MgCO3 to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes Na+ 17365.9 Fe+ 17366.1

After the Carbonate Hardness is removed Ca2+ Mg2+ CO2 2322.0 4494.2

CO2 12584.5 17355.3 ClSO423.93 Amount of Soda Ash required = (Ca Non carbonate hardness + Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Ca Non carbonate hardness Mg Non Carbonate hardness Amount of Soda Ash required

2322.0 mg/l as CaCO3

2172.1 mg/l as CaCO3

4494.174544 mg/l as CaCO3

Note: 1)Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness could be remo 2)CaCl2 Or CaSO4 reacts with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which p dosent contribute to h 3)Mg Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed by ad 4)Firstly Mg Non Corbonate is added with CaCO3 ,here Mg contributes hardness along with 5)secondly Lime is added which reacts with MgCO3 and forms leaves behind Nacl and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and no

Amount of Lime required = ( Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Mg Non Carbonate hardness 2172.1 mg/l as CaCO3 Total Amount of dosage required Lime 2232.946393 mg/l as CaCO3 Soda Ash 4494.174544 mg/l as CaCO3 After Ca & Mg being removed CO2 3.93 12584.5 ClNa+ 24182.1 Fe+ 24182.3 17355.3 SO42-

mg/l as CaCO3 0.0 36.9 12584.5 4770.8

pH pKa

7.71 6.35 at 25C

17402.9481974954 17392.2

me)

Ca & Mg got to be precipitated to remove hardness. 2e hardness which is formed by (HCO3 ,CO3 ,OH -Contributes to Alkalinity) in 3) At pH < 8.3 & there would be presence of CO2 4) At pH > 8.3 all of 25) CO3 is not stable Co3- depending upon pH 6) Lime Ca(OH)2 is used to m carbonate hardness 7) Lime + calcium Carbonate hard taes 8) Lime + Mg Carbonate Hardness does'nt get removed 9) So further addition of lime is required (OH)2 which precipitaes 10) finally excess lime is added

Note: nate Hardness could be removed by addition of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) CO3 and forms CaCO3 which precipitaes and NaCl,Na2SO4 which dissolves and dosent contribute to hardness dness could be removed by addition of both Lime & Soda Ash (Na2CO3) added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 is formed which is a soluble product and ntributes hardness along with this CaCl2 r CaSO4 . eacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg(OH)2 & CaCO3 a product that precipitaes .and SO4 which is a soluble and non-hardness product, but contributes to TDS.

Softening cations Ca2+ Mg

2+

mg/l 319 177 7311 0

eq.wt 20 12.2 23 27.9225

mg/l as CaCO3 797.5 725.4 15893.5 0.0

Anions
2CO3

mg/l 0 65 9928 3235

eq.wt 30 61 35.5 48

HCO3Cl SO42-

Na Fe2+

Availability of CO2 @ Ph 7.7 Concentration H+ HCO3Ka H2CO3 1.94984E-08 0.0013 4.46684E-07 5.67471E-05 H2CO3 = [H ] x [HCO3 ]/[Ka1], mol/l
+ -

Assume all of H2CO3 forms CO2 Therefore CO2 = H2CO3 expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l CO2 CO2 2.49687056 5.674705819 mg/l as CaCO3 Ca2+ 803.2 53.3 HCO3Mg2+ 1528.6 14036.4 ClNa+ 17422.1 Fe+ 17422.1 17406.2 SO42expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l as CaCO3 Mol wt of CO2 44.0 g 1000.0 mg

CO2 5.67

Amount of lime required = (CO2 + Ca carbonate hardness + Mg Carbonate hardness + excess Lime) CO2 Ca carbonate hardness Mg Carbonate hardness excess lime 5.67 mg/l as CaCO3 53.3 mg/l as CaCO3 0 mg/l as CaCO3 20 mg/l as CaCO3

Amount of lime (CaOH)2 required 78.94868852 mg/l as CaCO3

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitated t 2) first step to remove carbonate hardness which is formed by (H association with Ca & Mg. alkalinity exist in the form of HCO3- & there would be presence of C the alkalinty exist as OHso either forms carbonic acid or HCo3- depending upon pH precipitate calcicum and Magnesium carbonate hardness ness forms CaCO3 which precipitaes MgCO3 which is soluble and does'nt get removed convert MgCO3 to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes

After the Carbonate Hardness is removed Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Fe+ CO2 749.9 1475.3 17368.8 17368.8 13983.1 17352.9 5.67 ClSO42Amount of Soda Ash required = (Ca Non carbonate hardness + Mg Non Carbonate hardness)

Note: 1)Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed 2)CaCl2 Or CaSO4 reacts with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which preci

Ca Non carbonate hardness Mg Non Carbonate hardness Amount of Soda Ash required

749.9 mg/l as CaCO3

725.4 mg/l as CaCO3

1475.3 mg/l as CaCO3

Note: 1)Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed 2)CaCl2 Or CaSO4 reacts with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which preci dosent contribute to hard 3)Mg Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed by additi 4)Firstly Mg Non Corbonate is added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 contributes hardness along with this 5)secondly Lime is added which reacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg( leaves behind Nacl and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and non-ha

Amount of Lime required = ( Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Mg Non Carbonate hardness 725.4 mg/l as CaCO3 Total Amount of dosage required Lime 804.3585246 mg/l as CaCO3 Soda Ash 1475.3 mg/l as CaCO3 After Ca & Mg being removed CO2 3.93 12584.5 ClNa+ 19594.0 Fe+ 24182.3 17355.3 SO42-

mg/l as CaCO3 0.0 53.3 13983.1 3369.8

pH pKa

7.71 6.35 at 25C

xcess Lime)

