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Poliovirus
S S Non-segmentedPicornaviridae Coxsackie A and B virus
Icosahedral Naked Hepatitis A virus
S S Non-segmented Caliciviridae Norwalk virus
Hepatitis E virus
D S Segmented REOviridae Rotavirus
Yellow Fever virus
Dengue virus
R Enveloped S S Non-segmented Flaviviridae St. Louis Encephalitis vi
Japanese Encephalitis v
Hepatitis C virus
S S Non-segmentedCoronaviridae Respiratory
Syncitial virus
California Encephalitis v
N S S Segmented Bunyaviridae Rift Valley Fever virus
Helical Enveloped Sandfly Fever virus
Orthomyxoviridae Influenza virus
Parainfluenza virus
S S Non-segmented
Paramyxoviridae Respiratory
Syncitial virus
A Mumps virus
Measles virus
S S Non-segmentedRhabdoviridae Rabies virus
Marburg virus
S S Non-Segmented Filoviridae (Acute
Hemorrhagic Fever)
Ebola virus
(Acute
Hemorrhagic Fever)
LymphaticChoriomengitis
S S Segmented Arenaviridae Lymphocytic meningitis
Lassa virus
Human Immunodeficiency
Complex Complex Coat S S Diploid Retroviridae virus
(HIV) type 1 & 11
(HTLV) type 1 & 11
Family Picornaviridae
Picornavirus
(small-rna virus)
1. Genus Rhinovirus
= replicate at 330C, inactivated at pH3
= over 100 serotypes affecting human
= acid labile (destroyed by gastric acid)
= do not replicate in the GIT
Prevention:
= no vaccine available due to many serotypes
2. Genus Enterovirus
= replicate 370C, acid stable at pH3-5
= inactivated when heated at 55OC for
30minutes = not affected by ether
= infect primarily in the GIT
Polio virus
Coxsackie virus A and B
ECHO virus
Hepatitis A virus
Poliovirus
= 3 serologic types:
Type 1 Brumhilde - most paralytogenic
Type 2 Lansing
Type 3 Leon - least paralytogenic
= protection from polio virus infection requires
antibodies
to all 3 serotypes
Disease: Poliomyelitis/Infantile Paralysis/Hein–Medlin
Dse.
Systemic circulation
(spread throughout the body)
↓ ↓
CNS Extranural tissues
↓
(fibers motor neuron of ant. horn of spinal cord)
→ destroy nerve cell → flaccid paralysis
4 Clinical types of infection
1. Inapparent/Asymptomatic/Abortive poliomyelitis
= characterized by mild influenza-like
manifestation
such as fever, headache, malaise, sore
throat and vomiting
= appears few days after exposure
= no CNS involvement
= recovery spontaneous
= most common form
2. Non-paralytic poliomyelitis
= appears as Aseptic meningitis with fever,
headache, vomiting, stiff neck &
convulsion
= usually last 2-10 days
3. Paralytic Poliomyelitis (Spinal poliomyelitis)
= most severe form
= charac. by asymmetric flaccid paralysis of
limbs
with no sensory deficits, resulting from
lower
motor neuron damage
= recovery w/in 6 months with residual
paralysis lasting much longer or
permanent deformity
4. Bulbar poliomyelitis
= form of paralytic poliomyelitis which results
from
involvement of the brain stem and
Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Virological
= isolation of virus (stool, throat, CSF)
cell culture- Monkey Kidney cell
Immunity:
= lifetime immunity
= passive immunity transferred from mother→
eonate
= maternal antibodies disappear
during 6 months of life
Coxsackie virus
Coxsackie A
= 23 serotypes
= site of predilection: skin and mucous membrane
= causes widespread inflammatory reaction and
necrosis of skeletal muscle (myositis)
leading
to flaccid paralysis and death
= worldwide in distribution
= 30 serotypes (not all can cause human disease)
= called “orphan virus” not associated with any
disease
= diff. from Coxsackie by their failure to produce
pathological changes in newborn mice
(not pathogenic to mice)
= one of the leading cause of aseptic meningitis
= acquired by fecal oral route
Disease produced:
1. Aseptic Meningitis
2. Infantile Diarrhea
3. Febrile illness w/ or w/o rash (Boston Exanthem
Dse.)
