Engineering Safety Management

87
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910

(d) L ocat ion of sample Cooperat ive
Agreemen t . A sa mpl e Agr eemen t i s
a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on a t a l l Regi on a l
Offi ces of t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on of t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of La bor .
(e) Act ion u pon requ est s. Th e S t a t e
wi l l be n ot i fi ed wi t h i n a r ea son a bl e pe-
r i od of t i me of a n y deci si on con cer n i n g
i t s r equ est for a Cooper a t i ve Agr ee-
men t . I f a r equ est i s den i ed, t h e S t a t e
wi l l be i n for med i n wr i t i n g of t h e r ea -
son s su ppor t i n g t h e deci si on . I f a Coop-
er a t i ve Agr eemen t i s n egot i a t ed, t h e
i n i t i a l fi n di n g wi l l speci fy t h e per i od
for t h e Agr eemen t . Addi t i on a l fu n ds
ma y be a dded a t a l a t er t i me pr ovi ded
t h e a ct i vi t y i s sa t i sfa ct or i l y ca r r i ed
ou t a n d a ppr opr i a t i on s a r e a va i l a bl e.
Th e S t a t e ma y a l so be r equ i r ed t o
a men d t h e Agr eemen t for con t i n u ed
su ppor t .
(f) T ermin at ion . Ei t h er pa r t y ma y t er -
mi n a t e a Cooper a t i ve Agr eemen t u n der
t h i s pa r t u pon 30 da y s wr i t t en n ot i ce
t o t h e ot h er pa r t y .
(Appr oved by t h e Offi ce of Ma n a gemen t a n d
Bu dget u n der con t r ol n u mber 12180110)
[49 F R 25094, J u n e 19, 1984, a s a men ded a t 54
F R 24333, J u n e 7, 1989]
1908.11 Exclusions.
A Cooper a t i ve Agr eemen t u n der t h i s
pa r t wi l l n ot r est r i ct i n a n y ma n n er
t h e a u t h or i t y a n d r espon si bi l i t y of t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y u n der sect i on s 8, 9,
10, 13, a n d 17 of t h e Act , or a n y cor -
r espon di n g S t a t e a u t h or i t y .
PART 1910OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart AGeneral
S ec.
1910. 1 P u r pose a n d scope.
1910. 2 Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 3 P et i t i on s for t h e i ssu a n ce, a men d-
men t , or r epea l of a st a n da r d.
1910. 4 Amen dmen t s t o t h i s pa r t .
1910. 5 Appl i ca bi l i t y of st a n da r ds.
1910. 6 I n cor por a t i on by r efer en ce.
1910. 7 Defi n i t i on a n d r equ i r emen t s for a n a -
t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
1910. 8 OMB con t r ol n u mber s u n der t h e P a -
per wor k Redu ct i on Act .
Subpart BAdoption and Extension of
Established Federal Standards
1910. 11 S cope a n d pu r pose.
1910. 12 Con st r u ct i on wor k .
1910. 15 S h i py a r d empl oy men t .
1910. 16 Lon gsh or i n g a n d ma r i n e t er mi n a l s.
1910. 17 Effect i ve da t es.
1910. 18 Ch a n ges i n est a bl i sh ed F eder a l
st a n da r ds.
1910. 19 S peci a l pr ovi si on s for a i r con t a mi -
n a n t s.
Subpart C [Reserved]
Subpart DWalking-Working Surfaces
1910. 21 Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 22 Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s.
1910. 23 Gu a r di n g fl oor a n d wa l l open i n gs
a n d h ol es.
1910. 24 F i xed i n du st r i a l st a i r s.
1910. 25 P or t a bl e wood l a dder s.
1910. 26 P or t a bl e met a l l a dder s.
1910. 27 F i xed l a dder s.
1910. 28 S a fet y r equ i r emen t s for sca ffol di n g.
1910. 29 Ma n u a l l y pr opel l ed mobi l e l a dder
st a n ds a n d sca ffol ds (t ower s).
1910. 30 Ot h er wor k i n g su r fa ces.
Subpart EMeans of Egress
1910. 33 Ta bl e of con t en t s.
1910. 34 Cover a ge a n d defi n i t i on s.
1910. 35 Compl i a n ce wi t h NF P A 1012000, Li fe
S a fet y Code.
1910. 36 Desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on r equ i r e-
men t s for exi t r ou t es.
1910. 37 Ma i n t en a n ce, sa fegu a r ds, a n d oper -
a t i on a l fea t u r es for exi t r ou t es.
1910. 38 Emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n s.
1910. 39 F i r e pr even t i on pl a n s.
AP P ENDI X TO S UBP ART EEXI T ROUTES ,
EMERGENCY ACTI ON P LANS , AND F I RE P RE-
VENTI ON P LANS
Subpart FPowered Platforms, Manlifts,
and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms
1910. 66 P ower ed pl a t for ms for bu i l di n g
ma i n t en a n ce.
1910. 67 Veh i cl e-mou n t ed el eva t i n g a n d r o-
t a t i n g wor k pl a t for ms.
1910. 68 Ma n l i ft s.
Subpart GOccupational Health and
Environmental Control
1910. 94 Ven t i l a t i on .
1910. 95 Occu pa t i on a l n oi se exposu r e.
1910. 97 Non i on i zi n g r a di a t i on .
1910. 98 Effect i ve da t es.
Subpart HHazardous Materials
1910. 101 Compr essed ga ses (gen er a l r equ i r e-
men t s).
1910. 102 Acet y l en e.
1910. 103 Hy dr ogen .
1910. 104 Oxy gen .
1910. 105 Ni t r ou s oxi de.
VerDate Aug<31>2005 08:47 Jul 26, 2007 Jkt 211112 PO 00000 Frm 00097 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\211112.XXX 211112
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
88
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910
1910. 106 F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds.
1910. 107 S pr a y fi n i sh i n g u si n g fl a mma bl e
a n d combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
1910. 108 [Reser ved]
1910. 109 Expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g a gen t s.
1910. 110 S t or a ge a n d h a n dl i n g of l i qu i fi ed
pet r ol eu m ga ses.
1910. 111 S t or a ge a n d h a n dl i n g of a n h y dr ou s
a mmon i a .
1910. 1121910. 113 [Reser ved]
1910. 119 P r ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t of h i gh -
l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s.
1910. 120 Ha za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s a n d
emer gen cy r espon se.
1910. 121 [Reser ved]
DI P P I NG AND COATI NG OP ERATI ONS
1910. 122 Ta bl e of con t en t s.
1910. 123 Di ppi n g a n d coa t i n g oper a t i on s:
Cover a ge a n d defi n i t i on s.
1910. 124 Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s for di ppi n g
a n d coa t i n g oper a t i on s.
1910. 125 Addi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for di ppi n g
a n d coa t i n g oper a t i on s t h a t u se fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds.
1910. 126 Addi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for speci a l
di ppi n g a n d coa t i n g oper a t i on s.
Subpart IPersonal Protective Equipment
1910. 133 Ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on .
1910. 134 Respi r a t or y pr ot ect i on .
1910. 135 Hea d pr ot ect i on .
1910. 136 F oot pr ot ect i on .
1910. 137 El ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
1910. 138 Ha n d pr ot ect i on .
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART I REF ERENCES F OR
F URTHER I NF ORMATI ON (NON-MANDATORY)
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART I NON-MANDATORY
COMP LI ANCE GUI DELI NES F OR HAZARD AS -
S ES S MENT AND P ERS ONAL P ROTECTI VE
EQUI P MENT S ELECTI ON
Subpart JGeneral Environmental Controls
1910. 141 S a n i t a t i on .
1910. 142 Tempor a r y l a bor ca mps.
1910. 143 Non wa t er ca r r i a ge di sposa l sy s-
t ems. [Reser ved]
1910. 144 S a fet y col or code for ma r k i n g ph y s-
i ca l h a za r ds.
1910. 145 S peci fi ca t i on s for a cci den t pr even -
t i on si gn s a n d t a gs.
1910. 146 P er mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ces.
1910. 147 Th e con t r ol of h a za r dou s en er gy
(l ock ou t /t a gou t ).
Subpart KMedical and First Aid
1910. 151 Medi ca l ser vi ces a n d fi r st a i d.
1910. 152 [Reser ved]
Subpart LFire Protection
1910. 155 S cope, a ppl i ca t i on a n d defi n i t i on s
a ppl i ca bl e t o t h i s su bpa r t .
1910. 156 F i r e br i ga des.
P ORTABLE F I RE S UP P RES S I ON EQUI P MENT
1910. 157 P or t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s.
1910. 158 S t a n dpi pe a n d h ose sy st ems.
F I XED F I RE S UP P RES S I ON EQUI P MENT
1910. 159 Au t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st ems.
1910. 160 F i xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems, gen -
er a l .
1910. 161 F i xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems, dr y
ch emi ca l .
1910. 162 F i xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems, ga s-
eou s a gen t .
1910. 163 F i xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems, wa t er
spr a y a n d foa m.
OTHER F I RE P ROTECTI ON S YS TEMS
1910. 164 F i r e det ect i on sy st ems.
1910. 165 Empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems.
AP P ENDI CES TO S UBP ART L OF P ART 1910
NOTE
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART LF I RE P ROTECTI ON
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART LNATI ONAL CON-
S ENS US S TANDARDS
AP P ENDI X C TO S UBP ART LF I RE P ROTECTI ON
REF ERENCES F OR F URTHER I NF ORMATI ON
AP P ENDI X D TO S UBP ART LAVAI LABI LI TY OF
P UBLI CATI ONS I NCORP ORATED BY REF -
ERENCE I N S ECTI ON 1910. 156 F I RE BRI GADES
AP P ENDI X E TO S UBP ART LTES T METHODS
F OR P ROTECTI VE CLOTHI NG
Subpart MCompressed Gas and
Compressed Air Equipment
1910. 1661910. 168 [Reser ved]
1910. 169 Ai r r ecei ver s.
Subpart NMaterials Handling and
Storage
1910. 176 Ha n dl i n g ma t er i a l sgen er a l .
1910. 177 S er vi ci n g mu l t i -pi ece a n d si n gl e
pi ece r i m wh eel s.
1910. 178 P ower ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s.
1910. 179 Over h ea d a n d ga n t r y cr a n es.
1910. 180 Cr a wl er l ocomot i ve a n d t r u ck
cr a n es.
1910. 181 Der r i ck s.
1910. 183 Hel i copt er s.
1910. 184 S l i n gs.
Subpart OMachinery and Machine
Guarding
1910. 211 Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 212 Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s for a l l ma -
ch i n es.
1910. 213 Woodwor k i n g ma ch i n er y r equ i r e-
men t s.
1910. 214 Cooper a ge ma ch i n er y . [Reser ved]
1910. 215 Abr a si ve wh eel ma ch i n er y .
1910. 216 Mi l l s a n d ca l en der s i n t h e r u bber
a n d pl a st i cs i n du st r i es.
1910. 217 Mech a n i ca l power pr esses.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
89
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910
1910. 218 F or gi n g ma ch i n es.
1910. 219 Mech a n i ca l power -t r a n smi ssi on a p-
pa r a t u s.
Subpart PHand and Portable Powered
Tools and Other Hand-Held Equipment
1910. 241 Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 242 Ha n d a n d por t a bl e power ed t ool s
a n d equ i pmen t , gen er a l .
1910. 243 Gu a r di n g of por t a bl e power ed t ool s.
1910. 244 Ot h er por t a bl e t ool s a n d equ i p-
men t .
Subpart QWelding, Cutting and Brazing
1910. 251 Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 253 Oxy gen -fu el ga s wel di n g a n d cu t -
t i n g.
1910. 254 Ar c wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g.
1910. 255 Resi st a n ce wel di n g.
Subpart RSpecial Industries
1910. 261 P u l p, pa per , a n d pa per boa r d mi l l s.
1910. 262 Text i l es.
1910. 263 Ba k er y equ i pmen t .
1910. 264 La u n dr y ma ch i n er y a n d oper a t i on s.
1910. 265 S a wmi l l s.
1910. 266 Loggi n g oper a t i on s.
1910. 268 Tel ecommu n i ca t i on s.
1910. 269 El ect r i c power gen er a t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on .
1910. 272 Gr a i n h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t i es.
Subpart SElectrical
GENERAL
1910. 301 I n t r odu ct i on .
DES I GN S AF ETY S TANDARDS F OR ELECTRI CAL
S YS TEMS
1910. 302 El ect r i c u t i l i za t i on sy st ems.
1910. 304 Wi r i n g desi gn a n d pr ot ect i on .
1910. 305 Wi r i n g met h ods, compon en t s, a n d
equ i pmen t for gen er a l u se.
1910. 306 S peci fi c pu r pose equ i pmen t a n d i n -
st a l l a t i on s.
1910. 307 Ha za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s.
1910. 308 S peci a l sy st ems.
1910. 3091910. 330 [Reser ved]
S AF ETY-RELATED WORK P RACTI CES
1910. 331 S cope.
1910. 332 Tr a i n i n g.
1910. 333 S el ect i on a n d u se of wor k pr a ct i ces.
1910. 334 Use of equ i pmen t .
1910. 335 S a fegu a r ds for per son n el pr ot ec-
t i on .
1910. 3361910. 360 [Reser ved]
S AF ETY-RELATED MAI NTENANCE
REQUI REMENTS
1910. 3611910. 380 [Reser ved]
S AF ETY REQUI REMENTS F OR S P ECI AL
EQUI P MENT
1910. 3811910. 398 [Reser ved]
DEF I NI TI ONS
1910. 399 Defi n i t i on s a ppl i ca bl e t o t h i s su b-
pa r t .
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART S REF ERENCE DOC-
UMENTS
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART S EXP LANATORY
DATA [RES ERVED]
AP P ENDI X C TO S UBP ART S TABLES , NOTES ,
AND CHARTS [RES ERVED]
Subpart TCommercial Diving Operations
GENERAL
1910. 401 S cope a n d a ppl i ca t i on .
1910. 402 Defi n i t i on s.
P ERS ONNEL REQUI REMENTS
1910. 410 Qu a l i fi ca t i on s of di ve t ea m.
GENERAL OP ERATI ONS P ROCEDURES
1910. 420 S a fe pr a ct i ces ma n u a l .
1910. 421 P r e-di ve pr ocedu r es.
1910. 422 P r ocedu r es du r i n g di ve.
1910. 423 P ost -di ve pr ocedu r es.
S P ECI F I C OP ERATI ONS P ROCEDURES
1910. 424 S CUBA di vi n g.
1910. 425 S u r fa ce-su ppl i ed a i r di vi n g.
1910. 426 Mi xed-ga s di vi n g.
1910. 427 Li veboa t i n g.
EQUI P MENT P ROCEDURES AND REQUI REMENTS
1910. 430 Equ i pmen t .
RECORDKEEP I NG
1910. 440 Recor dk eepi n g r equ i r emen t s.
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART T OF P ART 1910EX-
AMP LES OF CONDI TI ONS WHI CH MAY RE-
S TRI CT OR LI MI T EXP OS URE TO
HYP ERBARI C CONDI TI ONS
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART T OF P ART 1910
GUI DELI NES F OR S CI ENTI F I C DI VI NG
AP P ENDI X C TO S UBP ART T OF P ART 1910AL-
TERNATI VE CONDI TI ONS UNDER
1910. 401(a )(3) F OR RECREATI ONAL DI VI NG
I NS TRUCTORS AND DI VI NG GUI DES (MANDA-
TORY)
Subparts UY [Reserved]
1910. 9011910. 999 [Reser ved]
S OURCE: 39 F R 23502, J u n e 27, 1974, u n l ess
ot h er wi se n ot ed.
Subpart AGeneral
AUTHORI TY: S ect i on s 4, 6, a n d 8 of t h e Occu -
pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act of 1970 (29
U. S . C. 653, 655, a n d 657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
90
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) 1910.1
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), 32000 (65 F R 50017), a n d 52002
(67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e.
S ect i on s 1910. 7 a n d 1910. 8 a l so i ssu ed u n der
29 CF R pa r t 1911. S ect i on 1910. 7(f) a l so i ssu ed
u n der 31 U. S . C. 9701, 29 U. S . C. 9 a , 5 U. S . C.
553; P u bl i c La w 106113 (113 S t a t . 1501A222);
a n d OMB Ci r cu l a r A25 (da t ed J u l y 8, 1993)
(58 F R 38142, J u l y 15, 1993).
EF F ECTI VE DATE NOTE: At 72 F R 7190, F eb-
r u a r y 14, 2007, t h e a u t h or i t y ci t a t i on for S u b-
pa r t A wa s r evi sed, effect i ve Au g. 13, 2007.
F or t h e con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e r evi sed
t ext i s set for t h a s fol l ows:
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), 32000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002
(67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e.
S ect i on s 1910. 6, 1910. 7, a n d 1910. 8 a l so i ssu ed
u n der 29 CF R pa r t 1911. S ect i on 1910. 7(f) a l so
i ssu ed u n der 31 U. S . C. 9701, 29 U. S . C. 9 a , 5
U. S . C. 553; P u bl i c La w 106113 (113 S t a t .
1501A222); a n d OMB Ci r cu l a r A25 (da t ed
J u l y 8, 1993) (58 F R 38142, J u l y 15, 1993).
1910.1 Purpose and scope.
(a ) S ect i on 6(a ) of t h e Wi l l i a ms-
S t ei ger Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h Act of 1970 (84 S t a t . 1593) pr o-
vi des t h a t wi t h ou t r ega r d t o ch a pt er 5
of t i t l e 5, Un i t ed S t a t es Code, or t o t h e
ot h er su bsect i on s of t h i s sect i on , t h e
S ecr et a r y sh a l l , a s soon a s pr a ct i ca bl e
du r i n g t h e per i od begi n n i n g wi t h t h e
effect i ve da t e of t h i s Act a n d en di n g 2
y ea r s a ft er su ch da t e, by r u l e pr omu l -
ga t e a s a n occu pa t i on a l sa fet y or
h ea l t h st a n da r d a n y n a t i on a l con -
sen su s st a n da r d, a n d a n y est a bl i sh ed
F eder a l st a n da r d, u n l ess h e det er mi n es
t h a t t h e pr omu l ga t i on of su ch a st a n d-
a r d wou l d n ot r esu l t i n i mpr oved sa fet y
or h ea l t h for speci fi ca l l y desi gn a t ed
empl oy ees. Th e l egi sl a t i ve pu r pose of
t h i s pr ovi si on i s t o est a bl i sh , a s r a pi dl y
a s possi bl e a n d wi t h ou t r ega r d t o t h e
r u l e-ma k i n g pr ovi si on s of t h e Admi n i s-
t r a t i ve P r ocedu r e Act , st a n da r ds wi t h
wh i ch i n du st r i es a r e gen er a l l y fa mi l -
i a r , a n d on wh ose a dopt i on i n t er est ed
a n d a ffect ed per son s h a ve a l r ea dy h a d
a n oppor t u n i t y t o expr ess t h ei r vi ews.
S u ch st a n da r ds a r e ei t h er (1) n a t i on a l
con cen su s st a n da r ds on wh ose a dopt i on
a ffect ed per son s h a ve r ea ch ed su bst a n -
t i a l a gr eemen t , or (2) F eder a l st a n d-
a r ds a l r ea dy est a bl i sh ed by F eder a l
st a t u t es or r egu l a t i on s.
(b) Th i s pa r t ca r r i es ou t t h e di r ect i ve
t o t h e S ecr et a r y of La bor u n der sect i on
6(a ) of t h e Act . I t con t a i n s occu pa -
t i on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h st a n da r ds
wh i ch h a ve been fou n d t o be n a t i on a l
con sen su s st a n da r ds or est a bl i sh ed
F eder a l st a n da r ds.
1910.2 Definitions.
As u sed i n t h i s pa r t , u n l ess t h e con -
t ext cl ea r l y r equ i r es ot h er wi se:
(a ) Act mea n s t h e Wi l l i a ms-S t ei ger
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act of
1970 (84 S t a t . 1590).
(b) Assist an t Secret ary of L abor mea n s
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor for
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h ;
(c) Employ er mea n s a per son en ga ged
i n a bu si n ess a ffect i n g commer ce wh o
h a s empl oy ees, bu t does n ot i n cl u de
t h e Un i t ed S t a t es or a n y S t a t e or po-
l i t i ca l su bdi vi si on of a S t a t e;
(d) Employ ee mea n s a n empl oy ee of a n
empl oy er wh o i s empl oy ed i n a bu si -
n ess of h i s empl oy er wh i ch a ffect s com-
mer ce;
(e) Commerce mea n s t r a de, t r a ffi c,
commer ce, t r a n spor t a t i on , or commu -
n i ca t i on a mon g t h e sever a l S t a t es, or
bet ween a S t a t e a n d a n y pl a ce ou t si de
t h er eof, or wi t h i n t h e Di st r i ct of Co-
l u mbi a , or a possessi on of t h e Un i t ed
S t a t es (ot h er t h a n t h e Tr u st Ter r i t or y
of t h e P a ci fi c I sl a n ds), or bet ween
poi n t s i n t h e sa me S t a t e bu t t h r ou gh a
poi n t ou t si de t h er eof;
(f) St an dard mea n s a st a n da r d wh i ch
r equ i r es con di t i on s, or t h e a dopt i on or
u se of on e or mor e pr a ct i ces, mea n s,
met h ods, oper a t i on s, or pr ocesses, r ea -
son a bl y n ecessa r y or a ppr opr i a t e t o
pr ovi de sa fe or h ea l t h fu l empl oy men t
a n d pl a ces of empl oy men t ;
(g) Nat ion al con sen su s st an dard mea n s
a n y st a n da r d or modi fi ca t i on t h er eof
wh i ch (1) h a s been a dopt ed a n d pr omu l -
ga t ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed st a n d-
a r ds-pr odu ci n g or ga n i za t i on u n der pr o-
cedu r es wh er eby i t ca n be det er mi n ed
by t h e S ecr et a r y of La bor or by t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor t h a t per son s
i n t er est ed a n d a ffect ed by t h e scope or
pr ovi si on s of t h e st a n da r d h a ve r ea ch ed
su bst a n t i a l a gr eemen t on i t s a dopt i on ,
(2) wa s for mu l a t ed i n a ma n n er wh i ch
a ffor ded a n oppor t u n i t y for di ver se
vi ews t o be con si der ed, a n d (3) h a s been
desi gn a t ed a s su ch a st a n da r d by t h e
S ecr et a r y or t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y ,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
91
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor 1910.5
a ft er con su l t a t i on wi t h ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e F eder a l a gen ci es; a n d
(h ) Est ablish ed Federal st an dard mea n s
a n y oper a t i ve st a n da r d est a bl i sh ed by
a n y a gen cy of t h e Un i t ed S t a t es a n d i n
effect on Apr i l 28, 1971, or con t a i n ed i n
a n y Act of Con gr ess i n for ce on t h e
da t e of en a ct men t of t h e Wi l l i a ms-
Hea l t h Act .
1910.3 Petitions for the issuance,
amendment, or repeal of a stand-
ard.
(a ) An y i n t er est ed per son ma y pet i -
t i on i n wr i t i n g t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y
of La bor t o pr omu l ga t e, modi fy , or r e-
vok e a st a n da r d. Th e pet i t i on sh ou l d
set for t h t h e t er ms or t h e su bst a n ce of
t h e r u l e desi r ed, t h e effect s t h er eof i f
pr omu l ga t ed, a n d t h e r ea son s t h er efor .
(b)(1) Th e r el eva n t l egi sl a t i ve h i st or y
of t h e Act i n di ca t es con gr essi on a l r ec-
ogn i t i on of t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e a n d t h e Na t i on a l
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on a s t h e
ma j or sou r ces of n a t i on a l con sen su s
st a n da r ds. Na t i on a l con sen su s st a n d-
a r ds a dopt ed on Ma y 29, 1971, pu r su a n t
t o sect i on 6(a ) of t h e Act a r e fr om
t h ose t wo sou r ces. However , a n y or ga -
n i za t i on wh i ch deems i t sel f a pr odu cer
of n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds, wi t h i n
t h e mea n i n g of sect i on 3(9) of t h e Act ,
i s i n vi t ed t o su bmi t i n wr i t i n g t o t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor a t a n y
t i me pr i or t o F ebr u a r y 1, 1973, a l l r el -
eva n t i n for ma t i on wh i ch ma y en a bl e
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y t o det er mi n e
wh et h er a n y of i t s st a n da r ds sa t i sfy
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e defi n i t i on of
n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r d i n sec-
t i on 3(9) of t h e Act .
(2) Wi t h i n a r ea son a bl e t i me a ft er t h e
r ecei pt of a su bmi ssi on pu r su a n t t o
pa r a gr a ph (b)(1) of t h i s sect i on , t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor sh a l l pu b-
l i sh or ca u se t o be pu bl i sh ed i n t h e
F EDERAL REGI S TER a n ot i ce of su ch
su bmi ssi on , a n d sh a l l a ffor d i n t er est ed
per son s a r ea son a bl e oppor t u n i t y t o
pr esen t wr i t t en da t a , vi ews, or a r gu -
men t s wi t h r ega r d t o t h e qu est i on
wh et h er a n y st a n da r ds of t h e or ga n i za -
t i on ma k i n g t h e su bmi ssi on a r e n a -
t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds.
1910.4 Amendments to this part.
(a ) Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor
sh a l l h a ve a l l of t h e a u t h or i t y of t h e
S ecr et a r y of La bor u n der sect i on s 3(9)
a n d 6(a ) of t h e Act .
(b) Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor
ma y a t a n y t i me befor e Apr i l 28, 1973,
on h i s own mot i on or u pon t h e wr i t t en
pet i t i on of a n y per son , by r u l e pr omu l -
ga t e a s a st a n da r d a n y n a t i on a l con -
sen su s st a n da r d a n d a n y est a bl i sh ed
F eder a l st a n da r d, pu r su a n t t o a n d i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h sect i on 6(a ) of t h e Act ,
a n d, i n a ddi t i on , ma y modi fy or r evok e
a n y st a n da r d i n t h i s pa r t 1910. I n t h e
even t of con fl i ct a mon g a n y su ch
st a n da r ds, t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of
La bor sh a l l t a k e t h e a ct i on n ecessa r y
t o el i mi n a t e t h e con fl i ct , i n cl u di n g t h e
r evoca t i on or modi fi ca t i on of a st a n d-
a r d i n t h i s pa r t , so a s t o a ssu r e t h e
gr ea t est pr ot ect i on of t h e sa fet y or
h ea l t h of t h e a ffect ed empl oy ees.
1910.5 Applicability of standards.
(a ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(b) of t h i s sect i on , t h e st a n da r ds con -
t a i n ed i n t h i s pa r t sh a l l a ppl y wi t h r e-
spect t o empl oy men t s per for med i n a
wor k pl a ce i n a S t a t e, t h e Di st r i ct of
Col u mbi a , t h e Common wea l t h of P u er -
t o Ri co, t h e Vi r gi n I sl a n ds, Amer i ca n
S a moa , Gu a m, Tr u st Ter r i t or y of t h e
P a ci fi c I sl a n ds, Wa k e I sl a n d, Ou t er
Con t i n en t a l S h el f l a n ds defi n ed i n t h e
Ou t er Con t i n en t a l S h el f La n ds Act ,
J oh n st on I sl a n d, a n d t h e Ca n a l Zon e.
(b) Non e of t h e st a n da r ds i n t h i s pa r t
sh a l l a ppl y t o wor k i n g con di t i on s of
empl oy ees wi t h r espect t o wh i ch F ed-
er a l a gen ci es ot h er t h a n t h e Depa r t -
men t of La bor , or S t a t e a gen ci es a ct -
i n g u n der sect i on 274 of t h e At omi c En -
er gy Act of 1954, a s a men ded (42 U. S . C.
2021), exer ci se st a t u t or y a u t h or i t y t o
pr escr i be or en for ce st a n da r ds or r egu -
l a t i on s a ffect i n g occu pa t i on a l sa fet y or
h ea l t h .
(c)(1) I f a pa r t i cu l a r st a n da r d i s spe-
ci fi ca l l y a ppl i ca bl e t o a con di t i on ,
pr a ct i ce, mea n s, met h od, oper a t i on , or
pr ocess, i t sh a l l pr eva i l over a n y di f-
fer en t gen er a l st a n da r d wh i ch mi gh t
ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e sa me
con di t i on , pr a ct i ce, mea n s, met h od, op-
er a t i on , or pr ocess. F or exa mpl e,
1915. 23(c)(3) of t h i s t i t l e pr escr i bes
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
92
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t for cer -
t a i n sh i p r epa i r men wor k i n g i n speci -
fi ed a r ea s. S u ch a st a n da r d sh a l l a ppl y ,
a n d sh a l l n ot be deemed modi fi ed n or
su per seded by a n y di ffer en t gen er a l
st a n da r d wh ose pr ovi si on s mi gh t ot h er -
wi se be a ppl i ca bl e, t o t h e sh i p r epa i r -
men wor k i n g i n t h e a r ea s speci fi ed i n
1915. 23(c)(3).
(2) On t h e ot h er h a n d, a n y st a n da r d
sh a l l a ppl y a ccor di n g t o i t s t er ms t o
a n y empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy -
men t i n a n y i n du st r y , even t h ou gh pa r -
t i cu l a r st a n da r ds a r e a l so pr escr i bed
for t h e i n du st r y , a s i n su bpa r t B or su b-
pa r t R of t h i s pa r t , t o t h e ext en t t h a t
n on e of su ch pa r t i cu l a r st a n da r ds a p-
pl i es. To i l l u st r a t e, t h e gen er a l st a n d-
a r d r ega r di n g n oi se exposu r e i n 1910. 95
a ppl i es t o empl oy men t s a n d pl a ces of
empl oy men t i n pu l p, pa per , a n d pa per -
boa r d mi l l s cover ed by 1910. 261.
(d) I n t h e even t a st a n da r d pr ot ect s
on i t s fa ce a cl a ss of per son s l a r ger
t h a n empl oy ees, t h e st a n da r d sh a l l be
a ppl i ca bl e u n der t h i s pa r t on l y t o em-
pl oy ees a n d t h ei r empl oy men t a n d
pl a ces of empl oy men t .
(e) [Reser ved]
(f) An empl oy er wh o i s i n compl i a n ce
wi t h a n y st a n da r d i n t h i s pa r t sh a l l be
deemed t o be i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t of sect i on 5(a )(1) of t h e
Act , bu t on l y t o t h e ext en t of t h e con -
di t i on , pr a ct i ce, mea n s, met h od, oper -
a t i on , or pr ocess cover ed by t h e st a n d-
a r d.
F R 35308, J u n e 30, 1993]
1910.6 Incorporation by reference.
(a )(1) Th e st a n da r ds of a gen ci es of
t h e U. S . Gover n men t , a n d or ga n i za -
t i on s wh i ch a r e n ot a gen ci es of t h e
U. S . Gover n men t wh i ch a r e i n cor -
por a t ed by r efer en ce i n t h i s pa r t , h a ve
t h e sa me for ce a n d effect a s ot h er
st a n da r ds i n t h i s pa r t . On l y t h e ma n da -
t or y pr ovi si on s (i . e. , pr ovi si on s con -
t a i n i n g t h e wor d sh a l l or ot h er ma n -
da t or y l a n gu a ge) of st a n da r ds i n cor -
por a t ed by r efer en ce a r e a dopt ed a s
st a n da r ds u n der t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fe-
t y a n d Hea l t h Act .
(2) An y ch a n ges i n t h e st a n da r ds i n -
cor por a t ed by r efer en ce i n t h i s pa r t
a n d a n offi ci a l h i st or i c fi l e of su ch
ch a n ges a r e a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on a t
t h e n a t i on a l offi ce of t h e Occu pa t i on a l
S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on ,
U. S . Depa r t men t of La bor , Wa sh i n gt on ,
DC 20210.
(3) Th e ma t er i a l s l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(b) t h r ou gh (w) of t h i s sect i on a r e i n -
cor por a t ed by r efer en ce i n t h e cor -
r espon di n g sect i on s n ot ed a s t h ey exi st
on t h e da t e of t h e a ppr ova l , a n d a n o-
t i ce of a n y ch a n ge i n t h ese ma t er i a l s
wi l l be pu bl i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL REG-
I S TER. Th ese i n cor por a t i on s by r ef-
er en ce wer e a ppr oved by t h e Di r ect or
of t h e F eder a l Regi st er i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h 5 U. S . C. 552(a ) a n d 1 CF R pa r t 51.
(4) Copi es of t h e fol l owi n g st a n da r ds
t h a t a r e i ssu ed by t h e r espect i ve pr i -
va t e st a n da r ds or ga n i za t i on s ma y be
obt a i n ed fr om t h e i ssu i n g or ga n i za -
t i on s. Th e ma t er i a l s a r e a va i l a bl e for
pu r ch a se a t t h e cor r espon di n g a ddr ess-
es of t h e pr i va t e st a n da r ds or ga n i za -
t i on s n ot ed bel ow. I n a ddi t i on , a l l a r e
a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on t h r ou gh t h e
OS HA Dock et Offi ce, r oom N2625, U. S .
Depa r t men t of La bor , 200 Con st i t u t i on
Ave. , Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20210, or a n y of
i t s r egi on a l offi ces or a t t h e Na t i on a l
Ar ch i ves a n d Recor ds Admi n i st r a t i on
(NARA). F or i n for ma t i on on t h e a va i l -
a bi l i t y of t h i s ma t er i a l a t NARA, ca l l
2027416030, or go t o: h t t p://
www. arch ives. gov/f ederallregist er/
codelof lf ederallregu lat ion s/
ibrllocat ion s. h t ml.
(b) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Amer i ca n
Con fer en ce of Gover n men t a l I n du st r i a l
Hy gi en i st s (ACGI H), 1014 Br oa dwa y ,
Ci n ci n n a t i OH 45202:
(1) I n du st r i a l Ven t i l a t i on : A Ma n u a l
of Recommen ded P r a ct i ce (22n d ed. ,
1995), i n cor por a t i on by r efer en ce (I BR)
a ppr oved for 1910. 124(b)(4)(i i i ).
(2) Th r esh ol d Li mi t Va l u es a n d Bi o-
l ogi ca l Exposu r e I n di ces for 198687
(1986), I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 120, P EL
defi n i t i on .
(c) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
S oci et y of Agr i cu l t u r a l En gi n eer s
(AS AE), 2950 Ni l es Roa d, P ost Offi ce
Box 229, S t . J oseph , MI 49085:
(1) AS AE Embl em for I den t i fy i n g
S l ow Movi n g Veh i cl es, AS AE S 276. 2
(1968), I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 145(d)(10).
(2) [Reser ved]
(d) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Agr i cu l t u r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
93
Ammon i a I n st i t u t e-Ru bber Ma n u fa c-
t u r er s (AAI -RMA) Associ a t i on , 1400 K
S t . NW, Wa sh i n gt on DC 20005:
(1) AAI -RMA S peci fi ca t i on s for An -
h y dr ou s Ammon i a Hose, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 111(b)(8)(i ).
(2) [Reser ved]
(e) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I ),
11 West 42n d S t . , New Yor k , NY 10036:
(1) ANS I A10. 244 S a fet y Code for
Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on , I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 144(a )(1)(i i ).
(2) ANS I A10. 370 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for Expl osi ve-Act u a t ed F a s-
t en i n g Tool s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 243(d)(1)(i ).
(3) ANS I A11. 165 (R 70) P r a ct i ce for
I n du st r i a l Li gh t i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 219(c)(5)(i i i ); 1910. 261 (a )(3)(i ),
(c)(10), a n d (k )(21); a n d 1910. 265(c)(2).
(4) ANS I A11. 165 P r a ct i ce for I n du s-
t r i a l Li gh t i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 262(c)(6) a n d 1910. 265(d)(2)(i )(a ).
(5) ANS I A12. 167 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for F l oor a n d Wa l l Open i n gs,
Ra i l i n gs, a n d Toe Boa r ds, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 66 a ppen di x D, (c)(4);
1910. 68 (b)(4) a n d (b)(8)(i i ); 1910. 261
(a )(3)(i i ), (b)(3), (c)(3)(i ), (c)(15)(i i ),
(e)(4), (g)(13), (h )(1), (h )(3)(vi ), (j )(4) (i i )
a n d (i v), (j )(5)(i ), (k )(6), (k )(13)(i ), a n d
(k )(15).
(6) ANS I A13. 156 S ch eme for t h e
I den t i fi ca t i on of P i pi n g S y st ems, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 253(d)(4)(i i );
1910. 261(a )(3)(i i i ); 1910. 262(c)(7).
P or t a bl e Wood La dder s, S u ppl emen t ed
by ANS I A14. 1a 77, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261 (a )(3)(i v) a n d (c)(3)(i ).
P or t a bl e Met a l La dder s, S u ppl emen t ed
by ANS I A14. 2a 77, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261 (a )(3)(v) a n d (c)(3)(i ).
F i xed La dder s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 68(b) (4) a n d (12); 1910. 179(c)(2);
a n d 1910. 261 (a )(3)(vi ) a n d (c)(3)(i ).
El eva t or s, Du mbwa i t er s a n d Movi n g
Wa l k s, I n cl u di n g S u ppl emen t s, A17. 1a
(1967); A17. 1b (1968); A17. 1c (1969); A17. 1d
(1970), I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261
(a )(3)(vi i ), (g)(11)(i ), a n d (l )(4).
(11) ANS I A17. 260 P r a ct i ce for t h e
I n spect i on of El eva t or s, I n cl u di n g S u p-
pl emen t s, A17. 2a (1965), A17. 2b (1967),
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261(a )(3)(vi i i ).
(12) ANS I A90. 169 S a fet y S t a n da r d
for Ma n l i ft s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 68(b)(3).
(13) ANS I A92. 269 S t a n da r d for Veh i -
cl e Mou n t ed El eva t i n g a n d Rot a t i n g
Wor k P l a t for ms, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 67 (b)(1), (2), (c)(3), a n d (4) a n d
1910. 268(s)(1)(v).
P ower ed P l a t for ms for Ext er i or Bu i l d-
i n g Ma i n t en a n ce, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 66 a pp. D (b) t h r ou gh (d).
(15) ANS I B7. 170 S a fet y Code for t h e
Use, Ca r e a n d P r ot ect i on of Abr a si ve
Wh eel s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(b)(5)(i )(a ); 1910. 215(b)(12); a n d
1910. 218(j )(5).
(16) ANS I B15. 153 (R 58) S a fet y Code
for Mech a n i ca l P ower Tr a n smi ssi on
Appa r a t u s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 68(b)(4) a n d 1910. 261 (a )(3)(i x),
(b)(1), (e)(3), (e)(9), (f)(4), (j )(5)(i v),
(k )(12), a n d (l )(3).
(17) ANS I B20. 157 S a fet y Code for
Con vey or s, Ca bl ewa y s, a n d Rel a t ed
Equ i pmen t , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 218(j )(3); 1910. 261 (a )(3)(x), (b)(1),
(c)(15)(i v), (f)(4), a n d (j )(2);
1910. 265(c)(18)(i ).
(18) ANS I B30. 243 (R 52) S a fet y Code
for Cr a n es, Der r i ck s, a n d Hoi st s, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xi ),
(c)(2)(vi ), a n d (c)(8) (i ) a n d (i v).
(19) ANS I B30. 2. 067 S a fet y Code for
Over h ea d a n d Ga n t r y Cr a n es, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 179(b)(2); 1910. 261
(a )(3)(xi i ), (c)(2)(v), a n d (c)(8) (i ) a n d
(i v).
Cr a wl er , Locomot i ve, a n d Tr u ck
Cr a n es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 180(b)(2) a n d 1910. 261(a )(3)(xi i i ).
Der r i ck s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 181(b)(2) a n d 1910. 268(j )(4)(i v) (E)
a n d (H).
(22) ANS I B31. 155 Code for P r essu r e
P i pi n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261(g)(18)(i i i ).
(23) ANS I B31. 167, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 253(d)(1)(i )(A)
(24) ANS I B31. 1a 63 Adden da t o ANS I
B31. 1 (1955), I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261(g)(18)(i i i ).
(25) ANS I B31. 167 a n d Adden da B31. 1
(1969) Code for P r essu r e P i pi n g, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 103(b)(1)(i i i )(b);
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
94
1910. 104(b)(5)(i i ); 1910. 218 (d)(4) a n d
(e)(1)(i v); a n d 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xi v) a n d
(g)(18)(i i i ).
(26) ANS I B31. 268 F u el Ga s P i pi n g,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261(g)(18)(i i i ).
(27) ANS I B31. 366 P et r ol eu m Refi n -
er y P i pi n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103(b)(3)(v)(b).
(28) ANS I B31. 566 Adden da B31. 5a
(1968) Refr i ger a t i on P i pi n g, I B a p-
pr oved for 1910. 103(b)(3)(v)(b) a n d
1910. 111(b)(7)(i i i ).
(29) ANS I B56. 169 S a fet y S t a n da r d
for P ower ed I n du st r i a l Tr u ck s, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 178(a ) (2) a n d (3) a n d
1910. 261 (a )(3)(xv), (b)(6), (m)(2), a n d
(m)(5)(i i i ).
(30) ANS I B57. 165 Compr essed Ga s
Cy l i n der Va l ve Ou t l et a n d I n l et Con -
n ect i on s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 253(b)(1)(i i i ).
(31) [Reser ved]
(32) ANS I B175. 11991, S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for Ga sol i n e-P ower ed Ch a i n
S a ws 1910. 266(e)(2)(i ).
(33) ANS I C171 Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l
Code, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 66 a ppen -
di x D (c)(22) (i ) a n d (vi i ).
(34) ANS I C33. 256 S a fet y S t a n da r d
for Tr a n sfor mer -Ty pe Ar c Wel di n g Ma -
ch i n es, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 254(b)(1).
(35) [Reser ved]
(36) ANS I H23. 170 S ea ml ess Copper
Wa t er Tu be S peci fi ca t i on , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 110(b) (8)(i i ) a n d
(13)(i i )(b)(1).
(37) ANS I H38. 769 S peci fi ca t i on for
Al u mi n u m Al l oy S ea ml ess P i pe a n d
S ea ml ess Ext r u ded Tu be, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 110(b)(8)(i ).
(38) ANS I J 6. 471 S t a n da r d S peci fi ca -
t i on for Ru bber I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 268 (f)(1) a n d
(n )(11)(v).
(39) ANS I J 6. 671 S t a n da r d S peci fi ca -
t i on for Ru bber I n su l a t i n g Gl oves, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 268 (f)(1) a n d
(n )(11)(i v).
(40) ANS I K13. 167 I den t i fi ca t i on of
Ga s Ma sk Ca n i st er s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261 (a )(3)(xvi ) a n d (h )(2)(i i i ).
(41) ANS I K61. 160 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for t h e S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of
An h y dr ou s Ammon i a , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 111(b)(11)(i ).
(42) ANS I K61. 166 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for t h e S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of
An h y dr ou s Ammon i a , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 111(b)(11)(i ).
(43) ANS I O1. 154 (R 61) S a fet y Code
for Woodwor k i n g Ma ch i n er y , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xvi i ), (e)(7),
a n d (i )(2).
(44) ANS I S 1. 471 (R 76) S peci fi ca t i on
for S ou n d Level Met er s, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 95 a ppen di xes D a n d I .
(45) ANS I S 1. 1171 (R 76) S peci fi ca t i on
for Oct a ve, Ha l f-Oct a ve a n d Th i r d-Oc-
t a ve Ba n d F i l t er S et s, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 95 a ppen di x D.
(46) ANS I S 3. 669 S peci fi ca t i on s for
Au di omet er s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 95(h )(2) a n d (5)(i i ) a n d a ppen di x D.
(47) ANS I Z4. 168 Requ i r emen t s for
S a n i t a t i on i n P l a ces of Empl oy men t ,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xvi i i )
a n d (g)(15)(vi ).
(48) [Reser ved]
(49) ANS I Z9. 151 S a fet y Code for
Ven t i l a t i on a n d Oper a t i on of Open S u r -
fa ce Ta n k s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(c)(5)(i i i )(e) a n d 1910. 261
(a )(3)(xi x), (g)(18)(v), a n d (h )(2)(i ).
(50) ANS I Z9. 171 P r a ct i ces for Ven -
t i l a t i on a n d Oper a t i on of Open -S u r fa ce
Ta n k s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 124(b)(4)(i v).
(51) ANS I Z9. 260 F u n da men t a l s Gov-
er n i n g t h e Desi gn a n d Oper a t i on of
Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 94(a )(4)(i ) i n t r odu ct or y t ext ,
(a )(6) i n t r odu ct or y t ext , (b)(3)(i x),
(b)(4)(i ) a n d (i i ), (c)(3)(i ) i n t r odu ct or y
t ext , (c)(5)(i i i )(b), a n d (c)(7)(i v)(a );
1910. 261(a )(3)(xx), (g)(1)(i ) a n d (i i i ), a n d
(h )(2)(i i ).
(52) ANS I Z9. 279 F u n da men t a l s Gov-
Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 124(b)(4)(i ).
(53) ANS I Z12. 1268 S t a n da r d for t h e
P r even t i on of S u l fu r F i r es a n d Expl o-
si on s, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261
(a )(3)(xxi ), (d)(1)(i ), (f)(2)(i v), a n d
(g)(1)(i ).
(54) ANS I Z12. 2062 (R 69) Code for t h e
P r even t i on of Du st Expl osi on s i n
Woodwor k i n g a n d Wood F l ou r Ma n u -
fa ct u r i n g P l a n t s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 265(c)(20)(i ).
(55) ANS I Z21. 3064 Requ i r emen t s for
Ga s Appl i a n ces a n d Ga s P i pi n g I n st a l -
l a t i on s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 265(c)(15).
(56) ANS I Z24. 2257 Met h od of Mea s-
u r emen t of Rea l -Ea r At t en u a t i on of
Ea r P r ot ect or s a t Th r esh ol d, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 261(a )(3)(xxi i ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
95
(57) ANS I Z33. 161 I n st a l l a t i on of
Bl ower a n d Exh a u st S y st ems for Du st ,
S t ock , a n d Va por Remova l or Con -
vey i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(a )(4)(i ); 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xxi i i )
a n d (f)(5); a n d 1910. 265(c)(20)(i ).
(58) ANS I Z33. 166 I n st a l l a t i on of
vey i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(a )(2)(i i ).
(59) ANS I Z35. 168 S peci fi ca t i on s for
Acci den t P r even t i on S i gn s, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 261 (a )(3)(xxi v) a n d
(c)(16).
(60) ANS I Z41. 167 Men s S a fet y Toe
F oot wea r , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(a )(5)(v); 1910. 136(b)(2) a n d
1910. 261(i )(4).
(61) ANS I Z4191, P er son a l P r ot ec-
t i on -P r ot ect i ve F oot wea r , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 136(b)(1).
(62) ANS I Z48. 154 Met h od for Ma r k -
i n g P or t a bl e Compr essed Ga s Con -
t a i n er s t o I den t i fy t h e Ma t er i a l Con -
t a i n ed, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103(b)(1)(i )(c); 1910. 110(b)(5)(i i i );
a n d 1910. 253(b)(1)(i i ).
(63) ANS I Z48. 154 (R 70) Met h od for
Ma r k i n g P or t a bl e Compr essed Ga s Con -
t a i n er s To I den t i fy t h e Ma t er i a l Con -
t a i n ed, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 111(e)(1)
a n d 1910. 134(d)(4).
(64) ANS I Z49. 167 S a fet y i n Wel di n g
a n d Cu t t i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 252(c)(1)(i v) (A) a n d (B).
(65) ANS I Z53. 167 S a fet y Col or Code
for Ma r k i n g P h y si ca l Ha za r ds a n d t h e
I den t i fi ca t i on of Cer t a i n Equ i pmen t ,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 97(a )(3)(i i );
1910. 145(d) (2), (4), a n d (6).
(66) ANS I Z54. 163 S a fet y S t a n da r d
for Non -Medi ca l X-Ra y a n d S ea l ed
Ga mma Ra y S ou r ces, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 252(d) (1)(vi i ) a n d (2)(i i ).
(67) ANS I Z87. 168 P r a ct i ce of Occu -
pa t i on a l a n d Edu ca t i on a l Ey e a n d F a ce
P r ot ect i on , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 133(b)(2); 1910. 252(b)(2)(i i )(I ); a n d
1910. 261 (a )(3)(xxv), (d)(1)(i i ), (f)(5),
(g)(10), (g)(15)(v), (g)(18)(i i ), a n d (i )(4).
(68) ANS I Z87. 189, P r a ct i ce for Occu -
pa t i on a l a n d Edu ca t i on a l Ey e a n d F a ce
P r ot ect i on , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 133(b)(1).
(69) ANS I Z88. 269 P r a ct i ces for Res-
pi r a t or y P r ot ect i on , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(c)(6)(i i i )(a); 1910. 134(c); a n d
1910. 261 (a )(3)(xxvi ), (b)(2), (f)(5),
(g)(15)(v), (h )(2) (i i i ) a n d (i v), a n d (i )(4).
(70) ANS I Z89. 169 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for I n du st r i a l Hea d P r ot ect i on ,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 135(b)(2); a n d
1910. 261 (a )(3)(xxvi i ), (b)(2), (g)(15)(v),
a n d (i )(4).
(71) ANS I Z89. 186, P r ot ect i ve
Hea dwea r for I n du st r i a l Wor k er s Re-
qu i r emen t s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 135(b)(1).
(72) ANS I Z89. 271 S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for I n du st r i a l P r ot ect i ve Hel -
met s for El ect r i ca l Wor k er s, Cl a ss B,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 268(i )(1).
(f) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e (AP I ), 1220 L
S t r eet NW, Wa sh i n gt on DC 20005:
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) AP I 12B (Ma y 1958) S peci fi ca t i on
for Bol t ed P r odu ct i on Ta n k s, 11t h Ed. ,
Wi t h S u ppl emen t No. 1, Ma r . 1962, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 106(b)(1)(i )(a)(3).
(3) AP I 12D (Au g. 1957) S peci fi ca t i on
for La r ge Wel ded P r odu ct i on Ta n k s,
7t h Ed. , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(1)(i )(a)(3).
(4) AP I 12F (Ma r . 1961) S peci fi ca t i on
for S ma l l Wel ded P r odu ct i on Ta n k s,
5t h Ed. , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(1)(i )(a)(3).
(5) AP I 620, F ou r t h Ed. (1970) I n cl u d-
i n g a ppen di x R, Recommen ded Ru l es
for Desi gn a n d Con st r u ct i on of La r ge
Wel ded Low P r essu r e S t or a ge Ta n k s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 103(c)(1)(i )(a);
1910. 106(b)(1)(i v)(b)(1); a n d 1910. 111(d)(1)
(i i ) a n d (i i i ).
(6) AP I 650 (1966) Wel ded S t eel Ta n k s
for Oi l S t or a ge, 3r d Ed. , I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 106(b)(1)(i i i )(a)(2).
(7) AP I 1104 (1968) S t a n da r d for Wel d-
i n g P i pel i n es a n d Rel a t ed F a ci l i t i es,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 252(d)(1)(v).
(8) AP I 2000 (1968) Ven t i n g At mos-
ph er i c a n d Low P r essu r e S t or a ge
Ta n k s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(2)(i v)(b)(1).
(9) AP I 2201 (1963) Wel di n g or Hot
Ta ppi n g on Equ i pmen t Con t a i n i n g
F l a mma bl es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 252(d)(1)(vi ).
(g) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s
(AS ME), Un i t ed En gi n eer i n g Cen t er ,
345 Ea st 47t h S t r eet , New Yor k , NY
10017:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
96
(1) AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel
Code, S ec. VI I I , 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956,
1959, a n d 1962 Ed. , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110 (b)(10)(i i i ) (Ta bl e H26), (d)(2)
(Ta bl e H31); (e)(3)(i ) (Ta bl e H32),
(h )(2) (Ta bl e H34); a n d
1910. 111(b)(2)(vi );
(2) AS ME Code for P r essu r e Vessel s,
1968 Ed. , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(i )(3)(i ); 1910. 110(g)(2)(i i i )(b)(2);
a n d 1910. 217(b)(12);
Code, S ec. VI I I , 1968, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103; 1910. 104(b)(4)(i i ); 1910. 106
(b)(1)(i v)(b)(2) a n d (i)(3)(i i ); 1910. 107;
1910. 110(b)(11) (i )(b) a n d (i i i )(a)(1);
1910. 111(b)(2) (i ), (i i ), a n d (i v); a n d
1910. 169(a )(2) (i ) a n d (i i );
Code, S ec. VI I I , P a r a gr a ph UG84, 1968,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 104 (b)(4)(i i ) a n d
(b)(5)(i i i );
Code, S ec. VI I I , Un fi r ed P r essu r e Ves-
sel s, I n cl u di n g Adden da (1969), I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 261; 1910. 262;
1910. 263(i )(24)(i i );
(6) Code for Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s
for P et r ol eu m Li qu i ds a n d Ga ses of t h e
AP I a n d t h e AS ME, 1951 Ed. , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 110(b)(3)(i i i ); a n d
(7) AS ME B56. 61992 (wi t h a dden da ),
S a fet y S t a n da r d for Rou gh Ter r a i n
F or k l i ft Tr u ck s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 266(f)(4).
(h ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s
(AS TM), 1916 Ra ce S t r eet , P h i l a del -
ph i a , P A 19103:
(1) AS TM A 4768 Ma l l ea bl e I r on
Ca st i n gs, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 111(b)(7)(vi ).
(2) AS TM A 5369 Wel ded a n d S ea m-
l ess S t eel P i pe, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110(b)(8)(i ) (a) a n d (b) a n d
1910. 111(b)(7)(i v).
(3) AS TM A 12666 Gr a y I r on Ca st i n g
for Va l ves, F l a n ges a n d P i pe F i t t i n g,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 111(b)(7)(vi ).
(4) AS TM A 39165 (ANS I G61. 11968)
Al l oy S t eel Ch a i n , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 184(e)(4).
(5) AS TM A 39568 Du ct i l e I r on for
Use a t El eva t ed Temper a t u r es, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 111(b)(7)(vi ).
(6) AS TM B 8869 S ea ml ess Copper
Wa t er Tu be, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110(b) (8)(i )(a) a n d (13)(i i )(b)(1).
(7) AS TM B 8866A S ea ml ess Copper
Wa t er Tu be, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 252(d)(1)(i )(A)(2).
(8) AS TM B 11764 S a l t S pr a y (F og)
Test , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 268(g)(2)(i )(A).
(9) AS TM B 21068 Al u mi n u m-Al l oy
Dr a wn S ea ml ess Tu bes, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 110(b)(8)(i i ).
(10) AS TM B 24169, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110(b)(8)(i ) i n t r odu ct or y t ext .
(11) AS TM D 565 Test for P en et r a -
t i on by Bi t u mi n ou s Ma t er i a l s, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 106(a )(17).
(12) AS TM D 5670 Test for F l a sh
P oi n t by Ta g Cl osed Test er , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 106(a )(14)(i ).
(13) AS TM D 8662 Test for Di st i l l a -
t i on of P et r ol eu m P r odu ct s, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 106(a )(5) a n d
1910. 119(b) Boi l i n g poi n t .
(14) AS TM D 8856 Test for S a y bol t
Vi scosi t y , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(a )(37).
(15) AS TM D 9371 Test for F l a sh
P oi n t by P en sk y Ma r t en s, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 106(a )(14)(i i ).
(16) AS TM D 32368, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(a )(30)
(17) AS TM D 44565 Test for Vi scosi t y
of Tr a n spa r en t a n d Opa qu e Li qu i ds,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 106(a )(37).
(18) AS TM D 169268 Test for F l a m-
ma bi l i t y of P l a st i c S h eet i n g a n d Cel -
l u l a r P l a st i cs, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103(c)(1)(v)(d).
(19) AS TM D 216166 Con ver si on Ta -
bl es F or S US , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(a )(37).
(i ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
Wel di n g S oci et y (AWS ), 550 NW,
LeJ eu n e Roa d, P . O. Box 351040, Mi a mi
F L 33135:
(1) AWS A3. 0 (1969) Ter ms a n d Defi n i -
t i on s, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 251(c).
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) AWS B3. 041 S t a n da r d Qu a l i fi ca -
t i on P r ocedu r e, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 67(c)(5)(i ).
(4) AWS D1. 01966 Code for Wel di n g i n
Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on , I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 27(b)(6).
(5) AWS D2. 069 S peci fi ca t i on s for
Wel di n g Hi gh wa y a n d Ra i l wa y Br i dges,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 67(c)(5)(i v).
(6) AWS D8. 461 Recommen ded P r a c-
t i ces for Au t omot i ve Wel di n g Desi gn ,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 67(c)(5)(i i ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
97
(7) AWS D10. 969 S t a n da r d Qu a l i fi ca -
t i on of Wel di n g P r ocedu r es a n d Wel d-
er s for P i pi n g a n d Tu bi n g, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 67(c)(5)(i i i ).
(j ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Depa r t men t
of Commer ce:
(1) Commer ci a l S t a n da r d, CS 20256
(1961) I n du st r i a l Li ft s a n d Hi n ged
Loa di n g Ra mps, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 30(a )(3).
(2) P u bl i ca t i on Model P er for ma n ce
Cr i t er i a for S t r u ct u r a l F i r e F i gh t er s
Hel met s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 156(e)(5)(i ).
(k ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Compr essed
Ga s Associ a t i on (CGA), 1235 J effer son
Da vi s Hi gh wa y , Ar l i n gt on , VA 22202:
(1) CGA C6 (1968) S t a n da r ds for Vi s-
u a l I n spect i on of Compr essed Ga s Cy l -
i n der s, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 101(a ).
(2) CGA C8 (1962) S t a n da r d for Re-
qu a l i fi ca t i on of I CC3HT Cy l i n der s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 101(a ).
(3) CGA G1 (1966) Acet y l en e, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 102(a ).
(4) CGA G1. 3 (1959) Acet y l en e Tr a n s-
mi ssi on for Ch emi ca l S y n t h esi s, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 102(b).
(5) CGA G1. 4 (1966) S t a n da r d for
Acet y l en e Cy l i n der Ch a r gi n g P l a n t s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 102(b).
(6) CGA G7. 1 (1966) Commodi t y S pec-
i fi ca t i on , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 134(d)(1).
(7) CGA G8. 1 (1964) S t a n da r d for t h e
I n st a l l a t i on of Ni t r ou s Oxi de S y st ems
a t Con su mer S i t es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 105.
(8) CGA P 1 (1965) S a fe Ha n dl i n g of
Compr essed Ga ses, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 101(b).
(9) CGA P 3 (1963) S peci fi ca t i on s,
P r oper t i es, a n d Recommen da t i on s for
P a ck a gi n g, Tr a n spor t a t i on , S t or a ge
a n d Use of Ammon i u m Ni t r a t e, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 109(i )(1)(i i )(b).
(10) CGA S 1. 1 (1963) a n d 1965 Ad-
den da . S a fet y Rel ea se Devi ce S t a n d-
a r dsCy l i n der s for Compr essed Ga ses,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 101(c);
1910. 103(c)(1)(i v)(a)(2).
(11) CGA S 1. 2 (1963) S a fet y Rel ea se
Devi ce S t a n da r ds, Ca r go a n d P or t a bl e
Ta n k s for Compr essed Ga ses, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 101(c);
1910. 103(c)(1)(i v)(a)(2).
(12) CGA S 1. 3 (1959) S a fet y Rel ea se
Devi ce S t a n da r ds-Compr essed Ga s
S t or a ge Con t a i n er s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103(c)(1)(i v)(a)(2);
1910. 104(b)(6)(i i i ); a n d
1910. 111(d)(4)(i i )(b).
(13) CGA 1957 S t a n da r d Hose Con n ec-
t i on S t a n da r d, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 253(e) (4)(v) a n d (5)(i i i ).
(14) CGA a n d RMA (Ru bber Ma n u fa c-
t u r er s Associ a t i on ) S peci fi ca t i on for
Ru bber Wel di n g Hose (1958), I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 253(e)(5)(i ).
(15) CGA 1958 Regu l a t or Con n ect i on
S t a n da r d, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 253(e)
(4)(i v) a n d (6).
(l ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Cr a n e Ma n -
u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on of Amer i ca ,
I n c. (CMAA), 1 Th oma s Ci r cl e NW,
Wa sh i n gt on DC 20005:
(1) CMAA S peci fi ca t i on 1B61, S peci -
fi ca t i on s for El ect r i c Over h ea d Tr a v-
el i n g Cr a n es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 179(b)(6)(i ).
(2) [Reser ved]
(m) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Gen er a l
S er vi ces Admi n i st r a t i on :
(1) GS A P u b. GG-B0067b, Ai r Com-
pr essed for Br ea t h i n g P u r poses, or I n -
t er i m F eder a l S peci fi ca t i on s, Apr . 1965,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 134(d)(4).
(2) [Reser ved]
(n ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Depa r t men t
of Hea l t h a n d Hu ma n S er vi ces:
(1) P u bl i ca t i on No. 76120 (1975), Li st
of P er son a l Hea r i n g P r ot ect or s a n d At -
t en u a t i on Da t a , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 95 App. B.
(2) [Reser ved]
(o) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e I n st i t u t e of
Ma k er s of Expl osi ves (I ME), 420 Lex-
i n gt on Aven u e, New Yor k , NY 10017:
(1) I ME P a mph l et No. 17, 1960, S a fet y
i n t h e Ha n dl i n g a n d Use of Expl osi ves,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 261 (a )(4)(i i i )
a n d (c)(14)(i i ).
(2) [Reser ved]
(p) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Na t i on a l
El ect r i ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on
(NEMA):
(1) NEMA EW1 (1962) Requ i r emen t s
for El ect r i c Ar c Wel di n g Appa r a t u s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 254(b)(1).
(2) [Reser ved]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
98
(q) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on (NF P A), 11
Tr a cy Dr i ve, Avon , MA 02322:
(1) NF P A 30 (1969) F l a mma bl e a n d
Combu st i bl e Li qu i ds Code, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 178(f)(1).
(2) NF P A 321970 S t a n da r d for Dr y
Cl ea n i n g P l a n t s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(j )(6)(i ).
(3) NF P A 331969 S t a n da r d for S pr a y
F i n i sh i n g Usi n g F l a mma bl e a n d Com-
bu st i bl e Ma t er i a l , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(c) (1)(i i ), (2), (3) (i ) a n d (i i i ),
a n d (5).
(4) NF P A 341966 S t a n da r d for Di p
Ta n k s Con t a i n i n g F l a mma bl e or Com-
bu st i bl e Li qu i ds, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 124(b)(4)(i v).
(5) NF P A 341995 S t a n da r d for Di p
bu st i bl e Li qu i ds, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 124(b)(4)(i i ).
(6) NF P A 351970 S t a n da r d for t h e
Ma n u fa ct u r e of Or ga n i c Coa t i n gs, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 106(j )(6)(i i ).
(7) NF P A 361967 S t a n da r d for S ol -
ven t Ext r a ct i on P l a n t s, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 106(j )(6)(i i i ).
(8) NF P A 371970 S t a n da r d for t h e I n -
st a l l a t i on a n d Use of S t a t i on a r y Com-
bu st i on En gi n es a n d Ga s Tu r bi n es, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 106(j )(6)(i v) a n d
1910. 110 (b)(20)(i v)(c) a n d (e)(11).
(9) NF P A 51B1962 S t a n da r d for F i r e
P r ot ect i on i n Use of Cu t t i n g a n d Wel d-
i n g P r ocesses, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 252(a )(1) i n t r odu ct or y t ext .
I n st a l l a t i on of Ga s Appl i a n ces a n d Ga s
P i pi n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110(b)(20)(i v)(a ).
(11) NF P A 54A1969 S t a n da r d for t h e
I n st a l l a t i on of Ga s P i pi n g a n d Ga s
Equ i pmen t on I n du st r i a l P r emi ses a n d
Cer t a i n Ot h er P r emi ses, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 110(b)(20)(i v)(b).
S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of Li qu efi ed P e-
t r ol eu m Ga ses (ANS I Z106. 11970), I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 110 (b)(3)(i v) a n d
(i )(3) (i ) a n d (i i ); a n d 1910. 178(f)(2).
S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of Li qu efi ed P e-
t r ol eu m Ga ses a t Ut i l i t y Ga s P l a n t s,
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 110 (b)(3)(i v)
a n d (i )(2)(i v).
P r even t i on of Du st Expl osi on s i n t h e
P r odu ct i on , P a ck a gi n g, a n d Ha n dl i n g
of P u l ver i zed S u ga r a n d Cocoa , I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 263(k )(2)(i ).
(15) NF P A 681954 Gu i de for Expl osi on
Ven t i n g, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 94(a )(2)(i i i ).
(16) NF P A 701971 Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l
Code, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 66 App.
D(c)(2).
(17) NF P A 781968 Li gh t n i n g P r ot ec-
t i on Code, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 109(i )(6)(i i ).
(18) NF P A 801968 S t a n da r d for F i r e
Door s a n d Wi n dows, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(d)(4)(i ).
I n st a l l a t i on of F i r e Door s a n d Wi n -
dows, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 253(f)(6)(i )(I ).
(20) NF P A 86A1969 S t a n da r d for Oven
a n d F u r n a ces Desi gn , Loca t i on a n d
Equ i pmen t , I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 107
(j )(1) a n d (l )(3) a n d 1910. 108 (b)(2) a n d
(d)(2).
I n st a l l a t i on of Bl ower a n d Exh a u st
S y st ems for Du st , S t ock , a n d Va por
Remova l or Con vey i n g (ANS I Z33. 161),
I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 107(d)(1).
(22) NF P A 911969 S t a n da r ds for
Bl ower a n d Exh a u st S y st ems, I BR a p-
pr oved for 1910. 108(b)(1).
I n st a l l a t i on of Equ i pmen t for t h e Re-
mova l of S mok e a n d Gr ea se La den Va -
por s fr om Commer ci a l Cook i n g Equ i p-
men t , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 110(b)(20)(i v)(d).
(24) NF P A 1011970 Code for Li fe S a fe-
t y F r om F i r e i n Bu i l di n gs a n d S t r u c-
t u r es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 261(a )(4)(i i ).
(25) NF P A 203M1970 Ma n u a l on Roof
Cover i n gs, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 109(i )(1)(i i i )(c).
(26) NF P A 2511969 S t a n da r d Met h ods
of F i r e Test s of Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on
a n d Ma t er i a l s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106 (d)(3)(i i ) i n t r odu ct or y t ext
a n d (d)(4)(i ).
(27) NF P A 3021968 F i r e P r ot ect i on
S t a n da r d for Mot or -Cr a ft (P l ea su r e a n d
Commer ci a l ), I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 265(d)(2)(i v) i n t r odu ct or y t ext .
(28) NF P A 3851966 Recommen ded
Regu l a t or y S t a n da r d for Ta n k Veh i cl es
for F l a mma bl e a n d Combu st i bl e Li q-
u i ds, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(g)(1)(i )(e)(1).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
99
(29) NF P A 4961967 S t a n da r d for
P u r ged En cl osu r es for El ect r i ca l
Equ i pmen t i n Ha za r dou s Loca t i on s,
I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 103(c)(1)(i x)(e)(1).
(30) NF P A 5051969 S t a n da r d for Ty pe
Desi gn a t i on s, Ar ea s of Use,
Ma i n t en en ce, a n d Oper a t i on of P ow-
er ed I n du st r i a l Tr u ck s, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 110(e)(2)(i v).
I n st a l l a t i on of Bu l k Oxy gen S y st ems
a t Con su mer S i t es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 253 (b)(4)(i v) a n d (c)(2)(v).
(32) NF P A 6561959 Code for t h e P r e-
ven t i on of Du st I gn i t i on i n S pi ce
Gr i n di n g P l a n t s, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 263(k )(2)(i ).
(33) NF P A 19711975 P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h -
i n g for S t r u ct u r a l F i r e F i gh t i n g, I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 156(e)(3)(i i ) i n t r odu c-
t or y t ext .
(r ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
F ood P l a n t I n st i t u t e, 1700 K S t . NW. ,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20006:
(1) Defi n i t i on a n d Test P r ocedu r es for
Ammon i u m Ni t r a t e F er t i l i zer (Nov.
1964), I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 109 Ta bl e
H22, ft n . 3.
(2) [Reser ved]
(s) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e Na t i on a l I n -
st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h (NI OS H):
(1) Regi st r y of Toxi c Effect s of Ch em-
i ca l S u bst a n ces, 1978, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 20(c)(13)(i ) a n d a ppen di x B.
(2) Devel opmen t of Cr i t er i a for F i r e
F i gh t er s Gl oves; Vol . I I , P a r t I I ; Test
Met h ods, 1976, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 156(e)(4)(i ) i n t r odu ct or y t ext .
(3) NI OS H Recommen da t i on s for Oc-
cu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h S t a n d-
a r ds (S ept . 1987), I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 120 P EL defi n i t i on .
(t ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e P u bl i c
Hea l t h S er vi ce:
(1) U. S . P h a r ma copei a , I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 134(d)(1).
(2) P u bl i ca t i on No. 934 (1962), F ood
S er vi ce S a n i t a t i on Or di n a n ce a n d
Code, P a r t V of t h e F ood S er vi ce S a n i -
t a t i on Ma n u a l , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 142(i )(1).
(u ) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e S oci et y of
Au t omot i ve En gi n eer s (S AE), 485 Lex-
i n gt on Aven u e, New Yor k , NY 10017:
(1) S AE J 185, J u n e 1988, Rec-
ommen ded P r a ct i ce for Access S y st ems
for Off-Roa d Ma ch i n es, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 266(f)(5)(i ).
(2) S AE J 231, J a n u a r y 1981, Mi n i mu m
P er for ma n ce Cr i t er i a for F a l l i n g Ob-
j ect P r ot ect i ve S t r u ct u r e (F OP S ), I BR
a ppr oved for 1910. 266(f)(3)(i i ).
(3) S AE J 386, J u n e 1985, Oper a t or Re-
st r a i n t S y st ems for Off-Roa d Wor k Ma -
ch i n es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 266(d)(3)(i v).
(4) S AE J 397, Apr i l 1988, Defl ect i on
Li mi t i n g Vol u me-ROP S /F OP S La bor a -
t or y Eva l u a t i on , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 266(f)(3)(i v).
(5) S AE 765 (1961) S AE Recommen ded
P r a ct i ce: Cr a n e Loa di n g S t a bi l i t y Test
Code, I BR a ppr oved for 1910. 180
(c)(1)(i i i ) a n d (e)(2)(i i i )(a).
(6) S AE J 1040, Apr i l 1988, P er for m-
a n ce Cr i t er i a for Rol l over P r ot ect i ve
S t r u ct u r es (ROP S ) for Con st r u ct i on ,
Ea r t h movi n g, F or est r y a n d Mi n i n g Ma -
ch i n es, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 266(f)(3)(i i ).
(v) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om t h e F er t i l i zer
I n st i t u t e, 1015 18t h S t r eet NW, Wa sh -
i n gt on , DC 20036:
(1) S t a n da r d M1 (1953, 1955, 1957, 1960,
1961, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968), S u per -
seded by ANS I K61. 11972, I BR a ppr oved
for 1910. 111(b)(1) (i ) a n d (i i i ).
(2) [Reser ved]
(w) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l -
a bl e for pu r ch a se fr om Un der wr i t er s
La bor a t or i es (UL), 207 Ea st Oh i o
S t r eet , Ch i ca go, I L 60611:
(1) UL 5861 S t eel Un der gr ou n d Ta n k s
u i ds, 5t h Ed. , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(1)(i i i )(a)(1).
(2) UL 8063 S t eel I n si de Ta n k s for
Oi l -Bu r n er F u el , I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(1)(i i i )(a)(1).
(3) UL 14268 S t eel Above Gr ou n d
Ta n k s for F l a mma bl e a n d Combu st i bl e
Li qu i ds, I BR a ppr oved for
1910. 106(b)(1)(i i i )(a)(1).
F R 5321, F eb. 10, 1984; 61 F R 9231, Ma r . 7, 1996;
64 F R 13908, Ma r . 23, 1999; 69 F R 18803, Apr . 9,
2004; 70 F R 53929, S ept . 13, 2005]
EF F ECTI VE DATE NOTE: At 72 F R 7190, F eb.
14, 2007, 1910. 6 wa s a men ded by r evi si n g t h e
i n t r odu ct or y t ext t o pa r a gr a ph (e), r emovi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
100
a n d r eser vi n g pa r a gr a ph (e)(33), r evi si n g t h e
i n t r odu ct or y t ext t o pa r a gr a ph (q), a n d r e-
movi n g a n d r eser vi n g pa r a gr a ph (q)(16), ef-
fect i ve Au g. 13, 2007. F or t h e con ven i en ce of
t h e u ser , t h e r evi sed t ext i s set for t h a s fol -
l ows:
1910.6 Incorporation by reference.
* * * * *
(e) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l a bl e for
pu r ch a se fr om t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I ), 25 West 43r d S t r eet ,
F ou r t h F l oor , New Yor k , NY 10036:
* * * * *
(q) Th e fol l owi n g ma t er i a l i s a va i l a bl e for
pu r ch a se fr om t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
Associ a t i on (NF P A), 1 Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k ,
Qu i n cy , MA 02269:
* * * * *
1910.7 Definition and requirements
for a nationally recognized testing
laboratory.
(a ) Applicat ion . Th i s sect i on sh a l l
a ppl y on l y wh en t h e t er m n at ion ally
recogn ized t est in g laborat ory i s u sed i n
ot h er sect i on s of t h i s pa r t .
(b) L aborat ory requ iremen t s. Th e t er m
n at ion ally recogn ized t est in g laborat ory
(NRTL) mea n s a n or ga n i za t i on wh i ch
i s r ecogn i zed by OS HA i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppen di x A of t h i s sect i on a n d
wh i ch t est s for sa fet y , a n d l i st s or l a -
bel s or a ccept s, equ i pmen t or ma t er i a l s
a n d wh i ch meet s a l l of t h e fol l owi n g
cr i t er i a :
(1) F or ea ch speci fi ed i t em of equ i p-
men t or ma t er i a l t o be l i st ed, l a bel ed
or a ccept ed, t h e NRTL h a s t h e ca pa -
bi l i t y (i n cl u di n g pr oper t est i n g equ i p-
men t a n d fa ci l i t i es, t r a i n ed st a ff, wr i t -
t en t est i n g pr ocedu r es, a n d ca l i br a t i on
a n d qu a l i t y con t r ol pr ogr a ms) t o per -
for m:
(i ) Test i n g a n d exa mi n i n g of equ i p-
men t a n d ma t er i a l s for wor k pl a ce sa fe-
t y pu r poses t o det er mi n e con for ma n ce
wi t h a ppr opr i a t e t est st a n da r ds; or
(i i ) Exper i men t a l t est i n g a n d exa m-
i n i n g of equ i pmen t a n d ma t er i a l s for
wor k pl a ce sa fet y pu r poses t o det er -
mi n e con for ma n ce wi t h a ppr opr i a t e
t est st a n da r ds or per for ma n ce i n a
speci fi ed ma n n er .
(2) Th e NRTL sh a l l pr ovi de, t o t h e
ext en t n eeded for t h e pa r t i cu l a r equ i p-
men t or ma t er i a l s l i st ed, l a bel ed, or
a ccept ed, t h e fol l owi n g con t r ol s or
ser vi ces:
(i ) I mpl emen t s con t r ol pr ocedu r es for
i den t i fy i n g t h e l i st ed a n d l a bel ed
equ i pmen t or ma t er i a l s;
(i i ) I n spect s t h e r u n of pr odu ct i on of
su ch i t ems a t fa ct or i es for pr odu ct
eva l u a t i on pu r poses t o a ssu r e con for m-
a n ce wi t h t h e t est st a n da r ds; a n d
(i i i ) Con du ct s fi el d i n spect i on s t o
mon i t or a n d t o a ssu r e t h e pr oper u se of
i t s i den t i fy i n g ma r k or l a bel s on pr od-
u ct s;
(3) Th e NRTL i s compl et el y i n de-
pen den t of empl oy er s su bj ect t o t h e
t est ed equ i pmen t r equ i r emen t s, a n d of
a n y ma n u fa ct u r er s or ven dor s of equ i p-
men t or ma t er i a l s bei n g t est ed for
t h ese pu r poses; a n d,
(4) Th e NRTL ma i n t a i n s effect i ve
pr ocedu r es for :
(i ) P r odu ci n g cr edi t a bl e fi n di n gs or
r epor t s t h a t a r e obj ect i ve a n d wi t h ou t
bi a s; a n d
(i i ) Ha n dl i n g compl a i n t s a n d di spu t es
u n der a fa i r a n d r ea son a bl e sy st em.
(c) T est st an dards. An appropriat e t est
st an dard r efer r ed t o i n 1910. 7(b)(1) (i )
a n d (i i ) i s a docu men t wh i ch speci fi es
t h e sa fet y r equ i r emen t s for speci fi c
equ i pmen t or cl a ss of equ i pmen t a n d i s:
(1) Recogn i zed i n t h e Un i t ed S t a t es
a s a sa fet y st a n da r d pr ovi di n g a n a de-
qu a t e l evel of sa fet y , a n d
(2) Compa t i bl e wi t h a n d ma i n t a i n ed
cu r r en t wi t h per i odi c r evi si on s of a p-
pl i ca bl e n a t i on a l codes a n d i n st a l l a t i on
st a n da r ds, a n d
(3) Devel oped by a st a n da r ds devel -
opi n g or ga n i za t i on u n der a met h od pr o-
vi di n g for i n pu t a n d con si der a t i on of
vi ews of i n du st r y gr ou ps, exper t s,
u ser s, con su mer s, gover n men t a l a u -
t h or i t i es, a n d ot h er s h a vi n g br oa d ex-
per i en ce i n t h e sa fet y fi el d i n vol ved, or
(4) I n l i eu of pa r a gr a ph s (c) (1), (2),
a n d (3), t h e st a n da r d i s cu r r en t l y des-
i gn a t ed a s a n Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I ) sa fet y -des-
i gn a t ed pr odu ct st a n da r d or a n Amer -
i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s
(AS TM) t est st a n da r d u sed for eva l u a -
t i on of pr odu ct s or ma t er i a l s.
(d) Alt ern at ive t est st an dard. I f a t est -
i n g l a bor a t or y desi r es t o u se a t est
st a n da r d ot h er t h a n on e a l l owed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on , t h en t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
101
eva l u a t e t h e pr oposed st a n da r d t o de-
t er mi n e t h a t i t pr ovi des a n a dequ a t e
l evel of sa fet y befor e i t i s u sed.
(e) I mplemen t at ion . A t est i n g or ga n i -
za t i on desi r i n g r ecogn i t i on by OS HA a s
a n NRTL sh a l l r equ est t h a t OS HA
eva l u a t e i t s t est i n g a n d con t r ol pr o-
gr a ms a ga i n st t h e r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s
sect i on for a n y equ i pmen t or ma t er i a l
i t ma y speci fy . Th e r ecogn i t i on pr oce-
du r e sh a l l be con du ct ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppen di x A t o t h i s sect i on .
(f) Fees. (1) Ea ch a ppl i ca n t for NRTL
r ecogn i t i on a n d ea ch NRTL mu st pa y
fees for ser vi ces pr ovi ded by OS HA.
OS HA wi l l a ssess fees for t h e fol l owi n g
ser vi ces:
(i ) P r ocessi n g of a ppl i ca t i on s for i n i -
t i a l r ecogn i t i on , expa n si on of r ecogn i -
t i on , or r en ewa l of r ecogn i t i on , i n cl u d-
i n g on -si t e r evi ews; r evi ew a n d eva l u a -
t i on of t h e a ppl i ca t i on s; a n d pr epa r a -
t i on of r epor t s, eva l u a t i on s a n d F ED-
ERAL REGI S TER n ot i ces; a n d
(i i ) Au di t s of si t es.
(2) Th e fee sch edu l e est a bl i sh ed by
OS HA r efl ect s t h e cost of per for mi n g
t h e a ct i vi t i es for ea ch ser vi ce l i st ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (f)(1) of t h i s sect i on . OS HA
ca l cu l a t es t h e fees ba sed on ei t h er t h e
a ver a ge or a ct u a l t i me r equ i r ed t o per -
for m t h e wor k n ecessa r y ; t h e st a ff
cost s per h ou r (wh i ch i n cl u de wa ges,
fr i n ge ben efi t s, a n d expen ses ot h er
t h a n t r a vel for per son n el t h a t per for m
or a dmi n i st er t h e a ct i vi t i es cover ed by
t h e fees); a n d t h e a ver a ge or a ct u a l
cost s for t r a vel wh en on -si t e r evi ews
a r e i n vol ved. Th e for mu l a for t h e fee
ca l cu l a t i on i s a s fol l ows:
Act i vi t y F ee = [Aver a ge (or Act u a l )
Hou r s t o Compl et e t h e Act i vi t y
S t a ff Cost s per Hou r ] + Aver a ge (or
Act u a l ) Tr a vel Cost s
(3) (i ) OS HA wi l l r evi ew cost s a n n u -
a l l y a n d wi l l pr opose a r evi sed fee
sch edu l e, i f wa r r a n t ed. I n i t s r evi ew,
OS HA wi l l a ppl y t h e for mu l a est a b-
l i sh ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(2) of t h i s sect i on
t o t h e cu r r en t est i ma t ed cost s for t h e
NRTL P r ogr a m. I f a ch a n ge i s wa r -
r a n t ed, OS HA wi l l fol l ow t h e i mpl e-
men t a t i on t a bl e i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) OS HA wi l l pu bl i sh a l l fee sch ed-
u l es i n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER. On ce
pu bl i sh ed, a fee sch edu l e r ema i n s i n ef-
fect u n t i l i t i s su per seded by a n ew fee
sch edu l e. An y member of t h e pu bl i c
ma y r equ est a ch a n ge t o t h e fees i n -
cl u ded i n t h e cu r r en t fee sch edu l e.
S u ch a r equ est mu st i n cl u de a ppr o-
pr i a t e docu men t a t i on i n su ppor t of t h e
su ggest ed ch a n ge. OS HA wi l l con si der
su ch r equ est s du r i n g i t s a n n u a l r evi ew
of t h e fee sch edu l e.
(4) OS HA wi l l i mpl emen t fee a ssess-
men t , col l ect i on , a n d pa y men t a s fol -
l ows:
Approximate dates Action required
I. Annual Review of Fee Schedule
November 1 .............................. OSHA will publish any proposed new Fee Schedule in the Federal Register, if OSHA deter-
mines changes in the schedule are warranted.
November 16 ............................ Comments due on the proposed new Fee Schedule.
December 15 ............................ OSHA will publish the final Fee Schedule in the Federal Register, making it effective.
II. Application Processing Fees
Time of application ................... Applicant must pay the applicable fees shown in the Fee Schedule when submitting the appli-
cation; OSHA will not begin processing until fees are received.
Publication of preliminary notice Applicant must pay remainder of fees; OSHA cancels application if fees are not paid when
due.
III. Audit Fees
After audit performed ................ OSHA will bill each existing NRTL for the audit fees in effect at the time of audit, but will re-
flect actual travel costs and staff time in the bill.
30 days after bill date ............... NRTLs must pay audit fees; OSHA will assess late fee if audit fees are not paid.
45 days after bill date ............... OSHA will send a letter to the NRTL requesting immediate payment of the audit fees and late
fee
60 days after bill date ............... OSHA will publish a notice in the Federal Register announcing its intent to revoke recognition
for NRTLs that have not paid these audit fees.
(5) OS HA wi l l pr ovi de det a i l s a bou t
h ow t o pa y t h e fees t h r ou gh a ppr o-
pr i a t e OS HA P r ogr a m Di r ect i ves,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
102
wh i ch wi l l be a va i l a bl e on t h e OS HA
web si t e.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 7OS HA RECOGNI TI ON
P ROCES S F OR NATI ONALLY RECOGNI ZED
TES TI NG LABORATORI ES
I NTRODUCTI ON
Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des r equ i r emen t s a n d
cr i t er i a wh i ch OS HA wi l l u se t o eva l u a t e a n d
r ecogn i ze a Na t i on a l l y Recogn i zed Test i n g
La bor a t or y (NRTL). Th i s pr ocess wi l l i n -
cl u de t h e eva l u a t i on of t h e pr odu ct eva l u a -
t i on a n d con t r ol pr ogr a ms bei n g oper a t ed by
t h e NRTL, a s wel l a s t h e NRTLs t est i n g fa -
ci l i t i es bei n g u sed i n i t s pr ogr a m. I n t h e
eva l u a t i on of t h e NRTLs, OS HA wi l l u se ei -
t h er con sen su s-ba sed st a n da r ds cu r r en t l y i n
u se n a t i on a l l y , or ot h er st a n da r ds or cr i t er i a
wh i ch ma y be con si der ed a ppr opr i a t e. Th i s
a ppen di x i mpl emen t s t h e defi n i t i on of NRTL
i n 29 CF R 1910. 7 wh i ch set s ou t t h e cr i t er i a
t h a t a l a bor a t or y mu st meet t o be r ecog-
n i zed by OS HA (i n i t i a l l y a n d on a con t i n u i n g
ba si s). Th e a ppen di x i s br oa der i n scope, pr o-
vi di n g pr ocedu r es for r en ewa l , expa n si on a n d
r evoca t i on of OS HA r ecogn i t i on . Except a s
ot h er wi se pr ovi ded, t h e bu r den i s on t h e a p-
pl i ca n t t o est a bl i sh by a pr epon der a n ce of
t h e evi den ce t h a t i t i s en t i t l ed t o r ecogn i -
t i on a s a n NRTL. I f fu r t h er det a i l i n g of t h ese
r equ i r emen t s a n d cr i t er i a wi l l a ssi st t h e
NRTLs or OS HA i n t h i s a ct i vi t y , t h i s det a i l -
i n g wi l l be don e t h r ou gh a ppr opr i a t e OS HA
P r ogr a m Di r ect i ves.
I . Procedu res f or I n it ial OSHA Recogn it ion
A. Appl i ca t i on s.
1. Eligibilit y . a . An y t est i n g a gen cy or or ga -
n i za t i on con si der i n g i t sel f t o meet t h e defi -
n i t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a b-
or a t or y a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 7 ma y a ppl y for
OS HA r ecogn i t i on a s a n NRTL.
b. However , i n det er mi n i n g el i gi bi l i t y for a
for ei gn -ba sed t est i n g a gen cy or or ga n i za t i on ,
OS HA sh a l l t a k e i n t o con si der a t i on t h e pol -
i cy of t h e for ei gn gover n men t r ega r di n g bot h
t h e a ccept a n ce i n t h a t cou n t r y of t est i n g
da t a , equ i pmen t a ccept a n ces, a n d l i st i n gs,
a n d l a bel i n g, wh i ch a r e pr ovi ded t h r ou gh n a -
t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or i es r ec-
ogn i zed by t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y , a n d t h e
a ccessi bi l i t y t o gover n men t r ecogn i t i on or a
si mi l a r sy st em i n t h a t cou n t r y by U. S . -ba sed
sa fet y -r el a t ed t est i n g a gen ci es, wh et h er r ec-
ogn i zed by t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y or n ot , i f
su ch r ecogn i t i on or a si mi l a r sy st em i s r e-
qu i r ed by t h a t cou n t r y .
2. Con t en t of applicat ion . a . Th e a ppl i ca n t
sh a l l pr ovi de su ffi ci en t i n for ma t i on a n d de-
t a i l demon st r a t i n g t h a t i t meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s set for t h i n 1910. 7, i n or der for a n i n -
for med deci si on con cer n i n g r ecogn i t i on t o be
ma de by t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y .
b. Th e a ppl i ca n t a l so sh a l l i den t i fy t h e
scope of t h e NRTL-r el a t ed a ct i vi t y for wh i ch
t h e a ppl i ca n t wi sh es t o be r ecogn i zed. Th i s
wi l l i n cl u de i den t i fy i n g t h e t est i n g met h ods
i t wi l l u se t o t est or j u dge t h e speci fi c equ i p-
men t a n d ma t er i a l s for wh i ch r ecogn i t i on i s
bei n g r equ est ed, u n l ess su ch t est met h ods
a r e a l r ea dy speci fi ed i n t h e t est st a n da r d. I f
r equ est ed t o do so by OS HA, t h e a ppl i ca n t
sh a l l pr ovi de docu men t a t i on of t h e effi ca cy
of t h ese t est i n g met h ods.
c. Th e a ppl i ca n t ma y i n cl u de wh a t ever en -
cl osu r es, a t t a ch men t s, or exh i bi t s t h e a ppl i -
ca n t deems a ppr opr i a t e. Th e a ppl i ca t i on
n eed n ot be su bmi t t ed on a F eder a l for m.
3. Filin g of f ice locat ion . Th e a ppl i ca t i on
sh a l l be fi l ed wi t h : NRTL Recogn i t i on P r o-
gr a m, Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Ad-
mi n i st r a t i on , U. S . Depa r t men t of La bor , 200
Con st i t u t i on Aven u e, NW. , Wa sh i n gt on , DC
20210.
4. Amen dmen t s an d wit h drawals. a . An a ppl i -
ca t i on ma y be r evi sed by a n a ppl i ca n t a t a n y
t i me pr i or t o t h e compl et i on of a ct i vi t y
u n der pa r a gr a ph I . B. 4. of t h i s a ppen di x.
b. An a ppl i ca t i on ma y be wi t h dr a wn by a n
a ppl i ca n t , wi t h ou t pr ej u di ce, a t a n y t i me
pr i or t o t h e fi n a l deci si on by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y i n pa r a gr a ph I . B. 7. c. of t h i s a ppen -
di x.
B. Revi ew a n d Deci si on P r ocess; I ssu a n ce or
Ren ewa l .
1. Accept an ce an d on -sit e review. a . Appl i ca -
t i on s su bmi t t ed by el i gi bl e t est i n g a gen ci es
wi l l be a ccept ed by OS HA, a n d t h ei r r ecei pt
a ck n owl edged i n wr i t i n g. Aft er r ecei pt of a n
a ppl i ca t i on , OS HA ma y r equ est a ddi t i on a l
i n for ma t i on i f i t bel i eves i n for ma t i on r el -
eva n t t o t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ecogn i t i on
h a s been omi t t ed.
b. OS HA sh a l l , a s n ecessa r y , con du ct a n
on -si t e r evi ew of t h e t est i n g fa ci l i t i es of t h e
a ppl i ca n t , a s wel l a s t h e a ppl i ca n t s a dmi n i s-
t r a t i ve a n d t ech n i ca l pr a ct i ces, a n d, i f n ec-
essa r y , r evi ew a n y a ddi t i on a l docu men t a t i on
u n der l y i n g t h e a ppl i ca t i on .
c. Th ese on -si t e r evi ews wi l l be con du ct ed
by qu a l i fi ed i n di vi du a l s t ech n i ca l l y exper t i n
t h ese ma t t er s, i n cl u di n g, a s a ppr opr i a t e,
n on -F eder a l con su l t a n t s/con t r a ct or s a ccept -
a bl e t o OS HA. Th e pr ot ocol for ea ch r evi ew
wi l l be ba sed on a ppr opr i a t e n a t i on a l con -
sen su s st a n da r ds or i n t er n a t i on a l gu i des,
wi t h su ch a ddi t i on s, ch a n ges, or del et i on s a s
ma y be con si der ed n ecessa r y a n d a ppr opr i a t e
i n ea ch ca se by OS HA. A wr i t t en r epor t sh a l l
be ma de of ea ch on -si t e r evi ew a n d a copy
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o t h e a ppl i ca n t .
2. Posit ive f in din g by st af f . I f, a ft er r evi ew of
t h e a ppl i ca t i on , a n d a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on ,
a n d t h e on -si t e r evi ew r epor t , t h e a ppl i ca n t
a ppea r s t o h a ve met t h e r equ i r emen t s for
r ecogn i t i on , a wr i t t en r ecommen da t i on sh a l l
be su bmi t t ed by t h e r espon si bl e OS HA per -
son n el t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y t h a t t h e
a ppl i ca t i on be a ppr oved, a ccompa n i ed by a
su ppor t i n g expl a n a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
103
3. Negat ive f in din g by st af f . a . Not if icat ion
t o applican t . I f, a ft er r evi ew of t h e a ppl i ca -
t i on , a n y a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on a n d t h e on -
si t e r evi ew r epor t , t h e a ppl i ca n t does n ot a p-
pea r t o h a ve met t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ec-
ogn i t i on , t h e r espon si bl e OS HA per son n el
sh a l l n ot i fy t h e a ppl i ca n t i n wr i t i n g, l i st i n g
t h e speci fi c r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 7 a n d t h i s
a ppen di x wh i ch t h e a ppl i ca n t h a s n ot met ,
a n d a l l ow a r ea son a bl e per i od for r espon se.
b. Revision of applicat ion . (i ) Aft er r ecei pt of
a n ot i fi ca t i on of n ega t i ve fi n di n g (i . e. , for i n -
t en ded di sa ppr ova l of t h e a ppl i ca t i on ), a n d
wi t h i n t h e r espon se per i od pr ovi ded, t h e a p-
pl i ca n t ma y :
(a) S u bmi t a r evi sed a ppl i ca t i on for fu r t h er
r evi ew, wh i ch cou l d r esu l t i n a posi t i ve fi n d-
i n g by t h e r espon si bl e OS HA per son n el pu r -
su a n t t o su bsect i on I . B. 2. of t h i s a ppen di x; or
(b) Requ est t h a t t h e or i gi n a l a ppl i ca t i on be
su bmi t t ed t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y wi t h
a n a t t a ch ed st a t emen t of r ea son s, su ppl i ed
by t h e a ppl i ca n t of wh y t h e a ppl i ca t i on
sh ou l d be a ppr oved.
(i i ) Th i s pr ocedu r e for a ppl i ca n t n ot i fi ca -
t i on a n d pot en t i a l r evi si on sh a l l be u sed on l y
on ce du r i n g ea ch r ecogn i t i on pr ocess.
4. Prelimin ary f in din g by Assist an t Secret ary .
a . Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y , or a speci a l des-
i gn ee for t h i s pu r pose, wi l l ma k e a pr el i mi -
n a r y fi n di n g a s t o wh et h er t h e a ppl i ca n t h a s
or h a s n ot met t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ecogn i -
t i on , ba sed on t h e compl et ed a ppl i ca t i on fi l e,
t h e wr i t t en st a ff r ecommen da t i on , a n d t h e
st a t emen t of r ea son s su ppl i ed by t h e a ppl i -
ca n t i f t h er e r ema i n s a st a ff r ecommen da -
t i on of di sa ppr ova l .
b. Not i fi ca t i on of t h i s pr el i mi n a r y fi n di n g
wi l l be sen t t o t h e a ppl i ca n t a n d su bse-
qu en t l y pu bl i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER.
c. Th i s pr el i mi n a r y fi n di n g sh a l l n ot be
con si der ed a n offi ci a l deci si on by t h e Assi st -
a n t S ecr et a r y or OS HA, a n d does n ot con fer
a n y ch a n ge i n st a t u s or a n y i n t er i m or t em-
por a r y r ecogn i t i on for t h e a ppl i ca n t .
5. Pu blic review an d commen t perioda . Th e
F EDERAL REGI S TER n ot i ce of pr el i mi n a r y
fi n di n g wi l l pr ovi de a per i od of n ot l ess t h a n
30 ca l en da r da y s for wr i t t en commen t s on
t h e a ppl i ca n t s fu l fi l l men t of t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for r ecogn i t i on . Th e a ppl i ca t i on , su p-
por t i n g docu men t s, st a ff r ecommen da t i on ,
st a t emen t of a ppl i ca n t s r ea son s, a n d a n y
commen t s r ecei ved, wi l l be a va i l a bl e for pu b-
l i c i n spect i on i n t h e OS HA Dock et Offi ce.
b. An y member of t h e pu bl i c, i n cl u di n g t h e
a ppl i ca n t , ma y su ppl y det a i l ed r ea son s a n d
evi den ce su ppor t i n g or ch a l l en gi n g t h e su ffi -
ci en cy of t h e a ppl i ca n t s h a vi n g met t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h e defi n i t i on i n 29 CF R
1910. 7 a n d t h i s a ppen di x. S u bmi ssi on of per -
t i n en t docu men t s a n d exh i bi t s sh a l l be ma de
i n wr i t i n g by t h e cl ose of t h e commen t pe-
r i od.
6. Act ion af t er pu blic commen t a . Fin al deci-
sion by Assist an t Secret ary . Wh er e t h e pu bl i c
r evi ew a n d commen t r ecor d su ppor t s t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y s pr el i mi n a r y fi n di n g con -
cer n i n g t h e a ppl i ca t i on , i . e. , a bsen t a n y ser i -
ou s obj ect i on s or su bst a n t i ve cl a i ms con -
t r a r y t o t h e pr el i mi n a r y fi n di n g h a vi n g been
r ecei ved i n wr i t i n g fr om t h e pu bl i c du r i n g
t h e commen t per i od, t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y
wi l l pr oceed t o fi n a l wr i t t en deci si on on t h e
a ppl i ca t i on . Th e r ea son s su ppor t i n g t h i s de-
ci si on sh a l l be der i ved fr om t h e evi den ce
a va i l a bl e a s a r esu l t of t h e fu l l a ppl i ca t i on ,
t h e su ppor t i n g docu men t a t i on , t h e st a ff fi n d-
i n g, a n d t h e wr i t t en commen t s a n d evi den ce
pr esen t ed du r i n g t h e pu bl i c r evi ew a n d com-
men t per i od.
b. Pu blic an n ou n cemen t . A copy of t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y s fi n a l deci si on wi l l be pr o-
vi ded t o t h e a ppl i ca n t . S u bsequ en t l y , a n ot i -
fi ca t i on of t h e fi n a l deci si on sh a l l be pu b-
l i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER. Th e pu bl i -
ca t i on da t e wi l l be t h e effect i ve da t e of t h e
r ecogn i t i on .
c. Review of f in al decision . Th er e wi l l be n o
fu r t h er r evi ew a ct i vi t y a va i l a bl e wi t h i n t h e
Depa r t men t of La bor fr om t h e fi n a l deci si on
of t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y .
7. Act ion af t er pu blic object ion a . Review of
n egat ive in f ormat ion . At t h e di scr et i on of t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y or h i s desi gn ee, OS HA
ma y a u t h or i ze F eder a l or con t r a ct per son n el
t o i n i t i a t e a speci a l r evi ew of a n y i n for ma -
t i on pr ovi ded i n t h e pu bl i c commen t r ecor d
wh i ch a ppea r s t o r equ i r e r esol u t i on , befor e a
fi n a l deci si on ca n be ma de.
b. Su pplemen t at ion of record. Th e con t en t s
a n d r esu l t s of speci a l r evi ews wi l l be ma de
pa r t of t h i s r ecor d by t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y by ei t h er :
(i ) Reopen i n g t h e wr i t t en commen t per i od
for pu bl i c commen t s on t h ese r evi ews; or
(i i ) Con ven i n g a n i n for ma l h ea r i n g t o a c-
cept pu bl i c commen t s on t h ese r evi ews, con -
du ct ed u n der a ppl i ca bl e OS HA pr ocedu r es for
si mi l a r h ea r i n gs.
c. Fin al decision by t h e Assist an t Secret ary .
Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l i ssu e a deci -
si on a s t o wh et h er i t h a s been demon st r a t ed,
ba sed on a pr epon der a n ce of t h e evi den ce,
t h a t t h e a ppl i ca n t meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s
for r ecogn i t i on . Th e r ea son s su ppor t i n g t h i s
deci si on sh a l l be der i ved fr om t h e evi den ce
a va i l a bl e a s a r esu l t of t h e fu l l a ppl i ca t i on ,
t h e su ppor t i n g docu men t a t i on , t h e st a ff fi n d-
i n g, t h e commen t s a n d evi den ce pr esen t ed
du r i n g t h e pu bl i c r evi ew a n d commen t pe-
r i od, a n d wr i t t en t o t r a n scr i bed evi den ce r e-
cei ved du r i n g a n y su bsequ en t r eopen i n g of
t h e wr i t t en commen t per i od or i n for ma l pu b-
l i c h ea r i n g h el d.
d. Pu blic an n ou n cemen t . A copy of t h e As-
vi ded t o t h e a ppl i ca n t , a n d a n ot i fi ca t i on
wi l l be pu bl i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER
su bsequ en t l y a n n ou n ci n g t h e deci si on .
e. Review of f in al decision . Th er e wi l l be n o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
104
c. T erms an d con dit ion s of recogn it ion . Th e
fol l owi n g t er ms a n d con di t i on s sh a l l be pa r t
of ever y r ecogn i t i on :
1. L et t er of recogn it ion . Th e r ecogn i t i on by
OS HA of a n y NRTL wi l l be evi den ced by a
l et t er of r ecogn i t i on fr om OS HA. Th e l et t er
wi l l pr ovi de t h e speci fi c det a i l s of t h e scope
of t h e OS HA r ecogn i t i on , i n cl u di n g t h e spe-
ci fi c equ i pmen t or ma t er i a l s for wh i ch OS HA
r ecogn i t i on h a s been gr a n t ed, a s wel l a s a n y
speci fi c con di t i on s i mposed by OS HA.
2. Period of recogn it ion . Th e r ecogn i t i on by
OS HA of ea ch NRTL wi l l be va l i d for fi ve
y ea r s, u n l ess t er mi n a t ed befor e t h e expi r a -
t i on of t h e per i od. Th e da t es of t h e per i od of
r ecogn i t i on wi l l be st a t ed i n t h e r ecogn i t i on
l et t er .
3. Con st an cy in operat ion s. Th e r ecogn i zed
NRTL sh a l l con t i n u e t o sa t i sfy a l l t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s or l i mi t a t i on s i n t h e l et t er of
r ecogn i t i on du r i n g t h e per i od of r ecogn i t i on .
4. Accu rat e pu blicit y . Th e OS HA-r ecogn i zed
NRTL sh a l l n ot en ga ge i n or per mi t ot h er s
t o en ga ge i n mi sr epr esen t a t i on of t h e scope
or con di t i on s of i t s r ecogn i t i on .
5. T emporary Recogn it ion of Cert ain NRT L s.
a . Not wi t h st a n di n g a l l ot h er r equ i r emen t s
a n d pr ovi si on s of 1910. 7 a n d t h i s a ppen di x,
t h e fol l owi n g t wo or ga n i za t i on s a r e r ecog-
n i zed t empor a r i l y a s n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or i es by t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y for a per i od of fi ve y ea r s begi n n i n g
J u n e 13, 1988 a n d en di n g on J u l y 13, 1993:
(i ) Un der wr i t er s La bor a t or i es, I n c. , 333
P fi n gst en Roa d, Nor t h br ook , I l l i n oi s 60062.
(i i ) F a ct or y Mu t u a l Resea r ch Cor por a t i on ,
1151 Bost on -P r ovi den ce Tu r n pi k e, Nor wood,
Ma ssa ch u set t s 02062.
b. At t h e en d of t h e fi ve-y ea r per i od, t h e
t wo t empor a r i l y r ecogn i zed l a bor a t or i es
sh a l l a ppl y for r en ewa l of OS HA r ecogn i t i on
u t i l i zi n g t h e fol l owi n g pr ocedu r es est a b-
l i sh ed for r en ewa l of OS HA r ecogn i t i on .
I I . Su pplemen t ary Procedu res.
A. Test st a n da r d ch a n ges.
A r ecogn i zed NRTL ma y ch a n ge a t est i n g
st a n da r d or el emen t s i n cor por a t ed i n t h e
st a n da r d su ch a s t est i n g met h ods or pa ss-fa i l
cr i t er i a by n ot i fy i n g t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y
of t h e ch a n ge, cer t i fy i n g t h a t t h e r evi sed
st a n da r d wi l l be a t l ea st a s effect i ve a s t h e
pr i or st a n da r d, a n d pr ovi di n g t h e su ppor t i n g
da t a u pon wh i ch i t s con cl u si on s a r e ba sed.
Th e NRTL n eed n ot i n for m t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y of mi n or devi a t i on s fr om a t est
st a n da r d su ch a s t h e u se of n ew i n st r u men t a -
t i on t h a t i s mor e a ccu r a t e or sen si t i ve t h a n
or i gi n a l l y ca l l ed for i n t h e st a n da r d. Th e
NRTL a l so n eed n ot i n for m t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y of i t s a dopt i on of r evi si on s t o
t h i r d-pa r t y t est i n g st a n da r ds meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 7(c)(4), i f su ch r evi si on s
h a ve been devel oped by t h e st a n da r ds devel -
opi n g or ga n i za t i on , or of i t s a dopt i on of r evi -
si on s t o ot h er t h i r d-pa r t y t est st a n da r ds
wh i ch t h e devel opi n g or ga n i za t i on h a s su b-
mi t t ed t o OS HA. I f, u pon r evi ew, t h e Assi st -
a n t S ecr et a r y or h i s desi gn ee det er mi n es
t h a t t h e pr oposed r evi sed st a n da r d i s n ot
su bst a n t i a l l y equ i va l en t t o t h e pr evi ou s
ver si on wi t h r ega r d t o t h e l evel of sa fet y ob-
t a i n ed, OS HA wi l l n ot a ccept t h e pr oposed
t est i n g st a n da r d by t h e r ecogn i zed NRTL,
a n d wi l l i n i t i a t e di scon t i n u a n ce of t h a t a s-
pect of OS HA-r ecogn i zed a ct i vi t y by t h e
NRTL by modi fi ca t i on of t h e offi ci a l l et t er
of r ecogn i t i on . OS HA wi l l pu bl i cl y a n n ou n ce
t h i s a ct i on a n d t h e NRTL wi l l be r equ i r ed t o
commu n i ca t e t h i s OS HA deci si on di r ect l y t o
a ffect ed ma n u fa ct u r er s.
B. Expa n si on of cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on
1. Eligibilit y . A r ecogn i zed NRTL ma y a ppl y
t o OS HA for a n expa n si on of i t s cu r r en t r ec-
ogn i t i on t o cover ot h er ca t egor i es of NRTL
t est i n g i n a ddi t i on t o t h ose i n cl u ded i n t h e
cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on .
2. P r ocedu r e. a . OS HA wi l l a ct u pon a n d
pr ocess t h e a ppl i ca t i on for expa n si on i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bsect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen -
di x, except t h a t t h e per i od for wr i t t en com-
men t s, speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph 5. a of su b-
sect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen di x, wi l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 15 ca l en da r da y s.
b. I n t h a t pr ocess, OS HA ma y deci de n ot t o
con du ct a n on -si t e r evi ew, wh er e t h e su b-
st a n t i ve scope of t h e r equ est t o expa n d r ec-
ogn i t i on i s cl osel y r el a t ed t o t h e cu r r en t
a r ea of r ecogn i t i on .
c. Th e expi r a t i on da t e for ea ch expa n si on
of r ecogn i t i on sh a l l coi n ci de wi t h t h e expi r a -
t i on da t e of t h e cu r r en t ba si c r ecogn i t i on pe-
r i od.
C. Ren ewa l of OS HA r ecogn i t i on
1. Eligibilit y . A r ecogn i zed NRTL ma y
r en ew i t s r ecogn i t i on by fi l i n g a r en ewa l r e-
qu est a t t h e a ddr ess i n pa r a gr a ph I . A. 3. of
t h i s a ppen di x n ot l ess t h a n n i n e mon t h s, n or
mor e t h a n on e y ea r , befor e t h e expi r a t i on
da t e of i t s cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on .
2. P r ocedu r e. a . OS HA wi l l pr ocess t h e r e-
n ewa l r equ est i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su bsect i on
I . B. of t h i s a ppen di x, except t h a t t h e per i od
for wr i t t en commen t s, speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
5. a of su bsect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen di x, wi l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 15 ca l en da r da y s.
b. I n t h a t pr ocess, OS HA ma y det er mi n e
n ot t o con du ct t h e on -si t e r evi ews i n I . B. 1. a .
wh er e a ppr opr i a t e.
c. Wh en a r ecogn i zed NRTL h a s fi l ed a
t i mel y a n d su ffi ci en t r en ewa l r equ est , i t s
cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on wi l l n ot expi r e u n t i l a
fi n a l deci si on h a s been ma de by OS HA on t h e
r equ est .
d. Aft er t h e fi r st r en ewa l h a s been gr a n t ed
t o t h e NRTL, t h e NRTL sh a l l a ppl y for a
con t i n u a t i on of i t s r ecogn i t i on st a t u s ever y
fi ve y ea r s by su bmi t t i n g a r en ewa l r equ est .
I n l i eu of su bmi t t i n g a r en ewa l r equ est a ft er
t h e i n i t i a l r en ewa l , t h e NRTL ma y cer t i fy
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
105
i t s con t i n u i n g compl i a n ce wi t h t h e t er ms of
i t s l et t er of r ecogn i t i on a n d 29 CF R 1910. 7.
3. Alt ern at ive procedu re. Aft er t h e i n i t i a l
r ecogn i t i on a n d befor e t h e expi r a t i on t h er e-
of, OS HA ma y (for good ca u se) det er mi n e
t h a t t h er e i s a su ffi ci en t ba si s t o di spen se
wi t h t h e r en ewa l r equ i r emen t for a gi ven
l a bor a t or y a n d wi l l so n ot i fy t h e l a bor a t or y
of su ch a det er mi n a t i on i n wr i t i n g. I n l i eu of
su bmi t t i n g a r en ewa l r equ est , a n y l a bor a -
t or y so n ot i fi ed sh a l l cer t i fy i t s con t i n u i n g
compl i a n ce wi t h t h e t er ms of i t s l et t er of
r ecogn i t i on a n d 29 CF R 1910. 7.
D. Vol u n t a r y t er mi n a t i on of r ecogn i t i on .
At a n y t i me, a r ecogn i zed NRTL ma y vol -
u n t a r i l y t er mi n a t e i t s r ecogn i t i on , ei t h er i n
i t s en t i r et y or wi t h r espect t o a n y a r ea cov-
er ed i n i t s r ecogn i t i on , by gi vi n g wr i t t en n o-
t i ce t o OS HA. Th e wr i t t en n ot i ce sh a l l st a t e
t h e da t e a s of wh i ch t h e t er mi n a t i on i s t o
t a k e effect . Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l i n -
for m t h e pu bl i c of a n y vol u n t a r y t er mi -
n a t i on by F EDERAL REGI S TER n ot i ce.
E. Revoca t i on of r ecogn i t i on by OS HA.
1. Pot en t ial cau ses. I f a n NRTL ei t h er h a s
fa i l ed t o con t i n u e t o su bst a n t i a l l y sa t i sfy
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 7 or t h i s a ppen di x,
or h a s n ot been r ea son a bl y per for mi n g t h e
NRTL t est i n g r equ i r emen t s en compa ssed
wi t h i n i t s l et t er of r ecogn i t i on , or h a s ma t e-
r i a l l y mi sr epr esen t ed i t sel f i n i t s a ppl i ca -
t i on s or mi sr epr esen t ed t h e scope or con di -
t i on s of i t s r ecogn i t i on , t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y ma y r evok e t h e r ecogn i t i on of a r ec-
ogn i zed NRTL, i n wh ol e or i n pa r t . OS HA
ma y i n i t i a t e r evoca t i on pr ocedu r es on t h e
ba si s of i n for ma t i on pr ovi ded by a n y i n t er -
est ed per son .
2. Procedu re. a . Befor e pr oposi n g t o r evok e
r ecogn i t i on , t h e Agen cy wi l l n ot i fy t h e r ec-
ogn i zed NRTL i n wr i t i n g, gi vi n g i t t h e op-
por t u n i t y t o r ebu t or cor r ect t h e a l l eged de-
fi ci en ci es wh i ch wou l d for m t h e ba si s of t h e
pr oposed r evoca t i on , wi t h i n a r ea son a bl e pe-
r i od.
b. I f t h e a l l eged defi ci en ci es a r e n ot cor -
r ect ed or r econ ci l ed wi t h i n a r ea son a bl e pe-
r i od, OS HA wi l l pr opose, i n wr i t i n g t o t h e
r ecogn i zed NRTL, t o r evok e r ecogn i t i on . I f
deemed a ppr opr i a t e, n o ot h er a n n ou n cemen t
n eed be ma de by OS HA.
c. Th e r evoca t i on sh a l l be effect i ve i n 60
da y s u n l ess wi t h i n t h a t per i od t h e r ecog-
n i zed NRTL cor r ect s t h e defi ci en ci es or r e-
qu est s a h ea r i n g i n wr i t i n g.
d. I f a h ea r i n g i s r equ est ed, i t sh a l l be h el d
befor e a n a dmi n i st r a t i ve l a w j u dge of t h e De-
pa r t men t of La bor pu r su a n t t o t h e r u l es
speci fi ed i n 29 CF R pa r t 1905, su bpa r t C.
e. Th e pa r t i es sh a l l be OS HA a n d t h e r ec-
ogn i zed NRTL. Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y ma y
a l l ow ot h er i n t er est ed per son s t o pa r t i ci pa t e
i n t h ese h ea r i n gs i f su ch pa r t i ci pa t i on wou l d
con t r i bu t e t o t h e r esol u t i on of i ssu es ger -
ma n e t o t h e pr oceedi n g a n d n ot ca u se u n du e
del a y .
f. Th e bu r den of pr oof sh a l l be on OS HA t o
demon st r a t e by a pr epon der a n ce of t h e evi -
den ce t h a t t h e r ecogn i t i on sh ou l d be r evok ed
beca u se t h e NRTL i s n ot meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s for r ecogn i t i on , h a s n ot been r ea -
son a bl y per for mi n g t h e pr odu ct t est i n g fu n c-
t i on s a s r equ i r ed by 1910. 7, t h i s a ppen di x A,
or t h e l et t er of r ecogn i t i on , or h a s ma t er i -
a l l y mi sr epr esen t ed i t sel f i n i t s a ppl i ca t i on s
or pu bl i ci t y .
3. Fin al decision . a . Aft er t h e h ea r i n g, t h e
Admi n i st r a t i ve La w J u dge sh a l l i ssu e a deci -
si on st a t i n g t h e r ea son s ba sed on t h e r ecor d
a s t o wh et h er i t h a s been demon st r a t ed,
ba sed on a pr epon der a n ce of evi den ce, t h a t
t h e a ppl i ca n t does n ot con t i n u e t o meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s for i t s cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on .
b. Upon i ssu a n ce of t h e deci si on , a n y pa r t y
t o t h e h ea r i n g ma y fi l e except i on s wi t h i n 20
da y s pu r su a n t t o 29 CF R 1905. 28. I f n o excep-
t i on s a r e fi l ed, t h i s deci si on i s t h e fi n a l deci -
si on of t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y . I f obj ect i on s
a r e fi l ed, t h e Admi n i st r a t i ve La w J u dge
sh a l l for wa r d t h e deci si on , except i on s a n d
r ecor d t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y for t h e
fi n a l deci si on on t h e pr oposed r evoca t i on .
c. Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y wi l l r evi ew t h e
r ecor d, t h e deci si on by t h e Admi n i st r a t i ve
La w J u dge, a n d t h e except i on s fi l ed. Ba sed
on t h i s, t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l i ssu e
t h e fi n a l deci si on a s t o wh et h er i t h a s been
demon st r a t ed, by a pr epon der a n ce of evi -
den ce, t h a t t h e r ecogn i zed NRTL h a s n ot
con t i n u ed t o meet t h e r equ i r emen t s for
OS HA r ecogn i t i on . I f t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y fi n ds t h a t t h e NRTL does n ot meet
t h e NRTL r ecogn i t i on r equ i r emen t s, t h e r ec-
ogn i t i on wi l l be r evok ed.
4. Pu blic an n ou n cemen t . A copy of t h e As-
vi ded t o t h e a ppl i ca n t , a n d a n ot i fi ca t i on
wi l l be pu bl i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER
a n n ou n ci n g t h e deci si on , a n d t h e a va i l a bi l i t y
of t h e compl et e r ecor d of t h i s pr oceedi n g a t
OS HA. Th e effect i ve da t e of a n y r evoca t i on
wi l l be t h e da t e t h e fi n a l deci si on copy i s
sen t t o t h e NRTL.
5. Review of f in al decision . Th er e wi l l be n o
[53 F R 12120, Apr . 12, 1988; 53 F R 16838, Ma y
11, 1988, a s a men ded a t 54 F R 24333, J u n e 7,
1989; 65 F R 46818, 46819, J u l y 31, 2000]
1910.8 OMB control numbers under
the Paperwork Reduction Act.
Th e fol l owi n g sect i on s or pa r a gr a ph s
ea ch con t a i n a col l ect i on of i n for ma -
t i on r equ i r emen t wh i ch h a s been a p-
pr oved by t h e Offi ce of Ma n a gemen t
a n d Bu dget u n der t h e con t r ol n u mber
l i st ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
106
29 CFR citation
OMB con-
trol No.
1910.7 .................................................................. 12180147
1910.23 ................................................................ 12180199
1910.66 ................................................................ 12180121
1910.67(b) ........................................................... 12180230
1910.68 ................................................................ 12180226
1910.95 ................................................................ 12180048
1910.111 .............................................................. 12180208
1910.119 .............................................................. 12180200
1910.120 .............................................................. 12180202
1910.132 .............................................................. 12180205
1910.134 .............................................................. 12180099
1910.137 .............................................................. 12180190
1910.142 .............................................................. 12180096
1910.145 .............................................................. 12180132
1910.146 .............................................................. 12180203
1910.147 .............................................................. 12180150
1910.156 .............................................................. 12180075
1910.157(e)(3) ..................................................... 12180210
1910.157(f)(16) .................................................... 12180218
1910.177(d)(3)(iv) ................................................ 12180219
1910.179(j)(2)(iii) and (iv) .................................... 12180224
1910.179(m)(1) and (m)(2) .................................. 12180224
1910.180(d)(6) ..................................................... 12180221
1910.180(g)(1) and (g)(2)(ii) ................................ 12180221
1910.181(g)(1) and (g)(3) .................................... 12180222
1910.184(e)(4), (f)(4) and (i)(8)(ii) ....................... 12180223
1910.217(e)(1)(i) and (ii) ..................................... 12180229
1910.217(g) ......................................................... 12180070
1910.217(h) ......................................................... 12180143
1910.218(a)(2)(i) and (ii) ..................................... 12180228
1910.252(a)(2)(xiii)(c) .......................................... 12180207
1910.255(e) ......................................................... 12180207
1910.266 .............................................................. 12180198
1910.268 .............................................................. 12180225
1910.269 .............................................................. 12180190
1910.272 .............................................................. 12180206
1910.420 .............................................................. 12180069
1910.421 .............................................................. 12180069
1910.423 .............................................................. 12180069
1910.430 .............................................................. 12180069
1910.440 .............................................................. 12180069
1910.1001 ............................................................ 12180133
1910.1003 ............................................................ 12180085
1910.1004 ............................................................ 12180084
1910.1006 ............................................................ 12180086
1910.1007 ............................................................ 12180083
1910.1008 ............................................................ 12180087
1910.1009 ............................................................ 12180089
1910.1010 ............................................................ 12180082
1910.1011 ............................................................ 12180090
1910.1012 ............................................................ 12180080
1910.1013 ............................................................ 12180079
1910.1014 ............................................................ 12180088
1910.1015 ............................................................ 12180044
1910.1016 ............................................................ 12180081
1910.1017 ............................................................ 12180010
1910.1018 ............................................................ 12180104
1910.1020 ............................................................ 12180065
1910.1025 ............................................................ 12180092
1910.1026 ............................................................ 12180252
1910.1027 ............................................................ 12180185
1910.1028 ............................................................ 12180129
1910.1029 ............................................................ 12180128
1910.1030 ............................................................ 12180180
1910.1043 ............................................................ 12180061
1910.1044 ............................................................ 12180101
1910.1045 ............................................................ 12180126
1910.1047 ............................................................ 12180108
1910.1048 ............................................................ 12180145
1910.1050 ............................................................ 12180184
1910.1051 ............................................................ 12180170
1910.1052 ............................................................ 12180179
1910.1096 ............................................................ 12180103
29 CFR citation
OMB con-
trol No.
1910.1200 ............................................................ 12180072
1910.1450 ............................................................ 12180131
[61 F R 5508, F eb. 13, 1996, a s a men ded a t 62
F R 29668, J u n e 2, 1997; 62 F R 42666, Au g. 8,
1997; 62 F R 43581, Au g. 14, 1997; 62 F R 65203,
Dec. 11, 1997; 63 F R 13340, Ma r . 19, 1998; 63 F R
17093, Apr . 8, 1998; 71 F R 38086, J u l y 5, 2006]
Subpart BAdoption and Exten-
sion of Established Federal
Standards
AUTHORI TY: S ecs. 4, 6, a n d 8 of t h e Occu pa -
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act , 29 U. S . C. 653,
655, 657; Wa l sh -Hea l ey Act , 41 U. S . C. 35 et
seq. ; S er vi ce Con t r a ct Act of 1965, 41 U. S . C.
351 et seq. ; S ec. 107, Con t r a ct Wor k Hou r s a n d
S a fet y S t a n da r ds Act (Con st r u ct i on S a fet y
Act ), 40 U. S . C. 333; S ec. 41, Lon gsh or e a n d
Ha r bor Wor k er s Compen sa t i on Act , 33
U. S . C. 941; Na t i on a l F ou n da t i on of Ar t s a n d
Hu ma n i t i es Act , 20 U. S . C. 951 et seq. ; S ec-
r et a r y of La bor s Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754),
876 (41 F R 1911), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55
F R 9033), or 6-96 (62 F R 111), a s a ppl i ca bl e.
1910.11 Scope and purpose.
(a ) Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s su bpa r t B
a dopt a n d ext en d t h e a ppl i ca bi l i t y of,
est a bl i sh ed F eder a l st a n da r ds i n effect
on Apr i l 28, 1971, wi t h r espect t o ever y
empl oy er , empl oy ee, a n d empl oy men t
cover ed by t h e Act .
(b) I t bea r s emph a si s t h a t on l y st a n d-
a r ds (i . e. , su bst a n t i ve r u l es) r el a t i n g t o
sa fet y or h ea l t h a r e a dopt ed by a n y
i n cor por a t i on s by r efer en ce of st a n d-
a r ds pr escr i bed el sewh er e i n t h i s ch a p-
t er or t h i s t i t l e. Ot h er ma t er i a l s con -
t a i n ed i n t h e r efer en ced pa r t i es a r e n ot
a dopt ed. I l l u st r a t i on s of t h e t y pes of
ma t er i a l s wh i ch a r e n ot a dopt ed a r e
t h ese. Th e i n cor por a t i on s by r efer en ce
of pa r t s 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 i n 1910. 13,
1910. 14, 1910. 15, a n d 1910. 16 a r e n ot i n -
t en ded t o i n cl u de t h e di scu ssi on i n
t h ose pa r t s of t h e cover a ge of t h e
Lon gsh or emen s a n d Ha r bor Wor k er s
Compen sa t i on Act or t h e pen a l t y pr o-
vi si on s of t h e Act . S i mi l a r l y , t h e i n cor -
por a t i on by r efer en ce of pa r t 1926 i n
1910. 12 i s n ot i n t en ded t o i n cl u de r ef-
er en ces t o i n t er pr et a t i ve r u l es h a vi n g
r el eva n ce t o t h e a ppl i ca t i on of t h e
Con st r u ct i on S a fet y Act , bu t h a vi n g n o
r el eva n ce t o t h e a ppl i ca t i on t o t h e Oc-
cu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
107
1910.12 Construction work.
(a ) St an dards. Th e st a n da r ds pr e-
scr i bed i n pa r t 1926 of t h i s ch a pt er a r e
a dopt ed a s occu pa t i on a l sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h st a n da r ds u n der sect i on 6 of t h e
Act a n d sh a l l a ppl y , a ccor di n g t o t h e
pr ovi si on s t h er eof, t o ever y empl oy -
men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t of ever y
empl oy ee en ga ged i n con st r u ct i on
wor k . Ea ch empl oy er sh a l l pr ot ect t h e
empl oy men t a n d pl a ces of empl oy men t
of ea ch of h i s empl oy ees en ga ged i n
con st r u ct i on wor k by compl y i n g wi t h
t h e a ppr opr i a t e st a n da r ds pr escr i bed i n
t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(b) Def in it ion . F or pu r poses of t h i s
sect i on , Con st ru ct ion work mea n s wor k
for con st r u ct i on , a l t er a t i on , a n d/or r e-
pa i r , i n cl u di n g pa i n t i n g a n d deco-
r a t i n g. S ee di scu ssi on of t h ese t er ms i n
1926. 13 of t h i s t i t l e.
(c) Con st ru ct ion Saf et y Act dist in -
gu ish ed. Th i s sect i on a dopt s a s occu pa -
t i on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h st a n da r ds
u n der sect i on 6 of t h e Act t h e st a n d-
a r ds wh i ch a r e pr escr i bed i n pa r t 1926
of t h i s ch a pt er . Th u s, t h e st a n da r ds
(su bst a n t i ve r u l es) pu bl i sh ed i n su bpa r t
C a n d t h e fol l owi n g su bpa r t s of pa r t
1926 of t h i s ch a pt er a r e a ppl i ed. Th i s
sect i on does n ot i n cor por a t e su bpa r t s
A a n d B of pa r t 1926 of t h i s ch a pt er .
S u bpa r t s A a n d B h a ve per t i n en ce on l y
t o t h e a ppl i ca t i on of sect i on 107 of t h e
Con t r a ct Wor k Hou r s a n d S a fet y
S t a n da r ds Act (t h e Con st r u ct i on S a fe-
t y Act ). F or exa mpl e, t h e i n t er pr et a -
t i on of t h e t er m su bcon t r a ct or i n
pa r a gr a ph (c) of 1926. 13 of t h i s ch a pt er
i s si gn i fi ca n t i n di scer n i n g t h e cov-
er a ge of t h e Con st r u ct i on S a fet y Act
a n d du t i es t h er eu n der . However , t h e
t er m su bcon t r a ct or h a s n o si gn i fi -
ca n ce i n t h e a ppl i ca t i on of t h e Act ,
wh i ch wa s en a ct ed u n der t h e Com-
mer ce Cl a u se a n d wh i ch est a bl i sh es du -
t i es for empl oy er s wh i ch a r e n ot de-
pen den t for t h ei r a ppl i ca t i on u pon a n y
con t r a ct u a l r el a t i on sh i p wi t h t h e F ed-
er a l Gover n men t or u pon a n y for m of
F eder a l fi n a n ci a l a ssi st a n ce.
(d) F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s pa r t , t o
t h e ext en t t h a t i t ma y n ot a l r ea dy be
i n cl u ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on , con st r u ct i on wor k i n cl u des t h e
er ect i on of n ew el ect r i c t r a n smi ssi on
a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es a n d equ i pmen t ,
a n d t h e a l t er a t i on , con ver si on , a n d i m-
pr ovemen t of t h e exi st i n g t r a n smi ssi on
a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es a n d equ i pmen t .
1910.15 Shipyard employment.
(a ) Adopt ion an d ext en sion of est ab-
lish ed saf et y an d h ealt h st an dards f or
sh ipy ard employ men t . Th e st a n da r ds
pr escr i bed by pa r t 1915 (for mer l y pa r t s
15011503) of t h i s t i t l e a n d i n effect on
Apr i l 28, 1971 (a s r evi sed), a r e a dopt ed
a s occu pa t i on a l sa fet y or h ea l t h st a n d-
a r ds u n der sect i on 6(a ) of t h e Act a n d
sh a l l a ppl y , a ccor di n g t o t h e pr ovi si on s
t h er eof, t o ever y empl oy men t a n d
pl a ce of empl oy men t of ever y empl oy ee
en ga ged i n sh i p r epa i r , sh i pbr ea k i n g,
a n d sh i pbu i l di n g, or a r el a t ed empl oy -
men t . Ea ch empl oy er sh a l l pr ot ect t h e
empl oy men t a n d pl a ces of empl oy men t
of ea ch of h i s empl oy ees en ga ged i n
sh i p r epa i r , sh i pbr ea k i n g, a n d sh i p-
bu i l di n g, or a r el a t ed empl oy men t , by
compl y i n g wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e st a n d-
a r ds pr escr i bed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(b) Def in it ion s. F or pu r poses of t h i s
sect i on :
(1) Sh ip repair mea n s a n y r epa i r of a
vessel , i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot r est r i ct ed t o,
a l t er a t i on s, con ver si on s, i n st a l l a t i on s,
cl ea n i n g, pa i n t i n g, a n d ma i n t en a n ce
wor k ;
(2) Sh ipbreak in g mea n s a n y br ea k i n g
down of a vessel s st r u ct u r e for t h e
pu r pose of scr a ppi n g t h e vessel , i n cl u d-
i n g t h e r emova l of gea r , equ i pmen t , or
a n y compon en t of a vessel ;
(3) Sh ipbu ildin g mea n s t h e con st r u c-
t i on of a vessel , i n cl u di n g t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on of ma ch i n er y a n d equ i pmen t ;
(4) Relat ed employ men t mea n s a n y em-
pl oy men t per for med a s a n i n ci den t t o,
or i n con j u n ct i on wi t h , sh i p r epa i r ,
sh i pbr ea k i n g, a n d sh i pbu i l di n g wor k ,
i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot r est r i ct ed t o, i n spec-
t i on , t est i n g, a n d empl oy men t a s a
wa t ch ma n ; a n d
(5) Vessel i n cl u des ever y descr i pt i on
of wa t er cr a ft or ot h er a r t i fi ci a l con -
t r i va n ce u sed, or ca pa bl e of bei n g u sed,
a s a mea n s of t r a n spor t a t i on on wa t er ,
i n cl u di n g speci a l pu r pose fl oa t i n g
st r u ct u r es n ot pr i ma r i l y desi gn ed for ,
or u sed a s a mea n s of, t r a n spor t a t i on
on wa t er .