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitated to remove hardness. 2arbonate hardness which is formed by (HCO3 ,CO3 ,OH -Contributes to Alkalinity) in 3) At pH < 8.3 of HCO3 & there would be presence of CO2 4) At pH > 8.3 all of 5) CO32- is not stable cid or HCo3- depending upon pH 6) Lime Ca(OH)2 is used to Magnesium carbonate hardness 7) Lime + calcium Carbonate hard ecipitaes 8) Lime + Mg Carbonate Hardness forms and does'nt get removed 9) So further addition of lime is required to to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes 10) finally excess lime is added

ness)

Note: n Carbonate Hardness could be removed by addition of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which precipitaes and NaCl,Na2SO4 which dissolves and

Note: n Carbonate Hardness could be removed by addition of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which precipitaes and NaCl,Na2SO4 which dissolves and dosent contribute to hardness ate Hardness could be removed by addition of both Lime & Soda Ash (Na2CO3) onate is added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 is formed which is a soluble product and contributes hardness along with this CaCl2 r CaSO4 . which reacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg(OH)2 & CaCO3 a product that precipitaes .and and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and non-hardness product, but contributes to TDS.

Softening cations Ca2+ Mg

2+

mg/l 699 367 6204 0

eq.wt 20 12.2 23 27.9225

mg/l as CaCO3 1747.5 1504.1 13487.0 0.0

Anions CO3
2-

mg/l 0 66 9325 3400

eq.wt 30 61 35.5 48

HCO3 Cl SO42-

Na Fe2+

Availability of CO2 @ Ph 7.7 Concentration H+ HCO3Ka H2CO3 1.94984E-08 0.00132 4.46684E-07 5.76201E-05 H2CO3 = [H+] x [HCO3-]/[Ka1], mol/l

Assume all of H2CO3 forms CO2 Therefore CO2 = H2CO3 expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l CO2 CO2 2.535283954 5.762008986 mg/l as CaCO3 Ca2+ 1753.2 54.1 HCO3Mg2+ 3257.3 13187.9 ClNa+ 16744.2 Fe+ 16744.2 16729.6 SO42expressing CO2 in terms of mg/l as CaCO3 Mol wt of CO2 44.0 g 1000.0 mg

CO2 5.67

Amount of lime required = (CO2 + Ca carbonate hardness + Mg Carbonate hardness + excess Lime) CO2 Ca carbonate hardness Mg Carbonate hardness excess lime Amount of lime (CaOH)2 required 5.67 mg/l as CaCO3 54.1 mg/l as CaCO3 0 mg/l as CaCO3 20 mg/l as CaCO3

79.76836066 mg/l as CaCO3

1) Note: Ca & Mg got to be precipitat 2) first step to remove carbonate hardness which is formed b association with Ca & Mg. alkalinity exist in the form of HCO3- & there would be presence the alkalinty exist as OH so either forms carbonic acid or HCo3- depending upon pH precipitate calcicum and Magnesium carbonate hardness ness forms CaCO3 which precipitaes forms MgCO3 which is soluble and does'nt get removed to convert MgCO3 to Mg(OH)2 which precipitaes Na+ 16690.1 Fe+ 16690.1

After the Carbonate Hardness is removed Ca2+ Mg2+ CO2 1699.1 3203.2

CO2 13133.8 16675.5 ClSO425.67 Amount of Soda Ash required = (Ca Non carbonate hardness + Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Ca Non carbonate hardness Mg Non Carbonate hardness Amount of Soda Ash required

1699.1 mg/l as CaCO3

1504.1 mg/l as CaCO3

3203.2 mg/l as CaCO3

Note: 1)Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness could be remo 2)CaCl2 Or CaSO4 reacts with Na2CO3 and forms CaCO3 which p dosent contribute to h 3)Mg Non Carbonate Hardness could be removed by ad 4)Firstly Mg Non Corbonate is added with CaCO3 ,here Mg contributes hardness along with 5)secondly Lime is added which reacts with MgCO3 and forms leaves behind Nacl and Na2SO4 which is a soluble and no

Amount of Lime required = ( Mg Non Carbonate hardness) Mg Non Carbonate hardness 1504.1 mg/l as CaCO3 Total Amount of dosage required Lime 1583.866721 mg/l as CaCO3 Soda Ash 3203.2 mg/l as CaCO3 After Ca & Mg being removed CO2 3.93 12584.5 ClNa+ 21592.4 Fe+ 24182.3 17355.3 SO42-

mg/l as CaCO3 0.0 54.1 13133.8 3541.7

pH pKa

7.71 6.35 at 25C

me)

Ca & Mg got to be precipitated to remove hardness. 2e hardness which is formed by (HCO3 ,CO3 ,OH -Contributes to Alkalinity) in 3) At pH < 8.3 & there would be presence of CO2 4) At pH > 8.3 all of 25) CO3 is not stable Co3- depending upon pH 6) Lime Ca(OH)2 is used to m carbonate hardness 7) Lime + calcium Carbonate hard taes 8) Lime + Mg Carbonate Hardness does'nt get removed 9) So further addition of lime is required (OH)2 which precipitaes 10) finally excess lime is added

Note: nate Hardness could be removed by addition of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) CO3 and forms CaCO3 which precipitaes and NaCl,Na2SO4 which dissolves and dosent contribute to hardness dness could be removed by addition of both Lime & Soda Ash (Na2CO3) added with CaCO3 ,here MgCO3 is formed which is a soluble product and ntributes hardness along with this CaCl2 r CaSO4 . eacts with MgCO3 and forms Mg(OH)2 & CaCO3 a product that precipitaes .and SO4 which is a soluble and non-hardness product, but contributes to TDS.