4. Common Cold
5. Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Laboratory Diag.:
Isolation of virus – (throat/rectal swab)
Cell culture- MKC/Hela cell/Human/Ammion cell
Treatment: Symptomatic
Treatment: Symptomatic
Prevention:
= Pooled-immunoglobulin (given to person
expose
to virus or during incubation period of the
disease)
= vaccine available given to people traveling to
endemic
areas (3 doses)
Enterovirus 70
(Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis)
= charac. by pain and swelling of the eyelids
= very contagious disease
= also seen with coxsackie A and B infection
Enterovirus 71
(Hand – Foot and Mouth Disease)
= charac. by the presence of herpetiform lesions
in the
hands, foot and mouth
Family REOviridae
REOviruses
(Respiratory-Enteric-Orphan virus)
= 4 serotypes
= responsible for almost 50% of infantile
diarrheal
cases that requires hospitalization
= do not grow on tissue culture
= found worldwide
= peak of infection during winter and summer
= resistant to stomach acid hence can reach
GIT
= primary cause of gastroenteritis (acute
diarrhea)
in infants and children 6 to 2 years and
below
= disease can be very severe with a high
Disease: Viral Infantile Gastroenteritis
Prevention:
= no human measure of controlling rotavirus
= Vaccine: live attenuated rotavirus
THE ARBOVIRUSES
Family Togaviridae
Togaviruses
(cloak/mantle)
Treatment: Symptomatic
Rubella virus
(German Measles virus/3 Day Fever Virus)
Properties:
= envelope (contain hemaglutinin spike)
= only 1 serotype
= only genus not arthropod-borne
= replicate in the cytoplasm
= Man (natural host infection)
Disease: Rubella (German measles)
= acute febrile illness charac. fever, skin rash &
enlargement
of post-auricular and suboccipital lymph node
= acquired by: 1. aerosol/droplet inhalation
2. transplacental
= worldwide distribution
= infection occur throughout the year
= peak incidence during spring
= affect children and young adults
= very communicable
= most teratogenic of the virus disease
2 Clinical form:
1. Postnatal Rubella
= acquired after birth
= mild childhood disease (but can be seen in all
ages)
Pathogenesis: Inhalation
↓
URT (nasopharynx and cervical LN)
initial site of infection
↓
multiply
↓
bloodstream
(viremia)
↓
general circulation
(throughout body→ can pass placenta)
↓
Skin
Clinical Findings:
Prevention:
1.) Avoid contact of patient with rubella infection
Norwalk virus
= ss rna genome, non-segmented, naked (non-
enveloped)
= cup-shape depression on capsid
= major cause of gastroenteritis
= 35 - 39nm
= 5 antigenic types
= almost all children have antibodies to the virus by
the
age of 5 years
= transmitted fecal-oral (contaminated H2O &
shellfish)
= incubation period 1 - 2 days
= charac. by fever, nausea, severe vomiting,
abdominal
pain and diarrhea
= symptoms resolve within 4-5 days
= recovery rapid and complete
= infant death may be due loss of fluid and
electrolytes
(dehydration)
= infection can occur at only time of the year and in
people of all ages
Species:
1.) Aedes aegypti = domestic mosquito found
inside houses & buildings (urban areas)
2.) Aedes albopectus = found outside houses
and buildings, forested areas, bush,
le
= commonly breeds in standing water
ed
outdoors
= more efficient vector of dengue virus
n
A. aegypti
= female mosquito transmit virus
= 4 Serotypes
1- Hawaii
2- New Guinea
3 Philippines
4
serotypes
↓
anammestic reaction occur
↓
overproduction of cross-reacting AB
↓
immune complex formed bet. virus & AB
↓
activate the complement system
↓
damage blood vessel
↓
increase vascular permeability
↓
loss of platelet (thrombocytopenia)
Lab. Diagnosis:
1) Patient with clinical manifestation and history of
going
to endemic areas (Tourniquet test)
2) Platelet count – below 50,000 (indication of
bleeding)
3) Virological
= demonst. virus by inoculating blood:
Prevention Control:
= General mosquito control measures
1.) Elimination of breeding places
2.) Insecticides
3.) Fogging
= Vaccine (still under study) Sabin – Schlessinger
Vaccine (attenuated dengue virus)
Yellow Fever Virus
Treatment: Symptomatic
Prevention:
1. Eradication and control of mosquito breeding site
2. Vaccine – (live attenuated yellow fever virus
Japanese B Encephalitis Virus
Treatment: Symptomatic
Prevention:
1. Immunization–Vaccine (inactivated purified
Japanese B)
encephalitis virus given
3 subcutaneous doses
= very effective
= recommended esp. for person living or
travelling endemic area
2. Mosquito – Eradication program
St Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLE)
Disease: Hepatitis C
Rhabdovirus
(Lyssavirus/Rabies virus)
Characteristic:
= rna virus with ss rna genome, non-segmented
= bullet-shaped nucleocapsid
= envelope with spikes containing 2 enzymes
neuraminidase and hemagglutinin
= size 180 nm
= replicate in the cytoplasm
= sensitive to chemical agents:
(phenol, formaldehyde, ether and chloroform)
= inactivated by physical agents: U-V radiation,
heat
50°C for 1 hour
= survive at temperature 4°C for weeks
= a zoonotic virus with wide host range
(all warm-blooded animals are reservoir of virus
like)
dog, cat, skunk, raccoon and foxes