[58 F R 35308, J u n e 30, 1993]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
108
1
Th e I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Or ga n i za t i on
pu bl i sh es t h e I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Da n -
ger ou s Goods Code t o a i d compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e i n t er n a t i on a l l ega l r equ i r emen t s of t h e
I n t er n a t i on a l Con ven t i on for t h e S a fet y of
Li fe a t S ea , 1960.
1910.16 Longshoring and marine ter-
minals.
(a ) Saf et y an d h ealt h st an dards f or
lon gsh orin g. (1) P a r t 1918 of t h i s ch a pt er
sh a l l a ppl y excl u si vel y , a ccor di n g t o
t h e pr ovi si on s t h er eof, t o a l l empl oy -
men t of ever y empl oy ee en ga ged i n
l on gsh or i n g oper a t i on s or r el a t ed em-
pl oy men t a boa r d a n y vessel . Al l ca r go
t r a n sfer a ccompl i sh ed wi t h t h e u se of
sh or e-ba sed ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g devi ces
sh a l l be gover n ed by pa r t 1917 of t h i s
ch a pt er .
(2) P a r t 1910 does n ot a ppl y t o
l on gsh or i n g oper a t i on s except for t h e
fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s:
(i ) Access t o employ ee exposu re an d
medical records. S u bpa r t Z, 1910. 1020;
(i i ) Commercial divin g operat ion s. S u b-
pa r t T;
(i i i ) Elect rical. S u bpa r t S wh en sh or e-
ba sed el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s pr ovi de
power for u se a boa r d vessel s;
(i v) Hazard commu n icat ion . S u bpa r t Z,
1910. 1200;
(v) I on izin g radiat ion . S u bpa r t Z,
1910. 1096;
(vi ) Noise. S u bpa r t G, 1910. 95;
(vi i ) Non ion izin g radiat ion . S u bpa r t G,
1910. 97;
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (a )(2)(vi i ): Exposu r es
t o n on i on i zi n g r a di a t i on emi ssi on s fr om
commer ci a l vessel t r a n smi t t er s a r e con si d-
er ed h a za r dou s u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s: (1) wh er e t h e r a da r i s t r a n smi t t i n g,
t h e sca n n er i s st a t i on a r y , a n d t h e exposu r e
di st a n ce i s 18. 7 feet (6 m. ) or l ess; or (2)
wh er e t h e r a da r i s t r a n smi t t i n g, t h e sca n n er
i s r ot a t i n g, a n d t h e exposu r e di st a n ce i s 5. 2
feet (1. 8 m. ) or l ess.
(vi i i ) Respirat ory prot ect ion . S u bpa r t
I , 1910. 134;
(i x) T oxic an d h azardou s su bst an ces.
S u bpa r t Z a ppl i es t o ma r i n e ca r go h a n -
dl i n g a ct i vi t i es except for t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(A) Wh en a su bst a n ce or ca r go i s con -
t a i n ed wi t h i n a sea l ed, i n t a ct mea n s of
pa ck a gi n g or con t a i n men t compl y i n g
wi t h Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on or
I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Or ga n i za t i on
r equ i r emen t s;
1

(B) Bl oodbor n e pa t h ogen s, 1910. 1030;
(C) Ca r bon mon oxi de, 1910. 1000 (S ee
1918. 94 (a )); a n d
(D) Hy dr ogen su l fi de, 1910. 1000 (S ee
1918. 94 (f)).
(x) P ower ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck oper a t or
t r a i n i n g, S u bpa r t N, 1910. 178(l ).
(b) Saf et y an d h ealt h st an dards f or ma-
rin e t ermin als. P a r t 1917 of t h i s ch a pt er
sh a l l a ppl y excl u si vel y , a ccor di n g t o
t h e pr ovi si on s t h er eof, t o empl oy men t
wi t h i n a ma r i n e t er mi n a l , except a s
fol l ows:
(1) Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r t 1917 of t h i s
ch a pt er do n ot a ppl y t o t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) F a ci l i t i es u sed sol el y for t h e bu l k
st or a ge, h a n dl i n g, a n d t r a n sfer of fl a m-
ma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i qu i ds a n d
ga ses.
(i i ) F a ci l i t i es su bj ect t o t h e r egu l a -
t i on s of t h e Offi ce of P i pel i n e S a fet y of
t h e Resea r ch a n d S peci a l P r ogr a ms Ad-
mi n i st r a t i on , Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on (49 CF R ch a pt er I , su bch a pt er
D), t o t h e ext en t su ch r egu l a t i on s
a ppl y t o speci fi c wor k i n g con di t i on s.
(i i i ) F u l l y a u t oma t ed bu l k coa l h a n -
dl i n g fa ci l i t i es con t i gu ou s t o el ect r i ca l
power gen er a t i n g pl a n t s.
(2) P a r t 1910 does n ot a ppl y t o ma r i n e
t er mi n a l s except for t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Abrasive blast in g. S u bpa r t G,
1910. 94(a );
(i i ) Access t o employ ee exposu re an d
medical records. S u bpa r t Z, 1910. 1020;
(i i i ) Commercial divin g operat ion s. S u b-
pa r t T;
(i v) Elect rical. S u bpa r t S ;
(v) Grain h an dlin g f acilit ies. S u bpa r t
R, 1910. 272;
(vi ) Hazard commu n icat ion . S u bpa r t Z,
1910. 1200;
(vi i ) I on izin g radiat ion . S u bpa r t Z,
1910. 1096;
(vi i i ) Noise. S u bpa r t G, 1910. 95;
(i x) Non ion izin g radiat ion . S u bpa r t G,
1910. 97.
(x) Respirat ory prot ect ion . S u bpa r t I ,
1910. 134.
(xi ) Saf et y requ iremen t s f or scaf f oldin g.
S u bpa r t D, 1910. 28;
(xi i ) Servicin g mu lt i-piece an d sin gle
piece rim wh eels. S u bpa r t N, 1910. 177;
(xi i i ) T oxic an d h azardou s su bst an ces.
S u bpa r t Z a ppl i es t o ma r i n e ca r go h a n -
dl i n g a ct i vi t i es except for t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(A) Wh en a su bst a n ce or ca r go i s con -
t a i n ed wi t h i n a sea l ed, i n t a ct mea n s of
pa ck a gi n g or con t a i n men t compl y i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
109
2
Th e I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Or ga n i za t i on
pu bl i sh es t h e I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Da n -
ger ou s Goods Code t o a i d compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e i n t er n a t i on a l l ega l r equ i r emen t s of t h e
I n t er n a t i on a l Con ven t i on for t h e S a fet y of
Li fe a t S ea , 1960.
wi t h Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on or
I n t er n a t i on a l Ma r i t i me Or ga n i za t i on
r equ i r emen t s;
2

(B) Bl oodbor n e pa t h ogen s, 1910. 1030;
(C) Ca r bon mon oxi de, 1910. 1000 (S ee
1917. 24(a )); a n d
(D) Hy dr ogen su l fi de, 1910. 1000 (S ee
1917. 73(a )(2)); a n d
(xi v) P ower ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck oper -
a t or t r a i n i n g, S u bpa r t N, 1910. 178(l ).
(c) Def in it ion s. F or pu r poses of t h i s
sect i on :
(1) L on gsh orin g operat ion mea n s t h e
l oa di n g, u n l oa di n g, movi n g, or h a n -
dl i n g of, ca r go, sh i ps st or es, gea r , et c. ,
i n t o, i n , on , or ou t of a n y vessel ;
(2) Relat ed employ men t mea n s a n y em-
pl oy men t per for med a s a n i n ci den t t o
or i n con j u n ct i on wi t h , l on gsh or i n g op-
er a t i on s i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot r est r i ct ed
t o, secu r i n g ca r go, r i ggi n g, a n d em-
pl oy men t a s a por t er , ch eck er , or
wa t ch ma n ; a n d
(3) Vessel i n cl u des ever y descr i pt i on
of wa t er cr a ft or ot h er a r t i fi ci a l con -
t r i va n ce u sed, or ca pa bl e of bei n g u sed,
a s a mea n s of t r a n spor t a t i on on wa t er ,
i n cl u di n g speci a l pu r pose fl oa t i n g
st r u ct u r es n ot pr i ma r i l y desi gn ed for ,
or u sed a s a mea n s of, t r a n spor t a t i on
on wa t er .
(4) Marin e t ermin al mea n s wh a r ves,
bu l k h ea ds, qu a y s, pi er s, dock s a n d
ot h er ber t h i n g l oca t i on s a n d a dj a cen t
st or a ge or a dj a cen t a r ea s a n d st r u c-
t u r es a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e pr i ma r y
movemen t of ca r go or ma t er i a l s fr om
vessel t o sh or e or sh or e t o vessel i n -
cl u di n g st r u ct u r es wh i ch a r e devot ed
t o r ecei vi n g, h a n dl i n g, h ol di n g, con -
sol i da t i on a n d l oa di n g or del i ver y of
wa t er bor n e sh i pmen t s or pa ssen ger s,
i n cl u di n g a r ea s devot ed t o t h e ma i n t e-
n a n ce of t h e t er mi n a l or equ i pmen t .
Th e t er m does n ot i n cl u de pr odu ct i on
or ma n u fa ct u r i n g a r ea s h a vi n g t h ei r
own dock i n g fa ci l i t i es a n d l oca t ed a t a
ma r i n e t er mi n a l n or does t h e t er m i n -
cl u de st or a ge fa ci l i t i es di r ect l y a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h ose pr odu ct i on or ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g a r ea s.
F R 30908, J u l y 5, 1983; 52 F R 36026, S ept . 25,
1987; 62 F R 40195, J u l y 25, 1997; 63 F R 66270,
Dec. 1, 1998]
1910.17 Effective dates.
(a )(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Except wh en ever a n y empl oy men t
or pl a ce of empl oy men t i s, or becomes,
su bj ect t o a n y sa fet y a n d h ea l t h st a n d-
a r d pr escr i bed i n pa r t 1915, 1916, 1917,
1918, or 1926 of t h i s t i t l e on a da t e be-
for e Au gu st 27, 1971, by vi r t u e of t h e
Con st r u ct i on S a fet y Act or t h e Lon g-
sh or emen s a n d Ha r bor Wor k er s Com-
pen sa t i on Act , t h a t occu pa t i on a l sa fe-
t y a n d h ea l t h st a n da r d a s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce i n t h i s su bpa r t sh a l l a l so
become effect i ve u n der t h e Wi l l i a ms-
Hea l t h Act of 1970 on t h a t da t e.
F R 9235, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.18 Changes in established Fed-
eral standards.
Wh en ever a n occu pa t i on a l sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h st a n da r d a dopt ed a n d i n cor -
por a t ed by r efer en ce i n t h i s su bpa r t B
i s ch a n ged pu r su a n t t o sect i on 6(b) of
t h e Act a n d t h e st a t u t e u n der wh i ch
t h e st a n da r d wa s or i gi n a l l y pr omu l -
ga t ed, a n d i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r t 1911
of t h i s ch a pt er , t h e st a n da r d sh a l l be
deemed ch a n ged for pu r poses of t h a t
st a t u t e a n d t h i s su bpa r t B, a n d sh a l l
a ppl y u n der t h i s su bpa r t B. F or t h e
pu r poses of t h i s sect i on , a ch a n ge i n a
st a n da r d i n cl u des a n y a men dmen t , a d-
di t i on , or r epea l , i n wh ol e or i n pa r t , of
a n y st a n da r d.
1910.19 Special provisions for air
contaminants.
(a ) Asbest os, t remolit e, an t h oph y llit e,
an d act in olit e du st . S ect i on 1910. 1001
sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e exposu r e of ever y
empl oy ee t o a sbest os, t r emol i t e,
a n t h oph y l l i t e, a n d a ct i n ol i t e du st i n
ever y empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of em-
pl oy men t cover ed by 1910. 16, i n l i eu of
a n y di ffer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o
a sbest os, t r emol i t e, a n t h oph y l l i t e, a n d
a ct i n ol i t e du st wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se
be a ppl i ca bl e by vi r t u e of a n y of t h ose
sect i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
110
(b) Vin y l ch loride. S ect i on 1910. 1017
empl oy ee t o vi n y l ch l or i de i n ever y
empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t
cover ed by 1910. 12, 1910. 13, 1910. 14,
1910. 15, or 1910. 16, i n l i eu of a n y di f-
fer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o vi n y l
ch l or i de wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a p-
pl i ca bl e by vi r t u e of a n y of t h ose sec-
t i on s.
(c) Acry lon it rile. S ect i on 1910. 1045
empl oy ee t o a cr y l on i t r i l e i n ever y em-
pl oy men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t
cover ed by 1910. 12, 1910. 13, 1910. 14,
fer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o a cr y l o-
n i t r i l e wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i -
ca bl e by vi r t u e of a n y of t h ose sec-
t i on s.
(d) [Reser ved]
(e) I n organ ic arsen ic. S ect i on 1910. 1018
empl oy ee t o i n or ga n i c a r sen i c i n ever y
empl oy men t cover ed by 1910. 12,
1910. 13, 1910. 14, 1910. 15, or 1910. 16, i n
l i eu of a n y di ffer en t st a n da r d on expo-
su r e t o i n or ga n i c a r sen i c wh i ch wou l d
ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by vi r t u e of
a n y of t h ose sect i on s.
(f) [Reser ved]
(g) L ead. S ect i on 1910. 1025 sh a l l a ppl y
t o t h e exposu r e of ever y empl oy ee t o
l ea d i n ever y empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of
empl oy men t cover ed by 1910. 13,
1910. 14, 1910. 15, a n d 1910. 16, i n l i eu of
a n y di ffer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o
l ea d wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca -
bl e by vi r t u e of t h ose sect i on s.
(h ) Et h y len e oxide. S ect i on 1910. 1047
empl oy ee t o et h y l en e oxi de i n ever y
empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t
cover ed by 1910. 12, 1910. 13, 1910. 14,
fer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o et h y l -
en e oxi de wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a p-
pl i ca bl e by vi r t u e of t h ose sect i on s.
(i ) 4, 4-Met h y len edian ilin e (MDA). S ec-
t i on 1910. 1050 sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e expo-
su r e of ever y empl oy ee t o MDA i n
ever y empl oy men t a n d pl a ce of em-
pl oy men t cover ed by 1910. 13, 1910. 14,
fer en t st a n da r d on exposu r e t o MDA
wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by
vi r t u e of t h ose sect i on s.
(j ) Formaldeh y de. S ect i on 1910. 1048
empl oy ee t o for ma l deh y de i n ever y em-
pl oy men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t
cover ed by 1910. 12, 1910. 13, 1910. 14,
1910. 15 or 1910. 16 i n l i eu of a n y di ffer en t
st a n da r d on exposu r e t o for ma l deh y de
wh i ch wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by
vi r t u e of t h ose sect i on s.
(k ) Cadmiu m. S ect i on 1910. 1027 sh a l l
a ppl y t o t h e exposu r e of ever y em-
pl oy ee t o ca dmi u m i n ever y empl oy -
men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t cover ed
by 1910. 16 i n l i eu of a n y di ffer en t
st a n da r d on exposu r es t o ca dmi u m t h a t
wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by vi r t u e
of t h ose sect i on s.
(l ) 1, 3-Bu t adien e (BD). S ect i on
1910. 1051 sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e exposu r e of
ever y empl oy ee t o BD i n ever y empl oy -
by 1910. 12, 1910. 13, 1910. 14, 1910. 15, or
1910. 16, i n l i eu of a n y di ffer en t st a n da r d
on exposu r e t o BD wh i ch wou l d ot h er -
wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by vi r t u e of t h ose
sect i on s.
(m) Met h y len e ch loride (MC). S ect i on
1910. 1052 sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e exposu r e of
ever y empl oy ee t o MC i n ever y empl oy -
by 1910. 16 i n l i eu of a n y di ffer en t
st a n da r d on exposu r e t o MC wh i ch
wou l d ot h er wi se be a ppl i ca bl e by vi r t u e
of t h a t sect i on wh en i t i s n ot pr esen t
i n sea l ed, i n t a ct con t a i n er s.
F R 45809, Oct . 3, 1978; 43 F R 53007, Nov. 14,
1978; 44 F R 5447, J a n . 26, 1979; 46 F R 32022,
J u n e 19, 1981; 49 F R 25796, J u n e 22, 1984; 50 F R
51173, Dec. 13, 1985; 52 F R 46291, Dec. 4, 1987;
57 F R 35666, Au g. 10, 1992; 57 F R 42388, S ept .
14, 1992; 59 F R 41057, Au g. 10, 1994; 61 F R 56831,
Nov. 4, 1996; 62 F R 1600, J a n . 10, 1997]
Subpart C [Reserved]
Subpart DWalking-Working
Surfaces
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act of 1970 (29
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), or 190 (55 F R 9033),
a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
1910.21 Definitions.
(a ) As u sed i n 1910. 23, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, fl oor a n d wa l l
open i n g, r a i l i n g a n d t oe boa r d t er ms
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
111
sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs a scr i bed i n
(1) Floor h ole. An open i n g mea su r i n g
l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es bu t mor e t h a n 1
i n ch i n i t s l ea st di men si on , i n a n y
fl oor , pl a t for m, pa vemen t , or y a r d,
t h r ou gh wh i ch ma t er i a l s bu t n ot per -
son s ma y fa l l ; su ch a s a bel t h ol e, pi pe
open i n g, or sl ot open i n g.
(2) Floor open in g. An open i n g mea s-
u r i n g 12 i n ch es or mor e i n i t s l ea st di -
men si on , i n a n y fl oor , pl a t for m, pa ve-
men t , or y a r d t h r ou gh wh i ch per son s
ma y fa l l ; su ch a s a h a t ch wa y , st a i r or
l a dder open i n g, pi t , or l a r ge ma n h ol e.
F l oor open i n gs occu pi ed by el eva t or s,
du mb wa i t er s, con vey or s, ma ch i n er y ,
or con t a i n er s a r e excl u ded fr om t h i s
su bpa r t .
(3) Han drail. A si n gl e ba r or pi pe su p-
por t ed on br a ck et s fr om a wa l l or pa r -
t i t i on , a s on a st a i r wa y or r a mp, t o fu r -
n i sh per son s wi t h a h a n dh ol d i n ca se of
t r i ppi n g.
(4) Plat f orm. A wor k i n g spa ce for per -
son s, el eva t ed a bove t h e su r r ou n di n g
fl oor or gr ou n d; su ch a s a ba l con y or
pl a t for m for t h e oper a t i on of ma ch i n -
er y a n d equ i pmen t .
(5) Ru n way . A pa ssa gewa y for per -
son s, el eva t ed a bove t h e su r r ou n di n g
fl oor or gr ou n d l evel , su ch a s a
foot wa l k a l on g sh a ft i n g or a wa l k wa y
bet ween bu i l di n gs.
(6) St an dard railin g. A ver t i ca l ba r r i er
er ect ed a l on g exposed edges of a fl oor
open i n g, wa l l open i n g, r a mp, pl a t for m,
or r u n wa y t o pr even t fa l l s of per son s.
(7) St an dard st ren gt h an d con st ru ct ion .
An y con st r u ct i on of r a i l i n gs, cover s, or
ot h er gu a r ds t h a t meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 1910. 23.
(8) St air railin g. A ver t i ca l ba r r i er
er ect ed a l on g exposed si des of a st a i r -
wa y t o pr even t fa l l s of per son s.
(9) T oeboard. A ver t i ca l ba r r i er a t
fl oor l evel er ect ed a l on g exposed edges
of a fl oor open i n g, wa l l open i n g, pl a t -
for m, r u n wa y , or r a mp t o pr even t fa l l s
of ma t er i a l s.
(10) Wall h ole. An open i n g l ess t h a n 30
i n ch es bu t mor e t h a n 1 i n ch h i gh , of
u n r est r i ct ed wi dt h , i n a n y wa l l or pa r -
t i t i on ; su ch a s a ven t i l a t i on h ol e or
dr a i n a ge scu pper .
(11) Wall open in g. An open i n g a t l ea st
30 i n ch es h i gh a n d 18 i n ch es wi de, i n
a n y wa l l or pa r t i t i on , t h r ou gh wh i ch
per son s ma y fa l l ; su ch a s a y a r d-a r m
door wa y or ch u t e open i n g.
(b) As u sed i n 1910. 24, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, fi xed i n du s-
t r i a l st a i r t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n -
i n g a scr i bed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Han drail. A si n gl e ba r or pi pe su p-
por t ed on br a ck et s fr om a wa l l or pa r -
t i t i on t o pr ovi de a con t i n u ou s h a n d-
h ol d for per son s u si n g a st a i r .
(2) Nose, n osin g. Th a t por t i on of a
t r ea d pr oj ect i n g bey on d t h e fa ce of t h e
r i ser i mmedi a t el y bel ow.
(3) Open riser. Th e a i r spa ce bet ween
t h e t r ea ds of st a i r wa y s wi t h ou t u pr i gh t
member s (r i ser s).
(4) Plat f orm. An ext en ded st ep or
l a n di n g br ea k i n g a con t i n u ou s r u n of
st a i r s.
(5) Railin g. A ver t i ca l ba r r i er er ect ed
a l on g exposed si des of st a i r wa y s a n d
pl a t for ms t o pr even t fa l l s of per son s.
Th e t op member of r a i l i n g u su a l l y
ser ves a s a h a n dr a i l .
(6) Rise. Th e ver t i ca l di st a n ce fr om
t h e t op of a t r ea d t o t h e t op of t h e n ext
h i gh er t r ea d.
(7) Riser. Th e u pr i gh t member of a
st ep si t u a t ed a t t h e ba ck of a l ower
t r ea d a n d n ea r t h e l ea di n g edge of t h e
n ext h i gh er t r ea d.
(8) St airs, st airway . A ser i es of st eps
l ea di n g fr om on e l evel or fl oor t o a n -
ot h er , or l ea di n g t o pl a t for ms, pi t s,
boi l er r ooms, cr ossover s, or a r ou n d ma -
ch i n er y , t a n k s, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t
t h a t a r e u sed mor e or l ess con t i n u ou sl y
or r ou t i n el y by empl oy ees, or on l y oc-
ca si on a l l y by speci fi c i n di vi du a l s. A se-
r i es of st eps a n d l a n di n gs h a vi n g t h r ee
or mor e r i ser s con st i t u t es st a i r s or
st a i r wa y .
(9) T read. Th e h or i zon t a l member of a
st ep.
(10) T read ru n . Th e h or i zon t a l di s-
t a n ce fr om t h e l ea di n g edge of a t r ea d
t o t h e l ea di n g edge of a n a dj a cen t
t r ea d.
(11) T read widt h . Th e h or i zon t a l di s-
t a n ce fr om fr on t t o ba ck of t r ea d i n -
cl u di n g n osi n g wh en u sed.
(c) As u sed i n 1910. 25, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, por t a bl e wood
l a dder s t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs
a scr i bed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) L adders. A l a dder i s a n a ppl i a n ce
u su a l l y con si st i n g of t wo si de r a i l s
j oi n ed a t r egu l a r i n t er va l s by cr oss-
pi eces ca l l ed st eps, r u n gs, or cl ea t s, on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
112
wh i ch a per son ma y st ep i n a scen di n g
or descen di n g.
(2) St epladder. A st epl a dder i s a
sel fsu ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder , n on -
a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , h a vi n g fl a t st eps
a n d a h i n ged ba ck . I t s si ze i s des-
i gn a t ed by t h e over a l l l en gt h of t h e
l a dder mea su r ed a l on g t h e fr on t edge of
t h e si de r a i l s.
(3) Sin gle ladder. A si n gl e l a dder i s a
n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder ,
n on a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con si st i n g of
bu t on e sect i on . I t s si ze i s desi gn a t ed
by t h e over a l l l en gt h of t h e si de r a i l .
(4) Ext en sion ladder. An ext en si on l a d-
der i s a n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e
l a dder a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h . I t con si st s
of t wo or mor e sect i on s t r a vel i n g i n
gu i des or br a ck et s so a r r a n ged a s t o
per mi t l en gt h a dj u st men t . I t s si ze i s
desi gn a t ed by t h e su m of t h e l en gt h s of
t h e sect i on s mea su r ed a l on g t h e si de
r a i l s.
(5) Sect ion al ladder. A sect i on a l l a dder
i s a n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a d-
der , n on a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con si st i n g
of t wo or mor e sect i on s of l a dder so
con st r u ct ed t h a t t h e sect i on s ma y be
combi n ed t o fu n ct i on a s a si n gl e l a d-
der . I t s si ze i s desi gn a t ed by t h e over a l l
l en gt h of t h e a ssembl ed sect i on s.
(6) T rest le ladder. A t r est l e l a dder i s a
sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder , n on -
a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con si st i n g of t wo
sect i on s h i n ged a t t h e t op t o for m
equ a l a n gl es wi t h t h e ba se. Th e si ze i s
desi gn a t ed by t h e l en gt h of t h e si de
r a i l s mea su r ed a l on g t h e fr on t edge.
(7) Ext en sion t rest le ladder. An ext en -
si on t r est l e l a dder i s a sel f-su ppor t i n g
por t a bl e l a dder , a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h ,
con si st i n g of a t r est l e l a dder ba se a n d
a ver t i ca l l y a dj u st a bl e si n gl e l a dder ,
wi t h su i t a bl e mea n s for l ock i n g t h e
l a dder s t oget h er . Th e si ze i s desi gn a t ed
by t h e l en gt h of t h e t r est l e l a dder ba se.
(8) Special-pu rpose ladder. A speci a l -
pu r pose l a dder i s a por t a bl e l a dder
wh i ch r epr esen t s ei t h er a modi fi ca t i on
or a combi n a t i on of desi gn or con st r u c-
t i on fea t u r es i n on e of t h e gen er a l -pu r -
pose t y pes of l a dder s pr evi ou sl y de-
fi n ed, i n or der t o a da pt t h e l a dder t o
speci a l or speci fi c u ses.
(9) T rolley ladder. A t r ol l ey l a dder i s a
semi fi xed l a dder , n on a dj u st a bl e i n
l en gt h , su ppor t ed by a t t a ch men t s t o a n
over h ea d t r a ck , t h e pl a n e of t h e l a dder
bei n g a t r i gh t a n gl es t o t h e pl a n e of
mot i on .
(10) Side-rollin g ladder. A si de-r ol l i n g
l a dder i s a semi fi xed l a dder , n on a dj u st -
a bl e i n l en gt h , su ppor t ed by a t t a ch -
men t s t o a gu i de r a i l , wh i ch i s gen -
er a l l y fa st en ed t o sh el vi n g, t h e pl a n e of
t h e l a dder bei n g a l so i t s pl a n e of mo-
t i on .
(11) Wood ch aract erist ics. Wood ch a r -
a ct er i st i cs a r e di st i n gu i sh i n g fea t u r es
wh i ch by t h ei r ext en t a n d n u mber de-
t er mi n e t h e qu a l i t y of a pi ece of wood.
(12) Wood irregu larit ies. Wood i r r eg-
u l a r i t i es a r e n a t u r a l ch a r a ct er i st i cs i n
or on wood t h a t ma y l ower i t s du r a -
bi l i t y , st r en gt h , or u t i l i t y .
(13) Cross grain . Cr oss gr a i n (sl ope of
gr a i n ) i s a devi a t i on of t h e fi ber di r ec-
t i on fr om a l i n e pa r a l l el t o t h e si des of
t h e pi ece.
(14) Kn ot . A k n ot i s a br a n ch or l i mb,
i mbedded i n t h e t r ee a n d cu t t h r ou gh
i n t h e pr ocess of l u mber ma n u fa ct u r e,
cl a ssi fi ed a ccor di n g t o si ze, qu a l i t y ,
a n d occu r r en ce. Th e si ze of t h e k n ot i s
det er mi n ed a s t h e a ver a ge di a met er on
t h e su r fa ce of t h e pi ece.
(15) Pit ch an d bark pock et s. A pi t ch
pock et i s a n open i n g ext en di n g pa r a l l el
t o t h e a n n u a l gr owt h r i n gs con t a i n i n g,
or t h a t h a s con t a i n ed, pi t ch , ei t h er
sol i d or l i qu i d. A ba r k pock et i s a n
open i n g bet ween a n n u a l gr owt h r i n gs
t h a t con t a i n s ba r k .
(16) Sh ak e. A sh a k e i s a sepa r a t i on
a l on g t h e gr a i n , most of wh i ch occu r s
bet ween t h e r i n gs of a n n u a l gr owt h .
(17) Ch eck . A ch eck i s a l en gt h wi se
sepa r a t i on of t h e wood, most of wh i ch
occu r s a cr oss t h e r i n gs of a n n u a l
gr owt h .
(18) Wan e. Wa n e i s ba r k , or t h e l a ck
of wood fr om a n y ca u se, on t h e cor n er
of a pi ece.
(19) Decay . Deca y i s di si n t egr a t i on of
wood su bst a n ce du e t o a ct i on of wood-
dest r oy i n g fu n gi . I t i s a l so k n own a s
dot e a n d r ot .
(20) Compression f ailu re. A compr es-
si on fa i l u r e i s a defor ma t i on (bu ck l i n g)
of t h e fi ber s du e t o excessi ve compr es-
si on a l on g t h e gr a i n .
(21) Compression wood. Compr essi on
wood i s a n a ber r a n t (a bn or ma l ) a n d
h i gh l y va r i a bl e t y pe of wood st r u ct u r e
occu r r i n g i n soft wood speci es. Th e
wood common l y h a s den si t y somewh a t
h i gh er t h a n does n or ma l wood, bu t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
113
somewh a t l ower st i ffn ess a n d t en si l e
st r en gt h for i t s wei gh t i n a ddi t i on t o
h i gh l on gi t u di n a l sh r i n k a ge.
(22) L ow den sit y . Low-den si t y wood i s
t h a t wh i ch i s except i on a l l y l i gh t i n
wei gh t a n d u su a l l y defi ci en t i n
st r en gt h pr oper t i es for t h e speci es.
(d) As u sed i n 1910. 26, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, por t a bl e met a l
l a dder t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs
(1) L adder. A l a dder i s a n a ppl i a n ce
or descen di n g.
(2) St ep ladder. A st ep l a dder i s a sel f-
su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder , n on a dj u st -
a bl e i n l en gt h , h a vi n g fl a t st eps a n d a
h i n ged ba ck . I t s si ze i s desi gn a t ed by
t h e over a l l l en gt h of t h e l a dder mea s-
u r ed a l on g t h e fr on t edge of t h e si de
r a i l s.
(3) Sin gle ladder. A si n gl e l a dder i s a
n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder ,
n on a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con si st i n g of
bu t on e sect i on . I t s si ze i s desi gn a t ed
by t h e over a l l l en gt h of t h e si de r a i l .
(4) Ext en sion ladder. An ext en si on l a d-
der i s a n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e
l a dder a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h . I t con si st s
of t wo or mor e sect i on s t r a vel i n g i n
gu i des or br a ck et s so a r r a n ged a s t o
per mi t l en gt h a dj u st men t . I t s si ze i s
desi gn a t ed by t h e su m of t h e l en gt h s of
t h e sect i on s mea su r ed a l on g t h e si de
r a i l s.
(5) Plat f orm ladder. A sel f-su ppor t i n g
l a dder of fi xed si ze wi t h a pl a t for m pr o-
vi ded a t t h e wor k i n g l evel . Th e si ze i s
det er mi n ed by t h e di st a n ce a l on g t h e
fr on t r a i l fr om t h e pl a t for m t o t h e ba se
of t h e l a dder .
(6) Sect ion al ladder. A sect i on a l l a dder
i s a n on -sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a d-
der , n on -a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con -
si st i n g of t wo or mor e sect i on s so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e sect i on s ma y be com-
bi n ed t o fu n ct i on a s a si n gl e l a dder . I t s
si ze i s desi gn a t ed by t h e over a l l l en gt h
of t h e a ssembl ed sect i on s.
(7) T rest le ladder. A t r est l e l a dder i s a
sel f-su ppor t i n g por t a bl e l a dder , n on -a d-
j u st a bl e i n l en gt h , con si st i n g of t wo
sect i on s, h i n ged a t t h e t op t o for m
equ a l a n gl es wi t h t h e ba se. Th e si ze i s
desi gn a t ed by t h e l en gt h of t h e si de
r a i l s mea su r ed a l on g t h e fr on t edge.
(8) Ext en sion t rest le ladder. An ext en -
si on t r est l e l a dder i s a sel f-su ppor t i n g
por t a bl e l a dder , a dj u st a bl e i n l en gt h ,
con si st i n g of a t r est l e l a dder ba se a n d
a ver t i ca l l y a dj u st a bl e si n gl e l a dder ,
wi t h su i t a bl e mea n s for l ock i n g t h e
l a dder s t oget h er . Th e si ze i s desi gn a t ed
by t h e l en gt h of t h e t r est l e l a dder ba se.
(9) Special-pu rpose ladder. A speci a l -
pu r pose l a dder i s a por t a bl e l a dder
wh i ch r epr esen t s ei t h er a modi fi ca t i on
or a combi n a t i on of desi gn or con st r u c-
t i on fea t u r es i n on e of t h e gen er a l -pu r -
pose t y pes of l a dder s pr evi ou sl y de-
fi n ed, i n or der t o a da pt t h e l a dder t o
speci a l or speci fi c u ses.
(e) As u sed i n 1910. 27, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, fi xed l a dder
t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs a scr i bed
i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) L adder. A l a dder i s a n a ppl i a n ce
or descen di n g.
(2) Fixed ladder. A fi xed l a dder i s a
l a dder per ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o a
st r u ct u r e, bu i l di n g, or equ i pmen t .
(3) I n dividu al-ru n g ladder. An i n di -
vi du a l -r u n g l a dder i s a fi xed l a dder
ea ch r u n g of wh i ch i s i n di vi du a l l y a t -
t a ch ed t o a st r u ct u r e, bu i l di n g, or
equ i pmen t .
(4) Rail ladder. A r a i l l a dder i s a fi xed
l a dder con si st i n g of si de r a i l s j oi n ed a t
r egu l a r i n t er va l s by r u n gs or cl ea t s a n d
fa st en ed i n fu l l l en gt h or i n sect i on s t o
a bu i l di n g, st r u ct u r e, or equ i pmen t .
(5) Railin gs. A r a i l i n g i s a n y on e or a
combi n a t i on of t h ose r a i l i n gs con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 1910. 23. A
st a n da r d r a i l i n g i s a ver t i ca l ba r r i er
er ect ed a l on g exposed edges of fl oor
open i n gs, wa l l open i n gs, r a mps, pl a t -
for ms, a n d r u n wa y s t o pr even t fa l l s of
per son s.
(6) Pit ch . P i t ch i s t h e i n cl u ded a n gl e
bet ween t h e h or i zon t a l a n d t h e l a dder ,
mea su r ed on t h e opposi t e si de of t h e
l a dder fr om t h e cl i mbi n g si de.
(7) Fast en in gs. A fa st en i n g i s a devi ce
t o a t t a ch a l a dder t o a st r u ct u r e, bu i l d-
i n g, or equ i pmen t .
(8) Ru n gs. Ru n gs a r e l a dder cr oss-
pi eces of ci r cu l a r or ova l cr oss-sect i on
on wh i ch a per son ma y st ep i n a scen d-
i n g or descen di n g.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
114
(9) Cleat s. Cl ea t s a r e l a dder cr oss-
pi eces of r ect a n gu l a r cr oss-sect i on
pl a ced on edge on wh i ch a per son ma y
st ep i n a scen di n g or descen di n g.
(10) St eps. S t eps a r e t h e fl a t cr oss-
pi eces of a l a dder on wh i ch a per son
ma y st ep i n a scen di n g or descen di n g.
(11) Cage. A ca ge i s a gu a r d t h a t ma y
be r efer r ed t o a s a ca ge or ba sk et gu a r d
wh i ch i s a n en cl osu r e t h a t i s fa st en ed
t o t h e si de r a i l s of t h e fi xed l a dder or
t o t h e st r u ct u r e t o en ci r cl e t h e cl i mb-
i n g spa ce of t h e l a dder for t h e sa fet y of
t h e per son wh o mu st cl i mb t h e l a dder .
(12) Well. A wel l i s a per ma n en t com-
pl et e en cl osu r e a r ou n d a fi xed l a dder ,
wh i ch i s a t t a ch ed t o t h e wa l l s of t h e
wel l . P r oper cl ea r a n ces for a wel l wi l l
gi ve t h e per son wh o mu st cl i mb t h e
l a dder t h e sa me pr ot ect i on a s a ca ge.
(13) L adder saf et y device. A l a dder
sa fet y devi ce i s a n y devi ce, ot h er t h a n
a ca ge or wel l , desi gn ed t o el i mi n a t e or
r edu ce t h e possi bi l i t y of a cci den t a l
fa l l s a n d wh i ch ma y i n cor por a t e su ch
fea t u r es a s l i fe bel t s, fr i ct i on br a k es,
a n d sl i di n g a t t a ch men t s.
(14) Grab bars. Gr a b ba r s a r e i n di -
vi du a l h a n dh ol ds pl a ced a dj a cen t t o or
a s a n ext en si on a bove l a dder s for t h e
pu r pose of pr ovi di n g a ccess bey on d t h e
l i mi t s of t h e l a dder .
(15) T h rou gh ladder. A t h r ou gh l a dder
i s on e fr om wh i ch a ma n get t i n g off a t
t h e t op mu st st ep t h r ou gh t h e l a dder i n
or der t o r ea ch t h e l a n di n g.
(16) Side-st ep ladder. A si de-st ep l a d-
der i s on e fr om wh i ch a ma n get t i n g off
a t t h e t op mu st st ep si dewa y s fr om t h e
l a dder i n or der t o r ea ch t h e l a n di n g.
(f) As u sed i n 1910. 28, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, sca ffol di n g
t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n g a scr i bed
i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Bearer. A h or i zon t a l member of a
sca ffol d u pon wh i ch t h e pl a t for m r est s
a n d wh i ch ma y be su ppor t ed by l edg-
er s.
(2) Boat swain s ch air. A sea t su p-
por t ed by sl i n gs a t t a ch ed t o a su s-
pen ded r ope, desi gn ed t o a ccommoda t e
on e wor k ma n i n a si t t i n g posi t i on .
(3) Brace. A t i e t h a t h ol ds on e sca f-
fol d member i n a fi xed posi t i on wi t h
r espect t o a n ot h er member .
(4) Brick lay ers squ are scaf f old. A sca f-
fol d composed of fr a med wood squ a r es
wh i ch su ppor t a pl a t for m l i mi t ed t o
l i gh t a n d medi u m du t y .
(5) Carpen t ers brack et scaf f old. A sca f-
fol d con si st i n g of wood or met a l br a ck -
et s su ppor t i n g a pl a t for m.
(6) Cou pler. A devi ce for l ock i n g t o-
get h er t h e compon en t pa r t s of a t u bu -
l a r met a l sca ffol d. Th e ma t er i a l u sed
for t h e cou pl er s sh a l l be of a st r u ct u r a l
t y pe, su ch a s a dr op-for ged st eel , ma l -
l ea bl e i r on , or st r u ct u r a l gr a de a l u -
mi n u m. Th e u se of gr a y ca st i r on i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
(7) Crawlin g board or ch ick en ladder. A
pl a n k wi t h cl ea t s spa ced a n d secu r ed a t
equ a l i n t er va l s, for u se by a wor k er on
r oofs, n ot desi gn ed t o ca r r y a n y ma t e-
r i a l .
(8) Dou ble pole or in depen den t pole
scaf f old. A sca ffol d su ppor t ed fr om t h e
ba se by a dou bl e r ow of u pr i gh t s, i n de-
pen den t of su ppor t fr om t h e wa l l s a n d
con st r u ct ed of u pr i gh t s, l edger s, h or i -
zon t a l pl a t for m bea r er s, a n d di a gon a l
br a ci n g.
(9) Float or sh ip scaf f old. A sca ffol d
h u n g fr om over h ea d su ppor t s by mea n s
of r opes a n d con si st i n g of a su bst a n t i a l
pl a t for m h a vi n g di a gon a l br a ci n g u n -
der n ea t h , r est i n g u pon a n d secu r el y
fa st en ed t o t wo pa r a l l el pl a n k bea r er s
a t r i gh t a n gl es t o t h e spa n .
(10) Gu ardrail. A r a i l secu r ed t o
u pr i gh t s a n d er ect ed a l on g t h e exposed
si des a n d en ds of pl a t for ms.
(11) Heavy du t y scaf f old. A sca ffol d de-
si gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y a
wor k i n g l oa d n ot t o exceed 75 pou n ds
per squ a r e foot .
(12) Horse scaf f old. A sca ffol d for l i gh t
or medi u m du t y , composed of h or ses
su ppor t i n g a wor k pl a t for m.
(13) I n t erior h u n g scaf f old. A sca ffol d
su spen ded fr om t h e cei l i n g or r oof
st r u ct u r e.
(14) L adder jack scaf f old. A l i gh t du t y
sca ffol d su ppor t ed by br a ck et s a t -
t a ch ed t o l a dder s.
(15) L edger (st rin ger). A h or i zon t a l
sca ffol d member wh i ch ext en ds fr om
post t o post a n d wh i ch su ppor t s t h e
pu t l ogs or bea r er for mi n g a t i e bet ween
t h e post s.
(16) L igh t du t y scaf f old. A sca ffol d de-
si gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y a
(17) Man u ally propelled mobile scaf f old.
A por t a bl e r ol l i n g sca ffol d su ppor t ed
by ca st er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
115
(18) Mason s adju st able mu lt iple-poin t
su spen sion scaf f old. A sca ffol d h a vi n g a
con t i n u ou s pl a t for m su ppor t ed by bea r -
er s su spen ded by wi r e r ope fr om over -
h ea d su ppor t s, so a r r a n ged a n d oper -
a t ed a s t o per mi t t h e r a i si n g or l ow-
er i n g of t h e pl a t for m t o desi r ed wor k -
i n g posi t i on s.
(19) Maximu m in t en ded load. Th e t ot a l
of a l l l oa ds i n cl u di n g t h e wor k i n g l oa d,
t h e wei gh t of t h e sca ffol d, a n d su ch
ot h er l oa ds a s ma y be r ea son a bl y a n -
t i ci pa t ed.
(20) Mediu m du t y scaf f old. A sca ffol d
desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y a
(21) Mid-rail. A r a i l a ppr oxi ma t el y
mi dwa y bet ween t h e gu a r dr a i l a n d
pl a t for m, u sed wh en r equ i r ed, a n d se-
cu r ed t o t h e u pr i gh t s er ect ed a l on g t h e
exposed si des a n d en ds of pl a t for ms.
(22) Needle beam scaf f old. A l i gh t du t y
sca ffol d con si st i n g of n eedl e bea ms
su ppor t i n g a pl a t for m.
(23) Ou t rigger scaf f old. A sca ffol d su p-
por t ed by ou t r i gger s or t h r u st ou t s pr o-
j ect i n g bey on d t h e wa l l or fa ce of t h e
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e, t h e i n boa r d en ds
of wh i ch a r e secu r ed i n si de of su ch a
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e.
(24) Pu t log. A sca ffol d member u pon
wh i ch t h e pl a t for m r est s.
(25) Roof in g brack et . A br a ck et u sed i n
sl oped r oof con st r u ct i on , h a vi n g pr ovi -
si on s for fa st en i n g t o t h e r oof or su p-
por t ed by r opes fa st en ed over t h e r i dge
a n d secu r ed t o some su i t a bl e obj ect .
(26) Ru n n er. Th e l en gt h wi se h or i -
zon t a l br a ci n g or bea r i n g member s or
bot h .
(27) Scaf f old. An y t empor a r y el eva t ed
pl a t for m a n d i t s su ppor t i n g st r u ct u r e
u sed for su ppor t i n g wor k men or ma t e-
r i a l s or bot h .
(28) Sin gle-poin t adju st able su spen sion
scaf f old. A ma n u a l l y or power -oper a t ed
u n i t desi gn ed for l i gh t du t y u se, su p-
por t ed by a si n gl e wi r e r ope fr om a n
over h ea d su ppor t so a r r a n ged a n d oper -
a t ed a s t o per mi t t h e r a i si n g or l ow-
er i n g of t h e pl a t for m t o desi r ed wor k -
i n g posi t i on s.
(29) Sin gle pole scaf f old. P l a t for ms
r est i n g on pu t l ogs or cr ossbea ms, t h e
ou t si de en ds of wh i ch a r e su ppor t ed on
l edger s secu r ed t o a si n gl e r ow of post s
or u pr i gh t s a n d t h e i n n er en ds of wh i ch
a r e su ppor t ed on or i n a wa l l .
(30) St on e set t ers adju st able mu lt iple-
poin t su spen sion scaf f old. A swi n gi n g-
t y pe sca ffol d h a vi n g a pl a t for m su p-
por t ed by h a n ger s su spen ded a t fou r
poi n t s so a s t o per mi t t h e r a i si n g or
l ower i n g of t h e pl a t for m t o t h e desi r ed
wor k i n g posi t i on by t h e u se of h oi st i n g
ma ch i n es.
(31) T oeboard. A ba r r i er secu r ed a l on g
t h e si des a n d en ds of a pl a t for m, t o
gu a r d a ga i n st t h e fa l l i n g of ma t er i a l .
(32) T u be an d cou pler scaf f old. An a s-
sembl y con si st i n g of t u bi n g wh i ch
ser ves a s post s, bea r er s, br a ces, t i es,
a n d r u n n er s, a ba se su ppor t i n g t h e
post s, a n d speci a l cou pl er s wh i ch ser ve
t o con n ect t h e u pr i gh t s a n d t o j oi n t h e
va r i ou s member s.
(33) T u bu lar welded f rame scaf f old. A
sect i on a l , pa n el , or fr a me met a l sca f-
fol d su bst a n t i a l l y bu i l t u p of pr efa b-
r i ca t ed wel ded sect i on s wh i ch con si st
of post s a n d h or i zon t a l bea r er wi t h i n -
t er medi a t e member s. P a n el s or fr a mes
sh a l l be br a ced wi t h di a gon a l or cr oss
br a ces.
(34) T wo-poin t su spen sion scaf f old
(swin gin g scaf f old). A sca ffol d, t h e pl a t -
for m of wh i ch i s su ppor t ed by h a n ger s
(st i r r u ps) a t t wo poi n t s, su spen ded
fr om over h ea d su ppor t s so a s t o per mi t
t h e r a i si n g or l ower i n g of t h e pl a t for m
t o t h e desi r ed wor k i n g posi t i on by
t a ck l e or h oi st i n g ma ch i n es.
(35) Win dow jack scaf f old. A sca ffol d,
t h e pl a t for m of wh i ch i s su ppor t ed by a
br a ck et or j a ck wh i ch pr oj ect s t h r ou gh
a wi n dow open i n g.
(36) Work in g load. Loa d i mposed by
men , ma t er i a l s, a n d equ i pmen t .
(g) As u sed i n 1910. 29, u n l ess t h e con -
t ext r equ i r es ot h er wi se, ma n u a l l y pr o-
pel l ed mobi l e l a dder st a n d a n d sca ffol d
(t ower ) t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n g
(1) Bearer. A h or i zon t a l member of a
sca ffol d u pon wh i ch t h e pl a t for m r est s
a n d wh i ch ma y be su ppor t ed by l edg-
er s.
(2) Brace. A t i e t h a t h ol ds on e sca f-
fol d member i n a fi xed posi t i on wi t h
r espect t o a n ot h er member .
(3) Climbin g ladder. A sepa r a t e l a dder
wi t h equ a l l y spa ced r u n gs u su a l l y a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e sca ffol d st r u ct u r e for
cl i mbi n g a n d descen di n g.
(4) Cou pler. A devi ce for l ock i n g t o-
get h er t h e compon en t s of a t u bu l a r
met a l sca ffol d wh i ch sh a l l be desi gn ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
116
a n d u sed t o sa fel y su ppor t t h e ma x-
i mu m i n t en ded l oa ds.
(5) Design work in g load. Th e ma x-
i mu m i n t en ded l oa d, bei n g t h e t ot a l of
a l l l oa ds i n cl u di n g t h e wei gh t of t h e
men , ma t er i a l s, equ i pmen t , a n d pl a t -
for m.
(6) Equ ivalen t . Al t er n a t i ve desi gn or
fea t u r es, wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de a n equ a l
degr ee or fa ct or of sa fet y .
(7) Gu ardrail. A ba r r i er secu r ed t o
u pr i gh t s a n d er ect ed a l on g t h e exposed
si des a n d en ds of pl a t for ms t o pr even t
fa l l s of per son s.
(8) Han drail. A r a i l con n ect ed t o a
l a dder st a n d r u n n i n g pa r a l l el t o t h e
sl ope a n d/or t op st ep.
(9) L adder st an d. A mobi l e fi xed si ze
sel f-su ppor t i n g l a dder con si st i n g of a
wi de fl a t t r ea d l a dder i n t h e for m of
st a i r s. Th e a ssembl y ma y i n cl u de h a n d-
r a i l s.
(10) L edger (st rin ger). A h or i zon t a l
sca ffol d member wh i ch ext en ds fr om
post t o post a n d wh i ch su ppor t s t h e
bea r er for mi n g a t i e bet ween t h e post s.
(11) Mobile scaf f old (t ower). A l i gh t ,
medi u m, or h ea vy du t y sca ffol d mou n t -
ed on ca st er s or wh eel s.
(12) Mobile. Ma n u a l l y pr opel l ed.
(13) Mobile work plat f orm. Gen er a l l y a
fi xed wor k l evel on e fr a me h i gh on
ca st er s or wh eel s, wi t h br a ci n g di a go-
n a l l y fr om pl a t for m t o ver t i ca l fr a me.
(14) Ru n n er. Th e l en gt h wi se h or i -
zon t a l br a ci n g a n d/or bea r i n g member s.
(15) Scaf f old. An y t empor a r y el eva t ed
pl a t for m a n d i t s n ecessa r y ver t i ca l , di -
a gon a l , a n d h or i zon t a l member s u sed
for su ppor t i n g wor k men a n d ma t er i a l s.
(Al so k n own a s a sca ffol d t ower . )
(16) T oeboard. A ba r r i er a t pl a t for m
l evel er ect ed a l on g t h e exposed si des
a n d en ds of a sca ffol d pl a t for m t o pr e-
ven t fa l l s of ma t er i a l s.
(17) T u be an d cou pler scaf f old. An a s-
sembl y con si st i n g of t u bi n g wh i ch
ser ves a s post s, bea r er s, br a ces, t i es,
a n d r u n n er s, a ba se su ppor t i n g t h e
post s, a n d u pr i gh t s, a n d ser ves t o j oi n
t h e va r i ou s member s, u su a l l y u sed i n
fi xed l oca t i on s.
(18) T u bu lar welded f rame scaf f old. A
sect i on a l , pa n el , or fr a me met a l sca f-
fol d su bst a n t i a l l y bu i l t u p of pr efa b-
r i ca t ed wel ded sect i on s, wh i ch con si st
of post s a n d bea r er s wi t h i n t er medi a t e
con n ect i n g member s a n d br a ced wi t h
di a gon a l or cr oss br a ces.
(19) T u bu lar welded sect ion al f oldin g
scaf f old. A sect i on a l , fol di n g met a l
sca ffol d ei t h er of l a dder fr a me or i n si de
st a i r wa y desi gn , su bst a n t i a l l y bu i l t of
pr efa br i ca t ed wel ded sect i on s, wh i ch
con si st of en d fr a mes, pl a t for m fr a me,
i n si de i n cl i n ed st a i r wa y fr a me a n d
br a ces, or h i n ged con n ect ed di a gon a l
a n d h or i zon t a l br a ces, ca pa bl e of bei n g
fol ded i n t o a fl a t pa ck a ge wh en t h e
sca ffol d i s n ot i n u se.
(20) Work level. Th e el eva t ed pl a t -
for m, u sed for su ppor t i n g wor k men a n d
t h ei r ma t er i a l s, compr i si n g t h e n ec-
essa r y ver t i ca l , h or i zon t a l , a n d di a go-
n a l br a ces, gu a r dr a i l s, a n d l a dder for
a ccess t o t h e wor k pl a t for m.
1910.22 General requirements.
Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o a l l per ma n en t
pl a ces of empl oy men t , except wh er e
domest i c, mi n i n g, or a gr i cu l t u r a l wor k
on l y i s per for med. Mea su r es for t h e
con t r ol of t oxi c ma t er i a l s a r e con si d-
er ed t o be ou t si de t h e scope of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(a ) Hou sek eepin g. (1) Al l pl a ces of em-
pl oy men t , pa ssa gewa y s, st or er ooms,
a n d ser vi ce r ooms sh a l l be k ept cl ea n
a n d or der l y a n d i n a sa n i t a r y con di -
t i on .
(2) Th e fl oor of ever y wor k r oom sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed i n a cl ea n a n d, so fa r a s
possi bl e, a dr y con di t i on . Wh er e wet
pr ocesses a r e u sed, dr a i n a ge sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed, a n d fa l se fl oor s, pl a t for ms,
ma t s, or ot h er dr y st a n di n g pl a ces
sh ou l d be pr ovi ded wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e.
(3) To fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n i n g, ever y fl oor ,
wor k i n g pl a ce, a n d pa ssa gewa y sh a l l be
k ept fr ee fr om pr ot r u di n g n a i l s, spl i n -
t er s, h ol es, or l oose boa r ds.
(b) Aisles an d passageway s. (1) Wh er e
mech a n i ca l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t i s
u sed, su ffi ci en t sa fe cl ea r a n ces sh a l l be
a l l owed for a i sl es, a t l oa di n g dock s,
t h r ou gh door wa y s a n d wh er ever t u r n s
or pa ssa ge mu st be ma de. Ai sl es a n d
pa ssa gewa y s sh a l l be k ept cl ea r a n d i n
good r epa i r s, wi t h n o obst r u ct i on
a cr oss or i n a i sl es t h a t cou l d cr ea t e a
h a za r d.
(2) P er ma n en t a i sl es a n d pa ssa gewa y s
sh a l l be a ppr opr i a t el y ma r k ed.
(c) Covers an d gu ardrails. Cover s a n d/
or gu a r dr a i l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr o-
t ect per son n el fr om t h e h a za r ds of open
pi t s, t a n k s, va t s, di t ch es, et c.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
117
(d) Floor loadin g prot ect ion . (1) I n
ever y bu i l di n g or ot h er st r u ct u r e, or
pa r t t h er eof, u sed for mer ca n t i l e, bu si -
n ess, i n du st r i a l , or st or a ge pu r poses,
t h e l oa ds a ppr oved by t h e bu i l di n g offi -
ci a l sh a l l be ma r k ed on pl a t es of a p-
pr oved desi gn wh i ch sh a l l be su ppl i ed
a n d secu r el y a ffi xed by t h e own er of
t h e bu i l di n g, or h i s du l y a u t h or i zed
a gen t , i n a con spi cu ou s pl a ce i n ea ch
spa ce t o wh i ch t h ey r el a t e. S u ch pl a t es
sh a l l n ot be r emoved or defa ced bu t , i f
l ost , r emoved, or defa ced, sh a l l be r e-
pl a ced by t h e own er or h i s a gen t .
(2) I t sh a l l be u n l a wfu l t o pl a ce, or
ca u se, or per mi t t o be pl a ced, on a n y
fl oor or r oof of a bu i l di n g or ot h er
st r u ct u r e a l oa d gr ea t er t h a n t h a t for
wh i ch su ch fl oor or r oof i s a ppr oved by
t h e bu i l di n g offi ci a l .
1910.23 Guarding floor and wall
openings and holes.
(a ) Prot ect ion f or f loor open in gs. (1)
Ever y st a i r wa y fl oor open i n g sh a l l be
gu a r ded by a st a n da r d r a i l i n g con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(e) of t h i s sect i on . Th e r a i l i n g sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on a l l exposed si des (except a t
en t r a n ce t o st a i r wa y ). F or i n fr equ en t l y
u sed st a i r wa y s wh er e t r a ffi c a cr oss t h e
open i n g pr even t s t h e u se of fi xed st a n d-
a r d r a i l i n g (a s wh en l oca t ed i n a i sl e
spa ces, et c. ), t h e gu a r d sh a l l con si st of
a h i n ged fl oor open i n g cover of st a n d-
a r d st r en gt h a n d con st r u ct i on a n d r e-
mova bl e st a n da r d r a i l i n gs on a l l ex-
posed si des (except a t en t r a n ce t o
st a i r wa y ).
(2) Ever y l a dder wa y fl oor open i n g or
pl a t for m sh a l l be gu a r ded by a st a n d-
a r d r a i l i n g wi t h st a n da r d t oeboa r d on
a l l exposed si des (except a t en t r a n ce t o
open i n g), wi t h t h e pa ssa ge t h r ou gh t h e
r a i l i n g ei t h er pr ovi ded wi t h a swi n gi n g
ga t e or so offset t h a t a per son ca n n ot
wa l k di r ect l y i n t o t h e open i n g.
(3) Ever y h a t ch wa y a n d ch u t e fl oor
open i n g sh a l l be gu a r ded by on e of t h e
fol l owi n g:
(i ) Hi n ged fl oor open i n g cover of
st a n da r d st r en gt h a n d con st r u ct i on
equ i pped wi t h st a n da r d r a i l i n gs or per -
ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t h er et o so a s t o
l ea ve on l y on e exposed si de. Wh en t h e
open i n g i s n ot i n u se, t h e cover sh a l l be
cl osed or t h e exposed si de sh a l l be
gu a r ded a t bot h t op a n d i n t er medi a t e
posi t i on s by r emova bl e st a n da r d r a i l -
i n gs.
(i i ) A r emova bl e r a i l i n g wi t h
t oeboa r d on n ot mor e t h a n t wo si des of
t h e open i n g a n d fi xed st a n da r d r a i l i n gs
wi t h t oeboa r ds on a l l ot h er exposed
si des. Th e r emova bl e r a i l i n gs sh a l l be
k ept i n pl a ce wh en t h e open i n g i s n ot
i n u se.
Wh er e oper a t i n g con di t i on s n ecessi t a t e
t h e feedi n g of ma t er i a l i n t o a n y h a t ch -
wa y or ch u t e open i n g, pr ot ect i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o pr even t a per son fr om
fa l l i n g t h r ou gh t h e open i n g.
(4) Ever y sk y l i gh t fl oor open i n g a n d
h ol e sh a l l be gu a r ded by a st a n da r d
sk y l i gh t scr een or a fi xed st a n da r d
r a i l i n g on a l l exposed si des.
(5) Ever y pi t a n d t r a pdoor fl oor open -
i n g, i n fr equ en t l y u sed, sh a l l be gu a r ded
by a fl oor open i n g cover of st a n da r d
st r en gt h a n d con st r u ct i on . Wh i l e t h e
cover i s n ot i n pl a ce, t h e pi t or t r a p
open i n g sh a l l be con st a n t l y a t t en ded
by someon e or sh a l l be pr ot ect ed on a l l
exposed si des by r emova bl e st a n da r d
r a i l i n gs.
(6) Ever y ma n h ol e fl oor open i n g sh a l l
be gu a r ded by a st a n da r d ma n h ol e
cover wh i ch n eed n ot be h i n ged i n
pl a ce. Wh i l e t h e cover i s n ot i n pl a ce,
t h e ma n h ol e open i n g sh a l l be con -
st a n t l y a t t en ded by someon e or sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed by r emova bl e st a n da r d
r a i l i n gs.
(7) Ever y t empor a r y fl oor open i n g
sh a l l h a ve st a n da r d r a i l i n gs, or sh a l l be
con st a n t l y a t t en ded by someon e.
(8) Ever y fl oor h ol e i n t o wh i ch per -
son s ca n a cci den t a l l y wa l k sh a l l be
gu a r ded by ei t h er :
(i ) A st a n da r d r a i l i n g wi t h st a n da r d
t oeboa r d on a l l exposed si des, or
(i i ) A fl oor h ol e cover of st a n da r d
st r en gt h a n d con st r u ct i on . Wh i l e t h e
cover i s n ot i n pl a ce, t h e fl oor h ol e
sh a l l be con st a n t l y a t t en ded by some-
on e or sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a r emov-
a bl e st a n da r d r a i l i n g.
(9) Ever y fl oor h ol e i n t o wh i ch per -
son s ca n n ot a cci den t a l l y wa l k (on a c-
cou n t of fi xed ma ch i n er y , equ i pmen t ,
or wa l l s) sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a cover
t h a t l ea ves n o open i n gs mor e t h a n 1
i n ch wi de. Th e cover sh a l l be secu r el y
h el d i n pl a ce t o pr even t t ool s or ma t e-
r i a l s fr om fa l l i n g t h r ou gh .
(10) Wh er e door s or ga t es open di -
r ect l y on a st a i r wa y , a pl a t for m sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
118
be pr ovi ded, a n d t h e swi n g of t h e door
sh a l l n ot r edu ce t h e effect i ve wi dt h t o
l ess t h a n 20 i n ch es.
(b) Prot ect ion f or wall open in gs an d
h oles. (1) Ever y wa l l open i n g fr om
wh i ch t h er e i s a dr op of mor e t h a n 4
feet sh a l l be gu a r ded by on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Ra i l , r ol l er , pi ck et fen ce, h a l f
door , or equ i va l en t ba r r i er . Wh er e
t h er e i s exposu r e bel ow t o fa l l i n g ma -
t er i a l s, a r emova bl e t oe boa r d or t h e
equ i va l en t sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded. Wh en
t h e open i n g i s n ot i n u se for h a n dl i n g
ma t er i a l s, t h e gu a r d sh a l l be k ept i n
posi t i on r ega r dl ess of a door on t h e
open i n g. I n a ddi t i on , a gr a b h a n dl e
sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ea ch si de of t h e
open i n g wi t h i t s cen t er a ppr oxi ma t el y
4 feet a bove fl oor l evel a n d of st a n da r d
st r en gt h a n d mou n t i n g.
(i i ) Ext en si on pl a t for m on t o wh i ch
ma t er i a l s ca n be h oi st ed for h a n dl i n g,
a n d wh i ch sh a l l h a ve si de r a i l s or
equ i va l en t gu a r ds of st a n da r d speci -
fi ca t i on s.
(2) Ever y ch u t e wa l l open i n g fr om
wh i ch t h er e i s a dr op of mor e t h a n 4
feet sh a l l be gu a r ded by on e or mor e of
t h e ba r r i er s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(1) of t h i s sect i on or a s r equ i r ed by
t h e con di t i on s.
(3) Ever y wi n dow wa l l open i n g a t a
st a i r wa y l a n di n g, fl oor , pl a t for m, or
ba l con y , fr om wh i ch t h er e i s a dr op of
mor e t h a n 4 feet , a n d wh er e t h e bot t om
of t h e open i n g i s l ess t h a n 3 feet a bove
t h e pl a t for m or l a n di n g, sh a l l be gu a r d-
ed by st a n da r d sl a t s, st a n da r d gr i l l
wor k (a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(11)
of t h i s sect i on ), or st a n da r d r a i l i n g.
Wh er e t h e wi n dow open i n g i s bel ow t h e
l a n di n g, or pl a t for m, a st a n da r d t oe
boa r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(4) Ever y t empor a r y wa l l open i n g
sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e gu a r ds bu t t h ese
n eed n ot be of st a n da r d con st r u ct i on .
(5) Wh er e t h er e i s a h a za r d of ma t e-
r i a l s fa l l i n g t h r ou gh a wa l l h ol e, a n d
t h e l ower edge of t h e n ea r si de of t h e
h ol e i s l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es a bove t h e
fl oor , a n d t h e fa r si de of t h e h ol e mor e
t h a n 5 feet a bove t h e n ext l ower l evel ,
t h e h ol e sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a st a n d-
a r d t oeboa r d, or a n en cl osi n g scr een ei -
t h er of sol i d con st r u ct i on , or a s speci -
fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(11) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Prot ect ion of open -sided f loors, plat -
f orms, an d ru n way s. (1) Ever y open -
si ded fl oor or pl a t for m 4 feet or mor e
a bove a dj a cen t fl oor or gr ou n d l evel
sh a l l be gu a r ded by a st a n da r d r a i l i n g
(or t h e equ i va l en t a s speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (e)(3) of t h i s sect i on ) on a l l open
si des except wh er e t h er e i s en t r a n ce t o
a r a mp, st a i r wa y , or fi xed l a dder . Th e
r a i l i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
t oeboa r d wh er ever , ben ea t h t h e open
si des,
(i ) P er son s ca n pa ss,
(i i ) Th er e i s movi n g ma ch i n er y , or
(i i i ) Th er e i s equ i pmen t wi t h wh i ch
fa l l i n g ma t er i a l s cou l d cr ea t e a h a za r d.
(2) Ever y r u n wa y sh a l l be gu a r ded by
a st a n da r d r a i l i n g (or t h e equ i va l en t a s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on ) on a l l open si des 4 feet or mor e
a bove fl oor or gr ou n d l evel . Wh er ever
t ool s, ma ch i n e pa r t s, or ma t er i a l s a r e
l i k el y t o be u sed on t h e r u n wa y , a
t oeboa r d sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded on ea ch
exposed si de.
Ru n wa y s u sed excl u si vel y for speci a l
pu r poses (su ch a s oi l i n g, sh a ft i n g, or
fi l l i n g t a n k ca r s) ma y h a ve t h e r a i l i n g
on on e si de omi t t ed wh er e oper a t i n g
con di t i on s n ecessi t a t e su ch omi ssi on ,
pr ovi di n g t h e fa l l i n g h a za r d i s mi n i -
mi zed by u si n g a r u n wa y of n ot l ess
t h a n 18 i n ch es wi de. Wh er e per son s en -
t er i n g u pon r u n wa y s become t h er eby
exposed t o ma ch i n er y , el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , or ot h er da n ger n ot a fa l l i n g h a z-
a r d, a ddi t i on a l gu a r di n g t h a n i s h er e
speci fi ed ma y be essen t i a l for pr ot ec-
t i on .
(3) Rega r dl ess of h ei gh t , open -si ded
fl oor s, wa l k wa y s, pl a t for ms, or r u n -
wa y s a bove or a dj a cen t t o da n ger ou s
equ i pmen t , pi ck l i n g or ga l va n i zi n g
t a n k s, degr ea si n g u n i t s, a n d si mi l a r
h a za r ds sh a l l be gu a r ded wi t h a st a n d-
a r d r a i l i n g a n d t oe boa r d.
(d) St airway railin gs an d gu ards. (1)
Ever y fl i gh t of st a i r s h a vi n g fou r or
mor e r i ser s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
st a n da r d st a i r r a i l i n gs or st a n da r d
h a n dr a i l s a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(d)(1) (i ) t h r ou gh (v) of t h i s sect i on , t h e
wi dt h of t h e st a i r t o be mea su r ed cl ea r
of a l l obst r u ct i on s except h a n dr a i l s:
(i ) On st a i r wa y s l ess t h a n 44 i n ch es
wi de h a vi n g bot h si des en cl osed, a t
l ea st on e h a n dr a i l , pr efer a bl y on t h e
r i gh t si de descen di n g.
(i i ) On st a i r wa y s l ess t h a n 44 i n ch es
wi de h a vi n g on e si de open , a t l ea st on e
st a i r r a i l i n g on open si de.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
119
(i i i ) On st a i r wa y s l ess t h a n 44 i n ch es
wi de h a vi n g bot h si des open , on e st a i r
r a i l i n g on ea ch si de.
(i v) On st a i r wa y s mor e t h a n 44 i n ch es
wi de bu t l ess t h a n 88 i n ch es wi de, on e
h a n dr a i l on ea ch en cl osed si de a n d on e
st a i r r a i l i n g on ea ch open si de.
(v) On st a i r wa y s 88 or mor e i n ch es
wi de, on e h a n dr a i l on ea ch en cl osed
si de, on e st a i r r a i l i n g on ea ch open
si de, a n d on e i n t er medi a t e st a i r r a i l i n g
l oca t ed a ppr oxi ma t el y mi dwa y of t h e
wi dt h .
(2) Wi n di n g st a i r s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a h a n dr a i l offset t o pr even t wa l k -
i n g on a l l por t i on s of t h e t r ea ds h a vi n g
wi dt h l ess t h a n 6 i n ch es.
(e) Railin g, t oe boards, an d cover speci-
f icat ion s. (1) A st a n da r d r a i l i n g sh a l l
con si st of t op r a i l , i n t er medi a t e r a i l ,
a n d post s, a n d sh a l l h a ve a ver t i ca l
h ei gh t of 42 i n ch es n omi n a l fr om u pper
su r fa ce of t op r a i l t o fl oor , pl a t for m,
r u n wa y , or r a mp l evel . Th e t op r a i l
sh a l l be smoot h -su r fa ced t h r ou gh ou t
t h e l en gt h of t h e r a i l i n g. Th e i n t er -
medi a t e r a i l sh a l l be a ppr oxi ma t el y
h a l fwa y bet ween t h e t op r a i l a n d t h e
fl oor , pl a t for m, r u n wa y , or r a mp. Th e
en ds of t h e r a i l s sh a l l n ot over h a n g t h e
t er mi n a l post s except wh er e su ch over -
h a n g does n ot con st i t u t e a pr oj ect i on
h a za r d.
(2) A st a i r r a i l i n g sh a l l be of con -
st r u ct i on si mi l a r t o a st a n da r d r a i l i n g
bu t t h e ver t i ca l h ei gh t sh a l l be n ot
mor e t h a n 34 i n ch es n or l ess t h a n 30
i n ch es fr om u pper su r fa ce of t op r a i l t o
su r fa ce of t r ea d i n l i n e wi t h fa ce of
r i ser a t for wa r d edge of t r ea d.
(3) [Reser ved]
(i ) F or wood r a i l i n gs, t h e post s sh a l l
be of a t l ea st 2-i n ch by 4-i n ch st ock
spa ced n ot t o exceed 6 feet ; t h e t op a n d
i n t er medi a t e r a i l s sh a l l be of a t l ea st 2-
i n ch by 4-i n ch st ock . I f t op r a i l i s ma de
of t wo r i gh t -a n gl e pi eces of 1-i n ch by 4-
i n ch st ock , post s ma y be spa ced on 8-
foot cen t er s, wi t h 2-i n ch by 4-i n ch i n -
t er medi a t e r a i l .
(i i ) F or pi pe r a i l i n gs, post s a n d t op
a n d i n t er medi a t e r a i l i n gs sh a l l be a t
l ea st 1
1
2 i n ch es n omi n a l di a met er wi t h
post s spa ced n ot mor e t h a n 8 feet on
cen t er s.
(i i i ) F or st r u ct u r a l st eel r a i l i n gs,
post s a n d t op a n d i n t er medi a t e r a i l s
sh a l l be of 2-i n ch by 2-i n ch by
3
8-i n ch
a n gl es or ot h er met a l sh a pes of equ i va -
l en t ben di n g st r en gt h wi t h post s
spa ced n ot mor e t h a n 8 feet on cen t er s.
(i v) Th e a n ch or i n g of post s a n d fr a m-
i n g of member s for r a i l i n gs of a l l t y pes
sh a l l be of su ch con st r u ct i on t h a t t h e
compl et ed st r u ct u r e sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of a t l ea st 200
pou n ds a ppl i ed i n a n y di r ect i on a t a n y
poi n t on t h e t op r a i l .
(v) Ot h er t y pes, si zes, a n d a r r a n ge-
men t s of r a i l i n g con st r u ct i on a r e a c-
cept a bl e pr ovi ded t h ey meet t h e fol -
l owi n g con di t i on s:
(a) A smoot h -su r fa ced t op r a i l a t a
h ei gh t a bove fl oor , pl a t for m, r u n wa y ,
or r a mp l evel of 42 i n ch es n omi n a l ;
(b) A st r en gt h t o wi t h st a n d a t l ea st
t h e mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t of 200
pou n ds t op r a i l pr essu r e;
(c) P r ot ect i on bet ween t op r a i l a n d
fl oor , pl a t for m, r u n wa y , r a mp, or st a i r
t r ea ds, equ i va l en t a t l ea st t o t h a t a f-
for ded by a st a n da r d i n t er medi a t e r a i l ;
(4) A st a n da r d t oeboa r d sh a l l be 4
i n ch es n omi n a l i n ver t i ca l h ei gh t fr om
i t s t op edge t o t h e l evel of t h e fl oor ,
pl a t for m, r u n wa y , or r a mp. I t sh a l l be
secu r el y fa st en ed i n pl a ce a n d wi t h n ot
mor e t h a n
1
4-i n ch cl ea r a n ce a bove
fl oor l evel . I t ma y be ma de of a n y su b-
st a n t i a l ma t er i a l ei t h er sol i d or wi t h
open i n gs n ot over 1 i n ch i n gr ea t est di -
men si on .
Wh er e ma t er i a l i s pi l ed t o su ch h ei gh t
t h a t a st a n da r d t oeboa r d does n ot pr o-
vi de pr ot ect i on , pa n el i n g fr om fl oor t o
i n t er medi a t e r a i l , or t o t op r a i l sh a l l
be pr ovi ded.
(5)(i ) A h a n dr a i l sh a l l con si st of a
l en gt h wi se member mou n t ed di r ect l y
on a wa l l or pa r t i t i on by mea n s of
br a ck et s a t t a ch ed t o t h e l ower si de of
t h e h a n dr a i l so a s t o offer n o obst r u c-
t i on t o a smoot h su r fa ce a l on g t h e t op
a n d bot h si des of t h e h a n dr a i l . Th e
h a n dr a i l sh a l l be of r ou n ded or ot h er
sect i on t h a t wi l l fu r n i sh a n a dequ a t e
h a n dh ol d for a n y on e gr a spi n g i t t o
a voi d fa l l i n g. Th e en ds of t h e h a n dr a i l
sh ou l d be t u r n ed i n t o t h e su ppor t i n g
wa l l or ot h er wi se a r r a n ged so a s n ot t o
con st i t u t e a pr oj ect i on h a za r d.
(i i ) Th e h ei gh t of h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be
n ot mor e t h a n 34 i n ch es n or l ess t h a n
30 i n ch es fr om u pper su r fa ce of h a n d-
r a i l t o su r fa ce of t r ea d i n l i n e wi t h fa ce
of r i ser or t o su r fa ce of r a mp.
(i i i ) Th e si ze of h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be:
Wh en of h a r dwood, a t l ea st 2 i n ch es i n
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
120
di a met er ; wh en of met a l pi pe, a t l ea st
1
1
2 i n ch es i n di a met er . Th e l en gt h of
br a ck et s sh a l l be su ch a s wi l l gi ve a
cl ea r a n ce bet ween h a n dr a i l a n d wa l l or
a n y pr oj ect i on t h er eon of a t l ea st 3
i n ch es. Th e spa ci n g of br a ck et s sh a l l
n ot exceed 8 feet .
(i v) Th e mou n t i n g of h a n dr a i l s sh a l l
be su ch t h a t t h e compl et ed st r u ct u r e i s
ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of a t
l ea st 200 pou n ds a ppl i ed i n a n y di r ec-
t i on a t a n y poi n t on t h e r a i l .
(6) Al l h a n dr a i l s a n d r a i l i n gs sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a cl ea r a n ce of n ot l ess
t h a n 3 i n ch es bet ween t h e h a n dr a i l or
r a i l i n g a n d a n y ot h er obj ect .
(7) F l oor open i n g cover s ma y be of
a n y ma t er i a l t h a t meet s t h e fol l owi n g
st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s:
(i ) Tr en ch or con du i t cover s a n d t h ei r
su ppor t s, wh en l oca t ed i n pl a n t r oa d-
wa y s, sh a l l be desi gn ed t o ca r r y a
t r u ck r ea r -a xl e l oa d of a t l ea st 20, 000
pou n ds.
(i i ) Ma n h ol e cover s a n d t h ei r su p-
por t s, wh en l oca t ed i n pl a n t r oa dwa y s,
sh a l l compl y wi t h l oca l st a n da r d h i gh -
wa y r equ i r emen t s i f a n y ; ot h er wi se,
t h ey sh a l l be desi gn ed t o ca r r y a t r u ck
r ea r -a xl e l oa d of a t l ea st 20, 000 pou n ds.
(i i i ) Th e con st r u ct i on of fl oor open -
i n g cover s ma y be of a n y ma t er i a l t h a t
meet s t h e st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s. Cov-
er s pr oj ect i n g n ot mor e t h a n 1 i n ch
a bove t h e fl oor l evel ma y be u sed pr o-
vi di n g a l l edges a r e ch a mfer ed t o a n
a n gl e wi t h t h e h or i zon t a l of n ot over 30
degr ees. Al l h i n ges, h a n dl es, bol t s, or
ot h er pa r t s sh a l l set fl u sh wi t h t h e
fl oor or cover su r fa ce.
(8) S k y l i gh t scr een s sh a l l be of su ch
con st r u ct i on a n d mou n t i n g t h a t t h ey
a r e ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of a t
l ea st 200 pou n ds a ppl i ed per pen di cu -
l a r l y a t a n y on e a r ea on t h e scr een .
Th ey sh a l l a l so be of su ch con st r u ct i on
a n d mou n t i n g t h a t u n der or di n a r y
l oa ds or i mpa ct s, t h ey wi l l n ot defl ect
down wa r d su ffi ci en t l y t o br ea k t h e
gl a ss bel ow t h em. Th e con st r u ct i on
sh a l l be of gr i l l wor k wi t h open i n gs n ot
mor e t h a n 4 i n ch es l on g or of sl a t wor k
wi t h open i n gs n ot mor e t h a n 2 i n ch es
wi de wi t h l en gt h u n r est r i ct ed.
(9) Wa l l open i n g ba r r i er s (r a i l s, r ol l -
er s, pi ck et fen ces, a n d h a l f door s) sh a l l
be of su ch con st r u ct i on a n d mou n t i n g
t h a t , wh en i n pl a ce a t t h e open i n g, t h e
ba r r i er i s ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a
l oa d of a t l ea st 200 pou n ds a ppl i ed i n
a n y di r ect i on (except u pwa r d) a t a n y
poi n t on t h e t op r a i l or cor r espon di n g
member .
(10) Wa l l open i n g gr a b h a n dl es sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es i n l en gt h a n d
sh a l l be so mou n t ed a s t o gi ve 3 i n ch es
cl ea r a n ce fr om t h e si de fr a mi n g of t h e
wa l l open i n g. Th e si ze, ma t er i a l , a n d
a n ch or i n g of t h e gr a b h a n dl e sh a l l be
su ch t h a t t h e compl et ed st r u ct u r e i s
ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of a t
l ea st 200 pou n ds a ppl i ed i n a n y di r ec-
t i on a t a n y poi n t of t h e h a n dl e.
(11) Wa l l open i n g scr een s sh a l l be of
su ch con st r u ct i on a n d mou n t i n g t h a t
t h ey a r e ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d
of a t l ea st 200 pou n ds a ppl i ed h or i -
zon t a l l y a t a n y poi n t on t h e n ea r si de
of t h e scr een . Th ey ma y be of sol i d con -
st r u ct i on , of gr i l l wor k wi t h open i n gs
n ot mor e t h a n 8 i n ch es l on g, or of
sl a t wor k wi t h open i n gs n ot mor e t h a n
4 i n ch es wi de wi t h l en gt h u n r est r i ct ed.
F R 49744, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5321, F eb. 10,
1984]
1910.24 Fixed industrial stairs.
(a ) Applicat ion of requ iremen t s. Th i s
sect i on con t a i n s speci fi ca t i on s for t h e
sa fe desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on of fi xed
gen er a l i n du st r i a l st a i r s. Th i s cl a ssi -
fi ca t i on i n cl u des i n t er i or a n d ext er i or
st a i r s a r ou n d ma ch i n er y , t a n k s, a n d
ot h er equ i pmen t , a n d st a i r s l ea di n g t o
or fr om fl oor s, pl a t for ms, or pi t s. Th i s
sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o st a i r s u sed
for fi r e exi t pu r poses, t o con st r u ct i on
oper a t i on s t o pr i va t e r esi den ces, or t o
a r t i cu l a t ed st a i r s, su ch a s ma y be i n -
st a l l ed on fl oa t i n g r oof t a n k s or on
dock fa ci l i t i es, t h e a n gl e of wh i ch
ch a n ges wi t h t h e r i se a n d fa l l of t h e
ba se su ppor t .
(b) Wh ere f ixed st airs are requ ired.
F i xed st a i r s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for a c-
cess fr om on e st r u ct u r e l evel t o a n -
ot h er wh er e oper a t i on s n ecessi t a t e r eg-
u l a r t r a vel bet ween l evel s, a n d for a c-
cess t o oper a t i n g pl a t for ms a t a n y
equ i pmen t wh i ch r equ i r es a t t en t i on
r ou t i n el y du r i n g oper a t i on s. F i xed
st a i r s sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded wh er e a c-
cess t o el eva t i on s i s da i l y or a t ea ch
sh i ft for su ch pu r poses a s ga u gi n g, i n -
spect i on , r egu l a r ma i n t en a n ce, et c. ,
wh er e su ch wor k ma y expose empl oy -
ees t o a ci ds, ca u st i cs, ga ses, or ot h er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
121
h a r mfu l su bst a n ces, or for wh i ch pu r -
poses t h e ca r r y i n g of t ool s or equ i p-
men t by h a n d i s n or ma l l y r equ i r ed. (I t
i s n ot t h e i n t en t of t h i s sect i on t o pr e-
cl u de t h e u se of fi xed l a dder s for a ccess
t o el eva t ed t a n k s, t ower s, a n d si mi l a r
st r u ct u r es, over h ea d t r a vel i n g cr a n es,
et c. , wh er e t h e u se of fi xed l a dder s i s
common pr a ct i ce. ) S pi r a l st a i r wa y s
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed except for spe-
ci a l l i mi t ed u sa ge a n d secon da r y a ccess
si t u a t i on s wh er e i t i s n ot pr a ct i ca l t o
pr ovi de a con ven t i on a l st a i r wa y . Wi n d-
i n g st a i r wa y s ma y be i n st a l l ed on
t a n k s a n d si mi l a r r ou n d st r u ct u r es
wh er e t h e di a met er of t h e st r u ct u r e i s
n ot l ess t h a n fi ve (5) feet .
(c) St air st ren gt h . F i xed st a i r wa y s
sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o
ca r r y a l oa d of fi ve t i mes t h e n or ma l
l i ve l oa d a n t i ci pa t ed bu t n ever of l ess
st r en gt h t h a n t o ca r r y sa fel y a movi n g
con cen t r a t ed l oa d of 1, 000 pou n ds.
(d) St air widt h . F i xed st a i r wa y s sh a l l
h a ve a mi n i mu m wi dt h of 22 i n ch es.
(e) An gle of st airway rise. F i xed st a i r s
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a n gl es t o t h e h or i -
zon t a l of bet ween 30 a n d 50. An y u n i -
for m combi n a t i on of r i se/t r ea d di men -
si on s ma y be u sed t h a t wi l l r esu l t i n a
st a i r wa y a t a n a n gl e t o t h e h or i zon t a l
wi t h i n t h e per mi ssi bl e r a n ge. Ta bl e D
1 gi ves r i se/t r ea d di men si on s wh i ch wi l l
pr odu ce a st a i r wa y wi t h i n t h e per mi s-
si bl e r a n ge, st a t i n g t h e a n gl e t o t h e
h or i zon t a l pr odu ced by ea ch combi n a -
t i on . However , t h e r i se/t r ea d combi n a -
t i on s a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o t h ose gi ven i n
Ta bl e D1.
TABLE D1
Angle to horizontal
Rise (in
inches)
Tread
run (in
inches)
3035 .................................................... 6
1
2 11
3208 .................................................... 6
3
4 10
3
4
3341 .................................................... 7 10
1
2
3516 .................................................... 7
1
4 10
1
4
3652 .................................................... 7
1
2 10
3829 .................................................... 7
3
4 9
3
4
4008 .................................................... 8 9
1
2
4144 .................................................... 8
1
4 9
1
4
4322 .................................................... 8
1
2 9
4500 .................................................... 8
3
4 8
3
4
4638 .................................................... 9 8
1
2
4816 .................................................... 9
1
4 8
1
4
4954 .................................................... 9
1
2 8
(f) St air t reads. Al l t r ea ds sh a l l be r ea -
son a bl y sl i p-r esi st a n t a n d t h e n osi n gs
sh a l l be of n on sl i p fi n i sh . Wel ded ba r
gr a t i n g t r ea ds wi t h ou t n osi n gs a r e a c-
cept a bl e pr ovi di n g t h e l ea di n g edge ca n
be r ea di l y i den t i fi ed by per son n el de-
scen di n g t h e st a i r wa y a n d pr ovi ded t h e
t r ea d i s ser r a t ed or i s of defi n i t e n on -
sl i p desi gn . Ri se h ei gh t a n d t r ea d wi dt h
sh a l l be u n i for m t h r ou gh ou t a n y fl i gh t
of st a i r s i n cl u di n g a n y fou n da t i on
st r u ct u r e u sed a s on e or mor e t r ea ds of
t h e st a i r s.
(g) St airway plat f orms. S t a i r wa y pl a t -
for ms sh a l l be n o l ess t h a n t h e wi dt h of
a st a i r wa y a n d a mi n i mu m of 30 i n ch es
i n l en gt h mea su r ed i n t h e di r ect i on of
t r a vel .
(h ) Railin gs an d h an drails. S t a n da r d
r a i l i n gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e open
si des of a l l exposed st a i r wa y s a n d st a i r
pl a t for ms. Ha n dr a i l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
on a t l ea st on e si de of cl osed st a i r wa y s
pr efer a bl y on t h e r i gh t si de descen di n g.
S t a i r r a i l i n gs a n d h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of 1910. 23.
(i ) Vert ical clearan ce. Ver t i ca l cl ea r -
a n ce a bove a n y st a i r t r ea d t o a n over -
h ea d obst r u ct i on sh a l l be a t l ea st 7 feet
mea su r ed fr om t h e l ea di n g edge of t h e
t r ea d.
F R 49744, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5321, F eb. 10,
1984]
1910.25 Portable wood ladders.
(a ) Applicat ion of requ iremen t s. Th i s
sect i on i s i n t en ded t o pr escr i be r u l es
a n d est a bl i sh mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s
for t h e con st r u ct i on , ca r e, a n d u se of
t h e common t y pes of por t a bl e wood
l a dder s, i n or der t o i n su r e sa fet y u n der
n or ma l con di t i on s of u sa ge. Ot h er
t y pes of speci a l l a dder s, fr u i t pi ck er s
l a dder s, combi n a t i on st ep a n d ext en -
si on l a dder s, st ock r oom st ep l a dder s,
a i sl e-wa y st ep l a dder s, sh el f l a dder s,
a n d l i br a r y l a dder s a r e n ot speci fi ca l l y
cover ed by t h i s sect i on .
(b) Mat erials(1) Requ iremen t s appli-
cable t o all wood part s. (i ) Al l wood
pa r t s sh a l l be fr ee fr om sh a r p edges a n d
spl i n t er s; sou n d a n d fr ee fr om a ccept ed
vi su a l i n spect i on fr om sh a k e, wa n e,
compr essi on fa i l u r es, deca y , or ot h er
i r r egu l a r i t i es. Low den si t y wood sh a l l
n ot be u sed.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(2) [Reser ved]
(c) Con st ru ct ion requ iremen t s.
(1) [Reser ved]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
122
(2) Port able st epladders. S t epl a dder s
l on ger t h a n 20 feet sh a l l n ot be su p-
pl i ed. S t epl a dder s a s h er ei n a ft er speci -
fi ed sh a l l be of t h r ee t y pes:
Ty pe I I n du st r i a l st epl a dder , 3 t o 20 feet for
h ea vy du t y , su ch a s u t i l i t i es, con t r a ct or s,
a n d i n du st r i a l u se.
Ty pe I I Commer ci a l st epl a dder , 3 t o 12 feet
for medi u m du t y , su ch a s pa i n t er s, offi ces,
a n d l i gh t i n du st r i a l u se.
Ty pe I I I Hou seh ol d st epl a dder , 3 t o 6 feet
for l i gh t du t y , su ch a s l i gh t h ou seh ol d u se.
(i ) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) A u n i for m st ep spa ci n g sh a l l be
empl oy ed wh i ch sh a l l be n ot mor e t h a n
12 i n ch es. S t eps sh a l l be pa r a l l el a n d
l evel wh en t h e l a dder i s i n posi t i on for
u se.
(c) Th e mi n i mu m wi dt h bet ween si de
r a i l s a t t h e t op, i n si de t o i n si de, sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n 11
1
2 i n ch es. F r om t op
t o bot t om, t h e si de r a i l s sh a l l spr ea d a t
l ea st 1 i n ch for ea ch foot of l en gt h of
st epl a dder .
(d)(e) [Reser ved]
(f ) A met a l spr ea der or l ock i n g devi ce
of su ffi ci en t si ze a n d st r en gt h t o se-
cu r el y h ol d t h e fr on t a n d ba ck sect i on s
i n open posi t i on s sh a l l be a compon en t
of ea ch st epl a dder . Th e spr ea der sh a l l
h a ve a l l sh a r p poi n t s cover ed or r e-
moved t o pr ot ect t h e u ser . F or Ty pe I I I
l a dder , t h e pa i l sh el f a n d spr ea der ma y
be combi n ed i n on e u n i t (t h e so-ca l l ed
sh el f-l ock l a dder ).
(3) Port able ru n g ladders.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Sin gle ladder. (a) S i n gl e l a dder s
l on ger t h a n 30 feet sh a l l n ot be su p-
pl i ed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) T wo-sect ion ladder. (a) Two-sec-
t i on ext en si on l a dder s l on ger t h a n 60
feet sh a l l n ot be su ppl i ed. Al l l a dder s of
t h i s t y pe sh a l l con si st of t wo sect i on s,
on e t o fi t wi t h i n t h e si de r a i l s of t h e
ot h er , a n d a r r a n ged i n su ch a ma n n er
t h a t t h e u pper sect i on ca n be r a i sed
a n d l ower ed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(i v) Sect ion al ladder. (a) Assembl ed
combi n a t i on s of sect i on a l l a dder s
l on ger t h a n l en gt h s speci fi ed i n t h i s
su bdi vi si on sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(v) T rest le an d ext en sion t rest le ladder.
(a) Tr est l e l a dder s, or ext en si on sec-
t i on s or ba se sect i on s of ext en si on t r es-
t l e l a dder s l on ger t h a n 20 feet sh a l l n ot
be su ppl i ed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(4) Special-pu rpose ladders.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Pain t ers st epladder. (a) P a i n t er s
st epl a dder s l on ger t h a n 12 feet sh a l l
n ot be su ppl i ed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Mason s ladder. A ma son s l a dder
i s a speci a l t y pe of si n gl e l a dder i n -
t en ded for u se i n h ea vy con st r u ct i on
wor k .
(a) Ma son s l a dder s l on ger t h a n 40
feet sh a l l n ot be su ppl i ed.
(b) [Reser ved]
(5) T rolley an d side-rollin g ladders(i )
L en gt h . Tr ol l ey l a dder s a n d si de-r ol l i n g
l a dder s l on ger t h a n 20 feet sh ou l d n ot
be su ppl i ed.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(d) Care an d u se of ladders(1) Care.
To i n su r e sa fet y a n d ser vi cea bi l i t y t h e
fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s on t h e ca r e of
l a dder s sh a l l be obser ved:
(i ) La dder s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n
good con di t i on a t a l l t i mes, t h e j oi n t
bet ween t h e st eps a n d si de r a i l s sh a l l
be t i gh t , a l l h a r dwa r e a n d fi t t i n gs se-
cu r el y a t t a ch ed, a n d t h e mova bl e pa r t s
sh a l l oper a t e fr eel y wi t h ou t bi n di n g or
u n du e pl a y .
(i i ) Met a l bea r i n gs of l ock s, wh eel s,
pu l l ey s, et c. , sh a l l be fr equ en t l y l u br i -
ca t ed.
(i i i ) F r a y ed or ba dl y wor n r ope sh a l l
be r epl a ced.
(i v) S a fet y feet a n d ot h er a u xi l i a r y
equ i pmen t sh a l l be k ept i n good con di -
t i on t o i n su r e pr oper per for ma n ce.
(v)(i x) [Reser ved]
(x) La dder s sh a l l be i n spect ed fr e-
qu en t l y a n d t h ose wh i ch h a ve devel -
oped defect s sh a l l be wi t h dr a wn fr om
ser vi ce for r epa i r or dest r u ct i on a n d
t a gged or ma r k ed a s Da n ger ou s, Do
Not Use.
(xi ) Ru n gs sh ou l d be k ept fr ee of
gr ea se a n d oi l .
(2) Use. Th e fol l owi n g sa fet y pr e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l be obser ved i n con n ec-
t i on wi t h t h e u se of l a dder s:
(i ) P or t a bl e r u n g a n d cl ea t l a dder s
sh a l l , wh er e possi bl e, be u sed a t su ch a
pi t ch t h a t t h e h or i zon t a l di st a n ce fr om
t h e t op su ppor t t o t h e foot of t h e l a d-
der i s on e-qu a r t er of t h e wor k i n g
l en gt h of t h e l a dder (t h e l en gt h a l on g
t h e l a dder bet ween t h e foot a n d t h e t op
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
123
su ppor t ). Th e l a dder sh a l l be so pl a ced
a s t o pr even t sl i ppi n g, or i t sh a l l be
l a sh ed, or h el d i n posi t i on . La dder s
sh a l l n ot be u sed i n a h or i zon t a l posi -
t i on a s pl a t for ms, r u n wa y s, or sca f-
fol ds;
(i i ) La dder s for wh i ch di men si on s a r e
speci fi ed sh ou l d n ot be u sed by mor e
t h a n on e ma n a t a t i me n or wi t h l a dder
j a ck s a n d sca ffol d pl a n k s wh er e u se by
mor e t h a n on e ma n i s a n t i ci pa t ed. I n
su ch ca ses, speci a l l y desi gn ed l a dder s
wi t h l a r ger di men si on s of t h e pa r t s
sh ou l d be pr ocu r ed;
(i i i ) P or t a bl e l a dder s sh a l l be so
pl a ced t h a t t h e si de r a i l s h a ve a secu r e
foot i n g. Th e t op r est for por t a bl e r u n g
a n d cl ea t l a dder s sh a l l be r ea son a bl y
r i gi d a n d sh a l l h a ve a mpl e st r en gt h t o
su ppor t t h e a ppl i ed l oa d;
(i v) La dder s sh a l l n ot be pl a ced i n
fr on t of door s open i n g t owa r d t h e l a d-
der u n l ess t h e door i s bl ock ed u pon ,
l ock ed, or gu a r ded;
(v) La dder s sh a l l n ot be pl a ced on
boxes, ba r r el s, or ot h er u n st a bl e ba ses
t o obt a i n a ddi t i on a l h ei gh t ;
(vi )(vi i ) [Reser ved]
(vi i i ) La dder s wi t h br ok en or mi ssi n g
st eps, r u n gs, or cl ea t s, br ok en si de
r a i l s, or ot h er fa u l t y equ i pmen t sh a l l
n ot be u sed; i mpr ovi sed r epa i r s sh a l l
n ot be ma de;
(i x) S h or t l a dder s sh a l l n ot be spl i ced
t oget h er t o pr ovi de l on g sect i on s;
(x) La dder s ma de by fa st en i n g cl ea t s
a cr oss a si n gl e r a i l sh a l l n ot be u sed;
(xi ) La dder s sh a l l n ot be u sed a s
gu y s, br a ces, or sk i ds, or for ot h er t h a n
t h ei r i n t en ded pu r poses;
(xi i ) Tops of t h e or di n a r y t y pes of
st epl a dder s sh a l l n ot be u sed a s st eps;
(xi i i ) On t wo-sect i on ext en si on l a d-
der s t h e mi n i mu m over l a p for t h e t wo
sect i on s i n u se sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
Size of ladder (feet)
Overlap
(feet)
Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3
Over 36 up to and including 48 ........................... 4
Over 48 up to and including 60 ........................... 5
(xi v) P or t a bl e r u n g l a dder s wi t h r ei n -
for ced r a i l s (see pa r a gr a ph s (c)(3) (i i )(c)
a n d (i i i )(d) t h i s sect i on ) sh a l l be u sed
on l y wi t h t h e met a l r ei n for cemen t on
t h e u n der si de;
(xv) No l a dder sh ou l d be u sed t o ga i n
a ccess t o a r oof u n l ess t h e t op of t h e
l a dder sh a l l ext en d a t l ea st 3 feet a bove
t h e poi n t of su ppor t , a t ea ve, gu t t er , or
r oofl i n e;
(xvi ) [Reser ved]
(xvi i ) Mi ddl e a n d t op sect i on s of sec-
t i on a l or wi n dow cl ea n er s l a dder s
sh ou l d n ot be u sed for bot t om sect i on
u n l ess t h e u ser equ i ps t h em wi t h sa fet y
sh oes;
(xvi i i ) [Reser ved]
(xi x) Th e u ser sh ou l d equ i p a l l por t -
a bl e r u n g l a dder s wi t h n on sl i p ba ses
wh en t h er e i s a h a za r d of sl i ppi n g. Non -
sl i p ba ses a r e n ot i n t en ded a s a su b-
st i t u t e for ca r e i n sa fel y pl a ci n g, l a sh -
i n g, or h ol di n g a l a dder t h a t i s bei n g
u sed u pon oi l y , met a l , con cr et e, or sl i p-
per y su r fa ces;
(xx) Th e br a ci n g on t h e ba ck l egs of
st ep l a dder s i s desi gn ed sol el y for i n -
cr ea si n g st a bi l i t y a n d n ot for cl i mbi n g.
F R 49744, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5321, F eb. 10,
1984]
1910.26 Portable metal ladders.
(a ) Requ iremen t s(1) Gen eral. S peci fi c
desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s
a r e n ot pa r t of t h i s sect i on beca u se of
t h e wi de va r i et y of met a l s a n d desi gn
possi bi l i t i es. However , t h e desi gn sh a l l
be su ch a s t o pr odu ce a l a dder wi t h ou t
st r u ct u r a l defect s or a cci den t h a za r ds
su ch a s sh a r p edges, bu r r s, et c. Th e
met a l sel ect ed sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t
st r en gt h t o meet t h e t est r equ i r e-
men t s, a n d sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
cor r osi on u n l ess i n h er en t l y cor r osi on -
r esi st a n t .
(i )(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Th e spa ci n g of r u n gs or st eps
sh a l l be on 12-i n ch cen t er s.
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Ru n gs a n d st eps sh a l l be cor -
r u ga t ed, k n u r l ed, di mpl ed, coa t ed wi t h
sk i d-r esi st a n t ma t er i a l , or ot h er wi se
t r ea t ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of
sl i ppi n g.
(2) Gen eral specif icat ion sst raigh t an d
ext en sion ladders. (i ) Th e mi n i mu m
wi dt h bet ween si de r a i l s of a st r a i gh t
l a dder or a n y sect i on of a n ext en si on
l a dder sh a l l be 12 i n ch es.
(i i ) Th e l en gt h of si n gl e l a dder s or i n -
di vi du a l sect i on s of l a dder s sh a l l n ot
exceed 30 feet . Two-sect i on l a dder s
sh a l l n ot exceed 48 feet i n l en gt h a n d
over t wo-sect i on l a dder s sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 60 feet i n l en gt h .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
124
(i i i ) Ba sed on t h e n omi n a l l en gt h of
t h e l a dder , ea ch sect i on of a mu l t i sec-
t i on l a dder sh a l l over l a p t h e a dj a cen t
sect i on by a t l ea st t h e n u mber of feet
st a t ed i n t h e fol l owi n g:
Normal length of ladder (feet)
Overlap
(feet)
Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3
Over 36, up to and including 48 .......................... 4
Over 48, up to 60 ................................................ 5
(i v) Ext en si on l a dder s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h posi t i ve st ops wh i ch wi l l
i n su r e t h e over l a p speci fi ed i n t h e
t a bl e a bove.
(3) Gen eral specif icat ion sst ep ladders.
(i i i ) Th e l en gt h of a st epl a dder i s
mea su r ed by t h e l en gt h of t h e fr on t
r a i l . To be cl a ssi fi ed a s a st a n da r d
l en gt h l a dder , t h e mea su r ed l en gt h
sh a l l be wi t h i n pl u s or mi n u s on e-h a l f
i n ch of t h e speci fi ed l en gt h . S t ep-
l a dder s sh a l l n ot exceed 20 feet i n
l en gt h .
(i v)(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Th e bot t oms of t h e fou r r a i l s a r e
t o be su ppl i ed wi t h i n su l a t i n g n on sl i p
ma t er i a l for t h e sa fet y of t h e u ser .
(vi i i ) A met a l spr ea der or l ock i n g de-
vi ce of su ffi ci en t si ze a n d st r en gt h t o
secu r el y h ol d t h e fr on t a n d ba ck sec-
t i on s i n t h e open posi t i on sh a l l be a
compon en t of ea ch st epl a dder . Th e
spr ea der sh a l l h a ve a l l sh a r p poi n t s or
edges cover ed or r emoved t o pr ot ect
t h e u ser .
(4) Gen eral specif icat ion st rest les an d
ext en sion t rest le ladders. (i ) Tr est l e l a d-
der s or ext en si on sect i on s or ba se sec-
t i on s of ext en si on t r est l e l a dder s sh a l l
be n ot mor e t h a n 20 feet i n l en gt h .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(5) Gen eral specif icat ion splat f orm lad-
ders. (i ) Th e l en gt h of a pl a t for m l a dder
sh a l l n ot exceed 20 feet . Th e l en gt h of
a pl a t for m l a dder sh a l l be mea su r ed
a l on g t h e fr on t r a i l fr om t h e fl oor t o
t h e pl a t for m.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Care an d main t en an ce of ladders
(1) Gen eral. To get ma xi mu m ser vi ce-
a bi l i t y , sa fet y , a n d t o el i mi n a t e u n n ec-
essa r y da ma ge of equ i pmen t , good sa fe
pr a ct i ces i n t h e u se a n d ca r e of l a dder
equ i pmen t mu st be empl oy ed by t h e
u ser s.
Th e fol l owi n g r u l es a n d r egu l a t i on s
a r e essen t i a l t o t h e l i fe of t h e equ i p-
men t a n d t h e sa fet y of t h e u ser .
(2) Care of ladders.
(i )(i i i ) [Reser ved]
(i v) La dder s mu st be ma i n t a i n ed i n
good u sa bl e con di t i on a t a l l t i mes.
(v) [Reser ved]
(vi ) I f a l a dder i s i n vol ved i n a n y of
t h e fol l owi n g, i mmedi a t e i n spect i on i s
n ecessa r y :
(a) I f l a dder s t i p over , i n spect l a dder
for si de r a i l s den t s or ben ds, or exces-
si vel y den t ed r u n gs; ch eck a l l r u n g-t o-
si de-r a i l con n ect i on s; ch eck h a r dwa r e
con n ect i on s; ch eck r i vet s for sh ea r .
(b)(c) [Reser ved]
(d) I f l a dder s a r e exposed t o oi l a n d
gr ea se, equ i pmen t sh ou l d be cl ea n ed of
oi l , gr ea se, or sl i pper y ma t er i a l s. Th i s
ca n ea si l y be don e wi t h a sol ven t or
st ea m cl ea n i n g.
(vi i ) La dder s h a vi n g defect s a r e t o be
ma r k ed a n d t a k en ou t of ser vi ce u n t i l
r epa i r ed by ei t h er ma i n t en a n ce depa r t -
men t or t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(3) Use of ladders. (i ). A si mpl e r u l e
for set t i n g u p a l a dder a t t h e pr oper
a n gl e i s t o pl a ce t h e ba se a di st a n ce
fr om t h e ver t i ca l wa l l equ a l t o on e-
fou r t h t h e wor k i n g l en gt h of t h e l a d-
der .
(i i ) P or t a bl e l a dder s a r e desi gn ed a s a
on e-ma n wor k i n g l a dder ba sed on a 200-
pou n d l oa d.
(i i i ) Th e l a dder ba se sect i on mu st be
pl a ced wi t h a secu r e foot i n g.
(i v) Th e t op of t h e l a dder mu st be
pl a ced wi t h t h e t wo r a i l s su ppor t ed,
u n l ess equ i pped wi t h a si n gl e su ppor t
a t t a ch men t .
(v) Wh en a scen di n g or descen di n g,
t h e cl i mber mu st fa ce t h e l a dder .
(vi ) La dder s mu st n ot be t i ed or fa s-
t en ed t oget h er t o pr ovi de l on ger sec-
t i on s. Th ey mu st be equ i pped wi t h t h e
h a r dwa r e fi t t i n gs n ecessa r y i f t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er en dor ses ext en ded u ses.
(vi i ) La dder s sh ou l d n ot be u sed a s a
br a ce, sk i d, gu y or gi n pol e, ga n gwa y ,
or for ot h er u ses t h a n t h a t for wh i ch
t h ey wer e i n t en ded, u n l ess speci fi ca l l y
r ecommen ded for u se by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
125
(vi i i ) S ee 1910. 333(c) for wor k pr a c-
t i ces t o be u sed wh en wor k i s per -
for med on or n ea r el ect r i c ci r cu i t s.
F R 49745, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5321, F eb. 10,
1984; 55 F R 32014, Au g. 6, 1990]
1910.27 Fixed ladders.
(a ) Design requ iremen t s(1) Desi gn
con si der a t i on s. Al l l a dder s, a ppu r -
t en a n ces, a n d fa st en i n gs sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o meet t h e fol l owi n g l oa d r e-
qu i r emen t s:
(i ) Th e mi n i mu m desi gn l i ve l oa d
sh a l l be a si n gl e con cen t r a t ed l oa d of
200 pou n ds.
(i i ) Th e n u mber a n d posi t i on of a ddi -
t i on a l con cen t r a t ed l i ve-l oa d u n i t s of
200 pou n ds ea ch a s det er mi n ed fr om a n -
t i ci pa t ed u sa ge of t h e l a dder sh a l l be
con si der ed i n t h e desi gn .
(i i i ) Th e l i ve l oa ds i mposed by per -
son s occu py i n g t h e l a dder sh a l l be con -
si der ed t o be con cen t r a t ed a t su ch
poi n t s a s wi l l ca u se t h e ma xi mu m
st r ess i n t h e st r u ct u r a l member bei n g
con si der ed.
(i v) Th e wei gh t of t h e l a dder a n d a t -
t a ch ed a ppu r t en a n ces t oget h er wi t h
t h e l i ve l oa d sh a l l be con si der ed i n t h e
desi gn of r a i l s a n d fa st en i n gs.
(2) Design st resses. Desi gn st r esses for
wood compon en t s of l a dder s sh a l l n ot
exceed t h ose speci fi ed i n 1910. 25. Al l
wood pa r t s of fi xed l a dder s sh a l l meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 25(b).
F or fi xed l a dder s con si st i n g of wood
si de r a i l s a n d wood r u n gs or cl ea t s,
u sed a t a pi t ch i n t h e r a n ge 75 degr ees
t o 90 degr ees, a n d i n t en ded for u se by
n o mor e t h a n on e per son per sect i on ,
si n gl e l a dder s a s descr i bed i n
1910. 25(c)(3)(i i ) a r e a ccept a bl e.
(b) Specif ic f eat u res(1) Ru n gs an d
cleat s. (i ) Al l r u n gs sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m di a met er of t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch
for met a l l a dder s, except a s cover ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(i ) of t h i s sect i on a n d a
mi n i mu m di a met er of 1
1
8 i n ch es for
wood l a dder s.
(i i ) Th e di st a n ce bet ween r u n gs,
cl ea t s, a n d st eps sh a l l n ot exceed 12
i n ch es a n d sh a l l be u n i for m t h r ou gh ou t
t h e l en gt h of t h e l a dder .
(i i i ) Th e mi n i mu m cl ea r l en gt h of
r u n gs or cl ea t s sh a l l be 16 i n ch es.
(i v) Ru n gs, cl ea t s, a n d st eps sh a l l be
fr ee of spl i n t er s, sh a r p edges, bu r r s, or
pr oj ect i on s wh i ch ma y be a h a za r d.
(v) Th e r u n gs of a n i n di vi du a l -r u n g
l a dder sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t t h e
foot ca n n ot sl i de off t h e en d. A su g-
gest ed desi gn i s sh own i n fi gu r e D1.
F I GURE D1S UGGES TED DES I GN F OR RUNGS
ON I NDI VI DUAL-RUNG LADDERS .
(2) Side rails. S i de r a i l s wh i ch mi gh t
be u sed a s a cl i mbi n g a i d sh a l l be of
su ch cr oss sect i on s a s t o a ffor d a de-
qu a t e gr i ppi n g su r fa ce wi t h ou t sh a r p
edges, spl i n t er s, or bu r r s.
(3) Fast en in gs. F a st en i n gs sh a l l be a n
i n t egr a l pa r t of fi xed l a dder desi gn .
(4) Splices. Al l spl i ces ma de by wh a t -
ever mea n s sh a l l meet desi gn r equ i r e-
men t s a s n ot ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s
sect i on . Al l spl i ces a n d con n ect i on s
sh a l l h a ve smoot h t r a n si t i on wi t h
or i gi n a l member s a n d wi t h n o sh a r p or
ext en si ve pr oj ect i on s.
(5) Elect roly t ic act ion . Adequ a t e mea n s
sh a l l be empl oy ed t o pr ot ect di ssi mi l a r
met a l s fr om el ect r ol y t i c a ct i on wh en
su ch met a l s a r e j oi n ed.
(6) Weldin g. Al l wel di n g sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Code for Wel di n g
i n Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on (AWS D1. 0
1966).
(7) Prot ect ion f rom det eriorat ion . (i )
Met a l l a dder s a n d a ppu r t en a n ces sh a l l
be pa i n t ed or ot h er wi se t r ea t ed t o r e-
si st cor r osi on a n d r u st i n g wh en l oca -
t i on dema n ds. La dder s for med by i n di -
vi du a l met a l r u n gs i mbedded i n con -
cr et e, wh i ch ser ve a s a ccess t o pi t s a n d
t o ot h er a r ea s u n der fl oor s, a r e fr e-
qu en t l y l oca t ed i n a n a t mosph er e t h a t
ca u ses cor r osi on a n d r u st i n g. To i n -
cr ea se r u n g l i fe i n su ch a t mosph er e, i n -
di vi du a l met a l r u n gs sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m di a met er of 1 i n ch or sh a l l be
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
1
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
126
pa i n t ed or ot h er wi se t r ea t ed t o r esi st
cor r osi on a n d r u st i n g.
(i i ) Wood l a dder s, wh en u sed u n der
con di t i on s wh er e deca y ma y occu r ,
sh a l l be t r ea t ed wi t h a n on i r r i t a t i n g
pr eser va t i ve, a n d t h e det a i l s sh a l l be
su ch a s t o pr even t or mi n i mi ze t h e a c-
cu mu l a t i on of wa t er on wood pa r t s.
(i i i ) Wh en di ffer en t t y pes of ma t e-
r i a l s a r e u sed i n t h e con st r u ct i on of a
l a dder , t h e ma t er i a l s u sed sh a l l be so
t r ea t ed a s t o h a ve n o del et er i ou s effect
on e u pon t h e ot h er .
F I GURE D2RAI L LADDER WI TH BAR S TEEL
RAI LS AND ROUND S TEEL RUNGS
(c) Clearan ce(1) Climbin g side. On
fi xed l a dder s, t h e per pen di cu l a r di s-
t a n ce fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e r u n gs
t o t h e n ea r est per ma n en t obj ect on t h e
cl i mbi n g si de of t h e l a dder sh a l l be 36
i n ch es for a pi t ch of 76 degr ees, a n d 30
i n ch es for a pi t ch of 90 degr ees (fi g. D
2 of t h i s sect i on ), wi t h mi n i mu m cl ea r -
a n ces for i n t er medi a t e pi t ch es va r y i n g
bet ween t h ese t wo l i mi t s i n pr opor t i on
t o t h e sl ope, except a s pr ovi ded i n su b-
pa r a gr a ph s (3) a n d (5) of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(2) L adders wit h ou t cages or wells. A
cl ea r wi dt h of a t l ea st 15 i n ch es sh a l l
be pr ovi ded ea ch wa y fr om t h e cen t er -
l i n e of t h e l a dder i n t h e cl i mbi n g
spa ce, except wh en ca ges or wel l s a r e
n ecessa r y .
(3) L adders wit h cages or bask et s. La d-
der s equ i pped wi t h ca ge or ba sk et a r e
except ed fr om t h e pr ovi si on s of su b-
pa r a gr a ph s (1) a n d (2) of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph , bu t sh a l l con for m t o t h e pr ovi -
si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d)(1)(v) of t h i s sec-
t i on . F i xed l a dder s i n smoot h -wa l l ed
wel l s a r e except ed fr om t h e pr ovi si on s
of su bpa r a gr a ph (1) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph ,
bu t sh a l l con for m t o t h e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (d)(1)(vi ) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Clearan ce in back of ladder. Th e
di st a n ce fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of r u n gs,
cl ea t s, or st eps t o t h e n ea r est per ma -
n en t obj ect i n ba ck of t h e l a dder sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n 7 i n ch es, except t h a t
wh en u n a voi da bl e obst r u ct i on s a r e en -
cou n t er ed, mi n i mu m cl ea r a n ces a s
sh own i n fi gu r e D3 sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
MI NI MUM LADDER CLEARANCES
F I GURE D3CLEARANCE F OR UNAVOI DABLE
OBS TRUCTI ON AT REAR OF F I XED LADDER
(5) Clearan ce in back of grab bar. Th e
di st a n ce fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e
gr a b ba r t o t h e n ea r est per ma n en t ob-
j ect i n ba ck of t h e gr a b ba r s sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es. Gr a b ba r s sh a l l
n ot pr ot r u de on t h e cl i mbi n g si de be-
y on d t h e r u n gs of t h e l a dder wh i ch
t h ey ser ve.
(6) St ep-across dist an ce. Th e st ep-
a cr oss di st a n ce fr om t h e n ea r est edge
of l a dder t o t h e n ea r est edge of equ i p-
men t or st r u ct u r e sh a l l be n ot mor e
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
2
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
3
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
127
t h a n 12 i n ch es, or l ess t h a n 2
1
2 i n ch es
(fi g. D4).
F I GURE D4LADDER F AR F ROM WALL
(7) Hat ch cover. Cou n t er wei gh t ed
h a t ch cover s sh a l l open a mi n i mu m of
60 degr ees fr om t h e h or i zon t a l . Th e di s-
t a n ce fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of r u n gs or
cl ea t s t o t h e edge of t h e h a t ch open i n g
on t h e cl i mbi n g si de sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 24 i n ch es for offset wel l s or 30
i n ch es for st r a i gh t wel l s. Th er e sh a l l be
n ot pr ot r u di n g pot en t i a l h a za r ds wi t h -
i n 24 i n ch es of t h e cen t er l i n e of r u n gs
or cl ea t s; a n y su ch h a za r ds wi t h i n 30
i n ch es of t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e r u n gs or
cl ea t s sh a l l be fi t t ed wi t h defl ect or
pl a t es pl a ced a t a n a n gl e of 60 degr ees
fr om t h e h or i zon t a l a s i n di ca t ed i n fi g-
u r e D5. Th e r el a t i on sh i p of a fi xed l a d-
der t o a n a ccept a bl e cou n t er wei gh t ed
h a t ch cover i s i l l u st r a t ed i n fi gu r e D6.
(d) Special requ iremen t s(1) Cages or
wells. (i ) Ca ges or wel l s (except on
ch i mn ey l a dder s) sh a l l be bu i l t , a s
sh own on t h e a ppl i ca bl e dr a wi n gs, cov-
er ed i n det a i l i n fi gu r es D7, D8, a n d
D9, or of equ i va l en t con st r u ct i on .
(i i ) Ca ges or wel l s (except a s pr ovi ded
i n su bpa r a gr a ph (5) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph )
con for mi n g t o t h e di men si on s sh own i n
fi gu r es D7, D8, a n d D9 sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on l a dder s of mor e t h a n 20 feet t o
a ma xi mu m u n br ok en l en gt h of 30 feet .
F I GURE D5DEF LECTOR P LATES F OR HEAD
HAZARDS
F I GURE D6RELATI ONS HI P OF F I XED LADDER
TO A S AF E ACCES S HATCH
(i i i ) Ca ges sh a l l ext en d a mi n i mu m of
42 i n ch es a bove t h e t op of l a n di n g, u n -
l ess ot h er a ccept a bl e pr ot ect i on i s pr o-
vi ded.
(i v) Ca ges sh a l l ext en d down t h e l a d-
der t o a poi n t n ot l ess t h a n 7 feet n or
mor e t h a n 8 feet a bove t h e ba se of t h e
l a dder , wi t h bot t om fl a r ed n ot l ess
t h a n 4 i n ch es, or por t i on of ca ge oppo-
si t e l a dder sh a l l be ca r r i ed t o t h e ba se.
(v) Ca ges sh a l l n ot ext en d l ess t h a n
27 n or mor e t h a n 28 i n ch es fr om t h e
cen t er l i n e of t h e r u n gs of t h e l a dder .
Ca ge sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 27 i n ch es i n
wi dt h . Th e i n si de sh a l l be cl ea r of pr o-
j ect i on s. Ver t i ca l ba r s sh a l l be l oca t ed
a t a ma xi mu m spa ci n g of 40 degr ees
a r ou n d t h e ci r cu mfer en ce of t h e ca ge;
t h i s wi l l gi ve a ma xi mu m spa ci n g of
a ppr oxi ma t el y 9
1
2 i n ch es, cen t er t o
cen t er .
(vi ) La dder wel l s sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r
wi dt h of a t l ea st 15 i n ch es mea su r ed
ea ch wa y fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e
l a dder . S moot h -wa l l ed wel l s sh a l l be a
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
4
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
5
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
6
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
128
mi n i mu m of 27 i n ch es fr om t h e cen t er -
l i n e of r u n gs t o t h e wel l wa l l on t h e
cl i mbi n g si de of t h e l a dder . Wh er e
ot h er obst r u ct i on s on t h e cl i mbi n g si de
of t h e l a dder exi st , t h er e sh a l l be a
mi n i mu m of 30 i n ch es fr om t h e cen t er -
l i n e of t h e r u n gs.
F I GURE D7CAGES F OR LADDERS MORE THAN
20 F EET HI GH
F I GURE D8CLEARANCE DI AGRAM F OR F I XED LADDER I N WELL
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
7
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
129
F I GURE D9CAGES S P ECI AL AP P LI CATI ONS .
(2) L an din g plat f orms. Wh en l a dder s
a r e u sed t o a scen d t o h ei gh t s exceedi n g
20 feet (except on ch i mn ey s), l a n di n g
pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch 30
feet of h ei gh t or fr a ct i on t h er eof, ex-
cept t h a t , wh er e n o ca ge, wel l , or l a d-
der sa fet y devi ce i s pr ovi ded, l a n di n g
pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch 20
feet of h ei gh t or fr a ct i on t h er eof. Ea ch
l a dder sect i on sh a l l be offset fr om a dj a -
cen t sect i on s. Wh er e i n st a l l a t i on con -
di t i on s (even for a sh or t , u n br ok en
l en gt h ) r equ i r e t h a t a dj a cen t sect i on s
be offset , l a n di n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a t ea ch offset .
(i ) Wh er e a ma n h a s t o st ep a di s-
t a n ce gr ea t er t h a n 12 i n ch es fr om t h e
cen t er l i n e of t h e r u n g of a l a dder t o t h e
n ea r est edge of st r u ct u r e or equ i pmen t ,
a l a n di n g pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
Th e mi n i mu m st ep-a cr oss di st a n ce
sh a l l be 2
1
2 i n ch es.
(i i ) Al l l a n di n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h st a n da r d r a i l i n gs a n d
t oeboa r ds, so a r r a n ged a s t o gi ve sa fe
a ccess t o t h e l a dder . P l a t for ms sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 24 i n ch es i n wi dt h a n d 30
i n ch es i n l en gt h .
(i i i ) On e r u n g of a n y sect i on of l a dder
sh a l l be l oca t ed a t t h e l evel of t h e
l a n di n g l a t er a l l y ser ved by t h e l a dder .
Wh er e a ccess t o t h e l a n di n g i s t h r ou gh
t h e l a dder , t h e sa me r u n g spa ci n g a s
u sed on t h e l a dder sh a l l be u sed fr om
t h e l a n di n g pl a t for m t o t h e fi r st r u n g
bel ow t h e l a n di n g.
(3) L adder ext en sion s. Th e si de r a i l s of
t h r ou gh or si de-st ep l a dder ext en si on s
sh a l l ext en d 3
1
2 feet a bove pa r a pet s a n d
l a n di n gs. F or t h r ou gh l a dder ext en -
si on s, t h e r u n gs sh a l l be omi t t ed fr om
t h e ext en si on a n d sh a l l h a ve n ot l ess
t h a n 18 n or mor e t h a n 24 i n ch es cl ea r -
a n ce bet ween r a i l s. F or si de-st ep or off-
set fi xed l a dder sect i on s, a t l a n di n gs,
t h e si de r a i l s a n d r u n gs sh a l l be ca r r i ed
t o t h e n ext r egu l a r r u n g bey on d or
a bove t h e 3
1
2 feet mi n i mu m (fi g. D10).
F I GURE D10OF F S ET F I XED LADDER
S ECTI ONS
(4) Grab bars. Gr a b ba r s sh a l l be
spa ced by a con t i n u a t i on of t h e r u n g
spa ci n g wh en t h ey a r e l oca t ed i n t h e
h or i zon t a l posi t i on . Ver t i ca l gr a b ba r s
sh a l l h a ve t h e sa me spa ci n g a s t h e l a d-
der si de r a i l s. Gr a b-ba r di a met er s sh a l l
be t h e equ i va l en t of t h e r ou n d-r u n g di -
a met er s.
(5) L adder saf et y devices. La dder sa fe-
t y devi ces ma y be u sed on t ower , wa t er
t a n k , a n d ch i mn ey l a dder s over 20 feet
i n u n br ok en l en gt h i n l i eu of ca ge pr o-
t ect i on . No l a n di n g pl a t for m i s r e-
qu i r ed i n t h ese ca ses. Al l l a dder sa fet y
devi ces su ch a s t h ose t h a t i n cor por a t e
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
0
9
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
0
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
130
l i febel t s, fr i ct i on br a k es, a n d sl i di n g
a t t a ch men t s sh a l l meet t h e desi gn r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h e l a dder s wh i ch t h ey
ser ve.
(e) Pit ch (1) Pref erred pit ch . Th e pr e-
fer r ed pi t ch of fi xed l a dder s sh a l l be
con si der ed t o come i n t h e r a n ge of 75
degr ees a n d 90 degr ees wi t h t h e h or i -
zon t a l (fi g. D11).
F I GURE D11P I TCH OF F I XED LADDERS
(2) Su bst an dard pit ch . F i xed l a dder s
sh a l l be con si der ed a s su bst a n da r d i f
t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed wi t h i n t h e su b-
st a n da r d pi t ch r a n ge of 60 a n d 75 de-
gr ees wi t h t h e h or i zon t a l . S u bst a n da r d
fi xed l a dder s a r e per mi t t ed on l y wh er e
i t i s fou n d n ecessa r y t o meet con di -
t i on s of i n st a l l a t i on . Th i s su bst a n da r d
pi t ch r a n ge sh a l l be con si der ed a s a
cr i t i ca l r a n ge t o be a voi ded, i f possi bl e.
(3) Scope of coverage in t h is sect ion .
Th i s sect i on cover s on l y fi xed l a dder s
wi t h i n t h e pi t ch r a n ge of 60 degr ees
a n d 90 degr ees wi t h t h e h or i zon t a l .
(4) Pit ch great er t h an 90 degrees. La d-
der s h a vi n g a pi t ch i n excess of 90 de-
gr ees wi t h t h e h or i zon t a l a r e pr oh i b-
i t ed.
(f) Main t en an ce. Al l l a dder s sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa fe con di t i on . Al l l a d-
der s sh a l l be i n spect ed r egu l a r l y , wi t h
t h e i n t er va l s bet ween i n spect i on s bei n g
det er mi n ed by u se a n d exposu r e.
1910.28 Safety requirements for scaf-
folding.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s f or all scaf -
f olds. (1) S ca ffol ds sh a l l be fu r n i sh ed
a n d er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s
st a n da r d for per son s en ga ged i n wor k
t h a t ca n n ot be don e sa fel y fr om t h e
gr ou n d or fr om sol i d con st r u ct i on , ex-
cept t h a t l a dder s u sed for su ch wor k
sh a l l con for m t o 1910. 25 a n d 1910. 26.
(2) Th e foot i n g or a n ch or a ge for sca f-
fol ds sh a l l be sou n d, r i gi d, a n d ca pa bl e
of ca r r y i n g t h e ma xi mu m i n t en ded
l oa d wi t h ou t set t l i n g or di spl a cemen t .
Un st a bl e obj ect s su ch a s ba r r el s, boxes,
l oose br i ck , or con cr et e bl ock s sh a l l
n ot be u sed t o su ppor t sca ffol ds or
pl a n k s.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) S ca ffol ds a n d t h ei r compon en t s
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g wi t h ou t
fa i l u r e a t l ea st fou r t i mes t h e ma x-
i mu m i n t en ded l oa d.
(5) S ca ffol ds a n d ot h er devi ces men -
t i on ed or descr i bed i n t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed i n sa fe con di t i on . S ca f-
fol ds sh a l l n ot be a l t er ed or moved
h or i zon t a l l y wh i l e t h ey a r e i n u se or
occu pi ed.
(6) An y sca ffol d da ma ged or wea k -
en ed fr om a n y ca u se sh a l l be i mme-
di a t el y r epa i r ed a n d sh a l l n ot be u sed
u n t i l r epa i r s h a ve been compl et ed.
(7) S ca ffol ds sh a l l n ot be l oa ded i n
excess of t h e wor k i n g l oa d for wh i ch
t h ey a r e i n t en ded.
(8) Al l l oa d-ca r r y i n g t i mber member s
of sca ffol d fr a mi n g sh a l l be a mi n i mu m
of 1, 500 f . (S t r ess Gr a de) con st r u ct i on
gr a de l u mber . Al l di men si on s a r e n omi -
n a l si zes a s pr ovi ded i n t h e Amer i ca n
Lu mber S t a n da r ds, except t h a t wh er e
r ou gh si zes a r e n ot ed, on l y r ou gh or
u n dr essed l u mber of t h e si ze speci fi ed
wi l l sa t i sfy mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s.
(NOTE: Wh er e n omi n a l si zes of l u mber
a r e u sed i n pl a ce of r ou gh si zes, t h e
n omi n a l si ze l u mber sh a l l be su ch a s t o
pr ovi de equ i va l en t st r en gt h t o t h a t
speci fi ed i n t a bl es D7 t h r ou gh D12
a n d D16. )
(9) Al l pl a n k i n g sh a l l be S ca ffol d
Gr a de a s r ecogn i zed by gr a di n g r u l es
for t h e speci es of wood u sed. Th e ma x-
i mu m per mi ssi bl e spa n s for 2- 9-i n ch
or wi der pl a n k s a r e sh own i n t h e fol -
l owi n g t a bl e:
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
1
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
131
Material
Full thickness un-
dressed lumber
Nominal
thickness
lumber
Working load
(p.s.f.) ............... 25 50 75 25 50
Permissible span
(ft.) ................... 10 8 6 8 9
Th e ma xi mu m per mi ssi bl e spa n for
1
1
49-i n ch or wi der pl a n k of fu l l t h i ck -
n ess i s 4 feet wi t h medi u m l oa di n g of 50
p. s. f.
(10) Na i l s or bol t s u sed i n t h e con -
st r u ct i on of sca ffol ds sh a l l be of a de-
qu a t e si ze a n d i n su ffi ci en t n u mber s a t
ea ch con n ect i on t o devel op t h e de-
si gn ed st r en gt h of t h e sca ffol d. Na i l s
sh a l l n ot be su bj ect ed t o a st r a i gh t pu l l
a n d sh a l l be dr i ven fu l l l en gt h .
(11) Al l pl a n k i n g or pl a t for ms sh a l l
be over l a pped (mi n i mu m 12 i n ch es) or
secu r ed fr om movemen t .
(12) An a ccess l a dder or equ i va l en t
sa fe a ccess sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(13) S ca ffol d pl a n k s sh a l l ext en d over
t h ei r en d su ppor t s n ot l ess t h a n 6
i n ch es n or mor e t h a n 18 i n ch es.
(14) Th e pol es, l egs, or u pr i gh t s of
sca ffol ds sh a l l be pl u mb, a n d secu r el y
a n d r i gi dl y br a ced t o pr even t swa y i n g
a n d di spl a cemen t .
(15) Ma t er i a l s bei n g h oi st ed on t o a
sca ffol d sh a l l h a ve a t a g l i n e.
(16) Over h ea d pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for men on a sca ffol d exposed t o
over h ea d h a za r ds.
(17) S ca ffol ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
scr een bet ween t h e t oeboa r d a n d t h e
gu a r dr a i l , ext en di n g a l on g t h e en t i r e
open i n g, con si st i n g of No. 18 ga u ge U. S .
S t a n da r d Wi r e on e-h a l f-i n ch mesh or
t h e equ i va l en t , wh er e per son s a r e r e-
qu i r ed t o wor k or pa ss u n der t h e sca f-
fol ds.
(18) Empl oy ees sh a l l n ot wor k on
sca ffol ds du r i n g st or ms or h i gh wi n ds.
(19) Empl oy ees sh a l l n ot wor k on
sca ffol ds wh i ch a r e cover ed wi t h i ce or
sn ow, u n l ess a l l i ce or sn ow i s r emoved
a n d pl a n k i n g sa n ded t o pr even t sl i p-
pi n g.
(20) Tool s, ma t er i a l s, a n d debr i s sh a l l
n ot be a l l owed t o a ccu mu l a t e i n qu a n -
t i t i es t o ca u se a h a za r d.
(21) On l y t r ea t ed or pr ot ect ed fi ber
r ope sh a l l be u sed for or n ea r a n y wor k
i n vol vi n g t h e u se of cor r osi ve su b-
st a n ces or ch emi ca l s.
(22) Wi r e or fi ber r ope u sed for sca f-
fol d su spen si on sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su p-
por t i n g a t l ea st si x t i mes t h e i n t en ded
l oa d.
(23) Wh en a ci d sol u t i on s a r e u sed for
cl ea n i n g bu i l di n gs over 50 feet i n
h ei gh t , wi r e r ope su ppor t ed sca ffol ds
sh a l l be u sed.
(24) Th e u se of sh or e sca ffol ds or
l ea n -t o sca ffol ds i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(25) Lu mber si zes, wh en u sed i n t h i s
sect i on , r efer t o n omi n a l si zes except
wh er e ot h er wi se st a t ed.
(26) S ca ffol ds sh a l l be secu r ed t o per -
ma n en t st r u ct u r es, t h r ou gh u se of a n -
ch or bol t s, r evea l bol t s, or ot h er equ i v-
a l en t mea n s. Wi n dow cl ea n er s a n ch or
bol t s sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(27) S peci a l pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en t o pr ot ect sca ffol d member s, i n -
cl u di n g a n y wi r e or fi ber r opes, wh en
u si n g a h ea t -pr odu ci n g pr ocess.
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s f or wood pole
scaf f olds. (1) S ca ffol d pol es sh a l l bea r
on a fou n da t i on of su ffi ci en t si ze a n d
st r en gt h t o spr ea d t h e l oa d fr om t h e
pol es over a su ffi ci en t a r ea t o pr even t
set t l emen t . Al l pol es sh a l l be set
pl u mb.
(2) Wh er e wood pol es a r e spl i ced, t h e
en ds sh a l l be squ a r ed a n d t h e u pper
sect i on sh a l l r est squ a r el y on t h e l ower
sect i on . Wood spl i ce pl a t es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on a t l ea st t wo a dj a cen t si des
a n d sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 4 feet 0
i n ch es i n l en gt h , over l a ppi n g t h e a bu t -
t ed en ds equ a l l y , a n d h a ve t h e sa me
wi dt h a n d n ot l ess t h a n t h e cr oss-sec-
t i on a l a r ea of t h e pol e. S pl i ce pl a t es of
ot h er ma t er i a l s of equ i va l en t st r en gt h
ma y be u sed.
(3) I n depen den t pol e sca ffol ds sh a l l be
set a s n ea r t o t h e wa l l of t h e bu i l di n g
a s pr a ct i ca bl e.
(4) Al l pol e sca ffol ds sh a l l be secu r el y
gu y ed or t i ed t o t h e bu i l di n g or st r u c-
t u r e. Wh er e t h e h ei gh t or l en gt h ex-
ceeds 25 feet , t h e sca ffol d sh a l l be se-
cu r ed a t i n t er va l s n ot gr ea t er t h a n 25
feet ver t i ca l l y a n d h or i zon t a l l y .
(5) P u t l ogs or bea r er s sh a l l be set
wi t h t h ei r gr ea t er di men si on s ver t i ca l ,
l on g en ou gh t o pr oj ect over t h e l edger s
of t h e i n n er a n d ou t er r ows of pol es a t
l ea st 3 i n ch es for pr oper su ppor t .
(6) Ever y wooden pu t l og on si n gl e
pol e sca ffol ds sh a l l be r ei n for ced wi t h a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
132
3
162-i n ch st eel st r i p or equ i va l en t se-
cu r ed t o i t s l ower edge t h r ou gh ou t i t s
en t i r e l en gt h .
(7) Ledger s sh a l l be l on g en ou gh t o
ext en d over t wo pol e spa ces. Ledger s
sh a l l n ot be spl i ced bet ween t h e pol es.
Ledger s sh a l l be r ei n for ced by bea r i n g
bl ock s secu r el y n a i l ed t o t h e si de of
t h e pol e t o for m a su ppor t for t h e l edg-
er .
(8) Di a gon a l br a ci n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o pr even t t h e pol es fr om movi n g i n a
di r ect i on pa r a l l el wi t h t h e wa l l of t h e
bu i l di n g, or fr om bu ck l i n g.
(9) Cr oss br a ci n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded be-
t ween t h e i n n er a n d ou t er set s of pol es
i n i n depen den t pol e sca ffol ds. Th e fr ee
en ds of pol e sca ffol ds sh a l l be cr oss
br a ced.
(10) F u l l di a gon a l fa ce br a ci n g sh a l l
be er ect ed a cr oss t h e en t i r e fa ce of pol e
sca ffol ds i n bot h di r ect i on s. Th e br a ces
sh a l l be spl i ced a t t h e pol es.
(11) P l a t for m pl a n k s sh a l l be l a i d
wi t h t h ei r edges cl ose t oget h er so t h e
pl a t for m wi l l be t i gh t wi t h n o spa ces
t h r ou gh wh i ch t ool s or fr a gmen t s of
ma t er i a l ca n fa l l .
(12) Wh er e pl a n k i n g i s l a pped, ea ch
pl a n k sh a l l l a p i t s en d su ppor t s a t l ea st
12 i n ch es. Wh er e t h e en ds of pl a n k s
a bu t ea ch ot h er t o for m a fl u sh fl oor ,
t h e bu t t j oi n t sh a l l be a t t h e cen t er l i n e
of a pol e. Th e a bu t t ed en ds sh a l l r est
on sepa r a t e bea r er s. I n t er medi a t e
bea ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e n ec-
essa r y t o pr even t di sl odgmen t of
pl a n k s du e t o defl ect i on , a n d t h e en ds
sh a l l be n a i l ed or cl ea t ed t o pr even t
t h ei r di sl odgmen t .
(13) Wh en a sca ffol d t u r n s a cor n er ,
t h e pl a t for m pl a n k s sh a l l be l a i d t o
pr even t t i ppi n g. Th e pl a n k s t h a t meet
t h e cor n er pu t l og a t a n a n gl e sh a l l be
l a i d fi r st , ext en di n g over t h e di a go-
n a l l y pl a ced pu t l og fa r en ou gh t o h a ve
a good sa fe bea r i n g, bu t n ot fa r en ou gh
t o i n vol ve a n y da n ger fr om t i ppi n g.
Th e pl a n k i n g r u n n i n g i n t h e opposi t e
di r ect i on a t r i gh t a n gl es sh a l l be l a i d
so a s t o ext en d over a n d r est on t h e
fi r st l a y er of pl a n k i n g.
(14) Wh en movi n g pl a t for ms t o t h e
n ext l evel , t h e ol d pl a t for m sh a l l be
l eft u n di st u r bed u n t i l t h e n ew pu t l ogs
or bea r er s h a ve been set i n pl a ce, r ea dy
t o r ecei ve t h e pl a t for m pl a n k s.
(15) Gu a r dr a i l s n ot l ess t h a n 2 4
i n ch es or t h e equ i va l en t a n d n ot l ess
t h a n 36 i n ch es or mor e t h a n 42 i n ch es
h i gh , wi t h a mi d-r a i l , wh en r equ i r ed, of
1 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t oeboa r ds, sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a l l open
si des on a l l sca ffol ds mor e t h a n 10 feet
a bove t h e gr ou n d or fl oor . Toeboa r ds
sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of 4 i n ch es i n
h ei gh t . Wi r e mesh sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (a )(17) of
t h i s sect i on .
(16) Al l wood pol e sca ffol ds 60 feet or
l ess i n h ei gh t sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d
er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t a bl es D7
t h r ou gh D12 of t h i s sect i on . I f t h ey a r e
over 60 feet i n h ei gh t t h ey sh a l l be de-
si gn ed by a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en -
gi n eer a n d con st r u ct ed a n d er ect ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h su ch desi gn . A copy of
t h e t y pi ca l dr a wi n gs a n d speci fi ca t i on s
sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e t o t h e em-
pl oy er a n d for i n spect i on pu r poses.
(17) Wood-pol e sca ffol ds sh a l l n ot be
er ect ed bey on d t h e r ea ch of effect i ve
fi r efi gh t i n g a ppa r a t u s.
TABLE D7MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDSLIGHT DUTY
Maximum height of scaffold
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per
square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold .............................................. 5 ft. 0 in ........................................ 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 3 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 5 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in.(rough).
Ledgers ............................................................................ 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1
1
4 by 9 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 1
1
4 by 9 in. (rough) ...................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high (minimum) .................... 4 in. high (minimum).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
133
TABLE D7MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDSLIGHT DUTYContinued
20 feet 60 feet
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D8MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX-
IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDSMEDIUM DUTY
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 pounds
per square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft.
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 in.
Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal
members.
9 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 1
1
4 by 4 in.
Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
TABLE D9MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX-
IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDSHEAVY DUTY
per square foot.
Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.
(rough).
Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 6 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
members.
6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
TABLE D10MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDEPENDENT POLE
SCAFFOLDSLIGHT DUTY
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per
square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse) ................................................ 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ............................................................................ 1
1
4 by 4 in ................................... 1
1
4 by 9 in.
Bearers to 3 ft. 0 in. span ................................................ 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers to 10 ft. 0 in. span .............................................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 9 (rough) or 3 by 8 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 1
1
4 by 9 in ................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high ...................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
TABLE D11MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE-
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDSMEDIUM DUTY
per square foot.
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
members.
6 ft. 0 in.
Spacing of bearers ....................... 8 ft. 0 in.
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 by
10 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 1
1
4 by 4 in.
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDSMEDIUM DUTY
Continued
Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
134
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDSHEAVY DUTY
per square foot.
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
members.
4 ft. 6 in.
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough).
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
TABLE D13TUBE AND COUPLER
SCAFFOLDSLIGHT DUTY
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 25 p.s.f.
post spacing (longitudinal) ............ 10 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in.
Working levels
Additional planked
levels
Maximum height
1 8 125 ft.
2 4 125 ft.
3 0 91 ft. 0 in.
SCAFFOLDSMEDIUM DUTY
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in.
Working levels
Additional planked
levels
Maximum height
1 6 125 ft.
2 0 78 ft. 0 in.
SCAFFOLDSHEAVY DUTY
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 6 in.
Working levels
Additional planked
levels
Maximum height
1 6 125 ft.
(c) T u be an d cou pler scaf f olds. (1) A
l i gh t -du t y t u be a n d cou pl er sca ffol d
sh a l l h a ve a l l post s, bea r er s, r u n n er s,
a n d br a ci n g of n omi n a l 2-i n ch O. D.
st eel t u bi n g. Th e post s sh a l l be spa ced
n o mor e t h a n 6 feet a pa r t by 10 feet
a l on g t h e l en gt h of t h e sca ffol d. Ot h er
st r u ct u r a l met a l s wh en u sed mu st be
desi gn ed t o ca r r y a n equ i va l en t l oa d.
(2) A medi u m-du t y t u be a n d cou pl er
sca ffol d sh a l l h a ve a l l post s, r u n n er s,
st eel t u bi n g. P ost s spa ced n ot mor e
t h a n 6 feet a pa r t by 8 feet a l on g t h e
l en gt h of t h e sca ffol d sh a l l h a ve bea r -
er s of n omi n a l 2
1
2-i n ch O. D. st eel t u b-
i n g. P ost s spa ced n ot mor e t h a n 5 feet
a pa r t by 8 feet a l on g t h e l en gt h of t h e
sca ffol d sh a l l h a ve bea r er s of n omi n a l
2-i n ch O. D. st eel t u bi n g. Ot h er st r u c-
t u r a l met a l s wh en u sed mu st be de-
si gn ed t o ca r r y a n equ i va l en t l oa d.
(3) A h ea vy -du t y t u be a n d cou pl er
sca ffol d sh a l l h a ve a l l post s, r u n n er s,
st eel t u bi n g, wi t h t h e post s spa ced n ot
mor e t h a n 6 feet a pa r t by 6 feet 6
i n ch es a l on g t h e l en gt h of t h e sca ffol d.
Ot h er st r u ct u r a l met a l s wh en u sed
mu st be desi gn ed t o ca r r y a n equ i va -
l en t l oa d.
(4) Tu be a n d cou pl er sca ffol ds sh a l l
be l i mi t ed i n h ei gh t s a n d wor k i n g l ev-
el s t o t h ose per mi t t ed i n t a bl es D13,
14, a n d 15, of t h i s sect i on . Dr a wi n gs a n d
speci fi ca t i on s of a l l t u be a n d cou pl er
sca ffol ds a bove t h e l i mi t a t i on s i n t a -
bl es D13, 14, a n d 15 of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be desi gn ed by a r egi st er ed pr o-
fessi on a l en gi n eer a n d copi es ma de
a va i l a bl e t o t h e empl oy er a n d for i n -
spect i on pu r poses.
(5) Al l t u be a n d cou pl er sca ffol ds
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d er ect ed t o
su ppor t fou r t i mes t h e ma xi mu m i n -
t en ded l oa ds a s set for t h i n t a bl es D13,
14, a n d 15 of t h i s sect i on , or a s set for t h
i n t h e speci fi ca t i on s by a r egi st er ed
pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer , copi es wh i ch
sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e t o t h e em-
pl oy er a n d for i n spect i on pu r poses.
(6) Al l t u be a n d cou pl er sca ffol ds
sh a l l be er ect ed by compet en t a n d ex-
per i en ced per son n el .
(7) P ost s sh a l l be a ccu r a t el y spa ced,
er ect ed on su i t a bl e ba ses, a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed pl u mb.
(8) Ru n n er s sh a l l be er ect ed a l on g t h e
l en gt h of t h e sca ffol d l oca t ed on bot h
t h e i n si de a n d t h e ou t si de post s a t even
h ei gh t . Ru n n er s sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed t o
for m con t i n u ou s l en gt h s a n d cou pl ed t o
ea ch post . Th e bot t om r u n n er s sh a l l be
l oca t ed a s cl ose t o t h e ba se a s possi bl e.
Ru n n er s sh a l l be pl a ced n ot mor e t h a n
6 feet 6 i n ch es on cen t er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
135
(9) Bea r er s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t r a n s-
ver sel y bet ween post s a n d sh a l l be se-
cu r el y cou pl ed t o t h e post s bea r i n g on
t h e r u n n er cou pl er . Wh en cou pl ed di -
r ect l y t o t h e r u n n er s, t h e cou pl er mu st
be k ept a s cl ose t o t h e post s a s pos-
si bl e.
(10) Bea r er s sh a l l be a t l ea st 4 i n ch es
bu t n ot mor e t h a n 12 i n ch es l on ger
t h a n t h e post spa ci n g or r u n n er spa c-
i n g. Bea r er s ma y be ca n t i l ever ed for
u se a s br a ck et s t o ca r r y n ot mor e t h a n
t wo pl a n k s.
(11) Cr oss br a ci n g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
a cr oss t h e wi dt h of t h e sca ffol d a t l ea st
ever y t h i r d set of post s h or i zon t a l l y
a n d ever y fou r t h r u n n er ver t i ca l l y .
S u ch br a ci n g sh a l l ext en d di a gon a l l y
fr om t h e i n n er a n d ou t er r u n n er s u p-
wa r d t o t h e n ext ou t er a n d i n n er r u n -
n er s.
(12) Lon gi t u di n a l di a gon a l br a ci n g
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a ppr oxi ma t el y a
45-degr ee a n gl e fr om n ea r t h e ba se of
t h e fi r st ou t er post u pwa r d t o t h e ex-
t r eme t op of t h e sca ffol d. Wh er e t h e
l on gi t u di n a l l en gt h of t h e sca ffol d per -
mi t s, su ch br a ci n g sh a l l be du pl i ca t ed
begi n n i n g a t ever y fi ft h post . I n a si mi -
l a r ma n n er , l on gi t u di n a l di a gon a l br a c-
i n g sh a l l a l so be i n st a l l ed fr om t h e l a st
post ext en di n g ba ck a n d u pwa r d t o-
wa r d t h e fi r st post . Wh er e con di t i on s
pr ecl u de t h e a t t a ch men t of t h i s br a c-
i n g t o t h e post s, i t ma y be a t t a ch ed t o
t h e r u n n er s.
(13) Th e en t i r e sca ffol d sh a l l be t i ed
t o a n d secu r el y br a ced a ga i n st t h e
bu i l di n g a t i n t er va l s n ot t o exceed 30
feet h or i zon t a l l y a n d 26 feet ver t i ca l l y .
(14) Gu a r dr a i l s n ot l ess t h a n 24
14-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(d) T u bu lar welded f rame scaf f olds. (1)
Met a l t u bu l a r fr a me sca ffol ds, i n cl u d-
i n g a ccessor i es su ch a s br a ces, br a ck -
et s, t r u sses, scr ew l egs, l a dder s, et c. ,
sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d pr oved t o sa fel y
su ppor t fou r t i mes t h e ma xi mu m i n -
t en ded l oa d.
(2) S pa ci n g of pa n el s or fr a mes sh a l l
be con si st en t wi t h t h e l oa ds i mposed.
(3) S ca ffol ds sh a l l be pr oper l y br a ced
by cr oss br a ci n g or di a gon a l br a ces, or
bot h , for secu r i n g ver t i ca l member s t o-
get h er l a t er a l l y , a n d t h e cr oss br a ces
sh a l l be of su ch l en gt h a s wi l l a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y squ a r e a n d a l i n e ver t i ca l
member s so t h a t t h e er ect ed sca ffol d i s
a l wa y s pl u mb, squ a r e, a n d r i gi d. Al l
br a ce con n ect i on s sh a l l be ma de se-
cu r e.
(4) S ca ffol d l egs sh a l l be set on a d-
j u st a bl e ba ses or pl a i n ba ses pl a ced on
mu d si l l s or ot h er fou n da t i on s a de-
qu a t e t o su ppor t t h e ma xi mu m i n -
t en ded l oa d.
(5) Th e fr a mes sh a l l be pl a ced on e on
t op of t h e ot h er wi t h cou pl i n g or st a ck -
i n g pi n s t o pr ovi de pr oper ver t i ca l
a l i n emen t of t h e l egs.
(6) Wh er e u pl i ft ma y occu r , pa n el s
sh a l l be l ock ed t oget h er ver t i ca l l y by
pi n s or ot h er equ i va l en t su i t a bl e
mea n s.
1- 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(8) Al l t u bu l a r met a l sca ffol ds sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed a n d er ect ed t o su ppor t
fou r t i mes t h e ma xi mu m i n t en ded
l oa ds.
(9) To pr even t movemen t , t h e sca f-
fol d sh a l l be secu r ed t o t h e bu i l di n g or
st r u ct u r e a t i n t er va l s n ot t o exceed 30
feet h or i zon t a l l y a n d 26 feet ver t i ca l l y .
(10) Ma xi mu m per mi ssi bl e spa n s of
pl a n k i n g sh a l l be i n con for mi t y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (a )(9) of t h i s sect i on .
(11) Dr a wi n gs a n d speci fi ca t i on s for
a l l fr a me sca ffol ds over 125 feet i n
h ei gh t a bove t h e ba se pl a t es sh a l l be
desi gn ed by a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l
en gi n eer a n d copi es ma de a va i l a bl e t o
t h e empl oy er a n d for i n spect i on pu r -
poses.
(12) Al l t u bu l a r wel ded fr a me sca f-
fol ds sh a l l be er ect ed by compet en t a n d
exper i en ced per son n el .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
136
(13) F r a mes a n d a ccessor i es for sca f-
fol ds sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n good r e-
pa i r a n d ever y defect , u n sa fe con di t i on ,
or n on compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y cor r ect ed befor e
fu r t h er u se of t h e sca ffol d. An y br ok en ,
ben t , excessi vel y r u st ed, a l t er ed, or
ot h er wi se st r u ct u r a l l y da ma ged fr a mes
or a ccessor i es sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(14) P er i odi c i n spect i on s sh a l l be
ma de of a l l wel ded fr a mes a n d a cces-
sor i es, a n d a n y ma i n t en a n ce, i n cl u di n g
pa i n t i n g, or mi n or cor r ect i on s a u t h or -
i zed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , sh a l l be
ma de befor e fu r t h er u se.
(e) Ou t rigger scaf f olds. (1) Ou t r i gger
bea ms sh a l l ext en d n ot mor e t h a n 6
feet bey on d t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g.
Th e i n boa r d en d of ou t r i gger bea ms,
mea su r ed fr om t h e fu l cr u m poi n t t o
t h e ext r eme poi n t of su ppor t , sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n on e a n d on e-h a l f t i mes
t h e ou t boa r d en d i n l en gt h . Th e bea ms
sh a l l r est on edge, t h e si des sh a l l be
pl u mb, a n d t h e edges sh a l l be h or i -
zon t a l . Th e fu l cr u m poi n t of t h e bea m
sh a l l r est on a secu r e bea r i n g a t l ea st
6 i n ch es i n ea ch h or i zon t a l di men si on .
Th e bea m sh a l l be secu r ed i n pl a ce
a ga i n st movemen t a n d sh a l l be se-
cu r el y br a ced a t t h e fu l cr u m poi n t
a ga i n st t i ppi n g.
(2) Th e i n boa r d en ds of ou t r i gger
bea ms sh a l l be secu r el y su ppor t ed ei -
t h er by mea n s of st r u t s bea r i n g a ga i n st
si l l s i n con t a ct wi t h t h e over h ea d
bea ms or cei l i n g, or by mea n s of t en -
si on member s secu r ed t o t h e fl oor
j oi st s u n der foot , or by bot h i f n ec-
essa r y . Th e i n boa r d en ds of ou t r i gger
bea ms sh a l l be secu r ed a ga i n st t i ppi n g
a n d t h e en t i r e su ppor t i n g st r u ct u r e
sh a l l be secu r el y br a ced i n bot h di r ec-
t i on s t o pr even t a n y h or i zon t a l move-
men t .
(3) Un l ess ou t r i gger sca ffol ds a r e de-
si gn ed by a l i cen sed pr ofessi on a l en gi -
n eer , t h ey sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d
er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t a bl e D16.
Ou t r i gger sca ffol ds desi gn ed by a r eg-
i st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed a n d er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h su ch desi gn . A copy of t h e de-
t a i l ed dr a wi n gs a n d speci fi ca t i on s
sh owi n g t h e si zes a n d spa ci n g of mem-
ber s sh a l l be k ept on t h e j ob.
(4) P l a n k i n g sh a l l be l a i d t i gh t a n d
sh a l l ext en d t o wi t h i n 3 i n ch es of t h e
bu i l di n g wa l l . P l a n k i n g sh a l l be n a i l ed
or bol t ed t o ou t r i gger s.
(5) Wh er e t h er e i s da n ger of ma t er i a l
fa l l i n g fr om t h e sca ffol d, a wi r e mesh
or ot h er en cl osu r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded be-
t ween t h e gu a r dr a i l a n d t h e t oeboa r d.
(6) Wh er e a ddi t i on a l wor k i n g l evel s
a r e r equ i r ed t o be su ppor t ed by t h e
ou t r i gger met h od, t h e pl a n s a n d speci -
fi ca t i on s of t h e ou t r i gger a n d sca f-
fol di n g st r u ct u r e sh a l l be desi gn ed by a
r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer .
(f) Mason s adju st able mu lt iple-poin t
su spen sion scaf f olds. (1) Th e sca ffol d
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g a wor k -
i n g l oa d of 50 pou n ds per squ a r e foot
a n d sh a l l n ot be l oa ded i n excess of
t h a t fi gu r e.
(2) Th e sca ffol d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h h oi st i n g ma ch i n es t h a t meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
n i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y . Refer t o
1910. 7 for defi n i t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ec-
ogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF OUT-
RIGGER SCAFFOLDS
Light duty
Medium
duty
Maximum scaffold load ............... 25 p.s.f. ..... 50 p.s.f.
Outrigger size ............................. 210 in ...... 310 in.
Maximum outrigger spacing ....... 10 ft 0 in .... 6 ft 0 in.
Planking ...................................... 29 in ........ 29 in.
Guardrail ..................................... 24 in ........ 24 in.
Guardrail uprights ....................... 24 in ........ 24 in.
Toeboards (minimum) ................ 4 in ............ 4 in.
(3) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be su ppor t ed
by wi r e r opes i n con for mi t y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (a )(22) of t h i s sect i on , su spen ded
fr om over h ea d ou t r i gger bea ms.
(4) Th e sca ffol d ou t r i gger bea ms sh a l l
con si st of st r u ct u r a l met a l secu r el y
fa st en ed or a n ch or ed t o t h e fr a me or
fl oor sy st em of t h e bu i l di n g or st r u c-
t u r e.
(5) Ea ch ou t r i gger bea m sh a l l be
equ i va l en t i n st r en gt h t o a t l ea st a
st a n da r d 7-i n ch , 15. 3-pou n d st eel I -
bea m, be a t l ea st 15 feet l on g, a n d sh a l l
n ot pr oj ect mor e t h a n 6 feet 6 i n ch es
bey on d t h e bea r i n g poi n t .
(6) Wh er e t h e over h a n g exceeds 6 feet
6 i n ch es, ou t r i gger bea ms sh a l l be com-
posed of st r on ger bea ms or mu l t i pl e
bea ms a n d be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppr oved desi gn s a n d i n st r u c-
t i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
137
(7) I f ch a n n el i r on ou t r i gger bea ms
a r e u sed i n pl a ce of I -bea ms, t h ey sh a l l
be secu r el y fa st en ed t oget h er wi t h t h e
fl a n ges t u r n ed ou t .
(8) Al l ou t r i gger bea ms sh a l l be set
a n d ma i n t a i n ed wi t h t h ei r webs i n t o
ver t i ca l posi t i on .
(9) A st op bol t sh a l l be pl a ced a t ea ch
en d of ever y ou t r i gger bea m.
(10) Th e ou t r i gger bea m sh a l l r est on
su i t a bl e wood-bea r i n g bl ock s.
(11) Al l pa r t s of t h e sca ffol d su ch a s
bol t s, n u t s, fi t t i n gs, cl a mps, wi r e r ope,
a n d ou t r i gger bea ms a n d t h ei r fa s-
t en i n gs, sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n sou n d
a n d good wor k i n g con di t i on a n d sh a l l
be i n spect ed befor e ea ch i n st a l l a t i on
a n d per i odi ca l l y t h er ea ft er .
(12) Th e fr ee en d of t h e su spen si on
wi r e r opes sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h pr op-
er si ze t h i mbl es a n d be secu r ed by
spl i ci n g or ot h er equ i va l en t mea n s.
Th e r u n n i n g en ds sh a l l be secu r el y a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e h oi st i n g dr u m a n d a t
l ea st fou r t u r n s of r ope sh a l l a t a l l
t i mes r ema i n on t h e dr u m.
(13) Wh er e a si n gl e ou t r i gger bea m i s
u sed, t h e st eel sh a ck l es or cl evi ses
wi t h wh i ch t h e wi r e r opes a r e a t t a ch ed
t o t h e ou t r i gger bea ms sh a l l be pl a ced
di r ect l y over t h e h oi st i n g dr u ms.
(14) Th e sca ffol d pl a t for m sh a l l be
equ i va l en t i n st r en gt h t o a t l ea st 2-
i n ch pl a n k i n g. (F or ma xi mu m pl a n k i n g
spa n s see pa r a gr a ph (a )(9) of t h i s sec-
t i on . )
1 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(16) Over h ea d pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on t h e sca ffol d, n ot mor e t h a n 9
feet a bove t h e pl a t for m, con si st i n g of
2-i n ch pl a n k i n g or ma t er i a l of equ i va -
l en t st r en gt h l a i d t i gh t , wh en men a r e
a t wor k on t h e sca ffol d a n d a n over -
h ea d h a za r d exi st s.
(17) Ea ch sca ffol d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
or r el oca t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h desi gn s
a n d i n st r u ct i on s, of a r egi st er ed pr ofes-
si on a l en gi n eer , a n d su per vi sed by a
compet en t , desi gn a t ed per son .
(g) T wo-poin t su spen sion scaf f olds
(swin gin g scaf f olds). (1) Two-poi n t su s-
pen si on sca ffol d pl a t for ms sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n 20 i n ch es n o mor e t h a n 36
i n ch es wi de over a l l . Th e pl a t for m sh a l l
be secu r el y fa st en ed t o t h e h a n ger s by
U-bol t s or by ot h er equ i va l en t mea n s.
(2) Th e h a n ger s of t wo-poi n t su spen -
si on sca ffol ds sh a l l be ma de of wr ou gh t
i r on , mi l d st eel , or ot h er equ i va l en t
ma t er i a l h a vi n g a cr oss-sect i on a l a r ea
ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g fou r t i mes t h e
ma xi mu m i n t en ded l oa d, a n d sh a l l be
desi gn ed wi t h a su ppor t for gu a r dr a i l ,
i n t er medi a t e r a i l , a n d t oeboa r d.
(3) Wh en h oi st i n g ma ch i n es a r e u sed
on t wo-poi n t su spen si on sca ffol ds, su ch
ma ch i n es sh a l l be of a desi gn t est ed
a n d a ppr oved by a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
(4) Th e r oof i r on s or h ook s sh a l l be of
wr ou gh t i r on , mi l d st eel , or ot h er
equ i va l en t ma t er i a l of pr oper si ze a n d
desi gn , secu r el y i n st a l l ed a n d a n -
ch or ed. Ti e-ba ck s of t h r ee-fou r t h i n ch
ma n i l a r ope or t h e equ i va l en t sh a l l
ser ve a s a secon da r y mea n s of a n ch or -
a ge, i n st a l l ed a t r i gh t a n gl es t o t h e
fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g wh en ever possi bl e
a n d secu r ed t o a st r u ct u r a l l y sou n d
por t i on of t h e bu i l di n g.
1- 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(6) Two-poi n t su spen si on sca ffol ds
sh a l l be su spen ded by wi r e or fi ber
r opes. Wi r e a n d fi ber r opes sh a l l con -
for m t o pa r a gr a ph (a )(22) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(7) Th e bl ock s for fi ber r opes sh a l l be
of st a n da r d 6-i n ch si ze, con si st i n g of a t
l ea st on e dou bl e a n d on e si n gl e bl ock .
Th e sh ea ves of a l l bl ock s sh a l l fi t t h e
si ze of r ope u sed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
138
(8) Al l wi r e r opes, fi ber r opes, sl i n gs,
h a n ger s, pl a t for ms, a n d ot h er su p-
por t i n g pa r t s sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e
ever y i n st a l l a t i on . P er i odi c i n spect i on s
sh a l l be ma de wh i l e t h e sca ffol d i s i n
u se.
(9) On su spen si on sca ffol ds desi gn ed
for a wor k i n g l oa d of 500 pou n ds n o
mor e t h a n t wo men sh a l l be per mi t t ed
t o wor k a t on e t i me. On su spen si on
sca ffol ds wi t h a wor k i n g l oa d of 750
pou n ds, n o mor e t h a n t h r ee men sh a l l
be per mi t t ed t o wor k a t on e t i me. Ea ch
wor k ma n sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a sa fet y
l i febel t a t t a ch ed t o a l i fel i n e. Th e l i fe-
l i n e sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o su b-
st a n t i a l member s of t h e st r u ct u r e (n ot
sca ffol d), or t o secu r el y r i gged l i n es,
wh i ch wi l l sa fel y su spen d t h e wor k ma n
i n ca se of a fa l l .
(10) Wh er e a ci d sol u t i on s a r e u sed,
fi ber r opes a r e n ot per mi t t ed u n l ess
a ci d-pr oof.
(11) Two-poi n t su spen si on sca ffol ds
sh a l l be secu r el y l a sh ed t o t h e bu i l di n g
or st r u ct u r e t o pr even t t h em fr om
swa y i n g. Wi n dow cl ea n er s a n ch or s
sh a l l n ot be u sed for t h i s pu r pose.
(12) Th e pl a t for m of ever y t wo-poi n t
su spen si on sca ffol d sh a l l be on e of t h e
fol l owi n g t y pes:
(i ) Th e si de st r i n ger of l a dder -t y pe
pl a t for ms sh a l l be cl ea r st r a i gh t -
gr a i n ed spr u ce or ma t er i a l s of equ i va -
l en t st r en gt h a n d du r a bi l i t y . Th e r u n gs
sh a l l be of st r a i gh t -gr a i n ed oa k , a sh , or
h i ck or y , a t l ea st 1
1
8 i n ch i n di a met er ,
wi t h seven -ei gh t h i n ch t en on s mor t i sed
i n t o t h e si de st r i n ger s a t l ea st seven -
ei gh t h i n ch . Th e st r i n ger s sh a l l be t i ed
t oget h er wi t h t h e t i e r ods n ot l ess t h a n
on e-qu a r t er i n ch i n di a met er , pa ssi n g
t h r ou gh t h e st r i n ger s a n d r i vet ed u p
t i gh t a ga i n st wa sh er s on bot h en ds.
Th e fl oor i n g st r i ps sh a l l be spa ced n ot
mor e t h a n fi ve-ei gh t h i n ch a pa r t ex-
cept a t t h e si de r a i l s wh er e t h e spa ce
ma y be 1 i n ch . La dder -t y pe pl a t for ms
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t a bl e D17.
(i i ) P l a n k -t y pe pl a t for ms sh a l l be
composed of n ot l ess t h a n n omi n a l 28-
i n ch u n spl i ced pl a n k s, pr oper l y cl ea t ed
t oget h er on t h e u n der si de st a r t i n g 6
i n ch es fr om ea ch en d; i n t er va l s i n be-
t ween sh a l l n ot exceed 4 feet . Th e
pl a n k -t y pe pl a t for m sh a l l n ot ext en d
bey on d t h e h a n ger s mor e t h a n 18
i n ch es. A ba r or ot h er effect i ve mea n s
sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed t o t h e pl a t -
for m a t ea ch en d t o pr even t i t s sl i ppi n g
off t h e h a n ger . Th e spa n bet ween h a n g-
er s for pl a n k -t y pe pl a t for ms sh a l l n ot
exceed 10 feet .
(i i i ) Bea m pl a t for ms sh a l l h a ve si de
st r i n ger s of l u mber n ot l ess t h a n 26
i n ch es set on edge. Th e spa n bet ween
h a n ger s sh a l l n ot exceed 12 feet wh en
bea m pl a t for ms a r e u sed. Th e fl oor i n g
sh a l l be su ppor t ed on 2- a n d 6-i n ch
cr ossbea ms, l a i d fl a t a n d set i n t o t h e
u pper edge of t h e st r i n ger s wi t h a sn u g
fi t , a t i n t er va l s of n ot mor e t h a n 4 feet ,
secu r el y n a i l ed i n pl a ce. Th e fl oor i n g
sh a l l be of 16i n ch ma t er i a l pr oper l y
n a i l ed. F l oor boa r ds sh a l l n ot be spa ced
mor e t h a n on e-h a l f i n ch a pa r t .
TABLE D17SCHEDULE FOR LADDER-TYPE PLATFORMS
Length of platform (feet)
12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30
Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes):
At ends (in.) ...................................................................... 1
3
42
3
4 1
3
42
3
4 1
3
43 1
3
43 1
3
43
1
2
At middle (in.) ................................................................... 1
3
43
3
4 1
3
43
3
4 1
3
44 1
3
44
1
4 1
3
45
Reinforcing strip (minimum)
1
................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Rungs
2
..................................................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Tie rods:
Number (minimum) ........................................................... 3 4 4 5 6
Diameter (minimum) .........................................................
1
4 in
1
4 in
1
4 in
1
4 in
1
4 in.
Flooring, minimum finished size (in.) .......................................
1
22
3
4
1
22
3
4
1
22
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
22
3
4
1
A
1
8x
7
8-in. steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside full length.
2
Rungs shall be 1
1
8-in. minimum, diameter with at least
7
8-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 12 in. cen-
ter to center.
(h ) St on e set t ers adju st able mu lt iple-
poin t su spen sion scaf f olds. (1) Th e sca f-
fol d sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g a
wor k i n g l oa d of 25 pou n ds per squ a r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
139
foot a n d sh a l l n ot be over l oa ded. S ca f-
fol ds sh a l l n ot be u sed for st or a ge of
st on e or ot h er h ea vy ma t er i a l s.
(2) Th e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e a n d i t s su p-
por t s sh a l l be of a t y pe t est ed a n d l i st -
ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g
l a bor a t or y . Refer t o 1910. 399(a )(77) for
defi n i t i on of l i st ed, a n d 1910. 7 for n a -
(3) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be secu r el y fa s-
t en ed t o t h e h a n ger s by U-bol t s or
ot h er equ i va l en t mea n s.
(4) Th e sca ffol d u n i t sh a l l be su s-
pen ded fr om met a l ou t r i gger s, i r on
br a ck et s, wi r e r ope sl i n gs, or i r on
h ook s wh i ch wi l l sa fel y su ppor t t h e
ma xi mu m i n t en ded l oa d.
(5) Ou t r i gger s wh en u sed sh a l l be set
wi t h t h ei r webs i n a ver t i ca l posi t i on ,
secu r el y a n ch or ed t o t h e bu i l di n g or
st r u ct u r e a n d pr ovi ded wi t h st op bol t s
a t ea ch en d.
(6) Th e sca ffol d sh a l l be su ppor t ed by
wi r e r ope con for mi n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(a )(22) of t h i s sect i on , su spen ded fr om
over h ea d su ppor t s.
(7) Th e fr ee en ds of t h e su spen si on
wi r e r opes sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h pr op-
er si ze t h i mbl es, secu r ed by spl i ci n g or
ot h er equ i va l en t mea n s. Th e r u n n i n g
en ds sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o t h e
h oi st i n g dr u m a n d a t l ea st fou r t u r n s
of r ope sh a l l r ema i n on t h e dr u m a t a l l
t i mes.
(8) Gu a r dr a i l s n ot l ess t h a n 2 by 4
1- by 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t , a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(9) Wh en t wo or mor e sca ffol ds a r e
u sed on a bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e t h ey
sh a l l n ot be br i dged on e t o t h e ot h er
bu t sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t even h ei gh t
wi t h pl a t for ms bu t t i n g cl osel y .
(10) Ea ch sca ffol d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
or r el oca t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h desi gn s
a n d i n st r u ct i on s of a r egi st er ed pr ofes-
si on a l en gi n eer , a n d su ch i n st a l l a t i on
or r el oca t i on sh a l l be su per vi sed by a
compet en t desi gn a t ed per son .
(i ) Sin gle-poin t adju st able su spen sion
scaf f olds. (1) Th e sca ffol di n g, i n cl u di n g
power u n i t s or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
wi n ch es, sh a l l be a t y pe t est ed a n d l i st -
ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g
l a bor a t or y . Refer t o 1910. 399(a )(77) for
defi n i t i on of l i st ed, a n d 1910. 7 for n a -
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Al l power -oper a t ed gea r s a n d
br a k es sh a l l be en cl osed.
(4) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g br a k e, a l l -power dr i ven u n i t s
mu st h a ve a n emer gen cy br a k e wh i ch
en ga ges a u t oma t i ca l l y wh en t h e n or -
ma l speed of descen t i s exceeded.
(5) Gu a r ds, mi d-r a i l s, a n d t oeboa r ds
sh a l l compl et el y en cl ose t h e ca ge or
ba sk et . Gu a r dr a i l s sh a l l be n o l ess t h a n
2 by 4 i n ch es or t h e equ i va l en t i n -
st a l l ed n o l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es n or mor e
t h a n 42 i n ch es a bove t h e pl a t for m. Mi d-
r a i l s sh a l l be 1 by 6 i n ch es or t h e equ i v-
a l en t , i n st a l l ed equ i di st a n t bet ween
t h e gu a r dr a i l a n d t h e pl a t for m.
Toeboa r ds sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of 4
i n ch es i n h ei gh t .
(6) Th e h oi st i n g ma ch i n es, ca bl es,
a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be r egu l a r l y ser v-
i ced a n d i n spect ed a ft er ea ch i n st a l l a -
t i on a n d ever y 30 da y s t h er ea ft er .
(7) Th e u n i t s ma y be combi n ed t o
for m a t wo-poi n t su spen si on sca ffol d.
S u ch sca ffol d sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(8) Th e su ppor t i n g ca bl e sh a l l be
st r a i gh t for i t s en t i r e l en gt h , a n d t h e
oper a t or sh a l l n ot swa y t h e ba sk et a n d
fi x t h e ca bl e t o a n y i n t er medi a t e
poi n t s t o ch a n ge h i s or i gi n a l pa t h of
t r a vel .
(9) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
a n d u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
(10) S u spen si on met h ods sh a l l con -
for m t o a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (f) a n d (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(j ) Boat swain s ch airs. (1) Th e ch a i r
sea t sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 12 by 24
i n ch es, a n d of 1-i n ch t h i ck n ess. Th e
sea t sh a l l be r ei n for ced on t h e u n der -
si de t o pr even t t h e boa r d fr om spl i t -
t i n g.
(2) Th e t wo fi ber r ope sea t sl i n gs
sh a l l be of
5
8-i n ch di a met er , r eeved
t h r ou gh t h e fou r sea t h ol es so a s t o
cr oss ea ch ot h er on t h e u n der si de of
t h e sea t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
140
(3) S ea t sl i n gs sh a l l be of a t l ea st
3
8-
i n ch wi r e r ope wh en a wor k ma n i s con -
du ct i n g a h ea t pr odu ci n g pr ocess su ch
a s ga s or a r c wel di n g.
(4) Th e wor k ma n sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by a sa fet y l i fe bel t a t t a ch ed t o a l i fe-
l i n e. Th e l i fel i n e sh a l l be secu r el y a t -
t a ch ed t o su bst a n t i a l member s of t h e
st r u ct u r e (n ot sca ffol d), or t o secu r el y
r i gged l i n es, wh i ch wi l l sa fel y su spen d
t h e wor k er i n ca se of a fa l l .
(5) Th e t a ck l e sh a l l con si st of cor r ect
si ze ba l l bea r i n g or bu sh ed bl ock s a n d
pr oper l y spl i ced
5
8-i n ch di a met er fi r st -
gr a de ma n i l a r ope.
(6) Th e r oof i r on s, h ook s, or t h e ob-
j ect t o wh i ch t h e t a ck l e i s a n ch or ed
sh a l l be secu r el y i n st a l l ed. Ti eba ck s
wh en u sed sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t r i gh t
a n gl es t o t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g a n d
secu r el y fa st en ed t o a ch i mn ey .
(k ) Carpen t ers brack et scaf f olds. (1)
Th e br a ck et s sh a l l con si st of a t r i -
a n gu l a r wood fr a me n ot l ess t h a n 2 by
3 i n ch es i n cr oss sect i on , or of met a l of
equ i va l en t st r en gt h . Ea ch member
sh a l l be pr oper l y fi t t ed a n d secu r el y
j oi n ed.
(2) Ea ch br a ck et sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o
t h e st r u ct u r e by mea n s of on e of t h e
fol l owi n g:
(i ) A bol t n o l ess t h a n fi ve-ei gh t h s
i n ch i n di a met er wh i ch sh a l l ext en d
t h r ou gh t h e i n si de of t h e bu i l di n g wa l l .
(i i ) A met a l st u d a t t a ch men t devi ce.
(i i i ) Wel di n g t o st eel t a n k s.
(i v) Hook i n g over a wel l -secu r ed a n d
a dequ a t el y st r on g su ppor t i n g member .
Th e br a ck et s sh a l l be spa ced n o mor e
t h a n 10 feet a pa r t .
(3) No mor e t h a n t wo per son s sh a l l
occu py a n y gi ven 10 feet of a br a ck et
sca ffol d a t a n y on e t i me. Tool s a n d ma -
t er i a l s sh a l l n ot exceed 75 pou n ds i n a d-
di t i on t o t h e occu pa n cy .
(4) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l con si st of n ot
l ess t h a n t wo 2- by 9-i n ch n omi n a l si ze
pl a n k s ext en di n g n ot mor e t h a n 18
i n ch es or l ess t h a n 6 i n ch es bey on d
ea ch en d su ppor t .
t h i s sect i on .
(l ) Brick lay ers squ are scaf f olds. (1) Th e
squ a r es sh a l l n ot exceed 5 feet i n wi dt h
a n d 5 feet i n h ei gh t .
(2) Member s sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n
t h ose speci fi ed i n Ta bl e D18.
(3) Th e squ a r es sh a l l be r ei n for ced on
bot h si des of ea ch cor n er wi t h 1- by 6-
i n ch gu sset pi eces. Th ey sh a l l a l so h a ve
br a ces 1 by 8 i n ch es on bot h si des r u n -
n i n g fr om cen t er t o cen t er of ea ch
member , or ot h er mea n s t o secu r e
equ i va l en t st r en gt h a n d r i gi di t y .
(4) Th e squ a r es sh a l l be set n ot mor e
t h a n 5 feet a pa r t for medi u m du t y sca f-
fol ds, a n d n ot mor e t h a n 8 feet a pa r t
for l i gh t du t y sca ffol ds. Br a ci n g 18
i n ch es, ext en di n g fr om t h e bot t om of
ea ch squ a r e t o t h e t op of t h e n ext
squ a r e, sh a l l be pr ovi ded on bot h fr on t
a n d r ea r si des of t h e sca ffol d.
TABLE D18MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
BRICKLAYERS SQUARE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
Members
Dimensions
(inches)
Bearers or horizontal members ....................... 2 by 6.
Legs ................................................................. 2 by 6.
Braces at corners ............................................. 1 by 6.
Braces diagonally from center frame ............... 1 by 8.
(5) P l a t for m pl a n k s sh a l l be a t l ea st
2- by 9-i n ch n omi n a l si ze. Th e en ds of
t h e pl a n k s sh a l l over l a p t h e bea r er s of
t h e squ a r es a n d ea ch pl a n k sh a l l be
su ppor t ed by n ot l ess t h a n t h r ee
squ a r es.
(6) Br i ck l a y er s squ a r e sca ffol ds sh a l l
n ot exceed t h r ee t i er s i n h ei gh t a n d
sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed a n d a r r a n ged
t h a t on e squ a r e sh a l l r est di r ect l y
a bove t h e ot h er . Th e u pper t i er s sh a l l
st a n d on a con t i n u ou s r ow of pl a n k s
l a i d a cr oss t h e n ext l ower t i er a n d be
n a i l ed down or ot h er wi se secu r ed t o
pr even t di spl a cemen t .
(7) S ca ffol ds sh a l l be l evel a n d set
u pon a fi r m fou n da t i on .
(m) Horse scaf f olds. (1) Hor se sca ffol ds
sh a l l n ot be con st r u ct ed or a r r a n ged
mor e t h a n t wo t i er s or 10 feet i n
h ei gh t .
(2) Th e member s of t h e h or ses sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n t h ose speci fi ed i n
Ta bl e D19.
(3) Hor ses sh a l l be spa ced n ot mor e
t h a n 5 feet for medi u m du t y a n d n ot
mor e t h a n 8 feet for l i gh t du t y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
141
(4) Wh en a r r a n ged i n t i er s, ea ch h or se
sh a l l be pl a ced di r ect l y over t h e h or se
i n t h e t i er bel ow.
(5) On a l l sca ffol ds a r r a n ged i n t i er s,
t h e l egs sh a l l be n a i l ed down t o t h e
pl a n k s t o pr even t di spl a cemen t or
t h r u st a n d ea ch t i er sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l l y cr oss br a ced.
TABLE D19MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
HORSE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
Members
Dimensions
(inches)
Horizontal members or bearers ....................... 3 by 4.
Legs ................................................................. 1
1
4 by 4
1
2.
Longitudinal brace between legs ..................... 1 by 6.
Gusset brace at top of legs ............................. 1 by 8.
Half diagonal braces ........................................ 1
1
4 by 4
1
2.
(6) Hor ses or pa r t s wh i ch h a ve be-
come wea k or defect i ve sh a l l n ot be
u sed.
h i gh wi t h a mi d-r a i l , wh en r equ i r ed, of
1- by 4-i n ch l u mber or equ i va l en t a n d
t h i s sect i on .
(n ) Needle beam scaf f old. (1) Wood n ee-
dl e bea ms sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (a ) (5) a n d (9) of t h i s sect i on ,
a n d sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 4 by 6 i n ch es
i n si ze, wi t h t h e gr ea t er di men si on
pl a ced i n a ver t i ca l di r ect i on . Met a l
bea ms or t h e equ i va l en t con for mi n g t o
pa r a gr a ph (a ) (4) a n d (8) of t h i s sect i on
ma y be u sed.
(2) Ropes or h a n ger s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for su ppor t s. Th e spa n bet ween su p-
por t s on t h e n eedl e bea m sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 10 feet for 4- by 6-i n ch t i mber s.
Rope su ppor t s sh a l l be equ i va l en t i n
st r en gt h t o 1-i n ch di a met er fi r st -gr a de
ma n i l a r ope.
(3) Th e r opes sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e
n eedl e bea ms by a sca ffol d h i t ch or a
pr oper l y ma de ey e spl i ce. Th e l oose en d
of t h e r ope sh a l l be t i ed by a bowl i n e
k n ot or by a r ou n d t u r n a n d on e-h a l f
h i t ch .
(4) Th e pl a t for m spa n bet ween t h e
n eedl e bea ms sh a l l n ot exceed 8 feet
wh en u si n g 2-i n ch sca ffol d pl a n k . F or
spa n s gr ea t er t h a n 8 feet , pl a t for ms
sh a l l be desi gn ed ba sed on desi gn r e-
qu i r emen t s for t h e speci a l spa n . Th e
over h a n g of ea ch en d of t h e pl a t for m
pl a n k s sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 1 foot a n d
n ot mor e t h a n 18 i n ch es.
(5) Wh en on e n eedl e bea m i s h i gh er
t h a n t h e ot h er or wh en t h e pl a t for m i s
n ot l evel t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be secu r ed
a ga i n st sl i ppi n g.
(6) Al l u n a t t a ch ed t ool s, bol t s, a n d
n u t s u sed on n eedl e bea m sca ffol ds
sh a l l be k ept i n su i t a bl e con t a i n er s.
(7) On e en d of a n eedl e bea m sca ffol d
ma y be su ppor t ed by a per ma n en t
st r u ct u r a l member con for mi n g t o pa r a -
gr a ph s (a ) (4) a n d (8) of t h i s sect i on .
(8) Ea ch ma n wor k i n g on a n eedl e
bea m sca ffol d 20 feet or mor e a bove t h e
gr ou n d or fl oor a n d wor k i n g wi t h bot h
h a n ds, sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a sa fet y
l i fe bel t a t t a ch ed t o a l i fel i n e. Th e l i fe-
l i n e sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o su b-
st a n t i a l member s of t h e st r u ct u r e (n ot
sca ffol d), or t o secu r el y r i gged l i n es,
wh i ch wi l l sa fel y su spen d t h e wor k ma n
i n ca se of a fa l l .
(o) Plast erers, decorat ors, an d large
area scaf f olds. (1) P l a st er er s, decor a -
t or s, l a t h er s, a n d cei l i n g wor k er s i n -
si de sca ffol ds sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e gen er a l r equ i r e-
men t s set for t h for i n depen den t wood
pol e sca ffol ds.
t h i s sect i on .
(3) Al l pl a t for m pl a n k s sh a l l be l a i d
wi t h t h e edges cl ose t oget h er .
(4) Wh en i n depen den t pol e sca ffol d
pl a t for ms a r e er ect ed i n sect i on s, su ch
sect i on s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h con -
n ect i n g r u n wa y s equ i pped wi t h su b-
st a n t i a l gu a r dr a i l s.
(p) I n t erior h u n g scaf f olds.
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Th e su spen ded st eel wi r e r ope
sh a l l con for m t o pa r a gr a ph (a )(22) of
t h i s sect i on . Wi r e ma y be u sed pr o-
vi di n g t h e st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
142
pa r a gr a ph (a )(22) of t h i s sect i on a r e
met .
(3) F or h a n gi n g wood sca ffol ds, t h e
fol l owi n g mi n i mu m n omi n a l si ze ma t e-
r i a l i s r ecommen ded:
(i ) S u ppor t i n g bea r er s 2 by 9 i n ch es
on edge.
(i i ) P l a n k i n g 2 by 9 i n ch es or 2 by 10
i n ch es, wi t h ma xi mu m spa n 7 feet for
h ea vy du t y a n d 10 feet for l i gh t du t y or
medi u m du t y .
(4) S t eel t u be a n d cou pl er member s
ma y be u sed for h a n gi n g sca ffol ds wi t h
bot h t y pes of sca ffol d desi gn ed t o su s-
t a i n a u n i for m di st r i bu t ed wor k i n g
l oa d u p t o h ea vy du t y sca ffol d l oa ds
wi t h a sa fet y fa ct or of fou r .
(5) Wh en a h a n gi n g sca ffol d i s su p-
por t ed by mea n s of wi r e r ope, su ch wi r e
r ope sh a l l be wr a pped a t l ea st t wi ce
a r ou n d t h e su ppor t i n g member s a n d
t wi ce a r ou n d t h e bea r er s of t h e sca f-
fol d, wi t h ea ch en d of t h e wi r e r ope se-
cu r ed by a t l ea st t h r ee st a n da r d wi r e-
r ope cl i ps.
(6) Al l over h ea d su ppor t i n g member s
sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d ch eck ed for
st r en gt h befor e t h e sca ffol d i s er ect ed.
t h i s sect i on .
(q) L adder-jack scaf f olds. (1) Al l l a d-
der -j a ck sca ffol ds sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o
l i gh t du t y a n d sh a l l n ot exceed a
h ei gh t of 20 feet a bove t h e fl oor or
gr ou n d.
(2) Al l l a dder s u sed i n con n ect i on
wi t h l a dder -j a ck sca ffol ds sh a l l be
h ea vy -du t y l a dder s a n d sh a l l be de-
si gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h 1910. 25 a n d 1910. 26.
(3) Th e l a dder j a ck sh a l l be so de-
si gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t h a t i t wi l l bea r
on t h e si de r a i l s i n a ddi t i on t o t h e l a d-
der r u n gs, or i f bea r i n g on r u n gs on l y ,
t h e bea r i n g a r ea sh a l l be a t l ea st 10
i n ch es on ea ch r u n g.
(4) La dder s u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h
l a dder j a ck s sh a l l be so pl a ced, fa s-
t en ed, h el d, or equ i pped wi t h devi ces so
a s t o pr even t sl i ppi n g.
(5) Th e wood pl a t for m pl a n k s sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 2 i n ch es n omi n a l i n
t h i ck n ess. Bot h met a l a n d wood pl a t -
for m pl a n k s sh a l l over l a p t h e bea r i n g
su r fa ce n ot l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es. Th e
spa n bet ween su ppor t s for wood sh a l l
n ot exceed 8 feet . P l a t for m wi dt h sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n 18 i n ch es.
(6) Not mor e t h a n t wo per son s sh a l l
occu py a n y gi ven 8 feet of a n y l a dder -
j a ck sca ffol d a t a n y on e t i me.
(r ) Win dow-jack scaf f olds. (1) Wi n dow-
j a ck sca ffol ds sh a l l be u sed on l y for t h e
pu r pose of wor k i n g a t t h e wi n dow
open i n g t h r ou gh wh i ch t h e j a ck i s
pl a ced.
(2) Wi n dow j a ck s sh a l l n ot be u sed t o
su ppor t pl a n k s pl a ced bet ween on e wi n -
dow j a ck a n d a n ot h er or for ot h er el e-
men t s of sca ffol di n g.
(3) Wi n dow-j a ck sca ffol ds sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h su i t a bl e gu a r dr a i l s u n -
l ess sa fet y bel t s wi t h l i fel i n es a r e a t -
t a ch ed a n d pr ovi ded for t h e wor k ma n .
Wi n dow-j a ck sca ffol ds sh a l l be u sed by
on e ma n on l y .
(s) Roof in g brack et s. (1) Roofi n g
br a ck et s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed t o fi t t h e
pi t ch of t h e r oof.
(2) Br a ck et s sh a l l be secu r ed i n pl a ce
by n a i l i n g i n a ddi t i on t o t h e poi n t ed
met a l pr oj ect i on s. Th e n a i l s sh a l l be
dr i ven fu l l l en gt h i n t o t h e r oof. Wh en
r ope su ppor t s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l con -
si st of fi r st -gr a de ma n i l a of a t l ea st
t h r ee-qu a r t er -i n ch di a met er , or equ i va -
l en t .
(3) A su bst a n t i a l ca t ch pl a t for m sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed bel ow t h e wor k i n g a r ea of
r oofs mor e t h a n 20 feet fr om t h e
gr ou n d t o ea ves wi t h a sl ope gr ea t er
t h a n 3 i n ch es i n 12 i n ch es wi t h ou t a
pa r a pet . I n wi dt h t h e pl a t for m sh a l l ex-
t en d 2 feet bey on d t h e pr oj ect i on of t h e
ea ves a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a sa fe-
t y r a i l , mi d-r a i l , a n d t oeboa r d. Th i s
pr ovi si on sh a l l n ot a ppl y wh er e em-
pl oy ees en ga ged i n wor k u pon su ch
r oofs a r e pr ot ect ed by a sa fet y bel t a t -
t a ch ed t o a l i fel i n e.
(t ) Crawlin g boards or ch ick en ladders.
(1) Cr a wl i n g boa r ds sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 10 i n ch es wi de a n d 1 i n ch t h i ck ,
h a vi n g cl ea t s 11
1
2 i n ch es. Th e cl ea t s
sh a l l be equ a l i n l en gt h t o t h e wi dt h of
t h e boa r d a n d spa ced a t equ a l i n t er va l s
n ot t o exceed 24 i n ch es. Na i l s sh a l l be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
143
dr i ven t h r ou gh a n d cl i n ch ed on t h e u n -
der si de. Th e cr a wl i n g boa r d sh a l l ex-
t en d fr om t h e r i dge pol e t o t h e ea ves
wh en u sed i n con n ect i on wi t h r oof con -
st r u ct i on , r epa i r , or ma i n t en a n ce.
(2) A fi r ml y fa st en ed l i fel i n e of a t
l ea st t h r ee-qu a r t er -i n ch r ope sh a l l be
st r u n g besi de ea ch cr a wl i n g boa r d for a
h a n dh ol d.
(3) Cr a wl i n g boa r ds sh a l l be secu r ed
t o t h e r oof by mea n s of a dequ a t e r i dge
h ook s or equ i va l en t effect i ve mea n s.
(u ) Float or sh ip scaf f olds. (1) F l oa t or
sh i p sca ffol ds sh a l l su ppor t n ot mor e
t h a n t h r ee men a n d a few l i gh t t ool s,
su ch a s t h ose n eeded for r i vet i n g, bol t -
i n g, a n d wel di n g. Th ey sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(u ) (2) t h r ou gh (6) of t h i s sect i on , u n -
l ess su bst i t u t e desi gn s a n d ma t er i a l s
pr ovi de equ i va l en t st r en gt h , st a bi l i t y ,
a n d sa fet y .
(2) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 3 feet wi de a n d 6 feet l on g, ma de
of t h r ee-qu a r t er -i n ch pl y wood, equ i va -
l en t t o Amer i ca n P l y wood Associ a t i on
Gr a de B-B, Gr ou p I , Ext er i or .
(3) Un der t h e pl a t for m, t h er e sh a l l be
t wo su ppor t i n g bea r er s ma de fr om 24-
i n ch , or 110-i n ch r ou gh , sel ect ed l u m-
ber , or bet t er . Th ey sh a l l be fr ee of
k n ot s or ot h er fl a ws a n d pr oj ect 6
i n ch es bey on d t h e pl a t for m on bot h
si des. Th e en ds of t h e pl a t for m sh a l l
ext en d a bou t 6 i n ch es bey on d t h e ou t er
edges of t h e bea r er s. Ea ch bea r er sh a l l
be secu r el y fa st en ed t o t h e pl a t for m.
(4) An edgi n g of wood n ot l ess t h a n
3
41
1
2 i n ch es, or equ i va l en t , sh a l l be
pl a ced a r ou n d a l l si des of t h e pl a t for m
t o pr even t t ool s fr om r ol l i n g off.
(5) S u ppor t i n g r opes sh a l l be 1-i n ch
di a met er ma n i l a r ope or equ i va l en t ,
fr ee fr om det er i or a t i on , ch emi ca l da m-
a ge, fl a ws, or ot h er i mper fect i on s.
Rope con n ect i on s sh a l l be su ch t h a t
t h e pl a t for m ca n n ot sh i ft or sl i p. I f t wo
r opes a r e u sed wi t h ea ch fl oa t , ea ch of
t h e t wo su ppor t i n g r opes sh a l l be
h i t ch ed a r ou n d on e en d of a bea r er a n d
pa ss u n der t h e pl a t for ms t o t h e ot h er
en d of t h e bea r er wh er e i t i s h i t ch ed
a ga i n , l ea vi n g su ffi ci en t r ope a t ea ch
en d for t h e su ppor t i n g t i es.
(6) Ea ch wor k ma n sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by a sa fet y l i febel t a t t a ch ed t o a l i fe-
l i n e. Th e l i fel i n e sh a l l be secu r el y a t -
t a ch ed t o su bst a n t i a l member s of t h e
st r u ct u r e (n ot sca ffol d), or t o secu r el y
r i gged l i n es, wh i ch wi l l sa fel y su spen d
t h e wor k ma n i n ca se of a fa l l .
(v) Scope. Th i s sect i on est a bl i sh es
sa fet y r equ i r emen t s for t h e con st r u c-
t i on , oper a t i on , ma i n t en a n ce, a n d u se
of sca ffol ds u sed i n t h e ma i n t en a n ce of
bu i l di n gs a n d st r u ct u r es.
F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5321, F eb. 10,
1984; 53 F R 12121, Apr . 12, 1988]
1910.29 Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds (tow-
ers).
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Applica-
t ion . Th i s sect i on i s i n t en ded t o pr e-
scr i be r u l es a n d r equ i r emen t s for t h e
desi gn , con st r u ct i on , a n d u se of mobi l e
wor k pl a t for ms (i n cl u di n g l a dder
st a n ds bu t n ot i n cl u di n g a er i a l l a dder s)
a n d r ol l i n g (mobi l e) sca ffol ds (t ower s).
Th i s st a n da r d i s pr omu l ga t ed t o a i d i n
pr ovi di n g for t h e sa fet y of l i fe, l i mb,
a n d pr oper t y , by est a bl i sh i n g mi n i mu m
st a n da r ds for st r u ct u r a l desi gn r equ i r e-
men t s a n d for t h e u se of mobi l e wor k
pl a t for ms a n d t ower s.
(2) Work in g loads. (i ) Wor k pl a t for ms
a n d sca ffol ds sh a l l be ca pa bl e of ca r -
r y i n g t h e desi gn l oa d u n der va r y i n g
ci r cu mst a n ces depen di n g u pon t h e con -
di t i on s of u se. Th er efor e, a l l pa r t s a n d
a ppu r t en a n ces n ecessa r y for t h ei r sa fe
a n d effi ci en t u t i l i za t i on mu st be i n t e-
gr a l pa r t s of t h e desi gn .
(i i ) S peci fi c desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on
r equ i r emen t s a r e n ot a pa r t of t h i s sec-
t i on beca u se of t h e wi de va r i et y of ma -
t er i a l s a n d desi gn possi bi l i t i es. How-
ever , t h e desi gn sh a l l be su ch a s t o
pr odu ce a mobi l e l a dder st a n d or sca f-
fol d t h a t wi l l sa fel y su st a i n t h e speci -
fi ed l oa ds. Th e ma t er i a l sel ect ed sh a l l
be of su ffi ci en t st r en gt h t o meet t h e
t est r equ i r emen t s a n d sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st cor r osi on or det er i or a -
t i on .
(a) Th e desi gn wor k i n g l oa d of l a dder
st a n ds sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed on t h e ba si s
of on e or mor e 200-pou n d per son s t o-
get h er wi t h 50 pou n ds of equ i pmen t
ea ch .
(b) Th e desi gn l oa d of a l l sca ffol ds
sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed on t h e ba si s of:
L igh t Desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y a
wor k i n g l oa d of 25 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
Mediu mDesi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y
a wor k i n g l oa d of 50 pou n ds per squ a r e
foot .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
144
Heavy Desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o ca r r y a
wor k i n g l oa d of 75 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
Al l l a dder st a n ds a n d sca ffol ds sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g a t l ea st fou r
t i mes t h e desi gn wor k i n g l oa d.
(i i i ) Th e ma t er i a l s u sed i n mobi l e
l a dder st a n ds a n d sca ffol ds sh a l l be of
st a n da r d ma n u fa ct u r e a n d con for m t o
st a n da r d speci fi ca t i on s of st r en gt h , di -
men si on s, a n d wei gh t s, a n d sh a l l be se-
l ect ed t o sa fel y su ppor t t h e desi gn
wor k i n g l oa d.
(i v) Na i l s, bol t s, or ot h er fa st en er s
u sed i n t h e con st r u ct i on of l a dder s,
sca ffol ds, a n d t ower s sh a l l be of a de-
qu a t e si ze a n d i n su ffi ci en t n u mber s a t
ea ch con n ect i on t o devel op t h e de-
si gn ed st r en gt h of t h e u n i t . Na i l s sh a l l
be dr i ven fu l l l en gt h . (Al l n a i l s sh ou l d
be i mmedi a t el y wi t h dr a wn fr om di s-
ma n t l ed l u mber . )
(v) Al l exposed su r fa ces sh a l l be fr ee
fr om sh a r p edges, bu r r s or ot h er sa fet y
h a za r ds.
(3) Work levels. (i ) Th e ma xi mu m
wor k l evel h ei gh t sh a l l n ot exceed fou r
(4) t i mes t h e mi n i mu m or l ea st ba se di -
men si on s of a n y mobi l e l a dder st a n d or
sca ffol d. Wh er e t h e ba si c mobi l e u n i t
does n ot meet t h i s r equ i r emen t , su i t -
a bl e ou t r i gger fr a mes sh a l l be em-
pl oy ed t o a ch i eve t h i s l ea st ba se di -
men si on , or pr ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de t o
gu y or br a ce t h e u n i t a ga i n st t i ppi n g.
(i i ) Th e mi n i mu m pl a t for m wi dt h for
a n y wor k l evel sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 20
i n ch es for mobi l e sca ffol ds (t ower s).
La dder st a n ds sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m
st ep wi dt h of 16 i n ch es.
(i i i ) Th e su ppor t i n g st r u ct u r e for t h e
wor k l evel sh a l l be r i gi dl y br a ced,
u si n g a dequ a t e cr oss br a ci n g or di a go-
n a l br a ci n g wi t h r i gi d pl a t for ms a t
ea ch wor k l evel .
(i v) Th e st eps of l a dder st a n ds sh a l l
be fa br i ca t ed fr om sl i p r esi st a n t t r ea ds.
(v) Th e wor k l evel pl a t for m of sca f-
fol ds (t ower s) sh a l l be of wood, a l u -
mi n u m, or pl y wood pl a n k i n g, st eel or
expa n ded met a l , for t h e fu l l wi dt h of
t h e sca ffol d, except for n ecessa r y open -
i n gs. Wor k pl a t for ms sh a l l be secu r ed
i n pl a ce. Al l pl a n k i n g sh a l l be 2-i n ch
(n omi n a l ) sca ffol d gr a de mi n i mu m 1, 500
f . (st r ess gr a de) con st r u ct i on gr a de
l u mber or equ i va l en t .
(vi ) Al l sca ffol d wor k l evel s 10 feet or
h i gh er a bove t h e gr ou n d or fl oor sh a l l
h a ve a st a n da r d (4-i n ch n omi n a l )
t oeboa r d.
(vi i ) Al l wor k l evel s 10 feet or h i gh er
a bove t h e gr ou n d or fl oor sh a l l h a ve a
gu a r dr a i l of 2- by 4-i n ch n omi n a l or t h e
equ i va l en t i n st a l l ed n o l ess t h a n 36
i n ch es or mor e t h a n 42 i n ch es h i gh ,
wi t h a mi d-r a i l , wh en r equ i r ed, of 1- by
4-i n ch n omi n a l l u mber or equ i va l en t .
(vi i i ) A cl i mbi n g l a dder or st a i r wa y
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for pr oper a ccess a n d
egr ess, a n d sh a l l be a ffi xed or bu i l t i n t o
t h e sca ffol d a n d so l oca t ed t h a t i t s u se
wi l l n ot h a ve a t en den cy t o t i p t h e
sca ffol d. A l a n di n g pl a t for m sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a t i n t er va l s n ot t o exceed 30
feet .
(4) Wh eels or cast ers. (i ) Wh eel s or
ca st er s sh a l l be pr oper l y desi gn ed for
st r en gt h a n d di men si on s t o su ppor t
fou r (4) t i mes t h e desi gn wor k i n g l oa d.
(i i ) Al l sca ffol d ca st er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a posi t i ve wh eel a n d/or
swi vel l ock t o pr even t movemen t . La d-
der st a n ds sh a l l h a ve a t l ea st t wo (2) of
t h e fou r (4) ca st er s a n d sh a l l be of t h e
swi vel t y pe.
(i i i ) Wh er e l evel i n g of t h e el eva t ed
wor k pl a t for m i s r equ i r ed, scr ew j a ck s
or ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s for a dj u st i n g
t h e h ei gh t sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e ba se
sect i on of ea ch mobi l e u n i t .
(b) Mobile t u bu lar welded f rame scaf -
f olds(1) Gen eral. Un i t s sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Bracin g. S ca ffol ds sh a l l be pr op-
er l y br a ced by cr oss br a ces a n d/or di -
a gon a l br a ces for secu r i n g ver t i ca l
member s t oget h er l a t er a l l y . Th e cr oss
br a ces sh a l l be of a l en gt h t h a t wi l l
a u t oma t i ca l l y squ a r e a n d a l i gn
ver t i ca l member s so t h e er ect ed sca f-
fol d i s a l wa y s pl u mb, squ a r e, a n d r i gi d.
(3) Spacin g. S pa ci n g of pa n el s or
fr a mes sh a l l be con si st en t wi t h t h e
l oa ds i mposed. Th e fr a mes sh a l l be
pl a ced on e on t op of t h e ot h er wi t h
cou pl i n g or st a ck i n g pi n s t o pr ovi de
pr oper ver t i ca l a l i gn men t of t h e l egs.
(4) L ock in g. Wh er e u pl i ft ma y occu r ,
pa n el s sh a l l be l ock ed t oget h er
ver t i ca l l y by pi n s or ot h er equ i va l en t
mea n s.
(5) Erect ion . On l y t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of
a sca ffol d or h i s qu a l i fi ed desi gn a t ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
145
a gen t sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o er ect or su -
per vi se t h e er ect i on of sca ffol ds exceed-
i n g 50 feet i n h ei gh t a bove t h e ba se, u n -
l ess su ch st r u ct u r e i s a ppr oved i n wr i t -
i n g by a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi -
n eer , or er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h i n -
st r u ct i on s fu r n i sh ed by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er .
(c) Mobile t u bu lar welded sect ion al
f oldin g scaf f olds(1) Gen eral. Un i t s i n -
cl u di n g sect i on a l st a i r wa y a n d sec-
t i on a l l a dder sca ffol ds sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
(2) St airway . An i n t egr a l st a i r wa y
a n d wor k pl a t for m sh a l l be i n cor -
por a t ed i n t o t h e st r u ct u r e of ea ch sec-
t i on a l fol di n g st a i r wa y sca ffol d.
(3) Bracin g. An i n t egr a l set of pi v-
ot i n g a n d h i n ged fol di n g di a gon a l a n d
h or i zon t a l br a ces a n d a det a ch a bl e
wor k pl a t for m sh a l l be i n cor por a t ed
i n t o t h e st r u ct u r e of ea ch sect i on a l
fol di n g l a dder sca ffol d.
(4) Sect ion al f oldin g st airway scaf f olds.
S ect i on a l fol di n g st a i r wa y sca ffol ds
sh a l l be desi gn ed a s medi u m du t y sca f-
fol ds except for h i gh cl ea r a n ce. Th ese
speci a l ba se sect i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed
a s l i gh t du t y sca ffol ds. Wh en u pper sec-
t i on a l fol di n g st a i r wa y sca ffol ds a r e
u sed wi t h a speci a l h i gh cl ea r a n ce ba se,
t h e l oa d ca pa ci t y of t h e en t i r e sca ffol d
sh a l l be r edu ced a ccor di n gl y . Th e
wi dt h of a sect i on a l fol di n g st a i r wa y
sca ffol d sh a l l n ot exceed 4
1
2 feet . Th e
ma xi mu m l en gt h of a sect i on a l fol di n g
st a i r wa y sca ffol d sh a l l n ot exceed 6
feet .
(5) Sect ion al f oldin g ladder scaf f olds.
S ect i on a l fol di n g l a dder sca ffol ds sh a l l
be desi gn ed a s l i gh t du t y sca ffol ds i n -
cl u di n g speci a l ba se (open en d) sect i on s
wh i ch a r e desi gn ed for h i gh cl ea r a n ce.
F or cer t a i n speci a l a ppl i ca t i on s t h e
si x-foot (6) fol di n g l a dder sca ffol ds, ex-
cept for speci a l h i gh cl ea r a n ce ba se
sect i on s, sh a l l be desi gn ed for u se a s
medi u m du t y sca ffol ds. Th e wi dt h of a
sect i on a l fol di n g l a dder sca ffol d sh a l l
n ot exceed 4
1
2 feet . Th e ma xi mu m
l en gt h of a sect i on a l fol di n g l a dder
sca ffol d sh a l l n ot exceed 6 feet 6 i n ch es
for a si x-foot (6) l on g u n i t , 8 feet 6
i n ch es for a n ei gh t -foot (8) u n i t or 10
feet 6 i n ch es for a t en -foot (10) l on g
u n i t .
(6) En d f rames. Th e en d fr a mes of sec-
t i on a l l a dder a n d st a i r wa y sca ffol ds
sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t t h e h or i zon t a l
bea r er s pr ovi de su ppor t s for mu l t i pl e
pl a n k i n g l evel s.
t h e sca ffol d or h i s qu a l i fi ed desi gn a t ed
i n g by a l i cen sed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer ,
or er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h i n st r u c-
t i on s fu r n i sh ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(d) Mobile t u be an d cou pler scaf f olds
(1) Design . Un i t s sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
compl y wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
(2) Mat erial. Th e ma t er i a l u sed for
t h e cou pl er s sh a l l be of a st r u ct u r a l
t y pe, su ch a s a dr op-for ged st eel , ma l -
l ea bl e i r on or st r u ct u r a l gr a de a l u -
mi n u m. Th e u se of gr a y ca st i r on i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
t h e sca ffol d or h i s qu a l i fi ed desi gn a t ed
i n g by a l i cen sed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer ,
or er ect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h i n st r u c-
t i on s fu r n i sh ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(e) Mobile work plat f orms(1) Design .
Un i t s sh a l l be desi gn ed for t h e u se i n -
t en ded a n d sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Base widt h . Th e mi n i mu m wi dt h of
t h e ba se of mobi l e wor k pl a t for ms sh a l l
n ot be l ess t h a n 20 i n ch es.
(3) Bracin g. Adequ a t e r i gi d di a gon a l
br a ci n g t o ver t i ca l member s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(f) Mobile ladder st an ds(1) Design .
Un i t s sh a l l compl y wi t h a ppl i ca bl e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Base widt h . Th e mi n i mu m ba se
wi dt h sh a l l con for m t o pa r a gr a ph
(a )(3)(i ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e ma xi mu m
l en gt h of t h e ba se sect i on sh a l l be t h e
t ot a l l en gt h of combi n ed st eps a n d t op
a ssembl y , mea su r ed h or i zon t a l l y , pl u s
fi ve-ei gh t h s i n ch per st ep of r i se.
(3) St eps. S t eps sh a l l be u n i for ml y
spa ced, a n d sl oped, wi t h a r i se of n ot
l ess t h a n n i n e (9) i n ch es, n or mor e t h a n
t en (10) i n ch es, a n d a dept h of n ot l ess
seven (7) i n ch es. Th e sl ope of t h e st eps
sect i on sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of fi ft y -
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
146
fi ve (55) degr ees a n d a ma xi mu m of
si xt y (60) degr ees mea su r ed fr om t h e
h or i zon t a l .
(4) Han drails. (i ) Un i t s h a vi n g mor e
t h a n fi ve (5) st eps or 60 i n ch es ver t i ca l
h ei gh t t o t h e t op st ep sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h h a n dr a i l s.
(i i ) Ha n dr a i l s sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of
29 i n ch es h i gh . Mea su r emen t s sh a l l be
t a k en ver t i ca l l y fr om t h e cen t er of t h e
st ep.
(5) L oadin g. Th e l oa d (see pa r a gr a ph
(a )(2)(i i )(a) of t h i s sect i on ) sh a l l be a p-
pl i ed u n i for ml y t o a 3
1
2 i n ch es wi de
a r ea fr on t t o ba ck a t t h e cen t er of t h e
wi dt h spa n wi t h a sa fet y fa ct or of fou r
(4).
1910.30 Other working surfaces.
(a ) Dock boards (bridge plat es). (1) P or t -
a bl e a n d power ed dock boa r ds sh a l l be
st r on g en ou gh t o ca r r y t h e l oa d i m-
posed on t h em.
(2) P or t a bl e dock boa r ds sh a l l be se-
cu r ed i n posi t i on , ei t h er by bei n g a n -
ch or ed or equ i pped wi t h devi ces wh i ch
wi l l pr even t t h ei r sl i ppi n g.
(3) P ower ed dock boa r ds sh a l l be de-
wi t h Commer ci a l S t a n da r d CS 20256
(1961) I n du st r i a l Li ft s a n d Hi n ged
Loa di n g Ra mps pu bl i sh ed by t h e U. S .
Depa r t men t of Commer ce, wh i ch i s i n -
cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n
1910. 6.
(4) Ha n dh ol ds, or ot h er effect i ve
mea n s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded on por t a bl e
dock boa r ds t o per mi t sa fe h a n dl i n g.
(5) P osi t i ve pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o pr even t r a i l r oa d ca r s fr om
bei n g moved wh i l e dock boa r ds or
br i dge pl a t es a r e i n posi t i on .
(b) Forgin g mach in e area. (1) Ma ch i n es
sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o gi ve (i ) en ou gh
cl ea r a n ce bet ween ma ch i n es so t h a t
t h e movemen t of on e oper a t or wi l l n ot
i n t er fer e wi t h t h e wor k of a n ot h er , (i i )
a mpl e r oom for cl ea n i n g ma ch i n es a n d
h a n dl i n g t h e wor k , i n cl u di n g ma t er i a l
a n d scr a p. Th e a r r a n gemen t of ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be su ch t h a t oper a t or s wi l l
n ot st a n d i n a i sl es.
(2) Ai sl es sh a l l be pr ovi ded of su ffi -
ci en t wi dt h t o per mi t t h e fr ee move-
men t of empl oy ees br i n gi n g a n d r emov-
i n g ma t er i a l . Th i s a i sl e spa ce i s t o be
i n depen den t of wor k i n g a n d st or a ge
spa ce.
(3) Wood pl a t for ms u sed on t h e fl oor
i n fr on t of ma ch i n es sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l l y con st r u ct ed.
(c) Ven eer mach in ery . (1) S i des of
st ea m va t s sh a l l ext en d t o a h ei gh t of
n ot l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es a bove t h e fl oor ,
wor k i n g pl a t for m, or gr ou n d.
(2) La r ge st ea m va t s di vi ded i n t o sec-
t i on s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su bst a n t i a l
wa l k wa y s bet ween sect i on s. Ea ch
wa l k wa y sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
st a n da r d h a n dr a i l on ea ch exposed si de.
Th ese h a n dr a i l s ma y be r emova bl e, i f
n ecessa r y .
(3) Cover s sh a l l be r emoved on l y fr om
t h a t por t i on of st ea mi n g va t s on wh i ch
men a r e wor k i n g a n d a por t a bl e r a i l i n g
sh a l l be pl a ced a t t h i s poi n t t o pr ot ect
t h e oper a t or s.
(4) Wor k men sh a l l n ot r i de or st ep on
l ogs i n st ea m va t s.
F R 5322, F eb. 10, 1984; 61 F R 9235, Ma r . 7, 1996]
Subpart EMeans of Egress
AUTHORI TY: S ecs. 4, 6, 8, Occu pa t i on a l S a fe-
t y a n d Hea l t h Act of 1970 (29 U. S . C. 653, 655,
657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or der Nos. 1271 (36
F R 8754), (876 41 F R 25059), 983 (48 F R 35736)
or 190 (55 F R 9033), 696 (62 F R 111), or 32000
(65 F R 50017), a s a ppl i ca bl e.
1910.33 Table of contents.
Th i s sect i on l i st s t h e sect i on s a n d
pa r a gr a ph h ea di n gs con t a i n ed i n
1910. 34 t h r ou gh 1910. 39.
1910. 34 Coverage an d def in it ion s.
(a ) Ever y empl oy er i s cover ed.
(b) Exi t r ou t es a r e cover ed.
(c) Defi n i t i on s.
1910. 35 Complian ce wit h NFPA 1012000, L if e
Saf et y Code.
1910. 36 Design an d con st ru ct ion requ iremen t s
f or exit rou t es.
(a ) Ba si c r equ i r emen t s.
(b) Th e n u mber of exi t r ou t es mu st be a de-
qu a t e.
(c) Exi t di sch a r ge.
(d) An exi t door mu st be u n l ock ed.
(e) A si de-h i n ged exi t door mu st be u sed.
(f) Th e ca pa ci t y of a n exi t r ou t e mu st be a de-
qu a t e.
(g) An exi t r ou t e mu st meet mi n i mu m h ei gh t
a n d wi dt h r equ i r emen t s.
(h ) An ou t door exi t r ou t e i s per mi t t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
147
1910. 37 Main t en an ce, saf egu ards, an d
operat ion al f eat u res f or exit rou t es.
(a ) Th e da n ger t o empl oy ees mu st be mi n i -
mi zed.
(b) Li gh t i n g a n d ma r k i n g mu st be a dequ a t e
a n d a ppr opr i a t e.
(c) Th e fi r e r et a r da n t pr oper t i es of pa i n t s or
sol u t i on s mu st be ma i n t a i n ed.
(d) Exi t r ou t es mu st be ma i n t a i n ed du r i n g
con st r u ct i on , r epa i r s, or a l t er a t i on s.
(e) An empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em mu st be oper -
a bl e.
1910. 38 Emergen cy act ion plan s.
(a ) Appl i ca t i on .
(b) Wr i t t en a n d or a l emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n s.
(c) Mi n i mu m el emen t s of a n emer gen cy a c-
t i on pl a n .
(d) Empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em.
(e) Tr a i n i n g.
(f) Revi ew of emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n .
1910. 39 Fire preven t ion plan s.
(a ) Appl i ca t i on .
(b) Wr i t t en a n d or a l fi r e pr even t i on pl a n s.
(c) Mi n i mu m el emen t s of a fi r e pr even t i on
pl a n .
(d) Empl oy ee i n for ma t i on .
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.34 Coverage and definitions.
(a ) Every employ er is covered. S ect i on s
1910. 34 t h r ou gh 1910. 39 a ppl y t o wor k -
pl a ces i n gen er a l i n du st r y except mo-
bi l e wor k pl a ces su ch a s veh i cl es or ves-
sel s.
(b) Exit s rou t es are covered. Th e r u l es
i n 1910. 34 t h r ou gh 1910. 39 cover t h e
mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s for exi t r ou t es
t h a t empl oy er s mu st pr ovi de i n t h ei r
wor k pl a ce so t h a t empl oy ees ma y
eva cu a t e t h e wor k pl a ce sa fel y du r i n g
a n emer gen cy . S ect i on s 1910. 34 t h r ou gh
1910. 39 a l so cover t h e mi n i mu m r e-
qu i r emen t s for emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n s
a n d fi r e pr even t i on pl a n s.
(c) Def in it ion s.
Elect rolu min escen t mea n s a l i gh t -
emi t t i n g ca pa ci t or . Al t er n a t i n g cu r -
r en t exci t es ph osph or a t oms wh en
pl a ced bet ween t h e el ect r i ca l l y con du c-
t i ve su r fa ces t o pr odu ce l i gh t . Th i s
l i gh t sou r ce i s t y pi ca l l y con t a i n ed i n -
si de t h e devi ce.
Exit mea n s t h a t por t i on of a n exi t
r ou t e t h a t i s gen er a l l y sepa r a t ed fr om
ot h er a r ea s t o pr ovi de a pr ot ect ed wa y
of t r a vel t o t h e exi t di sch a r ge. An ex-
a mpl e of a n exi t i s a t wo-h ou r fi r e r e-
si st a n ce-r a t ed en cl osed st a i r wa y t h a t
l ea ds fr om t h e fi ft h fl oor of a n offi ce
bu i l di n g t o t h e ou t si de of t h e bu i l di n g.
Exit access mea n s t h a t por t i on of a n
exi t r ou t e t h a t l ea ds t o a n exi t . An ex-
a mpl e of a n exi t a ccess i s a cor r i dor on
t h e fi ft h fl oor of a n offi ce bu i l di n g t h a t
l ea ds t o a t wo-h ou r fi r e r esi st a n ce-
r a t ed en cl osed st a i r wa y (t h e Exi t ).
Exit disch arge mea n s t h e pa r t of t h e
exi t r ou t e t h a t l ea ds di r ect l y ou t si de
or t o a st r eet , wa l k wa y , r efu ge a r ea ,
pu bl i c wa y , or open spa ce wi t h a ccess
t o t h e ou t si de. An exa mpl e of a n exi t
di sch a r ge i s a door a t t h e bot t om of a
t wo-h ou r fi r e r esi st a n ce-r a t ed en cl osed
st a i r wa y t h a t di sch a r ges t o a pl a ce of
sa fet y ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g.
Exit rou t e mea n s a con t i n u ou s a n d
u n obst r u ct ed pa t h of exi t t r a vel fr om
a n y poi n t wi t h i n a wor k pl a ce t o a
pl a ce of sa fet y (i n cl u di n g r efu ge a r ea s).
An exi t r ou t e con si st s of t h r ee pa r t s:
Th e exi t a ccess; t h e exi t ; a n d, t h e exi t
di sch a r ge. (An exi t r ou t e i n cl u des a l l
ver t i ca l a n d h or i zon t a l a r ea s a l on g t h e
r ou t e. )
High h azard area mea n s a n a r ea i n -
si de a wor k pl a ce i n wh i ch oper a t i on s
i n cl u de h i gh h a za r d ma t er i a l s, pr oc-
esses, or con t en t s.
Occu pan t load mea n s t h e t ot a l n u m-
ber of per son s t h a t ma y occu py a wor k -
pl a ce or por t i on of a wor k pl a ce a t a n y
on e t i me. Th e occu pa n t l oa d of a wor k -
pl a ce i s ca l cu l a t ed by di vi di n g t h e
gr oss fl oor a r ea of t h e wor k pl a ce or
por t i on of a wor k pl a ce by t h e occu pa n t
l oa d fa ct or for t h a t pa r t i cu l a r t y pe of
wor k pl a ce occu pa n cy . I n for ma t i on r e-
ga r di n g Occu pa n t l oa d i s l oca t ed i n
NF P A 1012000, Li fe S a fet y Code.
Ref u ge area mea n s ei t h er :
(1) A spa ce a l on g a n exi t r ou t e t h a t i s
pr ot ect ed fr om t h e effect s of fi r e by
sepa r a t i on fr om ot h er spa ces wi t h i n
t h e bu i l di n g by a ba r r i er wi t h a t l ea st
a on e-h ou r fi r e r esi st a n ce-r a t i n g; or
(2) A fl oor wi t h a t l ea st t wo spa ces,
sepa r a t ed fr om ea ch ot h er by smok e-
r esi st a n t pa r t i t i on s, i n a bu i l di n g pr o-
t ect ed t h r ou gh ou t by a n a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er sy st em t h a t compl i es wi t h
1910. 159 of t h i s pa r t .
Self -lu min ou s mea n s a l i gh t sou r ce
t h a t i s i l l u mi n a t ed by a sel f-con t a i n ed
power sou r ce (e. g. , t r i t i u m) a n d t h a t
oper a t es i n depen den t l y fr om ext er n a l
power sou r ces. Ba t t er i es a r e n ot a c-
cept a bl e sel f-con t a i n ed power sou r ces.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
148
Th e l i gh t sou r ce i s t y pi ca l l y con t a i n ed
i n si de t h e devi ce.
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.35 Compliance with NFPA 101
2000, Life Safety Code.
An empl oy er wh o demon st r a t es com-
pl i a n ce wi t h t h e exi t r ou t e pr ovi si on s
of NF P A 1012000, t h e Li fe S a fet y Code,
wi l l be deemed t o be i n compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e cor r espon di n g r equ i r emen t s i n
1910. 34, 1910. 36, a n d 1910. 37.
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.36 Design and construction re-
quirements for exit routes.
(a ) Basic requ iremen t s. Exi t r ou t es
mu st meet t h e fol l owi n g desi gn a n d
con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s:
(1) An exit rou t e mu st be perman en t .
Ea ch exi t r ou t e mu st be a per ma n en t
pa r t of t h e wor k pl a ce.
(2) An exit mu st be separat ed by f ire re-
sist an t mat erials. Con st r u ct i on ma t e-
r i a l s u sed t o sepa r a t e a n exi t fr om
ot h er pa r t s of t h e wor k pl a ce mu st h a ve
a on e-h ou r fi r e r esi st a n ce-r a t i n g i f t h e
exi t con n ect s t h r ee or fewer st or i es a n d
a t wo-h ou r fi r e r esi st a n ce-r a t i n g i f t h e
exi t con n ect s fou r or mor e st or i es.
(3) Open in gs in t o an exit mu st be lim-
it ed. An exi t i s per mi t t ed t o h a ve on l y
t h ose open i n gs n ecessa r y t o a l l ow a c-
cess t o t h e exi t fr om occu pi ed a r ea s of
t h e wor k pl a ce, or t o t h e exi t di sch a r ge.
An open i n g i n t o a n exi t mu st be pr o-
t ect ed by a sel f-cl osi n g fi r e door t h a t
r ema i n s cl osed or a u t oma t i ca l l y cl oses
i n a n emer gen cy u pon t h e sou n di n g of
a fi r e a l a r m or empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em.
Ea ch fi r e door , i n cl u di n g i t s fr a me a n d
h a r dwa r e, mu st be l i st ed or a ppr oved
by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a b-
or a t or y . S ect i on 1910. 155(c)(3)(i v)(A) of
t h i s pa r t defi n es l i st ed a n d 1910. 7 of
t h i s pa r t defi n es a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
n i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
(b) T h e n u mber of exit rou t es mu st be
adequ at e(1) T wo exit rou t es. At l ea st
t wo exi t r ou t es mu st be a va i l a bl e i n a
wor k pl a ce t o per mi t pr ompt eva cu -
a t i on of empl oy ees a n d ot h er bu i l di n g
occu pa n t s du r i n g a n emer gen cy , except
a s a l l owed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s
sect i on . Th e exi t r ou t es mu st be l o-
ca t ed a s fa r a wa y a s pr a ct i ca l fr om
ea ch ot h er so t h a t i f on e exi t r ou t e i s
bl ock ed by fi r e or smok e, empl oy ees
ca n eva cu a t e u si n g t h e secon d exi t
r ou t e.
(2) More t h an t wo exit rou t es. Mor e
t h a n t wo exi t r ou t es mu st be a va i l a bl e
i n a wor k pl a ce i f t h e n u mber of em-
pl oy ees, t h e si ze of t h e bu i l di n g, i t s oc-
cu pa n cy , or t h e a r r a n gemen t of t h e
wor k pl a ce i s su ch t h a t a l l empl oy ees
wou l d n ot be a bl e t o eva cu a t e sa fel y
du r i n g a n emer gen cy .
(3) A sin gle exit rou t e. A si n gl e exi t
r ou t e i s per mi t t ed wh er e t h e n u mber of
empl oy ees, t h e si ze of t h e bu i l di n g, i t s
occu pa n cy , or t h e a r r a n gemen t of t h e
wor k pl a ce i s su ch t h a t a l l empl oy ees
wou l d be a bl e t o eva cu a t e sa fel y du r i n g
a n emer gen cy .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H 1910. 36(b): F or a ssi st -
a n ce i n det er mi n i n g t h e n u mber of exi t
r ou t es n ecessa r y for y ou r wor k pl a ce, con su l t
(c) Exit disch arge. (1) Ea ch exi t di s-
ch a r ge mu st l ea d di r ect l y ou t si de or t o
a st r eet , wa l k wa y , r efu ge a r ea , pu bl i c
wa y , or open spa ce wi t h a ccess t o t h e
ou t si de.
(2) Th e st r eet , wa l k wa y , r efu ge a r ea ,
pu bl i c wa y , or open spa ce t o wh i ch a n
exi t di sch a r ge l ea ds mu st be l a r ge
en ou gh t o a ccommoda t e t h e bu i l di n g
occu pa n t s l i k el y t o u se t h e exi t r ou t e.
(3) Exi t st a i r s t h a t con t i n u e bey on d
t h e l evel on wh i ch t h e exi t di sch a r ge i s
l oca t ed mu st be i n t er r u pt ed a t t h a t
l evel by door s, pa r t i t i on s, or ot h er ef-
fect i ve mea n s t h a t cl ea r l y i n di ca t e t h e
di r ect i on of t r a vel l ea di n g t o t h e exi t
di sch a r ge.
(d) An exit door mu st be u n lock ed. (1)
Empl oy ees mu st be a bl e t o open a n exi t
r ou t e door fr om t h e i n si de a t a l l t i mes
wi t h ou t k ey s, t ool s, or speci a l k n owl -
edge. A devi ce su ch a s a pa n i c ba r t h a t
l ock s on l y fr om t h e ou t si de i s per -
mi t t ed on exi t di sch a r ge door s.
(2) Exi t r ou t e door s mu st be fr ee of
a n y devi ce or a l a r m t h a t cou l d r est r i ct
emer gen cy u se of t h e exi t r ou t e i f t h e
devi ce or a l a r m fa i l s.
(3) An exi t r ou t e door ma y be l ock ed
fr om t h e i n si de on l y i n men t a l , pen a l ,
or cor r ect i on a l fa ci l i t i es a n d t h en on l y
i f su per vi sor y per son n el a r e con t i n u -
ou sl y on du t y a n d t h e empl oy er h a s a
pl a n t o r emove occu pa n t s fr om t h e fa -
ci l i t y du r i n g a n emer gen cy .
(e) A side-h in ged exit door mu st be
u sed. (1) A si de-h i n ged door mu st be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
149
u sed t o con n ect a n y r oom t o a n exi t
r ou t e.
(2) Th e door t h a t con n ect s a n y r oom
t o a n exi t r ou t e mu st swi n g ou t i n t h e
di r ect i on of exi t t r a vel i f t h e r oom i s
desi gn ed t o be occu pi ed by mor e t h a n
50 peopl e or i f t h e r oom i s a h i gh h a z-
a r d a r ea (i. e. , con t a i n s con t en t s t h a t
a r e l i k el y t o bu r n wi t h ext r eme r a pi d-
i t y or expl ode).
(f) T h e capacit y of an exit rou t e mu st be
adequ at e. (1) Exi t r ou t es mu st su ppor t
t h e ma xi mu m per mi t t ed occu pa n t l oa d
for ea ch fl oor ser ved.
(2) Th e ca pa ci t y of a n exi t r ou t e ma y
n ot decr ea se i n t h e di r ect i on of exi t
r ou t e t r a vel t o t h e exi t di sch a r ge.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H 1910. 36(f): I n for ma t i on
r ega r di n g Occu pa n t l oa d i s l oca t ed i n
(g) An exit rou t e mu st meet min imu m
h eigh t an d widt h requ iremen t s. (1) Th e
cei l i n g of a n exi t r ou t e mu st be a t l ea st
seven feet si x i n ch es (2. 3 m) h i gh . An y
pr oj ect i on fr om t h e cei l i n g mu st n ot
r ea ch a poi n t l ess t h a n si x feet ei gh t
i n ch es (2. 0 m) fr om t h e fl oor .
(2) An exi t a ccess mu st be a t l ea st 28
i n ch es (71. 1 cm) wi de a t a l l poi n t s.
Wh er e t h er e i s on l y on e exi t a ccess
l ea di n g t o a n exi t or exi t di sch a r ge, t h e
wi dt h of t h e exi t a n d exi t di sch a r ge
mu st be a t l ea st equ a l t o t h e wi dt h of
t h e exi t a ccess.
(3) Th e wi dt h of a n exi t r ou t e mu st
be su ffi ci en t t o a ccommoda t e t h e ma x-
i mu m per mi t t ed occu pa n t l oa d of ea ch
fl oor ser ved by t h e exi t r ou t e.
(4) Obj ect s t h a t pr oj ect i n t o t h e exi t
r ou t e mu st n ot r edu ce t h e wi dt h of t h e
exi t r ou t e t o l ess t h a n t h e mi n i mu m
wi dt h r equ i r emen t s for exi t r ou t es.
(h ) An ou t door exit rou t e is permit t ed.
Ea ch ou t door exi t r ou t e mu st meet t h e
mi n i mu m h ei gh t a n d wi dt h r equ i r e-
men t s for i n door exi t r ou t es a n d mu st
a l so meet t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(1) Th e ou t door exi t r ou t e mu st h a ve
gu a r dr a i l s t o pr ot ect u n en cl osed si des
i f a fa l l h a za r d exi st s;
(2) Th e ou t door exi t r ou t e mu st be
cover ed i f sn ow or i ce i s l i k el y t o a ccu -
mu l a t e a l on g t h e r ou t e, u n l ess t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t a n y sn ow
or i ce a ccu mu l a t i on wi l l be r emoved
befor e i t pr esen t s a sl i ppi n g h a za r d;
(3) Th e ou t door exi t r ou t e mu st be
r ea son a bl y st r a i gh t a n d h a ve smoot h ,
sol i d, su bst a n t i a l l y l evel wa l k wa y s;
a n d
(4) Th e ou t door exi t r ou t e mu st n ot
h a ve a dea d-en d t h a t i s l on ger t h a n 20
feet (6. 2 m).
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.37 Maintenance, safeguards, and
operational features for exit routes.
(a ) T h e dan ger t o employ ees mu st be
min imized. (1) Exi t r ou t es mu st be k ept
fr ee of expl osi ve or h i gh l y fl a mma bl e
fu r n i sh i n gs or ot h er decor a t i on s.
(2) Exi t r ou t es mu st be a r r a n ged so
t h a t empl oy ees wi l l n ot h a ve t o t r a vel
t owa r d a h i gh h a za r d a r ea , u n l ess t h e
pa t h of t r a vel i s effect i vel y sh i el ded
fr om t h e h i gh h a za r d a r ea by su i t a bl e
pa r t i t i on s or ot h er ph y si ca l ba r r i er s.
(3) Exi t r ou t es mu st be fr ee a n d u n ob-
st r u ct ed. No ma t er i a l s or equ i pmen t
ma y be pl a ced, ei t h er per ma n en t l y or
t empor a r i l y , wi t h i n t h e exi t r ou t e. Th e
exi t a ccess mu st n ot go t h r ou gh a r oom
t h a t ca n be l ock ed, su ch a s a ba t h -
r oom, t o r ea ch a n exi t or exi t di s-
ch a r ge, n or ma y i t l ea d i n t o a dea d-en d
cor r i dor . S t a i r s or a r a mp mu st be pr o-
vi ded wh er e t h e exi t r ou t e i s n ot su b-
st a n t i a l l y l evel .
(4) S a fegu a r ds desi gn ed t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees du r i n g a n emer gen cy (e. g. ,
spr i n k l er sy st ems, a l a r m sy st ems, fi r e
door s, exi t l i gh t i n g) mu st be i n pr oper
wor k i n g or der a t a l l t i mes.
(b) L igh t in g an d mark in g mu st be ade-
qu at e an d appropriat e. (1) Ea ch exi t
r ou t e mu st be a dequ a t el y l i gh t ed so
t h a t a n empl oy ee wi t h n or ma l vi si on
ca n see a l on g t h e exi t r ou t e.
(2) Ea ch exi t mu st be cl ea r l y vi si bl e
a n d ma r k ed by a si gn r ea di n g Exi t .
(3) Ea ch exi t r ou t e door mu st be fr ee
of decor a t i on s or si gn s t h a t obscu r e t h e
vi si bi l i t y of t h e exi t r ou t e door .
(4) I f t h e di r ect i on of t r a vel t o t h e
exi t or exi t di sch a r ge i s n ot i mme-
di a t el y a ppa r en t , si gn s mu st be post ed
a l on g t h e exi t a ccess i n di ca t i n g t h e di -
r ect i on of t r a vel t o t h e n ea r est exi t
a n d exi t di sch a r ge. Addi t i on a l l y , t h e
l i n e-of-si gh t t o a n exi t si gn mu st cl ea r -
l y be vi si bl e a t a l l t i mes.
(5) Ea ch door wa y or pa ssa ge a l on g a n
exi t a ccess t h a t cou l d be mi st a k en for
a n exi t mu st be ma r k ed Not a n Exi t
or si mi l a r desi gn a t i on , or be i den t i fi ed
by a si gn i n di ca t i n g i t s a ct u a l u se (e. g. ,
cl oset ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
150
(6) Ea ch exi t si gn mu st be i l l u mi -
n a t ed t o a su r fa ce va l u e of a t l ea st fi ve
foot -ca n dl es (54 l u x) by a r el i a bl e l i gh t
sou r ce a n d be di st i n ct i ve i n col or . S el f-
l u mi n ou s or el ect r ol u mi n escen t si gn s
t h a t h a ve a mi n i mu m l u mi n a n ce su r -
fa ce va l u e of a t l ea st . 06 foot l a mber t s
(0. 21 cd/m
2
) a r e per mi t t ed.
(7) Ea ch exi t si gn mu st h a ve t h e wor d
Exi t i n pl a i n l y l egi bl e l et t er s n ot
l ess t h a n si x i n ch es (15. 2 cm) h i gh , wi t h
t h e pr i n ci pa l st r ok es of t h e l et t er s i n
t h e wor d Exi t n ot l ess t h a n t h r ee-
fou r t h s of a n i n ch (1. 9 cm) wi de.
(c) T h e f ire ret ardan t propert ies of
pain t s or solu t ion s mu st be main t ain ed.
F i r e r et a r da n t pa i n t s or sol u t i on s mu st
be r en ewed a s oft en a s n ecessa r y t o
ma i n t a i n t h ei r fi r e r et a r da n t pr op-
er t i es.
(d) Exit rou t es mu st be main t ain ed du r-
in g con st ru ct ion , repairs, or alt erat ion s.
(1) Du r i n g n ew con st r u ct i on , empl oy ees
mu st n ot occu py a wor k pl a ce u n t i l t h e
exi t r ou t es r equ i r ed by t h i s su bpa r t a r e
compl et ed a n d r ea dy for empl oy ee u se
for t h e por t i on of t h e wor k pl a ce t h ey
occu py .
(2) Du r i n g r epa i r s or a l t er a t i on s, em-
pl oy ees mu st n ot occu py a wor k pl a ce
u n l ess t h e exi t r ou t es r equ i r ed by t h i s
su bpa r t a r e a va i l a bl e a n d exi st i n g fi r e
pr ot ect i on s a r e ma i n t a i n ed, or u n t i l a l -
t er n a t e fi r e pr ot ect i on i s fu r n i sh ed
t h a t pr ovi des a n equ i va l en t l evel of
sa fet y .
(3) Empl oy ees mu st n ot be exposed t o
h a za r ds of fl a mma bl e or expl osi ve su b-
st a n ces or equ i pmen t u sed du r i n g con -
st r u ct i on , r epa i r s, or a l t er a t i on s, t h a t
a r e bey on d t h e n or ma l per mi ssi bl e con -
di t i on s i n t h e wor k pl a ce, or t h a t wou l d
i mpede exi t i n g t h e wor k pl a ce.
(e) An employ ee alarm sy st em mu st be
operable. Empl oy er s mu st i n st a l l a n d
ma i n t a i n a n oper a bl e empl oy ee a l a r m
sy st em t h a t h a s a di st i n ct i ve si gn a l t o
wa r n empl oy ees of fi r e or ot h er emer -
gen ci es, u n l ess empl oy ees ca n pr ompt -
l y see or smel l a fi r e or ot h er h a za r d i n
t i me t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e wa r n i n g t o
t h em. Th e empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em
mu st compl y wi t h 1910. 165.
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.38 Emergency action plans.
(a ) Applicat ion . An empl oy er mu st
h a ve a n emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n wh en -
ever a n OS HA st a n da r d i n t h i s pa r t r e-
qu i r es on e. Th e r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s
sect i on a ppl y t o ea ch su ch emer gen cy
a ct i on pl a n .
(b) Writ t en an d oral emergen cy act ion
plan s. An emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n mu st
be i n wr i t i n g, k ept i n t h e wor k pl a ce,
a n d a va i l a bl e t o empl oy ees for r evi ew.
However , a n empl oy er wi t h 10 or fewer
empl oy ees ma y commu n i ca t e t h e pl a n
or a l l y t o empl oy ees.
(c) Min imu m elemen t s of an emergen cy
act ion plan . An emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n
mu st i n cl u de a t a mi n i mu m:
(1) P r ocedu r es for r epor t i n g a fi r e or
ot h er emer gen cy ;
(2) P r ocedu r es for emer gen cy eva cu -
a t i on , i n cl u di n g t y pe of eva cu a t i on a n d
exi t r ou t e a ssi gn men t s;
(3) P r ocedu r es t o be fol l owed by em-
pl oy ees wh o r ema i n t o oper a t e cr i t i ca l
pl a n t oper a t i on s befor e t h ey eva cu a t e;
(4) P r ocedu r es t o a ccou n t for a l l em-
pl oy ees a ft er eva cu a t i on ;
(5) P r ocedu r es t o be fol l owed by em-
pl oy ees per for mi n g r escu e or medi ca l
du t i es; a n d
(6) Th e n a me or j ob t i t l e of ever y em-
pl oy ee wh o ma y be con t a ct ed by em-
pl oy ees wh o n eed mor e i n for ma t i on
a bou t t h e pl a n or a n expl a n a t i on of
t h ei r du t i es u n der t h e pl a n .
(d) Employ ee alarm sy st em. An em-
pl oy er mu st h a ve a n d ma i n t a i n a n em-
pl oy ee a l a r m sy st em. Th e empl oy ee
a l a r m sy st em mu st u se a di st i n ct i ve
si gn a l for ea ch pu r pose a n d compl y
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s i n 1910. 165.
(e) T rain in g. An empl oy er mu st des-
i gn a t e a n d t r a i n empl oy ees t o a ssi st i n
a sa fe a n d or der l y eva cu a t i on of ot h er
empl oy ees.
(f) Review of emergen cy act ion plan . An
empl oy er mu st r evi ew t h e emer gen cy
a ct i on pl a n wi t h ea ch empl oy ee cov-
er ed by t h e pl a n :
(1) Wh en t h e pl a n i s devel oped or t h e
empl oy ee i s a ssi gn ed i n i t i a l l y t o a j ob;
(2) Wh en t h e empl oy ees r espon si bi l -
i t i es u n der t h e pl a n ch a n ge; a n d
(3) Wh en t h e pl a n i s ch a n ged.
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.39 Fire prevention plans.
(a ) Applicat ion . An empl oy er mu st
h a ve a fi r e pr even t i on pl a n wh en a n
OS HA st a n da r d i n t h i s pa r t r equ i r es
on e. Th e r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s sect i on
a ppl y t o ea ch su ch fi r e pr even t i on pl a n .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
151
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. E, App.
(b) Writ t en an d oral f ire preven t ion
plan s. A fi r e pr even t i on pl a n mu st be i n
wr i t i n g, be k ept i n t h e wor k pl a ce, a n d
be ma de a va i l a bl e t o empl oy ees for r e-
vi ew. However , a n empl oy er wi t h 10 or
fewer empl oy ees ma y commu n i ca t e t h e
pl a n or a l l y t o empl oy ees.
(c) Min imu m elemen t s of a f ire preven -
t ion plan . A fi r e pr even t i on pl a n mu st
i n cl u de:
(1) A l i st of a l l ma j or fi r e h a za r ds,
pr oper h a n dl i n g a n d st or a ge pr ocedu r es
for h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s, pot en t i a l i gn i -
t i on sou r ces a n d t h ei r con t r ol , a n d t h e
t y pe of fi r e pr ot ect i on equ i pmen t n ec-
essa r y t o con t r ol ea ch ma j or h a za r d;
(2) P r ocedu r es t o con t r ol a ccu mu l a -
t i on s of fl a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e
wa st e ma t er i a l s;
(3) P r ocedu r es for r egu l a r ma i n t e-
n a n ce of sa fegu a r ds i n st a l l ed on h ea t -
pr odu ci n g equ i pmen t t o pr even t t h e a c-
ci den t a l i gn i t i on of combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l s;
(4) Th e n a me or j ob t i t l e of empl oy -
ees r espon si bl e for ma i n t a i n i n g equ i p-
men t t o pr even t or con t r ol sou r ces of
i gn i t i on or fi r es; a n d
(5) Th e n a me or j ob t i t l e of empl oy -
ees r espon si bl e for t h e con t r ol of fu el
sou r ce h a za r ds.
(d) Employ ee in f ormat ion . An empl oy er
mu st i n for m empl oy ees u pon i n i t i a l a s-
si gn men t t o a j ob of t h e fi r e h a za r ds t o
wh i ch t h ey a r e exposed. An empl oy er
mu st a l so r evi ew wi t h ea ch empl oy ee
t h ose pa r t s of t h e fi r e pr even t i on pl a n
n ecessa r y for sel f-pr ot ect i on .
[67 F R 67961, Nov. 7, 2002]
AP P ENDI X TO S UBP ART E OF P ART 1910
EXI T ROUTES , EMERGENCY ACTI ON
P LANS , AND F I RE P REVENTI ON
P LANS
Th i s a ppen di x ser ves a s a n on ma n da t or y
gu i del i n e t o a ssi st empl oy er s i n compl y i n g
wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t
E.
1910. 38 Employ ee emergen cy plan s.
1. Emergen cy act ion plan elemen t s. Th e
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n sh ou l d a ddr ess emer -
gen ci es t h a t t h e empl oy er ma y r ea son a bl y
expect i n t h e wor k pl a ce. Exa mpl es a r e: fi r e;
t oxi c ch emi ca l r el ea ses; h u r r i ca n es; t or n a -
does; bl i zza r ds; fl oods; a n d ot h er s. Th e el e-
men t s of t h e emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n pr e-
sen t ed i n pa r a gr a ph 1910. 38(c) ca n be su ppl e-
men t ed by t h e fol l owi n g t o mor e effect i vel y
a ch i eve empl oy ee sa fet y a n d h ea l t h i n a n
emer gen cy . Th e empl oy er sh ou l d l i st i n de-
t a i l t h e pr ocedu r es t o be t a k en by t h ose em-
pl oy ees wh o h a ve been sel ect ed t o r ema i n be-
h i n d t o ca r e for essen t i a l pl a n t oper a t i on s
u n t i l t h ei r eva cu a t i on becomes a bsol u t el y
n ecessa r y . Essen t i a l pl a n t oper a t i on s ma y
i n cl u de t h e mon i t or i n g of pl a n t power su p-
pl i es, wa t er su ppl i es, a n d ot h er essen t i a l
ser vi ces wh i ch ca n n ot be sh u t down for ever y
emer gen cy a l a r m. Essen t i a l pl a n t oper a t i on s
ma y a l so i n cl u de ch emi ca l or ma n u fa ct u r i n g
pr ocesses wh i ch mu st be sh u t down i n st a ges
or st eps wh er e cer t a i n empl oy ees mu st be
pr esen t t o a ssu r e t h a t sa fe sh u t down pr oce-
du r es a r e compl et ed.
Th e u se of fl oor pl a n s or wor k pl a ce ma ps
wh i ch cl ea r l y sh ow t h e emer gen cy esca pe
r ou t es sh ou l d be i n cl u ded i n t h e emer gen cy
a ct i on pl a n . Col or codi n g wi l l a i d empl oy ees
i n det er mi n i n g t h ei r r ou t e a ssi gn men t s.
Th e empl oy er sh ou l d a l so devel op a n d ex-
pl a i n i n det a i l wh a t r escu e a n d medi ca l fi r st
a i d du t i es a r e t o be per for med a n d by wh om.
Al l empl oy ees a r e t o be t ol d wh a t a ct i on s
t h ey a r e t o t a k e i n t h ese emer gen cy si t u a -
t i on s t h a t t h e empl oy er a n t i ci pa t es ma y
occu r i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
2. Emergen cy evacu at ion . At t h e t i me of a n
emer gen cy , empl oy ees sh ou l d k n ow wh a t
t y pe of eva cu a t i on i s n ecessa r y a n d wh a t
t h ei r r ol e i s i n ca r r y i n g ou t t h e pl a n . I n
some ca ses wh er e t h e emer gen cy i s ver y
gr a ve, t ot a l a n d i mmedi a t e eva cu a t i on of a l l
empl oy ees i s n ecessa r y . I n ot h er emer -
gen ci es, a pa r t i a l eva cu a t i on of n on essen t i a l
empl oy ees wi t h a del a y ed eva cu a t i on of ot h -
er s ma y be n ecessa r y for con t i n u ed pl a n t op-
er a t i on . I n some ca ses, on l y t h ose empl oy ees
i n t h e i mmedi a t e a r ea of t h e fi r e ma y be ex-
pect ed t o eva cu a t e or move t o a sa fe a r ea
su ch a s wh en a l oca l a ppl i ca t i on fi r e su ppr es-
si on sy st em di sch a r ge empl oy ee a l a r m i s
sou n ded. Empl oy ees mu st be su r e t h a t t h ey
k n ow wh a t i s expect ed of t h em i n a l l su ch
emer gen cy possi bi l i t i es wh i ch h a ve been
pl a n n ed i n or der t o pr ovi de a ssu r a n ce of
t h ei r sa fet y fr om fi r e or ot h er emer gen cy .
Th e desi gn a t i on of r efu ge or sa fe a r ea s for
eva cu a t i on sh ou l d be det er mi n ed a n d i den t i -
fi ed i n t h e pl a n . I n a bu i l di n g di vi ded i n t o
fi r e zon es by fi r e wa l l s, t h e r efu ge a r ea ma y
st i l l be wi t h i n t h e sa me bu i l di n g bu t i n a di f-
fer en t zon e fr om wh er e t h e emer gen cy oc-
cu r s.
Ext er i or r efu ge or sa fe a r ea s ma y i n cl u de
pa r k i n g l ot s, open fi el ds or st r eet s wh i ch a r e
l oca t ed a wa y fr om t h e si t e of t h e emer gen cy
a n d wh i ch pr ovi de su ffi ci en t spa ce t o a ccom-
moda t e t h e empl oy ees. Empl oy ees sh ou l d be
i n st r u ct ed t o move a wa y fr om t h e exi t di s-
ch a r ge door s of t h e bu i l di n g, a n d t o a voi d
con gr ega t i n g cl ose t o t h e bu i l di n g wh er e
t h ey ma y h a mper emer gen cy oper a t i on s.
3. Emergen cy act ion plan t rain in g. Th e em-
pl oy er sh ou l d a ssu r e t h a t a n a dequ a t e n u m-
ber of empl oy ees a r e a va i l a bl e a t a l l t i mes
du r i n g wor k i n g h ou r s t o a ct a s eva cu a t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
152
wa r den s so t h a t empl oy ees ca n be swi ft l y
moved fr om t h e da n ger l oca t i on t o t h e sa fe
a r ea s. Gen er a l l y , on e wa r den for ea ch t wen t y
empl oy ees i n t h e wor k pl a ce sh ou l d be a bl e t o
pr ovi de a dequ a t e gu i da n ce a n d i n st r u ct i on a t
t h e t i me of a fi r e emer gen cy . Th e empl oy ees
sel ect ed or wh o vol u n t eer t o ser ve a s wa r -
den s sh ou l d be t r a i n ed i n t h e compl et e wor k -
pl a ce l a y ou t a n d t h e va r i ou s a l t er n a t i ve es-
ca pe r ou t es fr om t h e wor k pl a ce. Al l wa r den s
a n d fel l ow empl oy ees sh ou l d be ma de a wa r e
of h a n di ca pped empl oy ees wh o ma y n eed
ext r a a ssi st a n ce, su ch a s u si n g t h e bu ddy
sy st em, a n d of h a za r dou s a r ea s t o be a voi ded
du r i n g emer gen ci es. Befor e l ea vi n g, wa r den s
sh ou l d ch eck r ooms a n d ot h er en cl osed
spa ces i n t h e wor k pl a ce for empl oy ees wh o
ma y be t r a pped or ot h er wi se u n a bl e t o eva c-
u a t e t h e a r ea .
Aft er t h e desi r ed degr ee of eva cu a t i on i s
compl et ed, t h e wa r den s sh ou l d be a bl e t o a c-
cou n t for or ot h er wi se ver i fy t h a t a l l em-
pl oy ees a r e i n t h e sa fe a r ea s.
I n bu i l di n gs wi t h sever a l pl a ces of empl oy -
men t , empl oy er s a r e en cou r a ged t o coor di -
n a t e t h ei r pl a n s wi t h t h e ot h er empl oy er s i n
t h e bu i l di n g. A bu i l di n g-wi de or st a n da r di zed
pl a n for t h e wh ol e bu i l di n g i s a ccept a bl e pr o-
vi ded t h a t t h e empl oy er s i n for m t h ei r r e-
spect i ve empl oy ees of t h ei r du t i es a n d r e-
spon si bi l i t i es u n der t h e pl a n . Th e st a n da r d-
i zed pl a n n eed n ot be k ept by ea ch empl oy er
i n t h e mu l t i -empl oy er bu i l di n g, pr ovi ded
t h er e i s a n a ccessi bl e l oca t i on wi t h i n t h e
bu i l di n g wh er e t h e pl a n ca n be r evi ewed by
a ffect ed empl oy ees. Wh en mu l t i -empl oy er
bu i l di n g-wi de pl a n s a r e n ot fea si bl e, empl oy -
er s sh ou l d coor di n a t e t h ei r pl a n s wi t h t h e
ot h er empl oy er s wi t h i n t h e bu i l di n g t o a s-
su r e t h a t con fl i ct s a n d con fu si on a r e a voi ded
du r i n g t i mes of emer gen ci es. I n mu l t i -st or y
bu i l di n gs wh er e mor e t h a n on e empl oy er i s
on a si n gl e fl oor , i t i s essen t i a l t h a t t h ese
empl oy er s coor di n a t e t h ei r pl a n s wi t h ea ch
ot h er t o a voi d con fl i ct s a n d con fu si on .
4. Fire preven t ion h ou sek eepin g. Th e st a n d-
a r d ca l l s for t h e con t r ol of a ccu mu l a t i on s of
fl a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e wa st e ma t er i a l s.
I t i s t h e i n t en t of t h i s st a n da r d t o a ssu r e
t h a t h a za r dou s a ccu mu l a t i on s of combu s-
t i bl e wa st e ma t er i a l s a r e con t r ol l ed so t h a t
a fa st devel opi n g fi r e, r a pi d spr ea d of t oxi c
smok e, or a n expl osi on wi l l n ot occu r . Th i s
does n ot n ecessa r i l y mea n t h a t ea ch r oom
h a s t o be swept ea ch da y . Empl oy er s a n d em-
pl oy ees sh ou l d be a wa r e of t h e h a za r dou s
pr oper t i es of ma t er i a l s i n t h ei r wor k pl a ces,
a n d t h e degr ee of h a za r d ea ch poses. Cer -
t a i n l y oi l soa k ed r a gs h a ve t o be t r ea t ed di f-
fer en t l y t h a n gen er a l pa per t r a sh i n offi ce
a r ea s. However , l a r ge a ccu mu l a t i on s of
wa st e pa per or cor r u ga t ed boxes, et c. , ca n
pose a si gn i fi ca n t fi r e h a za r d. Accu mu l a t i on s
of ma t er i a l s wh i ch ca n ca u se l a r ge fi r es or
gen er a t e den se smok e t h a t a r e ea si l y i gn i t ed
or ma y st a r t fr om spon t a n eou s combu st i on ,
a r e t h e t y pes of ma t er i a l s wi t h wh i ch t h i s
st a n da r d i s con cer n ed. S u ch combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l s ma y be ea si l y i gn i t ed by ma t ch es,
wel der s spa r k s, ci ga r et t es a n d si mi l a r l ow
l evel en er gy i gn i t i on sou r ces.
5. Main t en an ce of equ ipmen t u n der t h e f ire
preven t ion plan . Cer t a i n equ i pmen t i s oft en
i n st a l l ed i n wor k pl a ces t o con t r ol h ea t
sou r ces or t o det ect fu el l ea k s. An exa mpl e i s
a t emper a t u r e l i mi t swi t ch oft en fou n d on
deep-fa t food fr y er s fou n d i n r est a u r a n t s.
Th er e ma y be si mi l a r swi t ch es for h i gh t em-
per a t u r e di p t a n k s, or fl a me fa i l u r e a n d
fl a sh ba ck a r r est er devi ces on fu r n a ces a n d
si mi l a r h ea t pr odu ci n g equ i pmen t . I f t h ese
devi ces a r e n ot pr oper l y ma i n t a i n ed or i f
t h ey become i n oper a t i ve, a defi n i t e fi r e h a z-
a r d exi st s. Aga i n empl oy ees a n d su per vi sor s
sh ou l d be a wa r e of t h e speci fi c t y pe of con -
t r ol devi ces on equ i pmen t i n vol ved wi t h
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s i n t h e wor k pl a ce a n d
sh ou l d ma k e su r e, t h r ou gh per i odi c i n spec-
t i on or t est i n g, t h a t t h ese con t r ol s a r e oper -
a bl e. Ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s
sh ou l d be fol l owed t o a ssu r e pr oper ma i n t e-
n a n ce pr ocedu r es.
[45 F R 60714, S ept . 12, 1980]
Subpart FPowered Platforms,
Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mount-
ed Work Platforms
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), or 190 (55 F R 9033),
a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
14, 2007, t h e a u t h or i t y ci t a t i on t o S u bpa r t F
wa s r evi sed, effect i ve Au g. 13, 2007. F or t h e
con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e r evi sed t ext i s
set for t h a s fol l ows:
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), or
52002 (67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R
pa r t 1911.
1910.66 Powered platforms for build-
ing maintenance.
(a ) Scope. Th i s sect i on cover s power ed
pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on s per ma n en t l y
dedi ca t ed t o i n t er i or or ext er i or bu i l d-
i n g ma i n t en a n ce of a speci fi c st r u ct u r e
or gr ou p of st r u ct u r es. Th i s sect i on
does n ot a ppl y t o su spen ded sca ffol ds
(swi n gi n g sca ffol ds) u sed t o ser vi ce
bu i l di n gs on a t empor a r y ba si s a n d
cover ed u n der su bpa r t D of t h i s pa r t ,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
153
n or t o su spen ded sca ffol ds u sed for con -
st r u ct i on wor k a n d cover ed u n der su b-
pa r t L of 29 CF R pa r t 1926. Bu i l di n g
ma i n t en a n ce i n cl u des, bu t i s n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, su ch t a sk s a s wi n dow cl ea n i n g,
ca u l k i n g, met a l pol i sh i n g a n d r e-
gl a zi n g.
(b) Applicat ion (1) New in st allat ion s.
Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o a l l per ma n en t
i n st a l l a t i on s compl et ed a ft er J u l y 23,
1990. Ma j or modi fi ca t i on s t o exi st i n g
i n st a l l a t i on s compl et ed a ft er t h a t da t e
a r e a l so con si der ed n ew i n st a l l a t i on s
u n der t h i s sect i on .
(2) Exist in g in st allat ion s. (i ) P er ma -
n en t i n st a l l a t i on s i n exi st en ce a n d/or
compl et ed befor e J u l y 23, 1990 sh a l l
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (g), (h ), (i ), (j )
a n d a ppen di x C of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) I n a ddi t i on , per ma n en t i n st a l l a -
t i on s compl et ed a ft er Au gu st 27, 1971,
a n d i n exi st en ce a n d/or compl et ed be-
for e J u l y 23, 1990, sh a l l compl y wi t h a p-
pen di x D of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Assu ran ce. (1) Bu i l di n g own er s of
n ew i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l i n for m t h e em-
pl oy er befor e ea ch u se i n wr i t i n g t h a t
t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph s (e)(1) a n d (f)(1) of
t h i s sect i on a n d t h e a ddi t i on a l desi gn
cr i t er i a con t a i n ed i n ot h er pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph s (e) a n d (f) of t h i s sect i on
r el a t i n g t o: r equ i r ed l oa d su st a i n i n g
ca pa bi l i t i es of pl a t for ms, bu i l di n g com-
pon en t s, h oi st i n g a n d su ppor t i n g equ i p-
men t ; st a bi l i t y fa ct or s for ca r r i a ges,
pl a t for ms a n d su ppor t i n g equ i pmen t ;
ma xi mu m h or i zon t a l for ce for move-
men t of ca r r i a ges a n d da vi t s; desi gn of
ca r r i a ges, h oi st i n g ma ch i n es, wi r e r ope
a n d st a bi l i za t i on sy st ems; a n d desi gn
cr i t er i a for el ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i p-
men t .
(2) Bu i l di n g own er s sh a l l ba se t h e i n -
for ma t i on r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)
of t h i s sect i on on t h e r esu l t s of a fi el d
t est of t h e i n st a l l a t i on befor e bei n g
pl a ced i n t o ser vi ce a n d fol l owi n g a n y
ma j or a l t er a t i on t o a n exi st i n g i n st a l -
l a t i on , a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)
of t h i s sect i on . Th e a ssu r a n ce sh a l l
a l so be ba sed on a l l ot h er r el eva n t
a va i l a bl e i n for ma t i on , i n cl u di n g, bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o, t est da t a , equ i pmen t
speci fi ca t i on s a n d ver i fi ca t i on by a
r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer .
(3) Bu i l di n g own er s of a l l i n st a l l a -
t i on s, n ew a n d exi st i n g, sh a l l i n for m
t h e empl oy er i n wr i t i n g t h a t t h e i n -
st a l l a t i on h a s been i n spect ed, t est ed
a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (g) a n d (h )
of t h i s sect i on a n d t h a t a l l pr ot ect i on
a n ch or a ges meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (I )(c)(10) of a ppen di x C.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot per mi t
empl oy ees t o u se t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr i or
t o r ecei vi n g a ssu r a n ce fr om t h e bu i l d-
i n g own er t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s
t h e r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (c)(1) a n d (c)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(d) Def in it ion s.
An emomet er mea n s a n i n st r u men t for
mea su r i n g wi n d vel oci t y .
An gu lat ed ropin g mea n s a su spen si on
met h od wh er e t h e u pper poi n t of su s-
pen si on i s i n boa r d fr om t h e a t t a ch -
men t s on t h e su spen ded u n i t , t h u s
ca u si n g t h e su spen ded u n i t t o bea r
a ga i n st t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g.
Bu ildin g f ace roller mea n s a r ot a t i n g
cy l i n dr i ca l member desi gn ed t o r i de on
t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g wa l l t o pr even t
t h e pl a t for m fr om a br a di n g t h e fa ce of
t h e bu i l di n g a n d t o a ssi st i n st a bi l i zi n g
t h e pl a t for m.
Bu ildin g main t en an ce mea n s oper -
a t i on s su ch a s wi n dow cl ea n i n g, ca u l k -
i n g, met a l pol i sh i n g, r egl a zi n g, a n d
gen er a l ma i n t en a n ce on bu i l di n g su r -
fa ces.
Cable mea n s a con du ct or , or gr ou p of
con du ct or s, en cl osed i n a wea t h er pr oof
sh ea t h , t h a t ma y be u sed t o su ppl y
el ect r i ca l power a n d/or con t r ol cu r r en t
for equ i pmen t or t o pr ovi de voi ce com-
mu n i ca t i on ci r cu i t s.
Carriage mea n s a wh eel ed veh i cl e
u sed for t h e h or i zon t a l movemen t a n d
su ppor t of ot h er equ i pmen t .
Cert if icat ion mea n s a wr i t t en , si gn ed
a n d da t ed st a t emen t con fi r mi n g t h e
per for ma n ce of a r equ i r emen t of t h i s
sect i on .