= virus infect most mammals including human
(accidental host)
= not found human body
= human to human transmission rare
= normally present → vampire bat
(only known carrier and reservoir of the virus and
don’t)
manifest disease
= dog (animal reservoir), man (accidental host)
= rabbit and rodents are the only mammals unable to
transmit
Disease: Rabies/Hydrophobia
Rapid diagnosis
a.) Direct microscopic demonst. of virus antigen
by:
Direct immunoflourescence staining → detect
virus in
brain tissue and corneal scrapings
(most rapid & accurate method to identify
rabies virus)
b.) Brain biopsy→ histologic staining of brain
tissue
(seller stain)
↓
demonst. intracytoplasmic eosinophilic
inclusion body “negri body”
d.) Serological
= detect rabies antibodies by
1. Immunofluorescence test
2. Complement fixation test
3. Neutralization test
= antibodies are developed during
progression
of the disease
Treatment: Supportive & Symptomatic
Prevention:
= Vaccination of domestic animal (dogs, cats) using
attenuated virus vaccine grown in chick
embryo
LEP (low egg passive virus) - used for dogs
HEP (high egg passive virus) - used for cattle
4. Herperimmune serum
Family Orthomyxoviridae
Orthomyxovirus
(Influenza viruses)
Characteristic:
= segmented, single- stranded RNA virus
= helical nucleocapsid
= provided w/ envelope contg 2 glycoprotein
spikes
Hemagglutinin (H antigen)
Neuraminidase (N antigen)
= size 80–120 nm
= genetic ressortment common
= replicate in the host nucleus
Major antigenic types producing human infection
Influenza Type A
= undergo major and minor antigenic changes
often
exhibit antigenic shifting and drifting
↓ ↓
caused by reassortment due to
mutation
of the RNA genome in the
genome
= assoc. with epidemic outbreak of influenza
= 13 serotypes (hemaglutinatin H1-13)
(neuraminidase N1-N9)
Influenza Type B
= undergo only antigenic drifting, no antigenic
shifting
Influenza Type C
Disease: Influenza/Flu/La Grippe
= self-limiting disease lasting for 3-7 days
= charac. by URT manif.: cough, fever, sore
throat, chill,
myalgia, arthralgia
= highly contagious and spread by person to
person
contact or by aerosol
= incubation period 24 – 48 hours
= site of predilection – ciliated respiratory
epithelium of
the respiratory tract
Complication:
Reye’s syndrome
(Post influenza B encephalitis & fatty degeneration
Lab. Diagnosis:
throat swab
1. Virological – specimen
nasopharyngeal
washing
A. MKC – + hemadsorption
B. Yolk Sac Chick Embryo -
+hemagglutinatin
C. Madin Darby Canine Kidney (M D C K)
+ hemadsorption
2. Serological
C F test (C F antibody first to be formed)
HI
Treatment:
Symptomatic/Supportive
Amantadine – effective for type A infection
(Symmetril)
Paramyxoviruses
1. Genus Paramyxovirus
= Parainfluenza virus
= Mumps virus
2. Genus Morbillivirus
= Rubeola/Measle virus
3. Genus Pneumovirus
= Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV)
A. Genus Paramyxoviruses
Parainfluenza virus
Properties:
= second leading cause of lower respiratory tract
infection in young children
= 4 serologic types affecting human
Pathogenesis:
= infection confined resp. epith. without systemic
spread of virus
= all 4 types of infection occurs year round
= acquired by inhalation of infectious particles
(resp. secretion)
Lab. Diagnosis.
1) Isolation of virus
Cell culture- MKC-+ hemadsorption
2. Serological
HI – demonst. four- fold rise AB titer bet.
acute and convalescent sera.
3. Flourescence staining of exfoliated epithelial
cell
to demonstrate virus
Complications:
1. Orchitis - infection of testicles
- postpubertal male
- usually unilateral involvement
2. Sterility - rare complication
3. Aseptic meningitis
Prevention:
= vaccine contg.-live attenuated mump virus
given in
combination with measle and rubella (MMR)
Rubeola/Measle virus
= only 1 serotype
= sensitive to ether
Disease: Measle/Rubeola
MOT- contact with respiratory droplet or
secretion/inhalation
= inc. pd. 7-14 days
= initial site of infection mucosa
URT
↓
multiply (disseminate)
↓
LN
↓
bloodstream (viremia)
↓
Prodromal manif:
= fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, photopobia and
cough
= maculo- papular skin rashes usually appears
during
fever face → neck → trunk → extremities
= presence of koplik’s spots buccal mucosa
(diagnostic)
= period of communicability 4 days before and 4
days
after the appearance of rashes
Complications:
1. Bronchopneumonia
2. Encephalitis
3. Subacute sclerosing Panencephalitis
(rare and late complication)
Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Virological- isolation virus clinical material
(nasopharyngeal and conjunctival secretions)
MKC/Human Embryonic Kidney
+ CPE – syncithium formation
= presence of Warthin-Fenkeldy cell
(diagnostic)
3. Serological - ELISA
Prevention:
= avoid contact with bodyfluid coming from
infected
body fluids
= proper disposal of corpses
= any material used must be incinerated and
Family Retroviridae
Retroviruses
Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Clinical sign and symptoms
2. Serologic assay: Elisa/Western Blot
Treatment: AZT
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