Combin at ion cable mea n s a ca bl e h a v-
i n g bot h st eel st r u ct u r a l member s ca -
pa bl e of su ppor t i n g t h e pl a t for m, a n d
copper or ot h er el ect r i ca l con du ct or s
i n su l a t ed fr om ea ch ot h er a n d t h e
st r u ct u r a l member s by n on con du ct i ve
ba r r i er s.
Compet en t person mea n s a per son wh o,
beca u se of t r a i n i n g a n d exper i en ce, i s
ca pa bl e of i den t i fy i n g h a za r dou s or
da n ger ou s con di t i on s i n power ed pl a t -
for m i n st a l l a t i on s a n d of t r a i n i n g em-
pl oy ees t o i den t i fy su ch con di t i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
154
Con t in u ou s pressu re mea n s t h e n eed
for con st a n t ma n u a l a ct u a t i on for a
con t r ol t o fu n ct i on .
Con t rol mea n s a mech a n i sm u sed t o
r egu l a t e or gu i de t h e oper a t i on of t h e
equ i pmen t .
Davit mea n s a devi ce, u sed si n gl y or
i n pa i r s, for su spen di n g a power ed pl a t -
for m fr om wor k , st or a ge a n d r i ggi n g
l oca t i on s on t h e bu i l di n g bei n g ser v-
i ced. Un l i k e ou t r i gger s, a da vi t r ea ct s
i t s oper a t i n g l oa d i n t o a si n gl e r oof
sock et or ca r r i a ge a t t a ch men t .
Equ ivalen t mea n s a l t er n a t i ve desi gn s,
ma t er i a l s or met h ods wh i ch t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e wi l l pr ovi de a n
equ a l or gr ea t er degr ee of sa fet y for
empl oy ees t h a n t h e met h ods, ma t er i a l s
or desi gn s speci fi ed i n t h e st a n da r d.
Grou n d riggin g mea n s a met h od of
su spen di n g a wor k i n g pl a t for m st a r t -
i n g fr om a sa fe su r fa ce t o a poi n t of
su spen si on a bove t h e sa fe su r fa ce.
Grou n d rigged davit mea n s a da vi t
wh i ch ca n n ot be u sed t o r a i se a su s-
pen ded wor k i n g pl a t for m a bove t h e
bu i l di n g fa ce bei n g ser vi ced.
Gu ide bu t t on mea n s a bu i l di n g fa ce
a n ch or desi gn ed t o en ga ge a gu i de
t r a ck mou n t ed on a pl a t for m.
Gu ide roller mea n s a r ot a t i n g cy l i n -
dr i ca l member , oper a t i n g sepa r a t el y or
a s pa r t of a gu i de a ssembl y , desi gn ed t o
pr ovi de con t i n u ou s en ga gemen t be-
t ween t h e pl a t for m a n d t h e bu i l di n g
gu i des or gu i dewa y s.
Gu ide sh oe mea n s a devi ce a t t a ch ed
t o t h e pl a t for m desi gn ed t o pr ovi de a
sl i di n g con t a ct bet ween t h e pl a t for m
a n d t h e bu i l di n g gu i des.
Hoist in g mach in e mea n s a devi ce i n -
t en ded t o r a i se a n d l ower a su spen ded
or su ppor t ed u n i t .
Hoist rat ed load mea n s t h e h oi st ma n -
u fa ct u r er s ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e oper -
a t i n g l oa d.
I n st allat ion mea n s a l l t h e equ i pmen t
a n d a l l a ffect ed pa r t s of a bu i l di n g
wh i ch a r e a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e per for m-
a n ce of bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce u si n g
power ed pl a t for ms.
I n t erlock mea n s a devi ce desi gn ed t o
en su r e t h a t oper a t i on s or mot i on s
occu r i n pr oper sequ en ce.
I n t ermit t en t st abilizat ion mea n s a
met h od of pl a t for m st a bi l i za t i on i n
wh i ch t h e a n gu l a t ed su spen si on wi r e
r ope(s) a r e secu r ed t o r egu l a r l y spa ced
bu i l di n g a n ch or s.
L an y ard mea n s a fl exi bl e l i n e of r ope,
wi r e r ope or st r a p wh i ch i s u sed t o se-
cu r e t h e body bel t or body h a r n ess t o a
decel er a t i on devi ce, l i fel i n e or a n ch or -
a ge.
L if elin e mea n s a compon en t con -
si st i n g of a fl exi bl e l i n e for con n ect i on
t o a n a n ch or a ge a t on e en d t o h a n g
ver t i ca l l y (ver t i ca l l i fel i n e), or for con -
n ect i on t o a n ch or a ges a t bot h en ds t o
st r et ch h or i zon t a l l y (h or i zon t a l l i fe-
l i n e), a n d wh i ch ser ves a s a mea n s for
con n ect i n g ot h er compon en t s of a per -
son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em t o t h e a n ch or -
a ge.
L ive load mea n s t h e t ot a l st a t i c
wei gh t of wor k er s, t ool s, pa r t s, a n d
su ppl i es t h a t t h e equ i pmen t i s desi gn ed
t o su ppor t .
Obst ru ct ion det ect or mea n s a con t r ol
t h a t wi l l st op t h e su spen ded or su p-
por t ed u n i t i n t h e di r ect i on of t r a vel i f
a n obst r u ct i on i s en cou n t er ed, a n d wi l l
a l l ow t h e u n i t t o move on l y i n a di r ec-
t i on a wa y fr om t h e obst r u ct i on .
Operat in g con t rol mea n s a mech a n i sm
r egu l a t i n g or gu i di n g t h e oper a t i on of
equ i pmen t t h a t en su r es a speci fi c oper -
a t i n g mode.
Operat in g device mea n s a devi ce a ct u -
a t ed ma n u a l l y t o a ct i va t e a con t r ol .
Ou t rigger mea n s a devi ce, u sed si n gl y
or i n pa i r s, for su spen di n g a wor k i n g
pl a t for m fr om wor k , st or a ge, a n d r i g-
gi n g l oca t i on s on t h e bu i l di n g bei n g
ser vi ced. Un l i k e da vi t s, a n ou t r i gger
r ea ct s i t s oper a t i n g momen t l oa d a s a t
l ea st t wo opposi n g ver t i ca l compon en t s
a ct i n g i n t o t wo or mor e di st i n ct r oof
poi n t s a n d/or a t t a ch men t s.
Plat f orm rat ed load mea n s t h e com-
bi n ed wei gh t of wor k er s, t ool s, equ i p-
men t a n d ot h er ma t er i a l wh i ch i s per -
mi t t ed t o be ca r r i ed by t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on , a s st a t ed
on t h e l oa d r a t i n g pl a t e.
Pou red sock et mea n s t h e met h od of
pr ovi di n g wi r e r ope t er mi n a t i on s i n
wh i ch t h e en ds of t h e r ope a r e h el d i n
a t a per ed sock et by mea n s of pou r ed
spel t er or r esi n s.
Primary brak e mea n s a br a k e desi gn ed
t o be a ppl i ed a u t oma t i ca l l y wh en ever
power t o t h e pr i me mover i s i n t er -
r u pt ed or di scon t i n u ed.
Prime mover mea n s t h e sou r ce of me-
ch a n i ca l power for a ma ch i n e.
Rat ed load mea n s t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen ded ma xi mu m l oa d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
155
Rat ed st ren gt h mea n s t h e st r en gt h of
wi r e r ope, a s desi gn a t ed by i t s ma n u -
fa ct u r er or ven dor , ba sed on st a n da r d
t est i n g pr ocedu r es or a ccept a bl e en gi -
n eer i n g desi gn pr a ct i ces.
Rat ed work in g load mea n s t h e com-
bi n ed st a t i c wei gh t of men , ma t er i a l s,
a n d su spen ded or su ppor t ed equ i pmen t .
Regist ered prof ession al en gin eer mea n s
a per son wh o h a s been du l y a n d cu r -
r en t l y r egi st er ed a n d l i cen sed by a n a u -
t h or i t y wi t h i n t h e Un i t ed S t a t es or i t s
t er r i t or i es t o pr a ct i ce t h e pr ofessi on of
en gi n eer i n g.
Roof powered plat f orm mea n s a wor k -
i n g pl a t for m wh er e t h e h oi st (s) u sed t o
r a i se or l ower t h e pl a t for m i s l oca t ed
on t h e r oof.
Roof rigged davit mea n s a da vi t u sed
t o r a i se t h e su spen ded wor k i n g pl a t -
for m a bove t h e bu i l di n g fa ce bei n g
ser vi ced. Th i s t y pe of da vi t ca n a l so be
u sed t o r a i se a su spen ded wor k i n g pl a t -
for m wh i ch h a s been gr ou n d-r i gged.
Rope mea n s t h e equ i pmen t u sed t o
su spen d a compon en t of a n equ i pmen t
i n st a l l a t i on , i . e. , wi r e r ope.
Saf e su rf ace mea n s a h or i zon t a l su r -
fa ce i n t en ded t o be occu pi ed by per -
son n el , wh i ch i s so pr ot ect ed by a fa l l
pr ot ect i on sy st em t h a t i t ca n be r ea -
son a bl y a ssu r ed t h a t sa i d occu pa n t s
wi l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st fa l l s.
Secon dary brak e mea n s a br a k e de-
si gn ed t o a r r est t h e descen t of t h e su s-
pen ded or su ppor t ed equ i pmen t i n t h e
even t of a n over speed con di t i on .
Self powered plat f orm mea n s a wor k -
i n g pl a t for m wh er e t h e h oi st (s) u sed t o
r a i se or l ower t h e pl a t for m i s mou n t ed
on t h e pl a t for m.
Speed redu cer mea n s a posi t i ve t y pe
speed r edu ci n g ma ch i n e.
St abilit y f act or mea n s t h e r a t i o of t h e
st a bi l i zi n g momen t t o t h e over t u r n i n g
momen t .
St abilizer t ie mea n s a fl exi bl e l i n e
con n ect i n g t h e bu i l di n g a n ch or a n d t h e
su spen si on wi r e r ope su ppor t i n g t h e
pl a t for m.
Su pport ed equ ipmen t mea n s bu i l di n g
ma i n t en a n ce equ i pmen t t h a t i s h el d or
moved t o i t s wor k i n g posi t i on by
mea n s of a t t a ch men t di r ect l y t o t h e
bu i l di n g or ext en si on s of t h e bu i l di n g
bei n g ma i n t a i n ed.
Su spen ded equ ipmen t mea n s bu i l di n g
ma i n t en a n ce equ i pmen t t h a t i s su s-
pen ded a n d r a i sed or l ower ed t o i t s
wor k i n g posi t i on by mea n s of r opes or
combi n a t i on ca bl es a t t a ch ed t o some
a n ch or a ge a bove t h e equ i pmen t .
Su spen ded scaf f old (swin gin g scaf f old)
mea n s a sca ffol d su ppor t ed on wi r e or
ot h er r opes, u sed for wor k on , or for
pr ovi di n g a ccess t o, ver t i ca l si des of
st r u ct u r es on a t empor a r y ba si s. S u ch
sca ffol d i s n ot desi gn ed for u se on a
speci fi c st r u ct u r e or gr ou p of st r u c-
t u r es.
T ail lin e mea n s t h e n on su ppor t i n g
en d of t h e wi r e r ope u sed t o su spen d
t h e pl a t for m.
T ie-in gu ides mea n s t h e por t i on of a
bu i l di n g t h a t pr ovi des con t i n u ou s posi -
t i ve en ga gemen t bet ween t h e bu i l di n g
a n d a su spen ded or su ppor t ed u n i t du r -
i n g i t s ver t i ca l t r a vel on t h e fa ce of t h e
bu i l di n g.
T ract ion h oist mea n s a t y pe of h oi st -
i n g ma ch i n e t h a t does n ot a ccu mu l a t e
t h e su spen si on wi r e r ope on t h e h oi st -
i n g dr u m or sh ea ve, a n d i s desi gn ed t o
r a i se a n d l ower a su spen ded l oa d by t h e
a ppl i ca t i on of fr i ct i on for ces bet ween
t h e su spen si on wi r e r ope a n d t h e dr u m
or sh ea ve.
T ran sport able ou t riggers mea n s ou t -
r i gger s desi gn ed t o be moved fr om on e
wor k l oca t i on t o a n ot h er .
T rolley carriage mea n s a ca r r i a ge su s-
pen ded fr om a n over h ea d t r a ck st r u c-
t u r e.
Verif ied mea n s a ccept ed by desi gn ,
eva l u a t i on , or i n spect i on by a r eg-
i st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer .
Weat h erproof mea n s so con st r u ct ed
t h a t exposu r e t o a dver se wea t h er con -
di t i on s wi l l n ot a ffect or i n t er fer e wi t h
t h e pr oper u se or fu n ct i on s of t h e
equ i pmen t or compon en t .
Win din g dru m h oist mea n s a t y pe of
h oi st i n g ma ch i n e t h a t a ccu mu l a t es t h e
su spen si on wi r e r ope on t h e h oi st i n g
dr u m.
Work in g plat f orm mea n s su spen ded or
su ppor t ed equ i pmen t i n t en ded t o pr o-
vi de a ccess t o t h e fa ce of a bu i l di n g a n d
ma n n ed by per son s en ga ged i n bu i l di n g
ma i n t en a n ce.
Wrap mea n s on e compl et e t u r n of t h e
su spen si on wi r e r ope a r ou n d t h e su r -
fa ce of a h oi st dr u m.
(e) Powered plat f orm in st allat ion sAf -
f ect ed part s of bu ildin gs(1) Gen eral re-
qu iremen t s. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o a ffect ed pa r t s of bu i l di n gs
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
156
wh i ch u t i l i ze wor k i n g pl a t for ms for
bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce.
(i ) S t r u ct u r a l su ppor t s, t i e-down s,
t i e-i n gu i des, a n ch or i n g devi ces a n d
a n y a ffect ed pa r t s of t h e bu i l di n g i n -
cl u ded i n t h e i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be de-
si gn ed by or u n der t h e di r ect i on of a
r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer exper i -
en ced i n su ch desi gn ;
(i i ) Ext er i or i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be ca -
pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g pr eva i l i n g cl i -
ma t i c con di t i on s;
(i i i ) Th e bu i l di n g i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l
pr ovi de sa fe a ccess t o, a n d egr ess fr om,
t h e equ i pmen t a n d su ffi ci en t spa ce t o
con du ct n ecessa r y ma i n t en a n ce of t h e
equ i pmen t ;
(i v) Th e a ffect ed pa r t s of t h e bu i l di n g
sh a l l h a ve t h e ca pa bi l i t y of su st a i n i n g
a l l t h e l oa ds i mposed by t h e equ i p-
men t ; a n d,
(v) Th e a ffect ed pa r t s of t h e bu i l di n g
sh a l l be desi gn ed so a s t o a l l ow t h e
equ i pmen t t o be u sed wi t h ou t exposi n g
empl oy ees t o a h a za r dou s con di t i on .
(2) T ie-in gu ides. (i ) Th e ext er i or of
ea ch bu i l di n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
t i e-i n gu i des u n l ess t h e con di t i on s i n
pa r a gr a ph (e)(2)(i i ) or (e)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on a r e met .
NOTE: S ee F i gu r e 1 i n a ppen di x B of t h i s
sect i on for a descr i pt i on of a t y pi ca l con t i n -
u ou s st a bi l i za t i on sy st em u t i l i zi n g t i e-i n
gu i des.
(i i ) I f a n gu l a t ed r opi n g i s empl oy ed,
t i e-i n gu i des r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ma y be el i mi -
n a t ed for n ot mor e t h a n 75 feet (22. 9 m)
of t h e u pper most el eva t i on of t h e
bu i l di n g, i f i n fea si bl e du e t o ext er i or
bu i l di n g desi gn , pr ovi ded a n a n gu l a t i on
for ce of a t l ea st 10 pou n ds (44. 4 n ) i s
ma i n t a i n ed u n der a l l con di t i on s of
l oa di n g.
(i i i ) Ti e-i n gu i des r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (e)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ma y be
el i mi n a t ed i f on e of t h e gu i de sy st ems
i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(2)(i i i )(A), (e)(2)(i i i )(B)
or (e)(2)(i i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on i s pr o-
vi ded, or a n equ i va l en t .
(A) I n t er mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on sy s-
t em. Th e sy st em sh a l l k eep t h e equ i p-
men t i n con t i n u ou s con t a ct wi t h t h e
bu i l di n g fa ca de, a n d sh a l l pr even t su d-
den h or i zon t a l movemen t of t h e pl a t -
for m. Th e sy st em ma y be u sed t oget h er
wi t h con t i n u ou s posi t i ve bu i l di n g gu i de
sy st ems u si n g t i e-i n gu i des on t h e
sa me bu i l di n g, pr ovi ded t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for ea ch sy st em a r e met .
(1) Th e ma xi mu m ver t i ca l i n t er va l
bet ween bu i l di n g a n ch or s sh a l l be t h r ee
fl oor s or 50 feet (15. 3 m), wh i ch ever i s
l ess.
(2) Bu i l di n g a n ch or s sh a l l be l oca t ed
ver t i ca l l y so t h a t a t t a ch men t of t h e
st a bi l i zer t i es wi l l n ot ca u se t h e pl a t -
for m su spen si on r opes t o a n gu l a t e t h e
pl a t for m h or i zon t a l l y a cr oss t h e fa ce of
t h e bu i l di n g. Th e a n ch or s sh a l l be posi -
t i on ed h or i zon t a l l y on t h e bu i l di n g
fa ce so a s t o be sy mmet r i ca l a bou t t h e
pl a t for m su spen si on r opes.
(3) Bu i l di n g a n ch or s sh a l l be ea si l y
vi si bl e t o empl oy ees a n d sh a l l a l l ow a
st a bi l i zer t i e a t t a ch men t for ea ch of
t h e pl a t for m su spen si on r opes a t ea ch
ver t i ca l i n t er va l . I f mor e t h a n t wo su s-
pen si on r opes a r e u sed on a pl a t for m,
on l y t h e t wo bu i l di n g-si de su spen si on
r opes a t t h e pl a t for m en ds sh a l l r equ i r e
a st a bi l i zer a t t a ch men t .
(4) Bu i l di n g a n ch or s wh i ch ext en d be-
y on d t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be
fr ee of sh a r p edges or poi n t s. Wh er e ca -
bl es, su spen si on wi r e r opes a n d l i fel i n es
ma y be i n con t a ct wi t h t h e bu i l di n g
fa ce, ext er n a l bu i l di n g a n ch or s sh a l l
n ot i n t er fer e wi t h t h ei r h a n dl i n g or op-
er a t i on .
(5) Th e i n t er mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on
sy st em bu i l di n g a n ch or s a n d compo-
n en t s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g
wi t h ou t fa i l u r e a t l ea st fou r t i mes t h e
ma xi mu m a n t i ci pa t ed l oa d a ppl i ed or
t r a n smi t t ed t o t h e compon en t s a n d a n -
ch or s. Th e mi n i mu m desi gn wi n d l oa d
for ea ch a n ch or sh a l l be 300 (1334 n )
pou n ds, i f t wo a n ch or s sh a r e t h e wi n d
l oa d.
(6) Th e bu i l di n g a n ch or s a n d st a -
bi l i zer t i es sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su s-
t a i n i n g a n t i ci pa t ed h or i zon t a l a n d
ver t i ca l l oa ds fr om wi n ds speci fi ed for
r oof st or a ge desi gn wh i ch ma y a ct on
t h e pl a t for m a n d wi r e r opes i f t h e pl a t -
for m i s st r a n ded on a bu i l di n g fa ce. I f
t h e bu i l di n g a n ch or s h a ve di ffer en t
spa ci n g t h a n t h e su spen si on wi r e r ope
or i f t h e bu i l di n g r equ i r es di ffer en t su s-
pen si on spa ci n gs on on e pl a t for m, on e
bu i l di n g a n ch or a n d st a bi l i zer t i e sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g t h e wi n d l oa ds.
sect i on for a descr i pt i on of a t y pi ca l i n t er -
mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on sy st em.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
157
(B) Bu t t on gu i de st a bi l i za t i on sy s-
t em.
(1) Gu i de bu t t on s sh a l l be coor di -
n a t ed wi t h pl a t for m mou n t ed equ i p-
men t of pa r a gr a ph (f)(5)(vi ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Gu i de bu t t on s sh a l l be l oca t ed
h or i zon t a l l y on t h e bu i l di n g fa ce so a s
t o a l l ow en ga gemen t of ea ch of t h e
gu i de t r a ck s mou n t ed on t h e pl a t for m.
(3) Gu i de bu t t on s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
ver t i ca l r ows on t h e bu i l di n g fa ce for
pr oper en ga gemen t of t h e gu i de t r a ck s
mou n t ed on t h e pl a t for m.
(4) Two gu i de bu t t on s sh a l l en ga ge
ea ch gu i de t r a ck a t a l l t i mes except for
t h e i n i t i a l en ga gemen t .
(5) Gu i de bu t t on s wh i ch ext en d be-
y on d t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be
fr ee of sh a r p edges or poi n t s. Wh er e ca -
bl es, r opes a n d l i fel i n es ma y be i n con -
t a ct wi t h t h e bu i l di n g fa ce, gu i de bu t -
t on s sh a l l n ot i n t er fer e wi t h t h ei r h a n -
dl i n g or oper a t i on .
(6) Gu i de bu t t on s, con n ect i on s a n d
sea l s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g
wi t h ou t da ma ge a t l ea st t h e wei gh t of
t h e pl a t for m, or pr ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de i n t h e gu i de t r a ck s or gu i de
t r a ck con n ect or s t o pr even t t h e pl a t -
for m a n d i t s a t t a ch men t s fr om t r a n s-
mi t t i n g t h e wei gh t of t h e pl a t for m t o
t h e gu i de bu t t on s, con n ect i on s a n d
sea l s. I n ei t h er ca se, t h e mi n i mu m de-
si gn l oa d sh a l l be 300 pou n ds (1334 n )
per bu i l di n g a n ch or .
NOTE: S ee pa r a gr a ph (f)(5)(vi ) of t h i s sec-
t i on for r el eva n t equ i pmen t pr ovi si on s.
sect i on for a descr i pt i on of a t y pi ca l bu t t on
gu i de st a bi l i za t i on sy st em.
(C) S y st em u t i l i zi n g a n gu l a t ed r opi n g
a n d bu i l di n g fa ce r ol l er s. Th e sy st em
sh a l l k eep t h e equ i pmen t i n con t i n u ou s
con t a ct wi t h t h e bu i l di n g fa ca de, a n d
sh a l l pr even t su dden h or i zon t a l move-
men t of t h e pl a t for m. Th i s sy st em i s
a ccept a bl e on l y wh er e t h e su spen ded
por t i on of t h e equ i pmen t i n u se does
n ot exceed 130 feet (39. 6 m) a bove a sa fe
su r fa ce or gr ou n d l evel , a n d wh er e t h e
pl a t for m ma i n t a i n s n o l ess t h a n 10
pou n ds (44. 4 n ) a n gu l a t i on for ce on t h e
bu i l di n g fa ca de.
(i v) Ti e-i n gu i des for bu i l di n g i n t e-
r i or s (a t r i u ms) ma y be el i mi n a t ed
wh en a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer
det er mi n es t h a t a n a l t er n a t i ve st a -
bi l i za t i on sy st em, i n cl u di n g sy st ems i n
pa r a gr a ph s (e)(2)(i i i ) (A), (B) a n d (C), or
a pl a t for m t i e-off a t ea ch wor k st a t i on
wi l l pr ovi de equ i va l en t sa fet y .
(3) Roof gu ardin g. (i ) Empl oy ees
wor k i n g on r oofs wh i l e per for mi n g
bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by a per i met er gu a r di n g sy st em
wh i ch meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(1) of 1910. 23 of t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) Th e per i met er gu a r d sh a l l n ot be
mor e t h a n si x i n ch es (152 mm) i n boa r d
of t h e i n si de fa ce of a ba r r i er , i . e. t h e
pa r a pet wa l l , or r oof edge cu r b of t h e
bu i l di n g bei n g ser vi ced; h owever , t h e
per i met er gu a r d l oca t i on sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed a n 18 i n ch (457 mm) set ba ck fr om
t h e ext er i or bu i l di n g fa ce.
(4) Equ ipmen t st ops. Oper a t i on a l a r ea s
for t r a ck l ess t y pe equ i pmen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h st r u ct u r a l st ops, su ch a s
cu r bs, t o pr even t equ i pmen t fr om t r a v-
el i n g ou t si de i t s i n t en ded t r a vel a r ea s
a n d t o pr even t a cr u sh i n g or sh ea r i n g
h a za r d.
(5) Main t en an ce access. Mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o t r a ver se a l l ca r r i a ges a n d
t h ei r su spen ded equ i pmen t t o a sa fe
a r ea for ma i n t en a n ce a n d st or a ge.
(6) Elevat ed t rack . (i ) An el eva t ed
t r a ck sy st em wh i ch i s l oca t ed fou r feet
(1. 2 m) or mor e a bove a sa fe su r fa ce,
a n d t r a ver sed by ca r r i a ge su ppor t ed
equ i pmen t , sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
wa l k wa y a n d gu a r dr a i l sy st em; or
(i i ) Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be ca -
pa bl e of bei n g l ower ed, a s pa r t of i t s
n or ma l oper a t i on , t o t h e l ower sa fe
su r fa ce for a ccess a n d egr ess of t h e per -
son n el a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a sa fe
mea n s of a ccess a n d egr ess t o t h e l ower
sa fe su r fa ce.
(7) T ie-down an ch ors. I mbedded t i e-
down a n ch or s, fa st en er s, a n d a ffect ed
st r u ct u r es sh a l l be r esi st a n t t o cor r o-
si on .
(8) Cable st abilizat ion . (i ) Ha n gi n g l i fe-
l i n es a n d a l l ca bl es n ot i n t en si on sh a l l
be st a bi l i zed a t ea ch 200 foot (61 m) i n -
t er va l of ver t i ca l t r a vel of t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m bey on d a n i n i t i a l 200 foot (61
m) di st a n ce.
(i i ) Ha n gi n g ca bl es, ot h er t h a n su s-
pen ded wi r e r opes, wh i ch a r e i n con -
st a n t t en si on sh a l l be st a bi l i zed wh en
t h e ver t i ca l t r a vel exceeds a n i n i t i a l
600 foot (183 m) di st a n ce, a n d a t fu r t h er
i n t er va l s of 600 feet (183 m) or l ess.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
158
(9) Emergen cy plan n in g. A wr i t t en
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n sh a l l be devel -
oped a n d i mpl emen t ed for ea ch k i n d of
wor k i n g pl a t for m oper a t i on . Th i s pl a n
sh a l l expl a i n t h e emer gen cy pr ocedu r es
wh i ch a r e t o be fol l owed i n t h e even t of
a power fa i l u r e, equ i pmen t fa i l u r e or
ot h er emer gen ci es wh i ch ma y be en -
cou n t er ed. Th e pl a n sh a l l a l so expl a i n
t h a t empl oy ees i n for m t h emsel ves
a bou t t h e bu i l di n g emer gen cy esca pe
r ou t es, pr ocedu r es a n d a l a r m sy st ems
befor e oper a t i n g a pl a t for m. Upon i n i -
t i a l a ssi gn men t a n d wh en ever t h e pl a n
i s ch a n ged t h e empl oy er sh a l l r evi ew
wi t h ea ch empl oy ee t h ose pa r t s of t h e
pl a n wh i ch t h e empl oy ee mu st k n ow t o
pr ot ect h i msel f or h er sel f i n t h e even t
of a n emer gen cy .
(10) Bu ildin g main t en an ce. Repa i r s or
ma j or ma i n t en a n ce of t h ose bu i l di n g
por t i on s t h a t pr ovi de pr i ma r y su ppor t
for t h e su spen ded equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot
a ffect t h e ca pa bi l i t y of t h e bu i l di n g t o
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s st a n d-
a r d.
(11) Elect rical requ iremen t s. Th e fol -
l owi n g el ect r i ca l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
bu i l di n gs wh i ch u t i l i ze wor k i n g pl a t -
for ms for bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce.
(i ) Gen er a l bu i l di n g el ect r i ca l i n st a l -
l a t i on s sh a l l compl y wi t h 1910. 302
t h r ou gh 1910. 308 of t h i s pa r t , u n l ess
ot h er wi se speci fi ed i n t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Bu i l di n g el ect r i ca l wi r i n g sh a l l be
of su ch ca pa ci t y t h a t wh en fu l l l oa d i s
a ppl i ed t o t h e equ i pmen t power ci r cu i t
n ot mor e t h a n a fi ve per cen t dr op fr om
bu i l di n g ser vi ce-va u l t vol t a ge sh a l l
occu r a t a n y power ci r cu i t ou t l et u sed
by equ i pmen t r egu l a t ed by t h i s sec-
t i on ;
(i i i ) Th e equ i pmen t power ci r cu i t
sh a l l be a n i n depen den t el ect r i ca l ci r -
cu i t t h a t sh a l l r ema i n sepa r a t e fr om
a l l ot h er equ i pmen t wi t h i n or on t h e
bu i l di n g, ot h er t h a n power ci r cu i t s
u sed for h a n d t ool s t h a t wi l l be u sed i n
con j u n ct i on wi t h t h e equ i pmen t . I f t h e
bu i l di n g i s pr ovi ded wi t h a n emer gen cy
power sy st em, t h e equ i pmen t power
ci r cu i t ma y a l so be con n ect ed t o t h i s
sy st em;
(i v) Th e power ci r cu i t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a di scon n ect swi t ch t h a t
ca n be l ock ed i n t h e OF F a n d ON
posi t i on s. Th e swi t ch sh a l l be con ven -
i en t l y l oca t ed wi t h r espect t o t h e pr i -
ma r y oper a t i n g a r ea of t h e equ i pmen t
t o a l l ow t h e oper a t or s of t h e equ i p-
men t a ccess t o t h e swi t ch ;
(v) Th e di scon n ect swi t ch for t h e
power ci r cu i t sh a l l be l ock ed i n t h e
ON posi t i on wh en t h e equ i pmen t i s
i n u se; a n d
(vi ) An effect i ve t wo-wa y voi ce com-
mu n i ca t i on sy st em sh a l l be pr ovi ded
bet ween t h e equ i pmen t oper a t or s a n d
per son s st a t i on ed wi t h i n t h e bu i l di n g
bei n g ser vi ced. Th e commu n i ca t i on s
fa ci l i t y sh a l l be oper a bl e a n d sh a l l be
ma n n ed a t a l l t i mes by per son s st a -
t i on ed wi t h i n t h e bu i l di n g wh en ever
t h e pl a t for m i s bei n g u sed.
(f) Powered plat f orm in st allat ion s
Equ ipmen t (1) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
equ i pmen t wh i ch a r e pa r t of a power ed
pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on , su ch a s pl a t -
for ms, st a bi l i zi n g compon en t s, ca r -
r i a ges, ou t r i gger s, da vi t s, h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n es, wi r e r opes a n d el ect r i ca l com-
pon en t s.
(i ) Equ i pmen t i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be
desi gn ed by or u n der t h e di r ect i on of a
r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer exper i -
en ced i n su ch desi gn ;
(i i ) Th e desi gn sh a l l pr ovi de for a
mi n i mu m l i ve l oa d of 250 pou n ds (113. 6
k g) for ea ch occu pa n t of a su spen ded or
su ppor t ed pl a t for m;
(i i i ) Equ i pmen t t h a t i s exposed t o
wi n d wh en n ot i n ser vi ce sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o wi t h st a n d for ces gen er a t ed
by wi n ds of a t l ea st 100 mi l es per h ou r
(44. 7 m/s) a t 30 feet (9. 2 m) a bove gr a de;
a n d
(i v) Equ i pmen t t h a t i s exposed t o
wi n d wh en i n ser vi ce sh a l l be desi gn ed
t o wi t h st a n d for ces gen er a t ed by wi n ds
of a t l ea st 50 mi l es per h ou r (22. 4 m/s)
for a l l el eva t i on s.
(2) Con st ru ct ion requ iremen t s. Bol t ed
con n ect i on s sh a l l be sel f-l ock i n g or
sh a l l ot h er wi se be secu r ed t o pr even t
l oss of t h e con n ect i on s by vi br a t i on .
(3) Su spen sion met h ods. El eva t ed
bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce equ i pmen t sh a l l
be su spen ded by a ca r r i a ge, ou t r i gger s,
da vi t s or a n equ i va l en t met h od.
(i ) Carriages. Ca r r i a ges u sed for su s-
pen si on of el eva t ed bu i l di n g ma i n t e-
n a n ce equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
fol l owi n g:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
159
(A) Th e h or i zon t a l movemen t of a
ca r r i a ge sh a l l be con t r ol l ed so a s t o en -
su r e i t s sa fe movemen t a n d a l l ow a ccu -
r a t e posi t i on i n g of t h e pl a t for m for
ver t i ca l t r a vel or st or a ge;
(B) P ower ed ca r r i a ges sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed a t r a ver si n g speed of 50 feet per
mi n u t e (0. 3 m/s);
(C) Th e i n i t i a t i on of a t r a ver si n g
movemen t for a ma n u a l l y pr opel l ed
ca r r i a ge on a smoot h l evel su r fa ce
sh a l l n ot r equ i r e a per son t o exer t a
h or i zon t a l for ce gr ea t er t h a n 40 pou n ds
(444. 8 n );
(D) S t r u ct u r a l st ops a n d cu r bs sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e t r a ver si n g
of t h e ca r r i a ge bey on d i t s desi gn ed l i m-
i t s of t r a vel ;
(E) Tr a ver si n g con t r ol s for a power ed
ca r r i a ge sh a l l be of a con t i n u ou s pr es-
su r e wea t h er pr oof t y pe. Mu l t i pl e con -
t r ol s wh en pr ovi ded sh a l l be a r r a n ged
t o per mi t oper a t i on fr om on l y on e con -
t r ol st a t i on a t a t i me. An emer gen cy
st op devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ea ch
en d of a power ed ca r r i a ge for i n t er -
r u pt i n g power t o t h e ca r r i a ge dr i ve mo-
t or s;
(F ) Th e oper a t i n g con t r ol s(s) sh a l l be
so con n ect ed t h a t i n t h e ca se of su s-
pen ded equ i pmen t , t r a ver si n g of a ca r -
r i a ge i s n ot possi bl e u n t i l t h e su s-
pen ded por t i on of t h e equ i pmen t i s l o-
ca t ed a t i t s u pper most desi gn ed posi -
t i on for t r a ver si n g; a n d i s fr ee of con -
t a ct wi t h t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g or
bu i l di n g gu i des. I n a ddi t i on , a l l pr ot ec-
t i ve devi ces a n d i n t er l ock s a r e t o be i n
t h e pr oper posi t i on t o a l l ow t r a ver si n g
of t h e ca r r i a ge;
(G) S t a bi l i t y for u n der foot su ppor t ed
ca r r i a ges sh a l l be obt a i n ed by gr a vi t y ,
by a n a t t a ch men t t o a st r u ct u r a l su p-
por t , or by a combi n a t i on of gr a vi t y
a n d a st r u ct u r a l su ppor t . Th e u se of
fl owi n g cou n t er wei gh t s t o a ch i eve st a -
bi l i t y i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(1) Th e st a bi l i t y fa ct or a ga i n st over -
t u r n i n g sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n t wo for
h or i zon t a l t r a ver si n g of t h e ca r r i a ge,
i n cl u di n g t h e effect s of i mpa ct a n d
wi n d.
(2) Th e ca r r i a ges a n d t h ei r a n ch or -
a ges sh a l l be ca pa bl e of r esi st i n g a cci -
den t a l over -t en si on i n g of t h e wi r e
r opes su spen di n g t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m,
a n d t h i s ca l cu l a t ed va l u e sh a l l i n cl u de
t h e effect of on e a n d on e-h a l f t i mes t h e
st a l l ca pa ci t y of t h e h oi st mot or . Al l
pa r t s of t h e i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of wi t h st a n di n g wi t h ou t da ma ge t o
a n y pa r t of t h e i n st a l l a t i on t h e for ces
r esu l t i n g fr om t h e st a l l l oa d of t h e
h oi st a n d on e h a l f t h e wi n d l oa d.
(3) Roof ca r r i a ges wh i ch r el y on h a v-
i n g t i e-down devi ces secu r ed t o t h e
bu i l di n g t o devel op t h e r equ i r ed st a -
bi l i t y a ga i n st over t u r n i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n i n t er l ock wh i ch wi l l pr e-
ven t ver t i ca l pl a t for m movemen t u n -
l ess t h e t i e-down i s en ga ged;
(H) An a u t oma t i ca l l y a ppl i ed br a k i n g
or l ock i n g sy st em, or equ i va l en t , sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t h a t wi l l pr even t u n i n t en -
t i on a l t r a ver si n g of power t r a ver sed or
power a ssi st ed ca r r i a ges;
(I ) A ma n u a l or a u t oma t i c br a k i n g or
l ock i n g sy st em or equ i va l en t , sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t h a t wi l l pr even t u n i n t en -
t i on a l t r a ver si n g of ma n u a l l y pr opel l ed
ca r r i a ges;
(J ) A mea n s t o l ock ou t t h e power
su ppl y for t h e ca r r i a ge sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded;
(K) S a fe a ccess t o a n d egr ess fr om
t h e ca r r i a ge sh a l l be pr ovi ded fr om a
sa fe su r fa ce. I f t h e ca r r i a ge t r a ver ses
a n el eva t ed a r ea , a n y oper a t i n g a r ea on
t h e ca r r i a ge sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
gu a r dr a i l sy st em i n compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (f)(5)(i )(F )
of t h i s sect i on . An y a ccess ga t e sh a l l
be sel f-cl osi n g a n d sel f-l a t ch i n g, or pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n i n t er l ock ;
(L) Ea ch ca r r i a ge wor k st a t i on posi -
t i on sh a l l be i den t i fi ed by l oca t i on
ma r k i n gs a n d/or posi t i on i n di ca t or s;
a n d
(M) Th e mot or s sh a l l st a l l i f t h e l oa d
on t h e h oi st mot or s i s a t a n y t i me i n
excess of t h r ee t i mes t h a t n ecessa r y for
l i ft i n g t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m wi t h i t s
r a t ed l oa d.
(i i ) T ran sport able ou t riggers. (A)
Tr a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger s ma y be u sed
a s a met h od of su spen si on for gr ou n d
r i gged wor k i n g pl a t for ms wh er e t h e
poi n t of su spen si on does n ot exceed 300
feet (91. 5 m) a bove a sa fe su r fa ce. Ti e-
i n gu i de sy st em(s) sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (e)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(B) Tr a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger s sh a l l be
u sed on l y wi t h sel f-power ed, gr ou n d
r i gged wor k i n g pl a t for ms.
(C) Ea ch t r a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger
sh a l l be secu r ed wi t h a t i e-down t o a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
160
ver i fi ed a n ch or a ge on t h e bu i l di n g du r -
i n g t h e en t i r e per i od of i t s u se. Th e a n -
ch or a ge sh a l l be desi gn ed t o h a ve a st a -
bi l i t y fa ct or of n ot l ess t h a n fou r
a ga i n st over t u r n i n g or u pset t i n g of t h e
ou t r i gger .
(D) Access t o a n d egr ess fr om t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be fr om a n d t o
a sa fe su r fa ce bel ow t h e poi n t of su s-
pen si on .
(E) Ea ch t r a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger
sh a l l be desi gn ed for l a t er a l st a bi l i t y
t o pr even t r ol l -over i n t h e even t a n a c-
ci den t a l l a t er a l l oa d i s a ppl i ed t o t h e
ou t r i gger . Th e a cci den t a l l a t er a l l oa d
t o be con si der ed i n t h i s desi gn sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 70 per cen t of t h e r a t ed
l oa d of t h e h oi st .
(F ) Ea ch t r a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger
sh a l l be desi gn ed t o su ppor t a n u l t i -
ma t e l oa d of n ot l ess t h a n fou r t i mes
t h e r a t ed l oa d of t h e h oi st .
(G) Ea ch t r a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger
sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t t h e su spen si on
wi r e r opes for t wo poi n t su spen ded
wor k i n g pl a t for ms a r e h u n g pa r a l l el .
(H) A t r a n spor t a bl e ou t r i gger sh a l l
be t i ed-ba ck t o a ver i fi ed a n ch or a ge on
t h e bu i l di n g wi t h a r ope equ i va l en t i n
st r en gt h t o t h e su spen si on r ope.
(I ) Th e t i e-ba ck r ope sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed pa r a l l el t o t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e
ou t r i gger .
(i i i ) Da vi t s. (A) Ever y da vi t i n st a l l a -
t i on , fi xed or t r a n spor t a bl e, r ot a t a bl e
or n on -r ot a t a bl e sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d
i n st a l l ed t o i n su r e t h a t i t h a s a st a -
bi l i t y fa ct or a ga i n st over t u r n i n g of n ot
l ess t h a n fou r .
(B) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o r oof r i gged da vi t sy st ems:
(1) Access t o a n d egr ess fr om t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be fr om a sa fe
su r fa ce. Access or egr ess sh a l l n ot r e-
qu i r e per son s t o cl i mb over a bu i l di n gs
pa r a pet or gu a r d r a i l i n g; a n d
(2) Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h wh eel s, ca st er s or a ca r -
r i a ge for t r a ver si n g h or i zon t a l l y .
(C) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o gr ou n d r i gged da vi t sy st ems:
(1) Th e poi n t of su spen si on sh a l l n ot
exceed 300 feet (91. 5 m) a bove a sa fe
su r fa ce. Gu i de sy st em(s) sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (e)(2) of t h i s sect i on ;
(2) Access a n d egr ess t o a n d fr om t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l on l y be fr om a
sa fe su r fa ce bel ow t h e poi n t of su spen -
si on .
(D) A r ot a t i n g da vi t sh a l l n ot r equ i r e
a h or i zon t a l for ce i n excess of 40
pou n ds (177. 9 n ) per per son t o i n i t i a t e a
r ot a t i n g movemen t .
(E) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s sh a l l
a ppl y t o t r a n spor t a bl e da vi t s:
(1) A da vi t or pa r t of a da vi t wei gh i n g
mor e t h a n 80 pou n ds (36 k g) sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a mea n s for i t s t r a n s-
por t , wh i ch sh a l l k eep t h e cen t er of
gr a vi t y of t h e da vi t a t or bel ow 36
i n ch es (914 mm) a bove t h e sa fe su r fa ce
du r i n g t r a n spor t ;
(2) A da vi t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
pi vot i n g sock et or wi t h a ba se t h a t wi l l
a l l ow t h e i n ser t i on or r emova l of a
da vi t a t a posi t i on of n ot mor e t h a n 35
degr ees a bove t h e h or i zon t a l , wi t h t h e
compl et e da vi t i n boa r d of t h e bu i l di n g
fa ce bei n g ser vi ced; a n d
(3) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o l ock
t h e da vi t t o i t s sock et or ba se befor e i t
i s u sed t o su spen d t h e pl a t for m.
(4) Hoist in g mach in es. (i ) Ra i si n g a n d
l ower i n g of su spen ded or su ppor t ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be per for med on l y by a
h oi st i n g ma ch i n e.
(i i ) Ea ch h oi st i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of a r r est i n g a n y over speed de-
scen t of t h e l oa d.
(i i i ) Ea ch h oi st i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
power ed on l y by a i r , el ect r i c or h y -
dr a u l i c sou r ces.
(i v) F l a mma bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be
ca r r i ed on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m.
(v) Ea ch h oi st i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of r a i si n g or l ower i n g 125 per -
cen t of t h e r a t ed l oa d of t h e h oi st .
(vi ) Movi n g pa r t s of a h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n e sh a l l be en cl osed or gu a r ded i n
compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1) a n d
(2) of 1910. 212 of t h i s pa r t .
(vi i ) Wi n di n g dr u ms, t r a ct i on dr u ms
a n d sh ea ves a n d di r ect i on a l sh ea ves
u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be compa t i bl e wi t h , a n d
si zed for , t h e wi r e r ope u sed.
(vi i i ) Ea ch wi n di n g dr u m sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a posi t i ve mea n s of a t -
t a ch i n g t h e wi r e r ope t o t h e dr u m. Th e
a t t a ch men t sh a l l be ca pa bl e of devel -
opi n g a t l ea st fou r t i mes t h e r a t ed l oa d
of t h e h oi st .
(i x) Ea ch h oi st i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a pr i ma r y br a k e a n d a t
l ea st on e i n depen den t secon da r y br a k e,
ea ch ca pa bl e of st oppi n g a n d h ol di n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
161
n ot l ess t h a n 125 per cen t of t h e l i ft i n g
ca pa ci t y of t h e h oi st .
(A) Th e pr i ma r y br a k e sh a l l be di -
r ect l y con n ect ed t o t h e dr i ve t r a i n of
t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e, a n d sh a l l n ot be
con n ect ed t h r ou gh bel t s, ch a i n s,
cl u t ch es, or set scr ew t y pe devi ces. Th e
br a k e sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y set wh en
power t o t h e pr i me mover i s i n t er -
r u pt ed.
(B)(1) Th e secon da r y br a k e sh a l l be
a n a u t oma t i c emer gen cy t y pe of br a k e
t h a t , i f a ct u a t ed du r i n g ea ch st oppi n g
cy cl e, sh a l l n ot en ga ge befor e t h e h oi st
i s st opped by t h e pr i ma r y br a k e.
(2) Wh en a secon da r y br a k e i s a ct u -
a t ed, i t sh a l l st op a n d h ol d t h e pl a t -
for m wi t h i n a ver t i ca l di st a n ce of 24
i n ch es (609. 6 mm).
(x) An y compon en t of a h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n e wh i ch r equ i r es l u br i ca t i on for i t s
pr ot ect i on a n d pr oper fu n ct i on i n g sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a mea n s for t h a t l u -
br i ca t i on t o be a ppl i ed.
(5) Su spen ded equ ipmen t (i ) Gen eral
requ iremen t s. (A) Ea ch su spen ded u n i t
compon en t , except su spen si on r opes
a n d gu a r dr a i l sy st ems, sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of su ppor t i n g, wi t h ou t fa i l u r e, a t l ea st
fou r t i mes t h e ma xi mu m i n t en ded l i ve
l oa d a ppl i ed or t r a n smi t t ed t o t h a t
compon en t .
(B) Ea ch su spen ded u n i t compon en t
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of ma t er i a l s t h a t
wi l l wi t h st a n d a n t i ci pa t ed wea t h er
con di t i on s.
(C) Ea ch su spen ded u n i t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a l oa d r a t i n g pl a t e, con -
spi cu ou sl y l oca t ed, st a t i n g t h e u n i t
wei gh t a n d r a t ed l oa d of t h e su spen ded
u n i t .
(D) Wh en t h e su spen si on poi n t s on a
su spen ded u n i t a r e n ot a t t h e u n i t
en ds, t h e u n i t sh a l l be ca pa bl e of r e-
ma i n i n g con t i n u ou sl y st a bl e u n der a l l
con di t i on s of u se a n d posi t i on of t h e
l i ve l oa d, a n d sh a l l ma i n t a i n a t l ea st a
1. 5 t o 1 st a bi l i t y fa ct or a ga i n st u n i t
u pset .
(E) Gu i de r ol l er s, gu i de sh oes or
bu i l di n g fa ce r ol l er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded,
a n d sh a l l compen sa t e for va r i a t i on s i n
bu i l di n g di men si on s a n d for mi n or h or -
i zon t a l ou t -of-l evel va r i a t i on s of ea ch
su spen ded u n i t .
(F ) Ea ch wor k i n g pl a t for m of a su s-
pen ded u n i t sh a l l be secu r ed t o t h e
bu i l di n g fa ca de by on e or mor e of t h e
fol l owi n g met h ods, or by a n equ i va l en t
met h od:
(1) Con t i n u ou s en ga gemen t t o bu i l d-
i n g a n ch or s a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(2) I n t er mi t t en t en ga gemen t t o bu i l d-
i n g a n ch or s a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(2)(i i i )(A) of t h i s sect i on ;
(3) Bu t t on gu i de en ga gemen t a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(2)(i i i )(B) of t h i s
sect i on ; or
(4) An gu l a t ed r opi n g a n d bu i l di n g
fa ce r ol l er s a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(2)(i i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on .
(G) Ea ch wor k i n g pl a t for m of a su s-
pen ded u n i t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
gu a r dr a i l sy st em on a l l si des wh i ch
sh a l l meet t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(1) Th e sy st em sh a l l con si st of a t op
gu a r dr a i l , mi dr a i l , a n d a t oeboa r d;
(2) Th e t op gu a r dr a i l sh a l l n ot be l ess
t h a n 36 i n ch es (914 mm) h i gh a n d sh a l l
be a bl e t o wi t h st a n d a t l ea st a 100-
pou n d (444 n ) for ce i n a n y down wa r d or
ou t wa r d di r ect i on ;
(3) Th e mi dr a i l sh a l l be a bl e t o wi t h -
st a n d a t l ea st a 75-pou n d (333 n ) for ce
i n a n y down wa r d or ou t wa r d di r ect i on ;
a n d
(4) Th e a r ea s bet ween t h e gu a r dr a i l
a n d t oeboa r d on t h e en ds a n d ou t boa r d
si de, a n d t h e a r ea bet ween t h e mi dr a i l
a n d t oeboa r d on t h e i n boa r d si de, sh a l l
be cl osed wi t h a ma t er i a l t h a t i s ca pa -
bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of 100 pou n ds
(45. 4 KG. ) a ppl i ed h or i zon t a l l y over a n y
a r ea of on e squ a r e foot (. 09 m
2
). Th e
ma t er i a l sh a l l h a ve a l l open i n gs sma l l
en ou gh t o r ej ect pa ssa ge of l i fe l i n es
a n d pot en t i a l fa l l i n g obj ect s wh i ch
ma y be h a za r dou s t o per son s bel ow.
(5) Toeboa r ds sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g, wi t h ou t fa i l u r e, a for ce
of a t l ea st 50 pou n ds (222 n ) a ppl i ed i n
a n y down wa r d or h or i zon t a l di r ect i on
a t a n y poi n t a l on g t h e t oeboa r d.
(6) Toeboa r ds sh a l l be t h r ee a n d on e-
h a l f i n ch es (9 cm) mi n i mu m i n l en gt h
fr om t h ei r t op edge t o t h e l evel of t h e
pl a t for m fl oor .
(7) Toeboa r ds sh a l l be secu r el y fa s-
t en ed i n pl a ce a t t h e ou t er most edge of
t h e pl a t for m a n d h a ve n o mor e t h a n
on e-h a l f i n ch (1. 3 cm) cl ea r a n ce a bove
t h e pl a t for m fl oor .
(8) Toeboa r ds sh a l l be sol i d or wi t h
a n open i n g n ot over on e i n ch (2. 5 cm)
i n t h e gr ea t est di men si on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
162
(i i ) T wo an d f ou r-poin t su spen ded
work in g plat f orms. (A) Th e wor k i n g
pl a t for m sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 24
i n ch es (610 mm) wi de a n d sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a mi n i mu m of a 12 i n ch (305
mm) wi de pa ssa ge a t or pa st a n y ob-
st r u ct i on on t h e pl a t for m.
(B) Th e fl oor i n g sh a l l be of a sl i p-r e-
si st a n t t y pe a n d sh a l l con t a i n n o open -
i n g t h a t wou l d a l l ow t h e pa ssa ge of l i fe
l i n es, ca bl es a n d ot h er pot en t i a l fa l l i n g
obj ect s. I f a l a r ger open i n g i s pr ovi ded,
i t sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by pl a ci n g a ma t e-
r i a l u n der t h e open i n g wh i ch sh a l l pr e-
ven t t h e pa ssa ge of l i fe l i n es, ca bl es
a n d pot en t i a l fa l l i n g obj ect s.
(C) Th e wor k i n g pl a t fr om sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a mea n s of su spen si on
t h a t wi l l r est r i ct t h e pl a t for ms i n -
boa r d t o ou t boa r d r ol l a bou t i t s l on gi -
t u di n a l a xi s t o a ma xi mu m of 15 de-
gr ees fr om a h or i zon t a l pl a n e wh en
movi n g t h e l i ve l oa d fr om t h e i n boa r d
t o t h e ou t boa r d si de of t h e pl a t for m.
(D) An y ca bl e su spen ded fr om a bove
t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
mea n s for st or a ge t o pr even t a ccu mu -
l a t i on of t h e ca bl e on t h e fl oor of t h e
pl a t for m.
(E) Al l oper a t i n g con t r ol s for t h e
ver t i ca l t r a vel of t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be
of t h e con t i n u ou s-pr essu r e t y pe, a n d
sh a l l be l oca t ed on t h e pl a t for m.
(F ) Ea ch oper a t i n g st a t i on of ever y
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a mea n s of i n t er r u pt i n g t h e power
su ppl y t o a l l h oi st mot or s t o st op a n y
fu r t h er power ed a scen t or descen t of
t h e pl a t for m.
(G) Th e ma xi mu m r a t ed speed of t h e
pl a t for m sh a l l n ot exceed 50 feet per
mi n u t e (0. 3 ms) wi t h si n gl e speed
h oi st s, n or 75 feet per mi n u t e (0. 4 ms)
wi t h mu l t i -speed h oi st s.
(H) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de for se-
cu r i n g a l l t ool s, wa t er t a n k s, a n d ot h er
a ccessor i es t o pr even t t h ei r movemen t
or a ccu mu l a t i on on t h e fl oor of t h e
pl a t for m.
(I ) P or t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s con -
for mi n g t o t h e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 155
a n d 1910. 157 of t h i s pa r t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded a n d secu r el y a t t a ch ed on a l l
wor k i n g pl a t for ms.
(J ) Access t o a n d egr ess fr om a wor k -
i n g pl a t fr om, except for t h ose t h a t l a n d
di r ect l y on a sa fe su r fa ce, sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded by st a i r s, l a dder s, pl a t for ms a n d
r u n wa y s con for mi n g t o t h e pr ovi si on s
of su bpa r t D of t h i s pa r t . Access ga t es
sh a l l be sel f-cl osi n g a n d sel f-l a t ch i n g.
(K) Mea n s of a ccess t o or egr ess fr om
a wor k i n g pl a t for m wh i ch i s 48 i n ch es
(1. 2 m) or mor e a bove a sa fe su r fa ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a gu a r dr a i l sy s-
t em or l a dder h a n dr a i l s t h a t con for m
t o t h e pr ovi si on s of su bpa r t D of t h i s
pa r t .
(L) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a secon da r y wi r e r ope su spen si on
sy st em i f t h e pl a t for m con t a i n s over -
h ea d st r u ct u r es wh i ch r est r i ct t h e
emer gen cy egr ess of empl oy ees. A h or i -
zon t a l l i fel i n e or a di r ect con n ect i on
a n ch or a ge sh a l l be pr ovi ded, a s pa r t of
a fa l l a r r est sy st em wh i ch meet s t h e
r equ i r emen t s of a ppen di x C, for ea ch
empl oy ee on su ch a pl a t for m.
(M) A ver t i ca l l i fel i n e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded a s pa r t of a fa l l a r r est sy st em
wh i ch meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of a p-
pen di x C, for ea ch empl oy ee on a wor k -
i n g pl a t for m su spen ded by t wo or mor e
wi r e r opes, i f t h e fa i l u r e of on e wi r e
r ope or su spen si on a t t a ch men t wi l l
ca u se t h e pl a t for m t o u pset . I f a sec-
on da r y wi r e r ope su spen si on i s u sed,
ver t i ca l l i fel i n es a r e n ot r equ i r ed for
t h e fa l l a r r est sy st em, pr ovi ded t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee i s a t t a ch ed t o a h or i -
zon t a l l i fel i n e a n ch or ed t o t h e pl a t -
for m.
(N) An emer gen cy el ect r i c oper a t i n g
devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded on r oof pow-
er ed pl a t for ms n ea r t h e h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n e for u se i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of
t h e n or ma l oper a t i n g devi ce l oca t ed on
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m, or fa i l u r e of t h e
ca bl e con n ect ed t o t h e pl a t for m. Th e
emer gen cy el ect r i c oper a t i n g devi ce
sh a l l be mou n t ed i n a secu r ed compa r t -
men t , a n d t h e compa r t men t sh a l l be l a -
bel ed wi t h i n st r u ct i on s for u se. A
mea n s for open i n g t h e compa r t men t
sh a l l be mou n t ed i n a br ea k -gl a ss
r ecept a bl e l oca t ed n ea r t h e emer gen cy
el ect r i c oper a t i n g devi ce or i n a n
equ i va l en t secu r e a n d a ccessi bl e l oca -
t i on .
(i i i ) Sin gle poin t su spen ded work in g
plat f orms. (A) Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (f)(5)(i i ) (A) t h r ou gh (K) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l a l so a ppl y t o a si n gl e
poi n t wor k i n g pl a t for m.
(B) Ea ch si n gl e poi n t su spen ded
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a secon da r y wi r e r ope su spen si on
sy st em, wh i ch wi l l pr even t t h e wor k i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
163
pl a t for m fr om fa l l i n g sh ou l d t h er e be a
fa i l u r e of t h e pr i ma r y mea n s of su p-
por t , or i f t h e pl a t for m con t a i n s over -
h ea d st r u ct u r es wh i ch r est r i ct t h e
egr ess of t h e empl oy ees. A h or i zon t a l
l i fe l i n e or a di r ect con n ect i on a n ch or -
a ge sh a l l be pr ovi ded, a s pa r t of a fa l l
a r r est sy st em wh i ch meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of a ppen di x C, for ea ch empl oy ee
on t h e pl a t for m.
(i v) Grou n d-rigged work in g plat f orms.
(A) Gr ou n dr i gged wor k i n g pl a t for ms
sh a l l compl y wi t h a l l t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph s (f)(5)(i i ) (A) t h r ou gh (M)
of t h i s sect i on .
(B) Aft er ea ch da y s u se, t h e power
su ppl y wi t h i n t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be di s-
con n ect ed fr om a gr ou n d-r i gged wor k -
i n g pl a t for m, a n d t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be
ei t h er di sen ga ged fr om i t s su spen si on
poi n t s or secu r ed a n d st or ed a t gr a de.
(v) I n t ermit t en t ly st abilized plat f orms.
(A) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l compl y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph s (F )(5)(i i ) (A) t h r ou gh (M) of
t h i s sect i on .
(B) Ea ch st a bi l i zer t i e sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a qu i ck con n ect -qu i ck
di scon n ect devi ce wh i ch ca n n ot be
a cci den t l y di sen ga ged, for a t t a ch men t
t o t h e bu i l di n g a n ch or , a n d sh a l l be r e-
si st a n t t o a dver se en vi r on men t a l con -
di t i on s.
(C) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a st oppi n g devi ce t h a t wi l l i n t er -
r u pt t h e h oi st power su ppl y i n t h e
even t t h e pl a t for m con t a ct s a st a -
bi l i zer t i e du r i n g i t s a scen t .
(D) Bu i l di n g fa ce r ol l er s sh a l l n ot be
pl a ced a t t h e a n ch or set t i n g i f ext er i or
a n ch or s a r e u sed on t h e bu i l di n g fa ce.
(E) S t a bi l i zer t i es u sed on i n t er mi t -
t en t l y st a bi l i zed pl a t for ms sh a l l a l l ow
for t h e speci fi c a t t a ch men t l en gt h
n eeded t o effect t h e pr edet er mi n ed a n -
gu l a t i on of t h e su spen ded wi r e r ope.
Th e speci fi c a t t a ch men t l en gt h sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed a t a l l bu i l di n g a n ch or
l oca t i on s.
(F ) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l be i n con t i n -
u ou s con t a ct wi t h t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l d-
i n g du r i n g a scen t a n d descen t .
(G) Th e a t t a ch men t a n d r emova l of
st a bi l i zer t i es sh a l l n ot r equ i r e t h e h or -
i zon t a l movemen t of t h e pl a t for m.
(H) Th e pl a t for m-mou n t ed equ i pmen t
a n d i t s su spen si on wi r e r opes sh a l l n ot
be ph y si ca l l y da ma ged by t h e l oa ds
fr om t h e st a bi l i zer t i e or i t s bu i l di n g
a n ch or . Th e pl a t for m, pl a t for m mou n t -
ed equ i pmen t a n d wi r e r opes sh a l l be
a bl e t o wi t h st a n d a l oa d t h a t i s a t l ea st
t wi ce t h e u l t i ma t e st r en gt h of t h e st a -
bi l i zer t i e.
NOTE: S ee F i gu r e I I i n a ppen di x B of t h i s
sect i on for a descr i pt i on of a t y pi ca l i n t er -
mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on sy st em.
(vi ) Bu t t on -gu ide st abilized plat f orms.
(A) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l compl y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph s (f)(5)(i i ) (A) t h r ou gh (M) of
t h i s sect i on .
(B) Ea ch gu i de t r a ck on t h e pl a t for m
sh a l l en ga ge a mi n i mu m of t wo gu i de
bu t t on s du r i n g a n y ver t i ca l t r a vel of
t h e pl a t for m fol l owi n g t h e i n i t i a l bu t -
t on en ga gemen t .
(C) Ea ch gu i de t r a ck on a pl a t for m
t h a t i s pa r t of a r oof r i gged sy st em
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a st or a ge posi -
t i on on t h e pl a t for m.
(D) Ea ch gu i de t r a ck on t h e pl a t for m
sh a l l be su ffi ci en t l y ma n eu ver a bl e by
pl a t for m occu pa n t s t o per mi t ea sy en -
ga gemen t of t h e gu i de bu t t on s, a n d
ea sy movemen t i n t o a n d ou t of i t s st or -
a ge posi t i on on t h e pl a t for m.
(E) Two gu i de t r a ck s sh a l l be mou n t -
ed on t h e pl a t for m a n d sh a l l pr ovi de
con t i n u ou s con t a ct wi t h t h e bu i l di n g
fa ce.
(F ) Th e l oa d ca r r y i n g compon en t s of
t h e bu t t on gu i de st a bi l i za t i on sy st em
wh i ch t r a n smi t t h e l oa d i n t o t h e pl a t -
for m sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g t h e
wei gh t of t h e pl a t for m, or pr ovi si on
sh a l l be ma de i n t h e gu i de t r a ck con -
n ect or s or pl a t for m a t t a ch men t s t o
pr even t t h e wei gh t of t h e pl a t for m
fr om bei n g t r a n smi t t ed t o t h e pl a t for m
a t t a ch men t s.
NOTE: S ee F i gu r e I I I i n a ppen di x B of t h i s
sect i on for a descr i pt i on of a t y pi ca l bu t t on
gu i de st a bi l i za t i on sy st em.
(6) Su pport ed equ ipmen t . (i ) S u ppor t ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l ma i n t a i n a ver t i ca l
posi t i on i n r espect t o t h e fa ce of t h e
bu i l di n g by mea n s ot h er t h a n fr i ct i on .
(i i ) Cog wh eel s or equ i va l en t mea n s
sh a l l be i n cor por a t ed t o pr ovi de cl i mb-
i n g t r a ct i on bet ween t h e su ppor t ed
equ i pmen t a n d t h e bu i l di n g gu i des. Ad-
di t i on a l gu i de wh eel s or sh oes sh a l l be
i n cor por a t ed a s ma y be n ecessa r y t o
en su r e t h a t t h e dr i ve wh eel s a r e con -
t i n u ou sl y h el d i n posi t i ve en ga gemen t
wi t h t h e bu i l di n g gu i des.
(i i i ) La u n ch gu i de mu l l i on s i n dexed
t o t h e bu i l di n g gu i des a n d r et a i n ed i n
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
164
a l i gn men t wi t h t h e bu i l di n g gu i des
sh a l l be u sed t o a l i gn dr i ve wh eel s en -
t er i n g t h e bu i l di n g gu i des.
(i v) Ma n n ed pl a t for ms u sed on su p-
por t ed equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(5)(i i )(A), (f)(5)(i i )(B), a n d (f)(5)(i i ) (D)
t h r ou gh (K) of t h i s sect i on cover i n g
su spen ded equ i pmen t .
(7) Su spen sion wire ropes an d rope con -
n ect ion s. (i ) Ea ch speci fi c i n st a l l a t i on
sh a l l u se su spen si on wi r e r opes or com-
bi n a t i on ca bl e a n d con n ect i on s meet -
i n g t h e speci fi ca t i on r ecommen ded by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of t h e h oi st i n g ma -
ch i n e u sed. Con n ect i on s sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of devel opi n g a t l ea st 80 per cen t of
t h e r a t ed br ea k i n g st r en gt h of t h e wi r e
r ope.
(i i ) Ea ch su spen si on r ope sh a l l h a ve a
Desi gn F a ct or of a t l ea st 10. Th e
Desi gn F a ct or i s t h e r a t i o of t h e
r a t ed st r en gt h of t h e su spen si on wi r e
r ope t o t h e r a t ed wor k i n g l oa d, a n d
sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed u si n g t h e fol l owi n g
for mu l a :
F
S N
W
( )
Wh er e:
F = Desi gn fa ct or
S = Ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t ed st r en gt h of on e
su spen si on r ope
N = Nu mber of su spen si on r opes u n der l oa d
W = Ra t ed wor k i n g l oa d on a l l r opes a t a n y
poi n t of t r a vel
(i i i ) S u spen si on wi r e r ope gr a de sh a l l
be a t l ea st i mpr oved pl ow st eel or
equ i va l en t .
(i v) S u spen si on wi r e r opes sh a l l be
si zed t o con for m wi t h t h e r equ i r ed de-
si gn fa ct or , bu t sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 5/
16 i n ch (7. 94 mm) i n di a met er .
(v) No mor e t h a n on e r ever se ben d i n
si x wi r e r ope l a y s sh a l l be per mi t t ed.
(vi ) A cor r osi on -r esi st a n t t a g sh a l l be
secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o on e of t h e wi r e
r ope fa st en i n gs wh en a su spen si on wi r e
r ope i s t o be u sed a t a speci fi c l oca t i on
a n d wi l l r ema i n i n t h a t l oca t i on . Th i s
t a g sh a l l bea r t h e fol l owi n g wi r e r ope
da t a :
(A) Th e di a met er (i n ch es a n d/or mm);
(B) Con st r u ct i on cl a ssi fi ca t i on ;
(C) Wh et h er n on -pr efor med or
pr efor med;
(D) Th e gr a de of ma t er i a l ;
(E) Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t ed
st r en gt h ;
(F ) Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s n a me;
(G) Th e mon t h a n d y ea r t h e r opes
wer e i n st a l l ed; a n d
(H) Th e n a me of t h e per son or com-
pa n y wh i ch i n st a l l ed t h e r opes.
(vi i ) A n ew t a g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t
ea ch r ope r en ewa l .
(vi i i ) Th e or i gi n a l t a g sh a l l be
st a mped wi t h t h e da t e of t h e
r esock et i n g, or t h e or i gi n a l t a g sh a l l
be r et a i n ed a n d a su ppl emen t a l t a g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en r opes a r e
r esock et ed. Th e su ppl emen t a l t a g sh a l l
sh ow t h e da t e of r esock et i n g a n d t h e
n a me of t h e per son or compa n y t h a t
r esock et ed t h e r ope.
(i x) Wi n di n g dr u m t y pe h oi st s sh a l l
con t a i n a t l ea st t h r ee wr a ps of t h e su s-
pen si on wi r e r ope on t h e dr u m wh en
t h e su spen ded u n i t h a s r ea ch ed t h e
l owest possi bl e poi n t of i t s ver t i ca l
t r a vel .
(x) Tr a ct i on dr u m a n d sh ea ve t y pe
h oi st s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a wi r e
r ope of su ffi ci en t l en gt h t o r ea ch t h e
l owest possi bl e poi n t of ver t i ca l t r a vel
of t h e su spen ded u n i t , a n d a n a ddi -
t i on a l l en gt h of t h e wi r e r ope of a t
l ea st fou r feet (1. 2 m).
(xi ) Th e l en gt h en i n g or r epa i r i n g of
su spen si on wi r e r opes i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(xi i ) Ba bbi t t ed fa st en i n gs for su spen -
si on wi r e r ope a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(8) Con t rol circu it s, power circu it s an d
t h eir compon en t s. (i ) El ect r i ca l wi r i n g
a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t , except a s ot h er wi se
r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) El ect r i ca l r u n wa y con du ct or sy s-
t ems sh a l l be of a t y pe desi gn ed for u se
i n ext er i or l oca t i on s, a n d sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed so t h a t t h ey do n ot come i n t o
con t a ct wi t h a ccu mu l a t ed sn ow or
wa t er .
(i i i ) Ca bl es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
da ma ge r esu l t i n g fr om over t en si on i n g
or fr om ot h er ca u ses.
(i v) Devi ces sh a l l be i n cl u ded i n t h e
con t r ol sy st em for t h e equ i pmen t
wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on a ga i n st
el ect r i ca l over l oa ds, t h r ee ph a se r ever -
sa l a n d ph a se fa i l u r e. Th e con t r ol sy s-
t em sh a l l h a ve a sepa r a t e met h od,
i n depen den t of t h e di r ect i on con t r ol
ci r cu i t , for br ea k i n g t h e power ci r cu i t
i n ca se of a n emer gen cy or ma l fu n c-
t i on .
E
R
2
5
S
E
0
6
.
0
0
5
<
/
M
A
T
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
165
(v) S u spen ded or su ppor t ed equ i p-
men t sh a l l h a ve a con t r ol sy st em
wh i ch wi l l r equ i r e t h e oper a t or of t h e
equ i pmen t t o fol l ow pr edet er mi n ed
pr ocedu r es.
(vi ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s sh a l l
a ppl y t o el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i on devi ces:
(A) On i n st a l l a t i on s wh er e t h e ca r -
r i a ge does n ot h a ve a st a bi l i t y fa ct or of
a t l ea st fou r a ga i n st over t u r n i n g, el ec-
t r i ca l con t a ct (s) sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
so con n ect ed t h a t t h e oper a t i n g devi ces
for t h e su spen ded or su ppor t ed equ i p-
men t sh a l l be oper a t i ve on l y wh en t h e
ca r r i a ge i s l oca t ed a n d mech a n i ca l l y
r et a i n ed a t a n est a bl i sh ed oper a t i n g
poi n t .
(B) Over l oa d pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n t h e h oi st i n g or su spen si on sy s-
t em t o pr ot ect a ga i n st t h e equ i pmen t
oper a t i n g i n t h e u p di r ect i on wi t h a
l oa d i n excess of 125 per cen t of t h e
r a t ed l oa d of t h e pl a t for m; a n d
(C) An a u t oma t i c det ect or sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for ea ch su spen si on poi n t t h a t
wi l l i n t er r u pt power t o a l l h oi st i n g mo-
t or s for t r a vel i n t h e down di r ect i on ,
a n d a ppl y t h e pr i ma r y br a k es i f a n y
su spen si on wi r e r ope becomes sl a ck . A
con t i n u ou s-pr essu r e r i ggi n g-by pa ss
swi t ch desi gn ed for u se du r i n g r i ggi n g
i s per mi t t ed. Th i s swi t ch sh a l l on l y be
u sed du r i n g r i ggi n g.
(vi i ) Upper a n d l ower di r ect i on a l
swi t ch es desi gn ed t o pr even t t h e t r a vel
of su spen ded u n i t s bey on d sa fe u pwa r d
a n d down wa r d l evel s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(vi i i ) Emer gen cy st op swi t ch es sh a l l
be pr ovi ded on r emot e con t r ol l ed, r oof-
power ed ma n n ed pl a t for ms a dj a cen t t o
ea ch con t r ol st a t i on on t h e pl a t for m.
(i x) Ca bl es wh i ch a r e i n con st a n t t en -
si on sh a l l h a ve over l oa d devi ces wh i ch
wi l l pr even t t h e t en si on i n t h e ca bl e
fr om i n t er fer i n g wi t h t h e l oa d l i mi t i n g
devi ce r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(f)(8)(vi )(B) of t h i s sect i on , or wi t h t h e
pl a t for m r ol l l i mi t i n g devi ce r equ i r ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(5)(i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on .
Th e set t i n g of t h ese devi ces sh a l l be co-
or di n a t ed wi t h ot h er over l oa d set t i n gs
a t t h e t i me of desi gn of t h e sy st em,
a n d sh a l l be cl ea r l y i n di ca t ed on or
n ea r t h e devi ce. Th e devi ce sh a l l i n t er -
r u pt t h e equ i pmen t t r a vel i n t h e
down di r ect i on .
(g) I n spect ion an d t est s(1) I n st alla-
t ion s an d alt erat ion s. Al l compl et ed
bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce equ i pmen t i n -
st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d t est -
ed i n t h e fi el d befor e bei n g pl a ced i n
i n i t i a l ser vi ce t o det er mi n e t h a t a l l
pa r t s of t h e i n st a l l a t i on con for m t o a p-
pl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s st a n da r d,
a n d t h a t a l l sa fet y a n d oper a t i n g
equ i pmen t i s fu n ct i on i n g a s r equ i r ed. A
si mi l a r i n spect i on a n d t est sh a l l be
ma de fol l owi n g a n y ma j or a l t er a t i on t o
a n exi st i n g i n st a l l a t i on . No h oi st i n a n
i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be su bj ect ed t o a l oa d
i n excess of 125 per cen t of i t s r a t ed
l oa d.
(2) Periodic in spect ion s an d t est s. (i )
Rel a t ed bu i l di n g su ppor t i n g st r u ct u r es
sh a l l u n der go per i odi c i n spect i on by a
compet en t per son a t i n t er va l s n ot ex-
ceedi n g 12 mon t h s.
(i i ) Al l pa r t s of t h e equ i pmen t i n cl u d-
i n g con t r ol sy st ems sh a l l be i n spect ed,
a n d, wh er e n ecessa r y , t est ed by a com-
pet en t per son a t i n t er va l s speci fi ed by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er /su ppl i er , bu t n ot t o
exceed 12 mon t h s, t o det er mi n e t h a t
t h ey a r e i n sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on .
P a r t s su bj ect t o wea r , su ch a s wi r e
r opes, bea r i n gs, gea r s, a n d gover n or s
sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d/or t est ed t o de-
t er mi n e t h a t t h ey h a ve n ot wor n t o
su ch a n ext en t a s t o a ffect t h e sa fe op-
er a t i on of t h e i n st a l l a t i on .
(i i i ) Th e bu i l di n g own er sh a l l k eep a
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d of ea ch i n spect i on
a n d t est r equ i r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph s
(g)(2)(i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e cer -
t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l i n cl u de t h e da t e
of t h e i n spect i on , t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e
per son wh o per for med t h e i n spect i on ,
a n d t h e n u mber , or ot h er i den t i fi er , of
t h e bu i l di n g su ppor t st r u ct u r e a n d
equ i pmen t wh i ch wa s i n spect ed. Th i s
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be k ept r ea d-
i l y a va i l a bl e for r evi ew by t h e Assi st -
a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor or t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y s r epr esen t a t i ve a n d by t h e
empl oy er .
(i v) Wor k i n g pl a t for ms a n d t h ei r
compon en t s sh a l l be i n spect ed by t h e
empl oy er for vi si bl e defect s befor e
ever y u se a n d a ft er ea ch occu r r en ce
wh i ch cou l d a ffect t h e pl a t for ms st r u c-
t u r a l i n t egr i t y .
(3) Main t en an ce in spect ion s an d t est s.
(i ) A ma i n t en a n ce i n spect i on a n d,
wh er e n ecessa r y , a t est sh a l l be ma de
of ea ch pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on ever y 30
da y s, or wh er e t h e wor k cy cl e i s l ess
t h a n 30 da y s su ch i n spect i on a n d/or
t est sh a l l be ma de pr i or t o ea ch wor k
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
166
cy cl e. Th i s i n spect i on a n d t est sh a l l
fol l ow pr ocedu r es r ecommen ded by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er , a n d sh a l l be ma de by a
compet en t per son .
(i i ) Th e bu i l di n g own er sh a l l k eep a
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d of ea ch i n spect i on
a n d t est per for med u n der pa r a gr a ph
(g)(3)(i ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e cer t i fi -
ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l i n cl u de t h e da t e of
t h e i n spect i on a n d t est , t h e si gn a t u r e
of t h e per son wh o per for med t h e i n -
spect i on a n d/or t est , a n d a n i den t i fi er
for t h e pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on wh i ch wa s
i n spect ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
sh a l l be k ept r ea di l y a va i l a bl e for r e-
vi ew by t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of
La bor or t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y s r ep-
r esen t a t i ve a n d by t h e empl oy er .
(4) Special in spect ion of govern ors an d
secon dary brak es. (i ) Gover n or s a n d sec-
on da r y br a k es sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d
t est ed a t i n t er va l s speci fi ed by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er /su ppl i er bu t n ot t o ex-
ceed ever y 12 mon t h s.
(i i ) Th e r esu l t s of t h e i n spect i on a n d
t est sh a l l con fi r m t h a t t h e i n i t i a t i n g
devi ce for t h e secon da r y br a k i n g sy s-
t em oper a t es a t t h e pr oper over speed.
(i i i ) Th e r esu l t s of t h e i n spect i on a n d
t est sh a l l con fi r m t h a t t h e secon da r y
br a k e i s fu n ct i on i n g pr oper l y .
(i v) I f a n y h oi st i n g ma ch i n e or i n i t i -
a t i n g devi ce for t h e secon da r y br a k e
sy st em i s r emoved fr om t h e equ i pmen t
for t est i n g, a l l r ei n st a l l ed a n d di r ect l y
r el a t ed compon en t s sh a l l be r ei n -
spect ed pr i or t o r et u r n i n g t h e equ i p-
men t i n st a l l a t i on t o ser vi ce.
(v) I n spect i on of gover n or s a n d sec-
on da r y br a k es sh a l l be per for med by a
(vi ) Th e secon da r y br a k e gover n or
a n d a ct u a t i on devi ce sh a l l be t est ed be-
for e ea ch da y s u se. Wh er e t est i n g i s
n ot fea si bl e, a vi su a l i n spect i on of t h e
br a k e sh a l l be ma de i n st ea d t o en su r e
t h a t i t i s fr ee t o oper a t e.
(5) Su spen sion wire rope main t en an ce,
in spect ion an d replacemen t . (i ) S u spen -
si on wi r e r ope sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a n d
u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pr ocedu r es
r ecommen ded by t h e wi r e r ope ma n u -
fa ct u r er .
(i i ) S u spen si on wi r e r ope sh a l l be i n -
spect ed by a compet en t per son for vi si -
bl e defect s a n d gr oss da ma ge t o t h e
r ope befor e ever y u se a n d a ft er ea ch oc-
cu r r en ce wh i ch mi gh t a ffect t h e wi r e
r opes i n t egr i t y .
(i i i ) A t h or ou gh i n spect i on of su spen -
si on wi r e r opes i n ser vi ce sh a l l be ma de
on ce a mon t h . S u spen si on wi r e r opes
t h a t h a ve been i n a ct i ve for 30 da y s or
l on ger sh a l l h a ve a t h or ou gh i n spect i on
befor e t h ey a r e pl a ced i n t o ser vi ce.
Th ese t h or ou gh i n spect i on s of su spen -
si on wi r e r opes sh a l l be per for med by a
(i v) Th e n eed for r epl a cemen t of a
su spen si on wi r e r ope sh a l l be det er -
mi n ed by i n spect i on a n d sh a l l be ba sed
on t h e con di t i on of t h e wi r e r ope. An y
of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s or combi n a -
t i on of con di t i on s wi l l be ca u se for r e-
mova l of t h e wi r e r ope:
(A) Br ok en wi r es exceedi n g t h r ee
wi r es i n on e st r a n d or si x wi r es i n on e
r ope l a y ;
(B) Di st or t i on of r ope st r u ct u r e su ch
a s wou l d r esu l t fr om cr u sh i n g or
k i n k i n g;
(C) Evi den ce of h ea t da ma ge;
(D) Evi den ce of r ope det er i or a t i on
fr om cor r osi on ;
(E) A br ok en wi r e wi t h i n 18 i n ch es
(460. 8 mm) of t h e en d a t t a ch men t s;
(F ) Not i cea bl e r u st i n g a n d pi t t i n g;
(G) Evi den ce of cor e fa i l u r e (a l en gt h -
en i n g of r ope l a y , pr ot r u si on of t h e
r ope cor e a n d a r edu ct i on i n r ope di -
a met er su ggest s cor e fa i l u r e); or
(H) Mor e t h a n on e va l l ey br ea k (br o-
k en wi r e).
(I ) Ou t er wi r e wea r exceeds on e-t h i r d
of t h e or i gi n a l ou t er wi r e di a met er .
(J ) An y ot h er con di t i on wh i ch t h e
compet en t per son det er mi n es h a s si g-
n i fi ca n t l y a ffect ed t h e i n t egr i t y of t h e
r ope.
(v) Th e bu i l di n g own er sh a l l k eep a
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d of ea ch mon t h l y
i n spect i on of a su spen si on wi r e r ope a s
r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(5)(i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on . Th e r ecor d sh a l l i n cl u de t h e
da t e of t h e i n spect i on , t h e si gn a t u r e of
t h e per son wh o per for med t h e i n spec-
t i on , a n d a n u mber , or ot h er i den t i fi er ,
of t h e wi r e r ope wh i ch wa s i n spect ed.
Th i s r ecor d of i n spect i on sh a l l be ma de
a va i l a bl e for r evi ew by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y of La bor or t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y s r epr esen t a t i ve a n d by t h e
empl oy er .
(6) Hoist in spect ion . Befor e l ower i n g
per son n el bel ow t h e t op el eva t i on of
t h e bu i l di n g, t h e h oi st sh a l l be t est ed
ea ch da y i n t h e l i ft i n g di r ect i on wi t h
t h e i n t en ded l oa d t o ma k e cer t a i n i t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
167
h a s su ffi ci en t ca pa ci t y t o r a i se t h e per -
son n el ba ck t o t h e boa r di n g l evel .
(h ) Main t en an ce(1) Gen eral main t e-
n an ce. Al l pa r t s of t h e equ i pmen t a f-
fect i n g sa fe oper a t i on sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n pr oper wor k i n g or der so t h a t
t h ey ma y per for m t h e fu n ct i on s for
wh i ch t h ey wer e i n t en ded. Th e equ i p-
men t sh a l l be t a k en ou t of ser vi ce
wh en i t i s n ot i n pr oper wor k i n g or der .
(2) Clean in g. (i ) Con t r ol or power
con t a ct or s a n d r el a y s sh a l l be k ept
cl ea n .
(i i ) Al l ot h er pa r t s sh a l l be k ept
cl ea n i f t h ei r pr oper fu n ct i on i n g wou l d
be a ffect ed by t h e pr esen ce of di r t or
ot h er con t a mi n a n t s.
(3) Periodic resock et in g of wire rope f as-
t en in gs. (i ) Hoi st i n g r opes u t i l i zi n g
pou r ed sock et fa st en i n gs sh a l l be
r esock et ed a t t h e n on -dr u m en ds a t i n -
t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 24 mon t h s. I n
r esock et i n g t h e r opes, a su ffi ci en t
l en gt h sh a l l be cu t fr om t h e en d of t h e
r ope t o r emove da ma ged or fa t i gu ed
por t i on s.
(i i ) Resock et ed r opes sh a l l con for m
t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (f)(7)
(i i i ) Li mi t swi t ch es a ffect ed by t h e
r esock et ed r opes sh a l l be r eset , i f n ec-
essa r y .
(4) Periodic resh ack lin g of su spen sion
wire ropes. Th e h oi st i n g r opes sh a l l be
r esh a ck l ed a t t h e n on dr u m en ds a t i n -
t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 24 mon t h s. Wh en
r esh a ck l i n g t h e r opes, a su ffi ci en t
l en gt h sh a l l be cu t fr om t h e en d of t h e
r ope t o r emove da ma ged or fa t i gu ed
por t i on s.
(5) Roof sy st ems. Roof t r a ck sy st ems,
t i e-down s, or si mi l a r equ i pmen t sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed i n pr oper wor k i n g or der
so t h a t t h ey per for m t h e fu n ct i on for
wh i ch t h ey wer e i n t en ded.
(6) Bu ildin g f ace gu idin g members. T-
r a i l s, i n den t ed mu l l i on s, or equ i va l en t
gu i des l oca t ed i n t h e fa ce of a bu i l di n g
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n pr oper wor k i n g
or der so t h a t t h ey per for m t h e fu n c-
t i on s for wh i ch t h ey wer e i n t en ded.
Br a ck et s for ca bl e st a bi l i zer s sh a l l
si mi l a r l y be ma i n t a i n ed i n pr oper
wor k i n g or der .
(7) I n operat ive saf et y devices. No per -
son sh a l l r en der a r equ i r ed sa fet y de-
vi ce or el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve devi ce i n -
oper a t i ve, except a s n ecessa r y for
t est s, i n spect i on s, a n d ma i n t en a n ce.
I mmedi a t el y u pon compl et i on of su ch
t est s, i n spect i on s a n d ma i n t en a n ce, t h e
devi ce sh a l l be r est or ed t o i t s n or ma l
oper a t i n g con di t i on .
(i ) Operat ion s(1) T rain in g. (i ) Wor k -
i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be oper a t ed on l y by
per son s wh o a r e pr ofi ci en t i n t h e oper -
a t i on , sa fe u se a n d i n spect i on of t h e
pa r t i cu l a r wor k i n g pl a t for m t o be oper -
a t ed.
(i i ) Al l empl oy ees wh o oper a t e wor k -
i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n t h e
fol l owi n g:
(A) Recogn i t i on of, a n d pr even t i ve
mea su r es for , t h e sa fet y h a za r ds a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h ei r i n di vi du a l wor k t a sk s.
(B) Gen er a l r ecogn i t i on a n d pr even -
t i on of sa fet y h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
t h e u se of wor k i n g pl a t for ms, i n cl u di n g
t h e pr ovi si on s i n t h e sect i on r el a t i n g
t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r wor k i n g pl a t for m t o
be oper a t ed.
(C) Emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n pr oce-
du r es r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(9) of
t h i s sect i on .
(D) Wor k pr ocedu r es r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (i )(1)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(E) P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em i n -
spect i on , ca r e, u se a n d sy st em per for m-
a n ce.
(i i i ) Tr a i n i n g of empl oy ees i n t h e op-
er a t i on a n d i n spect i on of wor k i n g pl a t -
for ms sh a l l be don e by a compet en t
per son .
(i v) Wr i t t en wor k pr ocedu r es for t h e
oper a t i on , sa fe u se a n d i n spect i on of
wor k i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
empl oy ee t r a i n i n g. P i ct or i a l met h ods
of i n st r u ct i on , ma y be u sed, i n l i eu of
wr i t t en wor k pr ocedu r es, i f empl oy ee
commu n i ca t i on i s i mpr oved u si n g t h i s
met h od. Th e oper a t i n g ma n u a l s su p-
pl i ed by ma n u fa ct u r er s for pl a t for m
sy st em compon en t s ca n ser ve a s t h e
ba si s for t h ese pr ocedu r es.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
empl oy ees h a ve been t r a i n ed i n oper -
a t i n g a n d i n spect i n g a wor k i n g pl a t -
for m by pr epa r i n g a cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d wh i ch i n cl u des t h e i den t i t y of
t h e per son t r a i n ed, t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e
empl oy er or t h e per son wh o con du ct ed
t h e t r a i n i n g a n d t h e da t e t h a t t r a i n i n g
wa s compl et ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d sh a l l be pr epa r ed a t t h e compl e-
t i on of t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (i )(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , a n d sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed i n a fi l e for t h e du r a t i on
of t h e empl oy ees empl oy men t . Th e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
168
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be k ept r ea d-
i l y a va i l a bl e for r evi ew by t h e Assi st -
a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor or t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y s r epr esen t a t i ve.
(2) Use. (i ) Wor k i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l
n ot be l oa ded i n excess of t h e r a t ed
l oa d, a s st a t ed on t h e pl a t for m l oa d
r a t i n g pl a t e.
(i i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed
fr om wor k i n g on sn ow, i ce, or ot h er
sl i pper y ma t er i a l cover i n g pl a t for ms,
except for t h e r emova l of su ch ma t e-
r i a l s.
(i i i ) Adequ a t e pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en t o pr ot ect t h e pl a t for m, wi r e
r opes a n d l i fe l i n es fr om da ma ge du e t o
a ci ds or ot h er cor r osi ve su bst a n ces, i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r ecommen da t i on s
of t h e cor r osi ve su bst a n ce pr odu cer ,
su ppl i er , pl a t for m ma n u fa ct u r er or
ot h er equ i va l en t i n for ma t i on sou r ces.
P l a t for m member s wh i ch h a ve been ex-
posed t o a ci ds or ot h er cor r osi ve su b-
st a n ces sh a l l be wa sh ed down wi t h a
n eu t r a l i zi n g sol u t i on , a t a fr equ en cy
r ecommen ded by t h e cor r osi ve su b-
st a n ce pr odu cer or su ppl i er .
(i v) P l a t for m member s, wi r e r opes
a n d l i fe l i n es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed wh en
u si n g a h ea t pr odu ci n g pr ocess. Wi r e
r opes a n d l i fe l i n es wh i ch h a ve been
con t a ct ed by t h e h ea t pr odu ci n g pr oc-
ess sh a l l be con si der ed t o be per ma -
n en t l y da ma ged a n d sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(v) Th e pl a t for m sh a l l n ot be oper -
a t ed i n wi n ds i n excess of 25 mi l es per
h ou r (40. 2 k m/h r ) except t o move i t
fr om a n oper a t i n g t o a st or a ge posi -
t i on . Wi n d speed sh a l l be det er mi n ed
ba sed on t h e best a va i l a bl e i n for ma -
t i on , wh i ch i n cl u des on -si t e a n emom-
et er r ea di n gs a n d l oca l wea t h er for e-
ca st s wh i ch pr edi ct wi n d vel oci t i es for
t h e a r ea .
(vi ) On ext er i or i n st a l l a t i on s, a n a n e-
momet er sh a l l be mou n t ed on t h e pl a t -
for m t o pr ovi de i n for ma t i on of on -si t e
wi n d vel oci t i es pr i or t o a n d du r i n g t h e
u se of t h e pl a t for m. Th e a n emomet er
ma y be a por t a bl e (h a n d h el d) u n i t
wh i ch i s t empor a r i l y mou n t ed du r i n g
pl a t for m u se.
(vi i ) Tool s, ma t er i a l s a n d debr i s n ot
r el a t ed t o t h e wor k i n pr ogr ess sh a l l
n ot be a l l owed t o a ccu mu l a t e on pl a t -
for ms. S t a bi l i zer t i es sh a l l be l oca t ed
so a s t o a l l ow u n en cu mber ed pa ssa ge
a l on g t h e fu l l l en gt h of t h e pl a t for m
a n d sh a l l be of su ch l en gt h so a s n ot t o
become en t a n gl ed i n r ol l er s, h oi st s or
ot h er ma ch i n er y .
(j ) Person al f all prot ect ion . Empl oy ees
on wor k i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by a per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of a ppen di x
C, sect i on I , of t h i s st a n da r d, a n d a s
ot h er wi se pr ovi ded by t h i s st a n da r d.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 66, GUI DELI NES
(ADVI S ORY)
1. Use of t h e Appen dix. Appen di x A pr ovi des
exa mpl es of equ i pmen t a n d met h ods t o a ssi st
t h e empl oy er i n meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h e i n di ca t ed pr ovi si on of t h e st a n da r d. Em-
pl oy er s ma y u se ot h er equ i pmen t or pr oce-
du r es wh i ch con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h e st a n da r d. Th i s a ppen di x n ei t h er a dds t o
n or det r a ct s fr om t h e ma n da t or y r equ i r e-
men t s set for t h i n 1910. 66.
2. Assu ran ce. P a r a gr a ph (c) of t h e st a n da r d
r equ i r es t h e bu i l di n g own er t o i n for m t h e
empl oy er i n wr i t i n g t h a t t h e power ed pl a t -
for m i n st a l l a t i on compl i es wi t h cer t a i n r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h e st a n da r d, si n ce t h e em-
pl oy er ma y n ot h a ve t h e n ecessa r y i n for ma -
t i on t o ma k e t h ese det er mi n a t i on s. Th e em-
pl oy er , h owever , r ema i n s r espon si bl e for
meet i n g t h ese r equ i r emen t s wh i ch h a ve n ot
been set off i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(1).
3. Design Requ iremen t s. Th e desi gn r equ i r e-
men t s for ea ch i n st a l l a t i on sh ou l d be ba sed
on t h e l i mi t a t i on s (st r esses, defl ect i on s,
et c. ), est a bl i sh ed by n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
st a n da r ds a s pr omu l ga t ed by t h e fol l owi n g
or ga n i za t i on s, or t o equ i va l en t st a n da r ds:
AATh e Al u mi n u m Associ a t i on , 818 Con -
n ect i cu t Aven u e, NW. , Wa sh i n gt on , DC,
20006
Al u mi n u m Con st r u ct i on Ma n u a l
S peci fi ca t i on s F or Al u mi n u m S t r u ct u r es
Al u mi n u m S t a n da r ds a n d Da t a
AGMAAmer i ca n Gea r Ma n u fa ct u r er s Asso-
ci a t i on , 101 Nor t h F or t Mey er Dr . , S u i t e
1000, Ar l i n gt on , VA 22209
AI S CAmer i ca n I n st i t u t e of S t eel Con st r u c-
t i on , 400 Nor t h Mi ch i ga n Aven u e, Ch i ca go,
I L 60611
ANS I Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i -
t u t e, I n c. , 1430 Br oa dwa y , New Yor k , NY
10018
AS CEAmer i ca n S oci et y of Ci vi l En gi n eer s,
345 Ea st 47t h S t r eet , New Yor k , NY 10017
AS MEAmer i ca n S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En -
gi n eer s, 345 Ea st 47t h S t r eet , New Yor k ,
NY 10017
AS TMAmer i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d
Ma t er i a l s, 1916 Ra ce S t r eet , P h i l a del ph i a ,
P A 19103
AWS Amer i ca n Wel di n g S oci et y , I n c. , Box
351040, 550 NW. LeJ eu n n e Roa d, Mi a mi , F L
33126
J I CJ oi n t I n du st r i a l Cou n ci l , 2139 Wi scon si n
Aven u e NW. , Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20007
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
169
NEMANa t i on a l El ect r i c Ma n u fa ct u r er s As-
soci a t i on , 2101 L S t r eet , NW. , Wa sh i n gt on ,
DC 20037
4. T ie-in -gu ides. I n den t ed mu l l i on s, T-r a i l s
or ot h er equ i va l en t gu i des a r e a ccept a bl e a s
t i e-i n gu i des i n a bu i l di n g fa ce for a con t i n -
u ou s st a bi l i za t i on sy st em. I n t er n a l gu i des
a r e embedded i n ot h er bu i l di n g member s
wi t h on l y t h e open i n g exposed (see F i gu r e 1
of a ppen di x B). Ext er n a l gu i des, h owever , a r e
i n st a l l ed ext er n a l t o t h e ot h er bu i l di n g
member s a n d so a r e fu l l y exposed. Th e mi n -
i mu m open i n g for t i e-i n gu i des i s t h r ee-qu a r -
t er s of a n i n ch (19 mm), a n d t h e mi n i mu m i n -
si de di men si on s a r e on e-i n ch (25 mm) deep
a n d t wo i n ch es (50 mm) wi de.
Empl oy er s sh ou l d be a wa r e of t h e h a za r ds
a ssoci a t ed wi t h t i e-i n gu i des i n a con t i n u ou s
st a bi l i za t i on sy st em wh i ch wa s n ot desi gn ed
pr oper l y . F or exa mpl e, j oi n t s i n t h ese t r a ck
sy st ems ma y become ext en ded or di scon t i n -
u ou s du e t o i n st a l l a t i on or bu i l di n g set t l e-
men t . I f t h i s a l i gn men t pr obl em i s n ot cor -
r ect ed, t h e sy st em cou l d j a m wh en a gu i de
r ol l er or gu i de sh oe st r i k es a j oi n t a n d t h i s
wou l d ca u se a h a za r dou s si t u a t i on for em-
pl oy ees. I n a n ot h er i n st a n ce, fa u l t y desi gn
wi l l r esu l t i n gu i de r ol l er s bei n g mou n t ed i n
a l i n e so t h ey wi l l j a m i n t h e t r a ck a t t h e
sl i gh t est mi sa l i gn men t .
5. Bu ildin g an ch ors (in t ermit t en t st abilizat ion
sy st em). I n t h e sel ect i on of t h e ver t i ca l di s-
t a n ce bet ween bu i l di n g a n ch or s, cer t a i n fa c-
t or s sh ou l d be gi ven con si der a t i on . Th ese
fa ct or s i n cl u de bu i l di n g h ei gh t a n d a r ch i t ec-
t u r a l desi gn , pl a t for m l en gt h a n d wei gh t ,
wi r e r ope a n gu l a t i on , a n d t h e wi n d vel oci t i es
i n t h e bu i l di n g a r ea . An ot h er fa ct or t o con -
si der i s t h e ma t er i a l of t h e bu i l di n g fa ce,
si n ce t h i s ma t er i a l ma y be a dver sel y a f-
fect ed by t h e bu i l di n g r ol l er s.
Ext er n a l or i n den t ed t y pe bu i l di n g a n ch or s
a r e a ccept a bl e. Recept a cl es i n t h e bu i l di n g
fa ca de u sed for t h e i n den t ed t y pe sh ou l d be
k ept cl ea r of ext r a n eou s ma t er i a l s wh i ch
wi l l h i n der t h ei r u se. Du r i n g t h e i n spect i on
of t h e pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on , evi den ce of a
fa i l u r e or a bu se of t h e a n ch or s sh ou l d be
br ou gh t t o t h e a t t en t i on of t h e empl oy er .
6. St abilizer t ie len gt h . A st a bi l i zer t i e
sh ou l d be l on g en ou gh t o pr ovi de for t h e
pl a n n ed a n gu l a t i on of t h e su spen si on ca bl es.
However , t h e l en gt h of t h e t i e sh ou l d n ot be
excessi ve a n d become a pr obl em by possi bl y
becomi n g en t a n gl ed i n t h e bu i l di n g fa ce r ol l -
er s or pa r t s of t h e pl a t for m ma ch i n er y .
Th e a t t a ch men t l en gt h ma y va r y du e t o
ma t er i a l el on ga t i on a n d t h i s sh ou l d be con -
si der ed wh en sel ect i n g t h e ma t er i a l t o be
u sed. Con si der a t i on sh ou l d a l so be gi ven t o
t h e u se of t i es wh i ch a r e ea si l y i n st a l l ed by
empl oy ees, si n ce t h i s wi l l en cou r a ge t h ei r
u se.
7. I n t ermit t en t st abilizat ion sy st em. I n t er mi t -
t en t st a bi l i za t i on sy st ems ma y u se di ffer en t
equ i pmen t , t i e-i n devi ces a n d met h ods t o r e-
st r i ct t h e h or i zon t a l movemen t of a power ed
pl a t for m wi t h r espect t o t h e fa ce of t h e
bu i l di n g. On e a ccept a bl e met h od empl oy s
cor r osi on -r esi st a n t bu i l di n g a n ch or s secu r ed
i n t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g i n ver t i ca l r ows
ever y t h i r d fl oor or 50 feet (15. 3 m), wh i ch -
ever i s l ess. Th e a n ch or s a r e spa ced h or i -
zon t a l l y t o a l l ow a st a bi l i za t i on a t t a ch men t
(st a bi l i zer t i e) for ea ch of t h e t wo pl a t for m
su spen si on wi r e r opes. Th e st a bi l i zer t i e con -
si st s of t wo pa r t s. On e pa r t i s a qu i ck con -
n ect -qu i ck di scon n ect devi ce wh i ch u t i l i zes a
cor r osi on -r esi st a n t y ok e a n d r et a i n er spr i n g
t h a t i s desi gn ed t o fi t over t h e bu i l di n g a n -
ch or s. Th e secon d pa r t of t h e st a bi l i zer t i e i s
a l a n y a r d wh i ch i s u sed t o ma i n t a i n a fi xed
di st a n ce bet ween t h e su spen si on wi r e r ope
a n d t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g.
I n t h i s met h od, a s t h e su spen ded power ed
pl a t for m descen ds pa st t h e el eva t i on of ea ch
a n ch or , t h e descen t i s h a l t ed a n d ea ch of t h e
pl a t for m occu pa n t s secu r es a st a bi l i zer t i e
bet ween a su spen si on wi r e r ope a n d a bu i l d-
i n g a n ch or . Th e pr ocedu r e i s r epea t ed a s
ea ch el eva t i on of a bu i l di n g a n ch or i s
r ea ch ed du r i n g t h e descen t of t h e power ed
pl a t for m.
As t h e pl a t for m a scen ds, t h e pr ocedu r e i s
r ever sed; t h a t i s, t h e st a bi l i zer t i es a r e r e-
moved a s ea ch el eva t i on of a bu i l di n g a n ch or
i s r ea ch ed. Th e r emova l of ea ch st a bi l i zer t i e
i s a ssu r ed si n ce t h e pl a t for m i s pr ovi ded
wi t h st oppi n g devi ces wh i ch wi l l i n t er r u pt
power t o i t s h oi st (s) i n t h e even t ei t h er st op-
pi n g devi ce con t a ct s a st a bi l i zer du r i n g t h e
a scen t of t h e pl a t for m.
F i gu r e 2 of a ppen di x B i l l u st r a t es a n ot h er
t y pe of a ccept a bl e i n t er mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on
sy st em wh i ch u t i l i zes r et a i n i n g pi n s a s t h e
qu i ck con n ect -qu i ck di scon n ect devi ce i n t h e
st a bi l i zer t i e.
8. Wire Rope I n spect ion . Th e i n spect i on of
t h e su spen si on wi r e r ope i s i mpor t a n t si n ce
t h e r ope gr a du a l l y l oses st r en gt h du r i n g i t s
u sefu l l i fe. Th e pu r pose of t h e i n spect i on i s
t o det er mi n e wh et h er t h e wi r e r ope h a s su ffi -
ci en t i n t egr i t y t o su ppor t a pl a t for m wi t h
t h e r equ i r ed desi gn fa ct or .
I f t h er e i s a n y dou bt con cer n i n g t h e con di -
t i on of a wi r e r ope or i t s a bi l i t y t o per for m
t h e r equ i r ed wor k , t h e r ope sh ou l d be r e-
pl a ced. Th e cost of wi r e r ope r epl a cemen t i s
qu i t e sma l l i f compa r ed t o t h e cost i n t er ms
of h u ma n i n j u r i es, equ i pmen t down t i me a n d
r epl a cemen t .
No l i st i n g of cr i t i ca l i n spect i on fa ct or s,
wh i ch ser ve a s a ba si s for wi r e r ope r epl a ce-
men t i n t h e st a n da r d, ca n be a su bst i t u t e for
a n exper i en ced i n spect or of wi r e r ope. Th e
l i st i n g ser ves a s a u ser s gu i de t o t h e a ccept -
ed st a n da r ds by wh i ch r opes mu st be j u dged.
Rope l i fe ca n be pr ol on ged i f pr even t i ve
ma i n t en a n ce i s per for med r egu l a r l y . Cu t t i n g
off a n a ppr opr i a t e l en gt h of r ope a t t h e en d
t er mi n a t i on befor e t h e cor e degr a des a n d
va l l ey br ea k s a ppea r mi n i mi zes degr a da t i on
a t t h ese sect i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
170
9. Gen eral Main t en an ce. I n meet i n g t h e gen -
er a l ma i n t en a n ce r equ i r emen t i n pa r a gr a ph
(h )(1) of t h e st a n da r d, t h e empl oy er sh ou l d
u n der t a k e t h e pr ompt r epl a cemen t of br o-
k en , wor n a n d da ma ged pa r t s, swi t ch con -
t a ct s, br u sh es, a n d sh or t fl exi bl e con du ct or s
of el ect r i ca l devi ces. Th e compon en t s of t h e
el ect r i ca l ser vi ce sy st em a n d t r a vel i n g ca -
bl es sh ou l d be r epl a ced wh en da ma ged or si g-
n i fi ca n t l y a br a ded. I n a ddi t i on , gea r s, sh a ft s,
bea r i n gs, br a k es a n d h oi st i n g dr u ms sh ou l d
be k ept i n pr oper a l i gn men t .
10. T rain in g. I n meet i n g t h e t r a i n i n g r e-
qu i r emen t of pa r a gr a ph (i )(1) of t h e st a n da r d,
empl oy er s sh ou l d u se bot h on t h e j ob t r a i n -
i n g a n d for ma l cl a ssr oom t r a i n i n g. Th e wr i t -
t en wor k pr ocedu r es u sed for t h i s t r a i n i n g
sh ou l d be obt a i n ed fr om t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , i f
possi bl e, or pr epa r ed a s n ecessa r y for t h e em-
pl oy ees i n for ma t i on a n d u se.
Empl oy ees wh o wi l l oper a t e power ed pl a t -
for ms wi t h i n t er mi t t en t st a bi l i za t i on sy s-
t ems sh ou l d r ecei ve i n st r u ct i on i n t h e spe-
ci fi c a scen t a n d descen t pr ocedu r es i n vol vi n g
t h e a ssembl y a n d di sa ssembl y of t h e st a -
bi l i zer t i es.
An a ccept a bl e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d
a l so i n cl u de empl oy ee i n st r u ct i on i n ba si c
i n spect i on pr ocedu r es for t h e pu r pose of de-
t er mi n i n g t h e n eed for r epa i r a n d r epl a ce-
men t of pl a t for m equ i pmen t . I n a ddi t i on , t h e
pr ogr a m sh ou l d cover t h e i n spect i on , ca r e
a n d u se of t h e per son a l fa l l pr ot ect i on equ i p-
men t r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (j )(1) of t h e
st a n da r d.
I n a ddi t i on , t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d
a l so i n cl u de emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n el e-
men t s. OS HA br och u r e # 1B3088 (Rev. ) 1985,
How t o P r epa r e for Wor k pl a ce Emer -
gen ci es, det a i l s t h e ba si c st eps n eeded t o
pr epa r e t o h a n dl e emer gen ci es i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce.
F ol l owi n g t h e compl et i on of a t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m, t h e empl oy ee sh ou l d be r equ i r ed t o
demon st r a t e compet en cy i n oper a t i n g t h e
equ i pmen t sa fel y . S u ppl emen t a l t r a i n i n g of
t h e empl oy ee sh ou l d be pr ovi ded by t h e em-
pl oy er , a s n ecessa r y , i f t h e equ i pmen t u sed
or ot h er wor k i n g con di t i on s sh ou l d ch a n ge.
An empl oy ee wh o i s r equ i r ed t o wor k wi t h
ch emi ca l pr odu ct s on a pl a t for m sh ou l d r e-
cei ve t r a i n i n g i n pr oper cl ea n i n g pr ocedu r es,
a n d i n t h e h a za r ds, ca r e a n d h a n dl i n g of
t h ese pr odu ct s. I n a ddi t i on , t h e empl oy ee
sh ou l d be su ppl i ed wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t , su ch a s gl oves
a n d ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on .
11. Su spen sion an d Secu rin g of Powered Plat -
f orms (Equ ivalen cy ). On e a ccept a bl e met h od
of demon st r a t i n g t h e equ i va l en cy of a met h -
od of su spen di n g or secu r i n g a power ed pl a t -
for m, a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (e)(2)(i i i ),
(f)(3) a n d (f)(5)(i )(F ), i s t o pr ovi de a n en gi -
n eer i n g a n a l y si s by a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l
en gi n eer . Th e a n a l y si s sh ou l d demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e pr oposed met h od wi l l pr ovi de a n
equ a l or gr ea t er degr ee of sa fet y for empl oy -
ees t h a n a n y on e of t h e met h ods speci fi ed i n
t h e st a n da r d.
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 66EXHI BI TS (ADVI S ORY)
Th e t h r ee dr a wi n gs i n a ppen di x B i l l u s-
t r a t e t y pi ca l pl a t for m st a bi l i za t i on sy st ems
wh i ch a r e a ddr essed i n t h e st a n da r d. Th e
dr a wi n gs a r e t o be u sed for r efer en ce pu r -
poses on l y , a n d do n ot i l l u st r a t e a l l t h e ma n -
da t or y r equ i r emen t s for ea ch sy st em.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
171
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
172
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
173
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
174
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 66P ERS ONAL F ALL AR-
RES T S YS TEM (S ECTI ON I MANDATORY; S EC-
TI ONS I I AND I I I NON-MANDATORY)
Use of t h e Appen dix
S ect i on I of a ppen di x C set s ou t t h e ma n -
da t or y cr i t er i a for per son a l fa l l a r r est sy s-
t ems u sed by a l l empl oy ees u si n g power ed
pl a t for ms, a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (j )(1) of
t h i s st a n da r d. S ect i on I I set s ou t n on ma n da -
t or y t est pr ocedu r es wh i ch ma y be u sed t o
det er mi n e compl i a n ce wi t h a ppl i ca bl e r e-
qu i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n sect i on I of t h i s a p-
pen di x. S ect i on I I I pr ovi des n on ma n da t or y
gu i del i n es wh i ch a r e i n t en ded t o a ssi st em-
pl oy er s i n compl y i n g wi t h t h ese pr ovi si on s.
I . Person al f all arrest sy st ems(a ) Scope an d
applicat ion . Th i s sect i on est a bl i sh es t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on of a n d per for ma n ce cr i t er i a for per -
son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems wh i ch a r e r equ i r ed
for u se by a l l empl oy ees u si n g power ed pl a t -
for ms u n der pa r a gr a ph 1910. 66(j ).
(b) Def in it ion s. An ch orage mea n s a secu r e
poi n t of a t t a ch men t for l i fel i n es, l a n y a r ds or
decel er a t i on devi ces, a n d wh i ch i s i n de-
pen den t of t h e mea n s of su ppor t i n g or su s-
pen di n g t h e empl oy ee.
Body belt mea n s a st r a p wi t h mea n s bot h
for secu r i n g i t a bou t t h e wa i st a n d for a t -
t a ch i n g i t t o a l a n y a r d, l i fel i n e, or decel er a -
t i on devi ce.
Body h arn ess mea n s a desi gn of st r a ps
wh i ch ma y be secu r ed a bou t t h e empl oy ee i n
a ma n n er t o di st r i bu t e t h e fa l l a r r est for ces
over a t l ea st t h e t h i gh s, pel vi s, wa i st , ch est
a n d sh ou l der s wi t h mea n s for a t t a ch i n g i t t o
ot h er compon en t s of a per son a l fa l l a r r est
sy st em.
Bu ck le mea n s a n y devi ce for h ol di n g t h e
body bel t or body h a r n ess cl osed a r ou n d t h e
empl oy ees body .
Compet en t person mea n s a per son wh o i s ca -
pa bl e of i den t i fy i n g h a za r dou s or da n ger ou s
con di t i on s i n t h e per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em
or a n y compon en t t h er eof, a s wel l a s i n t h ei r
a ppl i ca t i on a n d u se wi t h r el a t ed equ i pmen t .
Con n ect or mea n s a devi ce wh i ch i s u sed t o
cou pl e (con n ect ) pa r t s of t h e sy st em t o-
get h er . I t ma y be a n i n depen den t compon en t
of t h e sy st em (su ch a s a ca r a bi n er ), or a n i n -
t egr a l compon en t of pa r t of t h e sy st em (su ch
a s a bu ck l e or dee-r i n g sewn i n t o a body bel t
or body h a r n ess, or a sn a p-h ook spl i ced or
sewn t o a l a n y a r d or sel f-r et r a ct i n g l a n y a r d).
Decelerat ion device mea n s a n y mech a n i sm,
su ch a s a r ope gr a b, r i pst i t ch l a n y a r d, spe-
ci a l l y woven l a n y a r d, t ea r i n g or defor mi n g
l a n y a r d, or a u t oma t i c sel f r et r a ct i n g-l i fe-
l i n e/l a n y a r d, wh i ch ser ves t o di ssi pa t e a su b-
st a n t i a l a mou n t of en er gy du r i n g a fa l l a r -
r est , or ot h er wi se l i mi t s t h e en er gy i mposed
on a n empl oy ee du r i n g fa l l a r r est .
Decelerat ion dist an ce mea n s t h e a ddi t i on a l
ver t i ca l di st a n ce a fa l l i n g empl oy ee t r a vel s,
excl u di n g l i fel i n e el on ga t i on a n d fr ee fa l l
di st a n ce, befor e st oppi n g, fr om t h e poi n t a t
wh i ch t h e decel er a t i on devi ce begi n s t o oper -
a t e. I t i s mea su r ed a s t h e di st a n ce bet ween
t h e l oca t i on of a n empl oy ees body bel t or
body h a r n ess a t t a ch men t poi n t a t t h e mo-
men t of a ct i va t i on (a t t h e on set of fa l l a r r est
for ces) of t h e decel er a t i on devi ce du r i n g a
fa l l , a n d t h e l oca t i on of t h a t a t t a ch men t
poi n t a ft er t h e empl oy ee comes t o a fu l l
st op.
Equ ivalen t mea n s a l t er n a t i ve desi gn s, ma -
t er i a l s or met h ods wh i ch t h e empl oy er ca n
demon st r a t e wi l l pr ovi de a n equ a l or gr ea t er
degr ee of sa fet y for empl oy ees t h a n t h e
met h ods, ma t er i a l s or desi gn s speci fi ed i n
Free f all mea n s t h e a ct of fa l l i n g befor e t h e
per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em begi n s t o a ppl y
for ce t o a r r est t h e fa l l .
Free f all dist an ce mea n s t h e ver t i ca l di s-
pl a cemen t of t h e fa l l a r r est a t t a ch men t
poi n t on t h e empl oy ees body bel t or body
h a r n ess bet ween on set of t h e fa l l a n d j u st be-
for e t h e sy st em begi n s t o a ppl y for ce t o a r -
r est t h e fa l l . Th i s di st a n ce excl u des decel er a -
t i on di st a n ce, l i fel i n e a n d l a n y a r d el on ga t i on
bu t i n cl u des a n y decel er a t i on devi ce sl i de
di st a n ce or sel f-r et r a ct i n g l i fel i n e/l a n y a r d
ext en si on befor e t h ey oper a t e a n d fa l l a r r est
for ces occu r .
L an y ard mea n s a fl exi bl e l i n e of r ope, wi r e
r ope, or st r a p wh i ch i s u sed t o secu r e t h e
body bel t or body h a r n ess t o a decel er a t i on
devi ce, l i fel i n e, or a n ch or a ge.
L if elin e mea n s a compon en t con si st i n g of a
fl exi bl e l i n e for con n ect i on t o a n a n ch or a ge
a t on e en d t o h a n g ver t i ca l l y (ver t i ca l l i fe-
l i n e), or for con n ect i on t o a n ch or a ges a t
bot h en ds t o st r et ch h or i zon t a l l y (h or i zon t a l
l i fel i n e), a n d wh i ch ser ves a s a mea n s for
con n ect i n g ot h er compon en t s of a per son a l
fa l l a r r est sy st em t o t h e a n ch or a ge.
Person al f all arrest sy st em mea n s a sy st em
u sed t o a r r est a n empl oy ee i n a fa l l fr om a
wor k i n g l evel . I t con si st s of a n a n ch or a ge,
con n ect or s, a body bel t or body h a r n ess a n d
ma y i n cl u de a l a n y a r d, decel er a t i on devi ce,
l i fel i n e, or su i t a bl e combi n a t i on s of t h ese.
Qu alif ied person mea n s on e wi t h a r ecog-
n i zed degr ee or pr ofessi on a l cer t i fi ca t e a n d
ext en si ve k n owl edge a n d exper i en ce i n t h e
su bj ect fi el d wh o i s ca pa bl e of desi gn , a n a l -
y si s, eva l u a t i on a n d speci fi ca t i on s i n t h e
su bj ect wor k , pr oj ect , or pr odu ct .
Rope grab mea n s a decel er a t i on devi ce
wh i ch t r a vel s on a l i fel i n e a n d a u t oma t i ca l l y
fr i ct i on a l l y en ga ges t h e l i fel i n e a n d l ock s so
a s t o a r r est t h e fa l l of a n empl oy ee. A r ope
gr a b u su a l l y empl oy s t h e pr i n ci pl e of i n er -
t i a l l ock i n g, ca m/l ever l ock i n g, or bot h .
Self -ret ract in g lif elin e/lan y ard mea n s a de-
cel er a t i on devi ce wh i ch con t a i n s a dr u m-
wou n d l i n e wh i ch ma y be sl owl y ext r a ct ed
fr om, or r et r a ct ed on t o, t h e dr u m u n der
sl i gh t t en si on du r i n g n or ma l empl oy ee
movemen t , a n d wh i ch , a ft er on set of a fa l l ,
a u t oma t i ca l l y l ock s t h e dr u m a n d a r r est s
t h e fa l l .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
175
Sn ap-h ook mea n s a con n ect or compr i sed of
a h ook sh a ped member wi t h a n or ma l l y
cl osed k eeper , or si mi l a r a r r a n gemen t , wh i ch
ma y be open ed t o per mi t t h e h ook t o r ecei ve
a n obj ect a n d, wh en r el ea sed, a u t oma t i ca l l y
cl oses t o r et a i n t h e obj ect . S n a p-h ook s a r e
gen er a l l y on e of t wo t y pes:
1. Th e l ock i n g t y pe wi t h a sel f-cl osi n g,
sel f-l ock i n g k eeper wh i ch r ema i n s cl osed a n d
l ock ed u n t i l u n l ock ed a n d pr essed open for
con n ect i on or di scon n ect i on , or
2. Th e n on -l ock i n g t y pe wi t h a sel f-cl osi n g
k eeper wh i ch r ema i n s cl osed u n t i l pr essed
open for con n ect i on or di scon n ect i on .
T ie-of f mea n s t h e a ct of a n empl oy ee, wea r -
i n g per son a l fa l l pr ot ect i on equ i pmen t , con -
n ect i n g di r ect l y or i n di r ect l y t o a n a n ch or -
a ge. I t a l so mea n s t h e con di t i on of a n em-
pl oy ee bei n g con n ect ed t o a n a n ch or a ge.
(c) Design f or sy st em compon en t s. (1) Con n ec-
t or s sh a l l be dr op for ged, pr essed or for med
st eel , or ma de of equ i va l en t ma t er i a l s.
(2) Con n ect or s sh a l l h a ve a cor r osi on -r e-
si st a n t fi n i sh , a n d a l l su r fa ces a n d edges
sh a l l be smoot h t o pr even t da ma ge t o i n t er -
fa ci n g pa r t s of t h e sy st em.
(3) La n y a r ds a n d ver t i ca l l i fel i n es wh i ch
t i e-off on e empl oy ee sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m
br ea k i n g st r en gt h of 5, 000 pou n ds (22. 2 k N).
(4) S el f-r et r a ct i n g l i fel i n es a n d l a n y a r ds
wh i ch a u t oma t i ca l l y l i mi t fr ee fa l l di st a n ce
t o t wo feet (0. 61 m) or l ess sh a l l h a ve compo-
n en t s ca pa bl e of su st a i n i n g a mi n i mu m st a t -
i c t en si l e l oa d of 3, 000 pou n ds (13. 3 k N) a p-
pl i ed t o t h e devi ce wi t h t h e l i fel i n e or l a n -
y a r d i n t h e fu l l y ext en ded posi t i on .
(5) S el f-r et r a ct i n g l i fel i n es a n d l a n y a r ds
wh i ch do n ot l i mi t fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o t wo
feet (0. 61 m) or l ess, r i pst i t ch l a n y a r ds, a n d
t ea r i n g a n d defor mi n g l a n y a r ds sh a l l be ca -
pa bl e of su st a i n i n g a mi n i mu m t en si l e l oa d
of 5, 000 pou n ds (22. 2 k N) a ppl i ed t o t h e devi ce
wi t h t h e l i fel i n e or l a n y a r d i n t h e fu l l y ex-
t en ded posi t i on .
(6) Dee-r i n gs a n d sn a p-h ook s sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of su st a i n i n g a mi n i mu m t en si l e l oa d of
5, 000 pou n ds (22. 2 k N).
(7) Dee-r i n gs a n d sn a p-h ook s sh a l l be 100
per cen t pr oof-t est ed t o a mi n i mu m t en si l e
l oa d of 3, 600 pou n ds (16 k N) wi t h ou t cr a ck -
i n g, br ea k i n g, or t a k i n g per ma n en t defor ma -
t i on .
(8) S n a p-h ook s sh a l l be si zed t o be compa t -
i bl e wi t h t h e member t o wh i ch t h ey a r e con -
n ect ed so a s t o pr even t u n i n t en t i on a l di s-
en ga gemen t of t h e sn a p-h ook by depr essi on
of t h e sn a p-h ook k eeper by t h e con n ect ed
member , or sh a l l be a l ock i n g t y pe sn a p-
h ook desi gn ed a n d u sed t o pr even t di s-
en ga gemen t of t h e sn a p-h ook by t h e con t a ct
of t h e sn a ph ook k eeper by t h e con n ect ed
member .
(9) Hor i zon t a l l i fel i n es, wh er e u sed, sh a l l
be desi gn ed, a n d i n st a l l ed a s pa r t of a com-
pl et e per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em, wh i ch
ma i n t a i n s a sa fet y fa ct or of a t l ea st t wo,
u n der t h e su per vi si on of a qu a l i fi ed per son .
(10) An ch or a ges t o wh i ch per son a l fa l l a r -
r est equ i pmen t i s a t t a ch ed sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of su ppor t i n g a t l ea st 5, 000 pou n ds (22. 2 k N)
per empl oy ee a t t a ch ed, or sh a l l be desi gn ed,
i n st a l l ed, a n d u sed a s pa r t of a compl et e per -
son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em wh i ch ma i n t a i n s a
sa fet y fa ct or of a t l ea st t wo, u n der t h e su -
per vi si on of a qu a l i fi ed per son .
(11) Ropes a n d st r a ps (webbi n g) u sed i n l a n -
y a r ds, l i fel i n es, a n d st r en gt h compon en t s of
body bel t s a n d body h a r n esses, sh a l l be ma de
fr om sy n t h et i c fi ber s or wi r e r ope.
(d) Sy st em perf orman ce crit eria. (1) P er son a l
fa l l a r r est sy st ems sh a l l , wh en st oppi n g a
fa l l :
(i ) Li mi t ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce on a n
empl oy ee t o 900 pou n ds (4 k N) wh en u sed
wi t h a body bel t ;
(i i ) Li mi t ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce on a n
empl oy ee t o 1, 800 pou n ds (8 k N) wh en u sed
wi t h a body h a r n ess;
(i i i ) Br i n g a n empl oy ee t o a compl et e st op
a n d l i mi t ma xi mu m decel er a t i on di st a n ce a n
empl oy ee t r a vel s t o 3. 5 feet (1. 07 m); a n d
(i v) S h a l l h a ve su ffi ci en t st r en gt h t o wi t h -
st a n d t wi ce t h e pot en t i a l i mpa ct en er gy of
a n empl oy ee fr ee fa l l i n g a di st a n ce of si x feet
(1. 8 m), or t h e fr ee fa l l di st a n ce per mi t t ed by
t h e sy st em, wh i ch ever i s l ess.
(2)(i ) Wh en u sed by empl oy ees h a vi n g a
combi n ed per son a n d t ool wei gh t of l ess t h a n
310 pou n ds (140 k g), per son a l fa l l a r r est sy s-
t ems wh i ch meet t h e cr i t er i a a n d pr ot ocol s
con t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (b), (c) a n d (d) i n
sect i on I I of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l be con si d-
er ed a s compl y i n g wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph s (d)(1)(i ) t h r ou gh (d)(1)(i v) a bove.
(i i ) Wh en u sed by empl oy ees h a vi n g a com-
bi n ed t ool a n d body wei gh t of 310 pou n ds (140
k g) or mor e, per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems
wh i ch meet t h e cr i t er i a a n d pr ot ocol s con -
t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (b), (c) a n d (d) i n sec-
t i on I I ma y be con si der ed a s compl y i n g wi t h
t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph s (d)(1)(i ) t h r ou gh
(d)(1)(i v) pr ovi ded t h a t t h e cr i t er i a a n d pr o-
t ocol s a r e modi fi ed a ppr opr i a t el y t o pr ovi de
pr oper pr ot ect i on for su ch h ea vi er wei gh t s.
(e) Care an d u se. (1) S n a p-h ook s, u n l ess of
a l ock i n g t y pe desi gn ed a n d u sed t o pr even t
di sen ga gemen t fr om t h e fol l owi n g con n ec-
t i on s, sh a l l n ot be en ga ged:
(i ) Di r ect l y t o webbi n g, r ope or wi r e r ope;
(i i ) To ea ch ot h er ;
(i i i ) To a dee-r i n g t o wh i ch a n ot h er sn a p-
h ook or ot h er con n ect or i s a t t a ch ed;
(i v) To a h or i zon t a l l i fel i n e; or
(v) To a n y obj ect wh i ch i s i n compa t i bl y
sh a ped or di men si on ed i n r el a t i on t o t h e
sn a p-h ook su ch t h a t t h e con n ect ed obj ect
cou l d depr ess t h e sn a p-h ook k eeper a su ffi -
ci en t a mou n t t o r el ea se i t sel f.
(2) Devi ces u sed t o con n ect t o a h or i zon t a l
l i fel i n e wh i ch ma y become a ver t i ca l l i fel i n e
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of l ock i n g i n ei t h er di r ec-
t i on on t h e l i fel i n e.
(3) P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems sh a l l be
r i gged su ch t h a t a n empl oy ee ca n n ei t h er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
176
fr ee fa l l mor e t h a n si x feet (1. 8 m), n or con -
t a ct a n y l ower l evel .
(4) Th e a t t a ch men t poi n t of t h e body bel t
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n t h e cen t er of t h e wea r er s
ba ck . Th e a t t a ch men t poi n t of t h e body h a r -
n ess sh a l l be l oca t ed i n t h e cen t er of t h e
wea r er s ba ck n ea r sh ou l der l evel , or a bove
t h e wea r er s h ea d.
(5) Wh en ver t i ca l l i fel i n es a r e u sed, ea ch
empl oy ee sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a sepa r a t e
l i fel i n e.
(6) P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems or compo-
n en t s sh a l l be u sed on l y for empl oy ee fa l l
pr ot ect i on .
(7) P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems or compo-
n en t s su bj ect ed t o i mpa ct l oa di n g sh a l l be
i mmedi a t el y r emoved fr om ser vi ce a n d sh a l l
n ot be u sed a ga i n for empl oy ee pr ot ect i on
u n l ess i n spect ed a n d det er mi n ed by a com-
pet en t per son t o be u n da ma ged a n d su i t a bl e
for r eu se.
(8) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de for pr ompt
r escu e of empl oy ees i n t h e even t of a fa l l or
sh a l l a ssu r e t h e sel f-r escu e ca pa bi l i t y of em-
pl oy ees.
(9) Befor e u si n g a per son a l fa l l a r r est sy s-
t em, a n d a ft er a n y compon en t or sy st em i s
ch a n ged, empl oy ees sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
1910. 66(i )(1), i n t h e sa fe u se of t h e sy st em.
(f) I n spect ion s. P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems
sh a l l be i n spect ed pr i or t o ea ch u se for mi l -
dew, wea r , da ma ge a n d ot h er det er i or a t i on ,
a n d defect i ve compon en t s sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce i f t h ei r st r en gt h or fu n ct i on
ma y be a dver sel y a ffect ed.
I I . T est met h ods f or person al f all arrest sy s-
t ems (n on -man dat ory )(a ) Gen eral. P a r a -
gr a ph s (b), (c), (d) a n d (e), of t h i s sect i on I I
set for t h t est pr ocedu r es wh i ch ma y be u sed
t o det er mi n e compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(1)(i ) t h r ou gh (d)(1)(i v)
of sect i on I of t h i s a ppen di x.
(b) Gen eral con dit ion s f or all t est s in sect ion
I I . (1) Li fel i n es, l a n y a r ds a n d decel er a t i on
devi ces sh ou l d be a t t a ch ed t o a n a n ch or a ge
a n d con n ect ed t o t h e body -bel t or body h a r -
n ess i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s t h ey wou l d be
wh en u sed t o pr ot ect empl oy ees.
(2) Th e a n ch or a ge sh ou l d be r i gi d, a n d
sh ou l d n ot h a ve a defl ect i on gr ea t er t h a n . 04
i n ch es (1 mm) wh en a for ce of 2, 250 pou n ds
(10 k N) i s a ppl i ed.
(3) Th e fr equ en cy r espon se of t h e l oa d
mea su r i n g i n st r u men t a t i on sh ou l d be 120 Hz.
(4) Th e t est wei gh t u sed i n t h e st r en gt h
a n d for ce t est s sh ou l d be a r i gi d, met a l , cy -
l i n dr i ca l or t or so-sh a ped obj ect wi t h a gi r t h
of 38 i n ch es pl u s or mi n u s fou r i n ch es (96 cm
pl u s or mi n u s 10 cm).
(5) Th e l a n y a r d or l i fel i n e u sed t o cr ea t e
t h e fr ee fa l l di st a n ce sh ou l d be su ppl i ed wi t h
t h e sy st em, or i n i t s a bsen ce, t h e l ea st el a s-
t i c l a n y a r d or l i fel i n e a va i l a bl e t o be u sed
wi t h t h e sy st em.
(6) Th e t est wei gh t for ea ch t est sh ou l d be
h oi st ed t o t h e r equ i r ed l evel a n d sh ou l d be
qu i ck l y r el ea sed wi t h ou t h a vi n g a n y a ppr e-
ci a bl e mot i on i mpa r t ed t o i t .
(7) Th e sy st ems per for ma n ce sh ou l d be
eva l u a t ed t a k i n g i n t o a ccou n t t h e r a n ge of
en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s for wh i ch i t i s de-
si gn ed t o be u sed.
(8) F ol l owi n g t h e t est , t h e sy st em n eed n ot
be ca pa bl e of fu r t h er oper a t i on .
(c) St ren gt h t est . (1) Du r i n g t h e t est i n g of
a l l sy st ems, a t est wei gh t of 300 pou n ds pl u s
or mi n u s fi ve pou n ds (135 k g pl u s or mi n u s
2. 5 k g) sh ou l d be u sed. (S ee pa r a gr a ph (b)(4),
a bove. )
(2) Th e t est con si st s of dr oppi n g t h e t est
wei gh t on ce. A n ew u n u sed sy st em sh ou l d be
u sed for ea ch t est .
(3) F or l a n y a r d sy st ems, t h e l a n y a r d
l en gt h sh ou l d be si x feet pl u s or mi n u s t wo
i n ch es (1. 83 m pl u s or mi n u s 5 cm) a s mea s-
u r ed fr om t h e fi xed a n ch or a ge t o t h e a t t a ch -
men t on t h e body bel t or body h a r n ess.
(4) F or r ope-gr a b-t y pe decel er a t i on sy s-
t ems, t h e l en gt h of t h e l i fel i n e a bove t h e
cen t er l i n e of t h e gr a bbi n g mech a n i sm t o t h e
l i fel i n es a n ch or a ge poi n t sh ou l d n ot exceed
t wo feet (0. 61 m).
(5) F or l a n y a r d sy st ems, for sy st ems wi t h
decel er a t i on devi ces wh i ch do n ot a u t oma t i -
ca l l y l i mi t fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o t wo feet (0. 61
m) or l ess, a n d for sy st ems wi t h decel er a t i on
devi ces wh i ch h a ve a con n ect i on di st a n ce i n
excess of on e foot (0. 3 m) (mea su r ed bet ween
t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e l i fel i n e a n d t h e a t t a ch -
men t poi n t t o t h e body bel t or h a r n ess), t h e
t est wei gh t sh ou l d be r i gged t o fr ee fa l l a di s-
t a n ce of 7. 5 feet (2. 3 m) fr om a poi n t t h a t i s
1. 5 feet (46 cm) a bove t h e a n ch or a ge poi n t , t o
i t s h a n gi n g l oca t i on (si x feet bel ow t h e a n -
ch or a ge). Th e t est wei gh t sh ou l d fa l l wi t h ou t
i n t er fer en ce, obst r u ct i on , or h i t t i n g t h e fl oor
or gr ou n d du r i n g t h e t est . I n some ca ses a
n on -el a st i c wi r e l a n y a r d of su ffi ci en t l en gt h
ma y n eed t o be a dded t o t h e sy st em (for t est
pu r poses) t o cr ea t e t h e n ecessa r y fr ee fa l l
di st a n ce.
(6) F or decel er a t i on devi ce sy st ems wi t h
i n t egr a l l i fel i n es or l a n y a r ds wh i ch a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y l i mi t fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o t wo feet
(0. 61 m) or l ess, t h e t est wei gh t sh ou l d be
r i gged t o fr ee fa l l a di st a n ce of fou r feet (1. 22
m).
(7) An y wei gh t wh i ch det a ch es fr om t h e
bel t or h a r n ess sh ou l d con st i t u t e fa i l u r e for
t h e st r en gt h t est .
(d) Force t est (1) Gen eral. Th e t est con si st s
of dr oppi n g t h e r espect i ve t est wei gh t speci -
fi ed i n (d)(2)(i ) or (d)(3)(i ) on ce. A n ew, u n -
u sed sy st em sh ou l d be u sed for ea ch t est .
(2) For lan y ard sy st ems. (i ) A t est wei gh t of
220 pou n ds pl u s or mi n u s t h r ee pou n ds (100
k g pl u s or mi n u s 1. 6 k g) sh ou l d be u sed. (S ee
pa r a gr a ph (b)(4), a bove. )
(i i ) La n y a r d l en gt h sh ou l d be si x feet pl u s
or mi n u s t wo i n ch es (1. 83 m pl u s or mi n u s 5
cm) a s mea su r ed fr om t h e fi xed a n ch or a ge t o
t h e a t t a ch men t on t h e body bel t or body h a r -
n ess.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
177
(i i i ) Th e t est wei gh t sh ou l d fa l l fr ee fr om
t h e a n ch or a ge l evel t o i t s h a n gi n g l oca t i on
(a t ot a l of si x feet (1. 83 m) fr ee fa l l di st a n ce)
wi t h ou t i n t er fer en ce, obst r u ct i on , or h i t t i n g
t h e fl oor or gr ou n d du r i n g t h e t est .
(3) For all ot h er sy st ems. (i ) A t est wei gh t of
220 pou n ds pl u s or mi n u s t h r ee pou n ds (100
k g pl u s or mi n u s 1. 6 k g) sh ou l d be u sed. (S ee
pa r a gr a ph (b)(4), a bove. )
(i i ) Th e fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o be u sed i n t h e
t est sh ou l d be t h e ma xi mu m fa l l di st a n ce
ph y si ca l l y per mi t t ed by t h e sy st em du r i n g
n or ma l u se con di t i on s, u p t o a ma xi mu m
fr ee fa l l di st a n ce for t h e t est wei gh t of si x
feet (1. 83 m), except a s fol l ows:
(A) F or decel er a t i on sy st ems wh i ch h a ve a
con n ect i on l i n k or l a n y a r d, t h e t est wei gh t
sh ou l d fr ee fa l l a di st a n ce equ a l t o t h e con -
n ect i on di st a n ce (mea su r ed bet ween t h e cen -
t er l i n e of t h e l i fel i n e a n d t h e a t t a ch men t
poi n t t o t h e body bel t or h a r n ess).
(B) F or decel er a t i on devi ce sy st ems wi t h
i n t egr a l l i fel i n es or l a n y a r ds wh i ch a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y l i mi t fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o t wo feet
(0. 61 m) or l ess, t h e t est wei gh t sh ou l d fr ee
fa l l a di st a n ce equ a l t o t h a t per mi t t ed by t h e
sy st em i n n or ma l u se. (F or exa mpl e, t o t est
a sy st em wi t h a sel f-r et r a ct i n g l i fel i n e or
l a n y a r d, t h e t est wei gh t sh ou l d be su ppor t ed
a n d t h e sy st em a l l owed t o r et r a ct t h e l i fe-
l i n e or l a n y a r d a s i t wou l d i n n or ma l u se.
Th e t est wei gh t wou l d t h en be r el ea sed a n d
t h e for ce a n d decel er a t i on di st a n ce mea s-
u r ed).
(4) A sy st em fa i l s t h e for ce t est i f t h e r e-
cor ded ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce exceeds
1, 260 pou n ds (15. 6 k N) wh en u si n g a body bel t ,
a n d/or exceeds 2, 520 pou n ds (11. 2 k N) wh en
u si n g a body h a r n ess.
(5) Th e ma xi mu m el on ga t i on a n d decel er a -
t i on di st a n ce sh ou l d be r ecor ded du r i n g t h e
for ce t est .
(e) Decelerat ion device t est s(1) Gen eral. Th e
devi ce sh ou l d be eva l u a t ed or t est ed u n der
t h e en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s, (su ch a s r a i n ,
i ce, gr ea se, di r t , t y pe of l i fel i n e, et c. ), for
wh i ch t h e devi ce i s desi gn ed.
(2) Rope-grab-t y pe decelerat ion devices. (i )
Devi ces sh ou l d be moved on a l i fel i n e 1, 000
t i mes over t h e sa me l en gt h of l i n e a di st a n ce
of n ot l ess t h a n on e foot (30. 5 cm), a n d t h e
mech a n i sm sh ou l d l ock ea ch t i me.
(i i ) Un l ess t h e devi ce i s per ma n en t l y
ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e t h e t y pe(s) of l i fel i n e
wh i ch mu st be u sed, sever a l t y pes (di ffer en t
di a met er s a n d di ffer en t ma t er i a l s), of l i fe-
l i n es sh ou l d be u sed t o t est t h e devi ce.
(3) Ot h er self -act ivat in q-t y pe decelerat ion de-
vices. Th e l ock i n g mech a n i sms of ot h er sel f-
a ct i va t i n g-t y pe decel er a t i on devi ces de-
si gn ed for mor e t h a n on e a r r est sh ou l d l ock
ea ch of 1, 000 t i mes a s t h ey wou l d i n n or ma l
ser vi ce.
I I I . Addit ion al n on -man dat ory gu idelin es f or
person al f all arrest sy st ems. Th e fol l owi n g i n -
for ma t i on con st i t u t es a ddi t i on a l gu i del i n es
for u se i n compl y i n g wi t h r equ i r emen t s for a
per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em.
(a ) Select ion an d u se con siderat ion s. Th e
k i n d of per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em sel ect ed
sh ou l d ma t ch t h e pa r t i cu l a r wor k si t u a t i on ,
a n d a n y possi bl e fr ee fa l l di st a n ce sh ou l d be
k ept t o a mi n i mu m. Con si der a t i on sh ou l d be
gi ven t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r wor k en vi r on men t .
F or exa mpl e, t h e pr esen ce of a ci ds, di r t ,
moi st u r e, oi l , gr ea se, et c. , a n d t h ei r effect on
t h e sy st em, sh ou l d be eva l u a t ed. Hot or col d
en vi r on men t s ma y a l so h a ve a n a dver se a f-
fect on t h e sy st em. Wi r e r ope sh ou l d n ot be
u sed wh er e a n el ect r i ca l h a za r d i s a n t i ci -
pa t ed. As r equ i r ed by t h e st a n da r d, t h e em-
pl oy er mu st pl a n t o h a ve mea n s a va i l a bl e t o
pr ompt l y r escu e a n empl oy ee sh ou l d a fa l l
occu r , si n ce t h e su spen ded empl oy ee ma y n ot
be a bl e t o r ea ch a wor k l evel i n depen den t l y .
Wh er e l a n y a r ds, con n ect or s, a n d l i fel i n es
a r e su bj ect t o da ma ge by wor k oper a t i on s
su ch a s wel di n g, ch emi ca l cl ea n i n g, a n d
sa n dbl a st i n g, t h e compon en t sh ou l d be pr o-
t ect ed, or ot h er secu r i n g sy st ems sh ou l d be
u sed. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d fu l l y eva l u a t e t h e
wor k con di t i on s a n d en vi r on men t (i n cl u di n g
sea son a l wea t h er ch a n ges) befor e sel ect i n g
t h e a ppr opr i a t e per son a l fa l l pr ot ect i on sy s-
t em. On ce i n u se, t h e sy st ems effect i ven ess
sh ou l d be mon i t or ed. I n some ca ses, a pr o-
gr a m for cl ea n i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce of t h e
sy st em ma y be n ecessa r y .
(b) T est in g con siderat ion s. Befor e pu r -
ch a si n g or pu t t i n g i n t o u se a per son a l fa l l
a r r est sy st em, a n empl oy er sh ou l d obt a i n
fr om t h e su ppl i er i n for ma t i on a bou t t h e sy s-
t em ba sed on i t s per for ma n ce du r i n g t est i n g
so t h a t t h e empl oy er ca n k n ow i f t h e sy st em
meet s t h i s st a n da r d. Test i n g sh ou l d be don e
u si n g r ecogn i zed t est met h ods. S ect i on I I of
t h i s a ppen di x C con t a i n s t est met h ods r ecog-
n i zed for eva l u a t i n g t h e per for ma n ce of fa l l
a r r est sy st ems. Not a l l sy st ems ma y n eed t o
be i n di vi du a l l y t est ed; t h e per for ma n ce of
some sy st ems ma y be ba sed on da t a a n d ca l -
cu l a t i on s der i ved fr om t est i n g of si mi l a r sy s-
t ems, pr ovi ded t h a t en ou gh i n for ma t i on i s
a va i l a bl e t o demon st r a t e si mi l a r i t y of fu n c-
t i on a n d desi gn .
(c) Compon en t compat ibilit y con siderat ion s.
I dea l l y , a per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em i s de-
si gn ed, t est ed, a n d su ppl i ed a s a compl et e
sy st em. However , i t i s common pr a ct i ce for
l a n y a r ds, con n ect or s, l i fel i n es, decel er a t i on
devi ces, body bel t s a n d body h a r n esses t o be
i n t er ch a n ged si n ce some compon en t s wea r
ou t befor e ot h er s. Th e empl oy er a n d em-
pl oy ee sh ou l d r ea l i ze t h a t n ot a l l compo-
n en t s a r e i n t er ch a n gea bl e. F or i n st a n ce, a
l a n y a r d sh ou l d n ot be con n ect ed bet ween a
body bel t (or h a r n ess) a n d a decel er a t i on de-
vi ce of t h e sel f-r et r a ct i n g t y pe si n ce t h i s ca n
r esu l t i n a ddi t i on a l fr ee fa l l for wh i ch t h e
sy st em wa s n ot desi gn ed. An y su bst i t u t i on
or ch a n ge t o a per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em
sh ou l d be fu l l y eva l u a t ed or t est ed by a com-
pet en t per son t o det er mi n e t h a t i t meet s t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
178
st a n da r d, befor e t h e modi fi ed sy st em i s pu t
i n u se.
(d) Employ ee t rain in g con siderat ion s. Th or -
ou gh empl oy ee t r a i n i n g i n t h e sel ect i on a n d
u se of per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems i s i mper a -
t i ve. As st a t ed i n t h e st a n da r d, befor e t h e
equ i pmen t i s u sed, empl oy ees mu st be
t r a i n ed i n t h e sa fe u se of t h e sy st em. Th i s
sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g: Appl i ca t i on
l i mi t s; pr oper a n ch or i n g a n d t i e-off t ech -
n i qu es; est i ma t i on of fr ee fa l l di st a n ce, i n -
cl u di n g det er mi n a t i on of decel er a t i on di s-
t a n ce, a n d t ot a l fa l l di st a n ce t o pr even t
st r i k i n g a l ower l evel ; met h ods of u se; a n d
i n spect i on a n d st or a ge of t h e sy st em. Ca r e-
l ess or i mpr oper u se of t h e equ i pmen t ca n r e-
su l t i n ser i ou s i n j u r y or dea t h . Empl oy er s
a n d empl oy ees sh ou l d become fa mi l i a r wi t h
t h e ma t er i a l i n t h i s a ppen di x, a s wel l a s
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s, befor e a
sy st em i s u sed. Of u pper most i mpor t a n ce i s
t h e r edu ct i on i n st r en gt h ca u sed by cer t a i n
t i e-offs (su ch a s u si n g k n ot s, t y i n g a r ou n d
sh a r p edges, et c. ) a n d ma xi mu m per mi t t ed
fr ee fa l l di st a n ce. Al so, t o be st r essed a r e t h e
i mpor t a n ce of i n spect i on s pr i or t o u se, t h e
l i mi t a t i on s of t h e equ i pmen t , a n d u n i qu e
con di t i on s a t t h e wor k si t e wh i ch ma y be i m-
por t a n t i n det er mi n i n g t h e t y pe of sy st em t o
u se.
(e) I n st ru ct ion con siderat ion s. Empl oy er s
sh ou l d obt a i n compr eh en si ve i n st r u ct i on s
fr om t h e su ppl i er a s t o t h e sy st ems pr oper
u se a n d a ppl i ca t i on , i n cl u di n g, wh er e a ppl i -
ca bl e:
(1) Th e for ce mea su r ed du r i n g t h e sa mpl e
for ce t est ;
(2) Th e ma xi mu m el on ga t i on mea su r ed for
l a n y a r ds du r i n g t h e for ce t est ;
(3) Th e decel er a t i on di st a n ce mea su r ed for
decel er a t i on devi ces du r i n g t h e for ce t est ;
(4) Ca u t i on st a t emen t s on cr i t i ca l u se l i mi -
t a t i on s;
(5) Appl i ca t i on l i mi t s;
(6) P r oper h ook -u p, a n ch or i n g a n d t i e-off
t ech n i qu es, i n cl u di n g t h e pr oper dee-r i n g or
ot h er a t t a ch men t poi n t t o u se on t h e body
bel t a n d h a r n ess for fa l l a r r est ;
(7) P r oper cl i mbi n g t ech n i qu es;
(8) Met h ods of i n spect i on , u se, cl ea n i n g,
a n d st or a ge; a n d
(9) S peci fi c l i fel i n es wh i ch ma y be u sed.
Th i s i n for ma t i on sh ou l d be pr ovi ded t o em-
pl oy ees du r i n g t r a i n i n g.
(f) I n spect ion con siderat ion s. As st a t ed i n
t h e st a n da r d (sect i on I , P a r a gr a ph (f)), per -
son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems mu st be r egu l a r l y
i n spect ed. An y compon en t wi t h a n y si gn i fi -
ca n t defect , su ch a s cu t s, t ea r s, a br a si on s,
mol d, or u n du e st r et ch i n g; a l t er a t i on s or a d-
di t i on s wh i ch mi gh t a ffect i t s effi ci en cy ;
da ma ge du e t o det er i or a t i on ; con t a ct wi t h
fi r e, a ci ds, or ot h er cor r osi ves; di st or t ed
h ook s or fa u l t y h ook spr i n gs; t on gu es
u n fi t t ed t o t h e sh ou l der of bu ck l es; l oose or
da ma ged mou n t i n gs; n on -fu n ct i on i n g pa r t s;
or wea r i n g or i n t er n a l det er i or a t i on i n t h e
r opes mu st be wi t h dr a wn fr om ser vi ce i mme-
di a t el y , a n d sh ou l d be t a gged or ma r k ed a s
u n u sa bl e, or dest r oy ed.
(g) Rescu e con siderat ion s. As r equ i r ed by t h e
st a n da r d (sect i on I , P a r a gr a ph (e)(8)), wh en
per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems a r e u sed, t h e
empl oy er mu st a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees ca n be
pr ompt l y r escu ed or ca n r escu e t h emsel ves
sh ou l d a fa l l occu r . Th e a va i l a bi l i t y of r es-
cu e per son n el , l a dder s or ot h er r escu e equ i p-
men t sh ou l d be eva l u a t ed. I n some si t u a -
t i on s, equ i pmen t wh i ch a l l ows empl oy ees t o
r escu e t h emsel ves a ft er t h e fa l l h a s been a r -
r est ed ma y be desi r a bl e, su ch a s devi ces
wh i ch h a ve descen t ca pa bi l i t y .
(h ) T ie-of f con siderat ion s. (1) On e of t h e
most i mpor t a n t a spect s of per son a l fa l l pr o-
t ect i on sy st ems i s fu l l y pl a n n i n g t h e sy st em
bef ore i t i s pu t i n t o u se. P r oba bl y t h e most
over l ook ed compon en t i s pl a n n i n g for su i t -
a bl e a n ch or a ge poi n t s. S u ch pl a n n i n g sh ou l d
i dea l l y be don e befor e t h e st r u ct u r e or bu i l d-
i n g i s con st r u ct ed so t h a t a n ch or a ge poi n t s
ca n be i n cor por a t ed du r i n g con st r u ct i on for
u se l a t er for wi n dow cl ea n i n g or ot h er bu i l d-
i n g ma i n t en a n ce. I f pr oper l y pl a n n ed, t h ese
a n ch or a ge poi n t s ma y be u sed du rin g con -
st r u ct i on , a s wel l a s a ft er wa r ds.
(2) Empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees sh ou l d a t a l l
t i mes be a wa r e t h a t t h e st r en gt h of a per -
son a l fa l l a r r est sy st em i s ba sed on i t s bei n g
a t t a ch ed t o a n a n ch or i n g sy st em wh i ch does
n ot si gn i fi ca n t l y r edu ce t h e st r en gt h of t h e
sy st em (su ch a s a pr oper l y di men si on ed ey e-
bol t /sn a p-h ook a n ch or a ge). Th er efor e, i f a
mea n s of a t t a ch men t i s u sed t h a t wi l l r edu ce
t h e st r en gt h of t h e sy st em, t h a t compon en t
sh ou l d be r epl a ced by a st r on ger on e, bu t on e
t h a t wi l l a l so ma i n t a i n t h e a ppr opr i a t e ma x-
i mu m a r r est for ce ch a r a ct er i st i cs.
(3) Ti e-off u si n g a k n ot i n a r ope l a n y a r d or
l i fel i n e (a t a n y l oca t i on ) ca n r edu ce t h e l i fe-
l i n e or l a n y a r d st r en gt h by 50 per cen t or
mor e. Th er efor e, a st r on ger l a n y a r d or l i fe-
l i n e sh ou l d be u sed t o compen sa t e for t h e
wea k en i n g effect of t h e k n ot , or t h e l a n y a r d
l en gt h sh ou l d be r edu ced (or t h e t i e-off l oca -
t i on r a i sed) t o mi n i mi ze fr ee fa l l di st a n ce, or
t h e l a n y a r d or l i fel i n e sh ou l d be r epl a ced by
on e wh i ch h a s a n a ppr opr i a t el y i n cor por a t ed
con n ect or t o el i mi n a t e t h e n eed for a k n ot .
(4) Ti e-off of a r ope l a n y a r d or l i fel i n e
a r ou n d a n H or I bea m or si mi l a r su p-
por t ca n r edu ce i t s st r en gt h a s mu ch a s 70
per cen t du e t o t h e cu t t i n g a ct i on of t h e
bea m edges. Th er efor e, u se sh ou l d be ma de of
a webbi n g l a n y a r d or wi r e cor e l i fel i n e
a r ou n d t h e bea m; or t h e l a n y a r d or l i fel i n e
sh ou l d be pr ot ect ed fr om t h e edge; or fr ee
fa l l di st a n ce sh ou l d be gr ea t l y mi n i mi zed.
(5) Ti e-off wh er e t h e l i n e pa sses over or
a r ou n d r ou gh or sh a r p su r fa ces r edu ces
st r en gt h dr a st i ca l l y . S u ch a t i e-off sh ou l d be
a voi ded or a n a l t er n a t i ve t i e-off r i ggi n g
sh ou l d be u sed. S u ch a l t er n a t i ves ma y i n -
cl u de u se of a sn a p-h ook /dee r i n g con n ect i on ,
wi r e r ope t i e-off, a n effect i ve pa ddi n g of t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
179
su r fa ces, or a n a br a si on -r esi st a n ce st r a p
a r ou n d or over t h e pr obl em su r fa ce.
(6) Hor i zon t a l l i fel i n es ma y , depen di n g on
t h ei r geomet r y a n d a n gl e of sa g, be su bj ect ed
t o gr ea t er l oa ds t h a n t h e i mpa ct l oa d i m-
posed by a n a t t a ch ed compon en t . Wh en t h e
a n gl e of h or i zon t a l l i fel i n e sa g i s l ess t h a n 30
degr ees, t h e i mpa ct for ce i mpa r t ed t o t h e
l i fel i n e by a n a t t a ch ed l a n y a r d i s gr ea t l y
a mpl i fi ed. F or exa mpl e, wi t h a sa g a n gl e of
15 degr ees, t h e for ce a mpl i fi ca t i on i s a bou t
2:1 a n d a t 5 degr ees sa g, i t i s a bou t 6:1. De-
pen di n g on t h e a n gl e of sa g, a n d t h e l i n es
el a st i ci t y , t h e st r en gt h of t h e h or i zon t a l l i fe-
l i n e a n d t h e a n ch or a ges t o wh i ch i t i s a t -
t a ch ed sh ou l d be i n cr ea sed a n u mber of
t i mes over t h a t of t h e l a n y a r d. Ext r eme ca r e
sh ou l d be t a k en i n con si der i n g a h or i zon t a l
l i fel i n e for mu l t i pl e t i e-offs. Th e r ea son for
t h i s i s t h a t i n mu l t i pl e t i e-offs t o a h or i -
zon t a l l i fel i n e, i f on e empl oy ee fa l l s, t h e
movemen t of t h e fa l l i n g empl oy ee a n d t h e
h or i zon t a l l i fel i n e du r i n g a r r est of t h e fa l l
ma y ca u se ot h er empl oy ees t o a l so fa l l . Hor i -
zon t a l l i fel i n e a n d a n ch or a ge st r en gt h sh ou l d
be i n cr ea sed for ea ch a ddi t i on a l empl oy ee t o
be t i ed-off. F or t h ese a n d ot h er r ea son s, t h e
desi gn of sy st ems u si n g h or i zon t a l l i fel i n es
mu st on l y be don e by qu a l i fi ed per son s. Test -
i n g of i n st a l l ed l i fel i n es a n d a n ch or s pr i or t o
u se i s r ecommen ded.
(7) Th e st r en gt h of a n ey e-bol t i s r a t ed
a l on g t h e a xi s of t h e bol t a n d i t s st r en gt h i s
gr ea t l y r edu ced i f t h e for ce i s a ppl i ed a t a n
a n gl e t o t h i s a xi s (i n t h e di r ect i on of sh ea r ).
Al so, ca r e sh ou l d be exer ci sed i n sel ect i n g
t h e pr oper di a met er of t h e ey e t o a voi d a cci -
den t a l di sen ga gemen t of sn a p-h ook s n ot de-
si gn ed t o be compa t i bl e for t h e con n ect i on .
(8) Du e t o t h e si gn i fi ca n t r edu ct i on i n t h e
st r en gt h of t h e l i fel i n e/l a n y a r d (i n some
ca ses, a s mu ch a s a 70 per cen t r edu ct i on ), t h e
sl i di n g h i t ch k n ot sh ou l d n ot be u sed for l i fe-
l i n e/l a n y a r d con n ect i on s except i n emer -
gen cy si t u a t i on s wh er e n o ot h er a va i l a bl e
sy st em i s pr a ct i ca l . Th e on e-a n d-on e sl i d-
i n g h i t ch k n ot sh ou l d n ever be u sed beca u se
i t i s u n r el i a bl e i n st oppi n g a fa l l . Th e t wo-
a n d-t wo, or t h r ee-a n d-t h r ee k n ot (pr ef-
er a bl e), ma y be u sed i n emer gen cy si t u a -
t i on s; h owever , ca r e sh ou l d be t a k en t o l i mi t
fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o a mi n i mu m beca u se of
r edu ced l i fel i n e/l a n y a r d st r en gt h .
(i ) Vert ical lif elin e con siderat ion s. As r e-
qu i r ed by t h e st a n da r d, ea ch empl oy ee mu st
h a ve a sepa r a t e l i fel i n e wh en t h e l i fel i n e i s
ver t i ca l . Th e r ea son for t h i s i s t h a t i n mu l -
t i pl e t i e-offs t o a si n gl e l i fel i n e, i f on e em-
pl oy ee fa l l s, t h e movemen t of t h e l i fel i n e
du r i n g t h e a r r est of t h e fa l l ma y pu l l ot h er
empl oy ees l a n y a r ds, ca u si n g t h em t o fa l l a s
wel l .
(j ) Sn ap-h ook con siderat ion s. Al t h ou gh n ot
r equ i r ed by t h i s st a n da r d for a l l con n ect i on s,
l ock i n g sn a p-h ook s desi gn ed for con n ect i on
t o su i t a bl e obj ect s (of su ffi ci en t st r en gt h )
a r e h i gh l y r ecommen ded i n l i eu of t h e n on -
l ock i n g t y pe. Lock i n g sn a p-h ook s i n cor -
por a t e a posi t i ve l ock i n g mech a n i sm i n a ddi -
t i on t o t h e spr i n g l oa ded k eeper , wh i ch wi l l
n ot a l l ow t h e k eeper t o open u n der moder a t e
pr essu r e wi t h ou t someon e fi r st r el ea si n g t h e
mech a n i sm. S u ch a fea t u r e, pr oper l y de-
si gn ed, effect i vel y pr even t s r ol l -ou t fr om oc-
cu r r i n g.
As r equ i r ed by t h e st a n da r d (sect i on I ,
pa r a gr a ph (e)(1)) t h e fol l owi n g con n ect i on s
mu st be a voi ded (u n l ess pr oper l y desi gn ed
l ock i n g sn a p-h ook s a r e u sed) beca u se t h ey
a r e con di t i on s wh i ch ca n r esu l t i n r ol l -ou t
wh en a n on l ock i n g sn a p-h ook i s u sed:
Di r ect con n ect i on of a sn a p-h ook t o a
h or i zon t a l l i fel i n e.
Two (or mor e) sn a p-h ook s con n ect ed t o
on e dee-r i n g.
Two sn a p-h ook s con n ect ed t o ea ch ot h er .
A sn a p-h ook con n ect ed ba ck on i t s i n t e-
gr a l l a n y a r d.
A sn a p-h ook con n ect ed t o a webbi n g l oop
or webbi n g l a n y a r d.
I mpr oper di men si on s of t h e dee-r i n g,
r eba r , or ot h er con n ect i on poi n t i n r el a t i on
t o t h e sn a p-h ook di men si on s wh i ch wou l d
a l l ow t h e sn a p-h ook k eeper t o be depr essed
by a t u r n i n g mot i on of t h e sn a p-h ook .
(k ) Free f all con siderat ion s. Th e empl oy er
a n d empl oy ee sh ou l d a t a l l t i mes be a wa r e
t h a t a sy st ems ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce i s
eva l u a t ed u n der n or ma l u se con di t i on s es-
t a bl i sh ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , a n d i n n o
ca se u si n g a fr ee fa l l di st a n ce i n excess of si x
feet (1. 8 m). A few ext r a feet of fr ee fa l l ca n
si gn i fi ca n t l y i n cr ea se t h e a r r est i n g for ce on
t h e empl oy ee, possi bl y t o t h e poi n t of ca u s-
i n g i n j u r y . Beca u se of t h i s, t h e fr ee fa l l di s-
t a n ce sh ou l d be k ept a t a mi n i mu m, a n d, a s
r equ i r ed by t h e st a n da r d, i n n o ca se gr ea t er
t h a n si x feet (1. 8 m). To h el p a ssu r e t h i s, t h e
t i e-off a t t a ch men t poi n t t o t h e l i fel i n e or a n -
ch or sh ou l d be l oca t ed a t or a bove t h e con -
n ect i on poi n t of t h e fa l l a r r est equ i pmen t t o
bel t or h a r n ess. (S i n ce ot h er wi se a ddi t i on a l
fr ee fa l l di st a n ce i s a dded t o t h e l en gt h of
t h e con n ect i n g mea n s (i . e. l a n y a r d)). At t a ch -
i n g t o t h e wor k i n g su r fa ce wi l l oft en r esu l t
i n a fr ee fa l l gr ea t er t h a n si x feet (1. 8 m). F or
i n st a n ce, i f a si x foot (1. 8 m) l a n y a r d i s u sed,
t h e t ot a l fr ee fa l l di st a n ce wi l l be t h e di s-
t a n ce fr om t h e wor k i n g l evel t o t h e body
bel t (or h a r n ess) a t t a ch men t poi n t pl u s t h e
si x feet (1. 8 m) of l a n y a r d l en gt h . An ot h er
i mpor t a n t con si der a t i on i s t h a t t h e a r r est -
i n g for ce wh i ch t h e fa l l sy st em mu st wi t h -
st a n d a l so goes u p wi t h gr ea t er di st a n ces of
fr ee fa l l , possi bl y exceedi n g t h e st r en gt h of
t h e sy st em.
(l ) Elon gat ion an d decelerat ion dist an ce con -
siderat ion s. Ot h er fa ct or s i n vol ved i n a pr oper
t i e-off a r e el on ga t i on a n d decel er a t i on di s-
t a n ce. Du r i n g t h e a r r est i n g of a fa l l , a l a n -
y a r d wi l l exper i en ce a l en gt h of st r et ch i n g or
el on ga t i on , wh er ea s a ct i va t i on of a decel er a -
t i on devi ce wi l l r esu l t i n a cer t a i n st oppi n g
di st a n ce. Th ese di st a n ces sh ou l d be a va i l a bl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
180
wi t h t h e l a n y a r d or devi ces i n st r u ct i on s a n d
mu st be a dded t o t h e fr ee fa l l di st a n ce t o a r -
r i ve a t t h e t ot a l fa l l di st a n ce befor e a n em-
pl oy ee i s fu l l y st opped. Th e a ddi t i on a l st op-
pi n g di st a n ce ma y be ver y si gn i fi ca n t i f t h e
l a n y a r d or decel er a t i on devi ce i s a t t a ch ed
n ea r or a t t h e en d of a l on g l i fel i n e, wh i ch
ma y i t sel f a dd con si der a bl e di st a n ce du e t o
i t s own el on ga t i on . As r equ i r ed by t h e st a n d-
a r d, su ffi ci en t di st a n ce t o a l l ow for a l l of
t h ese fa ct or s mu st a l so be ma i n t a i n ed be-
t ween t h e empl oy ee a n d obst r u ct i on s bel ow,
t o pr even t a n i n j u r y du e t o i mpa ct befor e t h e
sy st em fu l l y a r r est s t h e fa l l . I n a ddi t i on , a
mi n i mu m of 12 feet (3. 7 m) of l i fel i n e sh ou l d
be a l l owed bel ow t h e secu r i n g poi n t of a r ope
gr a b t y pe decel er a t i on devi ce, a n d t h e en d
t er mi n a t ed t o pr even t t h e devi ce fr om sl i d-
i n g off t h e l i fel i n e. Al t er n a t i vel y , t h e l i fel i n e
sh ou l d ext en d t o t h e gr ou n d or t h e n ext
wor k i n g l evel bel ow. Th ese mea su r es a r e
su ggest ed t o pr even t t h e wor k er fr om i n a d-
ver t en t l y movi n g pa st t h e en d of t h e l i fel i n e
a n d h a vi n g t h e r ope gr a b become di sen ga ged
fr om t h e l i fel i n e.
(m) Obst ru ct ion con siderat ion s. Th e l oca t i on
of t h e t i e-off sh ou l d a l so con si der t h e h a za r d
of obst r u ct i on s i n t h e pot en t i a l fa l l pa t h of
t h e empl oy ee. Ti e-offs wh i ch mi n i mi ze t h e
possi bi l i t i es of exa gger a t ed swi n gi n g sh ou l d
be con si der ed. I n a ddi t i on , wh en a body bel t
i s u sed, t h e empl oy ees body wi l l go t h r ou gh
a h or i zon t a l posi t i on t o a j a ck -k n i fed posi -
t i on du r i n g t h e a r r est of a l l fa l l s. Th u s, ob-
st r u ct i on s wh i ch mi gh t i n t er fer e wi t h t h i s
mot i on sh ou l d be a voi ded or a sever e i n j u r y
cou l d occu r .
(n ) Ot h er con siderat ion s. Beca u se of t h e de-
si gn of some per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems, a d-
di t i on a l con si der a t i on s ma y be r equ i r ed for
pr oper t i e-off. F or exa mpl e, h ea vy decel er a -
t i on devi ces of t h e sel f-r et r a ct i n g t y pe
sh ou l d be secu r ed over h ea d i n or der t o a voi d
t h e wei gh t of t h e devi ce h a vi n g t o be su p-
por t ed by t h e empl oy ee. Al so, i f
sel fr et r a ct i n g equ i pmen t i s con n ect ed t o a
h or i zon t a l l i fel i n e, t h e sa g i n t h e l i fel i n e
sh ou l d be mi n i mi zed t o pr even t t h e devi ce
fr om sl i di n g down t h e l i fel i n e t o a posi t i on
wh i ch cr ea t es a swi n g h a za r d du r i n g fa l l a r -
r est . I n a l l ca ses, ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u c-
t i on s sh ou l d be fol l owed.
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 66EXI S TI NG
I NS TALLATI ONS (MANDATORY)
Use of t h e Appen dix
Appen di x D set s ou t t h e ma n da t or y bu i l d-
i n g a n d equ i pmen t r equ i r emen t s for a ppl i ca -
bl e per ma n en t i n st a l l a t i on s compl et ed a ft er
Au gu st 27, 1971, a n d n o l a t er t h a n J u l y 23,
1990 wh i ch a r e exempt fr om t h e pa r a gr a ph s
(a ), (b)(1), (b)(2), (c), (d), (e), a n d (f) of t h i s
st a n da r d. Th e r equ i r emen t s i n a ppen di x D
a r e essen t i a l l y t h e sa me a s u n r evi sed bu i l d-
i n g a n d equ i pmen t pr ovi si on s wh i ch pr e-
vi ou sl y wer e desi gn a t ed a s 29 CF R 1910. 66 (a ),
(b), (c) a n d (d) a n d wh i ch wer e effect i ve on
Au gu st 27, 1971.
NOTE: Al l exi st i n g i n st a l l a t i on s su bj ect t o
t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a l so compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph s (g), (h ), (i ), (j ) a n d a ppen di x C of t h e
st a n da r d 29 CF R 1910. 66.
(a ) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is appen dix
(1) An gu lat ed ropin g. A sy st em of pl a t for m
su spen si on i n wh i ch t h e u pper wi r e r ope
sh ea ves or su spen si on poi n t s a r e cl oser t o
t h e pl a n e of t h e bu i l di n g fa ce t h a n t h e cor -
r espon di n g a t t a ch men t poi n t s on t h e pl a t -
for m, t h u s ca u si n g t h e pl a t for m t o pr ess
a ga i n st t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g du r i n g i t s
ver t i ca l t r a vel .
(2) ANSI . Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n -
st i t u t e.
(3) Babbit t ed f ast en in gs. Th e met h od of pr o-
vi di n g wi r e r ope a t t a ch men t s i n wh i ch t h e
en ds of t h e wi r e st r a n ds a r e ben t ba ck a n d
a r e h el d i n a t a per ed sock et by mea n s of
pou r ed mol t en ba bbi t t met a l .
(4) Brak edisc t y pe. A br a k e i n wh i ch t h e
h ol di n g effect i s obt a i n ed by fr i ct i on a l r e-
si st a n ce bet ween on e or mor e fa ces of di scs
k ey ed t o t h e r ot a t i n g member t o be h el d a n d
fi xed di scs k ey ed t o t h e st a t i on a r y or h ou s-
i n g member (pr essu r e bet ween t h e di scs
bei n g a ppl i ed a xi a l l y ).
(5) Brak eself -en ergizin g ban d t y pe. An es-
sen t i a l l y u n di r ect i on a l br a k e i n wh i ch t h e
h ol di n g effect i s obt a i n ed by t h e sn u bbi n g
a ct i on of a fl exi bl e ba n d wr a pped a bou t a cy -
l i n dr i ca l wh eel or dr u m a ffi xed t o t h e r ot a t -
i n g member t o be h el d, t h e con n ect i on s a n d
l i n k a ges bei n g so a r r a n ged t h a t t h e mot i on
of t h e br a k e wh eel or dr u m wi l l a ct t o i n -
cr ea se t h e t en si on or h ol di n g for ce of t h e
ba n d.
(6) Brak esh oe t y pe. A br a k e i n wh i ch t h e
h ol di n g effect i s obt a i n ed by a ppl y i n g t h e di -
r ect pr essu r e of t wo or mor e segmen t a l fr i c-
t i on el emen t s h el d t o a st a t i on a r y member
a ga i n st a cy l i n dr i ca l wh eel or dr u m a ffi xed
t o t h e r ot a t i n g member t o be h el d.
(7) Bu ildin g f ace rollers. A speci a l i zed for m
of gu i de r ol l er desi gn ed t o con t a ct a por t i on
of t h e ou t er fa ce or wa l l st r u ct u r e of t h e
bu i l di n g, a n d t o a ssi st i n st a bi l i zi n g t h e op-
er a t or s pl a t for m du r i n g ver t i ca l t r a vel .
(8) Con t in u ou s pressu re. Oper a t i on by mea n s
of bu t t on s or swi t ch es, a n y on e of wh i ch ma y
be u sed t o con t r ol t h e movemen t of t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m or r oof ca r , on l y a s l on g a s
t h e bu t t on or swi t ch i s ma n u a l l y ma i n t a i n ed
i n t h e a ct u a t i n g posi t i on .
(9) Con t rol. A sy st em gover n i n g st a r t i n g,
st oppi n g, di r ect i on , a ccel er a t i on , speed, a n d
r et a r da t i on of movi n g member s.
(10) Con t roller. A devi ce or gr ou p of devi ces,
u su a l l y con t a i n ed i n a si n gl e en cl osu r e,
wh i ch ser ves t o con t r ol i n some pr edet er -
mi n ed ma n n er t h e a ppa r a t u s t o wh i ch i t i s
con n ect ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
181
(11) Elect rical grou n d. A con du ct i n g con n ec-
t i on bet ween a n el ect r i ca l ci r cu i t or equ i p-
men t a n d t h e ea r t h , or some con du ct i n g
body wh i ch ser ves i n pl a ce of t h e ea r t h .
(12) Gu ide roller. A r ot a t i n g, bea r i n g-
mou n t ed, gen er a l l y cy l i n dr i ca l member , op-
er a t i n g sepa r a t el y or a s pa r t of a gu i de sh oe
a ssembl y , a t t a ch ed t o t h e pl a t for m, a n d pr o-
vi di n g r ol l i n g con t a ct wi t h bu i l di n g gu i de-
wa y s, or ot h er bu i l di n g con t a ct member s.
(13) Gu ide sh oe. An a ssembl y of r ol l er s,
sl i de member s, or t h e equ i va l en t , a t t a ch ed
a s a u n i t t o t h e oper a t or s pl a t for m, a n d de-
si gn ed t o en ga ge wi t h t h e bu i l di n g member s
pr ovi ded for t h e ver t i ca l gu i da n ce of t h e op-
er a t or s pl a t for m.
(14) I n t erlock . A devi ce a ct u a t ed by t h e op-
er a t i on of some ot h er devi ce wi t h wh i ch i t i s
di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed, t o gover n su cceedi n g op-
er a t i on s of t h e sa me or a l l i ed devi ces.
(15) Operat in g device. A pu sh bu t t on , l ever ,
or ot h er ma n u a l devi ce u sed t o a ct u a t e a
con t r ol .
(16) Powered plat f orm. Equ i pmen t t o pr ovi de
a ccess t o t h e ext er i or of a bu i l di n g for ma i n -
t en a n ce, con si st i n g of a su spen ded power -op-
er a t ed wor k i n g pl a t for m, a r oof ca r , or ot h er
su spen si on mea n s, a n d t h e r equ i si t e oper -
a t i n g a n d con t r ol devi ces.
(17) Rat ed load. Th e combi n ed wei gh t of
empl oy ees, t ool s, equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er ma -
t er i a l wh i ch t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m i s de-
si gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed t o l i ft .
(18) Relay , direct ion . An el ect r i ca l l y en er -
gi zed con t a ct or r espon si ve t o a n i n i t i a t i n g
con t r ol ci r cu i t , wh i ch i n t u r n ca u ses a mov-
i n g member t o t r a vel i n a pa r t i cu l a r di r ec-
t i on .
(19) Relay , pot en t ial f or vert ical t ravel. An
el ect r i ca l l y en er gi zed con t a ct or r espon si ve
t o i n i t i a t i n g con t r ol ci r cu i t , wh i ch i n t u r n
con t r ol s t h e oper a t i on of a movi n g member
i n bot h di r ect i on s. Th i s r el a y u su a l l y oper -
a t es i n con j u n ct i on wi t h di r ect i on r el a y s, a s
cover ed u n der t h e defi n i t i on , r el a y , di r ec-
t i on .
(20) Roof car. A st r u ct u r e for t h e su spen -
si on of a wor k i n g pl a t for m, pr ovi di n g for i t s
h or i zon t a l movemen t t o wor k i n g posi t i on s.
(21) Roof -powered plat f orm. A power ed pl a t -
for m h a vi n g t h e r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g mech a -
n i sm l oca t ed on a r oof ca r .
(22) Self -powered plat f orm. A power ed pl a t -
for m h a vi n g t h e r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g mech a -
n i sm l oca t ed on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m.
(23) T ravelin g cable. A ca bl e ma de u p of
el ect r i ca l or commu n i ca t i on con du ct or s or
bot h , a n d pr ovi di n g el ect r i ca l con n ect i on be-
t ween t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m a n d t h e r oof ca r
or ot h er fi xed poi n t .
(24) Weat h erproof . Equ i pmen t so con -
st r u ct ed or pr ot ect ed t h a t exposu r e t o t h e
wea t h er wi l l n ot i n t er fer e wi t h i t s pr oper op-
er a t i on .
(25) Work in g plat f orm. Th e su spen ded st r u c-
t u r e a r r a n ged for ver t i ca l t r a vel wh i ch pr o-
vi des a ccess t o t h e ext er i or of t h e bu i l di n g or
st r u ct u r e.
(26) Y ield poin t . Th e st r ess a t wh i ch t h e ma -
t er i a l exh i bi t s a per ma n en t set of 0. 2 per -
cen t .
(27) Z in ced f ast en in gs. Th e met h od of pr o-
vi di n g wi r e r ope a t t a ch men t s i n wh i ch t h e
spl a y ed or fa n n ed wi r e en ds a r e h el d i n a t a -
per ed sock et by mea n s of pou r ed mol t en
zi n c.
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Desi gn r equ i r e-
men t s. Al l power ed pl a t for m i n st a l l a t i on s
for ext er i or bu i l di n g ma i n t en a n ce compl et ed
a s of Au gu st 27, 1971, bu t n o l a t er t h a n [i n -
ser t da t e, 180 da y s a ft er t h e effect i ve da t e],
sh a l l meet a l l of t h e desi gn , con st r u ct i on a n d
i n st a l l a t i on r equ i r emen t s of P a r t I I a n d I I I
of t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y
Requ i r emen t s for P ower ed P l a t for ms for Ex-
t er i or Bu i l di n g Ma i n t en a n ce ANS I A120. 1
1970 a n d of t h i s a ppen di x. Refer en ces sh a l l
be ma de t o a ppr opr i a t e pa r t s of ANS I A120. 1
1970 for det a i l speci fi ca t i on s for equ i pmen t
a n d speci a l i n st a l l a t i on s.
(2) L imit at ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s a p-
pen di x a ppl y on l y t o el ect r i c power ed pl a t -
for ms. I t i s n ot t h e i n t en t of t h i s a ppen di x t o
pr oh i bi t t h e u se of ot h er t y pes of power . I n -
st a l l a t i on of power ed pl a t for ms u si n g ot h er
t y pes of power i s per mi t t ed, pr ovi ded su ch
pl a t for ms h a ve a dequ a t e pr ot ect i ve devi ces
for t h e t y pe of power u sed, a n d ot h er wi se
pr ovi de for r ea son a bl e sa fet y of l i fe a n d l i mb
t o u ser s of equ i pmen t a n d t o ot h er s wh o ma y
be exposed.
(3) T y pes of powered plat f orms. (i ) F or t h e
pu r pose of a ppl y i n g t h i s a ppen di x, power ed
pl a t for ms a r e di vi ded i n t o t wo ba si c t y pes,
Ty pe F a n d Ty pe T.
(i i ) P ower ed pl a t for ms desi gn a t ed a s Ty pe
F sh a l l meet a l l t h e r equ i r emen t s i n P a r t I I
of ANS I A 120. 11970, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for P ower ed
P l a t for ms for Ext er i or Bu i l di n g Ma i n t e-
n a n ce. A ba si c r equ i r emen t of Ty pe F equ i p-
men t i s t h a t t h e wor k pl a t for m i s su spen ded
by a t l ea st fou r wi r e r opes a n d desi gn ed so
t h a t fa i l u r e of a n y on e wi r e r ope wi l l n ot
su bst a n t i a l l y a l t er t h e n or ma l posi t i on of
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m. An ot h er ba si c r equ i r e-
men t of Ty pe F equ i pmen t i s t h a t on l y on e
l a y er of h oi st i n g r ope i s per mi t t ed on wi n d-
i n g dr u ms. Ty pe F power ed pl a t for ms ma y be
ei t h er r oof-power ed or sel f-power ed.
(i i i ) P ower ed pl a t for ms desi gn a t ed a s Ty pe
T sh a l l meet a l l t h e r equ i r emen t s i n P a r t I I I
of ANS I A120. 11970 Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
n a n ce, except for sect i on 28, S a fet y Bel t s a n d
Li fe Li n es. A ba si c r equ i r emen t of Ty pe T
equ i pmen t i s t h a t t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m i s
su spen ded by a t l ea st t wo wi r e r opes. F a i l u r e
of on e wi r e r ope wou l d n ot per mi t t h e wor k -
i n g pl a t for m t o fa l l t o t h e gr ou n d, bu t wou l d
u pset i t s n or ma l posi t i on . Ty pe T power ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
182
pl a t for ms ma y be ei t h er r oof-power ed or sel f-
power ed.
(i v) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on a ppl y
t o power ed pl a t for ms wi t h wi n di n g dr u m
t y pe h oi st i n g ma ch i n es. I t i s n ot t h e i n t en t
of t h i s sect i on t o pr oh i bi t power ed pl a t for ms
u si n g ot h er t y pes of h oi st i n g ma ch i n es su ch
a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t r a ct i on dr u m h oi st -
i n g ma ch i n es, a i r power ed ma ch i n es, h y dr a u -
l i c power ed ma ch i n es, a n d i n t er n a l combu s-
t i on ma ch i n es. I n st a l l a t i on of power ed pl a t -
for ms wi t h ot h er t y pes of h oi st i n g ma ch i n es
i s per mi t t ed, pr ovi ded a dequ a t e pr ot ect i ve
devi ces a r e u sed, a n d pr ovi ded r ea son a bl e
sa fet y of l i fe a n d l i mb t o u ser s of t h e equ i p-
men t a n d t o ot h er s wh o ma y be exposed i s
a ssu r ed.
(v) Bot h Ty pe F a n d Ty pe T power ed pl a t -
for ms sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
a ppen di x C of t h i s st a n da r d.
(c) T y pe F powered plat f orms(1) Roof car,
gen eral. (i ) A r oof ca r sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en -
ever i t i s n ecessa r y t o move t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m h or i zon t a l l y t o wor k i n g or st or a ge
posi t i on s.
(i i ) Th e ma xi mu m r a t ed speed a t wh i ch a
power t r a ver sed r oof ca r ma y be moved i n a
h or i zon t a l di r ect i on sh a l l be 50 feet per
mi n u t e.
(2) Movemen t an d posit ion in g of roof car. (i )
P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o pr ot ect a ga i n st
h a vi n g t h e r oof ca r l ea ve t h e r oof or en t er
r oof a r ea s n ot desi gn ed for t r a vel .
(i i ) Th e h or i zon t a l mot i on of t h e r oof ca r s
sh a l l be posi t i vel y con t r ol l ed so a s t o i n su r e
pr oper movemen t a n d posi t i on i n g of t h e r oof
ca r .
(i i i ) Roof ca r posi t i on i n g devi ces sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o i n su r e t h a t t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m
i s pl a ced a n d r et a i n ed i n pr oper posi t i on for
ver t i ca l t r a vel a n d du r i n g st or a ge.
(i v) Mech a n i ca l st ops sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr even t t h e t r a ver si n g of t h e r oof ca r bey on d
i t s n or ma l l i mi t s of t r a vel . S u ch st ops sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a for ce equ a l t o
100 per cen t of t h e i n er t i a l effect of t h e r oof
ca r i n mot i on wi t h t r a ver si n g power a ppl i ed.
(v)(a ) Th e oper a t i n g devi ce of a power -op-
er a t ed r oof ca r for t r a ver si n g sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed on t h e r oof ca r , t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m,
or bot h , a n d sh a l l be of t h e con t i n u ou s pr es-
su r e wea t h er -pr oof el ect r i c t y pe. I f mor e
t h a n on e oper a t i n g devi ce i s pr ovi ded, t h ey
sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t t r a ver si n g i s pos-
si bl e on l y fr om on e oper a t i n g devi ce a t a
t i me.
(b) Th e oper a t i n g devi ce sh a l l be so con -
n ect ed t h a t i t i s n ot oper a bl e u n t i l :
(1) Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m i s l oca t ed a t i t s
u pper most posi t i on of t r a vel a n d i s n ot i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e bu i l di n g fa ce or fi xed
ver t i ca l gu i des i n t h e fa ce of t h e bu i l di n g;
a n d
(2) Al l pr ot ect i ve devi ces a n d i n t er l ock s
a r e i n a posi t i on for t r a ver si n g.
(3) Roof car st abilit y . Roof ca r st a bi l i t y
sh a l l be det er mi n ed by ei t h er pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3) (i ) or (i i ) of t h i s a ppen di x, wh i ch ever i s
gr ea t er .
(i ) Th e r oof ca r sh a l l be con t i n u ou sl y st a -
bl e, con si der i n g over t u r n i n g momen t a s de-
t er mi n ed by 125 per cen t r a t ed l oa d, pl u s
ma xi mu m dea d l oa d a n d t h e pr escr i bed wi n d
l oa di n g.
(i i ) Th e r oof ca r a n d i t s a n ch or a ges sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of r esi st i n g a cci den t a l over -t en -
si on i n g of t h e wi r e r opes su spen di n g t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m a n d t h i s ca l cu l a t ed va l u e
sh a l l i n cl u de t h e effect of on e a n d on e-h a l f
t i mes t h e va l u e. F or t h i s ca l cu l a t i on , t h e si -
mu l t a n eou s effect of on e-h a l f wi n d l oa d sh a l l
be i n cl u ded, a n d t h e desi gn st r esses sh a l l n ot
exceed t h ose r efer r ed t o i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(1)
of t h i s a ppen di x.
(i i i ) I f t h e l oa d on t h e mot or s i s a t a n y
t i me i n excess of t h r ee t i mes t h a t r equ i r ed
for l i ft i n g t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m wi t h i t s
r a t ed l oa d t h e mot or sh a l l st a l l .
(4) Access t o t h e roof car. S a fe a ccess t o t h e
r oof ca r a n d fr om t h e r oof ca r t o t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded. I f t h e a ccess t o
t h e r oof ca r a t a n y poi n t of i t s t r a vel i s n ot
over t h e r oof a r ea or wh er e ot h er wi se n ec-
essa r y for sa fet y , sel f-cl osi n g, sel f-l ock i n g
ga t es sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Appl i ca bl e pr ovi -
si on s of t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for F l oor a n d Wa l l
Open i n gs, Ra i l i n gs a n d Toeboa r d, A12. 11967,
sh a l l a ppl y .
(5) Mean s f or main t en an ce, repair, an d st or-
age. Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o r u n t h e r oof
ca r a wa y fr om t h e r oof per i met er , wh er e n ec-
essa r y , a n d t o pr ovi de a sa fe a r ea for ma i n t e-
n a n ce, r epa i r s, a n d st or a ge. P r ovi si on s sh a l l
be ma de t o secu r e t h e ma ch i n e i n t h e st or ed
posi t i on . F or st or ed ma ch i n es su bj ect t o
wi n d for ces, see speci a l desi gn a n d a n ch or a ge
r equ i r emen t s for wi n d for ces i n P a r t I I ,
sect i on 10. 5. 1. 1 of ANS I A120. 11970 Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for
P ower ed P l a t for ms for Ext er i or Bu i l di n g
Ma i n t en a n ce.
(6) Gen eral requ iremen t s f or work in g plat -
f orms. Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be of gi r d-
er or t r u ss con st r u ct i on a n d sh a l l be a de-
qu a t e t o su ppor t i t s r a t ed l oa d u n der a n y po-
si t i on of l oa di n g, a n d compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s set for t h i n sect i on 10 of ANS I A120. 1
1970, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Re-
qu i r emen t s for P ower ed P l a t for ms for Ext e-
r i or Bu i l di n g Ma i n t en a n ce.
(7) L oad rat in g plat e. Ea ch wor k i n g pl a t -
for m sh a l l bea r a ma n u fa ct u r er s l oa d r a t i n g
pl a t e, con spi cu ou sl y post ed; st a t i n g t h e ma x-
i mu m per mi ssi bl e r a t ed l oa d. Loa d r a t i n g
pl a t es sh a l l be ma de of n on cor r osi ve ma t e-
r i a l a n d sh a l l h a ve l et t er s a n d fi gu r es
st a mped, et ch ed, or ca st on t h e su r fa ce. Th e
mi n i mu m h ei gh t of t h e l et t er s a n d fi gu r es
sh a l l be on e-fou r t h i n ch .
(8) Min imu m size. Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m
sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m n et wi dt h of 24 i n ch es.
(9) Gu ardrails. Wor k i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be
fu r n i sh ed wi t h per ma n en t gu a r d r a i l s n ot
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
183
l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es h i gh , a n d n ot mor e t h a n
42 i n ch es h i gh a t t h e fr on t (bu i l di n g si de). At
t h e r ea r , a n d on t h e si des, t h e r a i l sh a l l n ot
be l ess t h a n 42 i n ch es h i gh . An i n t er medi a t e
gu a r dr a i l sh a l l be pr ovi ded a r ou n d t h e en t i r e
pl a t for m bet ween t h e t op gu a r dr a i l a n d t h e
t oeboa r d.
(10) T oeboards. A fou r -i n ch t oeboa r d sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a l on g a l l si des of t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m.
(11) Open spaces bet ween gu ardrails an d
t oeboards. Th e spa ces bet ween t h e i n t er -
medi a t e gu a r dr a i l a n d pl a t for m t oeboa r d on
t h e bu i l di n g si de of t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m,
a n d bet ween t h e t op gu a r dr a i l a n d t h e
t oeboa r d on ot h er si des of t h e pl a t for m, sh a l l
be fi l l ed wi t h met a l i c mesh or si mi l a r ma t e-
r i a l t h a t wi l l r ej ect a ba l l on e i n ch i n di a me-
t er . Th e i n st a l l ed mesh sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g a l oa d of 100 pou n ds a ppl i ed
h or i zon t a l l y over a n y a r ea of 144 squ a r e
i n ch es. I f t h e spa ce bet ween t h e pl a t for m a n d
t h e bu i l di n g fa ce does n ot exceed ei gh t
i n ch es, a n d t h e pl a t for m i s r est r a i n ed by
gu i des, t h e mesh ma y be omi t t ed on t h e
fr on t si de.
(12) Floorin g. Th e pl a t for m fl oor i n g sh a l l be
of t h e n on sk i d t y pe, a n d i f of open con st r u c-
t i on , sh a l l r ej ect a
9
16-i n ch di a met er ba l l , or
be pr ovi ded wi t h a scr een bel ow t h e fl oor t o
r ej ect a
9
16-i n ch di a met er ba l l .
(13) Access gat es. Wh er e a ccess ga t es a r e
pr ovi ded, t h ey sh a l l be sel f-cl osi n g a n d sel f-
l ock i n g.
(14) Operat in g device f or vert ical movemen t of
t h e work in g plat f orm. (i ) Th e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g devi ce for t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l
be l oca t ed on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m a n d sh a l l
be of t h e con t i n u ou s pr essu r e wea t h er pr oof
el ect r i c t y pe.
(i i ) Th e oper a t i n g devi ce sh a l l be oper a bl e
on l y wh en a l l el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve devi ces
a n d i n t er l ock s on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m a r e
i n posi t i on for n or ma l ser vi ce a n d, t h e r oof
ca r , i f pr ovi ded, i s a t a n est a bl i sh ed oper -
a t i n g poi n t .
(15) Emergen cy elect ric operat ive device. (i ) I n
a ddi t i on , on r oof-power ed pl a t for ms, a n
emer gen cy el ect r i c oper a t i n g devi ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded n ea r t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e for u se
i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of t h e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g devi ce for t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m, or
fa i l u r e of t h e t r a vel i n g ca bl e sy st em. Th e
emer gen cy oper a t i n g devi ce sh a l l be mou n t -
ed i n a l ock ed compa r t men t a n d sh a l l h a ve a
l egen d mou n t ed t h er eon r ea di n g: F or Emer -
gen cy Oper a t i on On l y . Est a bl i sh Commu -
n i ca t i on Wi t h P er son n el on Wor k i n g P l a t -
for m Befor e Use.
(i i ) A k ey for u n l ock i n g t h e compa r t men t
h ou si n g t h e emer gen cy oper a t i n g devi ce
sh a l l be mou n t ed i n a br ea k -gl a ss r ecept a cl e
l oca t ed n ea r t h e emer gen cy oper a t i n g de-
vi ce.
(16) Man u al cran k in g f or emergen cy oper-
at ion . Emer gen cy oper a t i on of t h e ma i n
dr i ve ma ch i n e ma y be pr ovi ded t o a l l ow
ma n u a l cr a n k i n g. Th i s pr ovi si on for ma n u a l
oper a t i on sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t n ot mor e
t h a n t wo per son s wi l l be r equ i r ed t o per for m
t h i s oper a t i on . Th e a ccess t o t h i s pr ovi si on
sh a l l i n cl u de a mea n s t o a u t oma t i ca l l y ma k e
t h e ma ch i n e i n oper a t i ve el ect r i ca l l y wh i l e
u n der t h e emer gen cy ma n u a l oper a t i on . Th e
desi gn sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e emer gen cy
br a k e i s oper a t i ve a t or bel ow gover n or t r i p-
pi n g speed du r i n g ma n u a l oper a t i on .
(17) Arran gemen t an d gu ardin g of h oist in g
equ ipmen t . (i ) Hoi st i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l con -
si st of a power -dr i ven dr u m or dr u m con -
t a i n ed i n t h e r oof ca r (r oof-power ed pl a t -
for ms) or con t a i n ed on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m
(sel f-power ed pl a t for m).
(i i ) Th e h oi st i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be power -
oper a t ed i n bot h u p a n d down di r ect i on s.
(i i i ) Gu a r d or ot h er pr ot ect i ve devi ces sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed wh er ever r ot a t i n g sh a ft s or
ot h er mech a n i sms or gea r s ma y expose per -
son n el t o a h a za r d.
(i v) F r i ct i on devi ces or cl u t ch es sh a l l n ot
be u sed for con n ect i n g t h e ma i n dr i vi n g
mech a n i sm t o t h e dr u m or dr u ms. Bel t or
ch a i n -dr i ven ma ch i n es a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(18) Hoist in g mot ors. (i ) Hoi st i n g mot or s
sh a l l be el ect r i c a n d of wea t h er -pr oof con -
st r u ct i on .
(i i ) Hoi st i n g mot or s sh a l l be i n con for m-
a n ce wi t h a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(22) of t h i s a ppen di x, El ect r i c Wi r i n g a n d
Equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) Hoi st i n g mot or s sh a l l be di r ect l y con -
n ect ed t o t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n er y . Mot or
cou pl i n gs, i f u sed, sh a l l be of st eel con st r u c-
t i on .
(19) Brak es. Th e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e(s) sh a l l
h a ve t wo i n depen den t br a k i n g mea n s, ea ch
desi gn ed t o st op a n d h ol d t h e wor k i n g pl a t -
for m wi t h 125 per cen t of r a t ed l oa d.
(20) Hoist in g ropes an d rope con n ect ion s. (i )
Wor k i n g pl a t for ms sh a l l be su spen ded by
wi r e r opes of ei t h er 619 or 637 cl a ssi fi ca -
t i on , pr efor med or n on pr efor med.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Th e mi n i mu m fa ct or of sa fet y sh a l l be
10, a n d sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed by t h e fol l owi n g
for mu l a :
F = S N/W
Wh er e
S = Ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t ed br ea k i n g st r en gt h
of on e r ope.
N = Nu mber of r opes u n der l oa d.
W = Ma xi mu m st a t i c l oa d on a l l r opes wi t h
t h e pl a t for m a n d i t s r a t ed l oa d a t a n y
poi n t of i t s t r a vel .
(i v) Hoi st i n g r opes sh a l l be si zed t o con -
for m wi t h t h e r equ i r ed fa ct or of sa fet y , bu t
i n n o ca se sh a l l t h e si ze be l ess t h a n
5
16 i n ch
di a met er .
(v) Wi n di n g dr u ms sh a l l h a ve a t l ea st t h r ee
t u r n s of r ope r ema i n i n g wh en t h e pl a t for m
h a s l a n ded a t t h e l owest possi bl e poi n t of i t s
t r a vel .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
184
(vi ) Th e l en gt h en i n g or r epa i r i n g of wi r e
r ope by t h e j oi n i n g of t wo or mor e l en gt h s i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
(vi i ) Th e n on dr u m en ds of t h e h oi st i n g
r opes sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h i n di vi du a l
sh a ck l e r ods wh i ch wi l l per mi t i n di vi du a l a d-
j u st men t of r ope l en gt h s, i f r equ i r ed.
(vi i i ) Mor e t h a n t wo r ever se ben ds i n ea ch
r ope i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(21) Rope t ag dat a. (i ) A met a l da t a t a g
sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o on e of t h e wi r e
r ope fa st en i n gs. Th i s da t a t a g sh a l l bea r t h e
fol l owi n g wi r e r ope da t a :
(a ) Th e di a met er i n i n ch es.
(b) Con st r u ct i on cl a ssi fi ca t i on .
(c) Wh et h er n on pr efor med or pr efor med.
(d) Th e gr a de of ma t er i a l u sed.
(e) Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t ed br ea k i n g
st r en gt h .
(f) Na me of t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of t h e r ope.
(g) Th e mon t h a n d y ea r t h e r opes wer e i n -
st a l l ed.
(22) Elect rical wirin g an d equ ipmen t . (i ) Al l
el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e Na t i on a l
El ect r i ca l Code, NF P A 701971; ANS I C11971
(Rev. of C11968), except a s modi fi ed by ANS I
A120. 11970 Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for P ower ed P l a t for ms
for Ext er i or Bu i l di n g Ma i n t en a n ce. F or de-
t a i l desi gn speci fi ca t i on s for el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , see P a r t 2, ANS I A120. 11970.
(i i ) Al l mot or s a n d oper a t i on a n d con t r ol
equ i pmen t sh a l l be su ppl i ed fr om a si n gl e
power sou r ce.
(i i i ) Th e power su ppl y for t h e power ed pl a t -
for m sh a l l be a n i n depen den t ci r cu i t su ppl i ed
t h r ou gh a fu sed di scon n ect swi t ch .
(i v) El ect r i ca l con du ct or pa r t s of t h e power
su ppl y sy st em sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st a c-
ci den t a l con t a ct .
(v) El ect r i ca l gr ou n di n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(a ) P r ovi si on s for el ect r i ca l gr ou n di n g
sh a l l be i n cl u ded wi t h t h e power -su ppl y sy s-
t em.
(b) Con t r ol l er ca bi n et s, mot or fr a mes,
h oi st i n g ma ch i n es, t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m,
r oof ca r a n d r oof ca r t r a ck sy st em, a n d n on -
cu r r en t ca r r y i n g pa r t s of el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , wh er e pr ovi ded, sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
(c) Th e con t r ol l er , wh er e u sed, sh a l l be so
desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed t h a t a si n gl e gr ou n d
or sh or t ci r cu i t wi l l n ot pr even t bot h t h e
n or ma l a n d fi n a l st oppi n g devi ce fr om st op-
pi n g t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m.
(d) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e r oof ca r
a n d wor k i n g pl a t for m for gr ou n di n g por t a bl e
el ect r i c t ool s.
(e) Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be gr ou n ded
t h r ou gh a gr ou n di n g con n ect i on i n a t r a v-
el i n g ca bl e. El ect r i ca l l y power ed t ool s u t i -
l i zed on t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be
gr ou n ded.
(vi ) El ect r i ca l r ecept a cl es l oca t ed on t h e
r oof or ot h er ext er i or l oca t i on sh a l l be of a
wea t h er pr oof t y pe a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s
n ot t o be su bj ect t o con t a ct wi t h wa t er or
a ccu mu l a t ed sn ow. Th e r ecept a cl es sh a l l be
gr ou n ded a n d t h e el ect r i c ca bl e sh a l l i n cl u de
a gr ou n di n g con du ct or . Th e r ecept a cl e a n d
pl u g sh a l l be a t y pe desi gn ed t o a voi d h a za r d
t o per son s i n ser t i n g or wi t h dr a wi n g t h e pl u g.
P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o pr even t a ppl i ca -
t i on of ca bl e st r a i n di r ect l y t o t h e pl u g a n d
r ecept a cl e.
(vi i ) El ect r i c r u n wa y con du ct or sy st ems
sh a l l be of t h e t y pe desi gn ed for u se i n ext e-
r i or l oca t i on s a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s n ot
t o be su bj ect t o con t a ct wi t h wa t er or a ccu -
mu l a t ed sn ow. Th e con du ct or s, col l ect or s,
a n d di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l con for m t o
t h e sa me r equ i r emen t s a s t h ose for cr a n es
a n d h oi st s i n Ar t i cl e 610 of t h e Na t i on a l
El ect r i ca l Code, NF P A 701971; ANS I C11971
(Rev. of C11968). A gr ou n ded con du ct or sh a l l
pa r a l l el t h e power con du ct or s a n d be so con -
n ect ed t h a t i t ca n n ot be open ed by t h e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s. Th e sy st em sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o a voi d h a za r d t o per son s i n t h e a r ea .
(vi i i ) El ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve devi ces a n d
i n t er l ock s of t h e wea t h er pr oof t y pe sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(i x) Wh er e t h e i n st a l l a t i on i n cl u des a r oof
ca r , el ect r i c con t a ct (s) sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
so con n ect ed t h a t t h e oper a t i n g devi ces for
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be oper a t i ve on l y
wh en t h e r oof ca r i s l oca t ed a n d mech a n i -
ca l l y r et a i n ed a t a n est a bl i sh ed oper a t i n g
poi n t .
(x) Wh er e t h e power ed pl a t for m i n cl u des a
power ed-oper a t ed r oof ca r , t h e oper a t i n g de-
vi ce for t h e r oof ca r sh a l l be i n oper a t i ve
wh en t h e r oof ca r i s mech a n i ca l l y r et a i n ed
a t a n est a bl i sh ed oper a t i n g poi n t .
(xi ) An el ect r i c con t a ct sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d so con n ect ed t h a t i t wi l l ca u se t h e down
di r ect i on r el a y for ver t i ca l t r a vel t o open i f
t h e t en si on i n t h e t r a vel i n g ca bl e exceeds
sa fe l i mi t s.
(xi i ) An a u t oma t i c over l oa d devi ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o cu t off t h e el ect r i ca l power t o
t h e ci r cu i t i n a l l h oi st i n g mot or s for t r a vel
i n t h e u p di r ect i on , sh ou l d t h e l oa d a ppl i ed
t o t h e h oi st i n g r opes a t ei t h er en d of t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m exceed 125 per cen t of i t s
n or ma l t en si on wi t h r a t ed l oa d, a s sh own on
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s da t a pl a t e on t h e wor k -
i n g pl a t for m.
(xi i i ) An a u t oma t i c devi ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for ea ch h oi st i n g r ope wh i ch wi l l cu t
off t h e el ect r i ca l power t o t h e h oi st i n g
mot or or mot or s i n t h e down di r ect i on a n d
a ppl y t h e br a k es i f a n y h oi st i n g r ope be-
comes sl a ck .
(xi v) Upper a n d l ower di r ect i on a l l i mi t de-
vi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e t r a vel
of t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m bey on d t h e n or ma l
u pper a n d l ower l i mi t s of t r a vel .
(xv) Oper a t i on of a di r ect i on a l l i mi t devi ce
sh a l l pr even t fu r t h er mot i on i n t h e a ppr o-
pr i a t e di r ect i on , i f t h e n or ma l l i mi t of t r a vel
h a s been r ea ch ed.
(xvi ) Di r ect i on a l l i mi t devi ces, i f dr i ven
fr om t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e by ch a i n s, t a pes,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
185
or ca bl es, sh a l l i n cor por a t e a devi ce t o di s-
con n ect t h e el ect r i c power fr om t h e h oi st i n g
ma ch i n e a n d a ppl y bot h t h e pr i ma r y a n d sec-
on da r y br a k es i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of t h e
dr i vi n g mea n s.
(xvi i ) F i n a l t er mi n a l st oppi n g devi ces of
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m:
(a ) F i n a l t er mi n a l st oppi n g devi ces for t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s a sec-
on da r y mea n s of pr even t i n g t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m fr om over -t r a vel i n g a t t h e t er mi -
n a l s.
(b) Th e devi ce sh a l l be set t o fu n ct i on a s
cl ose t o ea ch t er mi n a l l a n di n g a s pr a ct i ca l ,
bu t i n su ch a wa y t h a t u n der n or ma l oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s i t wi l l n ot fu n ct i on wh en
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m i s st opped by t h e n or -
ma l t er mi n a l st oppi n g devi ce.
(c) Oper a t i on of t h e fi n a l t er mi n a l st oppi n g
devi ce sh a l l open t h e pot en t i a l r el a y for
ver t i ca l t r a vel , t h er eby di scon n ect i n g t h e
el ect r i c power fr om t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e,
a n d a ppl y i n g bot h t h e pr i ma r y a n d sec-
on da r y br a k es.
(d) Th e fi n a l t er mi n a l st oppi n g devi ce for
t h e u pper l i mi t of t r a vel sh a l l be mou n t ed so
t h a t i t i s oper a t ed di r ect l y by t h e mot i on of
t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m i t sel f.
(xvi i i ) Emer gen cy st op swi t ch es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n or a dj a cen t t o ea ch oper a t i n g de-
vi ce.
(xi x) Emer gen cy st op swi t ch es sh a l l :
(a ) Ha ve r ed oper a t i n g bu t t on s or h a n dl es.
(b) Be con spi cu ou sl y a n d per ma n en t l y
ma r k ed S t op.
(c) Be t h e ma n u a l l y open ed a n d ma n u a l l y
cl osed t y pe.
(d) Be posi t i vel y open ed wi t h t h e open i n g
n ot sol el y depen den t on spr i n gs.
(xx) Th e ma n u a l oper a t i on of a n emer -
gen cy st op swi t ch a ssoci a t ed wi t h a n oper -
a t i n g devi ce for t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l
open t h e pot en t i a l r el a y for ver t i ca l t r a vel ,
t h er eby di scon n ect i n g t h e el ect r i c power
fr om t h e h oi st i n g ma ch i n e a n d a ppl y i n g bot h
t h e pr i ma r y a n d secon da r y br a k es.
(xxi ) Th e ma n u a l oper a t i on of t h e emer -
gen cy st op swi t ch a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e oper -
a t i n g devi ce for a power -dr i ven r oof ca r sh a l l
ca u se t h e el ect r i ca l power t o t h e t r a ver se
ma ch i n e t o be i n t er r u pt ed, a n d t h e t r a ver se
ma ch i n e br a k e t o a ppl y .
(23) Requ iremen t s f or emergen cy commu n ica-
t ion s. (i ) Commu n i ca t i on equ i pmen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for ea ch power ed pl a t for m for u se i n
a n emer gen cy .
(i i ) Two-wa y commu n i ca t i on sh a l l be es-
t a bl i sh ed bet ween per son n el on t h e r oof a n d
per son n el on t h e st a l l ed wor k i n g pl a t for m
befor e a n y emer gen cy oper a t i on of t h e wor k -
i n g pl a t for m i s u n der t a k en by per son n el on
t h e r oof.
(i i i ) Th e equ i pmen t sh a l l per mi t t wo-wa y
voi ce commu n i ca t i on bet ween t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m a n d
(a ) Desi gn a t ed per son n el con t i n u ou sl y
a va i l a bl e wh i l e t h e power ed pl a t for m i s i n
u se; a n d
(b) Desi gn a t ed per son n el on r oof-power ed
pl a t for ms, u n der t a k i n g emer gen cy oper a t i on
of t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m by mea n s of t h e
emer gen cy oper a t i n g devi ce l oca t ed n ea r t h e
h oi st i n g ma ch i n e.
(i v) Th e emer gen cy commu n i ca t i on equ i p-
men t sh a l l be on e of t h e fol l owi n g t y pes:
(a ) Tel eph on e con n ect ed t o t h e cen t r a l
t el eph on e exch a n ge sy st em; or
(b) Tel eph on es on a l i mi t ed sy st em or a n
a ppr oved t wo-wa y r a di o sy st em, pr ovi ded
desi gn a t ed per son n el a r e a va i l a bl e t o r ecei ve
a messa ge du r i n g t h e t i me t h e power ed pl a t -
for m i s i n u se.
(d) T y pe T powered plat f orms(1) Roof car.
Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1)
t h r ou gh (c)(5) of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y t o
Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms.
(2) Work in g plat f orm. Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (c)(6) t h r ou gh (c)(16) of t h i s a p-
pen di x a ppl y t o Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms.
(i ) Th e wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be su s-
pen ded by a t l ea st t wo wi r e r opes.
(i i ) Th e ma xi mu m r a t ed speed a t wh i ch t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m of sel f-power ed pl a t for ms
ma y be moved i n a ver t i ca l di r ect i on sh a l l
n ot exceed 35 feet per mi n u t e.
(3) Hoist in g equ ipmen t . Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (c) (17) a n d (18) of t h i s a ppen di x
sh a l l a ppl y t o Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms.
(4) Brak es. Br a k es r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(19) of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y .
(5) Hoist in g ropes an d rope con n ect ion s. (i )
P a r a gr a ph s (c)(20) (i ) t h r ou gh (vi ) a n d (vi i i )
of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y t o Ty pe T pow-
er ed pl a t for ms.
(i i ) Adj u st a bl e sh a ck l e r ods i n su bpa r a -
gr a ph (c)(20)(vi i ) of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y
t o Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms, i f t h e wor k i n g
pl a t for m i s su spen ded by mor e t h a n t wo wi r e
r opes.
(6) Elect rical wirin g an d equ ipmen t . (i ) Th e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (c)(22) (i )
t h r ou gh (vi ) of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y t o
Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms. Ci r cu i t pr ot ec-
t i on l i mi t a t i on , power ed pl a t for m el ec-
t r i ca l ser vi ce sy st em, a l l oper a t i n g ser vi ces
a n d con t r ol equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
speci fi ca t i on s con t a i n ed i n P a r t 2, sect i on 26,
ANS I A120. 11970.
(i i ) F or el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve devi ces t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (c)(22) (i ) t h r ou gh
(vi i i ) of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l a ppl y t o Ty pe T
power ed pl a t for ms. Requ i r emen t s for t h e
ci r cu i t pot en t i a l l i mi t a t i on sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h speci fi ca t i on s con t a i n ed i n
P a r t 2, sect i on 26, of ANS I A120. 11970.
(7) Emergen cy commu n icat ion s. Al l t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(23) of t h i s a ppen -
di x sh a l l a ppl y t o Ty pe T power ed pl a t for ms.
[54 F R 31456, J u l y 28, 1989, a s a men ded a t 61
F R 9235, Ma r . 7, 1996]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
186
14, 2007, Appen di x D t o 1910. 66 wa s a men ded
by r evi si n g pa r a gr a ph (c)(22)(i ) a n d i n t h e
secon d sen t en ce of pa r a gr a ph (c)(22)(vi i ), t h e
wor ds Ar t i cl e 610 of t h e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l
Code, NF P A 701971; ANS I C11971 (Rev. of
C11968) wer e r evi sed t o r ea d S u bpa r t S of
t h i s P a r t . , effect i ve Au g. 13, 2007. F or t h e
con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e r evi sed t ext i s
set for t h a s fol l ows:
1910.66 Powered platforms for building
maintenance.
* * * * *
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 66EXI S TI NG
I NS TALLATI ONS (MANDATORY)
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(22) * * * (i ) Al l el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d
wi r i n g sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
S u bpa r t S of t h i s P a r t , except a s modi fi ed by
ANS I A120. 11970 Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
n a n ce (see 1910. 6). F or det a i l desi gn speci -
fi ca t i on s for el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t , see P a r t 2,
ANS I A120. 11970.
* * * * *
1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating
and rotating work platforms.
(a ) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is sec-
t ion (1) Aerial device. An y veh i cl e
mou n t ed devi ce, t el escopi n g or a r t i cu -
l a t i n g, or bot h , wh i ch i s u sed t o posi -
t i on per son n el .
(2) Aerial ladder. An a er i a l devi ce con -
si st i n g of a si n gl e- or mu l t i pl e-sect i on
ext en si bl e l a dder .
(3) Art icu lat in g boom plat f orm. An a er -
i a l devi ce wi t h t wo or mor e h i n ged
boom sect i on s.
(4) Ext en sible boom plat f orm. An a er i a l
devi ce (except l a dder s) wi t h a t el e-
scopi c or ext en si bl e boom. Tel escopi c
der r i ck s wi t h per son n el pl a t for m a t -
t a ch men t s sh a l l be con si der ed t o be ex-
t en si bl e boom pl a t for ms wh en u sed
wi t h a per son n el pl a t for m.
(5) I n su lat ed aerial device. An a er i a l
devi ce desi gn ed for wor k on en er gi zed
l i n es a n d a ppa r a t u s.
(6) Mobile u n it . A combi n a t i on of a n
a er i a l devi ce, i t s veh i cl e, a n d r el a t ed
equ i pmen t .
(7) Plat f orm. An y per son n el -ca r r y i n g
devi ce (ba sk et or bu ck et ) wh i ch i s a
compon en t of a n a er i a l devi ce.
(8) Veh icle. An y ca r r i er t h a t i s n ot
ma n u a l l y pr opel l ed.
(9) Vert ical t ower. An a er i a l devi ce de-
si gn ed t o el eva t e a pl a t for m i n a su b-
st a n t i a l l y ver t i ca l a xi s.
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Un l ess
ot h er wi se pr ovi ded i n t h i s sect i on , a er -
i a l devi ces (a er i a l l i ft s) a cqu i r ed on or
a ft er J u l y 1, 1975, sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d
con st r u ct ed i n con for ma n ce wi t h t h e
a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of t h e Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d for Veh i cl e
Mou n t ed El eva t i n g a n d Rot a t i n g Wor k
P l a t for ms, ANS I A92. 21969, i n cl u d-
i n g a ppen di x, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Aer i a l
l i ft s a cqu i r ed for u se befor e J u l y 1, 1975
wh i ch do n ot meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
ANS I A92. 21969, ma y n ot be u sed a ft er
J u l y 1, 1976, u n l ess t h ey sh a l l h a ve been
modi fi ed so a s t o con for m wi t h t h e a p-
pl i ca bl e desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on r e-
qu i r emen t s of ANS I A92. 21969. Aer i a l
devi ces i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g t y pes of
veh i cl e-mou n t ed a er i a l devi ces u sed t o
el eva t e per son n el t o j obsi t es a bove
gr ou n d: (i ) Ext en si bl e boom pl a t for ms,
(i i ) a er i a l l a dder s, (i i i ) a r t i cu l a t i n g
boom pl a t for ms, (i v) ver t i ca l t ower s,
a n d (v) a combi n a t i on of a n y of t h e
a bove. Aer i a l equ i pmen t ma y be ma de
of met a l , wood, fi ber gl a ss r ei n for ced
pl a st i c (F RP ), or ot h er ma t er i a l ; ma y
be power ed or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed; a n d
a r e deemed t o be a er i a l l i ft s wh et h er or
n ot t h ey a r e ca pa bl e of r ot a t i n g a bou t
a su bst a n t i a l l y ver t i ca l a xi s.
(2) Aer i a l l i ft s ma y be fi el d modi -
fi ed for u ses ot h er t h a n t h ose i n -
t en ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , pr ovi ded
t h e modi fi ca t i on h a s been cer t i fi ed i n
wr i t i n g by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or by a n y
ot h er equ i va l en t en t i t y , su ch a s a n a -
t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y ,
t o be i n con for mi t y wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e
pr ovi si on s of ANS I A92. 21969 a n d t h i s
sect i on , a n d t o be a t l ea st a s sa fe a s
t h e equ i pmen t wa s befor e modi fi ca t i on .
(3) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on
do n ot a ppl y t o fi r efi gh t i n g equ i pmen t
or t o t h e veh i cl es u pon wh i ch a er i a l de-
vi ces a r e mou n t ed, except wi t h r espect
t o t h e r equ i r emen t t h a t a veh i cl e be a
st a bl e su ppor t for t h e a er i a l devi ce.
(4) F or oper a t i on s n ea r over h ea d el ec-
t r i c l i n es, see 1910. 333(c)(3).
(c) Specif ic requ iremen t s(1) L adder
t ru ck s an d t ower t ru ck s. Befor e t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
187
t r u ck i s moved for h i gh wa y t r a vel , a er -
i a l l a dder s sh a l l be secu r ed i n t h e l ower
t r a vel i n g posi t i on by t h e l ock i n g de-
vi ce a bove t h e t r u ck ca b, a n d t h e
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed devi ce a t t h e ba se
of t h e l a dder , or by ot h er equ a l l y effec-
t i ve mea n s (e. g. , cr a dl es wh i ch pr even t
r ot a t i on of t h e l a dder i n combi n a t i on
wi t h posi t i ve a ct i n g l i n ea r a ct u a t or s).
(2) Ext en sible an d art icu lat in g boom
plat f orms. (i ) Li ft con t r ol s sh a l l be t est -
ed ea ch da y pr i or t o u se t o det er mi n e
t h a t su ch con t r ol s a r e i n sa fe wor k i n g
con di t i on .
(i i ) On l y t r a i n ed per son s sh a l l oper -
a t e a n a er i a l l i ft .
(i i i ) Bel t i n g off t o a n a dj a cen t pol e,
st r u ct u r e, or equ i pmen t wh i l e wor k i n g
fr om a n a er i a l l i ft sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed.
(i v) Empl oy ees sh a l l a l wa y s st a n d
fi r ml y on t h e fl oor of t h e ba sk et , a n d
sh a l l n ot si t or cl i mb on t h e edge of t h e
ba sk et or u se pl a n k s, l a dder s, or ot h er
devi ces for a wor k posi t i on .
(v) A body bel t sh a l l be wor n a n d a
l a n y a r d a t t a ch ed t o t h e boom or ba s-
k et wh en wor k i n g fr om a n a er i a l l i ft .
(vi ) Boom a n d ba sk et l oa d l i mi t s
speci fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l n ot
be exceeded.
(vi i ) Th e br a k es sh a l l be set a n d ou t -
r i gger s, wh en u sed, sh a l l be posi t i on ed
on pa ds or a sol i d su r fa ce. Wh eel
ch ock s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed befor e u si n g
a n a er i a l l i ft on a n i n cl i n e.
(vi i i ) An a er i a l l i ft t r u ck ma y n ot be
moved wh en t h e boom i s el eva t ed i n a
wor k i n g posi t i on wi t h men i n t h e ba s-
k et , except for equ i pmen t wh i ch i s spe-
ci fi ca l l y desi gn ed for t h i s t y pe of oper -
a t i on i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph s (b)(1) a n d (b)(2) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i x) Ar t i cu l a t i n g boom a n d ext en si bl e
boom pl a t for ms, pr i ma r i l y desi gn ed a s
per son n el ca r r i er s, sh a l l h a ve bot h
pl a t for m (u pper ) a n d l ower con t r ol s.
Upper con t r ol s sh a l l be i n or besi de t h e
pl a t for m wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of t h e oper -
a t or . Lower con t r ol s sh a l l pr ovi de for
over r i di n g t h e u pper con t r ol s. Con t r ol s
sh a l l be pl a i n l y ma r k ed a s t o t h ei r
fu n ct i on . Lower l evel con t r ol s sh a l l n ot
be oper a t ed u n l ess per mi ssi on h a s been
obt a i n ed fr om t h e empl oy ee i n t h e l i ft ,
except i n ca se of emer gen cy .
(x) Cl i mber s sh a l l n ot be wor n wh i l e
per for mi n g wor k fr om a n a er i a l l i ft .
(xi ) Th e i n su l a t ed por t i on of a n a er i a l
l i ft sh a l l n ot be a l t er ed i n a n y ma n n er
t h a t mi gh t r edu ce i t s i n su l a t i n g va l u e.
(xi i ) Befor e movi n g a n a er i a l l i ft for
t r a vel , t h e boom(s) sh a l l be i n spect ed
t o see t h a t i t i s pr oper l y cr a dl ed a n d
ou t r i gger s a r e i n st owed posi t i on , ex-
cept a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(2)(vi i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Elect rical t est s. El ect r i ca l t est s
sh a l l be ma de i n con for ma n ce wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of ANS I A92. 21969, S ec-
t i on 5. However , equ i va l en t DC vol t a ge
t est s ma y be u sed i n l i eu of t h e AC
vol t a ge t est speci fi ed i n A92. 21969. DC
vol t a ge t est s wh i ch a r e a ppr oved by
t h e equ i pmen t ma n u fa ct u r er or equ i va -
l en t en t i t y sh a l l be con si der ed a n
equ i va l en t t est for t h e pu r pose of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (c)(3).
(4) Bu rst in g saf et y f act or. Al l cr i t i ca l
h y dr a u l i c a n d pn eu ma t i c compon en t s
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e
st a n da r d, ANS I A92. 21969, S ect i on 4. 9
Bu r st i n g S a fet y F a ct or . Cr i t i ca l com-
pon en t s a r e t h ose i n wh i ch a fa i l u r e
wou l d r esu l t i n a fr ee fa l l or fr ee r ot a -
t i on of t h e boom. Al l n on cr i t i ca l com-
pon en t s sh a l l h a ve a bu r st i n g sa fet y
fa ct or of a t l ea st t wo t o on e.
(5) Weldin g st an dards. Al l wel di n g
sh a l l con for m t o t h e fol l owi n g Au t o-
mot i ve Wel di n g S oci et y (AWS ) S t a n d-
a r ds, wh i ch a r e i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, a s a ppl i -
ca bl e:
(i ) S t a n da r d Qu a l i fi ca t i on P r ocedu r e,
AWS B3. 041.
(i i ) Recommen ded P r a ct i ces for
Au t omot i ve Wel di n g Desi gn , AWS
D8. 461.
(i i i ) S t a n da r d Qu a l i fi ca t i on of Wel d-
i n g P r ocedu r es a n d Wel der s for P i pi n g
a n d Tu bi n g, AWS D10. 969.
(i v) S peci fi ca t i on s for Wel di n g Hi gh -
wa y a n d Ra i l wa y Br i dges, AWS D2. 069.
F R 13439, Ma r . 26, 1975; 55 F R 32014, Au g. 6,
1990; 61 F R 9235, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.68 Manlifts.
t ion (1) Han dh old (Han dgrip). A h a n d-
h ol d i s a devi ce a t t a ch ed t o t h e bel t
wh i ch ca n be gr a sped by t h e pa ssen ger
t o pr ovi de a mea n s of ma i n t a i n i n g ba l -
a n ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
188
(2) Open t y pe. On e wh i ch h a s a h a n d-
gr i p su r fa ce fu l l y exposed a n d ca pa bl e
of bei n g en ci r cl ed by t h e pa ssen ger s
fi n ger s.
(3) Closed t y pe. A cu p-sh a ped devi ce,
open a t t h e t op i n t h e di r ect i on of t r a v-
el of t h e st ep for wh i ch i t i s t o be u sed,
a n d cl osed a t t h e bot t om, i n t o wh i ch
t h e pa ssen ger ma y pl a ce h i s fi n ger s.
(4) L imit swit ch . A devi ce, t h e pu r pose
of wh i ch i s t o cu t off t h e power t o t h e
mot or a n d a ppl y t h e br a k e t o st op t h e
ca r r i er i n t h e even t t h a t a l oa ded st ep
pa sses t h e t er mi n a l l a n di n g.
(5) Man lif t . A devi ce con si st i n g of a
power -dr i ven en dl ess bel t movi n g i n
on e di r ect i on on l y , a n d pr ovi ded wi t h
st eps or pl a t for ms a n d h a n dh ol ds a t -
t a ch ed t o i t for t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of
per son n el fr om fl oor t o fl oor .
(6) Rat ed speed. Ra t ed speed i s t h e
speed for wh i ch t h e devi ce i s desi gn ed
a n d i n st a l l ed.
(7) Split -rail swit ch . An el ect r i c l i mi t
swi t ch oper a t ed mech a n i ca l l y by t h e
r ol l er s on t h e ma n l i ft st eps. I t con si st s
of a n a ddi t i on a l h i n ged or spl i t r a i l ,
mou n t ed on t h e r egu l a r gu i de r a i l , over
wh i ch t h e st ep r ol l er s pa ss. I t i s
spr i n gl oa ded i n t h e spl i t posi t i on . I f
t h e st ep su ppor t s n o l oa d, t h e r ol l er s
wi l l bu mp over t h e swi t ch ; i f a l oa d-
ed st ep sh ou l d pa ss over t h e sect i on ,
t h e spl i t r a i l wi l l be for ced st r a i gh t ,
t r i ppi n g t h e swi t ch a n d open i n g t h e
el ect r i ca l ci r cu i t .
(8) St ep (plat f orm). A st ep i s a pa s-
sen ger ca r r y i n g u n i t .
(9) T ravel. Th e t r a vel i s t h e di st a n ce
bet ween t h e cen t er s of t h e t op a n d bot -
t om pu l l ey s.
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Applica-
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o t h e con -
st r u ct i on , ma i n t en a n ce, i n spect i on ,
a n d oper a t i on of ma n l i ft s i n r el a t i on t o
a cci den t h a za r ds. Ma n l i ft s cover ed by
t h i s sect i on con si st of pl a t for ms or
br a ck et s a n d a ccompa n y i n g h a n dh ol ds
mou n t ed on , or a t t a ch ed t o a n en dl ess
bel t , oper a t i n g ver t i ca l l y i n on e di r ec-
t i on on l y a n d bei n g su ppor t ed by , a n d
dr i ven t h r ou gh pu l l ey s, a t t h e t op a n d
bot t om. Th ese ma n l i ft s a r e i n t en ded
for con vey a n ce of per son s on l y . I t i s
n ot i n t en ded t h a t t h i s sect i on cover
movi n g st a i r wa y s, el eva t or s wi t h en -
cl osed pl a t for ms (P a t er n ost er el e-
va t or s), gr a vi t y l i ft s, n or con vey or s
u sed on l y for con vey i n g ma t er i a l . Th i s
sect i on a ppl i es t o ma n l i ft s u sed t o
ca r r y on l y per son n el t r a i n ed a n d a u -
t h or i zed by t h e empl oy er i n t h ei r u se.
(2) Pu rpose. Th e pu r pose of t h i s sec-
t i on i s t o pr ovi de r ea son a bl e sa fet y for
l i fe a n d l i mb.
(3) Design requ iremen t s. Al l n ew
ma n l i ft i n st a l l a t i on s a n d equ i pmen t
i n st a l l ed a ft er t h e effect i ve da t e of
t h ese r egu l a t i on s sh a l l meet t h e desi gn
r equ i r emen t s of t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S a fet y S t a n da r d for Ma n l i ft s
ANS I A90. 11969, wh i ch i s i n cor -
por a t ed by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n
1910. 6, a n d t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on .
(4) Ref eren ce t o ot h er codes an d su b-
part s. Th e fol l owi n g codes, a n d su b-
pa r t s of t h i s pa r t , a r e a ppl i ca bl e t o t h i s
sect i on : S a fet y Code for Mech a n i ca l
P ower Tr a n smi ssi on Appa r a t u s, ANS I
B15. 11953 (R 1958), a n d su bpa r t O; su b-
pa r t S ; S a fet y Code for F i xed La dder s,
ANS I A14. 31956, a n d S a fet y Requ i r e-
men t s for F l oor a n d Wa l l Open i n gs,
Ra i l i n gs a n d Toeboa r ds, ANS I A12. 1
1967, a n d su bpa r t D. Th e pr ecedi n g
ANS I st a n da r ds a r e i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(5) Floor open in gs(i ) Allowable size.
F l oor open i n gs for bot h t h e u p a n d
down r u n s sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 28
i n ch es n or mor e t h a n 36 i n ch es i n
wi dt h for a 12-i n ch bel t ; n ot l ess t h a n
34 i n ch es n or mor e t h a n 38 i n ch es for a
14-i n ch bel t ; a n d n ot l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es
n or mor e t h a n 40 i n ch es for a 16-i n ch
bel t a n d sh a l l ext en d n ot l ess t h a n 24
i n ch es, n or mor e t h a n 28 i n ch es fr om
t h e fa ce of t h e bel t .
(i i ) Un if ormit y . Al l fl oor open i n gs for
a gi ven ma n l i ft sh a l l be u n i for m i n si ze
a n d sh a l l be a ppr oxi ma t el y ci r cu l a r ,
a n d ea ch sh a l l be l oca t ed ver t i ca l l y
a bove t h e open i n g bel ow i t .
(6) L an din g(i ) Vert ical clearan ce. Th e
cl ea r a n a ce bet ween t h e fl oor or mou n t -
i n g pl a t for m a n d t h e l ower edge for t h e
con i ca l gu a r d a bove i t r equ i r ed by su b-
pa r a gr a ph (7) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l
n ot be l ess t h a n 7 feet 6 i n ch es. Wh er e
t h i s cl ea r a n ce ca n n ot be obt a i n ed n o
a ccess t o t h e ma n l i ft sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d t h e ma n l i ft r u n wa y sh a l l be en -
cl osed wh er e i t pa sses t h r ou gh su ch
fl oor .
(i i ) Clear lan din g space. Th e l a n di n g
spa ce a dj a cen t t o t h e fl oor open i n gs
sh a l l be fr ee fr om obst r u ct i on a n d k ept
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
189
cl ea r a t a l l t i mes. Th i s l a n di n g spa ce
sh a l l be a t l ea st 2 feet i n wi dt h fr om
t h e edge of t h e fl oor open i n g u sed for
mou n t i n g a n d di smou n t i n g.
(i i i ) L igh t in g an d lan din g. Adequ a t e
l i gh t i n g, n ot l ess t h a n 5-foot ca n dl es,
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ea ch fl oor l a n di n g
a t a l l t i mes wh en t h e l i ft i s i n oper -
a t i on .
(i v) L an din g su rf ace. Th e l a n di n g su r -
fa ces a t t h e en t r a n ces a n d exi t s t o t h e
ma n l i ft sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed a s t o pr ovi de sa fe foot i n g a t a l l
t i mes.
(v) Emergen cy lan din gs. Wh er e t h er e i s
a t r a vel of 50 feet or mor e bet ween
fl oor l a n di n gs, on e or mor e emer gen cy
l a n di n gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded so t h a t t h er e
wi l l be a l a n di n g (ei t h er fl oor or emer -
gen cy ) for ever y 25 feet or l ess of
ma n l i ft t r a vel .
(a) Emer gen cy l a n di n gs sh a l l be a c-
cessi bl e fr om bot h t h e u p a n d
down r u n gs of t h e ma n l i ft a n d sh a l l
gi ve a ccess t o t h e l a dder r equ i r ed i n
su bpa r a gr a ph (12) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(b) Emer gen cy l a n di n gs sh a l l be com-
pl et el y en cl osed wi t h a st a n da r d r a i l -
i n g a n d t oeboa r d.
(c) P l a t for ms con st r u ct ed t o gi ve a c-
cess t o bu ck et el eva t or s or ot h er equ i p-
men t for t h e pu r pose of i n spect i on , l u -
br i ca t i on , a n d r epa i r ma y a l so ser ve a s
emer gen cy l a n di n gs u n der t h i s r u l e. Al l
su ch pl a t for ms wi l l t h en be con si der ed
pa r t of t h e emer gen cy l a n di n g a n d
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h st a n da r d r a i l -
i n gs a n d t oeboa r ds.
(7) Gu ards on u n derside of f loor open -
in gs(i ) Fixed t y pe. On t h e a scen di n g
si de of t h e ma n l i ft fl oor open i n gs sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a bevel gu a r d or con e
meet i n g t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(a) Th e con e sh a l l ma k e a n a n gl e of
n ot l ess t h a n 45 wi t h t h e h or i zon t a l .
An a n gl e of 60 or gr ea t er sh a l l be u sed
wh er e cei l i n g h ei gh t s per mi t .
(b) Th e l ower edge of t h i s gu a r d sh a l l
ext en d a t l ea st 42 i n ch es ou t wa r d fr om
a n y h a n dh ol d on t h e bel t . I t sh a l l n ot
ext en d bey on d t h e u pper su r fa ce of t h e
fl oor a bove.
(c) Th e con e sh a l l be ma de of n ot l ess
t h a n No. 18 U. S . ga u ge sh eet st eel or
ma t er i a l of equ i va l en t st r en gt h or
st i ffn ess. Th e l ower edge sh a l l be r ol l ed
t o a mi n i mu m di a met er of on e-h a l f
i n ch a n d t h e i n t er i or sh a l l be smoot h
wi t h n o r i vet s, bol t s or scr ews pr o-
t r u di n g.
(i i ) Float in g t y pe. I n l i eu of t h e fi xed
gu a r ds speci fi ed i n su bdi vi si on (i ) of
t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph a fl oa t i n g t y pe sa fe-
t y con e ma y be u sed, su ch fl oa t i n g
con es t o be mou n t ed on h i n ges a t l ea st
6 i n ch es bel ow t h e u n der si de of t h e
fl oor a n d so con st r u ct ed a s t o a ct u a t e
a l i mi t swi t ch sh ou l d a for ce of 2
pou n ds be a ppl i ed on t h e edge of t h e
con e cl osest t o t h e h i n ge. Th e dept h of
t h i s fl oa t i n g con e n eed n ot exceed 12
i n ch es.
(8) Prot ect ion of en t ran ces an d exit s
(i ) Gu ard rail requ iremen t . Th e en -
t r a n ces a n d exi t s a t a l l fl oor l a n di n gs
a ffor di n g a ccess t o t h e ma n l i ft sh a l l be
gu a r ded by a ma ze (st a gger ed r a i l i n g)
or a h a n dr a i l equ i pped wi t h sel f-cl osi n g
ga t es.
(i i ) Con st ru ct ion . Th e r a i l s sh a l l be
st a n da r d gu a r dr a i l s wi t h t oeboa r ds
meet i n g t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e S a fet y
Requ i r emen t s for F l oor a n d Wa l l Open -
i n gs, Ra i l i n gs a n d Toeboa r ds, ANS I
A12. 11967 a n d 1910. 23.
(i i i ) Gat es. Ga t es, i f u sed, sh a l l open
ou t wa r d a n d sh a l l be sel f-cl osi n g. Cor -
n er s of ga t es sh a l l be r ou n ded.
(i v) Maze. Ma ze or st a gger ed open i n gs
sh a l l offer n o di r ect pa ssa ge bet ween
en cl osu r e a n d ou t er fl oor spa ce.
(v) Except wh er e bu i l di n g l a y ou t pr e-
ven t s, en t r a n ces a t a l l l a n di n gs sh a l l
be i n t h e sa me r el a t i ve posi t i on .
(9) Gu ards f or open in gs(i ) Con st ru c-
t ion . Th e fl oor open i n g a t ea ch l a n di n g
sh a l l be gu a r ded on si des n ot u sed for
en t r a n ce or exi t by a wa l l , a r a i l i n g
a n d t oeboa r d or by pa n el s of wi r e mesh
of su i t a bl e st r en gt h .
(i i ) Heigh t an d locat ion . S u ch r a i l s or
gu a r ds sh a l l be a t l ea st 42 i n ch es i n
h ei gh t on t h e u p-r u n n i n g si de a n d 66
i n ch es on t h e down -r u n n i n g si de.
(10) Bot t om arran gemen t (i ) Bot t om
lan din g. At t h e bot t om l a n di n g t h e
cl ea r a r ea sh a l l be n ot sma l l er t h a n t h e
a r ea en cl osed by t h e gu a r dr a i l s on t h e
fl oor s a bove, a n d a n y wa l l i n fr on t of
t h e down -r u n n i n g si de of t h e bel t sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n 48 i n ch es fr om t h e fa ce
of t h e bel t . Th i s spa ce sh a l l n ot be en -
cr oa ch ed u pon by st a i r s or l a dder s.
(i i ) L ocat ion of lower pu lley . Th e l ower
(boot ) pu l l ey sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t
i t i s su ppor t ed by t h e l owest l a n di n g
ser ved. Th e si des of t h e pu l l ey su ppor t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
190
sh a l l be gu a r ded t o pr even t con t a ct
wi t h t h e pu l l ey or t h e st eps.
(i i i ) Mou n t in g plat f orm. A mou n t i n g
pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n fr on t or
t o on e si de of t h e u pr u n a t t h e l owest
l a n di n g, u n l ess t h e fl oor l evel i s su ch
t h a t t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t ca n be
met : Th e fl oor or pl a t for m sh a l l be a t
or a bove t h e poi n t a t wh i ch t h e u pper
su r fa ce of t h e a scen di n g st ep compl et es
i t s t u r n a n d a ssu mes a h or i zon t a l posi -
t i on .
(i v) Gu ardrails. To gu a r d a ga i n st per -
son s wa l k i n g u n der a descen di n g st ep,
t h e a r ea on t h e down si de of t h e ma n l i ft
sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
su bpa r a gr a ph (8) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph . To
gu a r d a ga i n st a per son get t i n g bet ween
t h e mou n t i n g pl a t for m a n d a n a scen d-
i n g st ep, t h e a r ea bet ween t h e bel t a n d
t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
gu a r dr a i l .
(11) T op arran gemen t s(i ) Clearan ce
f rom f loor. A t op cl ea r a n ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded of a t l ea st 11 feet a bove t h e t op
t er mi n a l l a n di n g. Th i s cl ea r a n ce sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed fr om a pl a n e t h r ou gh
ea ch fa ce of t h e bel t t o a ver t i ca l cy l i n -
dr i ca l pl a n e h a vi n g a di a met er 2 feet
gr ea t er t h a n t h e di a met er of t h e fl oor
open i n g, ext en di n g u pwa r d fr om t h e
t op fl oor t o t h e cei l i n g on t h e u p-r u n -
n i n g si de of t h e bel t . No en cr oa ch men t
of st r u ct u r a l or ma ch i n e su ppor t i n g
member s wi t h i n t h i s spa ce wi l l be per -
mi t t ed.
(i i ) Pu lley clearan ce. (a) Th er e sh a l l be
a cl ea r a n ce of a t l ea st 5 feet bet ween
t h e cen t er of t h e h ea d pu l l ey sh a ft a n d
a n y cei l i n g obst r u ct i on .
(b) Th e cen t er of t h e h ea d pu l l ey
sh a ft sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 6 feet a bove
t h e t op t er mi n a l l a n di n g.
(i i i ) Emergen cy grab rail. An emer -
gen cy gr a b ba r or r a i l a n d pl a t for m
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e h ea d pu l l ey
wh en t h e di st a n ce t o t h e h ea d pu l l ey i s
over 6 feet a bove t h e t op l a n di n g, ot h -
er wi se on l y a gr a b ba r or r a i l i s t o be
pr ovi ded t o per mi t t h e r i der t o swi n g
fr ee sh ou l d t h e emer gen cy st ops be-
come i n oper a t i ve.
(12) Emergen cy exit ladder. A fi xed
met a l l a dder a ccessi bl e fr om bot h t h e
u p a n d down r u n of t h e ma n l i ft
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for t h e en t i r e t r a vel
of t h e ma n l i ft . S u ch l a dder sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e exi st i n g ANS I
A14. 31956 S a fet y Code for F i xed La d-
der s a n d 1910. 27.
(13) Su perst ru ct u re bracin g. Ma n l i ft
r a i l s sh a l l be secu r ed i n su ch a ma n n er
a s t o a voi d spr ea di n g, vi br a t i on , a n d
mi sa l i n emen t .
(14) I llu min at ion (i ) Gen eral. Bot h
r u n s of t h e ma n l i ft sh a l l be i l l u mi -
n a t ed a t a l l t i mes wh en t h e l i ft i s i n
oper a t i on . An i n t en si t y of n ot l ess t h a n
1-foot ca n dl e sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t a l l
poi n t s. (However , see su bpa r a gr a ph
(6)(i i i ) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph for i l l u mi n a -
t i on r equ i r emen t s a t l a n di n gs. )
(i i ) Con t rol of illu min at ion . Li gh t i n g of
ma n l i ft r u n wa y s sh a l l be by mea n s of
ci r cu i t s per ma n en t l y t i ed i n t o t h e
bu i l di n g ci r cu i t s (n o swi t ch es), or sh a l l
be con t r ol l ed by swi t ch es a t ea ch l a n d-
i n g. Wh er e sepa r a t e swi t ch es a r e pr o-
vi ded a t ea ch l a n di n g, a n y swi t ch sh a l l
t u r n on a l l l i gh t s n ecessa r y t o i l l u -
mi n a t e t h e en t i r e r u n wa y .
(15) Weat h er prot ect ion . Th e en t i r e
ma n l i ft a n d i t s dr i vi n g mech a n i sm
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om t h e wea t h er a t
a l l t i mes.
(c) Mech an ical requ iremen t s(1) Ma-
ch in es, gen eral(i ) Brak es. Br a k es pr o-
vi ded for st oppi n g a n d h ol di n g a
ma n l i ft sh a l l be i n h er en t l y sel f-en ga g-
i n g, by r equ i r i n g power or for ce fr om
a n ext er n a l sou r ce t o ca u se di sen ga ge-
men t . Th e br a k e sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y
r el ea sed, a n d sh a l l be a ppl i ed t o t h e
mot or sh a ft for di r ect -con n ect ed u n i t s
or t o t h e i n pu t sh a ft for bel t -dr i ven
u n i t s. Th e br a k e sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
st oppi n g a n d h ol di n g t h e ma n l i ft wh en
t h e descen di n g si de i s l oa ded wi t h 250
l b on ea ch st ep.
(i i ) Belt . (a) Th e bel t s sh a l l be of
h a r d-woven ca n va s, r u bber -coa t ed ca n -
va s, l ea t h er , or ot h er ma t er i a l meet i n g
t h e st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(b)(3) of t h i s sect i on a n d h a vi n g a coef-
fi ci en t of fr i ct i on su ch t h a t wh en u sed
i n con j u n ct i on wi t h a n a dequ a t e t en -
si on devi ce i t wi l l meet t h e br a k e t est
speci fi ed i n su bdi vi si on (i ) of t h i s su b-
pa r a gr a ph .
(b) Th e wi dt h of t h e bel t sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es for a t r a vel n ot ex-
ceedi n g 100 feet , n ot l ess t h a n 14 i n ch es
for a t r a vel gr ea t er t h a n 100 feet bu t
n ot exceedi n g 150 feet a n d 16 i n ch es for
a t r a vel exceedi n g 150 feet .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
191
(c) A bel t t h a t h a s become t or n wh i l e
i n u se on a ma n l i ft sh a l l n ot be spl i ced
a n d pu t ba ck i n ser vi ce.
(2) Speed(i ) Maximu m speed. No
ma n l i ft desi gn ed for a speed i n excess
of 80 feet per mi n u t e sh a l l be i n st a l l ed.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(3) Plat f orms or st eps(i ) Min imu m
dept h . S t eps or pl a t for ms sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es n or mor e t h a n 14
i n ch es deep, mea su r ed fr om t h e bel t t o
t h e edge of t h e st ep or pl a t for m.
(i i ) Widt h . Th e wi dt h of t h e st ep or
pl a t for m sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n t h e
wi dt h of t h e bel t t o wh i ch i t i s a t -
t a ch ed.
(i i i ) Dist an ce bet ween st eps. Th e di s-
t a n ce bet ween st eps sh a l l be equ a l l y
spa ced a n d n ot l ess t h a n 16 feet mea s-
u r ed fr om t h e u pper su r fa ce of on e st ep
t o t h e u pper su r fa ce of t h e n ext st ep
a bove i t .
(i v) An gle of st ep. Th e su r fa ce of t h e
st ep sh a l l ma k e a ppr oxi ma t el y a r i gh t
a n gl e wi t h t h e u p a n d down r u n of
t h e bel t , a n d sh a l l t r a vel i n t h e a ppr ox-
i ma t e h or i zon t a l posi t i on wi t h t h e
u p a n d down r u n of t h e bel t .
(v) Su rf aces. Th e u pper or wor k i n g
su r fa ces of t h e st ep sh a l l be of a ma t e-
r i a l h a vi n g i n h er en t n on sl i p ch a r a ct er -
i st i cs (coeffi ci en t of fr i ct i on n ot l ess
t h a n 0. 5) or sh a l l be cover ed compl et el y
by a n on sl i p t r ea d secu r el y fa st en ed t o
i t .
(vi ) St ren gt h of st ep su pport s. Wh en
su bj ect ed t o a l oa d of 400 pou n ds a p-
pl i ed a t t h e a ppr oxi ma t e cen t er of t h e
st ep, st ep fr a mes, or su ppor t s a n d t h ei r
gu i des sh a l l be of a dequ a t e st r en gt h t o:
(a) P r even t t h e di sen ga gemen t of a n y
st ep r ol l er .
(b) P r even t a n y a ppr eci a bl e
mi sa l i n emen t .
(c) P r even t a n y vi si bl e defor ma t i on
of t h e st eps or i t s su ppor t .
(vi i ) Proh ibit ion of st eps wit h ou t
h an dh olds. No st eps sh a l l be pr ovi ded
u n l ess t h er e i s a cor r espon di n g h a n d-
h ol d a bove or bel ow i t meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(4) of t h i s
sect i on . I f a st ep i s r emoved for r epa i r s
or per ma n en t l y , t h e h a n dh ol ds i mme-
di a t el y a bove a n d bel ow i t sh a l l be r e-
moved befor e t h e l i ft i s a ga i n pl a ced i n
ser vi ce.
(4) Han dh olds(i ) L ocat ion .
Ha n dh ol ds a t t a ch ed t o t h e bel t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a n d i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h ey a r e
n ot l ess t h a n 4 feet n or mor e t h a n 4
feet 8 i n ch es a bove t h e st ep t r ea d.
Th ese sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o be a va i l -
a bl e on t h e bot h u p a n d down r u n
of t h e bel t .
(i i ) Size. Th e gr a b su r fa ce of t h e
h a n dh ol d sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 4
1
2
i n ch es i n wi dt h , n ot l ess t h a n 3 i n ch es
i n dept h , a n d sh a l l pr ovi de 2 i n ch es of
cl ea r a n ce fr om t h e bel t . F a st en i n gs for
h a n dh ol ds sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess
t h a n 1 i n ch fr om t h e edge of t h e bel t .
(i i i ) St ren gt h . Th e h a n dh ol d sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g, wi t h ou t da m-
a ge, a l oa d of 300 pou n ds a ppl i ed pa r -
a l l el t o t h e r u n of t h e bel t .
(i v) Proh ibit ion of h an dh old wit h ou t
st eps. No h a n dh ol d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h ou t a cor r espon di n g st ep. I f a
h a n dh ol d i s r emoved per ma n en t l y or
t empor a r i l y , t h e cor r espon di n g st ep
a n d h a n dh ol d for t h e opposi t e di r ect i on
of t r a vel sh a l l a l so be r emoved befor e
t h e l i ft i s a ga i n pl a ced i n ser vi ce.
(v) T y pe. Al l h a n dh ol ds sh a l l be of t h e
cl osed t y pe.
(5) Up limit st ops(i ) Requ iremen t s.
Two sepa r a t e a u t oma t i c st op devi ces
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o cu t off t h e power
a n d a ppl y t h e br a k e wh en a l oa ded st ep
pa sses t h e u pper t er mi n a l l a n di n g. On e
of t h ese sh a l l con si st of a spl i t -r a i l
swi t ch mech a n i ca l l y oper a t ed by t h e
st ep r ol l er a n d l oca t ed n ot mor e t h a n 6
i n ch es a bove t h e t op t er mi n a l l a n di n g.
Th e secon d a u t oma t i c st op devi ce ma y
con si st of a n y of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) An y spl i t -r a i l swi t ch pl a ced 6
i n ch es a bove a n d on t h e si de opposi t e
t h e fi r st l i mi t swi t ch .
(b) An el ect r on i c devi ce.
(c) A swi t ch a ct u a t ed by a l ever , r od,
or pl a t e, t h e l a t t er t o be pl a ced on t h e
u p si de of t h e h ea d pu l l ey so a s t o
j u st cl ea r a pa ssi n g st ep.
(i i ) Man u al reset locat ion . Aft er t h e
ma n l i ft h a s been st opped by a st op de-
vi ce i t sh a l l be n ecessa r y t o r eset t h e
a u t oma t i c st op ma n u a l l y . Th e devi ce
sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t a per son r eset -
t i n g i t sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r vi ew of bot h
t h e u p a n d down r u n s of t h e
ma n l i ft . I t sh a l l n ot be possi bl e t o
r eset t h e devi ce fr om a n y st ep or pl a t -
for m.
(i i i ) Cu t -of f poin t . Th e i n i t i a l l i mi t
st op devi ce sh a l l fu n ct i on so t h a t t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
192
ma n l i ft wi l l be st opped befor e t h e l oa d-
ed st ep h a s r ea ch ed a poi n t 24 i n ch es
a bove t h e t op t er mi n a l l a n di n g.
(i v) Elect rical requ iremen t s. (a) Wh er e
su ch swi t ch es open t h e ma i n mot or ci r -
cu i t di r ect l y t h ey sh a l l be of t h e
mu l t i pol e t y pe.
(b) Wh er e el ect r on i c devi ces a r e u sed
t h ey sh a l l be so desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed
t h a t fa i l u r e wi l l r esu l t i n sh u t t i n g off
t h e power t o t h e dr i vi n g mot or .
(c) Wh er e fl a mma bl e va por s or com-
bu st i bl e du st s ma y be pr esen t , el ec-
t r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t
S of t h i s pa r t for su ch l oca t i on s.
(d) Un l ess of t h e oi l -i mmer sed t y pe
con t r ol l er con t a ct s ca r r y i n g t h e ma i n
mot or cu r r en t sh a l l be copper t o ca r -
bon or equ a l , except wh er e t h e ci r cu i t
i s br ok en a t t wo or mor e poi n t s si mu l -
t a n eou sl y .
(6) Emergen cy st op(i ) Gen eral. An
emer gen cy st op mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i i ) L ocat ion . Th i s st op mea n s sh a l l be
wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of t h e a scen di n g a n d
descen di n g r u n s of t h e bel t .
(i i i ) Operat ion . Th i s st op mea n s sh a l l
be so con n ect ed wi t h t h e con t r ol l ever
or oper a t i n g mech a n i sm t h a t i t wi l l
cu t off t h e power a n d a ppl y t h e br a k e
wh en pu l l ed i n t h e di r ect i on of t r a vel .
(i v) Rope. I f r ope i s u sed, i t sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n t h r ee-ei gh t s i n ch i n di -
a met er . Wi r e r ope, u n l ess ma r l i n -cov-
er ed, sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(7) I n st ru ct ion an d warn in g sign s(i )
I n st ru ct ion sign s at lan din gs or belt s.
S i gn s of con spi cu ou s a n d ea si l y r ea d
st y l e gi vi n g i n st r u ct i on s for t h e u se of
t h e ma n l i ft sh a l l be post ed a t ea ch
l a n di n g or st en ci l ed on t h e bel t .
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Th e i n st r u ct i on s sh a l l r ea d a p-
pr oxi ma t el y a s fol l ows:
F a ce t h e Bel t .
Use t h e Ha n dh ol ds.
To S t opP u l l Rope.
(i i ) T op f loor warn in g sign an d ligh t .
(a) At t h e t op fl oor a n i l l u mi n a t ed si gn
sh a l l be di spl a y ed bea r i n g t h e fol -
l owi n g wor di n g:
TOP F LOORGET OF F
S i gn s sh a l l be i n bl ock l et t er s n ot l ess
t h a n 2 i n ch es i n h ei gh t . Th i s si gn sh a l l
be l oca t ed wi t h i n ea sy vi ew of a n a s-
cen di n g pa ssen ger a n d n ot mor e t h a n 2
feet a bove t h e t op t er mi n a l l a n di n g.
(b) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e si gn r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (c)(7)(i i )(a) of t h i s sect i on , a
r ed wa r n i n g l i gh t of n ot l ess t h a n 40-
wa t t r a t i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded i mme-
di a t el y bel ow t h e u pper l a n di n g t er -
mi n a l a n d so l oca t ed a s t o sh i n e i n t h e
pa ssen ger s fa ce.
(i i i ) Visit or warn in g. A con spi cu ou s
si gn h a vi n g t h e fol l owi n g l egen dAU-
THORI ZED P ERS ONNEL ONLYsh a l l
be di spl a y ed a t ea ch l a n di n g.
(d) Operat in g ru les(1) Proper u se of
man lif t s. No fr ei gh t , pa ck a ged goods,
pi pe, l u mber , or con st r u ct i on ma t er i a l s
of a n y k i n d sh a l l be h a n dl ed on a n y
ma n l i ft .
(2) [Reser ved]
(e) Periodic in spect ion (1) Frequ en cy .
Al l ma n l i ft s sh a l l be i n spect ed by a
compet en t desi gn a t ed per son a t i n t er -
va l s of n ot mor e t h a n 30 da y s. Li mi t
swi t ch es sh a l l be ch eck ed week l y .
Ma n l i ft s fou n d t o be u n sa fe sh a l l n ot be
oper a t ed u n t i l pr oper l y r epa i r ed.
(2) I t ems covered. Th i s per i odi c i n spec-
t i on sh a l l cover bu t i s n ot l i mi t ed t o
t h e fol l owi n g i t ems:
S t eps.
S t ep F a st en i n gs.
Ra i l s.
Ra i l S u ppor t s a n d F a st en i n gs.
Rol l er s a n d S l i des.
Bel t a n d Bel t Ten si on .
Ha n dh ol ds a n d F a st en i n gs.
F l oor La n di n gs.
Gu a r dr a i l s.
Lu br i ca t i on .
Li mi t S wi t ch es.
Wa r n i n g S i gn s a n d Li gh t s.
I l l u mi n a t i on .
Dr i ve P u l l ey .
Bot t om (boot ) P u l l ey a n d Cl ea r a n ce.
P u l l ey S u ppor t s.
Mot or .
Dr i vi n g Mech a n i sm.
Br a k e.
El ect r i ca l S wi t ch es.
Vi br a t i on a n d Mi sa l i gn men t .
S k i p on u p or down r u n wh en mou n t i n g
st ep (i n di ca t i n g wor n gea r s).
(3) I n spect ion record. A cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d sh a l l be k ept of ea ch i n spect i on
wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of t h e i n spec-
t i on , t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per son wh o
per for med t h e i n spect i on a n d t h e ser i a l
n u mber , or ot h er i den t i fi er , of t h e
ma n l i ft wh i ch wa s i n spect ed. Th i s
r ecor d of i n spect i on sh a l l be ma de
a va i l a bl e t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
193
La bor or a du l y a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a -
t i ve.
F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 51 F R 34560, S ept . 29,
1986; 54 F R 24334, J u n e 7, 1989; 55 F R 32014,
Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R 9235, Ma r . 7, 1996]
Subpart GOccupational Health
and Environmental Control
U. S . C. 653, 655, 657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), 32000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002
(67 F R 50017) a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t
1911.
1910.94 Ventilation.
(a ) Abrasive blast in g(1) Def in it ion s
applicable t o t h is paragraph (i ) Abra-
sive. A sol i d su bst a n ce u sed i n a n a br a -
si ve bl a st i n g oper a t i on .
(i i ) Abrasive-blast in g respirat or. A r es-
pi r a t or con st r u ct ed so t h a t i t cover s
t h e wea r er s h ea d, n eck , a n d sh ou l der s
t o pr ot ect t h e wea r er fr om r ebou n di n g
a br a si ve.
(i i i ) Blast clean in g barrel. A compl et e
en cl osu r e wh i ch r ot a t es on a n a xi s, or
wh i ch h a s a n i n t er n a l movi n g t r ea d t o
t u mbl e t h e pa r t s, i n or der t o expose
va r i ou s su r fa ces of t h e pa r t s t o t h e a c-
t i on of a n a u t oma t i c bl a st spr a y .
(i v) Blast clean in g room. A compl et e
en cl osu r e i n wh i ch bl a st i n g oper a t i on s
a r e per for med a n d wh er e t h e oper a t or
wor k s i n si de of t h e r oom t o oper a t e t h e
bl a st i n g n ozzl e a n d di r ect t h e fl ow of
t h e a br a si ve ma t er i a l .
(v) Blast in g cabin et . An en cl osu r e
wh er e t h e oper a t or st a n ds ou t si de a n d
oper a t es t h e bl a st i n g n ozzl e t h r ou gh a n
open i n g or open i n gs i n t h e en cl osu r e.
(vi ) Clean air. Ai r of su ch pu r i t y t h a t
i t wi l l n ot ca u se h a r m or di scomfor t t o
a n i n di vi du a l i f i t i s i n h a l ed for ex-
t en ded per i ods of t i me.
(vi i ) Du st collect or. A devi ce or com-
bi n a t i on of devi ces for sepa r a t i n g du st
fr om t h e a i r h a n dl ed by a n exh a u st
ven t i l a t i on sy st em.
(vi i i ) Exh au st ven t ilat ion sy st em. A
sy st em for r emovi n g con t a mi n a t ed a i r
fr om a spa ce, compr i si n g t wo or mor e
of t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s (a) en cl osu r e
or h ood, (b) du ct wor k , (c) du st col -
l ect i n g equ i pmen t , (d) exh a u st er , a n d
(e) di sch a r ge st a ck .
(i x) Part icu lat e-f ilt er respirat or. An a i r
pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or , common l y r e-
fer r ed t o a s a du st or a fu me r espi r a t or ,
wh i ch r emoves most of t h e du st or
fu me fr om t h e a i r pa ssi n g t h r ou gh t h e
devi ce.
(x) Respirable du st . Ai r bor n e du st i n
si zes ca pa bl e of pa ssi n g t h r ou gh t h e
u pper r espi r a t or y sy st em t o r ea ch t h e
l ower l u n g pa ssa ges.
(xi ) Rot ary blast clean in g t able. An en -
cl osu r e wh er e t h e pi eces t o be cl ea n ed
a r e posi t i on ed on a r ot a t i n g t a bl e a n d
a r e pa ssed a u t oma t i ca l l y t h r ou gh a se-
r i es of bl a st spr a y s.
(xi i ) Abrasive blast in g. Th e for ci bl e
a ppl i ca t i on of a n a br a si ve t o a su r fa ce
by pn eu ma t i c pr essu r e, h y dr a u l i c pr es-
su r e, or cen t r i fu ga l for ce.
(2) Du st h azards f rom abrasive blast in g.
(i ) Abr a si ves a n d t h e su r fa ce coa t i n gs
on t h e ma t er i a l s bl a st ed a r e sh a t t er ed
a n d pu l ver i zed du r i n g bl a st i n g oper -
a t i on s a n d t h e du st for med wi l l con t a i n
pa r t i cl es of r espi r a bl e si ze. Th e com-
posi t i on a n d t oxi ci t y of t h e du st fr om
t h ese sou r ces sh a l l be con si der ed i n
ma k i n g a n eva l u a t i on of t h e pot en t i a l
h ea l t h h a za r ds.
(i i ) Th e con cen t r a t i on of r espi r a bl e
du st or fu me i n t h e br ea t h i n g zon e of
t h e a br a si ve-bl a st i n g oper a t or or a n y
ot h er wor k er sh a l l be k ept bel ow t h e
l evel s speci fi ed i n 1910. 1000.
(i i i ) Or ga n i c a br a si ves wh i ch a r e
combu st i bl e sh a l l be u sed on l y i n a u t o-
ma t i c sy st ems. Wh er e fl a mma bl e or ex-
pl osi ve du st mi xt u r es ma y be pr esen t ,
t h e con st r u ct i on of t h e equ i pmen t , i n -
cl u di n g t h e exh a u st sy st em a n d a l l
el ect r i c wi r i n g, sh a l l con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d I n st a l l a t i on of Bl ower a n d
Exh a u st S y st ems for Du st , S t ock , a n d
Va por Remova l or Con vey i n g, Z33. 1
1961 (NF P A 911961), wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6, a n d su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Th e
bl a st n ozzl e sh a l l be bon ded a n d
gr ou n ded t o pr even t t h e bu i l d u p of
st a t i c ch a r ges. Wh er e fl a mma bl e or ex-
pl osi ve du st mi xt u r es ma y be pr esen t ,
t h e a br a si ve bl a st i n g en cl osu r e, t h e
du ct s, a n d t h e du st col l ect or sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed wi t h l oose pa n el s or expl o-
si on ven t i n g a r ea s, l oca t ed on si des
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
194
a wa y fr om a n y occu pi ed a r ea , t o pr o-
vi de for pr essu r e r el i ef i n ca se of expl o-
si on , fol l owi n g t h e pr i n ci pl es set for t h
i n t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Asso-
ci a t i on Expl osi on Ven t i n g Gu i de,
NF P A 681954, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(3) Blast -clean in g en closu res. (i ) Bl a st -
cl ea n i n g en cl osu r es sh a l l be exh a u st
ven t i l a t ed i n su ch a wa y t h a t a con t i n -
u ou s i n wa r d fl ow of a i r wi l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed a t a l l open i n gs i n t h e en cl osu r e
du r i n g t h e bl a st i n g oper a t i on .
(a) Al l a i r i n l et s a n d a ccess open i n gs
sh a l l be ba ffl ed or so a r r a n ged t h a t by
t h e combi n a t i on of i n wa r d a i r fl ow a n d
ba ffl i n g t h e esca pe of a br a si ve or du st
pa r t i cu l es i n t o a n a dj a cen t wor k a r ea
wi l l be mi n i mi zed a n d vi si bl e spu r t s of
du st wi l l n ot be obser ved.
(b) Th e r a t e of exh a u st sh a l l be su ffi -
ci en t t o pr ovi de pr ompt cl ea r a n ce of
t h e du st -l a den a i r wi t h i n t h e en cl osu r e
a ft er t h e cessa t i on of bl a st i n g.
(c) Befor e t h e en cl osu r e i s open ed,
t h e bl a st sh a l l be t u r n ed off a n d t h e ex-
h a u st sy st em sh a l l be r u n for a su ffi -
ci en t per i od of t i me t o r emove t h e
du st y a i r wi t h i n t h e en cl osu r e.
(d) S a fet y gl a ss pr ot ect ed by scr een -
i n g sh a l l be u sed i n obser va t i on wi n -
dows, wh er e h a r d deep-cu t t i n g a br a -
si ves a r e u sed.
(e) S l i t a br a si ve-r esi st a n t ba ffl es
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n mu l t i pl e set s a t a l l
sma l l a ccess open i n gs wh er e du st
mi gh t esca pe, a n d sh a l l be i n spect ed
r egu l a r l y a n d r epl a ced wh en n eeded.
(1) Door s sh a l l be fl a n ged a n d t i gh t
wh en cl osed.
(2) Door s on bl a st -cl ea n i n g r ooms
sh a l l be oper a bl e fr om bot h i n si de a n d
ou t si de, except t h a t wh er e t h er e i s a
sma l l oper a t or a ccess door , t h e l a r ge
wor k a ccess door ma y be cl osed or
open ed fr om t h e ou t si de on l y .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(4) Exh au st ven t ilat ion sy st ems. (i ) Th e
con st r u ct i on , i n st a l l a t i on , i n spect i on ,
a n d ma i n t en a n ce of exh a u st sy st ems
sh a l l con for m t o t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d r e-
qu i r emen t s set for t h i n Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d F u n da men t a l s Gov-
Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems, Z9. 21960, a n d
ANS I Z33. 11961, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(a) Wh en du st l ea k s a r e n ot ed, r e-
pa i r s sh a l l be ma de a s soon a s possi bl e.
(b) Th e st a t i c pr essu r e dr op a t t h e ex-
h a u st du ct s l ea di n g fr om t h e equ i p-
men t sh a l l be ch eck ed wh en t h e i n st a l -
l a t i on i s compl et ed a n d per i odi ca l l y
t h er ea ft er t o a ssu r e con t i n u ed sa t i sfa c-
t or y oper a t i on . Wh en ever a n a ppr e-
ci a bl e ch a n ge i n t h e pr essu r e dr op i n di -
ca t es a pa r t i a l bl ock a ge, t h e sy st em
sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d r et u r n ed t o n or -
ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on .
(i i ) I n i n st a l l a t i on s wh er e t h e a br a -
si ve i s r eci r cu l a t ed, t h e exh a u st ven -
t i l a t i on sy st em for t h e bl a st i n g en cl o-
su r e sh a l l n ot be r el i ed u pon for t h e r e-
mova l of fi n es fr om t h e spen t a br a si ve
i n st ea d of a n a br a si ve sepa r a t or . An
a br a si ve sepa r a t or sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
t h e pu r pose.
(i i i ) Th e a i r exh a u st ed fr om bl a st -
cl ea n i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be di sch a r ged
t h r ou gh du st col l ect i n g equ i pmen t .
Du st col l ect or s sh a l l be set u p so t h a t
t h e a ccu mu l a t ed du st ca n be empt i ed
a n d r emoved wi t h ou t con t a mi n a t i n g
ot h er wor k i n g a r ea s.
(5) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . (i )
Empl oy er s mu st u se on l y r espi r a t or s
a ppr oved by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
(NI OS H) u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 t o pr o-
t ect empl oy ees fr om du st s pr odu ced
du r i n g a br a si ve-bl a st i n g oper a t i on s.
(i i ) Abr a si ve-bl a st i n g r espi r a t or s
sh a l l be wor n by a l l a br a si ve-bl a st i n g
oper a t or s:
(a) Wh en wor k i n g i n si de of bl a st -
cl ea n i n g r ooms, or
(b) Wh en u si n g si l i ca sa n d i n ma n u a l
bl a st i n g oper a t i on s wh er e t h e n ozzl e
a n d bl a st a r e n ot ph y si ca l l y sepa r a t ed
fr om t h e oper a t or i n a n exh a u st ven t i -
l a t ed en cl osu r e, or
(c) Wh er e con cen t r a t i on s of t oxi c
du st di sper sed by t h e a br a si ve bl a st i n g
ma y exceed t h e l i mi t s set i n 1910. 1000
a n d t h e n ozzl e a n d bl a st a r e n ot ph y s-
i ca l l y sepa r a t ed fr om t h e oper a t or i n
a n exh a u st -ven t i l a t ed en cl osu r e.
(i i i ) P r oper l y fi t t ed pa r t i cu l a t e-fi l t er
r espi r a t or s, common l y r efer r ed t o a s
du st -fi l t er r espi r a t or s, ma y be u sed for
sh or t , i n t er mi t t en t , or occa si on a l du st
exposu r es su ch a s cl ea n u p, du mpi n g of
du st col l ect or s, or u n l oa di n g sh i pmen t s
of sa n d a t a r ecei vi n g poi n t wh en i t i s
n ot fea si bl e t o con t r ol t h e du st by en -
cl osu r e, exh a u st ven t i l a t i on , or ot h er
mea n s. Th e r espi r a t or s u sed mu st be
a ppr oved by NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
195
84 for pr ot ect i on a ga i n st t h e speci fi c
t y pe of du st en cou n t er ed.
(a) Du st -fi l t er r espi r a t or s ma y be
u sed t o pr ot ect t h e oper a t or of ou t si de
a br a si ve-bl a st i n g oper a t i on s wh er e
n on si l i ca a br a si ves a r e u sed on ma t e-
r i a l s h a vi n g l ow t oxi ci t i es.
(b) Du st -fi l t er r espi r a t or s sh a l l n ot be
u sed for con t i n u ou s pr ot ect i on wh er e
si l i ca sa n d i s u sed a s t h e bl a st i n g a br a -
si ve, or t oxi c ma t er i a l s a r e bl a st ed.
(i v) F or empl oy ees wh o u se r es-
pi r a t or s r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on , t h e
empl oy er mu st i mpl emen t a r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h 29 CF R 1910. 134.
(v) Oper a t or s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
h ea vy ca n va s or l ea t h er gl oves a n d
a pr on s or equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on t o pr o-
t ect t h em fr om t h e i mpa ct of a br a -
si ves. S a fet y sh oes sh a l l be wor n t o
pr ot ect a ga i n st foot i n j u r y wh er e
h ea vy pi eces of wor k a r e h a n dl ed.
(a) S a fet y sh oes sh a l l con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d for Men s S a fet y -Toe F oot -
wea r , Z41. 11967, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(b) Equ i pmen t for pr ot ect i on of t h e
ey es a n d fa ce sh a l l be su ppl i ed t o t h e
oper a t or wh en t h e r espi r a t or desi gn
does n ot pr ovi de su ch pr ot ect i on a n d t o
a n y ot h er per son n el wor k i n g i n t h e vi -
ci n i t y of a br a si ve bl a st i n g oper a t i on s.
Th i s equ i pmen t sh a l l con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 133.
(6) Air su pply an d air compressors. Ai r
for a br a si ve-bl a st i n g r espi r a t or s mu st
be fr ee of h a r mfu l qu a n t i t i es of du st s,
mi st s, or n oxi ou s ga ses, a n d mu st meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s for su ppl i ed-a i r qu a l -
i t y a n d u se speci fi ed i n 29 CF R
1910. 134(i ).
(7) Operat ion al procedu res an d gen eral
saf et y . Du st sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed t o
a ccu mu l a t e on t h e fl oor or on l edges
ou t si de of a n a br a si ve-bl a st i n g en cl o-
su r e, a n d du st spi l l s sh a l l be cl ea n ed u p
pr ompt l y . Ai sl es a n d wa l k wa y s sh a l l be
k ept cl ea r of st eel sh ot or si mi l a r a br a -
si ve wh i ch ma y cr ea t e a sl i ppi n g h a z-
a r d.
(8) Scope. Th i s pa r a gr a ph (a ) a ppl i es
t o a l l oper a t i on s wh er e a n a br a si ve i s
for ci bl y a ppl i ed t o a su r fa ce by pn eu -
ma t i c or h y dr a u l i c pr essu r e, or by cen -
t r i fu ga l for ce. I t does n ot a ppl y t o
st ea m bl a st i n g, or st ea m cl ea n i n g, or
h y dr a u l i c cl ea n i n g met h ods wh er e
wor k i s don e wi t h ou t t h e a i d of a br a -
si ves.
(b) Grin din g, polish in g, an d bu f f in g op-
erat ion s(1) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is
paragraph (i ) Abrasive cu t t in g-of f
wh eels. Or ga n i c-bon ded wh eel s, t h e
t h i ck n ess of wh i ch i s n ot mor e t h a n
on e for t y -ei gh t h of t h ei r di a met er for
t h ose u p t o, a n d i n cl u di n g, 20 i n ch es i n
di a met er , a n d n ot mor e t h a n on e-si x-
t i et h of t h ei r di a met er for t h ose l a r ger
t h a n 20 i n ch es i n di a met er , u sed for a
mu l t i t u de of oper a t i on s va r i ou sl y
k n own a s cu t t i n g, cu t t i n g off,
gr oovi n g, sl ot t i n g, copi n g, a n d j oi n t -
i n g, a n d t h e l i k e. Th e wh eel s ma y be
sol i d con si st i n g of or ga n i c-bon ded
a br a si ve ma t er i a l t h r ou gh ou t , st eel
cen t er ed con si st i n g of a st eel di sc
wi t h a r i m of or ga n i c-bon ded ma t er i a l
mou l ded a r ou n d t h e per i ph er y , or of
t h e i n ser t ed t oot h t y pe con si st i n g of
a st eel di sc wi t h or ga n i c-bon ded a br a -
si ve t eet h or i n ser t s mech a n i ca l l y se-
cu r ed a r ou n d t h e per i ph er y .
(i i ) Belt s. Al l power -dr i ven , fl exi bl e,
coa t ed ba n ds u sed for gr i n di n g,
pol i sh i n g, or bu ffi n g pu r poses.
(i i i ) Bran ch pipe. Th e pa r t of a n ex-
h a u st sy st em pi pi n g t h a t i s con n ect ed
di r ect l y t o t h e h ood or en cl osu r e.
(i v) Cradle. A mova bl e fi xt u r e, u pon
wh i ch t h e pa r t t o be gr ou n d or pol i sh ed
i s pl a ced.
(v) Disc wh eels. Al l power -dr i ven r o-
t a t a bl e di scs fa ced wi t h a br a si ve ma t e-
r i a l s, a r t i fi ci a l or n a t u r a l , a n d u sed for
gr i n di n g or pol i sh i n g on t h e si de of t h e
a ssembl ed di sc.
(vi ) En t ry loss. Th e l oss i n st a t i c pr es-
su r e ca u sed by a i r fl owi n g i n t o a du ct
or h ood. I t i s u su a l l y expr essed i n
i n ch es of wa t er ga u ge.
(vi i ) Exh au st sy st em. A sy st em con -
si st i n g of br a n ch pi pes con n ect ed t o
h oods or en cl osu r es, on e or mor e h ea d-
er pi pes, a n exh a u st fa n , mea n s for sep-
a r a t i n g sol i d con t a mi n a n t s fr om t h e
a i r fl owi n g i n t h e sy st em, a n d a di s-
ch a r ge st a ck t o ou t si de.
(vi i i ) Grin din g wh eels. Al l power -dr i v-
en r ot a t a bl e gr i n di n g or a br a si ve
wh eel s, except di sc wh eel s a s defi n ed i n
t h i s st a n da r d, con si st i n g of a br a si ve
pa r t i cl es h el d t oget h er by a r t i fi ci a l or
n a t u r a l bon ds a n d u sed for per i ph er a l
gr i n di n g.
(i x) Header pipe (main pipe). A pi pe
i n t o wh i ch on e or mor e br a n ch pi pes
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
196
en t er a n d wh i ch con n ect s su ch br a n ch
pi pes t o t h e r ema i n der of t h e exh a u st
sy st em.
(x) Hoods an d en closu res. Th e pa r t i a l
or compl et e en cl osu r e a r ou n d t h e
wh eel or di sc t h r ou gh wh i ch a i r en t er s
a n exh a u st sy st em du r i n g oper a t i on .
(xi ) Horizon t al dou ble-spin dle disc
grin der. A gr i n di n g ma ch i n e ca r r y i n g
t wo power -dr i ven , r ot a t a bl e, coa xi a l ,
h or i zon t a l spi n dl es u pon t h e i n si de
en ds of wh i ch a r e mou n t ed a br a si ve
di sc wh eel s u sed for gr i n di n g t wo su r -
fa ces si mu l t a n eou sl y .
(xi i ) Horizon t al sin gle-spin dle disc
grin der. A gr i n di n g ma ch i n e ca r r y i n g
a n a br a si ve di sc wh eel u pon on e or
bot h en ds of a power -dr i ven , r ot a t a bl e
si n gl e h or i zon t a l spi n dl e.
(xi i i ) Polish in g an d bu f f in g wh eels. Al l
power -dr i ven r ot a t a bl e wh eel s com-
posed a l l or i n pa r t of t ext i l e fa br i cs,
wood, fel t , l ea t h er , pa per , a n d ma y be
coa t ed wi t h a br a si ves on t h e per i ph er y
of t h e wh eel for pu r poses of pol i sh i n g,
bu ffi n g, a n d l i gh t gr i n di n g.
(xi v) Port able grin der. An y power -dr i v-
en r ot a t a bl e gr i n di n g, pol i sh i n g, or
bu ffi n g wh eel mou n t ed i n su ch ma n n er
t h a t i t ma y be ma n u a l l y ma n i pu l a t ed.
(xv) Scrat ch bru sh wh eels. Al l power -
dr i ven r ot a t a bl e wh eel s ma de fr om
wi r e or br i st l es, a n d u sed for scr a t ch
cl ea n i n g a n d br u sh i n g pu r poses.
(xvi ) Swin g-f rame grin der. An y power -
dr i ven r ot a t a bl e gr i n di n g, pol i sh i n g, or
bu ffi n g wh eel mou n t ed i n su ch a ma n -
n er t h a t t h e wh eel wi t h i t s su ppor t i n g
fr a mewor k ca n be ma n i pu l a t ed over
st a t i on a r y obj ect s.
(xvi i ) Velocit y pressu re (vp). Th e k i -
n et i c pr essu r e i n t h e di r ect i on of fl ow
n ecessa r y t o ca u se a fl u i d a t r est t o
fl ow a t a gi ven vel oci t y . I t i s u su a l l y
expr essed i n i n ch es of wa t er ga u ge.
(xvi i i ) Vert ical spin dle disc grin der. A
gr i n di n g ma ch i n e h a vi n g a ver t i ca l , r o-
t a t a bl e power -dr i ven spi n dl e ca r r y i n g a
h or i zon t a l a br a si ve di sc wh eel .
(2) Applicat ion . Wh er ever dr y gr i n d-
i n g, dr y pol i sh i n g or bu ffi n g i s per -
for med, a n d empl oy ee exposu r e, wi t h -
ou t r ega r d t o t h e u se of r espi r a t or s, ex-
ceeds t h e per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s
pr escr i bed i n 1910. 1000 or ot h er sec-
t i on s of t h i s pa r t , a l oca l exh a u st ven -
t i l a t i on sy st em sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
u sed t o ma i n t a i n empl oy ee exposu r es
wi t h i n t h e pr escr i bed l i mi t s.
(3) Hood an d bran ch pipe requ iremen t s.
(i ) Hoods con n ect ed t o exh a u st sy st ems
sh a l l be u sed, a n d su ch h oods sh a l l be
desi gn ed, l oca t ed, a n d pl a ced so t h a t
t h e du st or di r t pa r t i cl es sh a l l fa l l or
be pr oj ect ed i n t o t h e h oods i n t h e di -
r ect i on of t h e a i r fl ow. No wh eel s,
di scs, st r a ps, or bel t s sh a l l be oper a t ed
i n su ch ma n n er a n d i n su ch di r ect i on
a s t o ca u se t h e du st a n d di r t pa r t i cl es
t o be t h r own i n t o t h e oper a t or s
br ea t h i n g zon e.
(i i ) Gr i n di n g wh eel s on fl oor st a n ds,
pedest a l s, ben ch es, a n d speci a l -pu r pose
gr i n di n g ma ch i n es a n d a br a si ve cu t -
t i n g-off wh eel s sh a l l h a ve n ot l ess t h a n
t h e mi n i mu m exh a u st vol u mes sh own
i n Ta bl e G4 wi t h a r ecommen ded mi n -
i mu m du ct vel oci t y of 4, 500 feet per
mi n u t e i n t h e br a n ch a n d 3, 500 feet per
mi n u t e i n t h e ma i n . Th e en t r y l osses
fr om a l l h oods except t h e ver t i ca l -spi n -
dl e di sc gr i n der h ood, sh a l l equ a l 0. 65
vel oci t y pr essu r e for a st r a i gh t t a k eoff
a n d 0. 45 vel oci t y pr essu r e for a t a per ed
t a k eoff. Th e en t r y l oss for t h e ver t i ca l -
spi n dl e di sc gr i n der h ood i s sh own i n
fi gu r e G1 (fol l owi n g 1910. 94(b)).
TABLE G4GRINDING AND ABRASIVE CUTTING-
OFF WHEELS
Wheel diameter (inches)
Wheel
width
(inches)
Minimum
exhaust
volume
(feet
3
/min.)
To 9 ............................................... 1
1
2 220
Over 9 to 16 .................................. 2 390
Over 16 to 19 ................................ 3 500
Over 19 to 24 ................................ 4 610
Over 24 to 30 ................................ 5 880
Over 30 to 36 ................................ 6 1,200
F or a n y wh eel wi der t h a n wh eel di a me-
t er s sh own i n Ta bl e G4, i n cr ea se t h e
exh a u st vol u me by t h e r a t i o of t h e n ew
wi dt h t o t h e wi dt h sh own .
Example: I f wh eel wi dt h =4
1
2 i n ch es, t h en
4. 54610 = 686 (r ou n ded t o 690).
(i i i ) S cr a t ch -br u sh wh eel s a n d a l l
bu ffi n g a n d pol i sh i n g wh eel s mou n t ed
on fl oor st a n ds, pedest a l s, ben ch es, or
speci a l -pu r pose ma ch i n es sh a l l h a ve
n ot l ess t h a n t h e mi n i mu m exh a u st
vol u me sh own i n Ta bl e G5.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
197
TABLE G5BUFFING AND POLISHING WHEELS
Wheel diameter (inches)
Wheel
width
(inches)
Minimum
exhaust
volume
(feet
3
/min.)
To 9 ............................................... 2 300
Over 9 to 16 .................................. 3 500
Over 16 to 19 ................................ 4 610
Over 19 to 24 ................................ 5 740
Over 24 to 30 ................................ 6 1,040
Over 30 to 36 ................................ 6 1,200
(i v) Gr i n di n g wh eel s or di scs for h or i -
zon t a l si n gl e-spi n dl e di sc gr i n der s sh a l l
be h ooded t o col l ect t h e du st or di r t
gen er a t ed by t h e gr i n di n g oper a t i on
a n d t h e h oods sh a l l be con n ect ed t o
br a n ch pi pes h a vi n g exh a u st vol u mes
a s sh own i n Ta bl e G6.
TABLE G6HORIZONTAL SINGLE-SPINDLE DISC
GRINDER
Disc diameter (inches)
Exhaust
volume
(ft.
3
/min.)
Up to 12 ............................................................... 220
Over 12 to 19 ...................................................... 390
Over 19 to 30 ...................................................... 610
Over 30 to 36 ...................................................... 880
(v) Gr i n di n g wh eel s or di scs for h or i -
zon t a l dou bl e-spi n dl e di sc gr i n der s
sh a l l h a ve a h ood en cl osi n g t h e gr i n d-
i n g ch a mber a n d t h e h ood sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o on e or mor e br a n ch pi pes
h a vi n g exh a u st vol u mes a s sh own i n
Ta bl e G7.
TABLE G7HORIZONTAL DOUBLE-SPINDLE
DISC GRINDER
Exhaust
volume
(ft.
3
/min.)
Up to 19 ............................................................... 610
Over 19 to 25 ...................................................... 880
Over 25 to 30 ...................................................... 1,200
Over 30 to 53 ...................................................... 1,770
Over 53 to 72 ...................................................... 6,280
(vi ) Gr i n di n g wh eel s or di scs for
ver t i ca l si n gl e-spi n dl e di sc gr i n der s
sh a l l be en ci r cl ed wi t h h oods t o r emove
t h e du st gen er a t ed i n t h e oper a t i on .
Th e h oods sh a l l be con n ect ed t o on e or
mor e br a n ch pi pes h a vi n g exh a u st vol -
u mes a s sh own i n Ta bl e G8.
TABLE G8VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
One-half or more
of disc covered
Disc not cov-
ered
Num-
ber
1

Ex-
haust
foot
3
/
min.)
Num-
ber
1

Ex-
haust
foot
3
/
min.
Up to 20 ..................... 1 500 2 780
Over 20 to 30 ............ 2 780 2 1,480
Over 30 to 53 ............ 2 1,770 4 3,530
Over 53 to 72 ............ 2 3,140 5 6,010
1
Number of exhaust outlets around periphery of hood, or
equal distribution provided by other means.
(vi i ) Gr i n di n g a n d pol i sh i n g bel t s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h h oods t o r emove
du st a n d di r t gen er a t ed i n t h e oper -
a t i on s a n d t h e h oods sh a l l be con n ect ed
t o br a n ch pi pes h a vi n g exh a u st vol -
u mes a s sh own i n Ta bl e G9.
TABLE G9GRINDING AND POLISHING BELTS
Belts width (inches)
Exhaust
volume
(ft.
3
/min.)
Up to 3 ................................................................. 220
Over 3 to 5 .......................................................... 300
Over 5 to 7 .......................................................... 390
Over 7 to 9 .......................................................... 500
Over 9 to 11 ........................................................ 610
Over 11 to 13 ...................................................... 740
(vi i i ) Cr a dl es a n d swi n g-fr a me gr i n d-
er s. Wh er e cr a dl es a r e u sed for h a n -
dl i n g t h e pa r t s t o be gr ou n d, pol i sh ed,
or bu ffed, r equ i r i n g l a r ge pa r t i a l en cl o-
su r es t o h ou se t h e compl et e oper a t i on ,
a mi n i mu m a ver a ge a i r vel oci t y of 150
feet per mi n u t e sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
over t h e en t i r e open i n g of t h e en cl o-
su r e. S wi n g-fr a me gr i n der s sh a l l a l so
be exh a u st ed i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s
pr ovi ded for cr a dl es. (S ee fi g. G3)
(i x) Wh er e t h e wor k i s ou t si de t h e
h ood, a i r vol u mes mu st be i n cr ea sed a s
sh own i n Amer i ca n S t a n da r d F u n -
da men t a l s Gover n i n g t h e Desi gn a n d
Oper a t i on of Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems,
Z9. 21960 (sect i on 4, exh a u st h oods).
(4) Exh au st sy st ems. (i ) Exh a u st sy s-
t ems for gr i n di n g, pol i sh i n g, a n d bu ff-
i n g oper a t i on s sh ou l d be desi gn ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n S t a n da r d
F u n da men t a l s Gover n i n g t h e Desi gn
a n d Oper a t i on of Loca l Exh a u st S y s-
t ems, Z9. 21960.
(i i ) Exh a u st sy st ems for gr i n di n g,
pol i sh i n g, a n d bu ffi n g oper a t i on s sh a l l
be t est ed i n t h e ma n n er descr i bed i n
Amer i ca n S t a n da r d F u n da men t a l s
Gover n i n g t h e Desi gn a n d Oper a t i on of
Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems, Z9. 21960.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
198
(i i i ) Al l exh a u st sy st ems sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h su i t a bl e du st col l ect or s.
(5) Hood an d en closu re design . (i )(a) I t
i s t h e du a l fu n ct i on of gr i n di n g a n d a b-
r a si ve cu t t i n g-off wh eel h oods t o pr o-
t ect t h e oper a t or fr om t h e h a za r ds of
bu r st i n g wh eel s a s wel l a s t o pr ovi de a
mea n s for t h e r emova l of du st a n d di r t
gen er a t ed. Al l h oods sh a l l be n ot l ess
i n st r u ct u r a l st r en gt h t h a n speci fi ed i n
t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fe-
t y Code for t h e Use, Ca r e, a n d P r ot ec-
t i on of Abr a si ve Wh eel s, B7. 11970,
wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(b) Du e t o t h e va r i et y of wor k a n d
t y pes of gr i n di n g ma ch i n es empl oy ed,
i t i s n ecessa r y t o devel op h oods a da pt -
a bl e t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r ma ch i n e i n qu es-
t i on , a n d su ch h oods sh a l l be l oca t ed a s
cl ose a s possi bl e t o t h e oper a t i on .
(i i ) Exh a u st h oods for fl oor st a n ds,
pedest a l s, a n d ben ch gr i n der s sh a l l be
desi gn ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h fi gu r e G2.
Th e a dj u st a bl e t on gu e sh own i n t h e fi g-
u r e sh a l l be k ept i n wor k i n g or der a n d
sh a l l be a dj u st ed wi t h i n on e-fou r t h
i n ch of t h e wh eel per i ph er y a t a l l
t i mes.
(i i i ) S wi n g-fr a me gr i n der s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h exh a u st boot h s a s i n di -
ca t ed i n fi gu r e G3.
(i v) P or t a bl e gr i n di n g oper a t i on s,
wh en ever t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k per -
mi t s, sh a l l be con du ct ed wi t h i n a pa r -
t i a l en cl osu r e. Th e open i n g i n t h e en -
cl osu r e sh a l l be n o l a r ger t h a n i s a ct u -
a l l y r equ i r ed i n t h e oper a t i on a n d a n
a ver a ge fa ce a i r vel oci t y of n ot l ess
t h a n 200 feet per mi n u t e sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed.
(v) Hoods for pol i sh i n g a n d bu ffi n g
a n d scr a t ch -br u sh wh eel s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed t o con for m a s cl osel y t o fi gu r e
G4 a s t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k wi l l per -
mi t .
(vi ) Cr a dl e gr i n di n g a n d pol i sh i n g op-
er a t i on s sh a l l be per for med wi t h i n a
pa r t i a l en cl osu r e si mi l a r t o fi gu r e G5.
Th e oper a t or sh a l l be posi t i on ed ou t -
si de t h e wor k i n g fa ce of t h e open i n g of
t h e en cl osu r e. Th e fa ce open i n g of t h e
en cl osu r e sh ou l d n ot be a n y gr ea t er i n
a r ea t h a n t h a t a ct u a l l y r equ i r ed for
t h e per for ma n ce of t h e oper a t i on a n d
t h e a ver a ge a i r vel oci t y i n t o t h e wor k -
i n g fa ce of t h e en cl osu r e sh a l l n ot be
l ess t h a n 150 feet per mi n u t e.
(vi i ) Hoods for h or i zon t a l si n gl e-spi n -
dl e di sc gr i n der s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
t o con for m a s cl osel y a s possi bl e t o t h e
h ood sh own i n fi gu r e G6. I t i s essen -
t i a l t h a t t h er e be a spa ce bet ween t h e
ba ck of t h e wh eel a n d t h e h ood, a n d a
spa ce a r ou n d t h e per i ph er y of t h e
wh eel of a t l ea st 1 i n ch i n or der t o per -
mi t t h e su ct i on t o a ct a r ou n d t h e
wh eel per i ph er y . Th e open i n g on t h e
si de of t h e di sc sh a l l be n o l a r ger t h a n
i s r equ i r ed for t h e gr i n di n g oper a t i on ,
bu t mu st n ever be l ess t h a n t wi ce t h e
a r ea of t h e br a n ch ou t l et .
(vi i i ) Hor i zon t a l dou bl e-spi n dl e di sc
gr i n der s sh a l l h a ve a h ood en ci r cl i n g
t h e wh eel s a n d gr i n di n g ch a mber si mi -
l a r t o t h a t i l l u st r a t ed i n fi gu r e G7.
Th e open i n gs for pa ssi n g t h e wor k i n t o
t h e gr i n di n g ch a mber sh ou l d be k ept a s
sma l l a s possi bl e, bu t mu st n ever be
l ess t h a n t wi ce t h e a r ea of t h e br a n ch
ou t l et s.
(i x) Ver t i ca l -spi n dl e di sc gr i n der s
sh a l l be en ci r cl ed wi t h a h ood so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e h ea vy du st i s dr a wn
off a su r fa ce of t h e di sc a n d t h e l i gh t er
du st exh a u st ed t h r ou gh a con t i n u ou s
sl ot a t t h e t op of t h e h ood a s sh own i n
fi gu r e G1.
(x) Gr i n di n g a n d pol i sh i n g bel t h oods
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a s cl ose t o t h e op-
er a t i on a s possi bl e. Th e h ood sh ou l d
ext en d a l most t o t h e bel t , a n d 1-i n ch
wi de open i n gs sh ou l d be pr ovi ded on ei -
t h er si de. F i gu r e G8 sh ows a t y pi ca l
h ood for a bel t oper a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
199
Dia D. inches Exhaust E Volume
Exhausted
at 4,500 ft/
min ft
3
/min
Note
Min. Max.
No
Pipes
Dia.
........................................................ 20 1 4
1
4 500 When one-half or more of the disc can be hood-
ed, use exhaust ducts as shown at the left.
Over 20 ......................................... 30 2 4 780
Over 30 ......................................... 72 2 6 1,770
Over 53 ......................................... 72 2 8 3,140
........................................................ 20 2 4 780 When no hood can be used over disc, use ex-
haust ducts as shown at left.
Over 20 ......................................... 20 2 4 780
Over 30 ......................................... 30 2 5
1
2 1,480
Over 53 ......................................... 53 4 6 3,530
72 5 7 6,010
Entry loss=1.0 slot velocity pressure + 0.5 branch velocity pressure.
Minimum slot velocity=2,000 ft/min
1
2-inch slot width.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
200
Wheel dimension, inches
Exhaust
outlet,
inches E
Volume of
air at
4,500 ft/
min
Diameter
Width, Max
Min=d Max=D
9 1
1
2 3 220
Over 9 ........................................................................................................... 16 2 4 390
Over 16 ......................................................................................................... 19 3 4
1
2 500
Over 19 ......................................................................................................... 24 4 5 610
Over 24 ......................................................................................................... 30 5 6 880
Over 30 ......................................................................................................... 36 6 7 1,200
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
201
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
202
Standard Buffing and Polishing Hood
Wheel dimension, inches
Exhaust
outlet,
inches E
Volume of
air at
4,500 ft/
min
Diameter
Width, Max
Min=d Max=D
9 2 3
1
2 300
Over 9 ........................................................................................................... 16 3 4 500
Over 16 ......................................................................................................... 19 4 5 610
Over 19 ......................................................................................................... 24 5 5
1
2 740
Over 24 ......................................................................................................... 30 6 6
1
2 1.040
Over 30 ......................................................................................................... 36 6 7 1.200
Entry loss = 0.15 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
8
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
203
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
1
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
204
Dia D, inches
Exhaust E,
dia. inches
Volume ex-
hausted at
4,500 ft/min
ft
3
/min
Min. Max.
12 3 220
Over 12 .............................................................................................................................. 19 4 390
Over 19 .............................................................................................................................. 30 5 610
Over 30 .............................................................................................................................. 36 6 880
NOTE: If grinding wheels are used for disc grinding purposes, hoods must conform to structural strength and materials as de-
scribed in 9.1.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
205
Disc dia. inches Exhaust E Volume
exhaust at
4,500 ft/
min. ft
3
/
min
Note
Min. Max. No Pipes Dia.
19 1 5 610
Over 19 .................................. 25 1 6 880 When width W permits, exhaust ducts
should be as near heaviest grinding as
possible.
Over 25 .................................. 30 1 7 1,200
Over 30 .................................. 53 2 6 1,770
Over 53 .................................. 72 4 8 6,280
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
1
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
206
Belt width W. Inches
Exhaust
volume.
ft.
1
/min
Up to 3 ................................................................. 220
3 to 5 ................................................................... 300
5 to 7 ................................................................... 390
7 to 9 ................................................................... 500
9 to 11 ................................................................. 610
11 to 13 ............................................................... 740
Minimum duct velocity = 4,500 ft/min branch, 3,500 ft/min
main.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65
velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
(6) Scope. Th i s pa r a gr a ph (b), pr e-
scr i bes t h e u se of exh a u st h ood en cl o-
su r es a n d sy st ems i n r emovi n g du st ,
di r t , fu mes, a n d ga ses gen er a t ed
t h r ou gh t h e gr i n di n g, pol i sh i n g, or
bu ffi n g of fer r ou s a n d n on fer r ou s met -
a l s.
(c) Spray f in ish in g operat ion s(1) Def i-
n it ion s applicable t o t h is paragraph (i )
Spray -f in ish in g operat ion s. S pr a y -fi n -
i sh i n g oper a t i on s a r e empl oy men t of
met h ods wh er ei n or ga n i c or i n or ga n i c
ma t er i a l s a r e u t i l i zed i n di sper sed for m
for deposi t on su r fa ces t o be coa t ed,
t r ea t ed, or cl ea n ed. S u ch met h ods of
deposi t ma y i n vol ve ei t h er a u t oma t i c,
ma n u a l , or el ect r ost a t i c deposi t i on bu t
do n ot i n cl u de met a l spr a y i n g or met -
a l l i zi n g, di ppi n g, fl ow coa t i n g, r ol l er
coa t i n g, t u mbl i n g, cen t r i fu gi n g, or
spr a y wa sh i n g a n d degr ea si n g a s con -
du ct ed i n sel f-con t a i n ed wa sh i n g a n d
degr ea si n g ma ch i n es or sy st ems.
(i i ) Spray boot h . S pr a y boot h s a r e de-
fi n ed a n d descr i bed i n 1910. 107(a ). (S ee
sect i on s 103, 104, a n d 105 of t h e S t a n d-
a r d for S pr a y F i n i sh i n g Usi n g F l a m-
ma bl e a n d Combu st i bl e Ma t er i a l s,
NF P A No. 331969, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6).
(i i i ) Spray room. A spr a y r oom i s a
r oom i n wh i ch spr a y -fi n i sh i n g oper -
a t i on s n ot con du ct ed i n a spr a y boot h
a r e per for med sepa r a t el y fr om ot h er
a r ea s.
(i v) Min imu m main t ain ed velocit y . Mi n -
i mu m ma i n t a i n ed vel oci t y i s t h e vel oc-
i t y of a i r movemen t wh i ch mu st be
ma i n t a i n ed i n or der t o meet mi n i mu m
speci fi ed r equ i r emen t s for h ea l t h a n d
sa fet y .
(2) L ocat ion an d applicat ion . S pr a y
boot h s or spr a y r ooms a r e t o be u sed t o
en cl ose or con fi n e a l l oper a t i on s.
S pr a y -fi n i sh i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a s pr ovi ded i n sect i on s 201
t h r ou gh 206 of t h e S t a n da r d for S pr a y
bu st i bl e Ma t er i a l s, NF P A No. 331969.
(3) Design an d con st ru ct ion of spray
boot h s. (i ) S pr a y boot h s sh a l l be de-
wi t h 1910. 107(b) (1) t h r ou gh (4) a n d (6)
t h r ou gh (10) (see sect i on s 301304 a n d
306310 of t h e S t a n da r d for S pr a y F i n -
i sh i n g Usi n g F l a mma bl e a n d Combu s-
t i bl e Ma t er i a l s, NF P A No. 331969), for
gen er a l con st r u ct i on speci fi ca t i on s.
F or a mor e det a i l ed di scu ssi on of fu n -
da men t a l s r el a t i n g t o t h i s su bj ect , see
ANS I Z9. 21960
(a) Li gh t s, mot or s, el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , a n d ot h er sou r ces of i gn i t i on
sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 107 (b)(10) a n d (c). (S ee sect i on 310
a n d ch a pt er 4 of t h e S t a n da r d for S pr a y
bu st i bl e Ma t er i a l s NF P A No. 331969. )
(b) I n n o ca se sh a l l combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l be u sed i n t h e con st r u ct i on of a
spr a y boot h a n d su ppl y or exh a u st du ct
con n ect ed t o i t .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
207
(i i ) Un obst r u ct ed wa l k wa y s sh a l l n ot
be l ess t h a n 6
1
2 feet h i gh a n d sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed cl ea r of obst r u ct i on fr om
a n y wor k l oca t i on i n t h e boot h t o a
boot h exi t or open boot h fr on t . I n
boot h s wh er e t h e open fr on t i s t h e on l y
exi t , su ch exi t s sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 3
feet wi de. I n boot h s h a vi n g mu l t i pl e
exi t s, su ch exi t s sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n
2 feet wi de, pr ovi ded t h a t t h e ma x-
i mu m di st a n ce fr om t h e wor k l oca t i on
t o t h e exi t i s 25 feet or l ess. Wh er e
boot h exi t s a r e pr ovi ded wi t h door s,
su ch door s sh a l l open ou t wa r d fr om t h e
boot h .
(i i i ) Ba ffl es, di st r i bu t i on pl a t es, a n d
dr y -t y pe over spr a y col l ect or s sh a l l
con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 107(b) (4) a n d (5). (S ee sect i on s 304
a n d 305 of t h e S t a n da r d for S pr a y F i n -
i sh i n g Usi n g F l a mma bl e a n d Combu s-
t i bl e Ma t er i a l s, NF P A No. 331969. )
(a) Over spr a y fi l t er s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 107(b)(5),
(see sect i on 305 of t h e S t a n da r d for
S pr a y F i n i sh i n g Usi n g F l a mma bl e a n d
Combu st i bl e Ma t er i a l s, NF P A No. 33
1969), a n d sh a l l on l y be i n a l oca t i on
ea si l y a ccessi bl e for i n spect i on , cl ea n -
i n g, or r epl a cemen t .
(b) Wh er e effect i ve mea n s, i n de-
pen den t of t h e over spr a y fi l t er s, a r e i n -
st a l l ed wh i ch wi l l r esu l t i n desi gn a i r
di st r i bu t i on a cr oss t h e boot h cr oss sec-
t i on , i t i s per mi ssi bl e t o oper a t e t h e
boot h wi t h ou t t h e fi l t er s i n pl a ce.
(i v) (a) F or wet or wa t er -wa sh spr a y
boot h s, t h e wa t er -ch a mber en cl osu r e,
wi t h i n wh i ch i n t i ma t e con t a ct of con -
t a mi n a t ed a i r a n d cl ea n i n g wa t er or
ot h er cl ea n i n g medi u m i s ma i n t a i n ed,
i f ma de of st eel , sh a l l be 18 ga ge or
h ea vi er a n d a dequ a t el y pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st cor r osi on .
(b) Ch a mber s ma y i n cl u de scr u bber
spr a y n ozzl es, h ea der s, t r ou gh s, or
ot h er devi ces. Ch a mber s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a dequ a t e mea n s for cr ea t i n g
a n d ma i n t a i n i n g scr u bbi n g a ct i on for
r emova l of pa r t i cu l a t e ma t t er fr om t h e
exh a u st a i r st r ea m.
(v) Col l ect i n g t a n k s sh a l l be of wel d-
ed st eel con st r u ct i on or ot h er su i t a bl e
n on -combu st i bl e ma t er i a l . I f pi t s a r e
u sed a s col l ect i n g t a n k s, t h ey sh a l l be
con cr et e, ma son r y , or ot h er ma t er i a l
h a vi n g si mi l a r pr oper t i es.
(a) Ta n k s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
wei r s, sk i mmer pl a t es, or scr een s t o
pr even t sl u dge a n d fl oa t i n g pa i n t fr om
en t er i n g t h e pu mp su ct i on box. Mea n s
for a u t oma t i ca l l y ma i n t a i n i n g t h e
pr oper wa t er l evel sh a l l a l so be pr o-
vi ded. F r esh wa t er i n l et s sh a l l n ot be
su bmer ged. Th ey sh a l l t er mi n a t e a t
l ea st on e pi pe di a met er a bove t h e sa fe-
t y over fl ow l evel of t h e t a n k .
(b) Ta n k s sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed a s
t o di scou r a ge a ccu mu l a t i on of h a z-
a r dou s deposi t s.
(vi ) P u mp ma n i fol ds, r i ser s, a n d
h ea der s sh a l l be a dequ a t el y si zed t o i n -
su r e su ffi ci en t wa t er fl ow t o pr ovi de ef-
fi ci en t oper a t i on of t h e wa t er ch a mber .
(4) Design an d con st ru ct ion of spray
rooms. (i ) S pr a y r ooms, i n cl u di n g
fl oor s, sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of ma son r y ,
con cr et e, or ot h er n on combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l .
(i i ) S pr a y r ooms sh a l l h a ve n on -
combu st i bl e fi r e door s a n d sh u t t er s.
(i i i ) S pr a y r ooms sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
ven t i l a t ed so t h a t t h e a t mosph er e i n
t h e br ea t h i n g zon e of t h e oper a t or
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(6)(i i )
(i v) S pr a y r ooms u sed for pr odu ct i on
spr a y -fi n i sh i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s for spr a y
boot h s.
(5) Ven t ilat ion . (i ) Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pr ovi si on s
of 1910. 107(d) (see ch a pt er 5 of t h e
S t a n da r d for S pr a y F i n i sh i n g Usi n g
F l a mma bl e or Combu st i bl e Ma t er i a l s,
NF P A No. 331969), a n d i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Wh er e a fa n pl en u m i s u sed t o
equ a l i ze or con t r ol t h e di st r i bu t i on of
exh a u st a i r movemen t t h r ou gh t h e
boot h , i t sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t st r en gt h
or r i gi di t y t o wi t h st a n d t h e di ffer en t i a l
a i r pr essu r e or ot h er su per fi ci a l l y i m-
posed l oa ds for wh i ch t h e equ i pmen t i s
desi gn ed a n d a l so t o fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n -
i n g. Con st r u ct i on speci fi ca t i on s sh a l l
be a t l ea st equ i va l en t t o t h ose of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(5)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) [Reser ved]
(i i ) I n l et or su ppl y du ct wor k u sed t o
t r a n spor t ma k eu p a i r t o spr a y boot h s
or su r r ou n di n g a r ea s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed of n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(a) I f n ega t i ve pr essu r e exi st s wi t h i n
i n l et du ct wor k , a l l sea ms a n d j oi n t s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
208
sh a l l be sea l ed i f t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y
of i n fi l t r a t i on of h a r mfu l qu a n t i t i es of
n oxi ou s ga ses, fu mes, or mi st s fr om
a r ea s t h r ou gh wh i ch du ct wor k pa sses.
(b) I n l et du ct wor k sh a l l be si zed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h vol u me fl ow r equ i r e-
men t s a n d pr ovi de desi gn a i r r equ i r e-
men t s a t t h e spr a y boot h .
(c) I n l et du ct wor k sh a l l be a de-
qu a t el y su ppor t ed t h r ou gh ou t i t s
l en gt h t o su st a i n a t l ea st i t s own
wei gh t pl u s a n y n ega t i ve pr essu r e
wh i ch i s exer t ed u pon i t u n der n or ma l
oper a t i n g con di t i on s.
(i i i )(a) Exh a u st du ct wor k sh a l l be
a dequ a t el y su ppor t ed t h r ou gh ou t i t s
l en gt h t o su st a i n i t s wei gh t pl u s a n y
n or ma l a ccu mu l a t i on i n i n t er i or du r -
i n g n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s a n d
a n y n ega t i ve pr essu r e exer t ed u pon i t .
(b) Exh a u st du ct wor k sh a l l be si zed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h good desi gn pr a c-
t i ce wh i ch sh a l l i n cl u de con si der a t i on
of fa n ca pa ci t y , l en gt h of du ct , n u mber
of t u r n s a n d el bows, va r i a t i on i n si ze,
vol u me, a n d ch a r a ct er of ma t er i a l s
bei n g exh a u st ed. S ee Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d Z9. 21960 for fu r t h er
det a i l s a n d expl a n a t i on con cer n i n g el e-
men t s of desi gn .
(c) Lon gi t u di n a l j oi n t s i n sh eet st eel
du ct wor k sh a l l be ei t h er l ock -sea med,
r i vet ed, or wel ded. F or ot h er t h a n st eel
con st r u ct i on , equ i va l en t secu r i n g of
j oi n t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(d) Ci r cu mfer en t i a l j oi n t s i n du ct -
wor k sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l l y fa st en ed
t oget h er a n d l a pped i n t h e di r ect i on of
a i r fl ow. At l ea st ever y fou r t h j oi n t
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h con n ect i n g
fl a n ges, bol t ed t oget h er , or of equ i va -
l en t fa st en i n g secu r i t y .
(e) I n spect i on or cl ea n -ou t door s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for ever y 9 t o 12 feet of r u n -
n i n g l en gt h for du ct s u p t o 12 i n ch es i n
di a met er , bu t t h e di st a n ce bet ween
cl ea n ou t door s ma y be gr ea t er for l a r g-
er pi pes. (S ee 8. 3. 21 of Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d Z9. 11951, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6. ) A cl ea n -ou t door or door s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for ser vi ci n g t h e fa n , a n d
wh er e n ecessa r y , a dr a i n sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(f ) Wh er e du ct wor k pa sses t h r ou gh a
combu st i bl e r oof or wa l l , t h e r oof or
wa l l sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a t t h e poi n t of
pen et r a t i on by open spa ce or fi r e-r esi s-
t i ve ma t er i a l bet ween t h e du ct a n d t h e
r oof or wa l l . Wh en du ct s pa ss t h r ou gh
fi r ewa l l s, t h ey sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
a u t oma t i c fi r e da mper s on bot h si des of
t h e wa l l , except t h a t t h r ee-ei gh t h -i n ch
st eel pl a t es ma y be u sed i n l i eu of
a u t oma t i c fi r e da mper s for du ct s n ot
exceedi n g 18 i n ch es i n di a met er .
(g) Du ct wor k u sed for ven t i l a t i n g a n y
pr ocess cover ed i n t h i s st a n da r d sh a l l
n ot be con n ect ed t o du ct s ven t i l a t i n g
a n y ot h er pr ocess or a n y ch i mn ey or
fl u e u sed for con vey i n g a n y pr odu ct s of
combu st i on .
(6) Velocit y an d air f low requ iremen t s.
(i ) Except wh er e a spr a y boot h h a s a n
a dequ a t e a i r r epl a cemen t sy st em, t h e
vel oci t y of a i r i n t o a l l open i n gs of a
spr a y boot h sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n t h a t
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e G10 for t h e oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s speci fi ed. An a dequ a t e
a i r r epl a cemen t sy st em i s on e wh i ch
i n t r odu ces r epl a cemen t a i r u pst r ea m
or a bove t h e obj ect bei n g spr a y ed a n d
i s so desi gn ed t h a t t h e vel oci t y of a i r
i n t h e boot h cr oss sect i on i s n ot l ess
t h a n t h a t speci fi ed i n Ta bl e G10 wh en
mea su r ed u pst r ea m or a bove t h e obj ect
bei n g spr a y ed.
TABLE G10MINIMUM MAINTAINED VELOCITIES INTO SPRAY BOOTHS
Operating conditions for objects completely inside booth
Crossdraft,
f.p.m.
Airflow velocities, f.p.m.
Design Range
Electrostatic and automatic airless operation contained in booth
without operator.
Negligible .... 50 large booth ...................... 5075
100 small booth .................... 75125
Air-operated guns, manual or automatic ............................................ Up to 50 ...... 100 large booth .................... 75125
150 small booth .................... 125175
Air-operated guns, manual or automatic ............................................ Up to 100 .... 150 large booth .................... 125175
200 small booth .................... 150250
NOTES:
(1) Attention is invited to the fact that the effectiveness of the spray booth is dependent upon the relationship of the depth of
the booth to its height and width.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
209
(2) Crossdrafts can be eliminated through proper design and such design should be sought. Crossdrafts in excess of
100fpm (feet per minute) should not be permitted.
(3) Excessive air pressures result in loss of both efficiency and material waste in addition to creating a backlash that may
carry overspray and fumes into adjacent work areas.
(4) Booths should be designed with velocities shown in the column headed Design. However, booths operating with veloci-
ties shown in the column headed Range are in compliance with this standard.
(i i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(6)(i ) of t h i s sect i on t h e
t ot a l a i r vol u me exh a u st ed t h r ou gh a
spr a y boot h sh a l l be su ch a s t o di l u t e
sol ven t va por t o a t l ea st 25 per cen t of
t h e l ower expl osi ve l i mi t of t h e sol ven t
bei n g spr a y ed. An exa mpl e of t h e met h -
od of ca l cu l a t i n g t h i s vol u me i s gi ven
bel ow.
Example: To det er mi n e t h e l ower expl osi ve
l i mi t s of t h e most common sol ven t s u sed i n
spr a y fi n i sh i n g, see Ta bl e G11. Col u mn 1
gi ves t h e n u mber of cu bi c feet of va por per
ga l l on of sol ven t a n d col u mn 2 gi ves t h e
l ower expl osi ve l i mi t (LEL) i n per cen t a ge by
vol u me of a i r . Not e t h a t t h e qu a n t i t y of sol -
ven t wi l l be di mi n i sh ed by t h e qu a n t i t y of
sol i ds a n d n on fl a mma bl es con t a i n ed i n t h e
fi n i sh .
To det er mi n e t h e vol u me of a i r i n cu bi c
feet n ecessa r y t o di l u t e t h e va por fr om 1 ga l -
l on of sol ven t t o 25 per cen t of t h e l ower ex-
pl osi ve l i mi t , a ppl y t h e fol l owi n g for mu l a :
Di l u t i on vol u me r equ i r ed per ga l l on of sol -
ven t = 4 (100LEL) (cu bi c feet of va por per
ga l l on ) LEL
Usi n g t ol u en e a s t h e sol ven t .
(1) LEL of t ol u en e fr om Ta bl e G11, col u mn
2, i s 1. 4 per cen t .
(2) Cu bi c feet of va por per ga l l on fr om
Ta bl e G11, col u mn 1, i s 30. 4 cu bi c feet per
ga l l on .
(3) Di l u t i on vol u me r equ i r ed=
4 (1001. 4) 30. 4 1. 4 = 8, 564 cu bi c feet .
(4) To con ver t t o cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of
r equ i r ed ven t i l a t i on , mu l t i pl y t h e di l u t i on
vol u me r equ i r ed per ga l l on of sol ven t by t h e
n u mber of ga l l on s of sol ven t eva por a t ed per
mi n u t e.
TABLE G11LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT OF
SOME COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
Solvent
Cubic feet
per gallon
of vapor of
liquid at 70
F.
Lower ex-
plosive
limit in per-
cent by
volume of
air at 70 F
Column 1 Column 2
Acetone ......................................... 44.0 2.6
Amyl Acetate (iso) ......................... 21.6
1
1.0
Amyl Alcohol (n) ............................ 29.6 1.2
Amyl Alcohol (iso) ......................... 29.6 1.2
Benzene ........................................ 36.8
1
1.4
Butyl Acetate (n) ............................ 24.8 1.7
Butyl Alcohol (n) ............................ 35.2 1.4
TABLE G11LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT OF
SOME COMMONLY USED SOLVENTSContinued
Solvent
Cubic feet
per gallon
of vapor of
liquid at 70
F.
Lower ex-
plosive
limit in per-
cent by
volume of
air at 70 F
Butyl Cellosolve ............................. 24.8 1.1
Cellosolve ...................................... 33.6 1.8
Cellosolve Acetate ......................... 23.2 1.7
Cyclohexanone .............................. 31.2
1
1.1
1,1 Dichloroethylene ...................... 42.4 5.9
1,2 Dichloroethylene ...................... 42.4 9.7
Ethyl Acetate ................................. 32.8 2.5
Ethyl Alcohol .................................. 55.2 4.3
Ethyl Lactate .................................. 28.0
1
1.5
Methyl Acetate ............................... 40.0 3.1
Methyl Alcohol ............................... 80.8 7.3
Methyl Cellosolve .......................... 40.8 2.5
Methyl Ethyl Ketone ...................... 36.0 1.8
Methyl n-Propyl Ketone ................. 30.4 1.5
Naphtha (VM&P) (76 Naphtha) ... 22.4 0.9
Naphtha (100 Flash) Safety Sol-
ventStoddard Solvent ............. 23.2 1.0
Propyl Acetate (n) ......................... 27.2 2.8
Propyl Acetate (iso) ....................... 28.0 1.1
Propyl Alcohol (n) .......................... 44.8 2.1
Propyl Alcohol (iso) ....................... 44.0 2.0
Toluene .......................................... 30.4 1.4
Turpentine ..................................... 20.8 0.8
Xylene (o) ...................................... 26.4 1.0
1
At 212 F.
(i i i )(a) Wh en a n oper a t or i s i n a boot h
down st r ea m fr om t h e obj ect bei n g
spr a y ed, a n a i r -su ppl i ed r espi r a t or or
ot h er t y pe of r espi r a t or mu st be u sed
by empl oy ees t h a t h a s been a ppr oved
by NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 for t h e
ma t er i a l bei n g spr a y ed.
(b) Wh er e down dr a ft boot h s a r e pr o-
vi ded wi t h door s, su ch door s sh a l l be
cl osed wh en spr a y pa i n t i n g.
(7) Mak e-u p air. (i ) Cl ea n fr esh a i r ,
fr ee of con t a mi n a t i on fr om a dj a cen t
i n du st r i a l exh a u st sy st ems, ch i mn ey s,
st a ck s, or ven t s, sh a l l be su ppl i ed t o a
spr a y boot h or r oom i n qu a n t i t i es
equ a l t o t h e vol u me of a i r exh a u st ed
t h r ou gh t h e spr a y boot h .
(i i ) Wh er e a spr a y boot h or r oom r e-
cei ves ma k e-u p a i r t h r ou gh sel f-cl osi n g
door s, da mper s, or l ou ver s, t h ey sh a l l
be fu l l y open a t a l l t i mes wh en t h e
boot h or r oom i s i n u se for spr a y i n g.
Th e vel oci t y of a i r t h r ou gh su ch door s,
da mper s, or l ou ver s sh a l l n ot exceed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
210
200 feet per mi n u t e. I f t h e fa n ch a r a c-
t er i st i cs a r e su ch t h a t t h e r equ i r ed a i r
fl ow t h r ou gh t h e boot h wi l l be pr o-
vi ded, h i gh er vel oci t i es t h r ou gh t h e
door s, da mper s, or l ou ver s ma y be
u sed.
(i i i )(a) Wh er e t h e a i r su ppl y t o a
spr a y boot h or r oom i s fi l t er ed, t h e fa n
st a t i c pr essu r e sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed on
t h e a ssu mpt i on t h a t t h e fi l t er s a r e
di r t y t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h ey r equ i r e
cl ea n i n g or r epl a cemen t .
(b) Th e r a t i n g of fi l t er s sh a l l be gov-
er n ed by t est da t a su ppl i ed by t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er of t h e fi l t er . A pr essu r e ga ge
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o sh ow t h e pr essu r e
dr op a cr oss t h e fi l t er s. Th i s ga ge sh a l l
be ma r k ed t o sh ow t h e pr essu r e dr op a t
wh i ch t h e fi l t er s r equ i r e cl ea n i n g or r e-
pl a cemen t . F i l t er s sh a l l be r epl a ced or
cl ea n ed wh en ever t h e pr essu r e dr op
a cr oss t h em becomes excessi ve or
wh en ever t h e a i r fl ow t h r ou gh t h e fa ce
of t h e boot h fa l l s bel ow t h a t speci fi ed
i n Ta bl e G10.
(i v)(a) Mea n s for h ea t i n g ma k e-u p a i r
t o a n y spr a y boot h or r oom, befor e or
a t t h e t i me spr a y i n g i s n or ma l l y per -
for med, sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a l l pl a ces
wh er e t h e ou t door t emper a t u r e ma y be
expect ed t o r ema i n bel ow 55 F . for a p-
pr eci a bl e per i ods of t i me du r i n g t h e op-
er a t i on of t h e boot h except wh er e a de-
qu a t e a n d sa fe mea n s of r a di a n t h ea t -
i n g for a l l oper a t i n g per son n el a ffect ed
i s pr ovi ded. Th e r epl a cemen t a i r du r i n g
t h e h ea t i n g sea son s sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed a t n ot l ess t h a n 65 F . a t t h e
poi n t of en t r y i n t o t h e spr a y boot h or
spr a y r oom. Wh en ot h er wi se u n h ea t ed
ma k e-u p a i r wou l d be a t a t emper a t u r e
of mor e t h a n 10 F . bel ow r oom t em-
per a t u r e, i t s t emper a t u r e sh a l l be r egu -
l a t ed a s pr ovi ded i n sect i on 3. 6. 3 of
ANS I Z9. 21960.
(b) As a n a l t er n a t i ve t o a n a i r r e-
pl a cemen t sy st em compl y i n g wi t h t h e
pr ecedi n g sect i on , gen er a l h ea t i n g of
t h e bu i l di n g i n wh i ch t h e spr a y r oom
or boot h i s l oca t ed ma y be empl oy ed
pr ovi ded t h a t a l l occu pi ed pa r t s of t h e
bu i l di n g a r e ma i n t a i n ed a t n ot l ess
t h a n 65 F . wh en t h e exh a u st sy st em i s
i n oper a t i on or t h e gen er a l h ea t i n g sy s-
t em su ppl emen t ed by ot h er sou r ces of
h ea t ma y be empl oy ed t o meet t h i s r e-
qu i r emen t .
(c) No mea n s of h ea t i n g ma k e-u p a i r
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a spr a y boot h .
(d) Wh er e ma k e-u p a i r i s h ea t ed by
coa l or oi l , t h e pr odu ct s of combu st i on
sh a l l n ot be a l l owed t o mi x wi t h t h e
ma k e-u p a i r , a n d t h e pr odu ct s of com-
bu st i on sh a l l be con du ct ed ou t si de t h e
bu i l di n g t h r ou gh a fl u e t er mi n a t i n g a t
a poi n t r emot e fr om a l l poi n t s wh er e
ma k e-u p a i r en t er s t h e bu i l di n g.
(e) Wh er e ma k e-u p a i r i s h ea t ed by
ga s, a n d t h e pr odu ct s of combu st i on
a r e n ot mi xed wi t h t h e ma k e-u p a i r bu t
a r e con du ct ed t h r ou gh a n i n depen den t
fl u e t o a poi n t ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g r e-
mot e fr om a l l poi n t s wh er e ma k e-u p
a i r en t er s t h e bu i l di n g, i t i s n ot n ec-
essa r y t o compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(c)(7)(i v)(f ) of t h i s sect i on .
(f ) Wh er e ma k e-u p a i r t o a n y ma n u -
a l l y oper a t ed spr a y boot h or r oom i s
h ea t ed by ga s a n d t h e pr odu ct s of com-
bu st i on a r e a l l owed t o mi x wi t h t h e
su ppl y a i r , t h e fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s
mu st be t a k en :
(1) Th e ga s mu st h a ve a di st i n ct i ve
a n d st r on g en ou gh odor t o wa r n wor k -
men i n a spr a y boot h or r oom of i t s
pr esen ce i f i n a n u n bu r n ed st a t e i n t h e
ma k e-u p a i r .
(2) Th e ma xi mu m r a t e of ga s su ppl y
t o t h e ma k e-u p a i r h ea t er bu r n er s
mu st n ot exceed t h a t wh i ch wou l d
y i el d i n excess of 200 p. p. m. (pa r t s per
mi l l i on ) of ca r bon mon oxi de or 2, 000
p. p. m. of t ot a l combu st i bl e ga ses i n t h e
mi xt u r e i f t h e u n bu r n ed ga s u pon t h e
occu r r en ce of fl a me fa i l u r e wer e mi xed
wi t h a l l of t h e ma k e-u p a i r su ppl i ed.
(3) A fa n mu st be pr ovi ded t o del i ver
t h e mi xt u r e of h ea t ed a i r a n d pr odu ct s
of combu st i on fr om t h e pl en u m ch a m-
ber h ou si n g t h e ga s bu r n er s t o t h e
spr a y boot h or r oom.
(8) Scope. S pr a y boot h s or spr a y
r ooms a r e t o be u sed t o en cl ose or con -
fi n e a l l spr a y fi n i sh i n g oper a t i on s cov-
er ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c). Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o t h e spr a y i n g of
t h e ext er i or s of bu i l di n gs, fi xed t a n k s,
or si mi l a r st r u ct u r es, n or t o sma l l
por t a bl e spr a y i n g a ppa r a t u s n ot u sed
r epea t edl y i n t h e sa me l oca t i on .
F R 23073, Ma y 28, 1975; 40 F R 24522, J u n e 9,
1975; 43 F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5322,
F eb. 10, 1984; 55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 58 F R
35308, J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R 9236, Ma r . 7, 1996;
63 F R 1269, J a n . 8, 1998; 64 F R 13909, Ma r . 23,
1999]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
211
1910.95 Occupational noise exposure.
(a ) P r ot ect i on a ga i n st t h e effect s of
n oi se exposu r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en
t h e sou n d l evel s exceed t h ose sh own i n
Ta bl e G16 wh en mea su r ed on t h e A
sca l e of a st a n da r d sou n d l evel met er
a t sl ow r espon se. Wh en n oi se l evel s a r e
det er mi n ed by oct a ve ba n d a n a l y si s,
t h e equ i va l en t A-wei gh t ed sou n d l evel
ma y be det er mi n ed a s fol l ows:
F I GURE G9
Equ i va l en t sou n d l evel con t ou r s. Oct a ve
ba n d sou n d pr essu r e l evel s ma y be con ver t ed
t o t h e equ i va l en t A-wei gh t ed sou n d l evel by
pl ot t i n g t h em on t h i s gr a ph a n d n ot i n g t h e
A-wei gh t ed sou n d l evel cor r espon di n g t o t h e
poi n t of h i gh est pen et r a t i on i n t o t h e sou n d
l evel con t ou r s. Th i s equ i va l en t A-wei gh t ed
sou n d l evel , wh i ch ma y di ffer fr om t h e a c-
t u a l A-wei gh t ed sou n d l evel of t h e n oi se, i s
u sed t o det er mi n e exposu r e l i mi t s fr om
Ta bl e 1. G16.
(b)(1) Wh en empl oy ees a r e su bj ect ed
t o sou n d exceedi n g t h ose l i st ed i n
Ta bl e G16, fea si bl e a dmi n i st r a t i ve or
en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s sh a l l be u t i l i zed.
I f su ch con t r ol s fa i l t o r edu ce sou n d
l evel s wi t h i n t h e l evel s of Ta bl e G16,
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a n d u sed t o r edu ce sou n d l ev-
el s wi t h i n t h e l evel s of t h e t a bl e.
(2) I f t h e va r i a t i on s i n n oi se l evel i n -
vol ve ma xi ma a t i n t er va l s of 1 secon d
or l ess, i t i s t o be con si der ed con t i n -
u ou s.
TABLE G16PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
1

Duration per day, hours
Sound
level dBA
slow re-
sponse
8 ........................................................................... 90
6 ........................................................................... 92
4 ........................................................................... 95
3 ........................................................................... 97
2 ........................................................................... 100
1
1
2 ....................................................................... 102
1 ........................................................................... 105
1
2 ......................................................................... 110
1
4 or less ............................................................. 115
1
When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or
more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their com-
bined effect should be considered, rather than the individual
effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: C1/T1+C2/
T2Cn/Tn exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be
considered to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total
time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates
the total time of exposure permitted at that level.
Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed
140 dB peak sound pressure level.
(c) Hearin g con servat ion program. (1)
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a dmi n i st er a con -
t i n u i n g, effect i ve h ea r i n g con ser va t i on
pr ogr a m, a s descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c)
t h r ou gh (o) of t h i s sect i on , wh en ever
empl oy ee n oi se exposu r es equ a l or ex-
ceed a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge
sou n d l evel (TWA) of 85 deci bel s mea s-
u r ed on t h e A sca l e (sl ow r espon se) or ,
equ i va l en t l y , a dose of fi ft y per cen t .
F or pu r poses of t h e h ea r i n g con ser va -
t i on pr ogr a m, empl oy ee n oi se expo-
su r es sh a l l be compu t ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppen di x A a n d Ta bl e G16a , a n d
wi t h ou t r ega r d t o a n y a t t en u a t i on pr o-
vi ded by t h e u se of per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t .
(2) F or pu r poses of pa r a gr a ph s (c)
t h r ou gh (n ) of t h i s sect i on , a n 8-h ou r
t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s or
a dose of fi ft y per cen t sh a l l a l so be r e-
fer r ed t o a s t h e a ct i on l evel .
(d) Mon it orin g. (1) Wh en i n for ma t i on
i n di ca t es t h a t a n y empl oy ees exposu r e
ma y equ a l or exceed a n 8-h ou r t i me-
wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s, t h e
empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t
a mon i t or i n g pr ogr a m.
(i ) Th e sa mpl i n g st r a t egy sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o i den t i fy empl oy ees for i n cl u -
si on i n t h e h ea r i n g con ser va t i on pr o-
gr a m a n d t o en a bl e t h e pr oper sel ec-
t i on of h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s.
(i i ) Wh er e ci r cu mst a n ces su ch a s h i gh
wor k er mobi l i t y , si gn i fi ca n t va r i a t i on s
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
3
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
212
i n sou n d l evel , or a si gn i fi ca n t compo-
n en t of i mpu l se n oi se ma k e a r ea mon i -
t or i n g gen er a l l y i n a ppr opr i a t e, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l u se r epr esen t a t i ve per -
son a l sa mpl i n g t o compl y wi t h t h e
mon i t or i n g r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph u n l ess t h e empl oy er ca n sh ow
t h a t a r ea sa mpl i n g pr odu ces equ i va l en t
r esu l t s.
(2)(i ) Al l con t i n u ou s, i n t er mi t t en t
a n d i mpu l si ve sou n d l evel s fr om 80
deci bel s t o 130 deci bel s sh a l l be i n t e-
gr a t ed i n t o t h e n oi se mea su r emen t s.
(i i ) I n st r u men t s u sed t o mea su r e em-
pl oy ee n oi se exposu r e sh a l l be ca l i -
br a t ed t o en su r e mea su r emen t a ccu -
r a cy .
(3) Mon i t or i n g sh a l l be r epea t ed
wh en ever a ch a n ge i n pr odu ct i on , pr oc-
ess, equ i pmen t or con t r ol s i n cr ea ses
n oi se exposu r es t o t h e ext en t t h a t :
(i ) Addi t i on a l empl oy ees ma y be ex-
posed a t or a bove t h e a ct i on l evel ; or
(i i ) Th e a t t en u a t i on pr ovi ded by
h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s bei n g u sed by em-
pl oy ees ma y be r en der ed i n a dequ a t e t o
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (j )
(e) Employ ee n ot if icat ion . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy ea ch empl oy ee ex-
posed a t or a bove a n 8-h ou r t i me-
wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s of t h e
r esu l t s of t h e mon i t or i n g.
(f) Observat ion of mon it orin g. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a ffect ed empl oy ees
or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves wi t h a n oppor -
t u n i t y t o obser ve a n y n oi se mea su r e-
men t s con du ct ed pu r su a n t t o t h i s sec-
t i on .
(g) Au diomet ric t est in g program. (1)
Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d ma i n -
t a i n a n a u di omet r i c t est i n g pr ogr a m a s
pr ovi ded i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph by ma k i n g
a u di omet r i c t est i n g a va i l a bl e t o a l l
empl oy ees wh ose exposu r es equ a l or ex-
ceed a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge
of 85 deci bel s.
(2) Th e pr ogr a m sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t
n o cost t o empl oy ees.
(3) Au di omet r i c t est s sh a l l be per -
for med by a l i cen sed or cer t i fi ed a u di -
ol ogi st , ot ol a r y n gol ogi st , or ot h er ph y -
si ci a n , or by a t ech n i ci a n wh o i s cer -
t i fi ed by t h e Cou n ci l of Accr edi t a t i on
i n Occu pa t i on a l Hea r i n g Con ser va t i on ,
or wh o h a s sa t i sfa ct or i l y demon st r a t ed
compet en ce i n a dmi n i st er i n g
a u di omet r i c exa mi n a t i on s, obt a i n i n g
va l i d a u di ogr a ms, a n d pr oper l y u si n g,
ma i n t a i n i n g a n d ch eck i n g ca l i br a t i on
a n d pr oper fu n ct i on i n g of t h e a u di om-
et er s bei n g u sed. A t ech n i ci a n wh o op-
er a t es mi cr opr ocessor a u di omet er s
does n ot n eed t o be cer t i fi ed. A t ech n i -
ci a n wh o per for ms a u di omet r i c t est s
mu st be r espon si bl e t o a n a u di ol ogi st ,
ot ol a r y n gol ogi st or ph y si ci a n .
(4) Al l a u di ogr a ms obt a i n ed pu r su a n t
t o t h i s sect i on sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of a ppen di x C: Au diomet ric Meas-
u rin g I n st ru men t s.
(5) Baselin e au diogram. (i ) Wi t h i n 6
mon t h s of a n empl oy ees fi r st exposu r e
a t or a bove t h e a ct i on l evel , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a va l i d ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m a ga i n st wh i ch su bsequ en t
a u di ogr a ms ca n be compa r ed.
(i i ) Mobile t est van except ion . Wh er e
mobi l e t est va n s a r e u sed t o meet t h e
a u di omet r i c t est i n g obl i ga t i on , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l obt a i n a va l i d ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m wi t h i n 1 y ea r of a n empl oy -
ees fi r st exposu r e a t or a bove t h e a c-
t i on l evel . Wh er e ba sel i n e a u di ogr a ms
a r e obt a i n ed mor e t h a n 6 mon t h s a ft er
t h e empl oy ees fi r st exposu r e a t or
a bove t h e a ct i on l evel , empl oy ees sh a l l
wea r i n g h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s for a n y pe-
r i od exceedi n g si x mon t h s a ft er fi r st
exposu r e u n t i l t h e ba sel i n e a u di ogr a m
i s obt a i n ed.
(i i i ) Test i n g t o est a bl i sh a ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m sh a l l be pr eceded by a t l ea st
14 h ou r s wi t h ou t exposu r e t o wor k pl a ce
n oi se. Hea r i n g pr ot ect or s ma y be u sed
a s a su bst i t u t e for t h e r equ i r emen t
t h a t ba sel i n e a u di ogr a ms be pr eceded
by 14 h ou r s wi t h ou t exposu r e t o wor k -
pl a ce n oi se.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy em-
pl oy ees of t h e n eed t o a voi d h i gh l evel s
of n on -occu pa t i on a l n oi se exposu r e
du r i n g t h e 14-h ou r per i od i mmedi a t el y
pr ecedi n g t h e a u di omet r i c exa mi n a -
t i on .
(6) An n u al au diogram. At l ea st a n n u -
a l l y a ft er obt a i n i n g t h e ba sel i n e a u di o-
gr a m, t h e empl oy er sh a l l obt a i n a n ew
a u di ogr a m for ea ch empl oy ee exposed
a t or a bove a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed
a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s.
(7) Evalu at ion of au diogram. (i ) Ea ch
empl oy ees a n n u a l a u di ogr a m sh a l l be
compa r ed t o t h a t empl oy ees ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m t o det er mi n e i f t h e a u di o-
gr a m i s va l i d a n d i f a st a n da r d t h r esh -
ol d sh i ft a s defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(10)
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
213
of t h i s sect i on h a s occu r r ed. Th i s com-
pa r i son ma y be don e by a t ech n i ci a n .
(i i ) I f t h e a n n u a l a u di ogr a m sh ows
t h a t a n empl oy ee h a s su ffer ed a st a n d-
a r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft , t h e empl oy er ma y
obt a i n a r et est wi t h i n 30 da y s a n d con -
si der t h e r esu l t s of t h e r et est a s t h e a n -
n u a l a u di ogr a m.
(i i i ) Th e a u di ol ogi st ,
ot ol a r y n gol ogi st , or ph y si ci a n sh a l l r e-
vi ew pr obl em a u di ogr a ms a n d sh a l l de-
t er mi n e wh et h er t h er e i s a n eed for fu r -
t h er eva l u a t i on . Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de t o t h e per son per for mi n g t h i s
eva l u a t i on t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on :
(A) A copy of t h e r equ i r emen t s for
h ea r i n g con ser va t i on a s set for t h i n
pa r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (n ) of t h i s sec-
t i on ;
(B) Th e ba sel i n e a u di ogr a m a n d most
r ecen t a u di ogr a m of t h e empl oy ee t o
be eva l u a t ed;
(C) Mea su r emen t s of ba ck gr ou n d
sou n d pr essu r e l evel s i n t h e
a u di omet r i c t est r oom a s r equ i r ed i n
a ppen di x D: Au di omet r i c Test Rooms.
(D) Recor ds of a u di omet er ca l i br a -
t i on s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (h )(5) of
t h i s sect i on .
(8) Follow-u p procedu res. (i ) I f a com-
pa r i son of t h e a n n u a l a u di ogr a m t o t h e
ba sel i n e a u di ogr a m i n di ca t es a st a n d-
a r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft a s defi n ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(10) of t h i s sect i on h a s oc-
cu r r ed, t h e empl oy ee sh a l l be i n for med
of t h i s fa ct i n wr i t i n g, wi t h i n 21 da y s of
t h e det er mi n a t i on .
(i i ) Un l ess a ph y si ci a n det er mi n es
t h a t t h e st a n da r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft i s n ot
wor k r el a t ed or a ggr a va t ed by occu pa -
t i on a l n oi se exposu r e, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t t h e fol l owi n g st eps
a r e t a k en wh en a st a n da r d t h r esh ol d
sh i ft occu r s:
(A) Empl oy ees n ot u si n g h ea r i n g pr o-
t ect or s sh a l l be fi t t ed wi t h h ea r i n g pr o-
t ect or s, t r a i n ed i n t h ei r u se a n d ca r e,
a n d r equ i r ed t o u se t h em.
(B) Empl oy ees a l r ea dy u si n g h ea r i n g
pr ot ect or s sh a l l be r efi t t ed a n d r e-
t r a i n ed i n t h e u se of h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s
a n d pr ovi ded wi t h h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s
offer i n g gr ea t er a t t en u a t i on i f n ec-
essa r y .
(C) Th e empl oy ee sh a l l be r efer r ed for
a cl i n i ca l a u di ol ogi ca l eva l u a t i on or a n
ot ol ogi ca l exa mi n a t i on , a s a ppr opr i a t e,
i f a ddi t i on a l t est i n g i s n ecessa r y or i f
t h e empl oy er su spect s t h a t a medi ca l
pa t h ol ogy of t h e ea r i s ca u sed or a ggr a -
va t ed by t h e wea r i n g of h ea r i n g pr ot ec-
t or s.
(D) Th e empl oy ee i s i n for med of t h e
n eed for a n ot ol ogi ca l exa mi n a t i on i f a
medi ca l pa t h ol ogy of t h e ea r t h a t i s
u n r el a t ed t o t h e u se of h ea r i n g pr ot ec-
t or s i s su spect ed.
(i i i ) I f su bsequ en t a u di omet r i c t est -
i n g of a n empl oy ee wh ose exposu r e t o
n oi se i s l ess t h a n a n 8-h ou r TWA of 90
deci bel s i n di ca t es t h a t a st a n da r d
t h r esh ol d sh i ft i s n ot per si st en t , t h e
empl oy er :
(A) S h a l l i n for m t h e empl oy ee of t h e
n ew a u di omet r i c i n t er pr et a t i on ; a n d
(B) Ma y di scon t i n u e t h e r equ i r ed u se
of h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s for t h a t em-
pl oy ee.
(9) Revised baselin e. An a n n u a l a u di o-
gr a m ma y be su bst i t u t ed for t h e ba se-
l i n e a u di ogr a m wh en , i n t h e j u dgmen t
of t h e a u di ol ogi st , ot ol a r y n gol ogi st or
ph y si ci a n wh o i s eva l u a t i n g t h e a u di o-
gr a m:
(i ) Th e st a n da r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft r e-
vea l ed by t h e a u di ogr a m i s per si st en t ;
or
(i i ) Th e h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d sh own i n
t h e a n n u a l a u di ogr a m i n di ca t es si gn i fi -
ca n t i mpr ovemen t over t h e ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m.
(10) St an dard t h resh old sh if t . (i ) As
u sed i n t h i s sect i on , a st a n da r d t h r esh -
ol d sh i ft i s a ch a n ge i n h ea r i n g t h r esh -
ol d r el a t i ve t o t h e ba sel i n e a u di ogr a m
of a n a ver a ge of 10 dB or mor e a t 2000,
3000, a n d 4000 Hz i n ei t h er ea r .
(i i ) I n det er mi n i n g wh et h er a st a n d-
a r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft h a s occu r r ed, a l l ow-
a n ce ma y be ma de for t h e con t r i bu t i on
of a gi n g (pr esby cu si s) t o t h e ch a n ge i n
h ea r i n g l evel by cor r ect i n g t h e a n n u a l
a u di ogr a m a ccor di n g t o t h e pr ocedu r e
descr i bed i n a ppen di x F : Calcu lat ion
an d Applicat ion of Age Correct ion t o
Au diograms.
(h ) Au diomet ric t est requ iremen t s. (1)
Au di omet r i c t est s sh a l l be pu r e t on e,
a i r con du ct i on , h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d ex-
a mi n a t i on s, wi t h t est fr equ en ci es i n -
cl u di n g a s a mi n i mu m 500, 1000, 2000,
3000, 4000, a n d 6000 Hz. Test s a t ea ch
fr equ en cy sh a l l be t a k en sepa r a t el y for
ea ch ea r .
(2) Au di omet r i c t est s sh a l l be con -
du ct ed wi t h a u di omet er s (i n cl u di n g
mi cr opr ocessor a u di omet er s) t h a t meet
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
214
t h e speci fi ca t i on s of, a n d a r e ma i n -
t a i n ed a n d u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h ,
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S peci fi ca -
t i on for Au di omet er s, S 3. 61969, wh i ch
i s i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s speci -
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(3) P u l sed-t on e a n d sel f-r ecor di n g
a u di omet er s, i f u sed, sh a l l meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s speci fi ed i n a ppen di x C:
Au diomet ric Measu rin g I n st ru men t s.
(4) Au di omet r i c exa mi n a t i on s sh a l l
be a dmi n i st er ed i n a r oom meet i n g t h e
r equ i r emen t s l i st ed i n a ppen di x D:
Au diomet ric T est Rooms.
(5) Au diomet er calibrat ion . (i ) Th e
fu n ct i on a l oper a t i on of t h e a u di omet er
sh a l l be ch eck ed befor e ea ch da y s u se
by t est i n g a per son wi t h k n own , st a bl e
h ea r i n g t h r esh ol ds, a n d by l i st en i n g t o
t h e a u di omet er s ou t pu t t o ma k e su r e
t h a t t h e ou t pu t i s fr ee fr om di st or t ed
or u n wa n t ed sou n ds. Devi a t i on s of 10
deci bel s or gr ea t er r equ i r e a n a cou st i c
ca l i br a t i on .
(i i ) Au di omet er ca l i br a t i on sh a l l be
ch eck ed a cou st i ca l l y a t l ea st a n n u a l l y
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppen di x E: Acou st ic
Calibrat ion of Au diomet ers. Test fr e-
qu en ci es bel ow 500 Hz a n d a bove 6000 Hz
ma y be omi t t ed fr om t h i s ch eck . Devi -
a t i on s of 15 deci bel s or gr ea t er r equ i r e
a n exh a u st i ve ca l i br a t i on .
(i i i ) An exh a u st i ve ca l i br a t i on sh a l l
be per for med a t l ea st ever y t wo y ea r s
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h sect i on s 4. 1. 2; 4. 1. 3. ;
4. 1. 4. 3; 4. 2; 4. 4. 1; 4. 4. 2; 4. 4. 3; a n d 4. 5 of
t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S peci -
fi ca t i on for Au di omet er s, S 3. 61969.
Test fr equ en ci es bel ow 500 Hz a n d
a bove 6000 Hz ma y be omi t t ed fr om t h i s
ca l i br a t i on .
(i ) Hearin g prot ect ors. (1) Empl oy er s
sh a l l ma k e h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s a va i l -
a bl e t o a l l empl oy ees exposed t o a n 8-
h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci -
bel s or gr ea t er a t n o cost t o t h e em-
pl oy ees. Hea r i n g pr ot ect or s sh a l l be r e-
pl a ced a s n ecessa r y .
(2) Empl oy er s sh a l l en su r e t h a t h ea r -
i n g pr ot ect or s a r e wor n :
(i ) By a n empl oy ee wh o i s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (b)(1) of t h i s sect i on t o wea r
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ; a n d
(i i ) By a n y empl oy ee wh o i s exposed
t o a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge of
85 deci bel s or gr ea t er , a n d wh o:
(A) Ha s n ot y et h a d a ba sel i n e a u di o-
gr a m est a bl i sh ed pu r su a n t t o pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(5)(i i ); or
(B) Ha s exper i en ced a st a n da r d
t h r esh ol d sh i ft .
(3) Empl oy ees sh a l l be gi ven t h e op-
por t u n i t y t o sel ect t h ei r h ea r i n g pr o-
t ect or s fr om a va r i et y of su i t a bl e h ea r -
i n g pr ot ect or s pr ovi ded by t h e em-
pl oy er .
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t r a i n -
i n g i n t h e u se a n d ca r e of a l l h ea r i n g
pr ot ect or s pr ovi ded t o empl oy ees.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e pr oper
i n i t i a l fi t t i n g a n d su per vi se t h e cor r ect
u se of a l l h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s.
(j ) Hearin g prot ect or at t en u at ion . (1)
Th e empl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e h ea r i n g
pr ot ect or a t t en u a t i on for t h e speci fi c
n oi se en vi r on men t s i n wh i ch t h e pr o-
t ect or wi l l be u sed. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
u se on e of t h e eva l u a t i on met h ods de-
scr i bed i n a ppen di x B: Met h ods f or Est i-
mat in g t h e Adequ acy of Hearin g Prot ec-
t ion At t en u at ion .
(2) Hea r i n g pr ot ect or s mu st a t t en u -
a t e empl oy ee exposu r e a t l ea st t o a n 8-
h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 90 deci -
bel s a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (b) of
t h i s sect i on .
(3) F or empl oy ees wh o h a ve exper i -
en ced a st a n da r d t h r esh ol d sh i ft , h ea r -
i n g pr ot ect or s mu st a t t en u a t e em-
pl oy ee exposu r e t o a n 8-h ou r t i me-
wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s or
bel ow.
(4) Th e a dequ a cy of h ea r i n g pr ot ect or
a t t en u a t i on sh a l l be r e-eva l u a t ed
wh en ever empl oy ee n oi se exposu r es i n -
cr ea se t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h e h ea r i n g
pr ot ect or s pr ovi ded ma y n o l on ger pr o-
vi de a dequ a t e a t t en u a t i on . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de mor e effect i ve
h ea r i n g pr ot ect or s wh er e n ecessa r y .
(k ) T rain in g program. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l i n st i t u t e a t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a m for a l l empl oy ees wh o a r e ex-
posed t o n oi se a t or a bove a n 8-h ou r
t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge of 85 deci bel s,
a n d sh a l l en su r e empl oy ee pa r t i ci pa -
t i on i n su ch pr ogr a m.
(2) Th e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh a l l be r e-
pea t ed a n n u a l l y for ea ch empl oy ee i n -
cl u ded i n t h e h ea r i n g con ser va t i on pr o-
gr a m. I n for ma t i on pr ovi ded i n t h e
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh a l l be u pda t ed t o
be con si st en t wi t h ch a n ges i n pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t a n d wor k pr ocesses.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee i s i n for med of t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Th e effect s of n oi se on h ea r i n g;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
215
(i i ) Th e pu r pose of h ea r i n g pr ot ec-
t or s, t h e a dva n t a ges, di sa dva n t a ges,
a n d a t t en u a t i on of va r i ou s t y pes, a n d
i n st r u ct i on s on sel ect i on , fi t t i n g, u se,
a n d ca r e; a n d
(i i i ) Th e pu r pose of a u di omet r i c t est -
i n g, a n d a n expl a n a t i on of t h e t est pr o-
cedu r es.
(l ) Access t o in f ormat ion an d t rain in g
mat erials. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma k e
a va i l a bl e t o a ffect ed empl oy ees or
t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves copi es of t h i s
st a n da r d a n d sh a l l a l so post a copy i n
t h e wor k pl a ce.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t o a f-
fect ed empl oy ees a n y i n for ma t i on a l
ma t er i a l s per t a i n i n g t o t h e st a n da r d
t h a t a r e su ppl i ed t o t h e empl oy er by
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y .
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, u pon
r equ est , a l l ma t er i a l s r el a t ed t o t h e
empl oy er s t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on pr o-
gr a m per t a i n i n g t o t h i s st a n da r d t o t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y a n d t h e Di r ect or .
(m) Recordk eepin g(1) Exposu re meas-
u remen t s. Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n
a n a ccu r a t e r ecor d of a l l empl oy ee ex-
posu r e mea su r emen t s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Au diomet ric t est s. (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l r et a i n a l l empl oy ee a u di omet r i c
t est r ecor ds obt a i n ed pu r su a n t t o pa r a -
gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on :
(i i ) Th i s r ecor d sh a l l i n cl u de:
(A) Na me a n d j ob cl a ssi fi ca t i on of
t h e empl oy ee;
(B) Da t e of t h e a u di ogr a m;
(C) Th e exa mi n er s n a me;
(D) Da t e of t h e l a st a cou st i c or ex-
h a u st i ve ca l i br a t i on of t h e a u di omet er ;
a n d
(E) Empl oy ees most r ecen t n oi se ex-
posu r e a ssessmen t .
(F ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n a c-
cu r a t e r ecor ds of t h e mea su r emen t s of
t h e ba ck gr ou n d sou n d pr essu r e l evel s
i n a u di omet r i c t est r ooms.
(3) Record ret en t ion . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l r et a i n r ecor ds r equ i r ed i n t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (m) for a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g
per i ods.
(i ) Noi se exposu r e mea su r emen t
r ecor ds sh a l l be r et a i n ed for t wo y ea r s.
(i i ) Au di omet r i c t est r ecor ds sh a l l be
r et a i n ed for t h e du r a t i on of t h e a f-
fect ed empl oy ees empl oy men t .
(4) Access t o records. Al l r ecor ds r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
u pon r equ est t o empl oy ees, for mer em-
pl oy ees, r epr esen t a t i ves desi gn a t ed by
t h e i n di vi du a l empl oy ee, a n d t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y . Th e pr ovi si on s of 29
CF R 1910. 1020 (a )(e) a n d (g)(i ) a ppl y t o
a ccess t o r ecor ds u n der t h i s sect i on .
(5) T ran sf er of records. I f t h e empl oy er
cea ses t o do bu si n ess, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l t r a n sfer t o t h e su ccessor em-
pl oy er a l l r ecor ds r equ i r ed t o be ma i n -
t a i n ed by t h i s sect i on , a n d t h e su c-
cessor empl oy er sh a l l r et a i n t h em for
t h e r ema i n der of t h e per i od pr escr i bed
i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(n ) Appen dices. (1) Appen di ces A, B, C,
D, a n d E t o t h i s sect i on a r e i n cor -
por a t ed a s pa r t of t h i s sect i on a n d t h e
con t en t s of t h ese a ppen di ces a r e ma n -
da t or y .
(2) Appen di ces F a n d G t o t h i s sec-
t i on a r e i n for ma t i on a l a n d a r e n ot i n -
t en ded t o cr ea t e a n y a ddi t i on a l obl i ga -
t i on s n ot ot h er wi se i mposed or t o de-
t r a ct fr om a n y exi st i n g obl i ga t i on s.
(o) Exempt ion s. P a r a gr a ph s (c)
t h r ou gh (n ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot
a ppl y t o empl oy er s en ga ged i n oi l a n d
ga s wel l dr i l l i n g a n d ser vi ci n g oper -
a t i on s.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 95NOI S E EXP OS URE
COMP UTATI ON
T h is Appen dix is Man dat ory
I . COMP UTATI ON OF EMP LOYEE NOI S E
EXP OS URE
(1) Noi se dose i s compu t ed u si n g Ta bl e G
16a a s fol l ows:
(i ) Wh en t h e sou n d l evel , L, i s con st a n t
over t h e en t i r e wor k sh i ft , t h e n oi se dose, D,
i n per cen t , i s gi ven by : D=100 C/T wh er e C i s
t h e t ot a l l en gt h of t h e wor k da y , i n h ou r s,
a n d T i s t h e r efer en ce du r a t i on cor -
r espon di n g t o t h e mea su r ed sou n d l evel , L,
a s gi ven i n Ta bl e G16a or by t h e for mu l a
sh own a s a foot n ot e t o t h a t t a bl e.
(i i ) Wh en t h e wor k sh i ft n oi se exposu r e i s
composed of t wo or mor e per i ods of n oi se a t
di ffer en t l evel s, t h e t ot a l n oi se dose over t h e
wor k da y i s gi ven by :
D=100(C1/T1+C2/T2+Cn/Tn),
wh er e Cn i n di ca t es t h e t ot a l t i me of exposu r e
a t a speci fi c n oi se l evel , a n d Tn i n di ca t es t h e
r efer en ce du r a t i on for t h a t l evel a s gi ven by
Ta bl e G16a .
(2) Th e ei gh t -h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge
sou n d l evel (TWA), i n deci bel s, ma y be com-
pu t ed fr om t h e dose, i n per cen t , by mea n s of
t h e for mu l a : TWA=16. 61 l og10 (D/100)+90. F or
a n ei gh t -h ou r wor k sh i ft wi t h t h e n oi se l evel
con st a n t over t h e en t i r e sh i ft , t h e TWA i s
equ a l t o t h e mea su r ed sou n d l evel .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
216
(3) A t a bl e r el a t i n g dose a n d TWA i s gi ven
i n S ect i on I I .
TABLE G16A
A-weighted sound level, L (decibel)
Ref-
erence
duration,
T (hour)
80 ........................................................................... 32
81 ........................................................................... 27.9
82 ........................................................................... 24.3
83 ........................................................................... 21.1
84 ........................................................................... 18.4
85 ........................................................................... 16
86 ........................................................................... 13.9
87 ........................................................................... 12.1
88 ........................................................................... 10.6
89 ........................................................................... 9.2
90 ........................................................................... 8
91 ........................................................................... 7.0
92 ........................................................................... 6.1
93 ........................................................................... 5.3
94 ........................................................................... 4.6
95 ........................................................................... 4
96 ........................................................................... 3.5
97 ........................................................................... 3.0
98 ........................................................................... 2.6
99 ........................................................................... 2.3
100 ......................................................................... 2
101 ......................................................................... 1.7
102 ......................................................................... 1.5
103 ......................................................................... 1.3
104 ......................................................................... 1.1
105 ......................................................................... 1
106 ......................................................................... 0.87
107 ......................................................................... 0.76
108 ......................................................................... 0.66
109 ......................................................................... 0.57
110 ......................................................................... 0.5
111 ......................................................................... 0.44
112 ......................................................................... 0.38
113 ......................................................................... 0.33
114 ......................................................................... 0.29
115 ......................................................................... 0.25
116 ......................................................................... 0.22
117 ......................................................................... 0.19
118 ......................................................................... 0.16
119 ......................................................................... 0.14
120 ......................................................................... 0.125
121 ......................................................................... 0.11
122 ......................................................................... 0.095
123 ......................................................................... 0.082
124 ......................................................................... 0.072
125 ......................................................................... 0.063
126 ......................................................................... 0.054
127 ......................................................................... 0.047
128 ......................................................................... 0.041
129 ......................................................................... 0.036
130 ......................................................................... 0.031
I n t h e a bove t a bl e t h e r efer en ce du r a t i on ,
T, i s compu t ed by
T
L
8
2
90 5 ( ) /

wh er e L i s t h e mea su r ed A-wei gh t ed sou n d
l evel .
I I . CONVERS I ON BETWEEN DOS E AND 8-
HOUR TI ME-WEI GHTED AVERAGE S OUND
LEVEL
Compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c)(r ) of t h i s
r egu l a t i on i s det er mi n ed by t h e a mou n t of
exposu r e t o n oi se i n t h e wor k pl a ce. Th e
a mou n t of su ch exposu r e i s u su a l l y mea su r ed
wi t h a n a u di odosi met er wh i ch gi ves a r ea d-
ou t i n t er ms of dose. I n or der t o bet t er u n -
der st a n d t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e a men d-
men t , dosi met er r ea di n gs ca n be con ver t ed
t o a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge sou n d
l evel . (TWA).
I n or der t o con ver t t h e r ea di n g of a dosi m-
et er i n t o TWA, see Ta bl e A1, bel ow. Th i s
t a bl e a ppl i es t o dosi met er s t h a t a r e set by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er t o ca l cu l a t e dose or per -
cen t exposu r e a ccor di n g t o t h e r el a t i on sh i ps
i n Ta bl e G16a . S o, for exa mpl e, a dose of 91
per cen t over a n ei gh t h ou r da y r esu l t s i n a
TWA of 89. 3 dB, a n d, a dose of 50 per cen t cor -
r espon ds t o a TWA of 85 dB.
I f t h e dose a s r ea d on t h e dosi met er i s l ess
t h a n or gr ea t er t h a n t h e va l u es fou n d i n
Ta bl e A1, t h e TWA ma y be ca l cu l a t ed by
u si n g t h e for mu l a : TWA=16. 61 l og10 (D/100)+90
wh er e TWA=8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge
sou n d l evel a n d D=a ccu mu l a t ed dose i n per -
cen t exposu r e.
TABLE A1CONVERSION FROM PERCENT
NOISE EXPOSURE OR DOSE TO 8-HOUR
TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL
(TWA)
Dose or percent noise exposure TWA
10 ........................................................................... 73.4
15 ........................................................................... 76.3
20 ........................................................................... 78.4
25 ........................................................................... 80.0
30 ........................................................................... 81.3
35 ........................................................................... 82.4
40 ........................................................................... 83.4
45 ........................................................................... 84.2
50 ........................................................................... 85.0
55 ........................................................................... 85.7
60 ........................................................................... 86.3
65 ........................................................................... 86.9
70 ........................................................................... 87.4
75 ........................................................................... 87.9
80 ........................................................................... 88.4
81 ........................................................................... 88.5
82 ........................................................................... 88.6
83 ........................................................................... 88.7
84 ........................................................................... 88.7
85 ........................................................................... 88.8
86 ........................................................................... 88.9
87 ........................................................................... 89.0
88 ........................................................................... 89.1
89 ........................................................................... 89.2
90 ........................................................................... 89.2
91 ........................................................................... 89.3
92 ........................................................................... 89.4
93 ........................................................................... 89.5
94 ........................................................................... 89.6
95 ........................................................................... 89.6
96 ........................................................................... 89.7
97 ........................................................................... 89.8
98 ........................................................................... 89.9
99 ........................................................................... 89.9
E
R
2
5
S
E
0
6
.
0
0
8
<
/
M
A
T
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
217
(TWA)Continued
100 ......................................................................... 90.0
101 ......................................................................... 90.1
102 ......................................................................... 90.1
103 ......................................................................... 90.2
104 ......................................................................... 90.3
105 ......................................................................... 90.4
106 ......................................................................... 90.4
107 ......................................................................... 90.5
108 ......................................................................... 90.6
109 ......................................................................... 90.6
110 ......................................................................... 90.7
111 ......................................................................... 90.8
112 ......................................................................... 90.8
113 ......................................................................... 90.9
114 ......................................................................... 90.9
115 ......................................................................... 91.1
116 ......................................................................... 91.1
117 ......................................................................... 91.1
118 ......................................................................... 91.2
119 ......................................................................... 91.3
120 ......................................................................... 91.3
125 ......................................................................... 91.6
130 ......................................................................... 91.9
135 ......................................................................... 92.2
140 ......................................................................... 92.4
145 ......................................................................... 92.7
150 ......................................................................... 92.9
155 ......................................................................... 93.2
160 ......................................................................... 93.4
165 ......................................................................... 93.6
170 ......................................................................... 93.8
175 ......................................................................... 94.0
180 ......................................................................... 94.2
185 ......................................................................... 94.4
190 ......................................................................... 94.6
195 ......................................................................... 94.8
200 ......................................................................... 95.0
210 ......................................................................... 95.4
220 ......................................................................... 95.7
230 ......................................................................... 96.0
240 ......................................................................... 96.3
250 ......................................................................... 96.6
260 ......................................................................... 96.9
270 ......................................................................... 97.2
280 ......................................................................... 97.4
290 ......................................................................... 97.7
300 ......................................................................... 97.9
310 ......................................................................... 98.2
320 ......................................................................... 98.4
330 ......................................................................... 98.6
340 ......................................................................... 98.8
350 ......................................................................... 99.0
360 ......................................................................... 99.2
370 ......................................................................... 99.4
380 ......................................................................... 99.6
390 ......................................................................... 99.8
400 ......................................................................... 100.0
410 ......................................................................... 100.2
420 ......................................................................... 100.4
430 ......................................................................... 100.5
440 ......................................................................... 100.7
450 ......................................................................... 100.8
460 ......................................................................... 101.0
470 ......................................................................... 101.2
480 ......................................................................... 101.3
490 ......................................................................... 101.5
500 ......................................................................... 101.6
510 ......................................................................... 101.8
(TWA)Continued
520 ......................................................................... 101.9
530 ......................................................................... 102.0
540 ......................................................................... 102.2
550 ......................................................................... 102.3
560 ......................................................................... 102.4
570 ......................................................................... 102.6
580 ......................................................................... 102.7
590 ......................................................................... 102.8
600 ......................................................................... 102.9
610 ......................................................................... 103.0
620 ......................................................................... 103.2
630 ......................................................................... 103.3
640 ......................................................................... 103.4
650 ......................................................................... 103.5
660 ......................................................................... 103.6
670 ......................................................................... 103.7
680 ......................................................................... 103.8
690 ......................................................................... 103.9
700 ......................................................................... 104.0
710 ......................................................................... 104.1
720 ......................................................................... 104.2
730 ......................................................................... 104.3
740 ......................................................................... 104.4
750 ......................................................................... 104.5
760 ......................................................................... 104.6
770 ......................................................................... 104.7
780 ......................................................................... 104.8
790 ......................................................................... 104.9
800 ......................................................................... 105.0
810 ......................................................................... 105.1
820 ......................................................................... 105.2
830 ......................................................................... 105.3
840 ......................................................................... 105.4
850 ......................................................................... 105.4
860 ......................................................................... 105.5
870 ......................................................................... 105.6
880 ......................................................................... 105.7
890 ......................................................................... 105.8
900 ......................................................................... 105.8
910 ......................................................................... 105.9
920 ......................................................................... 106.0
930 ......................................................................... 106.1
940 ......................................................................... 106.2
950 ......................................................................... 106.2
960 ......................................................................... 106.3
970 ......................................................................... 106.4
980 ......................................................................... 106.5
990 ......................................................................... 106.5
999 ......................................................................... 106.6
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 95METHODS F OR ES TI -
MATI NG THE ADEQUACY OF HEARI NG P RO-
TECTOR ATTENUATI ON
F or empl oy ees wh o h a ve exper i en ced a si g-
n i fi ca n t t h r esh ol d sh i ft , h ea r i n g pr ot ect or
a t t en u a t i on mu st be su ffi ci en t t o r edu ce em-
pl oy ee exposu r e t o a TWA of 85 dB. Empl oy -
er s mu st sel ect on e of t h e fol l owi n g met h ods
by wh i ch t o est i ma t e t h e a dequ a cy of h ea r -
i n g pr ot ect or a t t en u a t i on .
Th e most con ven i en t met h od i s t h e Noi se
Redu ct i on Ra t i n g (NRR) devel oped by t h e
En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy (EP A).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
218
Accor di n g t o EP A r egu l a t i on , t h e NRR mu st
be sh own on t h e h ea r i n g pr ot ect or pa ck a ge.
Th e NRR i s t h en r el a t ed t o a n i n di vi du a l
wor k er s n oi se en vi r on men t i n or der t o a s-
sess t h e a dequ a cy of t h e a t t en u a t i on of a
gi ven h ea r i n g pr ot ect or . Th i s a ppen di x de-
scr i bes fou r met h ods of u si n g t h e NRR t o de-
t er mi n e wh et h er a pa r t i cu l a r h ea r i n g pr o-
t ect or pr ovi des a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on wi t h i n a
gi ven exposu r e en vi r on men t . S el ect i on
a mon g t h e fou r pr ocedu r es i s depen den t u pon
t h e empl oy er s n oi se mea su r i n g i n st r u men t s.
I n st ea d of u si n g t h e NRR, empl oy er s ma y
eva l u a t e t h e a dequ a cy of h ea r i n g pr ot ect or
a t t en u a t i on by u si n g on e of t h e t h r ee met h -
ods devel oped by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h (NI OS H),
wh i ch a r e descr i bed i n t h e Li st of P er son a l
Hea r i n g P r ot ect or s a n d At t en u a t i on Da t a ,
HEW P u bl i ca t i on No. 76120, 1975, pa ges 2137.
Th ese met h ods a r e k n own a s NI OS H met h ods
# 1B1, # 1B2 a n d # 1B3. Th e NRR descr i bed
bel ow i s a si mpl i fi ca t i on of NI OS H met h od
# 1B2. Th e most compl ex met h od i s NI OS H
met h od # 1B1, wh i ch i s pr oba bl y t h e most a c-
cu r a t e met h od si n ce i t u ses t h e l a r gest
a mou n t of spect r a l i n for ma t i on fr om t h e i n -
di vi du a l empl oy ees n oi se en vi r on men t . As
i n t h e ca se of t h e NRR met h od descr i bed
bel ow, i f on e of t h e NI OS H met h ods i s u sed,
t h e sel ect ed met h od mu st be a ppl i ed t o a n
i n di vi du a l s n oi se en vi r on men t t o a ssess t h e
a dequ a cy of t h e a t t en u a t i on . Empl oy er s
sh ou l d be ca r efu l t o t a k e a su ffi ci en t n u mber
of mea su r emen t s i n or der t o a ch i eve a r ep-
r esen t a t i ve sa mpl e for ea ch t i me segmen t .
NOTE: Th e empl oy er mu st r emember t h a t
ca l cu l a t ed a t t en u a t i on va l u es r efl ect r ea l -
i st i c va l u es on l y t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h e pr o-
t ect or s a r e pr oper l y fi t t ed a n d wor n .
Wh en u si n g t h e NRR t o a ssess h ea r i n g pr o-
t ect or a dequ a cy , on e of t h e fol l owi n g met h -
ods mu st be u sed:
(i ) Wh en u si n g a dosi met er t h a t i s ca pa bl e
of C-wei gh t ed mea su r emen t s:
(A) Obt a i n t h e empl oy ees C-wei gh t ed dose
for t h e en t i r e wor k sh i ft , a n d con ver t t o TWA
(see a ppen di x A, I I ).
(B) S u bt r a ct t h e NRR fr om t h e C-wei gh t ed
TWA t o obt a i n t h e est i ma t ed A-wei gh t ed
TWA u n der t h e ea r pr ot ect or .
(i i ) Wh en u si n g a dosi met er t h a t i s n ot ca -
pa bl e of C-wei gh t ed mea su r emen t s, t h e fol -
l owi n g met h od ma y be u sed:
(A) Con ver t t h e A-wei gh t ed dose t o TWA
(see a ppen di x A).
(B) S u bt r a ct 7 dB fr om t h e NRR.
(C) S u bt r a ct t h e r ema i n der fr om t h e A-
wei gh t ed TWA t o obt a i n t h e est i ma t ed A-
wei gh t ed TWA u n der t h e ea r pr ot ect or .
(i i i ) Wh en u si n g a sou n d l evel met er set t o
t h e A-wei gh t i n g n et wor k :
(A) Obt a i n t h e empl oy ees A-wei gh t ed
TWA.
(B) S u bt r a ct 7 dB fr om t h e NRR, a n d su b-
t r a ct t h e r ema i n der fr om t h e A-wei gh t ed
TWA t o obt a i n t h e est i ma t ed A-wei gh t ed
TWA u n der t h e ea r pr ot ect or .
(i v) Wh en u si n g a sou n d l evel met er set on
t h e C-wei gh t i n g n et wor k :
(A) Obt a i n a r epr esen t a t i ve sa mpl e of t h e
C-wei gh t ed sou n d l evel s i n t h e empl oy ees
en vi r on men t .
a ver a ge sou n d l evel t o obt a i n t h e est i ma t ed
A-wei gh t ed TWA u n der t h e ea r pr ot ect or .
(v) Wh en u si n g a r ea mon i t or i n g pr ocedu r es
a n d a sou n d l evel met er set t o t h e A-wei gh -
i n g n et wor k .
(A) Obt a i n a r epr esen t a t i ve sou n d l evel for
t h e a r ea i n qu est i on .
(B) S u bt r a ct 7 dB fr om t h e NRR a n d su b-
t r a ct t h e r ema i n der fr om t h e A-wei gh t ed
sou n d l evel for t h a t a r ea .
(vi ) Wh en u si n g a r ea mon i t or i n g pr oce-
du r es a n d a sou n d l evel met er set t o t h e C-
wei gh t i n g n et wor k :
(A) Obt a i n a r epr esen t a t i ve sou n d l evel for
t h e a r ea i n qu est i on .
sou n d l evel for t h a t a r ea .
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 95AUDI OMETRI C
MEAS URI NG I NS TRUMENTS
1. I n t h e even t t h a t pu l sed-t on e a u di om-
et er s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l h a ve a t on e on -
t i me of a t l ea st 200 mi l l i secon ds.
2. S el f-r ecor di n g a u di omet er s sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Th e ch a r t u pon wh i ch t h e a u di ogr a m i s
t r a ced sh a l l h a ve l i n es a t posi t i on s cor -
r espon di n g t o a l l mu l t i pl es of 10 dB h ea r i n g
l evel wi t h i n t h e i n t en si t y r a n ge spa n n ed by
t h e a u di omet er . Th e l i n es sh a l l be equ a l l y
spa ced a n d sh a l l be sepa r a t ed by a t l ea st
1
4
i n ch . Addi t i on a l i n cr emen t s a r e opt i on a l .
Th e a u di ogr a m pen t r a ci n gs sh a l l n ot exceed
2 dB i n wi dt h .
(B) I t sh a l l be possi bl e t o set t h e st y l u s
ma n u a l l y a t t h e 10-dB i n cr emen t l i n es for
ca l i br a t i on pu r poses.
(C) Th e sl ewi n g r a t e for t h e a u di omet er a t -
t en u a t or sh a l l n ot be mor e t h a n 6 dB/sec ex-
cept t h a t a n i n i t i a l sl ewi n g r a t e gr ea t er t h a n
6 dB/sec i s per mi t t ed a t t h e begi n n i n g of
ea ch n ew t est fr equ en cy , bu t on l y u n t i l t h e
secon d su bj ect r espon se.
(D) Th e a u di omet er sh a l l r ema i n a t ea ch
r equ i r ed t est fr equ en cy for 30 secon ds (t 3
secon ds). Th e a u di ogr a m sh a l l be cl ea r l y
ma r k ed a t ea ch ch a n ge of fr equ en cy a n d t h e
a ct u a l fr equ en cy ch a n ge of t h e a u di omet er
sh a l l n ot devi a t e fr om t h e fr equ en cy bou n d-
a r i es ma r k ed on t h e a u di ogr a m by mor e t h a n
t 3 secon ds.
(E) I t mu st be possi bl e a t ea ch t est fr e-
qu en cy t o pl a ce a h or i zon t a l l i n e segmen t
pa r a l l el t o t h e t i me a xi s on t h e a u di ogr a m,
su ch t h a t t h e a u di omet r i c t r a ci n g cr osses
t h e l i n e segmen t a t l ea st si x t i mes a t t h a t
t est fr equ en cy . At ea ch t est fr equ en cy t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
219
t h r esh ol d sh a l l be t h e a ver a ge of t h e
mi dpoi n t s of t h e t r a ci n g excu r si on s.
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 95AUDI OMETRI C TES T
ROOMS
Rooms u sed for a u di omet r i c t est i n g sh a l l
n ot h a ve ba ck gr ou n d sou n d pr essu r e l evel s
exceedi n g t h ose i n Ta bl e D1 wh en mea su r ed
by equ i pmen t con for mi n g a t l ea st t o t h e
Ty pe 2 r equ i r emen t s of Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d S peci fi ca t i on for S ou n d Level Me-
t er s, S 1. 41971 (R1976), a n d t o t h e Cl a ss I I r e-
qu i r emen t s of Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S peci fi ca t i on for Oct a ve, Ha l f-Oct a ve, a n d
Th i r d-Oct a ve Ba n d F i l t er S et s, S 1. 111971
(R1976).
TABLE D1MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OCTAVE-
BAND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS FOR
AUDIOMETRIC TEST ROOMS
Octave-band center fre-
quency (Hz) ................ 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Sound pressure level
(dB) ............................. 40 40 47 57 62
AP P ENDI X E TO 1910. 95ACOUS TI C
CALI BRATI ON OF AUDI OMETERS
Au di omet er ca l i br a t i on sh a l l be ch eck ed
a cou st i ca l l y , a t l ea st a n n u a l l y , a ccor di n g t o
t h e pr ocedu r es descr i bed i n t h i s a ppen di x.
Th e equ i pmen t n ecessa r y t o per for m t h ese
mea su r emen t s i s a sou n d l evel met er , oc-
t a ve-ba n d fi l t er set , a n d a Na t i on a l Bu r ea u
of S t a n da r ds 9A cou pl er . I n ma k i n g t h ese
mea su r emen t s, t h e a ccu r a cy of t h e ca l i -
br a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be su ffi ci en t t o de-
t er mi n e t h a t t h e a u di omet er i s wi t h i n t h e
t ol er a n ces per mi t t ed by Amer i ca n S t a n da r d
S peci fi ca t i on for Au di omet er s, S 3. 61969.
(1) Sou n d Pressu re Ou t pu t Ch eck
A. P l a ce t h e ea r ph on e cou pl er over t h e
mi cr oph on e of t h e sou n d l evel met er a n d
pl a ce t h e ea r ph on e on t h e cou pl er .
B. S et t h e a u di omet er s h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d
l evel (HTL) di a l t o 70 dB.
C. Mea su r e t h e sou n d pr essu r e l evel of t h e
t on es a t ea ch t est fr equ en cy fr om 500 Hz
t h r ou gh 6000 Hz for ea ch ea r ph on e.
D. At ea ch fr equ en cy t h e r ea dou t on t h e
sou n d l evel met er sh ou l d cor r espon d t o t h e
l evel s i n Ta bl e E1 or Ta bl e E2, a s a ppr o-
pr i a t e, for t h e t y pe of ea r ph on e, i n t h e col -
u mn en t i t l ed sou n d l evel met er r ea di n g.
(2) L in earit y Ch eck
A. Wi t h t h e ea r ph on e i n pl a ce, set t h e fr e-
qu en cy t o 1000 Hz a n d t h e HTL di a l on t h e
a u di omet er t o 70 dB.
B. Mea su r e t h e sou n d l evel s i n t h e cou pl er
a t ea ch 10-dB decr emen t fr om 70 dB t o 10 dB,
n ot i n g t h e sou n d l evel met er r ea di n g a t ea ch
set t i n g.
C. F or ea ch 10-dB decr emen t on t h e a u di -
omet er t h e sou n d l evel met er sh ou l d i n di ca t e
a cor r espon di n g 10 dB decr ea se.
D. Th i s mea su r emen t ma y be ma de el ec-
t r i ca l l y wi t h a vol t met er con n ect ed t o t h e
ea r ph on e t er mi n a l s.
(3) T oleran ces
Wh en a n y of t h e mea su r ed sou n d l evel s de-
vi a t e fr om t h e l evel s i n Ta bl e E1 or Ta bl e
E2 by t 3 dB a t a n y t est fr equ en cy bet ween
500 a n d 3000 Hz, 4 dB a t 4000 Hz, or 5 dB a t
6000 Hz, a n exh a u st i ve ca l i br a t i on i s a dvi sed.
An exh a u st i ve ca l i br a t i on i s r equ i r ed i f t h e
devi a t i on s a r e gr ea t er t h a n 15 dB or gr ea t er
a t a n y t est fr equ en cy .
TABLE E1REFERENCE THRESHOLD LEVELS
FOR TELEPHONICSTDH39 EARPHONES
Frequency, Hz
Reference
threshold
level for
TDH39
earphones,
dB
Sound
level meter
reading,
dB
500 ................................................. 11 .5 81 .5
1000 ............................................... 7 77
2000 ............................................... 9 79
3000 ............................................... 10 80
4000 ............................................... 9 .5 79 .5
6000 ............................................... 15 .5 85 .5
TABLE E2REFERENCE THRESHOLD LEVELS
FOR TELEPHONICSTDH49 EARPHONES
Frequency, Hz
Ref-
erence
threshold
level for
TDH49
ear-
phones,
dB
Sound
level
meter
reading,
dB
500 ..................................................... 13.5 83.5
1000 ................................................... 7.5 77.5
2000 ................................................... 11 81.0
3000 ................................................... 9.5 79.5
4000 ................................................... 10.5 80.5
6000 ................................................... 13.5 83.5
AP P ENDI X F TO 1910. 95CALCULATI ONS AND
AP P LI CATI ON OF AGE CORRECTI ONS TO
AUDI OGRAMS
T h is Appen dix I s Non -Man dat ory
I n det er mi n i n g wh et h er a st a n da r d t h r esh -
ol d sh i ft h a s occu r r ed, a l l owa n ce ma y be
ma de for t h e con t r i bu t i on of a gi n g t o t h e
ch a n ge i n h ea r i n g l evel by a dj u st i n g t h e
most r ecen t a u di ogr a m. I f t h e empl oy er
ch ooses t o a dj u st t h e a u di ogr a m, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l fol l ow t h e pr ocedu r e descr i bed
bel ow. Th i s pr ocedu r e a n d t h e a ge cor r ect i on
t a bl es wer e devel oped by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i -
t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h i n
t h e cr i t er i a docu men t en t i t l ed Cr i t er i a for
a Recommen ded S t a n da r d . . . Occu pa t i on a l
Exposu r e t o Noi se, ((HS M)11001).
F or ea ch a u di omet r i c t est fr equ en cy ;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
220
(i ) Det er mi n e fr om Ta bl es F 1 or F 2 t h e
a ge cor r ect i on va l u es for t h e empl oy ee by :
(A) F i n di n g t h e a ge a t wh i ch t h e most r e-
cen t a u di ogr a m wa s t a k en a n d r ecor di n g t h e
cor r espon di n g va l u es of a ge cor r ect i on s a t
1000 Hz t h r ou gh 6000 Hz;
(B) F i n di n g t h e a ge a t wh i ch t h e ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m wa s t a k en a n d r ecor di n g t h e cor -
r espon di n g va l u es of a ge cor r ect i on s a t 1000
Hz t h r ou gh 6000 Hz.
(i i ) S u bt r a ct t h e va l u es fou n d i n st ep (i )(B)
fr om t h e va l u e fou n d i n st ep (i )(A).
(i i i ) Th e di ffer en ces ca l cu l a t ed i n st ep (i i )
r epr esen t ed t h a t por t i on of t h e ch a n ge i n
h ea r i n g t h a t ma y be du e t o a gi n g.
Example: Empl oy ee i s a 32-y ea r -ol d ma l e.
Th e a u di omet r i c h i st or y for h i s r i gh t ea r i s
sh own i n deci bel s bel ow.
Employees age
Audiometric test frequency (Hz)
1000 2000 3000 4000 6000
26 ......................... 10 5 5 10 5
*27 ........................ 0 0 0 5 5
28 ......................... 0 0 0 10 5
29 ......................... 5 0 5 15 5
30 ......................... 0 5 10 20 10
31 ......................... 5 10 20 15 15
*32 ........................ 5 10 10 25 20
Th e a u di ogr a m a t a ge 27 i s con si der ed t h e
ba sel i n e si n ce i t sh ows t h e best h ea r i n g
t h r esh ol d l evel s. Ast er i sk s h a ve been u sed t o
i den t i fy t h e ba sel i n e a n d most r ecen t a u di o-
gr a m. A t h r esh ol d sh i ft of 20 dB exi st s a t 4000
Hz bet ween t h e a u di ogr a ms t a k en a t a ges 27
a n d 32.
(Th e t h r esh ol d sh i ft i s compu t ed by su b-
t r a ct i n g t h e h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d a t a ge 27,
wh i ch wa s 5, fr om t h e h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d a t
a ge 32, wh i ch i s 25). A r et est a u di ogr a m h a s
con fi r med t h i s sh i ft . Th e con t r i bu t i on of
a gi n g t o t h i s ch a n ge i n h ea r i n g ma y be est i -
ma t ed i n t h e fol l owi n g ma n n er :
Go t o Ta bl e F 1 a n d fi n d t h e a ge cor r ect i on
va l u es (i n dB) for 4000 Hz a t a ge 27 a n d a ge 32.
Frequency (Hz)
1000 2000 3000 4000 6000
Age 32 .................. 6 5 7 10 14
Age 27 .................. 5 4 6 7 11
Difference ...... 1 1 1 3 3
Th e di ffer en ce r epr esen t s t h e a mou n t of
h ea r i n g l oss t h a t ma y be a t t r i bu t ed t o a gi n g
i n t h e t i me per i od bet ween t h e ba sel i n e
a u di ogr a m a n d t h e most r ecen t a u di ogr a m.
I n t h i s exa mpl e, t h e di ffer en ce a t 4000 Hz i s
3 dB. Th i s va l u e i s su bt r a ct ed fr om t h e h ea r -
i n g l evel a t 4000 Hz, wh i ch i n t h e most r ecen t
a u di ogr a m i s 25, y i el di n g 22 a ft er a dj u st -
men t . Th en t h e h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d i n t h e
ba sel i n e a u di ogr a m a t 4000 Hz (5) i s su b-
t r a ct ed fr om t h e a dj u st ed a n n u a l a u di ogr a m
h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d a t 4000 Hz (22). Th u s t h e
a ge-cor r ect ed t h r esh ol d sh i ft wou l d be 17 dB
(a s opposed t o a t h r esh ol d sh i ft of 20 dB
wi t h ou t a ge cor r ect i on ).
TABLE F1AGE CORRECTION VALUES IN
DECIBELS FOR MALES
Years
Audiometric Test Frequencies (Hz)
1000 2000 3000 4000 6000
20 or younger ....... 5 3 4 5 8
21 ......................... 5 3 4 5 8
22 ......................... 5 3 4 5 8
23 ......................... 5 3 4 6 9
24 ......................... 5 3 5 6 9
25 ......................... 5 3 5 7 10
26 ......................... 5 4 5 7 10
27 ......................... 5 4 6 7 11
28 ......................... 6 4 6 8 11
29 ......................... 6 4 6 8 12
30 ......................... 6 4 6 9 12
31 ......................... 6 4 7 9 13
32 ......................... 6 5 7 10 14
33 ......................... 6 5 7 10 14
34 ......................... 6 5 8 11 15
35 ......................... 7 5 8 11 15
36 ......................... 7 5 9 12 16
37 ......................... 7 6 9 12 17
38 ......................... 7 6 9 13 17
39 ......................... 7 6 10 14 18
40 ......................... 7 6 10 14 19
41 ......................... 7 6 10 14 20
42 ......................... 8 7 11 16 20
43 ......................... 8 7 12 16 21
44 ......................... 8 7 12 17 22
45 ......................... 8 7 13 18 23
46 ......................... 8 8 13 19 24
47 ......................... 8 8 14 19 24
48 ......................... 9 8 14 20 25
49 ......................... 9 9 15 21 26
50 ......................... 9 9 16 22 27
51 ......................... 9 9 16 23 28
52 ......................... 9 10 17 24 29
53 ......................... 9 10 18 25 30
54 ......................... 10 10 18 26 31
55 ......................... 10 11 19 27 32
56 ......................... 10 11 20 28 34
57 ......................... 10 11 21 29 35
58 ......................... 10 12 22 31 36
59 ......................... 11 12 22 32 37
60 or older ............ 11 13 23 33 38
DECIBELS FOR FEMALES
Years
1000 2000 3000 4000 6000
20 or younger ....... 7 4 3 3 6
21 ......................... 7 4 4 3 6
22 ......................... 7 4 4 4 6
23 ......................... 7 5 4 4 7
24 ......................... 7 5 4 4 7
25 ......................... 8 5 4 4 7
26 ......................... 8 5 5 4 8
27 ......................... 8 5 5 5 8
28 ......................... 8 5 5 5 8
29 ......................... 8 5 5 5 9
30 ......................... 8 6 5 5 9
31 ......................... 8 6 6 5 9
32 ......................... 9 6 6 6 10
33 ......................... 9 6 6 6 10
34 ......................... 9 6 6 6 10
35 ......................... 9 6 7 7 11
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
221
DECIBELS FOR FEMALESContinued
Years
1000 2000 3000 4000 6000
36 ......................... 9 7 7 7 11
37 ......................... 9 7 7 7 12
38 ......................... 10 7 7 7 12
39 ......................... 10 7 8 8 12
40 ......................... 10 7 8 8 13
41 ......................... 10 8 8 8 13
42 ......................... 10 8 9 9 13
43 ......................... 11 8 9 9 14
44 ......................... 11 8 9 9 14
45 ......................... 11 8 10 10 15
46 ......................... 11 9 10 10 15
47 ......................... 11 9 10 11 16
48 ......................... 12 9 11 11 16
49 ......................... 12 9 11 11 16
50 ......................... 12 10 11 12 17
51 ......................... 12 10 12 12 17
52 ......................... 12 10 12 13 18
53 ......................... 13 10 13 13 18
54 ......................... 13 11 13 14 19
55 ......................... 13 11 14 14 19
56 ......................... 13 11 14 15 20
57 ......................... 13 11 15 15 20
58 ......................... 14 12 15 16 21
59 ......................... 14 12 16 16 21
60 or older ............ 14 12 16 17 22
AP P ENDI X G TO 1910. 95MONI TORI NG NOI S E
LEVELS NON-MANDATORY I NF ORMATI ONAL
AP P ENDI X
Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des i n for ma t i on t o h el p
empl oy er s compl y wi t h t h e n oi se mon i t or i n g
obl i ga t i on s t h a t a r e pa r t of t h e h ea r i n g con -
ser va t i on a men dmen t .
WHAT I S THE P URP OS E OF NOI S E MONI TORI NG?
Th i s r evi sed a men dmen t r equ i r es t h a t em-
pl oy ees be pl a ced i n a h ea r i n g con ser va t i on
pr ogr a m i f t h ey a r e exposed t o a ver a ge n oi se
l evel s of 85 dB or gr ea t er du r i n g a n 8 h ou r
wor k da y . I n or der t o det er mi n e i f exposu r es
a r e a t or a bove t h i s l evel , i t ma y be n ec-
essa r y t o mea su r e or mon i t or t h e a ct u a l
n oi se l evel s i n t h e wor k pl a ce a n d t o est i ma t e
t h e n oi se exposu r e or dose r ecei ved by em-
pl oy ees du r i n g t h e wor k da y .
WHEN I S I T NECES S ARY TO I MP LEMENT A
NOI S E MONI TORI NG P ROGRAM?
I t i s n ot n ecessa r y for ever y empl oy er t o
mea su r e wor k pl a ce n oi se. Noi se mon i t or i n g
or mea su r i n g mu st be con du ct ed on l y wh en
exposu r es a r e a t or a bove 85 dB. F a ct or s
wh i ch su ggest t h a t n oi se exposu r es i n t h e
wor k pl a ce ma y be a t t h i s l evel i n cl u de em-
pl oy ee compl a i n t s a bou t t h e l ou dn ess of
n oi se, i n di ca t i on s t h a t empl oy ees a r e l osi n g
t h ei r h ea r i n g, or n oi sy con di t i on s wh i ch
ma k e n or ma l con ver sa t i on di ffi cu l t . Th e em-
pl oy er sh ou l d a l so con si der a n y i n for ma t i on
a va i l a bl e r ega r di n g n oi se emi t t ed fr om spe-
ci fi c ma ch i n es. I n a ddi t i on , a ct u a l wor k pl a ce
n oi se mea su r emen t s ca n su ggest wh et h er or
n ot a mon i t or i n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d be i n i t i -
a t ed.
HOW I S NOI S E MEAS URED?
Ba si ca l l y , t h er e a r e t wo di ffer en t i n st r u -
men t s t o mea su r e n oi se exposu r es: t h e sou n d
l evel met er a n d t h e dosi met er . A sou n d l evel
met er i s a devi ce t h a t mea su r es t h e i n t en -
si t y of sou n d a t a gi ven momen t . S i n ce
sou n d l evel met er s pr ovi de a mea su r e of
sou n d i n t en si t y a t on l y on e poi n t i n t i me, i t
i s gen er a l l y n ecessa r y t o t a k e a n u mber of
mea su r emen t s a t di ffer en t t i mes du r i n g t h e
da y t o est i ma t e n oi se exposu r e over a wor k -
da y . I f n oi se l evel s fl u ct u a t e, t h e a mou n t of
t i me n oi se r ema i n s a t ea ch of t h e va r i ou s
mea su r ed l evel s mu st be det er mi n ed.
To est i ma t e empl oy ee n oi se exposu r es wi t h
a sou n d l evel met er i t i s a l so gen er a l l y n ec-
essa r y t o t a k e sever a l mea su r emen t s a t di f-
fer en t l oca t i on s wi t h i n t h e wor k pl a ce. Aft er
a ppr opr i a t e sou n d l evel met er r ea di n gs a r e
obt a i n ed, peopl e somet i mes dr a w ma ps of
t h e sou n d l evel s wi t h i n di ffer en t a r ea s of t h e
wor k pl a ce. By u si n g a sou n d l evel ma p
a n d i n for ma t i on on empl oy ee l oca t i on s
t h r ou gh ou t t h e da y , est i ma t es of i n di vi du a l
exposu r e l evel s ca n be devel oped. Th i s mea s-
u r emen t met h od i s gen er a l l y r efer r ed t o a s
area n oi se mon i t or i n g.
A dosi met er i s l i k e a sou n d l evel met er ex-
cept t h a t i t st or es sou n d l evel mea su r emen t s
a n d i n t egr a t es t h ese mea su r emen t s over
t i me, pr ovi di n g a n a ver a ge n oi se exposu r e
r ea di n g for a gi ven per i od of t i me, su ch a s a n
8-h ou r wor k da y . Wi t h a dosi met er , a mi cr o-
ph on e i s a t t a ch ed t o t h e empl oy ees cl ot h i n g
a n d t h e exposu r e mea su r emen t i s si mpl y
r ea d a t t h e en d of t h e desi r ed t i me per i od. A
r ea der ma y be u sed t o r ea d-ou t t h e
dosi met er s mea su r emen t s. S i n ce t h e dosi m-
et er i s wor n by t h e empl oy ee, i t mea su r es
n oi se l evel s i n t h ose l oca t i on s i n wh i ch t h e
empl oy ee t r a vel s. A sou n d l evel met er ca n
a l so be posi t i on ed wi t h i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi -
ci n i t y of t h e exposed wor k er t o obt a i n a n i n -
di vi du a l exposu r e est i ma t e. S u ch pr ocedu r es
a r e gen er a l l y r efer r ed t o a s person al n oi se
mon i t or i n g.
Ar ea mon i t or i n g ca n be u sed t o est i ma t e
n oi se exposu r e wh en t h e n oi se l evel s a r e r el -
a t i vel y con st a n t a n d empl oy ees a r e n ot mo-
bi l e. I n wor k pl a ces wh er e empl oy ees move
a bou t i n di ffer en t a r ea s or wh er e t h e n oi se
i n t en si t y t en ds t o fl u ct u a t e over t i me, n oi se
exposu r e i s gen er a l l y mor e a ccu r a t el y est i -
ma t ed by t h e per son a l mon i t or i n g a ppr oa ch .
I n si t u a t i on s wh er e per son a l mon i t or i n g i s
a ppr opr i a t e, pr oper posi t i on i n g of t h e mi cr o-
ph on e i s n ecessa r y t o obt a i n a ccu r a t e mea s-
u r emen t s. Wi t h a dosi met er , t h e mi cr oph on e
i s gen er a l l y l oca t ed on t h e sh ou l der a n d r e-
ma i n s i n t h a t posi t i on for t h e en t i r e wor k -
da y . Wi t h a sou n d l evel met er , t h e mi cr o-
ph on e i s st a t i on ed n ea r t h e empl oy ees h ea d,
a n d t h e i n st r u men t i s u su a l l y h el d by a n i n -
di vi du a l wh o fol l ows t h e empl oy ee a s h e or
sh e moves a bou t .
Ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s, con t a i n ed i n
dosi met er a n d sou n d l evel met er oper a t i n g
ma n u a l s, sh ou l d be fol l owed for ca l i br a t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
222
a n d ma i n t en a n ce. To en su r e a ccu r a t e r e-
su l t s, i t i s con si der ed good pr ofessi on a l pr a c-
t i ce t o ca l i br a t e i n st r u men t s befor e a n d
a ft er ea ch u se.
HOW OF TEN I S I T NECES S ARY TO MONI TOR
NOI S E LEVELS ?
Th e a men dmen t r equ i r es t h a t wh en t h er e
a r e si gn i fi ca n t ch a n ges i n ma ch i n er y or pr o-
du ct i on pr ocesses t h a t ma y r esu l t i n i n -
cr ea sed n oi se l evel s, r emon i t or i n g mu st be
con du ct ed t o det er mi n e wh et h er a ddi t i on a l
empl oy ees n eed t o be i n cl u ded i n t h e h ea r i n g
con ser va t i on pr ogr a m. Ma n y compa n i es
ch oose t o r emon i t or per i odi ca l l y (on ce ever y
y ea r or t wo) t o en su r e t h a t a l l exposed em-
pl oy ees a r e i n cl u ded i n t h ei r h ea r i n g con -
ser va t i on pr ogr a ms.
WHERE CAN EQUI P MENT AND TECHNI CAL AD-
VI CE BE OBTAI NED?
Noi se mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t ma y be ei t h er
pu r ch a sed or r en t ed. S ou n d l evel met er s cost
a bou t $500 t o $1, 000, wh i l e dosi met er s r a n ge
i n pr i ce fr om a bou t $750 t o $1, 500. S ma l l er
compa n i es ma y fi n d i t mor e econ omi ca l t o
r en t equ i pmen t r a t h er t h a n t o pu r ch a se i t .
Na mes of equ i pmen t su ppl i er s ma y be fou n d
i n t h e t el eph on e book (Yel l ow P a ges) u n der
h ea di n gs su ch a s: S a fet y Equ i pmen t , I n -
du st r i a l Hy gi en e, or En gi n eer s-Acou s-
t i ca l . I n a ddi t i on t o pr ovi di n g i n for ma t i on
on obt a i n i n g n oi se mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t ,
ma n y compa n i es a n d i n di vi du a l s i n cl u ded
u n der su ch l i st i n gs ca n pr ovi de pr ofessi on a l
a dvi ce on h ow t o con du ct a va l i d n oi se mon i -
t or i n g pr ogr a m. S ome a u di ol ogi ca l t est i n g
fi r ms a n d i n du st r i a l h y gi en e fi r ms a l so pr o-
vi de n oi se mon i t or i n g ser vi ces. Un i ver si t i es
wi t h a u di ol ogy , i n du st r i a l h y gi en e, or a cou s-
t i ca l en gi n eer i n g depa r t men t s ma y a l so pr o-
vi de i n for ma t i on or ma y be a bl e t o h el p em-
pl oy er s meet t h ei r obl i ga t i on s u n der t h i s
a men dmen t .
F r ee, on -si t e a ssi st a n ce ma y be obt a i n ed
fr om OS HA-su ppor t ed st a t e a n d pr i va t e con -
su l t a t i on or ga n i za t i on s. Th ese sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h con su l t a t i ve en t i t i es gen er a l l y gi ve
pr i or i t y t o t h e n eeds of sma l l bu si n esses.
AP P ENDI X H TO 1910. 95AVAI LABI LI TY OF
REF ERENCED DOCUMENTS
P a r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (o) of 29 CF R 1910. 95
a n d t h e a ccompa n y i n g a ppen di ces con t a i n
pr ovi si on s wh i ch i n cor por a t e pu bl i ca t i on s by
r efer en ce. Gen er a l l y , t h e pu bl i ca t i on s pr o-
vi de cr i t er i a for i n st r u men t s t o be u sed i n
mon i t or i n g a n d a u di omet r i c t est i n g. Th ese
cr i t er i a a r e i n t en ded t o be ma n da t or y wh en
so i n di ca t ed i n t h e a ppl i ca bl e pa r a gr a ph s of
1910. 95 a n d a ppen di ces.
I t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t OS HA does n ot r e-
qu i r e t h a t empl oy er s pu r ch a se a copy of t h e
r efer en ced pu bl i ca t i on s. Empl oy er s, h ow-
ever , ma y desi r e t o obt a i n a copy of t h e r ef-
er en ced pu bl i ca t i on s for t h ei r own i n for ma -
t i on .
Th e desi gn a t i on of t h e pa r a gr a ph of t h e
st a n da r d i n wh i ch t h e r efer en ced pu bl i ca -
t i on s a ppea r , t h e t i t l es of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s,
a n d t h e a va i l a bi l i t y of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s a r e
a s fol l ows:
Paragraph designation Referenced publication Available from
Appendix B ......................... List of Personal Hearing Protectors and
Attenuation Data, HEW Pub. No. 76
120, 1975. NTIS-PB267461.
National Technical Information Service, Port Royal
Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
Appendix D ......................... Specification for Sound Level Meters,
S1.41971 (R1976).
American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430
Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
1910.95(k)(2), appendix E Specifications for Audiometers, S3.6
1969.
American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430
Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
Appendix D ......................... Specification for Octave, Half-Octave
and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets,
S1.111971 (R1976).
Back Numbers Department, Dept. STD, American In-
stitute of Physics, 333 E. 45th St., New York, NY
10017; American National Standards Institute, Inc.,
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
Th e r efer en ced pu bl i ca t i on s (or a mi cr o-
fi ch e of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s) a r e a va i l a bl e for
r evi ew a t ma n y u n i ver si t i es a n d pu bl i c l i -
br a r i es t h r ou gh ou t t h e cou n t r y . Th ese pu bl i -
ca t i on s ma y a l so be exa mi n ed a t t h e OS HA
Tech n i ca l Da t a Cen t er , Room N2439, Un i t ed
S t a t es Depa r t men t of La bor , 200 Con st i t u -
t i on Aven u e, NW. , Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20210,
(202) 2197500 or a t a n y OS HA Regi on a l Offi ce
(see t el eph on e di r ect or i es u n der Un i t ed
S t a t es Gover n men t La bor Depa r t men t ).
AP P ENDI X I TO 1910. 95DEF I NI TI ONS
Th ese defi n i t i on s a ppl y t o t h e fol l owi n g
t er ms a s u sed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (n )
of 29 CF R 1910. 95.
Act i on l evel An 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver -
a ge of 85 deci bel s mea su r ed on t h e A-sca l e,
sl ow r espon se, or equ i va l en t l y , a dose of
fi ft y per cen t .
Au di ogr a mA ch a r t , gr a ph , or t a bl e r esu l t -
i n g fr om a n a u di omet r i c t est sh owi n g a n
i n di vi du a l s h ea r i n g t h r esh ol d l evel s a s a
fu n ct i on of fr equ en cy .
Au di ol ogi st A pr ofessi on a l , speci a l i zi n g i n
t h e st u dy a n d r eh a bi l i t a t i on of h ea r i n g,
wh o i s cer t i fi ed by t h e Amer i ca n S peech -
La n gu a ge-Hea r i n g Associ a t i on or l i cen sed
by a st a t e boa r d of exa mi n er s.
Ba sel i n e a u di ogr a mTh e a u di ogr a m a ga i n st
wh i ch fu t u r e a u di ogr a ms a r e compa r ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
223
Cr i t er i on sou n d l evel A sou n d l evel of 90
deci bel s.
Deci bel (dB)Un i t of mea su r emen t of sou n d
l evel .
Her t z (Hz)Un i t of mea su r emen t of fr e-
qu en cy , n u mer i ca l l y equ a l t o cy cl es per
secon d.
Medi ca l pa t h ol ogy A di sor der or di sea se.
F or pu r poses of t h i s r egu l a t i on , a con di -
t i on or di sea se a ffect i n g t h e ea r , wh i ch
sh ou l d be t r ea t ed by a ph y si ci a n speci a l i st .
Noi se doseTh e r a t i o, expr essed a s a per -
cen t a ge, of (1) t h e t i me i n t egr a l , over a
st a t ed t i me or even t , of t h e 0. 6 power of t h e
mea su r ed S LOW expon en t i a l t i me-a ver -
a ged, squ a r ed A-wei gh t ed sou n d pr essu r e
a n d (2) t h e pr odu ct of t h e cr i t er i on du r a -
t i on (8 h ou r s) a n d t h e 0. 6 power of t h e
squ a r ed sou n d pr essu r e cor r espon di n g t o
t h e cr i t er i on sou n d l evel (90 dB).
Noi se dosi met er An i n st r u men t t h a t i n t e-
gr a t es a fu n ct i on of sou n d pr essu r e over a
per i od of t i me i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t i t di -
r ect l y i n di ca t es a n oi se dose.
Ot ol a r y n gol ogi st A ph y si ci a n speci a l i zi n g
i n di a gn osi s a n d t r ea t men t of di sor der s of
t h e ea r , n ose a n d t h r oa t .
Repr esen t a t i ve exposu r eMea su r emen t s of
a n empl oy ees n oi se dose or 8-h ou r t i me-
wei gh t ed a ver a ge sou n d l evel t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er s deem t o be r epr esen t a t i ve of t h e
exposu r es of ot h er empl oy ees i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce.
S ou n d l evel Ten t i mes t h e common l oga -
r i t h m of t h e r a t i o of t h e squ a r e of t h e
mea su r ed A-wei gh t ed sou n d pr essu r e t o t h e
squ a r e of t h e st a n da r d r efer en ce pr essu r e
of 20 mi cr opa sca l s. Un i t : deci bel s (dB). F or
u se wi t h t h i s r egu l a t i on , S LOW t i me r e-
spon se, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h ANS I S 1. 41971
(R1976), i s r equ i r ed.
S ou n d l evel met er An i n st r u men t for t h e
mea su r emen t of sou n d l evel .
Ti me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge sou n d l evel Th a t
sou n d l evel , wh i ch i f con st a n t over a n 8-
h ou r exposu r e, wou l d r esu l t i n t h e sa me
n oi se dose a s i s mea su r ed.
F R 4161, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 62845, Dec. 29,
1981; 48 F R 9776, Ma r . 8, 1983; 48 F R 29687,
J u n e 28, 1983; 54 F R 24333, J u n e 7, 1989; 61 F R
9236, Ma r . 7, 1996; 71 F R 16672, Apr . 3, 2006]
1910.97 Nonionizing radiation.
(a ) Elect romagn et ic radiat ion (1) Def i-
n it ion s applicable t o t h is paragraph . (i )
Th e t er m elect romagn et ic radiat ion i s r e-
st r i ct ed t o t h a t por t i on of t h e spec-
t r u m common l y defi n ed a s t h e r a di o
fr equ en cy r egi on , wh i ch for t h e pu r pose
of t h i s speci fi ca t i on sh a l l i n cl u de t h e
mi cr owa ve fr equ en cy r egi on .
(i i ) Part ial body irradiat ion . P er t a i n s
t o t h e ca se i n wh i ch pa r t of t h e body i s
exposed t o t h e i n ci den t el ect r o-
ma gn et i c en er gy .
(i i i ) Radiat ion prot ect ion gu ide. Ra di -
a t i on l evel wh i ch sh ou l d n ot be exceed-
ed wi t h ou t ca r efu l con si der a t i on of t h e
r ea son s for doi n g so.
(i v) Th e wor d sy mbol a s u sed i n
t h i s speci fi ca t i on r efer s t o t h e over a l l
desi gn , sh a pe, a n d col or i n g of t h e r f r a -
di a t i on si gn sh own i n fi gu r e G11.
(v) Wh ole body irradiat ion . P er t a i n s t o
t h e ca se i n wh i ch t h e en t i r e body i s ex-
posed t o t h e i n ci den t el ect r oma gn et i c
en er gy or i n wh i ch t h e cr oss sect i on of
t h e body i s sma l l er t h a n t h e cr oss sec-
t i on of t h e i n ci den t r a di a t i on bea m.
(2) Radiat ion prot ect ion gu ide. (i ) F or
n or ma l en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s a n d
for i n ci den t el ect r oma gn et i c en er gy of
fr equ en ci es fr om 10 MHz t o 100 GHz,
t h e r a di a t i on pr ot ect i on gu i de i s 10
mW/cm.
2
(mi l l i wa t t per squ a r e cen t i -
met er ) a s a ver a ged over a n y possi bl e
0. 1-h ou r per i od. Th i s mea n s t h e fol -
l owi n g:
P ower den si t y : 10 mW. /cm.
2
for per i ods of 0. 1-
h ou r or mor e.
En er gy den si t y : 1 mW. -h r . /cm.
2
(mi l l i wa t t
h ou r per squ a r e cen t i met er ) du r i n g a n y 0. 1-
h ou r per i od.
Th i s gu i de a ppl i es wh et h er t h e r a di -
a t i on i s con t i n u ou s or i n t er mi t t en t .
(i i ) Th ese for mu l a t ed r ecommen da -
t i on s per t a i n t o bot h wh ol e body i r r a -
di a t i on a n d pa r t i a l body i r r a di a t i on .
P a r t i a l body i r r a di a t i on mu st be i n -
cl u ded si n ce i t h a s been sh own t h a t
some pa r t s of t h e h u ma n body (e. g. ,
ey es, t est i cl es) ma y be h a r med i f ex-
posed t o i n ci den t r a di a t i on l evel s si g-
n i fi ca n t l y i n excess of t h e r ec-
ommen ded l evel s.
(3) Warn in g sy mbol. (i ) Th e wa r n i n g
sy mbol for r a di o fr equ en cy r a di a t i on
h a za r ds sh a l l con si st of a r ed i soscel es
t r i a n gl e a bove a n i n ver t ed bl a ck i sos-
cel es t r i a n gl e, sepa r a t ed a n d ou t l i n ed
by a n a l u mi n u m col or bor der . Th e
wor ds Wa r n i n gRa di o-F r equ en cy Ra -
di a t i on Ha za r d sh a l l a ppea r i n t h e
u pper t r i a n gl e. S ee fi gu r e G11.
(i i ) Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S a fet y Col or Code for Ma r k i n g P h y s-
i ca l Ha za r ds a n d t h e I den t i fi ca t i on of
Cer t a i n Equ i pmen t , Z53. 11953, wh i ch i s
i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed
i n 1910. 6, sh a l l be u sed for col or speci -
fi ca t i on . Al l l et t er i n g a n d t h e bor der
sh a l l be of a l u mi n u m col or .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
224
(i i i ) Th e i n cl u si on a n d ch oi ce of
wa r n i n g i n for ma t i on or pr eca u t i on a r y
i n st r u ct i on s i s a t t h e di scr et i on of t h e
u ser . I f su ch i n for ma t i on i s i n cl u ded i t
sh a l l a ppea r i n t h e l ower t r i a n gl e of
t h e wa r n i n g sy mbol .
F I GURE G11RADI O-F REQUENCY RADI ATI ON HAZARD WARNI NG S YMBOL
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
4
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
225
(4) Scope. Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o a l l
r a di a t i on s or i gi n a t i n g fr om r a di o st a -
t i on s, r a da r equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er pos-
si bl e sou r ces of el ect r oma gn et i c r a di -
a t i on su ch a s u sed for commu n i ca t i on ,
r a di o n a vi ga t i on , a n d i n du st r i a l a n d
sci en t i fi c pu r poses. Th i s sect i on does
n ot a ppl y t o t h e del i ber a t e exposu r e of
pa t i en t s by , or u n der t h e di r ect i on of,
pr a ct i t i on er s of t h e h ea l i n g a r t s.
(b) [Reser ved]
F R 9236, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.98 Effective dates.
(a ) Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s S u bpa r t G
sh a l l become effect i ve on Au gu st 27,
1971, except a s pr ovi ded i n t h e r ema i n -
i n g pa r a gr a ph s of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Th e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s sh a l l be-
come effect i ve on F ebr u a r y 15, 1972:
1910. 94 (a )(2)(i i i ), (a )(3), (a )(4), (b), (c)(2),
(c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), (c)(6)(i ), (c)(6)(i i ),
(d)(1)(i i ), (d)(3), (d)(4), (d)(5), a n d (d)(7).
(c) Not wi t h st a n di n g a n y t h i n g i n
pa r a gr a ph (a ), (b), or (d) of t h i s sect i on ,
a n y pr ovi si on i n a n y ot h er sect i on of
t h i s su bpa r t wh i ch con t a i n s i n i t sel f a
speci fi c effect i ve da t e or t i me l i mi t a -
t i on sh a l l become effect i ve on su ch
da t e or sh a l l a ppl y i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
su ch l i mi t a t i on .
(d) Not wi t h st a n di n g a n y t h i n g i n
pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on , i f a n y
st a n da r d i n 41 CF R pa r t 50204, ot h er
t h a n a n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r d i n -
cor por a t ed by r efer en ce i n 50
204. 2(a )(1), i s or becomes a ppl i ca bl e a t
a n y t i me t o a n y empl oy men t a n d pl a ce
of empl oy men t , by vi r t u e of t h e Wa l sh -
Hea l ey P u bl i c Con t r a ct s Act , or t h e
S er vi ce Con t r a ct Act of 1965, or t h e Na -
t i on a l F ou n da t i on on Ar t s a n d Hu ma n -
i t i es Act of 1965, a n y cor r espon di n g es-
t a bl i sh ed F eder a l st a n da r d i n t h i s S u b-
pa r t G wh i ch i s der i ved fr om 41 CF R
pa r t 50204 sh a l l a l so become effect i ve,
a n d sh a l l be a ppl i ca bl e t o su ch empl oy -
men t a n d pl a ce of empl oy men t , on t h e
sa me da t e.
Subpart HHazardous Materials
U. S . C. 653, 655, 657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or -
der s Nos. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R 25059),
983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 696 (62
F R 111), 32000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002 (67 F R
65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
S ect i on s 1910. 103, 1910. 106 t h r ou gh 1910. 111,
a n d 1910. 119, 1910. 120, a n d 1910. 122 t h r ou gh 126
a l so i ssu ed u n der 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
S ect i on 1910. 119 a l so i ssu ed u n der sect i on
304, Cl ea n Ai r Act Amen dmen t s of 1990 (P u b.
L. 101549), r epr i n t ed a t 29 U. S . C. 655 Not e.
S ect i on 1910. 120 a l so i ssu ed u n der sect i on
126, S u per fu n d Amen dmen t s a n d Rea u t h or -
i za t i on Act of 1986 a s a men ded (29 U. S . C. 655
Not e), a n d 5 U. S . C. 553.
1910.101 Compressed gases (general
requirements).
(a ) I n spect ion of compressed gas cy l-
in ders. Ea ch empl oy er sh a l l det er mi n e
t h a t compr essed ga s cy l i n der s u n der
h i s con t r ol a r e i n a sa fe con di t i on t o
t h e ext en t t h a t t h i s ca n be det er mi n ed
by vi su a l i n spect i on . Vi su a l a n d ot h er
i n spect i on s sh a l l be con du ct ed a s pr e-
scr i bed i n t h e Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l s
Regu l a t i on s of t h e Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on (49 CF R pa r t s 171179
a n d 14 CF R pa r t 103). Wh er e t h ose r egu -
l a t i on s a r e n ot a ppl i ca bl e, vi su a l a n d
ot h er i n spect i on s sh a l l be con du ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Compr essed Ga s Asso-
ci a t i on P a mph l et s C61968 a n d C8
1962, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(b) Compressed gases. Th e i n -pl a n t
h a n dl i n g, st or a ge, a n d u t i l i za t i on of a l l
compr essed ga ses i n cy l i n der s, por t a bl e
t a n k s, r a i l t a n k ca r s, or mot or veh i cl e
ca r go t a n k s sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on P a mph l et
P 11965, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(c) Saf et y relief devices f or compressed
gas con t ain ers. Compr essed ga s cy l -
i n der s, por t a bl e t a n k s, a n d ca r go t a n k s
sh a l l h a ve pr essu r e r el i ef devi ces i n -
wi t h Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on P a m-
ph l et s S 1. 11963 a n d 1965 a dden da a n d
S 1. 21963, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
F R 9236, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.102 Acetylene.
(a ) Cy lin ders. Th e i n -pl a n t t r a n sfer ,
h a n dl i n g, st or a ge, a n d u t i l i za t i on of
a cet y l en e i n cy l i n der s sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Compr essed Ga s Associ a -
t i on P a mph l et G11966, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
226
(b) Piped sy st ems. Th e pi ped sy st ems
for t h e i n pl a n t t r a n sfer a n d di st r i bu -
t i on of a cet y l en e sh a l l be desi gn ed, i n -
st a l l ed, ma i n t a i n ed, a n d oper a t ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Compr essed Ga s Asso-
ci a t i on P a mph l et G1. 31959, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6.
(c) Gen erat ors an d f illin g cy lin ders.
P l a n t s for t h e gen er a t i on of a cet y l en e
a n d t h e ch a r gi n g (fi l l i n g) of a cet y l en e
cy l i n der s sh a l l be desi gn ed, con -
st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e st a n da r ds pr escr i bed i n Compr essed
Ga s Associ a t i on P a mph l et G1. 41966,
F R 9236, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.103 Hydrogen.
(a ) Gen eral(1) Def in it ion s. As u sed i n
t h i s sect i on (i ) Ga seou s h y dr ogen sy s-
t em i s on e i n wh i ch t h e h y dr ogen i s de-
l i ver ed, st or ed a n d di sch a r ged i n t h e
ga seou s for m t o con su mer s pi pi n g. Th e
sy st em i n cl u des st a t i on a r y or mova bl e
con t a i n er s, pr essu r e r egu l a t or s, sa fet y
r el i ef devi ces, ma n i fol ds, i n t er -
con n ect i n g pi pi n g a n d con t r ol s. Th e
sy st em t er mi n a t es a t t h e poi n t wh er e
h y dr ogen a t ser vi ce pr essu r e fi r st en -
t er s t h e con su mer s di st r i bu t i on pi p-
i n g.
(i i ) Appr ovedMea n s, u n l ess ot h er -
wi se i n di ca t ed, l i st ed or a ppr oved by a
n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a -
t or y . Refer t o 1910. 7 for defi n i t i on of
t or y .
(i i i ) Li st edS ee a ppr oved.
(i v) AS MEAmer i ca n S oci et y of Me-
ch a n i ca l En gi n eer s.
(v) DOT S peci fi ca t i on sRegu l a t i on s
of t h e Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on
pu bl i sh ed i n 49 CF R Ch a pt er I .
(vi ) DOT r egu l a t i on sS ee 1910. 103
(a )(1)(v).
(2) Scope(i ) Gaseou s h y drogen sy s-
t ems. (a) P a r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on
a ppl i es t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of ga seou s
h y dr ogen sy st ems on con su mer pr em-
i ses wh er e t h e h y dr ogen su ppl y t o t h e
con su mer pr emi ses or i gi n a t es ou t si de
t h e con su mer pr emi ses a n d i s del i ver ed
by mobi l e equ i pmen t .
(b) P a r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on does
n ot a ppl y t o ga seou s h y dr ogen sy st ems
h a vi n g a t ot a l h y dr ogen con t en t of l ess
t h a n 400 cu bi c feet , n or t o h y dr ogen
ma n u fa ct u r i n g pl a n t s or ot h er est a b-
l i sh men t s oper a t ed by t h e h y dr ogen
su ppl i er or h i s a gen t for t h e pu r pose of
st or i n g h y dr ogen a n d r efi l l i n g por t a bl e
con t a i n er s, t r a i l er s, mobi l e su ppl y
t r u ck s, or t a n k ca r s.
(i i ) L iqu ef ied h y drogen sy st ems. (a)
P a r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
t h e i n st a l l a t i on of l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen
sy st ems on con su mer pr emi ses.
(b) P a r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on does
n ot a ppl y t o l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen por t -
a bl e con t a i n er s of l ess t h a n 150 l i t er s
(39. 63 ga l l on s) ca pa ci t y ; n or t o l i qu efi ed
h y dr ogen ma n u fa ct u r i n g pl a n t s or
ot h er est a bl i sh men t s oper a t ed by t h e
h y dr ogen su ppl i er or h i s a gen t for t h e
sol e pu r pose of st or i n g l i qu efi ed h y dr o-
gen a n d r efi l l i n g por t a bl e con t a i n er s,
t r a i l er s, mobi l e su ppl y t r u ck s, or t a n k
ca r s.
(b) Gaseou s h y drogen sy st ems(1) De-
sign (i ) Con t ain ers. (a) Hy dr ogen con -
t a i n er s sh a l l compl y wi t h on e of t h e
fol l owi n g:
(1) Desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r e-
men t s of AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s1968, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) Desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, t est ed a n d
ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h U. S .
Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on S peci -
fi ca t i on s a n d Regu l a t i on s.
(b) P er ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed con t a i n er s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su bst a n t i a l n on -
combu st i bl e su ppor t s on fi r m n on -
combu st i bl e fou n da t i on s.
(c) Ea ch por t a bl e con t a i n er sh a l l be
l egi bl y ma r k ed wi t h t h e n a me Hy dr o-
gen i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ma r k i n g
P or t a bl e Compr essed Ga s Con t a i n er s t o
I den t i fy t h e Ma t er i a l Con t a i n ed ANS I
Z48. 11954, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Ea ch
ma n i fol ded h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t sh a l l
be l egi bl y ma r k ed wi t h t h e n a me Hy -
dr ogen or a l egen d su ch a s Th i s u n i t
con t a i n s h y dr ogen .
(i i ) Saf et y relief devices. (a) Hy dr ogen
con t a i n er s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fe-
t y r el i ef devi ces a s r equ i r ed by t h e
AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code,
S ect i on VI I I Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s,
1968 or t h e DOT S peci fi ca t i on s a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
227
Regu l a t i on s u n der wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
i s fa br i ca t ed.
(b) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged t o di sch a r ge u pwa r d a n d u n ob-
st r u ct ed t o t h e open a i r i n su ch a ma n -
n er a s t o pr even t a n y i mpi n gemen t of
esca pi n g ga s u pon t h e con t a i n er , a dj a -
cen t st r u ct u r e or per son n el . Th i s r e-
qu i r emen t does n ot a ppl y t o DOT S pec-
i fi ca t i on con t a i n er s h a vi n g a n i n t er n a l
vol u me of 2 cu bi c feet or l ess.
(c) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces or ven t pi p-
i n g sh a l l be desi gn ed or l oca t ed so t h a t
moi st u r e ca n n ot col l ect a n d fr eeze i n a
ma n n er wh i ch wou l d i n t er fer e wi t h
pr oper oper a t i on of t h e devi ce.
(i i i ) Pipin g, t u bin g, an d f it t in gs. (a)
P i pi n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
su i t a bl e for h y dr ogen ser vi ce a n d for
t h e pr essu r es a n d t emper a t u r es i n -
vol ved. Ca st i r on pi pe a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l
n ot be u sed.
(b) P i pi n g a n d t u bi n g sh a l l con for m
t o S ect i on 2I n du st r i a l Ga s a n d Ai r
P i pi n gCode for P r essu r e P i pi n g,
ANS I B31. 11967 wi t h a dden da B31. 1
(c) J oi n t s i n pi pi n g a n d t u bi n g ma y
be ma de by wel di n g or br a zi n g or by
u se of fl a n ged, t h r ea ded, sock et , or
compr essi on fi t t i n gs. Ga sk et s a n d
t h r ea d sea l a n t s sh a l l be su i t a bl e for
h y dr ogen ser vi ce.
(i v) Equ ipmen t assembly . (a) Va l ves,
ga u ges, r egu l a t or s, a n d ot h er a cces-
sor i es sh a l l be su i t a bl e for h y dr ogen
ser vi ce.
(b) I n st a l l a t i on of h y dr ogen sy st ems
sh a l l be su per vi sed by per son n el fa mi l -
i a r wi t h pr oper pr a ct i ces wi t h r ef-
er en ce t o t h ei r con st r u ct i on a n d u se.
(c) S t or a ge con t a i n er s, pi pi n g, va l ves,
r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er a cces-
sor i es sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e, a n d
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l
da ma ge a n d a ga i n st t a mper i n g.
(d) Ca bi n et s or h ou si n gs con t a i n i n g
h y dr ogen con t r ol or oper a t i n g equ i p-
men t sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed.
(e) Ea ch mobi l e h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t
u sed a s pa r t of a h y dr ogen sy st em sh a l l
be a dequ a t el y secu r ed t o pr even t move-
men t .
(f ) Mobi l e h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t s
sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y bon ded t o t h e sy s-
t em befor e di sch a r gi n g h y dr ogen .
(v) Mark in g. Th e h y dr ogen st or a ge l o-
ca t i on sh a l l be per ma n en t l y pl a ca r ded
a s fol l ows: HYDROGENF LAM-
MABLE GAS NO S MOKI NGNO
OP EN F LAMES , or equ i va l en t .
(vi ) T est in g. Aft er i n st a l l a t i on s, a l l
pi pi n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
t est ed a n d pr oved h y dr ogen ga s t i gh t
a t ma xi mu m oper a t i n g pr essu r e.
(2) L ocat ion (i ) Gen eral. (a) Th e sy s-
t em sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t i t i s r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e t o del i ver y equ i pmen t
a n d t o a u t h or i zed per son n el .
(b) S y st ems sh a l l be l oca t ed a bove
gr ou n d.
(c) S y st ems sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed be-
n ea t h el ect r i c power l i n es.
(d) S y st ems sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed cl ose
t o fl a mma bl e l i qu i d pi pi n g or pi pi n g of
ot h er fl a mma bl e ga ses.
(e) S y st ems n ea r a bovegr ou n d fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i d st or a ge sh a l l be l oca t ed
on gr ou n d h i gh er t h a n t h e fl a mma bl e
l i qu i d st or a ge except wh en di k es, di -
ver si on cu r bs, gr a di n g, or sepa r a t i n g
sol i d wa l l s a r e u sed t o pr even t a ccu mu -
l a t i on of fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds u n der t h e
sy st em.
(i i ) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (a) Th e l oca -
t i on of a sy st em, a s det er mi n ed by t h e
ma xi mu m t ot a l con t a i n ed vol u me of
h y dr ogen , sh a l l be i n t h e or der of pr ef-
er en ce a s i n di ca t ed by Roma n n u mer -
a l s i n Ta bl e H1.
TABLE H1
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen system
Less than
3,000 CF
3,000 CF
to 15,000
CF
In excess
of 15,000
CF
Outdoors .................... I ............... IDI..
In a separate building II .............. II .............. II.
In a special room ...... III ............. III ............. Not per-
mitted.
Inside buildings not in
a special room and
exposed to other
occupancies.
IV ............. Not per-
mitted.
Not per-
mitted.
(b) Th e mi n i mu m di st a n ce i n feet
fr om a h y dr ogen sy st em of i n di ca t ed
ca pa ci t y l oca t ed ou t door s, i n sepa r a t e
bu i l di n gs or i n speci a l r ooms t o a n y
speci fi ed ou t door exposu r e sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H2.
(c) Th e di st a n ces i n Ta bl e H2 I t ems
1 a n d 3 t o 10 i n cl u si ve do n ot a ppl y
wh er e pr ot ect i ve st r u ct u r es su ch a s
a dequ a t e fi r e wa l l s a r e l oca t ed bet ween
t h e sy st em a n d t h e exposu r e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
228
TABLE H2
Type of outdoor exposure Size of hydrogen system
Less than
3,000 CF
3,000 CF
to 15,000
CF
In excess
of 15,000
CF
1. Building or structure ............................... Wood frame construction
1
........................ 10 25 50
Heavy timber, noncombustible or ordinary
construction
1
.
0 10
2
25
Fire-resistive construction
1
........................ 0 0 0
2. Wall openings ......................................... Not above any part of a system ................ 10 10 10
Above any part of a system ...................... 25 25 25
3. Flammable liquids above ground. .......... 0 to 1,000 gallons ......................................
In excess of 1,000 gallons .........................
10
25
25
50
25
50
4. Flammable liquids below ground0 to
1,000 gallons.
Tank ...........................................................
Vent or fill opening of tank ........................
10
25
10
25
10
25
5. Flammable liquids below groundin ex-
cess of 1,000 gallons..
Tank ...........................................................
Vent or fill opening of tank ........................
20
25
20
25
20
25
6. Flammable gas storage, either high
pressure or low pressure..
0 to 15,000 CF capacity ............................
In excess of 15,000 CF capacity ...............
10
25
25
50
25
50
7. Oxygen storage ...................................... 12,000 CF or less
4
.................................... .................. .................. ..................
More than 12,000 CF
5
.............................. .................. .................. ..................
8. Fast burning solids such as ordinary lumber, excelsior or paper .................................. 50 50 50
9. Slow burning solids such as heavy timber or coal ......................................................... 25 25 25
10. Open flames and other sources of ignition ................................................................... 25 25 25
11. Air compressor intakes or inlets to ventilating or air-conditioning equipment .............. 50 50 50
12. Concentration of people
3
.............................................................................................. 25 50 50
1
Refer to NFPA No. 220 Standard Types of Building Construction for definitions of various types of construction. (1969 Ed.)
2
But not less than one-half the height of adjacent side wall of the structure.
3
In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker rooms, time-clock areas.
4
Refer to NFPA No. 51, gas systems for welding and cutting (1969).
5
Refer to NFPA No. 566, bulk oxygen systems at consumer sites (1969).
(d) Hy dr ogen sy st ems of l ess t h a n
3, 000 CF wh en l oca t ed i n si de bu i l di n gs
a n d exposed t o ot h er occu pa n ci es sh a l l
be si t u a t ed i n t h e bu i l di n g so t h a t t h e
sy st em wi l l be a s fol l ows:
(1) I n a n a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed a r ea
a s i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i i )(b) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Twen t y feet fr om st or ed fl a m-
ma bl e ma t er i a l s or oxi di zi n g ga ses.
(3) Twen t y -fi ve feet fr om open
fl a mes, or di n a r y el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
or ot h er sou r ces of i gn i t i on .
(4) Twen t y -fi ve feet fr om con cen t r a -
t i on s of peopl e.
(5) F i ft y feet fr om i n t a k es of ven t i l a -
t i on or a i r -con di t i on i n g equ i pmen t a n d
a i r compr essor s.
(6) F i ft y feet fr om ot h er fl a mma bl e
ga s st or a ge.
(7) P r ot ect ed a ga i n st da ma ge or i n -
j u r y du e t o fa l l i n g obj ect s or wor k i n g
a ct i vi t y i n t h e a r ea .
(8) Mor e t h a n on e sy st em of 3, 000 CF
or l ess ma y be i n st a l l ed i n t h e sa me
r oom, pr ovi ded t h e sy st ems a r e sepa -
r a t ed by a t l ea st 50 feet . Ea ch su ch sy s-
t em sh a l l meet a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(3) Design con siderat ion at specif ic loca-
t ion s(i ) Ou t door locat ion s. (a) Wh er e
pr ot ect i ve wa l l s or r oofs a r e pr ovi ded,
t h ey sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of n on -
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(b) Wh er e t h e en cl osi n g si des a dj oi n
ea ch ot h er , t h e a r ea sh a l l be pr oper l y
ven t i l a t ed.
(c) El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t wi t h i n 15
feet sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) Separat e bu ildin gs. (a) S epa r a t e
bu i l di n gs sh a l l be bu i l t of a t l ea st n on -
combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on . Wi n dows
a n d door s sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e i n ca se of emer -
gen cy . Wi n dows sh a l l be of gl a ss or
pl a st i c i n met a l fr a mes.
(b) Adequ a t e ven t i l a t i on t o t h e ou t -
door s sh a l l be pr ovi ded. I n l et open i n gs
sh a l l be l oca t ed n ea r t h e fl oor i n ext e-
r i or wa l l s on l y . Ou t l et open i n gs sh a l l
be l oca t ed a t t h e h i gh poi n t of t h e
r oom i n ext er i or wa l l s or r oof. I n l et
a n d ou t l et open i n gs sh a l l ea ch h a ve
mi n i mu m t ot a l a r ea of on e (1) squ a r e
foot per 1, 000 cu bi c feet of r oom vol -
u me. Di sch a r ge fr om ou t l et open i n gs
sh a l l be di r ect ed or con du ct ed t o a sa fe
l oca t i on .
(c) Expl osi on ven t i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n ext er i or wa l l s or r oof on l y .
Th e ven t i n g a r ea sh a l l be equ a l t o n ot
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
229
l ess t h a n 1 squ a r e foot per 30 cu bi c feet
of r oom vol u me a n d ma y con si st of a n y
on e or a n y combi n a t i on of t h e fol -
l owi n g: Wa l l s of l i gh t , n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l , pr efer a bl y si n gl e t h i ck n ess,
si n gl e st r en gt h gl a ss; l i gh t l y fa st en ed
h a t ch cover s; l i gh t l y fa st en ed swi n gi n g
door s i n ext er i or wa l l s open i n g ou t -
wa r d; l i gh t l y fa st en ed wa l l s or r oof de-
si gn ed t o r el i eve a t a ma xi mu m pr es-
su r e of 25 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
(d) Th er e sh a l l be n o sou r ces of i gn i -
t i on fr om open fl a mes, el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , or h ea t i n g equ i pmen t .
(e) El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t
for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s.
(f ) Hea t i n g, i f pr ovi ded, sh a l l be by
st ea m, h ot wa t er , or ot h er i n di r ect
mea n s.
(i i i ) Special rooms. (a) F l oor , wa l l s,
a n d cei l i n g sh a l l h a ve a fi r e-r esi st a n ce
r a t i n g of a t l ea st 2 h ou r s. Wa l l s or pa r -
t i t i on s sh a l l be con t i n u ou s fr om fl oor
t o cei l i n g a n d sh a l l be secu r el y a n -
ch or ed. At l ea st on e wa l l sh a l l be a n
ext er i or wa l l . Open i n gs t o ot h er pa r t s
of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed.
Wi n dows a n d door s sh a l l be i n ext er i or
wa l l s a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e i n ca se of emer -
gen cy . Wi n dows sh a l l be of gl a ss or
pl a st i c i n met a l fr a mes.
(b) Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i i )(b) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Expl osi on ven t i n g sh a l l be a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i i )(c) of t h i s
sect i on .
t i on fr om open fl a mes, el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t , or h ea t i n g equ i pmen t .
(e) El ect r i c equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on
2 l oca t i on s.
(f ) Hea t i n g, i f pr ovi ded, sh a l l be by
st ea m, h ot wa t er , or i n di r ect mea n s.
(4) Operat in g in st ru ct ion s. F or i n st a l -
l a t i on s wh i ch r equ i r e a n y oper a t i on of
equ i pmen t by t h e u ser , l egi bl e i n st r u c-
t i on s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t oper a t i n g
l oca t i on s.
(5) Main t en an ce. Th e equ i pmen t a n d
fu n ct i on i n g of ea ch ch a r ged ga seou s
h y dr ogen sy st em sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
i n a sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on . Th e a r ea wi t h i n 15 feet of a n y h y -
dr ogen con t a i n er sh a l l be k ept fr ee of
dr y veget a t i on a n d combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l .
(c) L iqu ef ied h y drogen sy st ems(1) De-
sign (i ) Con t ain ers. (a) Hy dr ogen con -
t a i n er s sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g: S t or a ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be de-
si gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r es-
su r e Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s (1968) or a ppl i ca bl e
pr ovi si on s of AP I S t a n da r d 620, Rec-
ommen ded Ru l es for Desi gn a n d Con -
st r u ct i on of La r ge, Wel ded, Low-P r es-
su r e S t or a ge Ta n k s, S econ d Edi t i on
(J u n e 1963) a n d a ppen di x R (Apr i l 1965),
(b) P or t a bl e con t a i n er s sh a l l be de-
si gn ed, con st r u ct ed a n d t est ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h DOT S peci fi ca t i on s a n d
Regu l a t i on s.
(i i ) Su pport s. P er ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed
con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su b-
st a n t i a l n on combu st i bl e su ppor t s se-
cu r el y a n ch or ed on fi r m n on combu s-
t i bl e fou n da t i on s. S t eel su ppor t s i n ex-
cess of 18 i n ch es i n h ei gh t sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wi t h a pr ot ect i ve coa t i n g h a vi n g
a 2-h ou r fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t i n g.
(i i i ) Mark in g. Ea ch con t a i n er sh a l l be
l egi bl y ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e LI QUE-
F I ED HYDROGENF LAMMABLE
GAS .
(i v) Saf et y relief devices. (a)(1) S t a -
t i on a r y l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen con t a i n er s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces si zed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h CGA
P a mph l et S 1, P a r t 3, S a fet y Rel i ef De-
vi ce S t a n da r ds for Compr essed Ga s
S t or a ge Con t a i n er s, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) P or t a bl e l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen con -
t a i n er s compl y i n g wi t h t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on Regu l a -
t i on s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y r e-
l i ef devi ces a s r equ i r ed i n t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on S peci fi ca -
t i on s a n d Regu l a t i on s. S a fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces sh a l l be si zed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of CGA P a mph l et S
1, S a fet y Rel i ef Devi ce S t a n da r ds, P a r t
1, Compr essed Ga s Cy l i n der s a n d P a r t
2, Ca r go a n d P or t a bl e Ta n k Con t a i n er s.
(b) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged t o di sch a r ge u n obst r u ct ed t o
t h e ou t door s a n d i n su ch a ma n n er a s
t o pr even t i mpi n gemen t of esca pi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
230
l i qu i d or ga s u pon t h e con t a i n er , a dj a -
cen t st r u ct u r es or per son n el . S ee pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(2)(i )(f ) of t h i s sect i on for
ven t i n g of sa fet y r el i ef devi ces i n spe-
ci a l l oca t i on s.
(c) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces or ven t pi p-
i n g sh a l l be desi gn ed or l oca t ed so t h a t
moi st u r e ca n n ot col l ect a n d fr eeze i n a
ma n n er wh i ch wou l d i n t er fer e wi t h
(d) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n pi pi n g wh er ever l i qu efi ed h y -
dr ogen cou l d be t r a pped bet ween cl o-
su r es.
(v) Pipin g, t u bin g, an d f it t in gs. (a) P i p-
i n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs a n d ga sk et a n d
t h r ea d sea l a n t s sh a l l be su i t a bl e for
h y dr ogen ser vi ce a t t h e pr essu r es a n d
t emper a t u r es i n vol ved. Con si der a t i on
sh a l l be gi ven t o t h e t h er ma l expa n si on
a n d con t r a ct i on of pi pi n g sy st ems
wh en exposed t o t emper a t u r e fl u ct u a -
t i on s of a mbi en t t o l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen
t emper a t u r es.
(b) Ga seou s h y dr ogen pi pi n g a n d t u b-
i n g (a bove 20 F . ) sh a l l con for m t o
t h e a ppl i ca bl e sect i on s of P r essu r e P i p-
i n g S ect i on 2I n du st r i a l Ga s a n d Ai r
P i pi n g, ANS I B31. 11967 wi t h a dden da
B31. 11969. Desi gn of l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen
or col d (20 F . or bel ow) ga s pi pi n g
sh a l l u se P et r ol eu m Refi n er y P i pi n g
ANS I B31. 31966 or Refr i ger a t i on P i p-
i n g ANS I B31. 51966 wi t h a dden da
B31. 5a 1968 a s a gu i de, wh i ch a r e i n cor -
1910. 6.
(c) J oi n t s i n pi pi n g a n d t u bi n g sh a l l
pr efer a bl y be ma de by wel di n g or br a z-
i n g; fl a n ged, t h r ea ded, sock et , or su i t -
a bl e compr essi on fi t t i n gs ma y be u sed.
(d) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o mi n i -
mi ze exposu r e of per son n el t o pi pi n g
oper a t i n g a t l ow t emper a t u r es a n d t o
pr even t a i r con den sa t e fr om con t a ct i n g
pi pi n g, st r u ct u r a l member s, a n d su r -
fa ces n ot su i t a bl e for cr y ogen i c t em-
per a t u r es. On l y t h ose i n su l a t i n g ma t e-
r i a l s wh i ch a r e r a t ed n on bu r n i n g i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h AS TM P r ocedu r es D1692
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, ma y be u sed.
Ot h er pr ot ect i ve mea n s ma y be u sed t o
pr ot ect per son n el . Th e i n su l a t i on sh a l l
be desi gn ed t o h a ve a va por -t i gh t sea l
i n t h e ou t er cover i n g t o pr even t t h e
con den sa t i on of a i r a n d su bsequ en t ox-
y gen en r i ch men t wi t h i n t h e i n su l a t i on .
Th e i n su l a t i on ma t er i a l a n d ou t si de
sh i el d sh a l l a l so be of a dequ a t e desi gn
t o pr even t a t t r i t i on of t h e i n su l a t i on
du e t o n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s.
(e) Un i n su l a t ed pi pi n g a n d equ i pmen t
wh i ch oper a t e a t l i qu efi ed-h y dr ogen
t emper a t u r e sh a l l n ot be i n st a l l ed
a bove a sph a l t su r fa ces or ot h er com-
bu st i bl e ma t er i a l s i n or der t o pr even t
con t a ct of l i qu i d a i r wi t h su ch ma t e-
r i a l s. Dr i p pa n s ma y be i n st a l l ed u n der
u n i n su l a t ed pi pi n g a n d equ i pmen t t o
r et a i n a n d va por i ze con den sed l i qu i d
a i r .
(vi ) Equ ipmen t assembly . (a) Va l ves,
ga u ges, r egu l a t or s, a n d ot h er a cces-
sor i es sh a l l be su i t a bl e for l i qu efi ed h y -
dr ogen ser vi ce a n d for t h e pr essu r es
a n d t emper a t u r es i n vol ved.
(b) I n st a l l a t i on of l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen
sy st ems sh a l l be su per vi sed by per -
son n el fa mi l i a r wi t h pr oper pr a ct i ces
a n d wi t h r efer en ce t o t h ei r con st r u c-
t i on a n d u se.
(c) S t or a ge con t a i n er s, pi pi n g, va l ves,
r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er a cces-
sor i es sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e a n d
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l
da ma ge a n d a ga i n st t a mper i n g. A sh u t -
off va l ve sh a l l be l oca t ed i n l i qu i d
pr odu ct wi t h dr a wa l l i n es a s cl ose t o
t h e con t a i n er a s pr a ct i ca l . On con -
t a i n er s of over 2, 000 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y ,
t h i s sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be of t h e r e-
mot e con t r ol t y pe wi t h n o con n ect i on s,
fl a n ges, or ot h er a ppu r t en a n ces (ot h er
t h a n a wel ded ma n u a l sh u t off va l ve) a l -
l owed i n t h e pi pi n g bet ween t h e sh u t off
va l ve a n d i t s con n ect i on t o t h e i n n er
con t a i n er .
(d) Ca bi n et s or h ou si n gs con t a i n i n g
h y dr ogen con t r ol equ i pmen t sh a l l be
ven t i l a t ed t o pr even t a n y a ccu mu l a -
t i on of h y dr ogen ga s.
(vi i ) T est in g. (a) Aft er i n st a l l a t i on ,
a l l fi el d-er ect ed pi pi n g sh a l l be t est ed
a n d pr oved h y dr ogen ga s-t i gh t a t oper -
a t i n g pr essu r e a n d t emper a t u r e.
(b) Con t a i n er s i f ou t of ser vi ce i n ex-
cess of 1 y ea r sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d
t est ed a s ou t l i n ed i n (a) of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on . Th e sa fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be
ch eck ed t o det er mi n e i f t h ey a r e oper -
a bl e a n d pr oper l y set .
(vi i i ) L iqu ef ied h y drogen vaporizers. (a)
Th e va por i zer sh a l l be a n ch or ed a n d i t s
con n ect i n g pi pi n g sh a l l be su ffi ci en t l y
fl exi bl e t o pr ovi de for t h e effect of ex-
pa n si on a n d con t r a ct i on du e t o t em-
per a t u r e ch a n ges.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
231
(b) Th e va por i zer a n d i t s pi pi n g sh a l l
be a dequ a t el y pr ot ect ed on t h e h y dr o-
gen a n d h ea t i n g medi a sect i on s wi t h
sa fet y r el i ef devi ces.
(c) Hea t u sed i n a l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen
va por i zer sh a l l be i n di r ect l y su ppl i ed
u t i l i zi n g medi a su ch a s a i r , st ea m,
wa t er , or wa t er sol u t i on s.
(d) A l ow t emper a t u r e sh u t off swi t ch
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e va por i zer di s-
ch a r ge pi pi n g t o pr even t fl ow of l i qu e-
fi ed h y dr ogen i n t h e even t of t h e l oss of
t h e h ea t sou r ce.
(i x) Elect rical sy st ems. (a) El ect r i ca l
wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t l oca t ed wi t h i n 3
feet of a poi n t wh er e con n ect i on s a r e
r egu l a r l y ma de a n d di scon n ect ed, sh a l l
be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t , for Cl a ss I , Gr ou p B, Di vi si on 1 l o-
ca t i on s.
(b) Except a s pr ovi ded i n (a) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on , el ect r i ca l wi r i n g, a n d
equ i pmen t l oca t ed wi t h i n 25 feet of a
poi n t wh er e con n ect i on s a r e r egu l a r l y
ma de a n d di scon n ect ed or wi t h i n 25
feet of a l i qu i d h y dr ogen st or a ge con -
t a i n er , sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t , for Cl a ss I , Gr ou p B,
Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s. Wh en equ i pmen t
a ppr oved for cl a ss I , gr ou p B
a t mosph er es i s n ot commer ci a l l y a va i l -
a bl e, t h e equ i pmen t ma y be
(1) P u r ged or ven t i l a t ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h NF P A No. 4961967, S t a n da r d
for P u r ged En cl osu r es for El ect r i ca l
Equ i pmen t i n Ha za r dou s Loca t i on s,
(2) I n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe, or
(3) Appr oved for Cl a ss I , Gr ou p C
a t mosph er es. Th i s r equ i r emen t does
n ot a ppl y t o el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
wh i ch i s i n st a l l ed on mobi l e su ppl y
t r u ck s or t a n k ca r s fr om wh i ch t h e
st or a ge con t a i n er i s fi l l ed.
(x) Bon din g an d grou n din g. Th e l i qu e-
fi ed h y dr ogen con t a i n er a n d a ssoci a t ed
pi pi n g sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y bon ded a n d
gr ou n ded.
(2) L ocat ion of liqu ef ied h y drogen st or-
age(i ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (a) Th e
st or a ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed so
t h a t t h ey a r e r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o mo-
bi l e su ppl y equ i pmen t a t gr ou n d l evel
a n d t o a u t h or i zed per son n el .
(b) Th e con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be ex-
posed by el ect r i c power l i n es, fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i d l i n es, fl a mma bl e ga s l i n es,
or l i n es ca r r y i n g oxi di zi n g ma t er i a l s.
(c) Wh en l oca t i n g l i qu i fi ed h y dr ogen
st or a ge con t a i n er s n ea r a bove-gr ou n d
fl a mma bl e l i qu i d st or a ge or l i qu i d oxy -
gen st or a ge, i t i s a dvi sa bl e t o l oca t e
t h e l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen con t a i n er on
gr ou n d h i gh er t h a n fl a mma bl e l i qu i d
st or a ge or l i qu i d oxy gen st or a ge.
(d) Wh er e i t i s n ecessa r y t o l oca t e
t h e l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen con t a i n er on
gr ou n d t h a t i s l evel wi t h or l ower t h a n
a dj a cen t fl a mma bl e l i qu i d st or a ge or
l i qu i d oxy gen st or a ge, su i t a bl e pr ot ec-
t i ve mea n s sh a l l be t a k en (su ch a s by
di k i n g, di ver si on cu r bs, gr a di n g), wi t h
r espect t o t h e a dj a cen t fl a mma bl e l i q-
u i d st or a ge or l i qu i d oxy gen st or a ge, t o
pr even t a ccu mu l a t i on of l i qu i ds wi t h i n
50 feet of t h e l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen con -
t a i n er .
(e) S t or a ge si t es sh a l l be fen ced a n d
post ed t o pr even t en t r a n ce by u n a u -
t h or i zed per son n el . S i t es sh a l l a l so be
pl a ca r ded a s fol l ows: Li qu efi ed Hy dr o-
gen F l a mma bl e Ga sNo S mok i n g
No Open F l a mes.
(f ) I f l i qu i fi ed h y dr ogen i s l oca t ed i n
(a s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e H3) a sepa r a t e
bu i l di n g, i n a speci a l r oom, or i n si de
bu i l di n gs wh en n ot i n a speci a l r oom
a n d exposed t o ot h er occu pa n ci es, con -
t a i n er s sh a l l h a ve t h e sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces ven t ed u n obst r u ct ed t o t h e ou t -
door s a t a mi n i mu m el eva t i on of 25 feet
a bove gr a de t o a sa fe l oca t i on a s r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i v)(b) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (a) Th e l oca -
t i on of l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen st or a ge, a s
det er mi n ed by t h e ma xi mu m t ot a l
qu a n t i t y of l i qu i fi ed h y dr ogen , sh a l l be
i n t h e or der of pr efer en ce a s i n di ca t ed
by Roma n n u mer a l s i n t h e fol l owi n g
Ta bl e H3.
TABLE H3MAXIMUM TOTAL QUANTITY OF LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN STORAGE PERMITTED
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)
39.63 (150 liters)
to 50
51 to 300 301 to 600 In excess of 600
Outdoors ................................................................. I ......................... I ......................... I ......................... I.
In a separate building ............................................. II ........................ II ........................ II ........................ Not permitted.
In a special room .................................................... III ....................... III ....................... Not permitted .... Do.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
232
TABLE H3MAXIMUM TOTAL QUANTITY OF LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN STORAGE PERMITTED
Continued
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)
39.63 (150 liters)
to 50
51 to 300 301 to 600 In excess of 600
Inside buildings not in a special room and ex-
posed to other occupancies.
IV ....................... Not permitted .... ......do ................ Do.
NOTE: This table does not apply to the storage in dewars of the type generally used in laboratories for experimental purposes.
(b) Th e mi n i mu m di st a n ce i n feet
fr om l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen sy st ems of i n -
di ca t ed st or a ge ca pa ci t y l oca t ed ou t -
door s, i n a sepa r a t e bu i l di n g, or i n a
speci a l r oom t o a n y speci fi ed exposu r e
sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H4.
TABLE H4MINIMUM DISTANCE (FEET) FROM
LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN SYSTEMS TO EXPO-
SURE
1,2

Type of exposure
Liquefied hydrogen storage
(capacity in gallons)
39.63
(150 li-
ters) to
3,500
3,501 to
15,000
15,001
to
30,000
1. Fire-resistive building and
fire walls
3
......................... 5 5 5
2. Noncombustible building
3
25 50 75
3. Other buildings
3
.............. 50 75 100
4. Wall openings, air-com-
pressor intakes, inlets for
air-conditioning or ven-
tilating equipment ............. 75 75 75
5. Flammable liquids (above
ground and vent or fill
openings if below ground)
(see 513 and 514) ........... 50 75 100
6. Between stationary lique-
fied hydrogen containers 5 5 5
7. Flammable gas storage .. 50 75 100
8. Liquid oxygen storage
and other oxidizers (see
513 and 514) ................... 100 100 100
9. Combustible solids .......... 50 75 100
10. Open flames, smoking
and welding ...................... 50 50 50
11. Concentrations of peo-
ple .................................... 75 75 75
1
The distance in Nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 in Table H4
may be reduced where protective structures, such as firewalls
equal to height of top of the container, to safeguard the lique-
fied hydrogen storage system, are located between the lique-
fied hydrogen storage installation and the exposure.
2
Where protective structures are provided, ventilation and
confinement of product should be considered. The 5-foot dis-
tance in Nos. 1 and 6 facilitates maintenance and enhances
ventilation.
3
Refer to Standard Types of Building Construction, NFPA
No. 2201969 for definitions of various types of construction.
In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker
rooms, time-clock areas.
(i i i ) Han dlin g of liqu ef ied h y drogen in -
side bu ildin gs ot h er t h an separat e bu ild-
in gs an d special rooms. P or t a bl e l i qu e-
fi ed h y dr ogen con t a i n er s of 50 ga l l on s
or l ess ca pa ci t y a s per mi t t ed i n Ta bl e
H3 a n d i n compl i a n ce wi t h su bdi vi si on
(i )(f) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph wh en h ou sed
i n si de bu i l di n gs n ot l oca t ed i n a speci a l
r oom a n d exposed t o ot h er occu pa n ci es
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g mi n -
i mu m r equ i r emen t s:
(a) Be l oca t ed 20 feet fr om fl a mma bl e
l i qu i ds a n d r ea di l y combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l s su ch a s excel si or or pa per .
(b) Be l oca t ed 25 feet fr om or di n a r y
el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d ot h er sou r ces
of i gn i t i on i n cl u di n g pr ocess or a n a l y t -
i ca l equ i pmen t .
(c) Be l oca t ed 25 feet fr om con cen t r a -
t i on s of peopl e.
(d) Be l oca t ed 50 feet fr om i n t a k es of
ven t i l a t i on a n d a i r -con di t i on i n g equ i p-
men t or i n t a k es of compr essor s.
(e) Be l oca t ed 50 feet fr om st or a ge of
ot h er fl a mma bl e-ga ses or st or a ge of
oxi di zi n g ga ses.
(f ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st da ma ge or i n j u r y du e t o fa l l i n g
obj ect s or wor k a ct i vi t y i n t h e a r ea .
(g) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be fi r ml y secu r ed
a n d st or ed i n a n u pr i gh t posi t i on .
(h ) Wel di n g or cu t t i n g oper a t i on s,
a n d smok i n g sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed wh i l e
h y dr ogen i s i n t h e r oom.
(i) Th e a r ea sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven -
t i l a t ed. S a fet y r el i ef devi ces on t h e
con t a i n er s sh a l l be ven t ed di r ect l y ou t -
door s or t o a su i t a bl e h ood. S ee pa r a -
gr a ph s (c)(1)(i v)(b) a n d (c)(2)(i )(f) of
t h i s sect i on .
(3) Design con siderat ion s at specif ic lo-
cat ion s(i ) Ou t door locat ion s. (a) Ou t -
door l oca t i on sh a l l mea n ou t si de of a n y
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e, a n d i n cl u des l o-
ca t i on s u n der a wea t h er sh el t er or ca n -
opy pr ovi ded su ch l oca t i on s a r e n ot en -
cl osed by mor e t h a n t wo wa l l s set a t
r i gh t a n gl es a n d a r e pr ovi ded wi t h
ven t -spa ce bet ween t h e wa l l s a n d ven t -
ed r oof or ca n opy .
(b) Roa dwa y s a n d y a r d su r fa ces l o-
ca t ed bel ow l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen pi pi n g,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
233
fr om wh i ch l i qu i d a i r ma y dr i p, sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed of n on combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l s.
(c) I f pr ot ect i ve wa l l s a r e pr ovi ded,
t h ey sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of n on -
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s a n d i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i )(a) of t h i s sect i on .
(d) El ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i x)
(a) a n d (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(e) Adequ a t e l i gh t i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for n i gh t t i me t r a n sfer oper a t i on .
(i i ) Separat e bu ildin gs. (a) S epa r a t e
bu i l di n gs sh a l l be of l i gh t n on combu s-
t i bl e con st r u ct i on on a su bst a n t i a l
fr a me. Wa l l s a n d r oofs sh a l l be l i gh t l y
fa st en ed a n d desi gn ed t o r el i eve a t a
ma xi mu m i n t er n a l pr essu r e of 25
pou n ds per squ a r e foot . Wi n dows sh a l l
be of sh a t t er pr oof gl a ss or pl a st i c i n
met a l fr a mes. Door s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h ey wi l l be r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e t o per son n el i n a n emer -
gen cy .
(b) Adequ a t e ven t i l a t i on t o t h e ou t -
door s sh a l l be pr ovi ded. I n l et open i n gs
sh a l l be l oca t ed n ea r t h e fl oor l evel i n
ext er i or wa l l s on l y . Ou t l et open i n gs
sh a l l be l oca t ed a t t h e h i gh poi n t of t h e
r oom i n ext er i or wa l l s or r oof. Bot h t h e
i n l et a n d ou t l et ven t open i n gs sh a l l
h a ve a mi n i mu m t ot a l a r ea of 1 squ a r e
foot per 1, 000 cu bi c feet of r oom vol -
u me. Di sch a r ge fr om ou t l et open i n gs
sh a l l be di r ect ed or con du ct ed t o a sa fe
l oca t i on .
(c) Th er e sh a l l be n o sou r ces of i gn i -
t i on .
(d) El ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1)(i x)
(a) a n d (b) of t h i s sect i on except t h a t
t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i x)(b)
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y t o a l l el ec-
t r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t i n t h e sep-
a r a t e bu i l di n g.
(e) Hea t i n g, i f pr ovi ded, sh a l l be by
st ea m, h ot wa t er , or ot h er i n di r ect
mea n s.
(i i i ) Special rooms. (a) F l oor s, wa l l s,
a n d cei l i n gs sh a l l h a ve a fi r e r esi st a n ce
r a t i n g of a t l ea st 2 h ou r s. Wa l l s or pa r -
t i t i on s sh a l l be con t i n u ou s fr om fl oor
t o cei l i n g a n d sh a l l be secu r el y a n -
ch or ed. At l ea st on e wa l l sh a l l be a n
ext er i or wa l l . Open i n gs t o ot h er pa r t s
of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed.
Wi n dows a n d door s sh a l l be i n ext er i or
wa l l s a n d door s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n su ch
a ma n n er t h a t t h ey wi l l be a ccessi bl e
i n a n emer gen cy . Wi n dows sh a l l be of
sh a t t er pr oof gl a ss or pl a st i c i n met a l
fr a mes.
(b) Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i i )(b) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Expl osi on ven t i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n ext er i or wa l l s or r oof on l y .
Th e ven t i n g a r ea sh a l l be equ a l t o n ot
l ess t h a n 1 squ a r e foot per 30 cu bi c feet
of r oom vol u me a n d ma y con si st of a n y
l owi n g: Wa l l s of l i gh t n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l ; l i gh t l y fa st en ed h a t ch cover s;
l i gh t l y fa st en ed swi n gi n g door s open -
i n g ou t wa r d i n ext er i or wa l l s; l i gh t l y
fa st en ed wa l l s or r oofs desi gn ed t o r e-
l i eve a t a ma xi mu m pr essu r e of 25
pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
t i on .
(e) El ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i x)
(a) a n d (b) of t h i s sect i on except t h a t
t h e pr ovi si on of pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i x)(b)
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y t o a l l el ec-
t r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t i n t h e spe-
ci a l r oom.
(f ) Hea t i n g, i f pr ovi ded, sh a l l be
st ea m, h ot wa t er , or by ot h er i n di r ect
mea n s.
(4) Operat in g in st ru ct ion s(i ) Writ t en
in st ru ct ion s. F or i n st a l l a t i on wh i ch r e-
qu i r e a n y oper a t i on of equ i pmen t by
t h e u ser , l egi bl e i n st r u ct i on s sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed a t oper a t i n g l oca t i on s.
(i i ) At t en dan t . A qu a l i fi ed per son
sh a l l be i n a t t en da n ce a t a l l t i mes
wh i l e t h e mobi l e h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t
i s bei n g u n l oa ded.
(i i i ) Secu rit y . Ea ch mobi l e l i qu efi ed
h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t u sed a s pa r t of a
h y dr ogen sy st em sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
secu r ed t o pr even t movemen t .
(i v) Grou n din g. Th e mobi l e l i qu efi ed
h y dr ogen su ppl y u n i t sh a l l be gr ou n ded
for st a t i c el ect r i ci t y .
fu n ct i on i n g of ea ch ch a r ged l i qu efi ed
h y dr ogen sy st em sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
i n a sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on . Weeds or si mi l a r combu st i bl es
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
234
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed wi t h i n 25 feet of
a n y l i qu efi ed h y dr ogen equ i pmen t .
F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 53 F R 12121, Apr . 12,
1988; 55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 58 F R 35309,
J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R 9236, 9237, Ma r . 7, 1996; 69
F R 31881, J u n e 8, 2004]
1910.104 Oxygen.
(a ) Scope. Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o t h e
i n st a l l a t i on of bu l k oxy gen sy st ems on
i n du st r i a l a n d i n st i t u t i on a l con su mer
pr emi ses. Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y
t o oxy gen ma n u fa ct u r i n g pl a n t s or
ot h er est a bl i sh men t s oper a t ed by t h e
oxy gen su ppl i er or h i s a gen t for t h e
pu r pose of st or i n g oxy gen a n d r efi l l i n g
por t a bl e con t a i n er s, t r a i l er s, mobi l e
su ppl y t r u ck s, or t a n k ca r s, n or t o sy s-
t ems h a vi n g ca pa ci t i es l ess t h a n t h ose
st a t ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(b) Bu lk oxy gen sy st ems(1) Def in it ion .
As u sed i n t h i s sect i on : A bu l k oxy gen
sy st em i s a n a ssembl y of equ i pmen t ,
su ch a s oxy gen st or a ge con t a i n er s,
pr essu r e r egu l a t or s, sa fet y devi ces, va -
por i zer s, ma n i fol ds, a n d i n t er -
con n ect i n g pi pi n g, wh i ch h a s st or a ge
ca pa ci t y of mor e t h a n 13, 000 cu bi c feet
of oxy gen , Nor ma l Temper a t u r e a n d
P r essu r e (NTP ), con n ect ed i n ser vi ce or
r ea dy for ser vi ce, or mor e t h a n 25, 000
cu bi c feet of oxy gen (NTP ) i n cl u di n g
u n con n ect ed r eser ves on h a n d a t t h e
si t e. Th e bu l k oxy gen sy st em t er mi -
n a t es a t t h e poi n t wh er e oxy gen a t
ser vi ce pr essu r e fi r st en t er s t h e su ppl y
l i n e. Th e oxy gen con t a i n er s ma y be
st a t i on a r y or mova bl e, a n d t h e oxy gen
ma y be st or ed a s ga s or l i qu i d.
(2) L ocat ion (i ) Gen eral. Bu l k oxy gen
st or a ge sy st ems sh a l l be l oca t ed a bove
gr ou n d ou t of door s, or sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n a bu i l di n g of n on combu st i bl e
con st r u ct i on , a dequ a t el y ven t ed, a n d
u sed for t h a t pu r pose excl u si vel y . Th e
l oca t i on sel ect ed sh a l l be su ch t h a t
con t a i n er s a n d a ssoci a t ed equ i pmen t
sh a l l n ot be exposed by el ect r i c power
l i n es, fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
l i n es, or fl a mma bl e ga s l i n es.
(i i ) Accessibilit y . Th e sy st em sh a l l be
l oca t ed so t h a t i t i s r ea di l y a ccessi bl e
t o mobi l e su ppl y equ i pmen t a t gr ou n d
l evel a n d t o a u t h or i zed per son n el .
(i i i ) L eak age. Wh er e oxy gen i s st or ed
a s a l i qu i d, n on combu st i bl e su r fa ci n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a n a r ea i n wh i ch
a n y l ea k a ge of l i qu i d oxy gen mi gh t fa l l
du r i n g oper a t i on of t h e sy st em a n d fi l l -
i n g of a st or a ge con t a i n er . F or pu r -
poses of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , a sph a l t i c or bi -
t u mi n ou s pa vi n g i s con si der ed t o be
combu st i bl e.
(i v) Elevat ion . Wh en l oca t i n g bu l k ox-
y gen sy st ems n ea r a bove-gr ou n d fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge
wh i ch ma y be ei t h er i n door s or ou t -
door s, i t i s a dvi sa bl e t o l oca t e t h e sy s-
t em on gr ou n d h i gh er t h a n t h e fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge.
(v) Dik es. Wh er e i t i s n ecessa r y t o l o-
ca t e a bu l k oxy gen sy st em on gr ou n d
l ower t h a n a dj a cen t fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge su i t a bl e mea n s
sh a l l be t a k en (su ch a s by di k i n g, di -
ver si on cu r bs, or gr a di n g) wi t h r espect
t o t h e a dj a cen t fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge t o pr even t a ccu mu -
l a t i on of l i qu i ds u n der t h e bu l k oxy gen
sy st em.
(3) Dist an ce bet ween sy st ems an d expo-
su res(i ) Gen eral. Th e mi n i mu m di s-
t a n ce fr om a n y bu l k oxy gen st or a ge
con t a i n er t o exposu r es, mea su r ed i n
t h e most di r ect l i n e except a s i n di ca t ed
i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(3) (vi ) a n d (vi i i ) of
t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be a s i n di ca t ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (b)(3) (i i ) t o (xvi i i ) of t h i s
sect i on i n cl u si ve.
(i i ) Combu st ible st ru ct u res. F i ft y feet
fr om a n y combu st i bl e st r u ct u r es.
(i i i ) Fire resist ive st ru ct u res. Twen t y -
fi ve feet fr om a n y st r u ct u r es wi t h fi r e-
r esi st i ve ext er i or wa l l s or spr i n k l er ed
bu i l di n gs of ot h er con st r u ct i on , bu t
n ot l ess t h a n on e-h a l f t h e h ei gh t of a d-
j a cen t si de wa l l of t h e st r u ct u r e.
(i v) Open in gs. At l ea st 10 feet fr om
a n y open i n g i n a dj a cen t wa l l s of fi r e
r esi st i ve st r u ct u r es. S pa ci n g fr om su ch
st r u ct u r es sh a l l be a dequ a t e t o per mi t
ma i n t en a n ce, bu t sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n
1 foot .
(v) Flammable liqu id st orage above-
grou n d.
Distance (feet) Capacity (gallons)
50 .................................................. 0 to 1000.
90 .................................................. 1001 or more.
(vi ) Flammable liqu id st orage below-
grou n d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
235
Distance measured
horizontally from oxy-
gen storage container
to flammable liquid
tank (feet)
Distance from oxygen
storage container to
filling and vent con-
nections or openings
to flammable liquid
tank (feet)
Capacity gal-
lons
15 .............................. 50 .............................. 0 to 1000.
30 .............................. 50 .............................. 1001 or
more.
(vi i ) Combu st ible liqu id st orage above-
grou n d.
Distance (feet) Capacity (gallons)
25 .................................................. 0 to 1000.
50 .................................................. 1001 or more.
(vi i i ) Combu st ible liqu id st orage below-
grou n d.
Distance measured hori-
zontally from oxygen storage
container to combustible liq-
uid tank (feet)
Distance from oxygen stor-
age container to filling and
vent connections or openings
to combustible liquid tank
(feet)
15 ........................................... 40.
(i x) Flammable gas st orage. (S u ch a s
compr essed fl a mma bl e ga ses, l i qu efi ed
fl a mma bl e ga ses a n d fl a mma bl e ga ses
i n l ow pr essu r e ga s h ol der s):
Distance (feet) Capacity (cu. ft. NTP)
50 .................................................. Less than 5000.
90 .................................................. 5000 or more.
(x) High ly combu st ible mat erials. F i ft y
feet fr om sol i d ma t er i a l s wh i ch bu r n
r a pi dl y , su ch a s excel si or or pa per .
(xi ) Slow-bu rn in g mat erials. Twen t y -
fi ve feet fr om sol i d ma t er i a l s wh i ch
bu r n sl owl y , su ch a s coa l a n d h ea vy
t i mber .
(xi i ) Ven t ilat ion . S even t y -fi ve feet i n
on e di r ect i on a n d 35 feet i n a ppr oxi -
ma t el y 90 di r ect i on fr om con fi n i n g
wa l l s (n ot i n cl u di n g fi r ewa l l s l ess t h a n
20 feet h i gh ) t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e ven -
t i l a t i on i n cou r t y a r ds a n d si mi l a r con -
fi n i n g a r ea s.
(xi i i ) Con gest ed areas. Twen t y -fi ve
feet fr om con gest ed a r ea s su ch a s of-
fi ces, l u n ch r ooms, l ock er r ooms, t i me
cl ock a r ea s, a n d si mi l a r l oca t i on s
wh er e peopl e ma y con gr ega t e.
(xi v)(xvi i ) [Reser ved]
(xvi i i ) Except ion s. Th e di st a n ces i n
pa r a gr a ph s (b)(3) (i i ), (i i i ), (v) t o (xi ) i n -
cl u si ve, of t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y
wh er e pr ot ect i ve st r u ct u r es su ch a s
fi r ewa l l s of a dequ a t e h ei gh t t o sa fe-
gu a r d t h e oxy gen st or a ge sy st ems a r e
l oca t ed bet ween t h e bu l k oxy gen st or -
a ge i n st a l l a t i on a n d t h e exposu r e. I n
su ch ca ses, t h e bu l k oxy gen st or a ge i n -
st a l l a t i on ma y be a mi n i mu m di st a n ce
of 1 foot fr om t h e fi r ewa l l .
(4) St orage con t ain ers(i ) Fou n dat ion s
an d su pport s. P er ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed
con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su b-
st a n t i a l n on combu st i bl e su ppor t s on
fi r m n on combu st i bl e fou n da t i on s.
(i i ) Con st ru ct ion liqu id. Li qu i d oxy -
gen st or a ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be fa b-
r i ca t ed fr om ma t er i a l s meet i n g t h e i m-
pa ct t est r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
UG84 of AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
P r essu r e Vessel s1968, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6. Con t a i n er s oper a t i n g a t pr es-
su r es a bove 15 pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch
ga ge (p. s. i . g. ) sh a l l be desi gn ed, con -
st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r emen t s of AS ME
Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code, S ec-
t i on VI I Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s
1968. I n su l a t i on su r r ou n di n g t h e l i qu i d
oxy gen con t a i n er sh a l l be n on combu s-
t i bl e.
(i i i ) Con st ru ct ion gaseou s. Hi gh - pr es-
su r e ga seou s oxy gen con t a i n er s sh a l l
compl y wi t h on e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r e-
men t s of AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
P r essu r e Vessel s1968.
(b) Desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, t est ed, a n d
ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT
S peci fi ca t i on s a n d Regu l a t i on s.
(5) Pipin g, t u bin g, an d f it t in gs(i ) Se-
lect ion . P i pi n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs
sh a l l be su i t a bl e for oxy gen ser vi ce a n d
for t h e pr essu r es a n d t emper a t u r es i n -
vol ved.
(i i ) Specif icat ion . P i pi n g a n d t u bi n g
sh a l l con for m t o S ect i on 2Ga s a n d
Ai r P i pi n g S y st ems of Code for P r es-
su r e P i pi n g, ANS I , B31. 11967 wi t h a d-
den da B31. 10a 1969, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i i ) Fabricat ion . P i pi n g or t u bi n g for
oper a t i n g t emper a t u r es bel ow 20 F .
sh a l l be fa br i ca t ed fr om ma t er i a l s
meet i n g t h e i mpa ct t est r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph UG84 of AS ME Boi l er
a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code, S ect i on
VI I I Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s1968,
wh en t est ed a t t h e mi n i mu m oper a t i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
236
t emper a t u r e t o wh i ch t h e pi pi n g ma y
be su bj ect ed i n ser vi ce.
(6) Saf et y relief devices(i ) Gen eral.
Bu l k oxy gen st or a ge con t a i n er s, r e-
ga r dl ess of desi gn pr essu r e sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sa fet y r el i ef devi ces a s
r equ i r ed by t h e AS ME code or t h e DOT
speci fi ca t i on s a n d r egu l a t i on s.
(i i ) DOT con t ain ers. Bu l k oxy gen st or -
a ge con t a i n er s desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT speci -
fi ca t i on sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y
r el i ef devi ces a s r equ i r ed t h er eby .
(i i i ) ASME con t ain ers. Bu l k oxy gen
st or a ge con t a i n er s desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e AS ME
Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code, S ec-
t i on VI I I Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel
1968 sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y r el i ef
devi ces meet i n g t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e
Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on P a mph l et
S a fet y Rel i ef Devi ce S t a n da r ds for
Compr essed Ga s S t or a ge Con t a i n er s,
S 1, P a r t 3, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(i v) I n su lat ion . I n su l a t i on ca si n gs on
l i qu i d oxy gen con t a i n er s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h su i t a bl e sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces.
(v) Reliabilit y . Al l sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces sh a l l be so desi gn ed or l oca t ed
t h a t moi st u r e ca n n ot col l ect a n d fr eeze
i n a ma n n er wh i ch wou l d i n t er fer e wi t h
(7) L iqu id oxy gen vaporizers(i )
Mou n t s an d cou plin gs. Th e va por i zer
sh a l l be a n ch or ed a n d i t s con n ect i n g
pi pi n g be su ffi ci en t l y fl exi bl e t o pr o-
vi de for t h e effect of expa n si on a n d
con t r a ct i on du e t o t emper a t u r e
ch a n ges.
(i i ) Relief devices. Th e va por i zer a n d
i t s pi pi n g sh a l l be a dequ a t el y pr ot ect ed
on t h e oxy gen a n d h ea t i n g medi u m sec-
t i on s wi t h sa fet y r el i ef devi ces.
(i i i ) Heat in g. Hea t u sed i n a n oxy gen
va por i zer sh a l l be i n di r ect l y su ppl i ed
on l y t h r ou gh medi a su ch a s st ea m, a i r ,
wa t er , or wa t er sol u t i on s wh i ch do n ot
r ea ct wi t h oxy gen .
(i v) Grou n din g. I f el ect r i c h ea t er s a r e
u sed t o pr ovi de t h e pr i ma r y sou r ce of
h ea t , t h e va por i zi n g sy st em sh a l l be
el ect r i ca l l y gr ou n ded.
(8) Equ ipmen t assembly an d in st alla-
t ion (i ) Clean in g. Equ i pmen t ma k i n g
u p a bu l k oxy gen sy st em sh a l l be
cl ea n ed i n or der t o r emove oi l , gr ea se
or ot h er r ea di l y oxi di za bl e ma t er i a l s
befor e pl a ci n g t h e sy st em i n ser vi ce.
(i i ) Join t s. J oi n t s i n pi pi n g a n d t u bi n g
ma y be ma de by wel di n g or by u se of
fl a n ged, t h r ea ded, sl i p, or compr essi on
fi t t i n gs. Ga sk et s or t h r ea d sea l a n t s
sh a l l be su i t a bl e for oxy gen ser vi ce.
(i i i ) Accessories. Va l ves, ga ges, r egu -
l a t or s, a n d ot h er a ccessor i es sh a l l be
su i t a bl e for oxy gen ser vi ce.
(i v) I n st allat ion . I n st a l l a t i on of bu l k
oxy gen sy st ems sh a l l be su per vi sed by
per son n el fa mi l i a r wi t h pr oper pr a c-
t i ces wi t h r efer en ce t o t h ei r con st r u c-
t i on a n d u se.
(v) T est in g. Aft er i n st a l l a t i on a l l fi el d
er ect ed pi pi n g sh a l l be t est ed a n d
pr oved ga s t i gh t a t ma xi mu m oper -
a t i n g pr essu r e. An y medi u m u sed for
t est i n g sh a l l be oi l fr ee a n d n on fl a m-
ma bl e.
(vi ) Secu rit y . S t or a ge con t a i n er s, pi p-
i n g, va l ves, r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t , a n d
ot h er a ccessor i es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge a n d a ga i n st
t a mper i n g.
(vi i ) Ven t in g. An y en cl osu r e con -
t a i n i n g oxy gen con t r ol or oper a t i n g
equ i pmen t sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t ed.
(vi i i ) Placardin g. Th e bu l k oxy gen
st or a ge l oca t i on sh a l l be per ma n en t l y
pl a ca r ded t o i n di ca t e: OXYGENNO
S MOKI NGNO OP EN F LAMES , or a n
equ i va l en t wa r n i n g.
(i x) Elect rical wirin g. Bu l k oxy gen i n -
st a l l a t i on s a r e n ot h a za r dou s l oca t i on s
a s defi n ed a n d cover ed i n su bpa r t S of
t h i s pa r t . Th er efor e, gen er a l pu r pose or
wea t h er pr oof t y pes of el ect r i ca l wi r i n g
a n d equ i pmen t a r e a ccept a bl e depen d-
i n g u pon wh et h er t h e i n st a l l a t i on i s i n -
door s or ou t door s. S u ch equ i pmen t
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of su bpa r t S
of t h i s pa r t .
(9) Operat in g in st ru ct ion s. F or i n st a l -
l a t i on s wh i ch r equ i r e a n y oper a t i on of
equ i pmen t by t h e u ser , l egi bl e i n st r u c-
t i on s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t oper a t i n g
l oca t i on s.
fu n ct i on i n g of ea ch ch a r ged bu l k oxy -
gen sy st em sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a
sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on .
Wood a n d l on g dr y gr a ss sh a l l be cu t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
237
ba ck wi t h i n 15 feet of a n y bu l k oxy gen
st or a ge con t a i n er .
F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 61 F R 9237, Ma r . 7,
1996]
1910.105 Nitrous oxide.
Th e pi ped sy st ems for t h e i n -pl a n t
t r a n sfer a n d di st r i bu t i on of n i t r ou s
oxi de sh a l l be desi gn ed, i n st a l l ed,
ma i n t a i n ed, a n d oper a t ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on
P a mph l et G8. 11964, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
F R 9237, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.106 Flammable and combustible
liquids.
(a ) Def in it ion s. As u sed i n t h i s sec-
t i on :
(1) Aer osol sh a l l mea n a ma t er i a l
wh i ch i s di spen sed fr om i t s con t a i n er
a s a mi st , spr a y , or foa m by a pr opel -
l a n t u n der pr essu r e.
(2) At mosph er i c t a n k sh a l l mea n a
st or a ge t a n k wh i ch h a s been desi gn ed
t o oper a t e a t pr essu r es fr om a t mos-
ph er i c t h r ou gh 0. 5 p. s. i . g.
(3) Au t omot i ve ser vi ce st a t i on sh a l l
mea n t h a t por t i on of pr oper t y wh er e
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds u sed
a s mot or fu el s a r e st or ed a n d di spen sed
fr om fi xed equ i pmen t i n t o t h e fu el
t a n k s of mot or veh i cl es a n d sh a l l i n -
cl u de a n y fa ci l i t i es a va i l a bl e for t h e
sa l e a n d ser vi ce of t i r es, ba t t er i es, a n d
a ccessor i es, a n d for mi n or a u t omot i ve
ma i n t en a n ce wor k . Ma j or a u t omot i ve
r epa i r s, pa i n t i n g, body a n d fen der wor k
a r e excl u ded.
(4) Ba semen t sh a l l mea n a st or y of a
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e h a vi n g on e-h a l f
or mor e of i t s h ei gh t bel ow gr ou n d
l evel a n d t o wh i ch a ccess for fi r e fi gh t -
i n g pu r poses i s u n du l y r est r i ct ed.
(5) Boi l i n g poi n t sh a l l mea n t h e boi l -
i n g poi n t of a l i qu i d a t a pr essu r e of
14. 7 pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch a bsol u t e
(p. s. i . a . ) (760 mm. ). Wh er e a n a ccu r a t e
boi l i n g poi n t i s u n a va i l a bl e for t h e ma -
t er i a l i n qu est i on , or for mi xt u r es
wh i ch do n ot h a ve a con st a n t boi l i n g
poi n t , for pu r poses of t h i s sect i on t h e
10 per cen t poi n t of a di st i l l a t i on per -
for med i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e S t a n d-
a r d Met h od of Test for Di st i l l a t i on of
P et r ol eu m P r odu ct s, AS TM D8662,
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, ma y be u sed a s t h e
boi l i n g poi n t of t h e l i qu i d.
(6) Boi l over sh a l l mea n t h e expu l si on
of cr u de oi l (or cer t a i n ot h er l i qu i ds)
fr om a bu r n i n g t a n k . Th e l i gh t fr a c-
t i on s of t h e cr u de oi l bu r n off pr odu ci n g
a h ea t wa ve i n t h e r esi du e, wh i ch on
r ea ch i n g a wa t er st r a t a ma y r esu l t i n
t h e expu l si on of a por t i on of t h e con -
t en t s of t h e t a n k i n t h e for m of fr ot h .
(7) Bu l k pl a n t sh a l l mea n t h a t por -
t i on of a pr oper t y wh er e fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds a r e r ecei ved by
t a n k vessel , pi pel i n es, t a n k ca r , or
t a n k veh i cl e, a n d a r e st or ed or bl en ded
i n bu l k for t h e pu r pose of di st r i bu t i n g
su ch l i qu i ds by t a n k vessel , pi pel i n e,
t a n k ca r , t a n k veh i cl e, or con t a i n er .
(8) Ch emi ca l pl a n t sh a l l mea n a l a r ge
i n t egr a t ed pl a n t or t h a t por t i on of
su ch a pl a n t ot h er t h a n a r efi n er y or
di st i l l er y wh er e fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds a r e pr odu ced by ch emi ca l
r ea ct i on s or u sed i n ch emi ca l r ea c-
t i on s.
(9) Cl osed con t a i n er sh a l l mea n a
con t a i n er a s h er ei n defi n ed, so sea l ed
by mea n s of a l i d or ot h er devi ce t h a t
n ei t h er l i qu i d n or va por wi l l esca pe
fr om i t a t or di n a r y t emper a t u r es.
(10) Cr u de pet r ol eu m sh a l l mea n h y -
dr oca r bon mi xt u r es t h a t h a ve a fl a sh
poi n t bel ow 150 F . a n d wh i ch h a ve n ot
been pr ocessed i n a r efi n er y .
(11) Di st i l l er y sh a l l mea n a pl a n t or
t h a t por t i on of a pl a n t wh er e fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds pr odu ced
by fer men t a t i on a r e con cen t r a t ed, a n d
wh er e t h e con cen t r a t ed pr odu ct s ma y
a l so be mi xed, st or ed, or pa ck a ged.
(12) F i r e a r ea sh a l l mea n a n a r ea of a
bu i l di n g sepa r a t ed fr om t h e r ema i n der
of t h e bu i l di n g by con st r u ct i on h a vi n g
a fi r e r esi st a n ce of a t l ea st 1 h ou r a n d
h a vi n g a l l commu n i ca t i n g open i n gs
pr oper l y pr ot ect ed by a n a ssembl y h a v-
i n g a fi r e r esi st a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st 1
h ou r .
(13) F l a mma bl e a er osol sh a l l mea n a n
a er osol wh i ch i s r equ i r ed t o be l a bel ed
F l a mma bl e u n der t h e F eder a l Ha z-
a r dou s S u bst a n ces La bel i n g Act (15
U. S . C. 1261). F or t h e pu r poses of pa r a -
gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on , su ch a er osol s
a r e con si der ed Cl a ss I A l i qu i ds.
(14) Flash poin t mea n s t h e mi n i mu m
t emper a t u r e a t wh i ch a l i qu i d gi ves off
va por wi t h i n a t est vessel i n su ffi ci en t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
238
con cen t r a t i on t o for m a n i gn i t a bl e
mi xt u r e wi t h a i r n ea r t h e su r fa ce of
t h e l i qu i d, a n d sh a l l be det er mi n ed a s
fol l ows:
(i ) F or a l i qu i d wh i ch h a s a vi scosi t y
of l ess t h a n 45 S US a t 100 F . (37. 8 C. ),
does n ot con t a i n su spen ded sol i ds, a n d
does n ot h a ve a t en den cy t o for m a su r -
fa ce fi l m wh i l e u n der t est , t h e pr oce-
du r e speci fi ed i n t h e S t a n da r d Met h od
of Test for F l a sh poi n t by Ta g Cl osed
Test er (AS TM D5670), wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6, sh a l l be u sed.
(i i ) F or a l i qu i d wh i ch h a s a vi scosi t y
of 45 S US or mor e a t 100 F . (37. 8 C. ),
or con t a i n s su spen ded sol i ds, or h a s a
t en den cy t o for m a su r fa ce fi l m wh i l e
u n der t est , t h e S t a n da r d Met h od of
Test for F l a sh poi n t by P en sk y -Ma r t en s
Cl osed Test er (AS TM D9371) sh a l l be
u sed, except t h a t t h e met h ods speci fi ed
i n Not e 1 t o sect i on 1. 1 of AS TM D93
71 ma y be u sed for t h e r espect i ve ma t e-
r i a l s speci fi ed i n t h e Not e. Th e pr e-
cedi n g AS TM st a n da r ds a r e i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i i ) F or a l i qu i d t h a t i s a mi xt u r e of
compou n ds t h a t h a ve di ffer en t
vol a t i l i t i es a n d fl a sh poi n t s, i t s
fl a sh poi n t sh a l l be det er mi n ed by u si n g
t h e pr ocedu r e speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(a )(14) (i ) or (i i ) of t h i s sect i on on t h e
l i qu i d i n t h e for m i t i s sh i pped. I f t h e
fl a sh poi n t , a s det er mi n ed by t h i s t est ,
i s 100 F . (37. 8 C. ) or h i gh er , a n a ddi -
t i on a l fl a sh poi n t det er mi n a t i on sh a l l
be r u n on a sa mpl e of t h e l i qu i d eva po-
r a t ed t o 90 per cen t of i t s or i gi n a l vol -
u me, a n d t h e l ower va l u e of t h e t wo
t est s sh a l l be con si der ed t h e fl a sh poi n t
of t h e ma t er i a l .
(i v) Or ga n i c per oxi des, wh i ch u n der go
a u t oa ccel er a t i n g t h er ma l decomposi -
t i on , a r e excl u ded fr om a n y of t h e
fl a sh poi n t det er mi n a t i on met h ods
speci fi ed i n t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(15) Hot el sh a l l mea n bu i l di n gs or
gr ou ps of bu i l di n gs u n der t h e sa me
ma n a gemen t i n wh i ch t h er e a r e sl eep-
i n g a ccommoda t i on s for h i r e, pr i ma r i l y
u sed by t r a n si en t s wh o a r e l odged wi t h
or wi t h ou t mea l s i n cl u di n g bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o i n n s, cl u bs, mot el s, a n d
a pa r t men t h ot el s.
(16) I n st i t u t i on a l occu pa n cy sh a l l
mea n t h e occu pa n cy or u se of a bu i l d-
i n g or st r u ct u r e or a n y por t i on t h er eof
by per son s h a r bor ed or det a i n ed t o r e-
cei ve medi ca l , ch a r i t a bl e or ot h er ca r e
or t r ea t men t , or by per son s i n vol u n -
t a r i l y det a i n ed.
(17) Li qu i d sh a l l mea n , for t h e pu r -
pose of t h i s sect i on , a n y ma t er i a l
wh i ch h a s a fl u i di t y gr ea t er t h a n t h a t
of 300 pen et r a t i on a sph a l t wh en t est ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h AS TM Test for P en -
et r a t i on for Bi t u mi n ou s Ma t er i a l s, D
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Wh en n ot ot h er -
wi se i den t i fi ed, t h e t er m l i qu i d sh a l l
i n cl u de bot h fl a mma bl e a n d combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds.
(18) Combu st ible liqu id mea n s a n y l i q-
u i d h a vi n g a fl a sh poi n t a t or a bove 100
F . (37. 8 C. ) Combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l
be di vi ded i n t o t wo cl a sses a s fol l ows:
(i ) Class I I liqu ids sh a l l i n cl u de t h ose
wi t h fl a sh poi n t s a t or a bove 100 F .
(37. 8 C. ) a n d bel ow 140 F . (60 C. ), ex-
cept a n y mi xt u r e h a vi n g compon en t s
wi t h fl a sh poi n t s of 200 F . (93. 3 C. ) or
h i gh er , t h e vol u me of wh i ch ma k e u p 99
per cen t or mor e of t h e t ot a l vol u me of
t h e mi xt u r e.
(i i ) Class I I I liqu ids sh a l l i n cl u de
t h ose wi t h fl a sh poi n t s a t or a bove 140
F . (60 C. ) Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds a r e su b-
di vi ded i n t o t wo su bcl a sses:
(a) Class I I I A liqu ids sh a l l i n cl u de
F . (60 C. ) a n d bel ow 200 F . (93. 3 C. ),
except a n y mi xt u r e h a vi n g compon en t s
wi t h fl a sh poi n t s of 200 F . (93. 3 C. ), or
h i gh er , t h e t ot a l vol u me of wh i ch ma k e
u p 99 per cen t or mor e of t h e t ot a l vol -
u me of t h e mi xt u r e.
(b) Class I I I B liqu ids sh a l l i n cl u de
F . (93. 3 C. ). Th i s sect i on does n ot
cover Cl a ss I I I B l i qu i ds. Wh er e t h e
t er m Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds i s u sed i n t h i s
sect i on , i t sh a l l mea n on l y Cl a ss I I I A
l i qu i ds.
(i i i ) Wh en a combu st i bl e l i qu i d i s
h ea t ed for u se t o wi t h i n 30 F . (16. 7 C. )
of i t s fl a sh poi n t , i t sh a l l be h a n dl ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s for
t h e n ext l ower cl a ss of l i qu i ds.
(19) Flammable liqu id mea n s a n y l i q-
u i d h a vi n g a fl a sh poi n t bel ow 100 F .
(37. 8 C. ), except a n y mi xt u r e h a vi n g
compon en t s wi t h fl a sh poi n t s of 100 F .
(37. 8 C. ) or h i gh er , t h e t ot a l of wh i ch
ma k e u p 99 per cen t or mor e of t h e t ot a l
vol u me of t h e mi xt u r e. F l a mma bl e l i q-
u i ds sh a l l be k n own a s Cl a ss I l i qu i ds.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
239
Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e di vi ded i n t o t h r ee
cl a sses a s fol l ows:
(i ) Cl a ss I A sh a l l i n cl u de l i qu i ds h a v-
i n g fl a sh poi n t s bel ow 73 F . (22. 8 C. )
a n d h a vi n g a boi l i n g poi n t bel ow 100 F .
(37. 8 C. ).
(i i ) Cl a ss I B sh a l l i n cl u de l i qu i ds h a v-
i n g fl a sh poi n t s bel ow 73 F . (22. 8 C. )
a n d h a vi n g a boi l i n g poi n t a t or a bove
100 F . (37. 8 C. ).
(i i i ) Cl a ss I C sh a l l i n cl u de l i qu i ds
h a vi n g fl a sh poi n t s a t or a bove 73 F .
(22. 8 C. ) a n d bel ow 100 F . (37. 8 C. ).
(20) Un st a bl e (r ea ct i ve) l i qu i d sh a l l
mea n a l i qu i d wh i ch i n t h e pu r e st a t e
or a s commer ci a l l y pr odu ced or t r a n s-
por t ed wi l l vi gor ou sl y pol y mer i ze, de-
compose, con den se, or wi l l become sel f-
r ea ct i ve u n der con di t i on s of sh ock s,
pr essu r e, or t emper a t u r e.
(21) Low-pr essu r e t a n k sh a l l mea n a
st or a ge t a n k wh i ch h a s been desi gn ed
t o oper a t e a t pr essu r es a bove 0. 5 p. s. i . g.
bu t n ot mor e t h a n 15 p. s. i . g.
(22) Ma r i n e ser vi ce st a t i on sh a l l
mea n t h a t por t i on of a pr oper t y wh er e
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds u sed
a s fu el s a r e st or ed a n d di spen sed fr om
fi xed equ i pmen t on sh or e, pi er s,
wh a r ves, or fl oa t i n g dock s i n t o t h e fu el
t a n k s of sel f-pr opel l ed cr a ft , a n d sh a l l
i n cl u de a l l fa ci l i t i es u sed i n con n ect i on
t h er ewi t h .
(23) Mer ca n t i l e occu pa n cy sh a l l mea n
t h e occu pa n cy or u se of a bu i l di n g or
st r u ct u r e or a n y por t i on t h er eof for t h e
di spl a y i n g, sel l i n g, or bu y i n g of goods,
wa r es, or mer ch a n di se.
(24) Offi ce occu pa n cy sh a l l mea n t h e
occu pa n cy or u se of a bu i l di n g or st r u c-
t u r e or a n y por t i on t h er eof for t h e
t r a n sa ct i on of bu si n ess, or t h e r en -
der i n g or r ecei vi n g of pr ofessi on a l ser v-
i ces.
(25) P or t a bl e t a n k sh a l l mea n a
cl osed con t a i n er h a vi n g a l i qu i d ca pa c-
i t y over 60 U. S . ga l l on s a n d n ot i n -
t en ded for fi xed i n st a l l a t i on .
(26) P r essu r e vessel sh a l l mea n a
st or a ge t a n k or vessel wh i ch h a s been
desi gn ed t o oper a t e a t pr essu r es a bove
15 p. s. i . g.
(27) P r ot ect i on for exposu r e sh a l l
mea n a dequ a t e fi r e pr ot ect i on for
st r u ct u r es on pr oper t y a dj a cen t t o
t a n k s, wh er e t h er e a r e empl oy ees of
t h e est a bl i sh men t .
(28) Refi n er y sh a l l mea n a pl a n t i n
wh i ch fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds a r e pr odu ced on a commer ci a l
sca l e fr om cr u de pet r ol eu m, n a t u r a l
ga sol i n e, or ot h er h y dr oca r bon sou r ces.
(29) S a fet y ca n sh a l l mea n a n a p-
pr oved con t a i n er , of n ot mor e t h a n 5
ga l l on s ca pa ci t y , h a vi n g a spr i n g-cl os-
i n g l i d a n d spou t cover a n d so desi gn ed
t h a t i t wi l l sa fel y r el i eve i n t er n a l pr es-
su r e wh en su bj ect ed t o fi r e exposu r e.
(30) Va por pr essu r e sh a l l mea n t h e
pr essu r e, mea su r ed i n pou n ds per
squ a r e i n ch (a bsol u t e) exer t ed by a
vol a t i l e l i qu i d a s det er mi n ed by t h e
S t a n da r d Met h od of Test for Va por
P r essu r e of P et r ol eu m P r odu ct s (Rei d
Met h od), Amer i ca n S oci et y for Test -
i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s AS TM D32368, wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(31) Ven t i l a t i on a s speci fi ed i n t h i s
sect i on i s for t h e pr even t i on of fi r e a n d
expl osi on . I t i s con si der ed a dequ a t e i f
i t i s su ffi ci en t t o pr even t a ccu mu l a t i on
of si gn i fi ca n t qu a n t i t i es of va por -a i r
mi xt u r es i n con cen t r a t i on over on e-
fou r t h of t h e l ower fl a mma bl e l i mi t .
(32) S t or a ge: F l a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed i n a t a n k
or i n a con t a i n er t h a t compl i es wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (d)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(33) Ba r r el sh a l l mea n a vol u me of 42
U. S . ga l l on s.
(34) Con t a i n er sh a l l mea n a n y ca n ,
ba r r el , or dr u m.
(35) Appr oved u n l ess ot h er wi se i n di -
ca t ed, a ppr oved, or l i st ed by a n a t i on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
Refer t o 1910. 7 for defi n i t i on of n a t i on -
(36) Li st ed see a ppr oved i n
1910. 106(a )(35).
(37) SUS mea n s S a y bol t Un i ver sa l
S econ ds a s det er mi n ed by t h e S t a n da r d
Met h od of Test for S a y bol t Vi scosi t y
(AS TM D8856), a n d ma y be det er -
mi n ed by u se of t h e S US con ver si on t a -
bl es speci fi ed i n AS TM Met h od D2161
66 fol l owi n g det er mi n a t i on of vi scosi t y
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ocedu r es
speci fi ed i n t h e S t a n da r d Met h od of
Test for Vi scosi t y of Tr a n spa r en t a n d
Opa qu e Li qu i ds (AS TM D44565).
(38) Viscou s mea n s a vi scosi t y of 45
S US or mor e.
(b) T an k st orage(1) Design an d con -
st ru ct ion of t an k s(i ) Mat erials. (a)
Ta n k s sh a l l be bu i l t of st eel except a s
pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(1)(i ) (b)
t h r ou gh (e) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
240
(b) Ta n k s ma y be bu i l t of ma t er i a l s
ot h er t h a n st eel for i n st a l l a t i on u n der -
gr ou n d or i f r equ i r ed by t h e pr oper t i es
of t h e l i qu i d st or ed. Ta n k s l oca t ed
a bove gr ou n d or i n si de bu i l di n gs sh a l l
be of n on combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on .
(c) Ta n k s bu i l t of ma t er i a l s ot h er
t h a n st eel sh a l l be desi gn ed t o speci -
fi ca t i on s embody i n g pr i n ci pl es r ecog-
n i zed a s good en gi n eer i n g desi gn for
t h e ma t er i a l u sed.
(d) Un l i n ed con cr et e t a n k s ma y be
u sed for st or i n g fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds h a vi n g a gr a vi t y of 40 AP I
or h ea vi er . Con cr et e t a n k s wi t h speci a l
l i n i n g ma y be u sed for ot h er ser vi ces
pr ovi ded t h e desi gn i s i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h sou n d en gi n eer i n g pr a ct i ce.
(e) [Reser ved]
(f ) S peci a l en gi n eer i n g con si der a t i on
sh a l l be r equ i r ed i f t h e speci fi c gr a vi t y
of t h e l i qu i d t o be st or ed exceeds t h a t
of wa t er or i f t h e t a n k s a r e desi gn ed t o
con t a i n fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds a t a l i qu i d t emper a t u r e bel ow 0 F .
(i i ) Fabricat ion . (a) [Reser ved]
(b) Met a l t a n k s sh a l l be wel ded, r i v-
et ed, a n d ca u l k ed, br a zed, or bol t ed, or
con st r u ct ed by u se of a combi n a t i on of
t h ese met h ods. F i l l er met a l u sed i n
br a zi n g sh a l l be n on fer r ou s met a l or a n
a l l oy h a vi n g a mel t i n g poi n t a bove 1000
F . a n d bel ow t h a t of t h e met a l j oi n ed.
(i i i ) At mosph eric t an k s. (a) At mos-
ph er i c t a n k s sh a l l be bu i l t i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h a ccept a bl e good st a n da r ds of
desi gn . At mosph er i c t a n k s ma y be
bu i l t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g
con sen su s st a n da r ds t h a t a r e i n cor -
1910. 6:
(1) Un der wr i t er s La bor a t or i es, I n c. ,
S u bj ect s No. 142, S t a n da r d for S t eel
Abovegr ou n d Ta n k s for F l a mma bl e a n d
Combu st i bl e Li qu i ds, 1968; No. 58,
S t a n da r d for S t eel Un der gr ou n d Ta n k s
u i ds, F i ft h Edi t i on , December 1961; or
No. 80, S t a n da r d for S t eel I n si de Ta n k s
for Oi l -Bu r n er F u el , S ept ember 1963.
(2) Amer i ca n P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e
S t a n da r ds No. 650, Wel ded S t eel Ta n k s
for Oi l S t or a ge, Th i r d Edi t i on , 1966.
S t a n da r ds No. 12B, S peci fi ca t i on for
Bol t ed P r odu ct i on Ta n k s, El even t h
Edi t i on , Ma y 1958, a n d S u ppl emen t 1,
Ma r ch 1962; No. 12D, S peci fi ca t i on for
La r ge Wel ded P r odu ct i on Ta n k s, S ev-
en t h Edi t i on , Au gu st 1957; or No. 12F ,
S peci fi ca t i on for S ma l l Wel ded P r odu c-
t i on Ta n k s, F i ft h Edi t i on , Ma r ch 1961.
Ta n k s bu i l t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h ese
st a n da r ds sh a l l be u sed on l y a s pr odu c-
t i on t a n k s for st or a ge of cr u de pet r o-
l eu m i n oi l -pr odu ci n g a r ea s.
(b) Ta n k s desi gn ed for u n der gr ou n d
ser vi ce n ot exceedi n g 2, 500 ga l l on s ca -
pa ci t y ma y be u sed a bovegr ou n d.
(c) Low-pr essu r e t a n k s a n d pr essu r e
vessel s ma y be u sed a s a t mosph er i c
t a n k s.
(d) At mosph er i c t a n k s sh a l l n ot be
u sed for t h e st or a ge of a fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i d a t a t emper a t u r e a t
or a bove i t s boi l i n g poi n t .
(i v) L ow pressu re t an k s. (a) Th e n or -
ma l oper a t i n g pr essu r e of t h e t a n k
sh a l l n ot exceed t h e desi gn pr essu r e of
t h e t a n k .
(b) Low-pr essu r e t a n k s sh a l l be bu i l t
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ccept a bl e st a n d-
a r ds of desi gn . Low-pr essu r e t a n k s ma y
be bu i l t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g con sen su s st a n da r ds t h a t a r e i n -
1910. 6:
S t a n da r d No. 620. Recommen ded Ru l es
for t h e Desi gn a n d Con st r u ct i on of
La r ge, Wel ded, Low-P r essu r e S t or a ge
Ta n k s, Th i r d Edi t i on , 1966.
(2) Th e pr i n ci pl es of t h e Code for
Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s, S ect i on VI I I
of t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Ves-
sel s Code, 1968.
(c) At mosph er i c t a n k s bu i l t a ccor d-
i n g t o Un der wr i t er s La bor a t or i es, I n c. ,
r equ i r emen t s i n su bdi vi si on (i i i )(a) of
a n d sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o 2. 5 p. s. i . g. u n der
emer gen cy ven t i n g con di t i on s.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph ma y be u sed for oper -
a t i n g pr essu r es n ot exceedi n g 1 p. s. i . g.
(d) P r essu r e vessel s ma y be u sed a s
l ow-pr essu r e t a n k s.
(v) Pressu re vessels. (a) Th e n or ma l op-
er a t i n g pr essu r e of t h e vessel sh a l l n ot
exceed t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e ves-
sel .
(b) P r essu r e vessel s sh a l l be bu i l t i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Code for Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s, S ect i on VI I I of t h e
AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code
1968.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
241
(vi ) Provision s f or in t ern al corrosion .
Wh en t a n k s a r e n ot desi gn ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e Amer i ca n P et r ol eu m I n -
st i t u t e, Amer i ca n S oci et y of Mech a n -
i ca l En gi n eer s, or t h e Un der wr i t er s
La bor a t or i es, I n c. s, st a n da r ds, or i f
cor r osi on i s a n t i ci pa t ed bey on d t h a t
pr ovi ded for i n t h e desi gn for mu l a s
u sed, a ddi t i on a l met a l t h i ck n ess or
su i t a bl e pr ot ect i ve coa t i n gs or l i n i n gs
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o compen sa t e for t h e
cor r osi on l oss expect ed du r i n g t h e de-
si gn l i fe of t h e t a n k .
(2) I n st allat ion of ou t side abovegrou n d
t an k s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Spacin g (sh ell-t o-sh ell) bet ween
abovegrou n d t an k s. (a) Th e di st a n ce be-
t ween a n y t wo fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge t a n k s sh a l l n ot be
l ess t h a n 3 feet .
(b) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(2)(i i )(c) of t h i s sect i on , t h e di st a n ce
bet ween a n y t wo a dj a cen t t a n k s sh a l l
n ot be l ess t h a n on e-si xt h t h e su m of
t h ei r di a met er s. Wh en t h e di a met er of
on e t a n k i s l ess t h a n on e-h a l f t h e di -
a met er of t h e a dj a cen t t a n k , t h e di s-
t a n ce bet ween t h e t wo t a n k s sh a l l n ot
be l ess t h a n on e-h a l f t h e di a met er of
t h e sma l l er t a n k .
(c) Wh er e cr u de pet r ol eu m i n con -
j u n ct i on wi t h pr odu ct i on fa ci l i t i es a r e
l oca t ed i n n on con gest ed a r ea s a n d h a ve
ca pa ci t i es n ot exceedi n g 126, 000 ga l l on s
(3, 000 ba r r el s), t h e di st a n ce bet ween
su ch t a n k s sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 3 feet .
(d) Wh er e u n st a bl e fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds a r e st or ed, t h e di s-
t a n ce bet ween su ch t a n k s sh a l l n ot be
l ess t h a n on e-h a l f t h e su m of t h ei r di -
a met er s.
(e) Wh en t a n k s a r e compa ct ed i n
t h r ee or mor e r ows or i n a n i r r egu l a r
pa t t er n , gr ea t er spa ci n g or ot h er
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded so t h a t i n si de
t a n k s a r e a ccessi bl e for fi r efi gh t i n g
pu r poses.
(f ) Th e mi n i mu m sepa r a t i on bet ween
a l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s con t a i n er
a n d a fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
st or a ge t a n k sh a l l be 20 feet , except i n
t h e ca se of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i d t a n k s oper a t i n g a t pr essu r es ex-
ceedi n g 2. 5 p. s. i . g. or equ i pped wi t h
emer gen cy ven t i n g wh i ch wi l l per mi t
pr essu r es t o exceed 2. 5 p. s. i . g. i n wh i ch
ca se t h e pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi si on s (a)
a n d (b) of t h i s su bdi vi si on sh a l l a ppl y .
S u i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be t a k en t o pr e-
ven t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds u n der a dj a cen t l i q-
u efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s con t a i n er s su ch
a s by di ver si on cu r bs or gr a di n g. Wh en
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d st or -
a ge t a n k s a r e wi t h i n a di k ed a r ea , t h e
l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s con t a i n er s
sh a l l be ou t si de t h e di k ed a r ea a n d a t
l ea st 10 feet a wa y fr om t h e cen t er l i n e
of t h e wa l l of t h e di k ed a r ea . Th e for e-
goi n g pr ovi si on s sh a l l n ot a ppl y wh en
l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s con t a i n er s of
125 ga l l on s or l ess ca pa ci t y a r e i n -
st a l l ed a dj a cen t t o fu el oi l su ppl y
t a n k s of 550 ga l l on s or l ess ca pa ci t y .
(i i i ) [Reser ved]
(i v) Normal ven t in g f or abovegrou n d
t an k s. (a) At mosph er i c st or a ge t a n k s
sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t ed t o pr even t
t h e devel opmen t of va cu u m or pr essu r e
su ffi ci en t t o di st or t t h e r oof of a con e
r oof t a n k or exceedi n g t h e desi gn pr es-
su r e i n t h e ca se of ot h er a t mosph er i c
t a n k s, a s a r esu l t of fi l l i n g or
empt y i n g, a n d a t mosph er i c t emper a -
t u r e ch a n ges.
(b) Nor ma l ven t s sh a l l be si zed ei t h er
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h : (1) Th e Amer i ca n
P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e S t a n da r d 2000
(1968), Ven t i n g At mosph er i c a n d Low-
P r essu r e S t or a ge Ta n k s, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6; or (2) ot h er a ccept ed st a n da r d;
or (3) sh a l l be a t l ea st a s l a r ge a s t h e
fi l l i n g or wi t h dr a wa l con n ect i on ,
wh i ch ever i s l a r ger bu t i n n o ca se l ess
t h a n 1
1
4 i n ch n omi n a l i n si de di a met er .
(c) Low-pr essu r e t a n k s a n d pr essu r e
vessel s sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t ed t o
pr even t devel opmen t of pr essu r e or
va cu u m, a s a r esu l t of fi l l i n g or
empt y i n g a n d a t mosph er i c t emper a -
t u r e ch a n ges, fr om exceedi n g t h e de-
si gn pr essu r e of t h e t a n k or vessel .
P r ot ect i on sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded t o
pr even t over pr essu r e fr om a n y pu mp
di sch a r gi n g i n t o t h e t a n k or vessel
wh en t h e pu mp di sch a r ge pr essu r e ca n
exceed t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e t a n k
or vessel .
(d) I f a n y t a n k or pr essu r e vessel h a s
mor e t h a n on e fi l l or wi t h dr a wa l con -
n ect i on a n d si mu l t a n eou s fi l l i n g or
wi t h dr a wa l ca n be ma de, t h e ven t si ze
sh a l l be ba sed on t h e ma xi mu m a n t i ci -
pa t ed si mu l t a n eou s fl ow.
(e) Un l ess t h e ven t i s desi gn ed t o
l i mi t t h e i n t er n a l pr essu r e 2. 5 p. s. i . or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
242
l ess, t h e ou t l et of ven t s a n d ven t dr a i n s
sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o di sch a r ge i n su ch
a ma n n er a s t o pr even t l oca l i zed over -
h ea t i n g of a n y pa r t of t h e t a n k i n t h e
even t va por s fr om su ch ven t s a r e i g-
n i t ed.
(f ) Ta n k s a n d pr essu r e vessel s st or i n g
Cl a ss I A l i qu i ds sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
ven t i n g devi ces wh i ch sh a l l be n or -
ma l l y cl osed except wh en ven t i n g t o
pr essu r e or va cu u m con di t i on s. Ta n k s
a n d pr essu r e vessel s st or i n g Cl a ss I B
a n d I C l i qu i ds sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
ven t i n g devi ces wh i ch sh a l l be n or -
ma l l y cl osed except wh en ven t i n g
u n der pr essu r e or va cu u m con di t i on s,
or wi t h a ppr oved fl a me a r r est er s.
Exempt i on : Ta n k s of 3, 000 bbl s. ca pa c-
i t y or l ess con t a i n i n g cr u de pet r ol eu m
i n cr u de-pr odu ci n g a r ea s; a n d, ou t si de
a bovegr ou n d a t mosph er i c t a n k s u n der
1, 000 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y con t a i n i n g ot h er
t h a n Cl a ss I A fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds ma y
h a ve open ven t s. (S ee su bdi vi si on
(vi )(b) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph . )
(g) F l a me a r r est er s or ven t i n g de-
vi ces r equ i r ed i n su bdi vi si on (f ) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on ma y be omi t t ed for Cl a ss
I B a n d I C l i qu i ds wh er e con di t i on s a r e
su ch t h a t t h ei r u se ma y , i n ca se of ob-
st r u ct i on , r esu l t i n t a n k da ma ge.
(v) Emergen cy relief ven t in g f or f ire ex-
posu re f or abovegrou n d t an k s. (a) Ever y
a bovegr ou n d st or a ge t a n k sh a l l h a ve
some for m of con st r u ct i on or devi ce
t h a t wi l l r el i eve excessi ve i n t er n a l
pr essu r e ca u sed by exposu r e fi r es.
(b) I n a ver t i ca l t a n k t h e con st r u c-
t i on r efer r ed t o i n su bdi vi si on (a) of
t h i s su bdi vi si on ma y t a k e t h e for m of a
fl oa t i n g r oof, l i ft er r oof, a wea k r oof-
t o-sh el l sea m, or ot h er a ppr oved pr es-
su r e r el i evi n g con st r u ct i on . Th e wea k
r oof-t o-sh el l sea m sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
t o fa i l pr efer en t i a l t o a n y ot h er sea m.
(c) Wh er e en t i r e depen den ce for emer -
gen cy r el i ef i s pl a ced u pon pr essu r e r e-
l i evi n g devi ces, t h e t ot a l ven t i n g ca -
pa ci t y of bot h n or ma l a n d emer gen cy
ven t s sh a l l be en ou gh t o pr even t r u p-
t u r e of t h e sh el l or bot t om of t h e t a n k
i f ver t i ca l , or of t h e sh el l or h ea ds i f
h or i zon t a l . I f u n st a bl e l i qu i ds a r e
st or ed, t h e effect s of h ea t or ga s r esu l t -
i n g fr om pol y mer i za t i on , decomposi -
t i on , con den sa t i on , or sel f-r ea ct i vi t y
sh a l l be t a k en i n t o a ccou n t . Th e t ot a l
ca pa ci t y of bot h n or ma l a n d emer gen cy
ven t i n g devi ces sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n
t h a t der i ved fr om Ta bl e H10 except a s
pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi si on (e) or (f ) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on . S u ch devi ce ma y be a sel f-
cl osi n g ma n h ol e cover , or on e u si n g
l on g bol t s t h a t per mi t t h e cover t o l i ft
u n der i n t er n a l pr essu r e, or a n a ddi -
t i on a l or l a r ger r el i ef va l ve or va l ves.
Th e wet t ed a r ea of t h e t a n k sh a l l be
ca l cu l a t ed on t h e ba si s of 55 per cen t of
t h e t ot a l exposed a r ea of a sph er e or
sph er oi d, 75 per cen t of t h e t ot a l ex-
posed a r ea of a h or i zon t a l t a n k a n d t h e
fi r st 30 feet a bove gr a de of t h e exposed
sh el l a r ea of a ver t i ca l t a n k .
TABLE H10WETTED AREA VERSUS CUBIC FEET FREE AIR PER HOUR
[14.7 psia and 60 F.]
Square feet CFH Square feet CFH Square feet CFH
20 21,100 200 211,000 1,000 524,000
30 31,600 250 239,000 1,200 557,000
40 42,100 300 265,000 1,400 587,000
50 52,700 350 288,000 1,600 614,000
60 63,200 400 312,000 1,800 639,000
70 73,700 500 354,000 2,000 662,000
80 84,200 600 392,000 2,400 704,000
90 94,800 700 428,000 2,800 742,000
100 105,000 800 462,000 and
120 126,000 900 493,000 over
140 147,000 1,000 524,000
160 168,000
180 190,000
200 211,000
(d) F or t a n k s a n d st or a ge vessel s de-
si gn ed for pr essu r e over 1 p. s. i . g. , t h e
t ot a l r a t e of ven t i n g sh a l l be det er -
mi n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H10,
except t h a t wh en t h e exposed wet t ed
a r ea of t h e su r fa ce i s gr ea t er t h a n 2, 800
squ a r e feet , t h e t ot a l r a t e of ven t i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
243
sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed by t h e fol l owi n g
for mu l a :
CF H = 1, 107A
0. 82

Wh er e;
CFH = Ven t i n g r equ i r emen t , i n cu bi c feet of
fr ee a i r per h ou r .
A = Exposed wet t ed su r fa ce, i n squ a r e feet .
NOTE: Th e for egoi n g for mu l a i s ba sed on
Q=21, 000A
0. 82
.
(e) Th e t ot a l emer gen cy r el i ef ven t -
i n g ca pa ci t y for a n y speci fi c st a bl e l i q-
u i d ma y be det er mi n ed by t h e fol -
l owi n g for mu l a :
V = 1337 L M
V = Cu bi c feet of fr ee a i r per h ou r fr om Ta bl e
H10.
L = La t en t h ea t of va por i za t i on of speci fi c
l i qu i d i n B. t . u . per pou n d.
M = Mol ecu l a r wei gh t of speci fi c l i qu i ds.
(f ) Th e r equ i r ed a i r fl ow r a t e of su b-
di vi si on (c) or (e) of t h i s su bdi vi si on
ma y be mu l t i pl i ed by t h e a ppr opr i a t e
fa ct or l i st ed i n t h e fol l owi n g sch edu l e
wh en pr ot ect i on i s pr ovi ded a s i n di -
ca t ed. On l y on e fa ct or ma y be u sed for
a n y on e t a n k .
0. 5 for dr a i n a ge i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su bdi vi -
si on (vi i )(b) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph for t a n k s
over 200 squ a r e feet of wet t ed a r ea .
0. 3 for a ppr oved wa t er spr a y .
0. 3 for a ppr oved i n su l a t i on .
0. 15 for a ppr oved wa t er spr a y wi t h a p-
pr oved i n su l a t i on .
(g) Th e ou t l et of a l l ven t s a n d ven t
dr a i n s on t a n k s equ i pped wi t h emer -
gen cy ven t i n g t o per mi t pr essu r es ex-
ceedi n g 2. 5 p. s. i . g. sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o
di sch a r ge i n su ch a wa y a s t o pr even t
l oca l i zed over h ea t i n g of a n y pa r t of t h e
t a n k , i n t h e even t va por s fr om su ch
ven t s a r e i gn i t ed.
(h ) Ea ch commer ci a l t a n k ven t i n g
devi ce sh a l l h a ve st a mped on i t t h e
open i n g pr essu r e, t h e pr essu r e a t wh i ch
t h e va l ve r ea ch es t h e fu l l open posi -
t i on , a n d t h e fl ow ca pa ci t y a t t h e l a t -
t er pr essu r e, expr essed i n cu bi c feet per
h ou r of a i r a t 60 F . a n d a t a pr essu r e
of 14. 7 p. s. i . a .
(i) Th e fl ow ca pa ci t y of t a n k ven t i n g
devi ces 12 i n ch es a n d sma l l er i n n omi -
n a l pi pe si ze sh a l l be det er mi n ed by a c-
t u a l t est of ea ch t y pe a n d si ze of ven t .
Th ese fl ow t est s ma y be con du ct ed by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er i f cer t i fi ed by a
qu a l i fi ed i mpa r t i a l obser ver , or ma y be
con du ct ed by a n ou t si de a gen cy . Th e
fl ow ca pa ci t y of t a n k ven t i n g devi ces
l a r ger t h a n 12 i n ch es n omi n a l pi pe si ze,
i n cl u di n g ma n h ol e cover s wi t h l on g
bol t s or equ i va l en t , ma y be ca l cu l a t ed
pr ovi ded t h a t t h e open i n g pr essu r e i s
a ct u a l l y mea su r ed, t h e r a t i n g pr essu r e
a n d cor r espon di n g fr ee or i fi ce a r ea a r e
st a t ed, t h e wor d ca l cu l a t ed a ppea r s
on t h e n a mepl a t e, a n d t h e compu t a t i on
i s ba sed on a fl ow coeffi ci en t of 0. 5 a p-
pl i ed t o t h e r a t ed or i fi ce a r ea .
(vi ) Ven t pipin g f or abovegrou n d t an k s.
(a) Ven t pi pi n g sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s
sect i on .
(b) Wh er e ven t pi pe ou t l et s for t a n k s
st or i n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e a dj a cen t t o
bu i l di n gs or pu bl i c wa y s, t h ey sh a l l be
l oca t ed so t h a t t h e va por s a r e r el ea sed
a t a sa fe poi n t ou t si de of bu i l di n gs a n d
n ot l ess t h a n 12 feet a bove t h e a dj a cen t
gr ou n d l evel . I n or der t o a i d t h ei r di s-
per si on , va por s sh a l l be di sch a r ged u p-
wa r d or h or i zon t a l l y a wa y fr om cl osel y
a dj a cen t wa l l s. Ven t ou t l et s sh a l l be
l oca t ed so t h a t fl a mma bl e va por s wi l l
n ot be t r a pped by ea ves or ot h er ob-
st r u ct i on s a n d sh a l l be a t l ea st fi ve
feet fr om bu i l di n g open i n gs.
(c) Wh en t a n k ven t pi pi n g i s
ma n i fol ded, pi pe si zes sh a l l be su ch a s
t o di sch a r ge, wi t h i n t h e pr essu r e l i mi -
t a t i on s of t h e sy st em, t h e va por s t h ey
ma y be r equ i r ed t o h a n dl e wh en
ma n i fol ded t a n k s a r e su bj ect t o t h e
sa me fi r e exposu r e.
(vi i ) Drain age, dik es, an d walls f or
abovegrou n d t an k s(a) Drain age an d
dik ed areas. Th e a r ea su r r ou n di n g a
t a n k or a gr ou p of t a n k s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h dr a i n a ge a s i n su bdi vi si on
(b) of t h i s su bdi vi si on , or sh a l l be di k ed
a s pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi si on (c) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on , t o pr even t a cci den t a l di s-
ch a r ge of l i qu i d fr om en da n ger i n g a d-
j oi n i n g pr oper t y or r ea ch i n g wa t er -
wa y s.
(b) Drain age. Wh er e pr ot ect i on of a d-
j oi n i n g pr oper t y or wa t er wa y s i s by
mea n s of a n a t u r a l or ma n ma de dr a i n -
a ge sy st em, su ch sy st ems sh a l l compl y
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Th e dr a i n a ge sy st em sh a l l t er mi -
n a t e i n va ca n t l a n d or ot h er a r ea or i n
a n i mpou n di n g ba si n h a vi n g a ca pa ci t y
n ot sma l l er t h a n t h a t of t h e l a r gest
t a n k ser ved. Th i s t er mi n a t i on a r ea a n d
t h e r ou t e of t h e dr a i n a ge sy st em sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
244
be so l oca t ed t h a t , i f t h e fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n t h e dr a i n a ge
sy st em a r e i gn i t ed, t h e fi r e wi l l n ot se-
r i ou sl y expose t a n k s or a dj oi n i n g pr op-
er t y .
(c) Dik ed areas. Wh er e pr ot ect i on of
a dj oi n i n g pr oper t y or wa t er wa y s i s a c-
compl i sh ed by r et a i n i n g t h e l i qu i d
a r ou n d t h e t a n k by mea n s of a di k e,
t h e vol u me of t h e di k ed a r ea sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r e-
men t s:
(1) Except a s pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi si on
(2) of t h i s su bdi vi si on , t h e vol u met r i c
ca pa ci t y of t h e di k ed a r ea sh a l l n ot be
l ess t h a n t h e gr ea t est a mou n t of l i qu i d
t h a t ca n be r el ea sed fr om t h e l a r gest
t a n k wi t h i n t h e di k ed a r ea , a ssu mi n g a
fu l l t a n k . Th e ca pa ci t y of t h e di k ed
a r ea en cl osi n g mor e t h a n on e t a n k
sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed by dedu ct i n g t h e
vol u me of t h e t a n k s ot h er t h a n t h e
l a r gest t a n k bel ow t h e h ei gh t of t h e
di k e.
(2) F or a t a n k or gr ou p of t a n k s wi t h
fi xed r oofs con t a i n i n g cr u de pet r ol eu m
wi t h boi l over ch a r a ct er i st i cs, t h e vol u -
met r i c ca pa ci t y of t h e di k ed a r ea sh a l l
be n ot l ess t h a n t h e ca pa ci t y of t h e
l a r gest t a n k ser ved by t h e en cl osu r e,
a ssu mi n g a fu l l t a n k . Th e ca pa ci t y of
t h e di k ed en cl osu r e sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed
by dedu ct i n g t h e vol u me bel ow t h e
h ei gh t of t h e di k e of a l l t a n k s wi t h i n
t h e en cl osu r e.
(3) Wa l l s of t h e di k ed a r ea sh a l l be of
ea r t h , st eel , con cr et e or sol i d ma son r y
desi gn ed t o be l i qu i dt i gh t a n d t o wi t h -
st a n d a fu l l h y dr ost a t i c h ea d. Ea r t h en
wa l l s 3 feet or mor e i n h ei gh t sh a l l
h a ve a fl a t sect i on a t t h e t op n ot l ess
t h a n 2 feet wi de. Th e sl ope of a n ea r t h -
en wa l l sh a l l be con si st en t wi t h t h e
a n gl e of r epose of t h e ma t er i a l of wh i ch
t h e wa l l i s con st r u ct ed.
(4) Th e wa l l s of t h e di k ed a r ea sh a l l
be r est r i ct ed t o a n a ver a ge h ei gh t of 6
feet a bove i n t er i or gr a de.
(5) [Reser ved]
(6) No l oose combu st i bl e ma t er i a l ,
empt y or fu l l dr u m or ba r r el , sh a l l be
per mi t t ed wi t h i n t h e di k ed a r ea .
(vi i i ) T an k open in gs ot h er t h an ven t s
f or abovegrou n d t an k s.
(a)(c) [Reser ved]
(d) Open i n gs for ga gi n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a va por t i gh t ca p or cover .
(e) F or Cl a ss I B a n d Cl a ss I C l i qu i ds
ot h er t h a n cr u de oi l s, ga sol i n es, a n d
a sph a l t s, t h e fi l l pi pe sh a l l be so de-
si gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e
possi bi l i t y of gen er a t i n g st a t i c el ec-
t r i ci t y . A fi l l pi pe en t er i n g t h e t op of a
t a n k sh a l l t er mi n a t e wi t h i n 6 i n ch es of
t h e bot t om of t h e t a n k a n d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed t o a voi d excessi ve vi br a t i on .
(f ) F i l l i n g a n d empt y i n g con n ect i on s
wh i ch a r e ma de a n d br ok en sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed ou t si de of bu i l di n gs a t a l oca t i on
fr ee fr om a n y sou r ce of i gn i t i on a n d
n ot l ess t h a n 5 feet a wa y fr om a n y
bu i l di n g open i n g. S u ch con n ect i on
sh a l l be cl osed a n d l i qu i dt i gh t wh en
n ot i n u se. Th e con n ect i on sh a l l be
pr oper l y i den t i fi ed.
(3) I n st allat ion of u n dergrou n d t an k s
(i ) L ocat ion . Exca va t i on for u n der -
gr ou n d st or a ge t a n k s sh a l l be ma de
wi t h du e ca r e t o a voi d u n der mi n i n g of
fou n da t i on s of exi st i n g st r u ct u r es. Un -
der gr ou n d t a n k s or t a n k s u n der bu i l d-
i n gs sh a l l be so l oca t ed wi t h r espect t o
exi st i n g bu i l di n g fou n da t i on s a n d su p-
por t s t h a t t h e l oa ds ca r r i ed by t h e l a t -
t er ca n n ot be t r a n smi t t ed t o t h e t a n k .
Th e di st a n ce fr om a n y pa r t of a t a n k
st or i n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds t o t h e n ea r est
wa l l of a n y ba semen t or pi t sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 1 foot , a n d t o a n y pr op-
er t y l i n e t h a t ma y be bu i l t u pon , n ot
l ess t h a n 3 feet . Th e di st a n ce fr om a n y
pa r t of a t a n k st or i n g Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss
I I I l i qu i ds t o t h e n ea r est wa l l of a n y
ba semen t , pi t or pr oper t y l i n e sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n 1 foot .
(i i ) Dept h an d cover. Un der gr ou n d
t a n k s sh a l l be set on fi r m fou n da t i on s
a n d su r r ou n ded wi t h a t l ea st 6 i n ch es
of n on cor r osi ve, i n er t ma t er i a l s su ch
a s cl ea n sa n d, ea r t h , or gr a vel wel l
t a mped i n pl a ce. Th e t a n k sh a l l be
pl a ced i n t h e h ol e wi t h ca r e si n ce dr op-
pi n g or r ol l i n g t h e t a n k i n t o t h e h ol e
ca n br ea k a wel d, pu n ct u r e or da ma ge
t h e t a n k , or scr a pe off t h e pr ot ect i ve
coa t i n g of coa t ed t a n k s. Ta n k s sh a l l be
cover ed wi t h a mi n i mu m of 2 feet of
ea r t h , or sh a l l be cover ed wi t h n ot l ess
t h a n 1 foot of ea r t h , on t op of wh i ch
sh a l l be pl a ced a sl a b of r ei n for ced con -
cr et e n ot l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es t h i ck .
Wh en u n der gr ou n d t a n k s a r e, or a r e
l i k el y t o be, su bj ect t o t r a ffi c, t h ey
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st da ma ge fr om
veh i cl es pa ssi n g over t h em by a t l ea st
3 feet of ea r t h cover , or 18 i n ch es of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
245
wel l -t a mped ea r t h , pl u s 6 i n ch es of r e-
i n for ced con cr et e or 8 i n ch es of a sph a l -
t i c con cr et e. Wh en a sph a l t i c or r ei n -
for ced con cr et e pa vi n g i s u sed a s pa r t
of t h e pr ot ect i on , i t sh a l l ext en d a t
l ea st 1 foot h or i zon t a l l y bey on d t h e
ou t l i n e of t h e t a n k i n a l l di r ect i on s.
(i i i ) Corrosion prot ect ion . Cor r osi on
pr ot ect i on for t h e t a n k a n d i t s pi pi n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded by on e or mor e of t h e
fol l owi n g met h ods:
(a) Use of pr ot ect i ve coa t i n gs or
wr a ppi n gs;
(b) Ca t h odi c pr ot ect i on ; or ,
(c) Cor r osi on r esi st a n t ma t er i a l s of
con st r u ct i on .
(i v) Ven t s. (a) Loca t i on a n d a r r a n ge-
men t of ven t s for Cl a ss I l i qu i ds. Ven t
pi pes fr om t a n k s st or i n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds
sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t t h e di sch a r ge
poi n t i s ou t si de of bu i l di n gs, h i gh er
t h a n t h e fi l l pi pe open i n g, a n d n ot l ess
t h a n 12 feet a bove t h e a dj a cen t gr ou n d
l evel . Ven t pi pes sh a l l di sch a r ge on l y
u pwa r d i n or der t o di sper se va por s.
Ven t pi pes 2 i n ch es or l ess i n n omi n a l
i n si de di a met er sh a l l n ot be obst r u ct ed
by devi ces t h a t wi l l ca u se excessi ve
ba ck pr essu r e. Ven t pi pe ou t l et s sh a l l
be so l oca t ed t h a t fl a mma bl e va por s
wi l l n ot en t er bu i l di n g open i n gs, or be
t r a pped u n der ea ves or ot h er obst r u c-
t i on s. I f t h e ven t pi pe i s l ess t h a n 10
feet i n l en gt h , or gr ea t er t h a n 2 i n ch es
i n n omi n a l i n si de di a met er , t h e ou t l et
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a va cu u m a n d
pr essu r e r el i ef devi ce or t h er e sh a l l be
a n a ppr oved fl a me a r r est er l oca t ed i n
t h e ven t l i n e a t t h e ou t l et or wi t h i n
t h e a ppr oved di st a n ce fr om t h e ou t l et .
(b) S i ze of ven t s. Ea ch t a n k sh a l l be
ven t ed t h r ou gh pi pi n g a dequ a t e i n si ze
t o pr even t bl ow-ba ck of va por or l i qu i d
a t t h e fi l l open i n g wh i l e t h e t a n k i s
bei n g fi l l ed. Ven t pi pes sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 1
1
4 i n ch n omi n a l i n si de di a met er .
TABLE H11VENT LINE DIAMETERS
Maximum flow GPM
Pipe length
1

50 feet 100 feet 200 feet
Inches Inches Inches
100 ....................................... 1
1
4 1
1
4 1
1
4
200 ....................................... 1
1
4 1
1
4 1
1
4
300 ....................................... 1
1
4 1
1
4 1
1
2
400 ....................................... 1
1
4 1
1
2 2
500 ....................................... 1
1
2 1
1
2 2
600 ....................................... 1
1
2 2 2
700 ....................................... 2 2 2
800 ....................................... 2 2 3
900 ....................................... 2 2 3
TABLE H11VENT LINE DIAMETERS
Continued
Maximum flow GPM
Pipe length
1

50 feet 100 feet 200 feet
1,000 .................................... 2 2 3
1
Vent lines of 50 ft., 100 ft., and 200 ft. of pipe plus 7 ells.
(c) Loca t i on a n d a r r a n gemen t of
ven t s for Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds.
Ven t pi pes fr om t a n k s st or i n g Cl a ss I I
or Cl a ss I I I fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l t er -
mi n a t e ou t si de of t h e bu i l di n g a n d
h i gh er t h a n t h e fi l l pi pe open i n g. Ven t
ou t l et s sh a l l be a bove n or ma l sn ow
l evel . Th ey ma y be fi t t ed wi t h r et u r n
ben ds, coa r se scr een s or ot h er devi ces
t o mi n i mi ze i n gr ess of for ei gn ma t e-
r i a l .
(d) Ven t pi pi n g sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of
t h i s sect i on . Ven t pi pes sh a l l be so l a i d
a s t o dr a i n t owa r d t h e t a n k wi t h ou t
sa gs or t r a ps i n wh i ch l i qu i d ca n col -
l ect . Th ey sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t t h ey
wi l l n ot be su bj ect ed t o ph y si ca l da m-
a ge. Th e t a n k en d of t h e ven t pi pe sh a l l
en t er t h e t a n k t h r ou gh t h e t op.
(e) Wh en t a n k ven t pi pi n g i s
ma n i fol ded, pi pe si zes sh a l l be su ch a s
t o di sch a r ge, wi t h i n t h e pr essu r e l i mi -
t a t i on s of t h e sy st em, t h e va por s t h ey
ma y be r equ i r ed t o h a n dl e wh en
ma n i fol ded t a n k s a r e fi l l ed si mu l t a -
n eou sl y .
(v) T an k open in gs ot h er t h an ven t s. (a)
Con n ect i on s for a l l t a n k open i n gs sh a l l
be va por or l i qu i d t i gh t .
(b) Open i n gs for ma n u a l ga gi n g, i f
i n depen den t of t h e fi l l pi pe, sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a l i qu i d-t i gh t ca p or
cover . I f i n si de a bu i l di n g, ea ch su ch
open i n g sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st l i q-
u i d over fl ow a n d possi bl e va por r el ea se
by mea n s of a spr i n g l oa ded ch eck
va l ve or ot h er a ppr oved devi ce.
(c) F i l l a n d di sch a r ge l i n es sh a l l
en t er t a n k s on l y t h r ou gh t h e t op. F i l l
l i n es sh a l l be sl oped t owa r d t h e t a n k .
(d) F or Cl a ss I B a n d Cl a ss I C l i qu i ds
t r i ci t y by t er mi n a t i n g wi t h i n 6 i n ch es
of t h e bot t om of t h e t a n k .
(e) F i l l i n g a n d empt y i n g con n ect i on s
wh i ch a r e ma de a n d br ok en sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed ou t si de of bu i l di n gs a t a l oca t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
246
fr ee fr om a n y sou r ce of i gn i t i on a n d
n ot l ess t h a n 5 feet a wa y fr om a n y
bu i l di n g open i n g. S u ch con n ect i on
sh a l l be cl osed a n d l i qu i dt i gh t wh en
n ot i n u se. Th e con n ect i on sh a l l be
pr oper l y i den t i fi ed.
(4) I n st allat ion of t an k s in side of bu ild-
in gs(i ) L ocat ion . Ta n k s sh a l l n ot be
per mi t t ed i n si de of bu i l di n gs except a s
pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (e), (g), (h ), or
(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Ven t s. Ven t s for t a n k s i n si de of
bu i l di n gs sh a l l be a s pr ovi ded i n su b-
pa r a gr a ph s (2) (i v), (v), (vi )(b), a n d
(3)(i v) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , except t h a t
emer gen cy ven t i n g by t h e u se of wea k
r oof sea ms on t a n k s sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed. Ven t s sh a l l di sch a r ge va por s
ou t si de t h e bu i l di n gs.
(i i i ) Ven t pipin g. Ven t pi pi n g sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) T an k open in gs ot h er t h an ven t s. (a)
Con n ect i on s for a l l t a n k open i n gs sh a l l
be va por or l i qu i dt i gh t . Ven t s a r e cov-
er ed i n su bdi vi si on (i i ) of t h i s su bpa r a -
gr a ph .
(b) Ea ch con n ect i on t o a t a n k i n si de
of bu i l di n gs t h r ou gh wh i ch l i qu i d ca n
n or ma l l y fl ow sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
a n i n t er n a l or a n ext er n a l va l ve l o-
ca t ed a s cl ose a s pr a ct i ca l t o t h e sh el l
of t h e t a n k . S u ch va l ves, wh en ext er -
n a l , a n d t h ei r con n ect i on s t o t h e t a n k
sh a l l be of st eel except wh en t h e ch em-
i ca l ch a r a ct er i st i cs of t h e l i qu i d st or ed
a r e i n compa t i bl e wi t h st eel . Wh en ma -
t er i a l s ot h er t h a n st eel a r e n ecessa r y ,
t h ey sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e pr essu r es,
st r u ct u r a l st r esses, a n d t emper a t u r es
i n vol ved, i n cl u di n g fi r e exposu r es.
(c) F l a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
t a n k s l oca t ed i n si de of bu i l di n gs, ex-
cept i n on e-st or y bu i l di n gs desi gn ed
a n d pr ot ect ed for fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge, sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n a u t oma t i c-cl osi n g h ea t -
a ct u a t ed va l ve on ea ch wi t h dr a wa l con -
n ect i on bel ow t h e l i qu i d l evel , except
for con n ect i on s u sed for emer gen cy di s-
posa l , t o pr even t con t i n u ed fl ow i n t h e
even t of fi r e i n t h e vi ci n i t y of t h e t a n k .
Th i s fu n ct i on ma y be i n cor por a t ed i n
t h e va l ve r equ i r ed i n (b) of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on , a n d i f a sepa r a t e va l ve, sh a l l be
l oca t ed a dj a cen t t o t h e va l ve r equ i r ed
i n (b) of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(d) Open i n gs for ma n u a l ga gi n g, i f
i n depen den t of t h e fi l l pi pe (see (f ) of
t h i s su bdi vi si on ), sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a va por t i gh t ca p or cover . Ea ch
su ch open i n g sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
l i qu i d over fl ow a n d possi bl e va por r e-
l ea se by mea n s of a spr i n g l oa ded ch eck
va l ve or ot h er a ppr oved devi ce.
(e) F or Cl a ss I B a n d Cl a ss I C l i qu i ds
t r i ci t y by t er mi n a t i n g wi t h i n 6 i n ch es
of t h e bot t om of t h e t a n k .
(f ) Th e fi l l pi pe i n si de of t h e t a n k
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o a voi d excessi ve vi -
br a t i on of t h e pi pe.
(g) Th e i n l et of t h e fi l l pi pe sh a l l be
l oca t ed ou t si de of bu i l di n gs a t a l oca -
t i on fr ee fr om a n y sou r ce of i gn i t i on
a n d n ot l ess t h a n 5 feet a wa y fr om a n y
bu i l di n g open i n g. Th e i n l et of t h e fi l l
pi pe sh a l l be cl osed a n d l i qu i dt i gh t
wh en n ot i n u se. Th e fi l l con n ect i on
sh a l l be pr oper l y i den t i fi ed.
(h ) Ta n k s i n si de bu i l di n gs sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a devi ce, or ot h er mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded, t o pr even t over fl ow
i n t o t h e bu i l di n g.
(5) Su pport s, f ou n dat ion s, an d an ch or-
age f or all t an k locat ion s(i ) Gen eral.
Ta n k su ppor t s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed on
fi r m fou n da t i on s. Ta n k su ppor t s sh a l l
be of con cr et e, ma son r y , or pr ot ect ed
st eel . S i n gl e wood t i mber su ppor t s (n ot
cr i bbi n g) l a i d h or i zon t a l l y ma y be u sed
for ou t si de a bovegr ou n d t a n k s i f n ot
mor e t h a n 12 i n ch es h i gh a t t h ei r l ow-
est poi n t .
(i i ) Fire resist an ce. S t eel su ppor t s or
exposed pi l i n g sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
ma t er i a l s h a vi n g a fi r e r esi st a n ce r a t -
i n g of n ot l ess t h a n 2 h ou r s, except t h a t
st eel sa ddl es n eed n ot be pr ot ect ed i f
l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es h i gh a t t h ei r l owest
poi n t . Wa t er spr a y pr ot ect i on or i t s
equ i va l en t ma y be u sed i n l i eu of fi r e-
r esi st i ve ma t er i a l s t o pr ot ect su ppor t s.
(i i i ) Sph eres. Th e desi gn of t h e su p-
por t i n g st r u ct u r e for t a n k s su ch a s
sph er es sh a l l r ecei ve speci a l en gi n eer -
i n g con si der a t i on .
(i v) L oad dist ribu t ion . Ever y t a n k
sh a l l be so su ppor t ed a s t o pr even t t h e
excessi ve con cen t r a t i on of l oa ds on t h e
su ppor t i n g por t i on of t h e sh el l .
(v) Fou n dat ion s. Ta n k s sh a l l r est on
t h e gr ou n d or on fou n da t i on s ma de of
con cr et e, ma son r y , pi l i n g, or st eel .
Ta n k fou n da t i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
247
mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of u n even set -
t l i n g of t h e t a n k a n d t o mi n i mi ze cor -
r osi on i n a n y pa r t of t h e t a n k r est i n g
on t h e fou n da t i on .
(vi ) Flood areas. Wh er e a t a n k i s l o-
ca t ed i n a n a r ea t h a t ma y be su bj ect ed
t o fl oodi n g, t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr eca u t i on s
ou t l i n ed i n t h i s su bdi vi si on sh a l l be ob-
ser ved.
(a) No a bovegr ou n d ver t i ca l st or a ge
t a n k con t a i n i n g a fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i d sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t
t h e a l l owa bl e l i qu i d l evel wi t h i n t h e
t a n k i s bel ow t h e est a bl i sh ed ma x-
i mu m fl ood st a ge, u n l ess t h e t a n k i s
pr ovi ded wi t h a gu i di n g st r u ct u r e su ch
a s descr i bed i n (m), (n ), a n d (o) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on .
(b) I n depen den t wa t er su ppl y fa ci l i -
t i es sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t l oca t i on s
wh er e t h er e i s n o a mpl e a n d depen da bl e
pu bl i c wa t er su ppl y a va i l a bl e for l oa d-
i n g pa r t i a l l y empt y t a n k s wi t h wa t er .
(c) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e pr ecedi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s, ea ch t a n k so l oca t ed t h a t
mor e t h a n 70 per cen t , bu t l ess t h a n 100
per cen t , of i t s a l l owa bl e l i qu i d st or a ge
ca pa ci t y wi l l be su bmer ged a t t h e es-
t a bl i sh ed ma xi mu m fl ood st a ge, sh a l l
be sa fegu a r ded by on e of t h e fol l owi n g
met h ods: Ta n k sh a l l be r a i sed, or i t s
h ei gh t sh a l l be i n cr ea sed, u n t i l i t s t op
ext en ds a bove t h e ma xi mu m fl ood
st a ge a di st a n ce equ i va l en t t o 30 per -
cen t or mor e of i t s a l l owa bl e l i qu i d
st or a ge ca pa ci t y : Provided, h owever,
Th a t t h e su bmer ged pa r t of t h e t a n k
sh a l l n ot exceed t wo a n d on e-h a l f t i mes
t h e di a met er . Or , a s a n a l t er n a t i ve t o
t h e for egoi n g, a dequ a t e n on combu s-
t i bl e st r u ct u r a l gu i des, desi gn ed t o per -
mi t t h e t a n k t o fl oa t ver t i ca l l y wi t h -
ou t l oss of pr odu ct , sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(d) Ea ch h or i zon t a l t a n k so l oca t ed
t h a t mor e t h a n 70 per cen t of i t s st or -
a ge ca pa ci t y wi l l be su bmer ged a t t h e
est a bl i sh ed fl ood st a ge, sh a l l be a n -
ch or ed, a t t a ch ed t o a fou n da t i on of
con cr et e or of st eel a n d con cr et e, of
su ffi ci en t wei gh t t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e
l oa d for t h e t a n k wh en fi l l ed wi t h fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d a n d su b-
mer ged by fl ood wa t er s t o t h e est a b-
l i sh ed fl ood st a ge, or a dequ a t el y se-
cu r ed by ot h er mea n s.
(e) [Reser ved]
(f ) At l oca t i on s wh er e t h er e i s n o
a mpl e a n d depen da bl e wa t er su ppl y , or
wh er e fi l l i n g of u n der gr ou n d t a n k s
wi t h l i qu i ds i s i mpr a ct i ca bl e beca u se of
t h e ch a r a ct er of t h ei r con t en t s, t h ei r
u se, or for ot h er r ea son s, ea ch t a n k
sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded a ga i n st movemen t
wh en empt y a n d su bmer ged by h i gh
gr ou n d wa t er or fl ood wa t er s by a n -
ch or i n g, wei gh t i n g wi t h con cr et e or
ot h er a ppr oved sol i d l oa di n g ma t er i a l ,
or secu r i n g by ot h er mea n s. Ea ch su ch
t a n k sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed a n d i n -
st a l l ed t h a t i t wi l l sa fel y r esi st ext er -
n a l pr essu r es du e t o h i gh gr ou n d wa t er
or fl ood wa t er s.
(g) At l oca t i on s wh er e t h er e i s a n
a mpl e a n d depen da bl e wa t er su ppl y
a va i l a bl e, u n der gr ou n d t a n k s con -
t a i n i n g fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds, so i n st a l l ed t h a t mor e t h a n 70
per cen t of t h ei r st or a ge ca pa ci t y wi l l
be su bmer ged a t t h e ma xi mu m fl ood
st a ge, sh a l l be so a n ch or ed, wei gh t ed,
or secu r ed by ot h er mea n s, a s t o pr e-
ven t movemen t of su ch t a n k s wh en
fi l l ed wi t h fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds, a n d su bmer ged by fl ood wa t er s
t o t h e est a bl i sh ed fl ood st a ge.
(h ) P i pe con n ect i on s bel ow t h e a l l ow-
a bl e l i qu i d l evel i n a t a n k sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h va l ves or cock s l oca t ed a s
cl osel y a s pr a ct i ca bl e t o t h e t a n k sh el l .
S u ch va l ves a n d t h ei r con n ect i on s t o
t a n k s sh a l l be of st eel or ot h er ma t e-
r i a l su i t a bl e for u se wi t h t h e l i qu i d
bei n g st or ed. Ca st i r on sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed.
(i) At l oca t i on s wh er e a n i n depen den t
wa t er su ppl y i s r equ i r ed, i t sh a l l be en -
t i r el y i n depen den t of pu bl i c power a n d
wa t er su ppl y . I n depen den t sou r ce of
wa t er sh a l l be a va i l a bl e wh en fl ood wa -
t er s r ea ch a l evel n ot l ess t h a n 10 feet
bel ow t h e bot t om of t h e l owest t a n k on
a pr oper t y .
(j) Th e sel f-con t a i n ed power a n d
pu mpi n g u n i t sh a l l be so l oca t ed or so
desi gn ed t h a t pu mpi n g i n t o t a n k s ma y
be ca r r i ed on con t i n u ou sl y t h r ou gh ou t
t h e r i se i n fl ood wa t er s fr om a l evel 10
feet bel ow t h e l owest t a n k t o t h e l evel
of t h e pot en t i a l fl ood st a ge.
(k ) Ca pa ci t y of t h e pu mpi n g u n i t
sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e r a t e of r i se of
wa t er i n a l l t a n k s sh a l l be equ i va l en t
t o t h e est a bl i sh ed pot en t i a l a ver a ge
r a t e of r i se of fl ood wa t er s a t a n y
st a ge.
(l) Ea ch i n depen den t pu mpi n g u n i t
sh a l l be t est ed per i odi ca l l y t o i n su r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
248
t h a t i t i s i n sa t i sfa ct or y oper a t i n g con -
di t i on .
(m) S t r u ct u r a l gu i des for h ol di n g
fl oa t i n g t a n k s a bove t h ei r fou n da t i on s
sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t t h er e wi l l be
n o r esi st a n ce t o t h e fr ee r i se of a t a n k ,
a n d sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of n on combu s-
t i bl e ma t er i a l .
(n ) Th e st r en gt h of t h e st r u ct u r e
sh a l l be a dequ a t e t o r esi st l a t er a l
movemen t of a t a n k su bj ect t o a h or i -
zon t a l for ce i n a n y di r ect i on equ i va l en t
t o n ot l ess t h a n 25 pou n ds per squ a r e
foot a ct i n g on t h e pr oj ect ed ver t i ca l
cr oss-sect i on a l a r ea of t h e t a n k .
(o) Wh er e t a n k s a r e si t u a t ed on ex-
posed poi n t s or ben ds i n a sh or el i n e
wh er e swi ft cu r r en t s i n fl ood wa t er s
wi l l be pr esen t , t h e st r u ct u r es sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d a u n i t for ce of
n ot l ess t h a n 50 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
(p) Th e fi l l i n g of a t a n k t o be pr o-
t ect ed by wa t er l oa di n g sh a l l be st a r t -
ed a s soon a s fl ood wa t er s r ea ch a da n -
ger ou s fl ood st a ge. Th e r a t e of fi l l i n g
sh a l l be a t l ea st equ a l t o t h e r a t e of
r i se of t h e fl oodwa t er s (or t h e est a b-
l i sh ed a ver a ge pot en t i a l r a t e of r i se).
(q) S u ffi ci en t fu el t o oper a t e t h e
wa t er pu mps sh a l l be a va i l a bl e a t a l l
t i mes t o i n su r e a dequ a t e power t o fi l l
a l l t a n k a ge wi t h wa t er .
(r) Al l va l ves on con n ect i n g pi pel i n es
sh a l l be cl osed a n d l ock ed i n cl osed po-
si t i on wh en wa t er l oa di n g h a s been
compl et ed.
(s) Wh er e st r u ct u r a l gu i des a r e pr o-
vi ded for t h e pr ot ect i on of fl oa t i n g
t a n k s, a l l r i gi d con n ect i on s bet ween
t a n k s a n d pi pel i n es sh a l l be di scon -
n ect ed a n d bl a n k ed off or bl i n ded be-
for e t h e fl oodwa t er s r ea ch t h e bot t om
of t h e t a n k , u n l ess con t r ol va l ves a n d
t h ei r con n ect i on s t o t h e t a n k a r e of a
t y pe desi gn ed t o pr even t br ea k a ge be-
t ween t h e va l ve a n d t h e t a n k sh el l .
(t ) Al l va l ves a t t a ch ed t o t a n k s ot h er
t h a n t h ose u sed i n con n ect i on wi t h
wa t er l oa di n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be
cl osed a n d l ock ed.
(u ) I f a t a n k i s equ i pped wi t h a swi n g
l i n e, t h e swi n g pi pe sh a l l be r a i sed t o
a n d secu r ed a t i t s h i gh est posi t i on .
(v) I n spect i on s. Th e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y or h i s desi gn a t ed r epr esen t a t i ve
sh a l l ma k e per i odi c i n spect i on s of a l l
pl a n t s wh er e t h e st or a ge of fl a mma bl e
or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i s su ch a s t o r e-
qu i r e compl i a n ce wi t h t h e for egoi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s, i n or der t o a ssu r e t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(1) Th a t a l l fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge t a n k s a r e i n com-
pl i a n ce wi t h t h ese r equ i r emen t s a n d so
ma i n t a i n ed.
(2) Th a t det a i l ed pr i n t ed i n st r u ct i on s
of wh a t t o do i n fl ood emer gen ci es a r e
pr oper l y post ed.
(3) Th a t st a t i on oper a t or s a n d ot h er
empl oy ees depen ded u pon t o ca r r y ou t
su ch i n st r u ct i on s a r e t h or ou gh l y i n -
for med a s t o t h e l oca t i on a n d oper a t i on
of su ch va l ves a n d ot h er equ i pmen t
n ecessa r y t o effect t h ese r equ i r emen t s.
(vi i ) Eart h qu ak e areas. I n a r ea s su b-
j ect t o ea r t h qu a k es, t h e t a n k su ppor t s
a n d con n ect i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
r esi st da ma ge a s a r esu l t of su ch
sh ock s.
(6) Sou rces of ign it ion . I n l oca t i on s
wh er e fl a mma bl e va por s ma y be
pr esen t , pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o
pr even t i gn i t i on by el i mi n a t i n g or con -
t r ol l i n g sou r ces of i gn i t i on . S ou r ces of
i gn i t i on ma y i n cl u de open fl a mes,
l i gh t n i n g, smok i n g, cu t t i n g a n d wel d-
i n g, h ot su r fa ces, fr i ct i on a l h ea t ,
spa r k s (st a t i c, el ect r i ca l , a n d mech a n -
i ca l ), spon t a n eou s i gn i t i on , ch emi ca l
a n d ph y si ca l -ch emi ca l r ea ct i on s, a n d
r a di a n t h ea t .
(7) T est in g(i ) Gen eral. Al l t a n k s,
wh et h er sh op bu i l t or fi el d er ect ed,
sh a l l be st r en gt h t est ed befor e t h ey a r e
pl a ced i n ser vi ce i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e a ppl i ca bl e pa r a gr a ph s of t h e code
u n der wh i ch t h ey wer e bu i l t . Th e
Amer i ca n S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi -
n eer s (AS ME) code st a mp, Amer i ca n
P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e (AP I ) mon ogr a m,
or t h e l a bel of t h e Un der wr i t er s La b-
or a t or i es, I n c. , on a t a n k sh a l l be evi -
den ce of compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s st r en gt h
t est . Ta n k s n ot ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e a bove codes sh a l l be st r en gt h
t est ed befor e t h ey a r e pl a ced i n ser vi ce
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h good en gi n eer i n g
pr i n ci pl es a n d r efer en ce sh a l l be ma de
t o t h e sect i on s on t est i n g i n t h e codes
l i st ed i n su bpa r a gr a ph s (1) (i i i )(a),
(i v)(b), or (v)(b) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) St ren gt h . Wh en t h e ver t i ca l
l en gt h of t h e fi l l a n d ven t pi pes i s su ch
t h a t wh en fi l l ed wi t h l i qu i d t h e st a t i c
h ea d i mposed u pon t h e bot t om of t h e
t a n k exceeds 10 pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch ,
t h e t a n k a n d r el a t ed pi pi n g sh a l l be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
249
t est ed h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t o a pr essu r e
equ a l t o t h e st a t i c h ea d t h u s i mposed.
(i i i ) T igh t n ess. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e
st r en gt h t est ca l l ed for i n su bdi vi si on s
(i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph , a l l
t a n k s a n d con n ect i on s sh a l l be t est ed
for t i gh t n ess. Except for u n der gr ou n d
t a n k s, t h i s t i gh t n ess t est sh a l l be ma de
a t oper a t i n g pr essu r e wi t h a i r , i n er t
ga s, or wa t er pr i or t o pl a ci n g t h e t a n k
i n ser vi ce. I n t h e ca se of fi el d-er ect ed
t a n k s t h e st r en gt h t est ma y be con si d-
er ed t o be t h e t est for t a n k t i gh t n ess.
Un der gr ou n d t a n k s a n d pi pi n g, befor e
bei n g cover ed, en cl osed, or pl a ced i n
u se, sh a l l be t est ed for t i gh t n ess
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y , or wi t h a i r pr essu r e a t
n ot l ess t h a n 3 pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch
a n d n ot mor e t h a n 5 pou n ds per squ a r e
i n ch .
(i v) Repairs. Al l l ea k s or defor ma -
t i on s sh a l l be cor r ect ed i n a n a ccept -
a bl e ma n n er befor e t h e t a n k i s pl a ced
i n ser vi ce. Mech a n i ca l ca u l k i n g i s n ot
per mi t t ed for cor r ect i n g l ea k s i n wel d-
ed t a n k s except pi n h ol e l ea k s i n t h e
r oof.
(v) Derat ed operat ion s. Ta n k s t o be op-
er a t ed a t pr essu r es bel ow t h ei r desi gn
pr essu r e ma y be t est ed by t h e a ppl i ca -
bl e pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi si on (i ) or (i i )
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph , ba sed u pon t h e
pr essu r e devel oped u n der fu l l emer -
gen cy ven t i n g of t h e t a n k .
(c) Pipin g, valves, an d f it t in gs(1) Gen -
eral(i ) Design . Th e desi gn (i n cl u di n g
sel ect i on of ma t er i a l s) fa br i ca t i on , a s-
sembl y , t est , a n d i n spect i on of pi pi n g
sy st ems con t a i n i n g fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be su i t a bl e for
t h e expect ed wor k i n g pr essu r es a n d
st r u ct u r a l st r esses. Con for mi t y wi t h
t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of P r essu r e
P i pi n g, ANS I B31 ser i es a n d t h e pr ovi -
si on s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , sh a l l be con si d-
er ed pr i ma fa ci e evi den ce of compl i -
a n ce wi t h t h e for egoi n g pr ovi si on s.
(i i ) Except ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph does
n ot a ppl y t o a n y of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Tu bi n g or ca si n g on a n y oi l or ga s
wel l s a n d a n y pi pi n g con n ect ed di r ect l y
t h er et o.
(b) Mot or veh i cl e, a i r cr a ft , boa t , or
por t a bl e or st a t i on a r y en gi n es.
(c) P i pi n g wi t h i n t h e scope of a n y a p-
pl i ca bl e boi l er a n d pr essu r es vessel
code.
(i i i ) Def in it ion s. As u sed i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph , pi pi n g sy st ems con si st of pi pe,
t u bi n g, fl a n ges, bol t i n g, ga sk et s,
va l ves, fi t t i n gs, t h e pr essu r e con -
t a i n i n g pa r t s of ot h er compon en t s su ch
a s expa n si on j oi n t s a n d st r a i n er s, a n d
devi ces wh i ch ser ve su ch pu r poses a s
mi xi n g, sepa r a t i n g, sn u bbi n g, di st r i b-
u t i n g, met er i n g, or con t r ol l i n g fl ow.
(2) Mat erials f or pipin g, valves, an d f it -
t in gs(i ) Requ ired mat erials. Ma t er i a l s
for pi pi n g, va l ves, or fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
st eel , n odu l a r i r on , or ma l l ea bl e i r on ,
except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(2)
(i i ), (i i i ) a n d (i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Except ion s. Ma t er i a l s ot h er t h a n
st eel , n odu l a r i r on , or ma l l ea bl e i r on
ma y be u sed u n der gr ou n d, or i f r e-
qu i r ed by t h e pr oper t i es of t h e fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d h a n dl ed.
Ma t er i a l ot h er t h a n st eel , n odu l a r i r on ,
or ma l l ea bl e i r on sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
speci fi ca t i on s embody i n g pr i n ci pl es
r ecogn i zed a s good en gi n eer i n g pr a c-
t i ces for t h e ma t er i a l u sed.
(i i i ) L in in gs. P i pi n g, va l ves, a n d fi t -
t i n gs ma y h a ve combu st i bl e or n on -
combu st i bl e l i n i n gs.
(i v) L ow-melt in g mat erials. Wh en l ow-
mel t i n g poi n t ma t er i a l s su ch a s a l u -
mi n u m a n d br a ss or ma t er i a l s t h a t
soft en on fi r e exposu r e su ch a s pl a st i cs,
or n on -du ct i l e ma t er i a l s su ch a s ca st
i r on , a r e n ecessa r y , speci a l con si der -
a t i on sh a l l be gi ven t o t h ei r beh a vi or
on fi r e exposu r e. I f su ch ma t er i a l s a r e
u sed i n a bove gr ou n d pi pi n g sy st ems or
i n si de bu i l di n gs, t h ey sh a l l be su i t a bl y
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st fi r e exposu r e or so
l oca t ed t h a t a n y spi l l r esu l t i n g fr om
t h e fa i l u r e of t h ese ma t er i a l s cou l d n ot
u n du l y expose per son s, i mpor t a n t
bu i l di n gs or st r u ct u r es or ca n be r ea d-
i l y con t r ol l ed by r emot e va l ves.
(3) Pipe join t s. J oi n t s sh a l l be ma de
l i qu i d t i gh t . Wel ded or scr ewed j oi n t s
or a ppr oved con n ect or s sh a l l be u sed.
Th r ea ded j oi n t s a n d con n ect i on s sh a l l
be ma de u p t i gh t wi t h a su i t a bl e l u br i -
ca n t or pi pi n g compou n d. P i pe j oi n t s
depen den t u pon t h e fr i ct i on ch a r a ct er -
i st i cs of combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s for me-
ch a n i ca l con t i n u i t y of pi pi n g sh a l l n ot
be u sed i n si de bu i l di n gs. Th ey ma y be
u sed ou t si de of bu i l di n gs a bove or
bel ow gr ou n d. I f u sed a bove gr ou n d, t h e
pi pi n g sh a l l ei t h er be secu r ed t o pr e-
ven t di sen ga gemen t a t t h e fi t t i n g or
t h e pi pi n g sy st em sh a l l be so desi gn ed
t h a t a n y spi l l r esu l t i n g fr om su ch di s-
en ga gemen t cou l d n ot u n du l y expose
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
250
per son s, i mpor t a n t bu i l di n gs or st r u c-
t u r es, a n d cou l d be r ea di l y con t r ol l ed
by r emot e va l ves.
(4) Su pport s. P i pi n g sy st ems sh a l l be
su bst a n t i a l l y su ppor t ed a n d pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge a n d excessi ve
st r esses a r i si n g fr om set t l emen t , vi br a -
t i on , expa n si on , or con t r a ct i on .
(5) Prot ect ion again st corrosion . Al l
pi pi n g for fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds, bot h a bovegr ou n d a n d u n der -
gr ou n d, wh er e su bj ect t o ext er n a l cor -
r osi on , sh a l l be pa i n t ed or ot h er wi se
pr ot ect ed.
(6) Valves. P i pi n g sy st ems sh a l l con -
t a i n a su ffi ci en t n u mber of va l ves t o
oper a t e t h e sy st em pr oper l y a n d t o
pr ot ect t h e pl a n t . P i pi n g sy st ems i n
con n ect i on wi t h pu mps sh a l l con t a i n a
su ffi ci en t n u mber of va l ves t o con t r ol
pr oper l y t h e fl ow of l i qu i d i n n or ma l
oper a t i on a n d i n t h e even t of ph y si ca l
da ma ge. Ea ch con n ect i on t o pi pel i n es,
by wh i ch equ i pmen t s su ch a s t a n k ca r s
or t a n k veh i cl es di sch a r ge l i qu i ds by
mea n s of pu mps i n t o st or a ge t a n k s,
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a ch eck va l ve for
a u t oma t i c pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ba ck fl ow
i f t h e pi pi n g a r r a n gemen t i s su ch t h a t
ba ck fl ow fr om t h e sy st em i s possi bl e.
(7) T est in g. Al l pi pi n g befor e bei n g
cover ed, en cl osed, or pl a ced i n u se
sh a l l be h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed t o 150
per cen t of t h e ma xi mu m a n t i ci pa t ed
pr essu r e of t h e sy st em, or pn eu ma t i -
ca l l y t est ed t o 110 per cen t of t h e ma x-
i mu m a n t i ci pa t ed pr essu r e of t h e sy s-
t em, bu t n ot l ess t h a n 5 pou n ds per
squ a r e i n ch ga ge a t t h e h i gh est poi n t
of t h e sy st em. Th i s t est sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed for a su ffi ci en t t i me t o compl et e
vi su a l i n spect i on of a l l j oi n t s a n d con -
n ect i on s, bu t for a t l ea st 10 mi n u t es.
(d) Con t ain er an d port able t an k st or-
age(1) Scope(i ) Gen eral. Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y on l y t o t h e st or a ge of
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n
dr u ms or ot h er con t a i n er s (i n cl u di n g
fl a mma bl e a er osol s) n ot exceedi n g 60
ga l l on s i n di vi du a l ca pa ci t y a n d t h ose
por t a bl e t a n k s n ot exceedi n g 660 ga l -
l on s i n di vi du a l ca pa ci t y .
(i i ) Except ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l
n ot a ppl y t o t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) S t or a ge of con t a i n er s i n bu l k
pl a n t s, ser vi ce st a t i on s, r efi n er i es,
ch emi ca l pl a n t s, a n d di st i l l er i es;
(b) Cl a ss I or Cl a ss I I l i qu i ds i n t h e
fu el t a n k s of a mot or veh i cl e, a i r cr a ft ,
boa t , or por t a bl e or st a t i on a r y en gi n e;
(c) F l a mma bl e or combu st i bl e pa i n t s,
oi l s, va r n i sh es, a n d si mi l a r mi xt u r es
u sed for pa i n t i n g or ma i n t en a n ce wh en
n ot k ept for a per i od i n excess of 30
da y s;
(d) Bever a ges wh en pa ck a ged i n i n di -
vi du a l con t a i n er s n ot exceedi n g 1 ga l -
l on i n si ze.
(2) Design , con st ru ct ion , an d capacit y
of con t ain ers(i ) Gen eral. On l y a p-
pr oved con t a i n er s a n d por t a bl e t a n k s
sh a l l be u sed. Met a l con t a i n er s a n d
por t a bl e t a n k s meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of a n d con t a i n i n g pr odu ct s a u -
t h or i zed by ch a pt er I , t i t l e 49 of t h e
Code of F eder a l Regu l a t i on s (r egu l a -
t i on s i ssu ed by t h e Ha za r dou s Ma t e-
r i a l s Regu l a t i on s Boa r d, Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on ), sh a l l be deemed t o be
a ccept a bl e.
(i i ) Emergen cy ven t in g. Ea ch por t a bl e
t a n k sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h on e or
mor e devi ces i n st a l l ed i n t h e t op wi t h
su ffi ci en t emer gen cy ven t i n g ca pa ci t y
t o l i mi t i n t er n a l pr essu r e u n der fi r e ex-
posu r e con di t i on s t o 10 p. s. i . g. , or 30
per cen t of t h e bu r st i n g pr essu r e of t h e
t a n k , wh i ch ever i s gr ea t er . Th e t ot a l
ven t i n g ca pa ci t y sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n
t h a t speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(v) (c)
or (e) of t h i s sect i on . At l ea st on e pr es-
su r e-a ct i va t ed ven t h a vi n g a mi n i mu m
ca pa ci t y of 6, 000 cu bi c feet of fr ee a i r
(14. 7 p. s. i . a . a n d 60 F . ) sh a l l be u sed. I t
sh a l l be set t o open a t n ot l ess t h a n 5
p. s. i . g. I f fu si bl e ven t s a r e u sed, t h ey
sh a l l be a ct u a t ed by el emen t s t h a t op-
er a t e a t a t emper a t u r e n ot exceedi n g
300 F .
(i i i ) Size. F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e
l i qu i d con t a i n er s sh a l l be i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Ta bl e H12, except t h a t gl a ss
or pl a st i c con t a i n er s of n o mor e t h a n 1-
ga l l on ca pa ci t y ma y be u sed for a Cl a ss
I A or I B fl a mma bl e l i qu i d i f:
(a)(1) S u ch l i qu i d ei t h er wou l d be
r en der ed u n fi t for i t s i n t en ded u se by
con t a ct wi t h met a l or wou l d exces-
si vel y cor r ode a met a l con t a i n er so a s
t o cr ea t e a l ea k a ge h a za r d; a n d
(2) Th e u ser s pr ocess ei t h er wou l d r e-
qu i r e mor e t h a n 1 pi n t of a Cl a ss I A l i q-
u i d or mor e t h a n 1 qu a r t of a Cl a ss I B
l i qu i d of a si n gl e a ssa y l ot t o be u sed a t
on e t i me, or wou l d r equ i r e t h e ma i n t e-
n a n ce of a n a n a l y t i ca l st a n da r d l i qu i d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
251
of a qu a l i t y wh i ch i s n ot met by t h e
speci fi ed st a n da r ds of l i qu i ds a va i l a bl e,
a n d t h e qu a n t i t y of t h e a n a l y t i ca l
st a n da r d l i qu i d r equ i r ed t o be u sed i n
a n y on e con t r ol pr ocess exceeds on e-
si xt een t h t h e ca pa ci t y of t h e con t a i n er
a l l owed u n der Ta bl e H12 for t h e cl a ss
of l i qu i d; or
(b) Th e con t a i n er s a r e i n t en ded for
di r ect expor t ou t si de t h e Un i t ed
S t a t es.
TABLE H12MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SIZE OF CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS
Container type
Flammable liquids Combustible liquids
Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class III
Glass or approved plastic ....................................................... 1 pt 1 qt 1 gal 1 gal 1 gal.
Metal (other than DOT drums) ................................................ 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal.
Safety cans ............................................................................. 2 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal.
Metal drums (DOT specifications) .......................................... 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal.
Approved portable tanks ......................................................... 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal.
NOTE: Container exemptions: (a) Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other common consumer items, when pack-
aged according to commonly accepted practices, shall be exempt from the requirements of 1910.106(d)(2) (i) and (ii).
(3) Design , con st ru ct ion , an d capacit y
of st orage cabin et s(i ) Maximu m capac-
it y . Not mor e t h a n 60 ga l l on s of Cl a ss I
or Cl a ss I I l i qu i ds, n or mor e t h a n 120
ga l l on s of Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds ma y be
st or ed i n a st or a ge ca bi n et .
(i i ) Fire resist an ce. S t or a ge ca bi n et s
l i mi t t h e i n t er n a l t emper a t u r e t o n ot
mor e t h a n 325 F . wh en su bj ect ed t o a
10-mi n u t e fi r e t est u si n g t h e st a n da r d
t i me-t emper a t u r e cu r ve a s set for t h i n
S t a n da r d Met h ods of F i r e Test s of
Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on a n d Ma t er i a l s,
NF P A 2511969, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Al l
j oi n t s a n d sea ms sh a l l r ema i n t i gh t
a n d t h e door sh a l l r ema i n secu r el y
cl osed du r i n g t h e fi r e t est . Ca bi n et s
sh a l l be l a bel ed i n con spi cu ou s l et -
t er i n g, F l a mma bl eKeep F i r e Awa y .
(a) Met a l ca bi n et s con st r u ct ed i n t h e
fol l owi n g ma n n er sh a l l be deemed t o be
i n compl i a n ce. Th e bot t om, t op, door ,
a n d si des of ca bi n et sh a l l be a t l ea st
No. 18 ga ge sh eet i r on a n d dou bl e
wa l l ed wi t h 1
1
2-i n ch a i r spa ce. J oi n t s
sh a l l be r i vet ed, wel ded or ma de t i gh t
by some equ a l l y effect i ve mea n s. Th e
door sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t h r ee-
poi n t l ock , a n d t h e door si l l sh a l l be
r a i sed a t l ea st 2 i n ch es a bove t h e bot -
t om of t h e ca bi n et .
(b) Wooden ca bi n et s con st r u ct ed i n
t h e fol l owi n g ma n n er sh a l l be deemed
i n compl i a n ce. Th e bot t om, si des, a n d
t op sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of a n a ppr oved
gr a de of pl y wood a t l ea st 1 i n ch i n
t h i ck n ess, wh i ch sh a l l n ot br ea k down
or del a mi n a t e u n der fi r e con di t i on s.
Al l j oi n t s sh a l l be r a bbet t ed a n d sh a l l
be fa st en ed i n t wo di r ect i on s wi t h fl a t -
h ea d woodscr ews. Wh en mor e t h a n on e
door i s u sed, t h er e sh a l l be a r a bbet t ed
over l a p of n ot l ess t h a n 1 i n ch . Hi n ges
sh a l l be mou n t ed i n su ch a ma n n er a s
n ot t o l ose t h ei r h ol di n g ca pa ci t y du e
t o l oosen i n g or bu r n i n g ou t of t h e
scr ews wh en su bj ect ed t o t h e fi r e t est .
(4) Design an d con st ru ct ion of in side
st orage rooms(i ) Con st ru ct ion . I n si de
st or a ge r ooms sh a l l be con st r u ct ed t o
meet t h e r equ i r ed fi r e-r esi st i ve r a t i n g
for t h ei r u se. S u ch con st r u ct i on sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e t est speci fi ca t i on s set
for t h i n S t a n da r d Met h ods of F i r e
Test s of Bu i l di n g Con st r u ct i on a n d Ma -
t er i a l s, NF P A 2511969. Wh er e a n a u t o-
ma t i c spr i n k l er sy st em i s pr ovi ded, t h e
sy st em sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed
i n a n a ccept a bl e ma n n er . Open i n gs t o
ot h er r ooms or bu i l di n gs sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h n on combu st i bl e l i qu i d-t i gh t
r a i sed si l l s or r a mps a t l ea st 4 i n ch es i n
h ei gh t , or t h e fl oor i n t h e st or a ge a r ea
sh a l l be a t l ea st 4 i n ch es bel ow t h e su r -
r ou n di n g fl oor . Open i n gs sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a ppr oved sel f-cl osi n g fi r e
door s. Th e r oom sh a l l be l i qu i d-t i gh t
wh er e t h e wa l l s j oi n t h e fl oor . A per -
mi ssi bl e a l t er n a t e t o t h e si l l or r a mp i s
a n open -gr a t ed t r en ch i n si de of t h e
r oom wh i ch dr a i n s t o a sa fe l oca t i on .
Wh er e ot h er por t i on s of t h e bu i l di n g or
ot h er pr oper t i es a r e exposed, wi n dows
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a s set for t h i n t h e
S t a n da r d for F i r e Door s a n d Wi n dows,
1910. 6, for Cl a ss E or F open i n gs. Wood
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
252
a t l ea st 1 i n ch n omi n a l t h i ck n ess ma y
be u sed for sh el vi n g, r a ck s, du n n a ge,
scu ffboa r ds, fl oor over l a y , a n d si mi l a r
i n st a l l a t i on s.
(i i ) Rat in g an d capacit y . S t or a ge i n i n -
si de st or a ge r ooms sh a l l compl y wi t h
Ta bl e H13.
TABLE H13STORAGE IN INSIDE ROOMS
Fire protec-
tion
1
pro-
vided
Fire resist-
ance
Maximum size
Total al-
lowable
quan-
tities
(gals./
sq. ft./
floor
area)
Yes ........... 2 hours .... 500 sq. ft ...................... 10
No ............ 2 hours .... 500 sq. ft ...................... 5
Yes ........... 1 hour ...... 150 sq. ft ...................... 4
No ............ 1 hour ...... 150 sq. ft ...................... 2
1
Fire protection system shall be sprinkler, water spray, car-
bon dioxide, or other system.
(i i i ) Wirin g. El ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d
equ i pmen t l oca t ed i n i n si de st or a ge
r ooms u sed for Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l be
a ppr oved u n der S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t
for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 Ha za r dou s Loca -
t i on s; for Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds,
sh a l l be a ppr oved for gen er a l u se.
(i v) Ven t ilat ion . Ever y i n si de st or a ge
r oom sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h ei t h er a
gr a vi t y or a mech a n i ca l exh a u st ven -
t i l a t i on sy st em. S u ch sy st em sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o pr ovi de for a compl et e
ch a n ge of a i r wi t h i n t h e r oom a t l ea st
si x t i mes per h ou r . I f a mech a n i ca l ex-
h a u st sy st em i s u sed, i t sh a l l be con -
t r ol l ed by a swi t ch l oca t ed ou t si de of
t h e door . Th e ven t i l a t i n g equ i pmen t
a n d a n y l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es sh a l l be oper -
a t ed by t h e sa me swi t ch . A pi l ot l i gh t
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a dj a cen t t o t h e
swi t ch i f Cl a ss I fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds a r e
di spen sed wi t h i n t h e r oom. Wh er e gr a v-
i t y ven t i l a t i on i s pr ovi ded, t h e fr esh
a i r i n t a k e, a s wel l a s t h e exh a u st ou t -
l et fr om t h e r oom, sh a l l be on t h e ext e-
r i or of t h e bu i l di n g i n wh i ch t h e r oom
i s l oca t ed.
(v) St orage in in side st orage rooms. I n
ever y i n si de st or a ge r oom t h er e sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed on e cl ea r a i sl e a t l ea st 3
feet wi de. Con t a i n er s over 30 ga l l on s
ca pa ci t y sh a l l n ot be st a ck ed on e u pon
t h e ot h er . Di spen si n g sh a l l be by a p-
pr oved pu mp or sel f-cl osi n g fa u cet
on l y .
(5) St orage in side bu ildin g(i ) Egress.
F l a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds, i n -
cl u di n g st ock for sa l e, sh a l l n ot be
st or ed so a s t o l i mi t u se of exi t s, st a i r -
wa y s, or a r ea s n or ma l l y u sed for t h e
sa fe egr ess of peopl e.
(i i ) Con t ain ers. Th e st or a ge of fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n con -
t a i n er s or por t a bl e t a n k s sh a l l compl y
wi t h su bdi vi si on s (i i i ) t h r ou gh (v) of
t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(i i i ) Of f ice occu pan cies. S t or a ge sh a l l
be pr oh i bi t ed except t h a t wh i ch i s r e-
qu i r ed for ma i n t en a n ce a n d oper a t i on
of bu i l di n g a n d oper a t i on of equ i pmen t .
S u ch st or a ge sh a l l be k ept i n cl osed
met a l con t a i n er s st or ed i n a st or a ge
ca bi n et or i n sa fet y ca n s or i n a n i n si de
st or a ge r oom n ot h a vi n g a door t h a t
open s i n t o t h a t por t i on of t h e bu i l di n g
u sed by t h e pu bl i c.
(i v) Mercan t ile occu pan cies an d ot h er
ret ail st ores.
(a)(d) [Reser ved]
(e) Lea k i n g con t a i n er s sh a l l be r e-
moved t o a st or a ge r oom or t a k en t o a
sa fe l oca t i on ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g a n d
t h e con t en t s t r a n sfer r ed t o a n
u n da ma ged con t a i n er .
(v) Gen eral pu rpose pu blic wareh ou ses.
S t or a ge sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
Ta bl e H14 or H15 a n d i n bu i l di n gs or
i n por t i on s of su ch bu i l di n gs cu t off by
st a n da r d fi r ewa l l s. Ma t er i a l cr ea t i n g
n o fi r e exposu r e h a za r d t o t h e fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds ma y be
st or ed i n t h e sa me a r ea .
TABLE H14INDOOR CONTAINER STORAGE
Class liquid Storage level
Gallons
Protected
storage max-
imum per pile
Unprotected
storage max-
imum per pile
A ................................................... Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 2,750 660
Basement ................................................................................ Not permitted Not permitted
B ................................................... Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 5,500 1,375
C ................................................... Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 16,500 4,125
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
253
TABLE H14INDOOR CONTAINER STORAGEContinued
Gallons
Protected
storage max-
imum per pile
Unprotected
storage max-
imum per pile
II ................................................... Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 16,500 4,125
Basement ................................................................................ 5,500 Not permitted
III .................................................. Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 55,000 13,750
NOTE 1: When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage permitted in that pile shall be
the smallest of the 2 or more separate maximum gallonages.
NOTE 2: Aisles shall be provided so that no container is more than 12 ft. from an aisle. Main aisles shall be at least 3 ft. wide
and side aisles at least 4 ft. wide.
NOTE 3: Each pile shall be separated from each other by at least 4 ft.
(Numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding number of 55-gal. drums.)
TABLE H15INDOOR PORTABLE TANK STORAGE
Gallons
Protected
storage max-
imum per pile
Unprotected
storage max-
imum per pile
IA .................................................. Ground and upper floors ........................................................ Not permitted Not permitted
IB .................................................. Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 20,000 2,000
IC .................................................. Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 40,000 5,500
II ................................................... Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 40,000 5,500
III .................................................. Ground and upper floors ........................................................ 60,000 22,000
NOTE 1: When 1 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage permitted in that pile shall be
the smallest of the 2 or more separate maximum gallonages.
NOTE 2: Aisles shall be provided so that no portable tank is more than 12 ft. from an aisle. Main aisles shall be at least 8 ft.
wide and side aisles at least 4 ft. wide.
NOTE 3: Each pile shall be separated from each other by at least 4 ft.
(vi ) Flammable an d combu st ible liqu id
wareh ou ses or st orage bu ildin gs. (a) I f
t h e st or a ge bu i l di n g i s l oca t ed 50 feet
or l ess fr om a bu i l di n g or l i n e of a d-
j oi n i n g pr oper t y t h a t ma y be bu i l t
u pon , t h e exposi n g wa l l sh a l l be a
bl a n k wa l l h a vi n g a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t -
i n g of a t l ea st 2 h ou r s.
(b) Th e t ot a l qu a n t i t y of l i qu i ds wi t h -
i n a bu i l di n g sh a l l n ot be r est r i ct ed,
bu t t h e a r r a n gemen t of st or a ge sh a l l
compl y wi t h Ta bl e H14 or H15.
(c) Con t a i n er s i n pi l es sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed by pa l l et s or du n n a ge wh er e n ec-
essa r y t o pr ovi de st a bi l i t y a n d t o pr e-
ven t excessi ve st r ess on con t a i n er
wa l l s.
(d) P or t a bl e t a n k s st or ed over on e
t i er h i gh sh a l l be desi gn ed t o n est se-
cu r el y , wi t h ou t du n n a ge, a n d a dequ a t e
ma t er i a l s h a n di n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e t o h a n dl e t a n k s sa fel y a t t h e
u pper t i er l evel .
(e) No pi l e sh a l l be cl oser t h a n 3 feet
t o t h e n ea r est bea m, ch or d, gi r der , or
ot h er obst r u ct i on , a n d sh a l l be 3 feet
bel ow spr i n k l er defl ect or s or di sch a r ge
or i fi ces of wa t er spr a y , or ot h er over -
h ea d fi r e pr ot ect i on sy st ems.
(f ) Ai sl es of a t l ea st 3 feet wi de sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wh er e n ecessa r y for r ea -
son s of a ccess t o door s, wi n dows or
st a n dpi pe con n ect i on s.
(6) St orage ou t side bu ildin gs(i ) Gen -
eral. S t or a ge ou t si de bu i l di n gs sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H16 or H17,
a n d su bdi vi si on s (i i ) a n d (i v) of t h i s
su bpa r a gr a ph .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
254
TABLE H16OUTDOOR CONTAINER STORAGE
1Class
2Max-
imum per
pile
3Distance
between
piles
4Distance
to property
line that can
be built
upon
5Distance
to street,
alley, public
way
gallons feet feet feet
IA ........................................................................................................... 1,100 5 20 10
IB ........................................................................................................... 2,200 5 20 10
IC ........................................................................................................... 4,400 5 20 10
II ............................................................................................................ 8,800 5 10 5
III ........................................................................................................... 22,000 5 10 5
NOTE 1: When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage in that pile shall be the
smallest of the 2 or more separate gallonages.
NOTE 2: Within 200 ft. of each container, there shall be a 12-ft. wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.
NOTE 3: The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and
such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled.
NOTE 4: When total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may
be reduced 50 percent, but not less than 3 ft.
(i i ) Maximu m st orage. A ma xi mu m of
1, 100 ga l l on s of fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds ma y be l oca t ed a dj a cen t
t o bu i l di n gs l oca t ed on t h e sa me pr em-
i ses a n d u n der t h e sa me ma n a gemen t
pr ovi ded t h e pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi si on s
(a) a n d (b) of t h i s su bdi vi si on a r e com-
pl i ed wi t h .
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Wh er e qu a n t i t y st or ed exceeds
1, 100 ga l l on s, or pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi -
si on (a ) of t h i s su bdi vi si on ca n n ot be
met , a mi n i mu m di st a n ce of 10 feet be-
t ween bu i l di n gs a n d n ea r est con t a i n er
of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed.
(i i i ) Spill con t ain men t . Th e st or a ge
a r ea sh a l l be gr a ded i n a ma n n er t o di -
ver t possi bl e spi l l s a wa y fr om bu i l di n gs
or ot h er exposu r es or sh a l l be su r -
r ou n ded by a cu r b a t l ea st 6 i n ch es
h i gh . Wh en cu r bs a r e u sed, pr ovi si on s
sh a l l be ma de for dr a i n i n g of a ccu mu -
l a t i on s of gr ou n d or r a i n wa t er or spi l l s
of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds.
Dr a i n s sh a l l t er mi n a t e a t a sa fe l oca -
t i on a n d sh a l l be a ccessi bl e t o oper -
a t i on u n der fi r e con di t i on s.
(i v) Secu rit y . Th e st or a ge a r ea sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t a mper i n g or t r es-
pa sser s wh er e n ecessa r y a n d sh a l l be
k ept fr ee of weeds, debr i s a n d ot h er
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l n ot n ecessa r y t o
t h e st or a ge.
(7) Fire con t rol(i ) Ext in gu ish ers.
S u i t a bl e fi r e con t r ol devi ces, su ch a s
sma l l h ose or por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s, sh a l l be a va i l a bl e a t l oca t i on s
wh er e fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds a r e st or ed.
TABLE H17OUTDOOR PORTABLE TANK STORAGE
1Class
2Max-
imum per
pile
3Distance
between
piles
4Distance
to property
line that can
be built
upon
5Distance
to street,
alley, public
way
gallon feet feet feet
IA ........................................................................................................... 2,200 5 20 10
IB ........................................................................................................... 4,400 5 20 10
IC ........................................................................................................... 8,800 5 20 10
II ............................................................................................................ 17,600 5 10 5
III ........................................................................................................... 44,000 5 10 5
NOTE 1: When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage in that pile shall be the
smallest of the 2 or more separate gallonages.
NOTE 2: Within 200 ft. of each portable tank, there shall be a 12-ft. wide access way to permit approach of fire control appa-
ratus.
NOTE 3: The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and
such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled.
NOTE 4: When total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may
be reduced 50 percent, but not less than 3 ft.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
255
(a) At l ea st on e por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er h a vi n g a r a t i n g of n ot l ess t h a n
12B u n i t s sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of,
bu t n ot mor e t h a n 10 feet fr om, t h e
door open i n g i n t o a n y r oom u sed for
st or a ge.
(b) At l ea st on e por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er h a vi n g a r a t i n g of n ot l ess t h a n
12B u n i t s mu st be l oca t ed n ot l ess
t h a n 10 feet , n or mor e t h a n 25 feet ,
fr om a n y Cl a ss I or Cl a ss I I l i qu i d st or -
a ge a r ea l oca t ed ou t si de of a st or a ge
r oom bu t i n si de a bu i l di n g.
(i i ) Sprin k lers. Wh en spr i n k l er s a r e
pr ovi ded, t h ey sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h 1910. 159.
(i i i ) Open f lames an d smok in g. Open
fl a mes a n d smok i n g sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed i n fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i d st or a ge a r ea s.
(i v) Wat er react ive mat erials. Ma t er i a l s
wh i ch wi l l r ea ct wi t h wa t er sh a l l n ot
be st or ed i n t h e sa me r oom wi t h fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds.
(e) I n du st rial plan t s(1) Scope(i ) Ap-
plicat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o
t h ose i n du st r i a l pl a n t s wh er e:
(a) Th e u se of fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds i s i n ci den t a l t o t h e pr i n -
ci pa l bu si n ess, or
(b) Wh er e fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds a r e h a n dl ed or u sed on l y i n u n i t
ph y si ca l oper a t i on s su ch a s mi xi n g,
dr y i n g, eva por a t i n g, fi l t er i n g, di st i l l a -
t i on , a n d si mi l a r oper a t i on s wh i ch do
n ot i n vol ve ch emi ca l r ea ct i on . Th i s
pa r a gr a ph sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o ch emi ca l
pl a n t s, r efi n er i es or di st i l l er i es.
(i i ) Except ion s. Wh er e por t i on s of su ch
pl a n t s i n vol ve ch emi ca l r ea ct i on s su ch
a s oxi da t i on , r edu ct i on , h a l ogen a t i on ,
h y dr ogen a t i on , a l k y l a t i on , pol y mer i za -
t i on , a n d ot h er ch emi ca l pr ocesses,
t h ose por t i on s of t h e pl a n t sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) I n ciden t al st orage or u se of f lam-
mable an d combu st ible liqu ids(i ) Appli-
cat ion . Th i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l be a p-
pl i ca bl e t o t h ose por t i on s of a n i n du s-
t r i a l pl a n t wh er e t h e u se a n d h a n dl i n g
of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i s
on l y i n ci den t a l t o t h e pr i n ci pa l bu si -
n ess, su ch a s a u t omobi l e a ssembl y ,
con st r u ct i on of el ect r on i c equ i pmen t ,
fu r n i t u r e ma n u fa ct u r i n g, or ot h er
si mi l a r a ct i vi t i es.
(i i ) Con t ain ers. F l a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed i n t a n k s
or cl osed con t a i n er s.
(a) Except a s pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi si on s
(b) a n d (c) of t h i s su bdi vi si on , a l l st or -
a ge sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d) (3)
or (4) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Th e qu a n t i t y of l i qu i d t h a t ma y
be l oca t ed ou t si de of a n i n si de st or a ge
r oom or st or a ge ca bi n et i n a bu i l di n g
or i n a n y on e fi r e a r ea of a bu i l di n g
sh a l l n ot exceed:
(1) 25 ga l l on s of Cl a ss I A l i qu i ds i n
con t a i n er s
(2) 120 ga l l on s of Cl a ss I B, I C, I I , or
I I I l i qu i ds i n con t a i n er s
(3) 660 ga l l on s of Cl a ss I B, I C, I I , or
I I I l i qu i ds i n a si n gl e por t a bl e t a n k .
(c) Wh er e l a r ge qu a n t i t i es of fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds a r e n ec-
essa r y , st or a ge ma y be i n t a n k s wh i ch
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i i i ) Separat ion an d prot ect ion . Ar ea s
i n wh i ch fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds a r e t r a n sfer r ed fr om on e t a n k or
con t a i n er t o a n ot h er con t a i n er sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om ot h er oper a t i on s i n t h e
bu i l di n g by a dequ a t e di st a n ce or by
con st r u ct i on h a vi n g a dequ a t e fi r e r e-
si st a n ce. Dr a i n a ge or ot h er mea n s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o con t r ol spi l l s. Adequ a t e
n a t u r a l or mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded.
(i v) Han dlin g liqu ids at poin t of f in al
u se. (a) F l a mma bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be
k ept i n cover ed con t a i n er s wh en n ot
a ct u a l l y i n u se.
(b) Wh er e fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds a r e u sed or h a n dl ed, except i n
cl osed con t a i n er s, mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o di spose pr ompt l y a n d sa fel y of
l ea k a ge or spi l l s.
(c) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds ma y be u sed on l y
wh er e t h er e a r e n o open fl a mes or
ot h er sou r ces of i gn i t i on wi t h i n t h e
possi bl e pa t h of va por t r a vel .
(d) F l a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds
sh a l l be dr a wn fr om or t r a n sfer r ed i n t o
vessel s, con t a i n er s, or por t a bl e t a n k s
wi t h i n a bu i l di n g on l y t h r ou gh a cl osed
pi pi n g sy st em, fr om sa fet y ca n s, by
mea n s of a devi ce dr a wi n g t h r ou gh t h e
t op, or fr om a con t a i n er or por t a bl e
t a n k s by gr a vi t y t h r ou gh a n a ppr oved
sel f-cl osi n g va l ve. Tr a n sfer r i n g by
mea n s of a i r pr essu r e on t h e con t a i n er
or por t a bl e t a n k s sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
256
(3) Un it ph y sical operat ion s(i ) Appli-
cat ion . Th i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l be a p-
pl i ca bl e i n t h ose por t i on s of i n du st r i a l
pl a n t s wh er e fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds a r e h a n dl ed or u sed i n u n i t
ph y si ca l oper a t i on s su ch a s mi xi n g,
dr y i n g, eva por a t i n g, fi l t er i n g, di st i l l a -
t i on , a n d si mi l a r oper a t i on s wh i ch do
n ot i n vol ve ch emi ca l ch a n ge. Exa mpl es
a r e pl a n t s compou n di n g cosmet i cs,
ph a r ma ceu t i ca l s, sol ven t s, cl ea n i n g
fl u i ds, i n sect i ci des, a n d si mi l a r t y pes
of a ct i vi t i es.
(i i ) L ocat ion . I n du st r i a l pl a n t s sh a l l
be l oca t ed so t h a t ea ch bu i l di n g or u n i t
of equ i pmen t i s a ccessi bl e fr om a t l ea st
on e si de for fi r efi gh t i n g a n d fi r e con -
t r ol pu r poses. Bu i l di n gs sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed wi t h r espect t o l i n es of a dj oi n i n g
pr oper t y wh i ch ma y be bu i l t u pon a s
set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2) (i ) a n d (i i )
of t h i s sect i on except t h a t t h e bl a n k
wa l l r efer r ed t o i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i )
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l h a ve a fi r e r esi st -
a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st 2 h ou r s.
(i i i ) Ch emical processes. Ar ea s wh er e
u n st a bl e l i qu i ds a r e h a n dl ed or sma l l
sca l e u n i t ch emi ca l pr ocesses a r e ca r -
r i ed on sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e r e-
ma i n der of t h e pl a n t by a fi r e wa l l of 2-
h ou r mi n i mu m fi r e r esi st a n ce r a t i n g.
(i v) Drain age. (a) Emer gen cy dr a i n a ge
sy st ems sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di r ect
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d l ea k -
a ge a n d fi r e pr ot ect i on wa t er t o a sa fe
l oca t i on . Th i s ma y r equ i r e cu r bs, scu p-
per s, or speci a l dr a i n a ge sy st ems t o
con t r ol t h e spr ea d of fi r e; see pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(2)(vi i )(b) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Emer gen cy dr a i n a ge sy st ems, i f
con n ect ed t o pu bl i c sewer s or di s-
ch a r ged i n t o pu bl i c wa t er wa y s, sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h t r a ps or sepa r a t or .
(v) Ven t ilat ion . (a) Ar ea s a s defi n ed i n
su bdi vi si on (i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph
u si n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed
a t a r a t e of n ot l ess t h a n 1 cu bi c foot
per mi n u t e per squ a r e foot of sol i d
fl oor a r ea . Th i s sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed
by n a t u r a l or mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on
wi t h di sch a r ge or exh a u st t o a sa fe l o-
ca t i on ou t si de of t h e bu i l di n g. P r ovi -
si on sh a l l be ma de for i n t r odu ct i on of
ma k eu p a i r i n su ch a ma n n er a s n ot t o
sh or t ci r cu i t t h e ven t i l a t i on . Ven t i l a -
t i on sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o i n cl u de a l l
fl oor a r ea s or pi t s wh er e fl a mma bl e va -
por s ma y col l ect .
(b) Equ i pmen t u sed i n a bu i l di n g a n d
t h e ven t i l a t i on of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be
desi gn ed so a s t o l i mi t fl a mma bl e
va por -a i r mi xt u r es u n der n or ma l oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s t o t h e i n t er i or of
equ i pmen t , a n d t o n ot mor e t h a n 5 feet
fr om equ i pmen t wh i ch exposes Cl a ss I
l i qu i ds t o t h e a i r . Exa mpl es of su ch
equ i pmen t a r e di spen si n g st a t i on s,
open cen t r i fu ges, pl a t e a n d fr a me fi l -
t er s, open va cu u m fi l t er s, a n d su r fa ces
of open equ i pmen t .
(vi ) St orage an d h an dlin g. Th e st or -
a ge, t r a n sfer , a n d h a n dl i n g of l i qu i d
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (h )(4) of
t h i s sect i on .
(4) T an k veh icle an d t an k car loadin g
an d u n loadin g. (i ) Ta n k veh i cl e a n d
t a n k ca r l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g fa ci l i t i es
sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om a bovegr ou n d
t a n k s, wa r eh ou ses, ot h er pl a n t bu i l d-
i n gs or n ea r est l i n e of a dj oi n i n g pr op-
er t y wh i ch ma y be bu i l t u pon by a di s-
t a n ce of 25 feet for Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a n d
15 feet for Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds
mea su r ed fr om t h e n ea r est posi t i on of
a n y fi l l st em. Bu i l di n gs for pu mps or
sh el t er s for per son n el ma y be a pa r t of
t h e fa ci l i t y . Oper a t i on s of t h e fa ci l i t y
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e por -
t i on s of pa r a gr a ph (f)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(5) Fire con t rol(i ) Port able an d special
equ ipmen t . P or t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh -
men t a n d con t r ol equ i pmen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n su ch qu a n t i t i es a n d t y pes
a s a r e n eeded for t h e speci a l h a za r ds of
oper a t i on a n d st or a ge.
(i i ) Wat er su pply . Wa t er sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e i n vol u me a n d a t a dequ a t e
pr essu r e t o su ppl y wa t er h ose st r ea ms,
foa m-pr odu ci n g equ i pmen t , a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er s, or wa t er spr a y sy st ems a s
t h e n eed i s i n di ca t ed by t h e speci a l
h a za r ds of oper a t i on , di spen si n g a n d
st or a ge.
(i i i ) Special ext in gu ish ers. S peci a l ex-
t i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t su ch a s t h a t
u t i l i zi n g foa m, i n er t ga s, or dr y ch em-
i ca l sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s t h e n eed i s i n -
di ca t ed by t h e speci a l h a za r ds of oper -
a t i on di spen si n g a n d st or a ge.
(i v) Special h azards. Wh er e t h e n eed i s
i n di ca t ed by speci a l h a za r ds of oper -
a t i on , fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
pr ocessi n g equ i pmen t , ma j or pi pi n g,
a n d su ppor t i n g st eel sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by a ppr oved wa t er spr a y sy st ems, del -
u ge sy st ems, a ppr oved fi r e-r esi st a n t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
257
coa t i n gs, i n su l a t i on , or a n y combi n a -
t i on of t h ese.
(v) Main t en an ce. Al l pl a n t fi r e pr ot ec-
t i on fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
ma i n t a i n ed a n d per i odi ca l l y i n spect ed
a n d t est ed t o ma k e su r e t h ey a r e a l -
wa y s i n sa t i sfa ct or y oper a t i n g con di -
t i on , a n d t h ey wi l l ser ve t h ei r pu r pose
i n t i me of emer gen cy .
(6) Sou rces of ign it ion (i ) Gen eral.
Adequ a t e pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o
pr even t t h e i gn i t i on of fl a mma bl e va -
por s. S ou r ces of i gn i t i on i n cl u de bu t
a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o open fl a mes; l i gh t -
n i n g; smok i n g; cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g;
h ot su r fa ces; fr i ct i on a l h ea t ; st a t i c,
el ect r i ca l , a n d mech a n i ca l spa r k s;
spon t a n eou s i gn i t i on , i n cl u di n g h ea t -
pr odu ci n g ch emi ca l r ea ct i on s; a n d r a -
di a n t h ea t .
(i i ) Grou n din g. Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l
n ot be di spen sed i n t o con t a i n er s u n l ess
t h e n ozzl e a n d con t a i n er a r e el ec-
t r i ca l l y i n t er con n ect ed. Wh er e t h e me-
t a l l i c fl oor pl a t e on wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
st a n ds wh i l e fi l l i n g i s el ect r i ca l l y con -
n ect ed t o t h e fi l l st em or wh er e t h e fi l l
st em i s bon ded t o t h e con t a i n er du r i n g
fi l l i n g oper a t i on s by mea n s of a bon d
wi r e, t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be deemed t o h a ve been compl i ed
wi t h .
(7) Elect rical(i ) Equ ipmen t . (a) Al l
el ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed a ccor di n g t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(b) Loca t i on s wh er e fl a mma bl e
va por -a i r mi xt u r es ma y exi st u n der
n or ma l oper a t i on s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1 a ccor di n g t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
F or t h ose pi eces of equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su bpa r a gr a ph
(3)(v)(b) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , t h e Di vi si on
1 a r ea sh a l l ext en d 5 feet i n a l l di r ec-
t i on s fr om a l l poi n t s of va por l i ber a -
t i on . Al l a r ea s wi t h i n pi t s sh a l l be cl a s-
si fi ed Di vi si on 1 i f a n y pa r t of t h e pi t i s
wi t h i n a Di vi si on 1 or 2 cl a ssi fi ed a r ea ,
u n l ess t h e pi t i s pr ovi ded wi t h mech a n -
i ca l ven t i l a t i on .
(c) Loca t i on s wh er e fl a mma bl e va por -
a i r mi xt u r es ma y exi st u n der a bn or ma l
con di t i on s a n d for a di st a n ce bey on d
Di vi si on 1 l oca t i on s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
Di vi si on 2 a ccor di n g t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Th ese
l oca t i on s i n cl u de a n a r ea wi t h i n 20 feet
h or i zon t a l l y , 3 feet ver t i ca l l y bey on d a
Di vi si on 1 a r ea , a n d u p t o 3 feet a bove
fl oor or gr a de l evel wi t h i n 25 feet , i f i n -
door s, or 10 feet i f ou t door s, fr om a n y
pu mp, bl eeder , wi t h dr a wa l fi t t i n g,
met er , or si mi l a r devi ce h a n dl i n g Cl a ss
I l i qu i ds. P i t s pr ovi ded wi t h a dequ a t e
mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on wi t h i n a Di vi -
si on 1 or 2 a r ea sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed Di vi -
si on 2. I f Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds
on l y a r e h a n dl ed, t h en or di n a r y el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t i s sa t i sfa ct or y t h ou gh
ca r e sh a l l be u sed i n l oca t i n g el ect r i ca l
a ppa r a t u s t o pr even t h ot met a l fr om
fa l l i n g i n t o open equ i pmen t .
(d) Wh er e t h e pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi -
si on s (a), (b), a n d (c), of t h i s su bdi vi si on
r equ i r e t h e i n st a l l a t i on of el ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t su i t a bl e for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on
1 or Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s, or di n a r y el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g swi t ch gea r
ma y be u sed i f i n st a l l ed i n a r oom or
en cl osu r e wh i ch i s ma i n t a i n ed u n der
posi t i ve pr essu r e wi t h r espect t o t h e
h a za r dou s a r ea . Ven t i l a t i on ma k eu p
a i r sh a l l be u n con t a mi n a t ed by fl a m-
ma bl e va por s.
(8) Repairs t o equ ipmen t . Hot wor k ,
su ch a s wel di n g or cu t t i n g oper a t i on s,
u se of spa r k -pr odu ci n g power t ool s, a n d
ch i ppi n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be per mi t t ed
on l y u n der su per vi si on of a n i n di vi du a l
i n r espon si bl e ch a r ge. Th e i n di vi du a l i n
r espon si bl e ch a r ge sh a l l ma k e a n i n -
spect i on of t h e a r ea t o be su r e t h a t i t
i s sa fe for t h e wor k t o be don e a n d t h a t
sa fe pr ocedu r es wi l l be fol l owed for t h e
wor k speci fi ed.
(9) Hou sek eepin g(i ) Gen eral. Ma i n t e-
n a n ce a n d oper a t i n g pr a ct i ces sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h est a bl i sh ed pr oce-
du r es wh i ch wi l l t en d t o con t r ol l ea k -
a ge a n d pr even t t h e a cci den t a l esca pe
S pi l l s sh a l l be cl ea n ed u p pr ompt l y .
(i i ) Access. Adequ a t e a i sl es sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed for u n obst r u ct ed move-
men t of per son n el a n d so t h a t fi r e pr o-
t ect i on equ i pmen t ca n be br ou gh t t o
bea r on a n y pa r t of fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i d st or a ge, u se, or a n y u n i t
ph y si ca l oper a t i on .
(i i i ) Wast e an d residu e. Combu st i bl e
wa st e ma t er i a l a n d r esi du es i n a bu i l d-
i n g or u n i t oper a t i n g a r ea sh a l l be k ept
t o a mi n i mu m, st or ed i n cover ed met a l
r ecept a cl es a n d di sposed of da i l y .
(i v) Clear zon e. Gr ou n d a r ea a r ou n d
bu i l di n gs a n d u n i t oper a t i n g a r ea s
sh a l l be k ept fr ee of weeds, t r a sh , or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
258
ot h er u n n ecessa r y combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l s.
(f) Bu lk plan t s(1) St orage(i ) Class I
liqu ids. Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed i n
cl osed con t a i n er s, or i n st or a ge t a n k s
a bove gr ou n d ou t si de of bu i l di n gs, or
u n der gr ou n d i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Class I I an d I I I liqu ids. Cl a ss I I
a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed i n
con t a i n er s, or i n t a n k s wi t h i n bu i l d-
i n gs or a bove gr ou n d ou t si de of bu i l d-
i n gs, or u n der gr ou n d i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Pilin g con t ain ers. Con t a i n er s of
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds wh en
pi l ed on e u pon t h e ot h er sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed by du n n a ge su ffi ci en t t o pr ovi de
st a bi l i t y a n d t o pr even t excessi ve
st r ess on con t a i n er wa l l s. Th e h ei gh t of
t h e pi l e sh a l l be con si st en t wi t h t h e
st a bi l i t y a n d st r en gt h of con t a i n er s.
(2) Bu ildin gs(i ) Exit s. Rooms i n
wh i ch fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds a r e st or ed or h a n dl ed by pu mps
sh a l l h a ve exi t fa ci l i t i es a r r a n ged t o
pr even t occu pa n t s fr om bei n g t r a pped
i n t h e even t of fi r e.
(i i ) Heat in g. Rooms i n wh i ch Cl a ss I
l i qu i ds a r e st or ed or h a n dl ed sh a l l be
h ea t ed on l y by mea n s n ot con st i t u t i n g
a sou r ce of i gn i t i on , su ch a s st ea m or
h ot wa t er . Rooms con t a i n i n g h ea t i n g
a ppl i a n ces i n vol vi n g sou r ces of i gn i -
t i on sh a l l be l oca t ed a n d a r r a n ged t o
pr even t en t r y of fl a mma bl e va por s.
(i i i ) Ven t ilat ion . (a) Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for a l l r ooms, bu i l di n gs, or
en cl osu r es i n wh i ch Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e
pu mped or di spen sed. Desi gn of ven t i l a -
t i on sy st ems sh a l l t a k e i n t o a ccou n t
t h e r el a t i vel y h i gh speci fi c gr a vi t y of
t h e va por s. Ven t i l a t i on ma y be pr o-
vi ded by a dequ a t e open i n gs i n ou t si de
wa l l s a t fl oor l evel u n obst r u ct ed except
by l ou ver s or coa r se scr een s. Wh er e
n a t u r a l ven t i l a t i on i s i n a dequ a t e, me-
ch a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(b) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be st or ed
or h a n dl ed wi t h i n a bu i l di n g h a vi n g a
ba semen t or pi t i n t o wh i ch fl a mma bl e
va por s ma y t r a vel , u n l ess su ch a r ea i s
pr ovi ded wi t h ven t i l a t i on desi gn ed t o
pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of fl a mma bl e
va por s t h er ei n .
(c) Con t a i n er s of Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l
n ot be dr a wn fr om or fi l l ed wi t h i n
bu i l di n gs u n l ess pr ovi si on i s ma de t o
va por s i n h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on s.
Wh er e mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on i s r e-
qu i r ed, i t sh a l l be k ept i n oper a t i on
wh i l e fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds a r e bei n g h a n -
dl ed.
(3) L oadin g an d u n loadin g f acilit ies(i )
Separat ion . Ta n k veh i cl e a n d t a n k ca r
l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om a bovegr ou n d t a n k s,
wa r eh ou ses, ot h er pl a n t bu i l di n gs or
n ea r est l i n e of a dj oi n i n g pr oper t y t h a t
ma y be bu i l t u pon by a di st a n ce of 25
feet for Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a n d 15 feet for
Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds mea su r ed
fr om t h e n ea r est posi t i on of a n y fi l l
spou t . Bu i l di n gs for pu mps or sh el t er s
for per son n el ma y be a pa r t of t h e fa -
ci l i t y .
(i i ) Class rest rict ion . Equ i pmen t su ch
a s pi pi n g, pu mps, a n d met er s u sed for
t h e t r a n sfer of Cl a ss I l i qu i ds bet ween
st or a ge t a n k s a n d t h e fi l l st em of t h e
l oa di n g r a ck sh a l l n ot be u sed for t h e
t r a n sfer of Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds.
(i i i ) Valves. Va l ves u sed for t h e fi n a l
con t r ol for fi l l i n g t a n k veh i cl es sh a l l
be of t h e sel f-cl osi n g t y pe a n d ma n u -
a l l y h el d open except wh er e a u t oma t i c
mea n s a r e pr ovi ded for sh u t t i n g off t h e
fl ow wh en t h e veh i cl e i s fu l l or a ft er
fi l l i n g of a pr eset a mou n t .
(i v) St at ic prot ect ion . (a) Bon di n g fa -
ci l i t i es for pr ot ect i on a ga i n st st a t i c
spa r k s du r i n g t h e l oa di n g of t a n k veh i -
cl es t h r ou gh open domes sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded:
(1) Wh er e Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e l oa ded,
or
(2) Wh er e Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds
a r e l oa ded i n t o veh i cl es wh i ch ma y
con t a i n va por s fr om pr evi ou s ca r goes
of Cl a ss I l i qu i ds.
(b) P r ot ect i on a s r equ i r ed i n (a) of
t h i s su bdi vi si on (i v) sh a l l con si st of a
met a l l i c bon d wi r e per ma n en t l y el ec-
t r i ca l l y con n ect ed t o t h e fi l l st em or t o
some pa r t of t h e r a ck st r u ct u r e i n el ec-
t r i ca l con t a ct wi t h t h e fi l l st em. Th e
fr ee en d of su ch wi r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a cl a mp or equ i va l en t devi ce for
con ven i en t a t t a ch men t t o some met a l -
l i c pa r t i n el ect r i ca l con t a ct wi t h t h e
ca r go t a n k of t h e t a n k veh i cl e.
(c) S u ch bon di n g con n ect i on sh a l l be
ma de fa st t o t h e veh i cl e or t a n k befor e
dome cover s a r e r a i sed a n d sh a l l r e-
ma i n i n pl a ce u n t i l fi l l i n g i s compl et ed
a n d a l l dome cover s h a ve been cl osed
a n d secu r ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
259
(d) Bon di n g a s speci fi ed i n (a), (b),
a n d (c) of t h i s su bdi vi si on i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed:
(1) Wh er e veh i cl es a r e l oa ded excl u -
si vel y wi t h pr odu ct s n ot h a vi n g a st a t -
i c a ccu mu l a t i n g t en den cy , su ch a s a s-
ph a l t , most cr u de oi l s, r esi du a l oi l s,
a n d wa t er sol u bl e l i qu i ds;
(2) Wh er e n o Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e h a n -
dl ed a t t h e l oa di n g fa ci l i t y a n d t h e
t a n k veh i cl es l oa ded a r e u sed excl u -
si vel y for Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds;
a n d
(3) Wh er e veh i cl es a r e l oa ded or u n -
l oa ded t h r ou gh cl osed bot t om or t op
con n ect i on s.
(e) F i l l i n g t h r ou gh open domes i n t o
t h e t a n k s of t a n k veh i cl es or t a n k ca r s,
t h a t con t a i n va por -a i r mi xt u r es wi t h i n
t h e fl a mma bl e r a n ge or wh er e t h e l i q-
u i d bei n g fi l l ed ca n for m su ch a mi x-
t u r e, sh a l l be by mea n s of a down spou t
wh i ch ext en ds n ea r t h e bot t om of t h e
t a n k . Th i s pr eca u t i on i s n ot r equ i r ed
wh en l oa di n g l i qu i ds wh i ch a r e n on -
a ccu mu l a t or s of st a t i c ch a r ges.
(v) St ray cu rren t s. Ta n k ca r l oa di n g
fa ci l i t i es wh er e Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e l oa d-
ed t h r ou gh open domes sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st st r a y cu r r en t s by bon d-
i n g t h e pi pe t o a t l ea st on e r a i l a n d t o
t h e r a ck st r u ct u r e i f of met a l . Mu l t i pl e
l i n es en t er i n g t h e r a ck a r ea sh a l l be
el ect r i ca l l y bon ded t oget h er . I n a ddi -
t i on , i n a r ea s wh er e excessi ve st r a y
cu r r en t s a r e k n own t o exi st , a l l pi pe
en t er i n g t h e r a ck a r ea sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h i n su l a t i n g sect i on s t o el ec-
t r i ca l l y i sol a t e t h e r a ck pi pi n g fr om
t h e pi pel i n es. No bon di n g bet ween t h e
t a n k ca r a n d t h e r a ck or pi pi n g i s r e-
qu i r ed du r i n g ei t h er l oa di n g or u n l oa d-
i n g of Cl a ss I I or I I I l i qu i ds.
(vi ) Con t ain er f illin g f acilit ies. Cl a ss I
l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be di spen sed i n t o con -
t a i n er s u n l ess t h e n ozzl e a n d con t a i n er
a r e el ect r i ca l l y i n t er con n ect ed. Wh er e
t h e met a l l i c fl oor pl a t e on wh i ch t h e
con t a i n er st a n ds wh i l e fi l l i n g i s el ec-
t r i ca l l y con n ect ed t o t h e fi l l st em or
wh er e t h e fi l l st em i s bon ded t o t h e
con t a i n er du r i n g fi l l i n g oper a t i on s by
mea n s of a bon d wi r e, t h e pr ovi si on s of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be deemed t o h a ve
been compl i ed wi t h .
(4) Wh arves(i ) Def in it ion , applicat ion .
Th e t er m wh a r f sh a l l mea n a n y wh a r f,
pi er , bu l k h ea d, or ot h er st r u ct u r e over
or con t i gu ou s t o n a vi ga bl e wa t er u sed
i n con j u n ct i on wi t h a bu l k pl a n t , t h e
pr i ma r y fu n ct i on of wh i ch i s t h e t r a n s-
fer of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d
ca r go i n bu l k bet ween t h e bu l k pl a n t
a n d a n y t a n k vessel , sh i p, ba r ge, l i gh t -
er boa t , or ot h er mobi l e fl oa t i n g cr a ft ;
a n d t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o
a l l su ch i n st a l l a t i on s except Ma r i n e
S er vi ce S t a t i on s a s cover ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i )(i i i ) [Reser ved]
(i v) Design an d con st ru ct ion . S u b-
st r u ct u r e a n d deck sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l l y desi gn ed for t h e u se i n t en ded.
Deck ma y empl oy a n y ma t er i a l wh i ch
wi l l a ffor d t h e desi r ed combi n a t i on of
fl exi bi l i t y , r esi st a n ce t o sh ock , du r a -
bi l i t y , st r en gt h , a n d fi r e r esi st a n ce.
Hea vy t i mber con st r u ct i on i s a ccept -
a bl e.
(v) [Reser ved]
(vi ) Pu mps. Loa di n g pu mps ca pa bl e of
bu i l di n g u p pr essu r es i n excess of t h e
sa fe wor k i n g pr essu r e of ca r go h ose or
l oa di n g a r ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h by -
pa sses, r el i ef va l ves, or ot h er a r r a n ge-
men t t o pr ot ect t h e l oa di n g fa ci l i t i es
a ga i n st excessi ve pr essu r e. Rel i ef de-
vi ces sh a l l be t est ed a t n ot mor e t h a n
y ea r l y i n t er va l s t o det er mi n e t h a t t h ey
fu n ct i on sa t i sfa ct or i l y a t t h e pr essu r e
a t wh i ch t h ey a r e set .
(vi i ) Hoses an d cou plin gs. Al l pr essu r e
h oses a n d cou pl i n gs sh a l l be i n spect ed
a t i n t er va l s a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e ser vi ce.
Th e h ose a n d cou pl i n gs sh a l l be t est ed
wi t h t h e h ose ext en ded a n d u si n g t h e
i n ser vi ce ma xi mu m oper a t i n g pr es-
su r es. An y h ose sh owi n g ma t er i a l de-
t er i or a t i on s, si gn s of l ea k a ge, or wea k -
n ess i n i t s ca r ca ss or a t t h e cou pl i n gs
sh a l l be wi t h dr a wn fr om ser vi ce a n d r e-
pa i r ed or di sca r ded.
(vi i i ) Pipin g an d f it t in gs. P i pi n g,
va l ves, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on ,
wi t h t h e fol l owi n g except i on s a n d a ddi -
t i on s:
(a) F l exi bi l i t y of pi pi n g sh a l l be a s-
su r ed by a ppr opr i a t e l a y ou t a n d a r -
r a n gemen t of pi pi n g su ppor t s so t h a t
mot i on of t h e wh a r f st r u ct u r e r esu l t i n g
fr om wa ve a ct i on , cu r r en t s, t i des, or
t h e moor i n g of vessel s wi l l n ot su bj ect
t h e pi pe t o r epea t ed st r a i n bey on d t h e
el a st i c l i mi t .
(b) P i pe j oi n t s depen di n g u pon t h e
fr i ct i on ch a r a ct er i st i cs of combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l s or gr oovi n g of pi pe en ds for
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
260
mech a n i ca l con t i n u i t y of pi pi n g sh a l l
n ot be u sed.
(c) S wi vel j oi n t s ma y be u sed i n pi p-
i n g t o wh i ch h oses a r e con n ect ed, a n d
for a r t i cu l a t ed swi vel -j oi n t t r a n sfer
sy st ems, pr ovi ded t h a t t h e desi gn i s
su ch t h a t t h e mech a n i ca l st r en gt h of
t h e j oi n t wi l l n ot be i mpa i r ed i f t h e
pa ck i n g ma t er i a l sh ou l d fa i l , a s by ex-
posu r e t o fi r e.
(d) P i pi n g sy st ems sh a l l con t a i n a
su ffi ci en t n u mber of va l ves t o oper a t e
t h e sy st em pr oper l y a n d t o con t r ol t h e
fl ow of l i qu i d i n n or ma l oper a t i on a n d
i n t h e even t of ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(e) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
su bdi vi si on (d) of t h i s su bdi vi si on , ea ch
l i n e con vey i n g fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds l ea d-
i n g t o a wh a r f sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e bl ock va l ve l oca t ed
on sh or e n ea r t h e a ppr oa ch t o t h e
wh a r f a n d ou t si de of a n y di k ed a r ea .
Wh er e mor e t h a n on e l i n e i s i n vol ved,
t h e va l ves sh a l l be gr ou ped i n on e l oca -
t i on .
(f ) Mea n s of ea sy a ccess sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for ca r go l i n e va l ves l oca t ed
bel ow t h e wh a r f deck .
(g) P i pel i n es on fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds wh a r ves sh a l l be a de-
qu a t el y bon ded a n d gr ou n ded. I f exces-
si ve st r a y cu r r en t s a r e en cou n t er ed, i n -
su l a t i n g j oi n t s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed. Bon d-
i n g a n d gr ou n di n g con n ect i on s on a l l
pi pel i n es sh a l l be l oca t ed on wh a r fsi de
of h ose-r i ser i n su l a t i n g fl a n ges, i f u sed,
a n d sh a l l be a ccessi bl e for i n spect i on .
(h ) Hose or a r t i cu l a t ed swi vel -j oi n t
pi pe con n ect i on s u sed for ca r go t r a n s-
fer sh a l l be ca pa bl e of a ccommoda t i n g
t h e combi n ed effect s of ch a n ge i n dr a ft
a n d ma xi mu m t i da l r a n ge, a n d moor i n g
l i n es sh a l l be k ept a dj u st ed t o pr even t
t h e su r ge of t h e vessel fr om pl a ci n g
st r ess on t h e ca r go t r a n sfer sy st em.
(i) Hose sh a l l be su ppor t ed so a s t o
a voi d k i n k i n g a n d da ma ge fr om ch a f-
i n g.
(i x) Fire prot ect ion . S u i t a bl e por t a bl e
fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s wi t h a r a t i n g of n ot
l ess t h a n 12BC sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n
75 feet of t h ose por t i on s of t h e fa ci l i t y
wh er e fi r es a r e l i k el y t o occu r , su ch a s
h ose con n ect i on s, pu mps, a n d sepa r a t or
t a n k s.
(a) Wh er e pi ped wa t er i s a va i l a bl e,
r ea dy -con n ect ed fi r e h ose i n si ze a ppr o-
pr i a t e for t h e wa t er su ppl y sh a l l be
pr ovi ded so t h a t ma n i fol ds wh er e con -
n ect i on s a r e ma de a n d br ok en ca n be
r ea ch ed by a t l ea st on e h ose st r ea m.
(b) Ma t er i a l sh a l l n ot be pl a ced on
wh a r ves i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o ob-
st r u ct a ccess t o fi r efi gh t i n g equ i pmen t ,
or i mpor t a n t pi pel i n e con t r ol va l ves.
(c) Wh er e t h e wh a r f i s a ccessi bl e t o
veh i cl e t r a ffi c, a n u n obst r u ct ed r oa d-
wa y t o t h e sh or e en d of t h e wh a r f sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed for a ccess of fi r efi gh t i n g
a ppa r a t u s.
(x) Operat ion s con t rol. Loa di n g or di s-
ch a r gi n g sh a l l n ot commen ce u n t i l t h e
wh a r f su per i n t en den t a n d offi cer i n
ch a r ge of t h e t a n k vessel a gr ee t h a t
t h e t a n k vessel i s pr oper l y moor ed a n d
a l l con n ect i on s a r e pr oper l y ma de. Me-
ch a n i ca l wor k sh a l l n ot be per for med
on t h e wh a r f du r i n g ca r go t r a n sfer , ex-
cept u n der speci a l a u t h or i za t i on ba sed
on a r evi ew of t h e a r ea i n vol ved, met h -
ods t o be empl oy ed, a n d pr eca u t i on s
n ecessa r y .
(5) Elect rical equ ipmen t (i ) Applica-
t ion . Th i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o
a r ea s wh er e Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e st or ed
or h a n dl ed. F or a r ea s wh er e Cl a ss I I or
Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds on l y a r e st or ed or h a n -
dl ed, t h e el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t ma y be
i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t , for or di -
n a r y l oca t i on s.
(i i ) Con f orman ce. Al l el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t a n d wi r i n g sh a l l be of a t y pe
speci fi ed by a n d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h S u bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i i i ) Classif icat ion . S o fa r a s i t a ppl i es
Ta bl e H18 sh a l l be u sed t o del i n ea t e
a n d cl a ssi fy h a za r dou s a r ea s for t h e
pu r pose of i n st a l l a t i on of el ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t u n der n or ma l ci r -
cu mst a n ces. I n Ta bl e H18 a cl a ssi fi ed
a r ea sh a l l n ot ext en d bey on d a n
u n pi er ced wa l l , r oof, or ot h er sol i d pa r -
t i t i on . Th e a r ea cl a ssi fi ca t i on s l i st ed
sh a l l be ba sed on t h e pr emi se t h a t t h e
i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e a ppl i ca bl e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on i n a l l r e-
spect s.
(6) Sou rces of ign it ion . Cl a ss I l i qu i ds
sh a l l n ot be h a n dl ed, dr a wn , or di s-
pen sed wh er e fl a mma bl e va por s ma y
r ea ch a sou r ce of i gn i t i on . S mok i n g
sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed except i n des-
i gn a t ed l oca l i t i es. No S mok i n g si gn s
sh a l l be con spi cu ou sl y post ed wh er e
h a za r d fr om fl a mma bl e l i qu i d va por s i s
n or ma l l y pr esen t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
261
(7) Drain age an d wast e disposal. P r ovi -
si on sh a l l be ma de t o pr even t fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds wh i ch
ma y be spi l l ed a t l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g
poi n t s fr om en t er i n g pu bl i c sewer s a n d
dr a i n a ge sy st ems, or n a t u r a l wa t er -
wa y s. Con n ect i on t o su ch sewer s,
dr a i n s, or wa t er wa y s by wh i ch fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds mi gh t
en t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h sepa r a t or
boxes or ot h er a ppr oved mea n s wh er e-
by su ch en t r y i s pr ecl u ded. Cr a n k ca se
dr a i n i n gs a n d fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be du mped i n t o
sewer s, bu t sh a l l be st or ed i n t a n k s or
t i gh t dr u ms ou t si de of a n y bu i l di n g
u n t i l r emoved fr om t h e pr emi ses.
(8) Fire con t rol. S u i t a bl e fi r e-con t r ol
devi ces, su ch a s sma l l h ose or por t a bl e
fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s, sh a l l be a va i l a bl e t o
l oca t i on s wh er e fi r es a r e l i k el y t o
occu r . Addi t i on a l fi r e-con t r ol equ i p-
men t ma y be r equ i r ed wh er e a t a n k of
mor e t h a n 50, 000 ga l l on s i n di vi du a l ca -
pa ci t y con t a i n s Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a n d
wh er e a n u n u su a l exposu r e h a za r d ex-
i st s fr om su r r ou n di n g pr oper t y . S u ch
a ddi t i on a l fi r e-con t r ol equ i pmen t sh a l l
be su ffi ci en t t o ext i n gu i sh a fi r e i n t h e
l a r gest t a n k . Th e desi gn a n d a mou n t of
su ch equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppr oved en gi n eer i n g st a n da r ds.
(g) Service st at ion s(1) St orage an d
h an dlin g(i ) Gen eral provision s. (a) Li q-
u i ds sh a l l be st or ed i n a ppr oved cl osed
con t a i n er s n ot exceedi n g 60 ga l l on s ca -
pa ci t y , i n t a n k s l oca t ed u n der gr ou n d,
i n t a n k s i n speci a l en cl osu r es a s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on , or i n a bovegr ou n d t a n k s a s pr o-
vi ded for i n pa r a gr a ph s (g)(4)(i i ), (b), (c)
a n d (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Abovegr ou n d t a n k s, l oca t ed i n a n
a dj oi n i n g bu l k pl a n t , ma y be con n ect ed
by pi pi n g t o ser vi ce st a t i on u n der -
gr ou n d t a n k s i f, i n a ddi t i on t o va l ves
a t a bovegr ou n d t a n k s, a va l ve i s a l so
i n st a l l ed wi t h i n con t r ol of ser vi ce st a -
t i on per son n el .
(c) Appa r a t u s di spen si n g Cl a ss I l i q-
u i ds i n t o t h e fu el t a n k s of mot or veh i -
cl es of t h e pu bl i c sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed
a t a bu l k pl a n t u n l ess sepa r a t ed by a
fen ce or si mi l a r ba r r i er fr om t h e a r ea
i n wh i ch bu l k oper a t i on s a r e con -
du ct ed.
(d) [Reser ved]
(e) Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(g)(1)(i )(a) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot pr o-
h i bi t t h e di spen si n g of fl a mma bl e l i q-
u i ds i n t h e open fr om a t a n k veh i cl e t o
a mot or veh i cl e. S u ch di spen si n g sh a l l
be per mi t t ed pr ovi ded:
(1) Th e t a n k veh i cl e compl i es wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s cover ed i n t h e S t a n d-
a r d on Ta n k Veh i cl es for F l a mma bl e
Li qu i ds, NF P A 3851966.
(2) Th e di spen si n g i s don e on pr em-
i ses n ot open t o t h e pu bl i c.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Th e di spen si n g h ose does n ot ex-
ceed 50 feet i n l en gt h .
(5) Th e di spen si n g n ozzl e i s a l i st ed
a u t oma t i c-cl osi n g t y pe wi t h ou t a
l a t ch open devi ce.
(f ) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be st or ed
or h a n dl ed wi t h i n a bu i l di n g h a vi n g a
ba semen t or pi t i n t o wh i ch fl a mma bl e
va por s ma y t r a vel , u n l ess su ch a r ea i s
pr ovi ded wi t h ven t i l a t i on desi gn ed t o
va por s t h er ei n .
(g) [Reser ved]
TABLE H18ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREASBULK PLANTS
Location
Class I
Group D
division
Extent of classified area
Tank vehicle and tank car:
1

Loading through open dome ........................... 1 Within 3 feet of edge of dome, extending in all directions.
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from edge of dome, extending
in all directions.
Loading through bottom connections with at-
mospheric venting.
1 Within 3 feet of point of venting to atmosphere extending in all
directions.
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from point of venting to at-
mosphere, extending in all directions. Also up to 18 inches
above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from point
of loading connection.
Loading through closed dome with atmos-
pheric venting.
1
2
Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions.
Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from open end of vent, ex-
tending in all directions. Also within 3 feet of edge of dome,
extending in all directions.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
262
TABLE H18ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREASBULK PLANTSContinued
Location
Class I
Group D
division
Loading through closed dome with vapor re-
covery.
2 Within 3 feet of point of connection of both fill and vapor lines,
extending in all directions.
Bottom loading with vapor recovery or any
bottom unloading.
2 Within 3 feet of point of connections extending in all direc-
tions. Also up to 18 inches above grade with in a horizontal
radius of 10 feet from point of connection.
Drum and container filling:
Outdoors, or indoors with adequate ventilation 1 Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening, extending in all direc-
tions.
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent or fill opening, ex-
tending in all directions. Also up to 18 inches above floor or
grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from vent or
fill opening.
Outdoors, or indoors with adequate ventilation 1 Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening, extending in all direc-
tions.
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent or fill opening, ex-
tending in all directions. Also up to 18 inches above floor or
grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from vent or
fill opening.
TankAboveground:
Shell, ends, or roof and dike area .................. 2 Within 10 feet from shell, ends, or roof of tank, Area inside
dikes to level of top of dike.
Vent ................................................................. 1 Within 5 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions.
2 Area between 5 feet and 10 feet from open end of vent, ex-
tending in all directions.
Floating roof .................................................... 1 Area above the roof and within the shell.
Pits:
Without mechanical ventilation ........................ 1 Entire area within pit if any part is within a Division 1 or 2
classified area.
With mechanical ventilation ............................. 2 Entire area within pit if any part is within a Division 1 or 2
classified area.
Containing valves, fittings or piping, and not
within a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
2 Entire pit.
Pumps, bleeders, withdrawal fittings, meters and
similar devices:
Indoors ............................................................. 2 Within 5 feet of any edge of such devices, extending in all di-
rections. Also up to 3 feet above floor or grade level within
25 feet horizontally from any edge of such devices.
Outdoors .......................................................... 2 Within 3 feet of any edge of such devices, extending in all di-
rections. Also up to 18 inches above grade level within 10
feet horizontally from any edge of such devices.
Storage and repair garage for tank vehicles .. 1 All pits or spaces below floor level.
2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade level for entire stor-
age or repair garage.
Drainage ditches, separators, impounding ba-
sins.
2 Area up to 18 inches above ditch, separator or basin. Also up
to 18 inches above grade within 15 feet horizontally from
any edge.
Garages for other than tank vehicles .............. (
2
) If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an
outdoor classified area, the entire room shall be classified
the same as the area classification at the point of the open-
ing.
Outdoor drum storage ..................................... (
2
)
Indoor warehousing where there is no flam-
mable liquid transfer.
(
2
) If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an
indoor classified are, the room shall be classified the same
as if the wall, curb or partition did not exist.
Office and rest rooms ...................................... (
2
)
1
When classifying the extent of the area, consideration shall be given to the fact that tank cars or tank vehicles may be spot-
ted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading or unloading positions shall be used.
2
Ordinary.
(i i ) Special en closu res. (a) Wh en i n st a l -
l a t i on of t a n k s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s sect i on i s i m-
pr a ct i ca l beca u se of pr oper t y or bu i l d-
i n g l i mi t a t i on s, t a n k s for fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds ma y be i n st a l l ed i n
bu i l di n gs i f pr oper l y en cl osed.
(b) Th e en cl osu r e sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l l y l i qu i d a n d va por t i gh t wi t h ou t
ba ck fi l l . S i des, t op, a n d bot t om of t h e
en cl osu r e sh a l l be of r ei n for ced con -
cr et e a t l ea st 6 i n ch es t h i ck , wi t h open -
i n gs for i n spect i on t h r ou gh t h e t op
on l y . Ta n k con n ect i on s sh a l l be so
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
263
pi ped or cl osed t h a t n ei t h er va por s n or
l i qu i d ca n esca pe i n t o t h e en cl osed
spa ce. Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er eby
por t a bl e equ i pmen t ma y be empl oy ed
t o di sch a r ge t o t h e ou t si de a n y l i qu i d
or va por s wh i ch mi gh t a ccu mu l a t e
sh ou l d l ea k a ge occu r .
(i i i ) I n side bu ildin gs. (a) Except wh er e
st or ed i n t a n k s a s pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi -
si on (i i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph , n o Cl a ss
I l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed wi t h i n a n y
ser vi ce st a t i on bu i l di n g except i n
cl osed con t a i n er s of a ggr ega t e ca pa ci t y
n ot exceedi n g 60 ga l l on s. On e con t a i n er
n ot exceedi n g 60 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y
equ i pped wi t h a n a ppr oved pu mp i s per -
mi t t ed.
(b) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds ma y be t r a n sfer r ed
fr om on e con t a i n er t o a n ot h er i n l u br i -
ca t i on or ser vi ce r ooms of a ser vi ce
st a t i on bu i l di n g pr ovi ded t h e el ect r i ca l
i n st a l l a t i on compl i es wi t h Ta bl e H19
a n d pr ovi ded t h a t a n y h ea t i n g equ i p-
men t compl i es wi t h su bpa r a gr a ph (6) of
(c) Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds ma y
be st or ed a n d di spen sed i n si de ser vi ce
st a t i on bu i l di n gs fr om t a n k s of n ot
mor e t h a n 120 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y ea ch .
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Dispen sin g in t o port able con t ain ers.
No del i ver y of a n y Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l
be ma de i n t o por t a bl e con t a i n er s u n -
l ess t h e con t a i n er i s con st r u ct ed of
met a l , h a s a t i gh t cl osu r e wi t h scr ewed
or spr i n g cover , a n d i s fi t t ed wi t h a
spou t or so desi gn ed t h a t t h e con t en t s
ca n be pou r ed wi t h ou t spi l l i n g.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Dispen sin g sy st ems(i ) L ocat ion .
Di spen si n g devi ces a t a u t omot i ve ser v-
i ce st a t i on s sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t a l l
pa r t s of t h e veh i cl e bei n g ser ved wi l l be
on t h e pr emi ses of t h e ser vi ce st a t i on .
(i i ) I n side locat ion . Appr oved di s-
pen si n g u n i t s ma y be l oca t ed i n si de of
bu i l di n gs. Th e di spen si n g a r ea sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om ot h er a r ea s i n a n a p-
pr oved ma n n er . Th e di spen si n g u n i t
a n d i t s pi pi n g sh a l l be mou n t ed ei t h er
on a con cr et e i sl a n d or pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st col l i si on da ma ge by su i t a bl e
mea n s a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a posi -
t i on wh er e i t ca n n ot be st r u ck by a ve-
h i cl e descen di n g a r a mp or ot h er sl ope
ou t of con t r ol . Th e di spen si n g a r ea
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n a ppr oved me-
ch a n i ca l or gr a vi t y ven t i l a t i on sy st em.
Wh en di spen si n g u n i t s a r e l oca t ed
bel ow gr a de, on l y a ppr oved mech a n i ca l
ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be u sed a n d t h e en t i r e
di spen si n g a r ea sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy s-
t em. Ven t i l a t i n g sy st ems sh a l l be el ec-
t r i ca l l y i n t er l ock ed wi t h ga sol i n e di s-
pen si n g u n i t s so t h a t t h e di spen si n g
u n i t s ca n n ot be oper a t ed u n l ess t h e
ven t i l a t i n g fa n mot or s a r e en er gi zed.
(i i i ) Emergen cy power cu t of f . A cl ea r l y
i den t i fi ed a n d ea si l y a ccessi bl e
swi t ch (es) or a ci r cu i t br ea k er (s) sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t a l oca t i on r emot e fr om
di spen si n g devi ces, i n cl u di n g r emot e
pu mpi n g sy st ems, t o sh u t off t h e power
t o a l l di spen si n g devi ces i n t h e even t of
a n emer gen cy .
(i v) Dispen sin g u n it s. (a) Cl a ss I l i q-
u i ds sh a l l be t r a n sfer r ed fr om t a n k s by
mea n s of fi xed pu mps so desi gn ed a n d
equ i pped a s t o a l l ow con t r ol of t h e fl ow
a n d t o pr even t l ea k a ge or a cci den t a l
di sch a r ge.
(b)(1) On l y l i st ed devi ces ma y be u sed
for di spen si n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds. No su ch
devi ce ma y be u sed i f i t sh ows evi den ce
of h a vi n g been di sma n t l ed.
(2) Ever y di spen si n g devi ce for Cl a ss I
l i qu i ds i n st a l l ed a ft er December 31,
1978, sh a l l con t a i n evi den ce of l i st i n g
so pl a ced t h a t a n y a t t empt t o di s-
ma n t l e t h e devi ce wi l l r esu l t i n da m-
a ge t o su ch evi den ce, vi si bl e wi t h ou t
di sa ssembl y or di smou n t i n g of t h e n oz-
zl e.
(c) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be di s-
pen sed by pr essu r e fr om dr u ms, ba r -
r el s, a n d si mi l a r con t a i n er s. Appr oved
pu mps t a k i n g su ct i on t h r ou gh t h e t op
of t h e con t a i n er or a ppr oved sel f-cl os-
i n g fa u cet s sh a l l be u sed.
(d) Th e di spen si n g u n i t s, except t h ose
a t t a ch ed t o con t a i n er s, sh a l l be mou n t -
ed ei t h er on a con cr et e i sl a n d or pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st col l i si on da ma ge by
su i t a bl e mea n s.
(v) Remot e pu mpin g sy st ems.
(a) Th i s su bdi vi si on sh a l l a ppl y t o
sy st ems for di spen si n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds
wh er e su ch l i qu i ds a r e t r a n sfer r ed fr om
st or a ge t o i n di vi du a l or mu l t i pl e di s-
pen si n g u n i t s by pu mps l oca t ed el se-
wh er e t h a n a t t h e di spen si n g u n i t s.
(b) P u mps sh a l l be desi gn ed or
equ i pped so t h a t n o pa r t of t h e sy st em
wi l l be su bj ect ed t o pr essu r es a bove i t s
a l l owa bl e wor k i n g pr essu r e. P u mps i n -
st a l l ed a bove gr a de, ou t si de of bu i l d-
i n gs, sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 10
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
264
feet fr om l i n es of a dj oi n i n g pr oper t y
wh i ch ma y be bu i l t u pon , a n d n ot l ess
t h a n 5 feet fr om a n y bu i l di n g open i n g.
Wh en a n ou t si de pu mp l oca t i on i s i m-
pr a ct i ca l , pu mps ma y be i n st a l l ed i n -
si de of bu i l di n gs, a s pr ovi ded for di s-
pen ser s i n su bdi vi si on (i i ) of t h i s su b-
pa r a gr a ph , or i n pi t s a s pr ovi ded i n
su bdi vi si on (c) of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
P u mps sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l l y a n ch or ed
a n d pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge
by veh i cl es.
(c) P i t s for su bsu r fa ce pu mps or pi p-
i n g ma n i fol ds of su bmer si bl e pu mps
sh a l l wi t h st a n d t h e ext er n a l for ces t o
wh i ch t h ey ma y be su bj ect ed wi t h ou t
da ma ge t o t h e pu mp, t a n k , or pi pi n g.
Th e pi t sh a l l be n o l a r ger t h a n n ec-
essa r y for i n spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce
a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a fi t t ed
cover .
(d) A con t r ol sh a l l be pr ovi ded t h a t
wi l l per mi t t h e pu mp t o oper a t e on l y
wh en a di spen si n g n ozzl e i s r emoved
fr om i t s br a ck et on t h e di spen si n g u n i t
a n d t h e swi t ch on t h i s di spen si n g u n i t
i s ma n u a l l y a ct u a t ed. Th i s con t r ol
sh a l l a l so st op t h e pu mp wh en a l l n oz-
zl es h a ve been r et u r n ed t o t h ei r br a ck -
et s.
(e) An a ppr oved i mpa ct va l ve, i n cor -
por a t i n g a fu si bl e l i n k , desi gn ed t o
cl ose a u t oma t i ca l l y i n t h e even t of se-
ver e i mpa ct or fi r e exposu r e sh a l l be
pr oper l y i n st a l l ed i n t h e di spen si n g
su ppl y l i n e a t t h e ba se of ea ch i n di -
vi du a l di spen si n g devi ce.
(f ) Test i n g. Aft er t h e compl et i on of
t h e i n st a l l a t i on , i n cl u di n g a n y pa vi n g,
t h a t sect i on of t h e pr essu r e pi pi n g sy s-
t em bet ween t h e pu mp di sch a r ge a n d
t h e con n ect i on for t h e di spen si n g fa ci l -
i t y sh a l l be t est ed for a t l ea st 30 mi n -
u t es a t t h e ma xi mu m oper a t i n g pr es-
su r e of t h e sy st em. S u ch t est s sh a l l be
r epea t ed a t 5-y ea r i n t er va l s t h er ea ft er .
(vi ) Delivery n ozzles. (a) A l i st ed ma n -
u a l or a u t oma t i c-cl osi n g t y pe h ose n oz-
zl e va l ve sh a l l be pr ovi ded on di s-
pen ser s u sed for t h e di spen si n g of Cl a ss
I l i qu i ds.
(b) Ma n u a l -cl osi n g t y pe va l ves sh a l l
be h el d open ma n u a l l y du r i n g di s-
pen si n g. Au t oma t i c-cl osi n g t y pe va l ves
ma y be u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h a n a p-
pr oved l a t ch -open devi ce.
(4) Marin e service st at ion s(i ) Dis-
pen sin g. (a) Th e di spen si n g a r ea sh a l l
be l oca t ed a wa y fr om ot h er st r u ct u r es
so a s t o pr ovi de r oom for sa fe i n gr ess
a n d egr ess of cr a ft t o be fu el ed. Di s-
pen si n g u n i t s sh a l l i n a l l ca ses be a t
l ea st 20 feet fr om a n y a ct i vi t y i n vol v-
i n g fi xed sou r ces of i gn i t i on .
(b) Di spen si n g sh a l l be by a ppr oved
di spen si n g u n i t s wi t h or wi t h ou t i n t e-
gr a l pu mps a n d ma y be l oca t ed on open
pi er s, wh a r ves, or fl oa t i n g dock s or on
sh or e or on pi er s of t h e sol i d fi l l t y pe.
(c) Di spen si n g n ozzl es sh a l l be a u t o-
ma t i c-cl osi n g wi t h ou t a h ol d-open
l a t ch .
(i i ) T an k s an d pu mps. (a) Ta n k s, a n d
pu mps n ot i n t egr a l wi t h t h e di spen si n g
u n i t , sh a l l be on sh or e or on a pi er of
t h e sol i d fi l l t y pe, except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph s (g)(4)(i i ) (b) a n d (c) of t h i s
sect i on .
(b) Wh er e sh or e l oca t i on wou l d r e-
qu i r e excessi vel y l on g su ppl y l i n es t o
di spen ser s, t a n k s ma y be i n st a l l ed on a
pi er pr ovi ded t h a t a ppl i ca bl e por t i on s
of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on r el a t i ve
t o spa ci n g, di k i n g, a n d pi pi n g a r e com-
pl i ed wi t h a n d t h e qu a n t i t y so st or ed
does n ot exceed 1, 100 ga l l on s a ggr ega t e
ca pa ci t y .
(c) S h or e t a n k s su ppl y i n g ma r i n e
ser vi ce st a t i on s ma y be l oca t ed a bove
gr ou n d, wh er e r ock l edges or h i gh
wa t er t a bl e ma k e u n der gr ou n d t a n k s
i mpr a ct i ca l .
(d) Wh er e t a n k s a r e a t a n el eva t i on
wh i ch wou l d pr odu ce gr a vi t y h ea d on
t h e di spen si n g u n i t , t h e t a n k ou t l et
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a pr essu r e con -
t r ol va l ve posi t i on ed a dj a cen t t o a n d
ou t si de t h e t a n k bl ock va l ve speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i x)(b) of t h i s sec-
t i on , so a dj u st ed t h a t l i qu i d ca n n ot
fl ow by gr a vi t y fr om t h e t a n k i n ca se
of pi pi n g or h ose fa i l u r e.
(i i i ) Pipin g. (a) P i pi n g bet ween sh or e
t a n k s a n d di spen si n g u n i t s sh a l l be a s
descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on , except t h a t , wh er e di spen si n g i s
fr om a fl oa t i n g st r u ct u r e, su i t a bl e
l en gt h s of oi l -r esi st a n t fl exi bl e h ose
ma y be empl oy ed bet ween t h e sh or e
pi pi n g a n d t h e pi pi n g on t h e fl oa t i n g
st r u ct u r e a s ma de n ecessa r y by ch a n ge
i n wa t er l evel or sh or el i n e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
265
TABLE H19ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREASSERVICE STATIONS
Location
Class I
Group D
division
Underground tank:
Fill opening ...................................................... 1 Any pit, box or space below grade level, any part of which is
within the Division 1 or 2 classified area.
2 Up to 18 inches above grade level within a horizontal radius
of 10 feet from a loose fill connection and within a hori-
zontal radius of 5 feet from a tight fill connection.
VentDischarging upward .............................. 1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions.
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of open end of vent, extending
in all directions.
Dispenser:
Pits ................................................................... 1 Any pit, box or space below grade level, any part of which is
within the Division 1 or 2 classified area.
Dispenser enclosure ........................................ 1 The area 4 feet vertically above base within the enclosure and
18 inches horizontally in all directions.
Outdoor ............................................................ 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level within 20 feet horizontally
of any edge of enclosure.
Indoor:
With mechanical ventilation ............................. 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level within 20 feet hori-
zontally of any edge of enclosure.
With gravity ventilation .................................... 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level within 25 feet hori-
zontally of any edge of enclosure.
Remote pumpOutdoor ................................. 1 Any pit, box or space below grade level if any part is within a
horizontal distance of 10 feet from any edge of pump.
2 Within 3 feet of any edge of pump, extending in all directions.
Also up to 18 inches above grade level within 10 feet hori-
zontally from any edge of pump.
Remote pumpIndoor .................................... 1 Entire area within any pit.
2 Within 5 feet of any edge of pump, extending in all directions.
Also up to 3 feet above floor or grade level within 25 feet
horizontally from any edge of pump.
Lubrication or service room ............................. 1 Entire area within any pit.
2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade level within entire
lubrication room.
Dispenser for Class I liquids ........................... 2 Within 3 feet of any fill or dispensing point, extending in all di-
rections.
Special enclosure inside building per 1910.
106(f)(1)(ii).
1 Entire enclosure.
Sales, storage and rest rooms ........................ (
1
) If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of a
Division 1 area, the entire room shall be classified as Divi-
sion 1.
1
Ordinary.
(b) A r ea di l y a ccessi bl e va l ve t o sh u t
off t h e su ppl y fr om sh or e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n ea ch pi pel i n e a t or n ea r t h e
a ppr oa ch t o t h e pi er a n d a t t h e sh or e
en d of ea ch pi pel i n e a dj a cen t t o t h e
poi n t wh er e fl exi bl e h ose i s a t t a ch ed.
(c) P i pi n g sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o be
pr ot ect ed fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(d) P i pi n g h a n dl i n g Cl a ss I l i qu i ds
sh a l l be gr ou n ded t o con t r ol st r a y cu r -
r en t s.
(5) Elect rical equ ipmen t (i ) Applica-
t ion . Th i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o
a r ea s wh er e Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e st or ed
or h a n dl ed. F or a r ea s wh er e Cl a ss I I or
Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds a r e st or ed or h a n dl ed
t h e el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t ma y be i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t , for or di -
n a r y l oca t i on s.
(i i ) Al l el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d wi r -
i n g sh a l l be of a t y pe speci fi ed by a n d
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i i i ) S o fa r a s i t a ppl i es. Ta bl e H19
sh a l l be u sed t o del i n ea t e a n d cl a ssi fy
h a za r dou s a r ea s for t h e pu r pose of i n -
st a l l a t i on of el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
u n der n or ma l ci r cu mst a n ces. A cl a ssi -
fi ed a r ea sh a l l n ot ext en d bey on d a n
u n pi er ced wa l l , r oof, or ot h er sol i d pa r -
t i t i on .
(i v) Th e a r ea cl a ssi fi ca t i on s l i st ed
sh a l l be ba sed on t h e a ssu mpt i on t h a t
t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e a ppl i ca bl e
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on i n a l l r e-
spect s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
266
(6) Heat in g equ ipmen t (i ) Con f orm-
an ce. Hea t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (g)(6)
(i i ) t h r ou gh (v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Applicat ion . Hea t i n g equ i pmen t
ma y be i n st a l l ed i n t h e con ven t i on a l
ma n n er i n a n a r ea except a s pr ovi ded
i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(6) (i i i ), (i v), or (v) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Special room. Hea t i n g equ i pmen t
ma y be i n st a l l ed i n a speci a l r oom sep-
a r a t ed fr om a n a r ea cl a ssi fi ed by Ta bl e
H19 by wa l l s h a vi n g a fi r e r esi st a n ce
r a t i n g of a t l ea st 1 h ou r a n d wi t h ou t
a n y open i n gs i n t h e wa l l s wi t h i n 8 feet
of t h e fl oor i n t o a n a r ea cl a ssi fi ed i n
Ta bl e H19. Th i s r oom sh a l l n ot be u sed
for combu st i bl e st or a ge a n d a l l a i r for
combu st i on pu r poses sh a l l come fr om
ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g.
(i v) Work areas. Hea t i n g equ i pmen t
u si n g ga s or oi l fu el ma y be i n st a l l ed i n
t h e l u br i ca t i on , sa l es, or ser vi ce r oom
wh er e t h er e i s n o di spen si n g or t r a n s-
fer r i n g of Cl a ss I l i qu i ds pr ovi ded t h e
bot t om of t h e combu st i on ch a mber i s
a t l ea st 18 i n ch es a bove t h e fl oor a n d
t h e h ea t i n g equ i pmen t i s pr ot ect ed
fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge by veh i cl es.
Hea t i n g equ i pmen t u si n g ga s or oi l fu el
l i st ed for u se i n ga r a ges ma y be i n -
st a l l ed i n t h e l u br i ca t i on or ser vi ce
r oom wh er e Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e di s-
pen sed pr ovi ded t h e equ i pmen t i s i n -
st a l l ed a t l ea st 8 feet a bove t h e fl oor .
(v) Elect ric h eat . El ect r i ca l h ea t i n g
equ i pmen t sh a l l con for m t o pa r a gr a ph
(g)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
(7) Drain age an d wast e disposal. P r ovi -
si on sh a l l be ma de i n t h e a r ea wh er e
Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a r e di spen sed t o pr even t
spi l l ed l i qu i ds fr om fl owi n g i n t o t h e i n -
t er i or of ser vi ce st a t i on bu i l di n gs.
S u ch pr ovi si on ma y be by gr a di n g
dr i vewa y s, r a i si n g door si l l s, or ot h er
equ a l l y effect i ve mea n s. Cr a n k ca se
dr a i n i n gs a n d fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be du mped i n t o
sewer s bu t sh a l l be st or ed i n t a n k s or
dr u ms ou t si de of a n y bu i l di n g u n t i l r e-
moved fr om t h e pr emi ses.
(8) Sou rces of ign it ion . I n a ddi t i on t o
t h e pr evi ou s r est r i ct i on s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph , t h e fol l owi n g sh a l l a ppl y : Th er e
sh a l l be n o smok i n g or open fl a mes i n
t h e a r ea s u sed for fu el i n g, ser vi ci n g
fu el sy st ems for i n t er n a l combu st i on
en gi n es, r ecei vi n g or di spen si n g of
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds. Con -
spi cu ou s a n d l egi bl e si gn s pr oh i bi t i n g
smok i n g sh a l l be post ed wi t h i n si gh t of
t h e cu st omer bei n g ser ved. Th e mot or s
of a l l equ i pmen t bei n g fu el ed sh a l l be
sh u t off du r i n g t h e fu el i n g oper a t i on .
(9) Fire con t rol. Ea ch ser vi ce st a t i on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st on e fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er h a vi n g a mi n i mu m a p-
pr oved cl a ssi fi ca t i on of 6 B, C, l oca t ed
so t h a t a n ext i n gu i sh er , wi l l be wi t h i n
75 feet of ea ch pu mp, di spen ser , u n der -
gr ou n d fi l l pi pe open i n g, a n d l u br i ca -
t i on or ser vi ce r oom.
(h ) Processin g plan t s(1) Scope. Th i s
pa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o t h ose pl a n t s
or bu i l di n gs wh i ch con t a i n ch emi ca l
oper a t i on s su ch a s oxi da t i on , r edu c-
t i on , h a l ogen a t i on , h y dr ogen a t i on ,
a l k y l a t i on , pol y mer i za t i on , a n d ot h er
ch emi ca l pr ocesses bu t sh a l l n ot a ppl y
t o ch emi ca l pl a n t s, r efi n er i es or di st i l l -
er i es.
(2) L ocat ion (i ) Classif icat ion . Th e l o-
ca t i on of ea ch pr ocessi n g vessel sh a l l
be ba sed u pon i t s fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i d ca pa ci t y .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(3) Processin g bu ildin g(i ) Con st ru c-
t ion . (a) P r ocessi n g bu i l di n gs sh a l l be of
fi r e-r esi st a n ce or n on combu st i bl e con -
st r u ct i on , except h ea vy t i mber con -
st r u ct i on wi t h l oa d-bea r i n g wa l l s ma y
be per mi t t ed for pl a n t s u t i l i zi n g on l y
st a bl e Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds. Ex-
cept a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i )
of t h i s sect i on or i n t h e ca se of expl o-
si on r esi st a n t wa l l s u sed i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h expl osi on r el i evi n g fa ci l i t i es,
see pa r a gr a ph (h )(3)(i v) of t h i s sect i on ,
l oa d-bea r i n g wa l l s a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
Bu i l di n gs sh a l l be wi t h ou t ba semen t s
or cover ed pi t s.
(b) Ar ea s sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e exi t fa -
ci l i t i es a r r a n ged t o pr even t occu pa n t s
fr om bei n g t r a pped i n t h e even t of fi r e.
Exi t s sh a l l n ot be exposed by t h e dr a i n -
a ge fa ci l i t i es descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph
(h )(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Drain age. (a) Emer gen cy dr a i n a ge
sy st ems sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di r ect
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d l ea k -
a ge a n d fi r e pr ot ect i on wa t er t o a sa fe
l oca t i on . Th i s ma y r equ i r e cu r bs, scu p-
per s, or speci a l dr a i n a ge sy st ems t o
con t r ol t h e spr ea d of fi r e, see pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(2)(vi i )(b) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
267
(b) Emer gen cy dr a i n a ge sy st ems, i f
con n ect ed t o pu bl i c sewer s or di s-
ch a r ged i n t o pu bl i c wa t er wa y s, sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h t r a ps or sepa r a t or s.
(i i i ) Ven t ilat ion . (a) En cl osed pr oc-
essi n g bu i l di n gs sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed a t a
r a t e of n ot l ess t h a n 1 cu bi c foot per
mi n u t e per squ a r e foot of sol i d fl oor
a r ea . Th i s sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed by
n a t u r a l or mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on wi t h
di sch a r ge or exh a u st t o a sa fe l oca t i on
ou t si de of t h e bu i l di n g. P r ovi si on s
sh a l l be ma de for i n t r odu ct i on of
ma k eu p a i r i n su ch a ma n n er a s n ot t o
sh or t ci r cu i t t h e ven t i l a t i on . Ven t i l a -
t i on sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o i n cl u de a l l
fl oor a r ea s or pi t s wh er e fl a mma bl e va -
por s ma y col l ect .
(b) Equ i pmen t u sed i n a bu i l di n g a n d
t h e ven t i l a t i on of t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be
desi gn ed so a s t o l i mi t fl a mma bl e
va por -a i r mi xt u r es u n der n or ma l oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s t o t h e i n t er i or of
equ i pmen t , a n d t o n ot mor e t h a n 5 feet
fr om equ i pmen t wh i ch exposes Cl a ss I
l i qu i ds t o t h e a i r . Exa mpl es of su ch
equ i pmen t a r e di spen si n g st a t i on s,
open cen t r i fu ges, pl a t e a n d fr a me fi l -
t er s, open va cu u m fi l t er s, a n d su r fa ces
of open equ i pmen t .
(i v) Explosion relief . Ar ea s wh er e Cl a ss
I A or u n st a bl e l i qu i ds a r e pr ocessed
sh a l l h a ve expl osi on ven t i n g t h r ou gh
on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g met h ods:
(a) Open a i r con st r u ct i on .
(b) Li gh t wei gh t wa l l s a n d r oof.
(c) Li gh t wei gh t wa l l pa n el s a n d r oof
h a t ch es.
(d) Wi n dows of expl osi on ven t i n g
t y pe.
(4) L iqu id h an dlin g(i ) St orage. (a)
Th e st or a ge of fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds i n t a n k s sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) I f t h e st or a ge of fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n ou t si de a bove-
gr ou n d or u n der gr ou n d t a n k s i s n ot
pr a ct i ca l beca u se of t emper a t u r e or
pr odu ct i on con si der a t i on s, t a n k s ma y
be per mi t t ed i n si de of bu i l di n gs or
st r u ct u r es i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e a p-
pl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (b) of
t h i s sect i on .
(c) S t or a ge t a n k s i n si de of bu i l di n gs
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on l y i n a r ea s a t or
a bove gr a de wh i ch h a ve a dequ a t e
dr a i n a ge a n d a r e sepa r a t ed fr om t h e
pr ocessi n g a r ea by con st r u ct i on h a vi n g
a fi r e r esi st a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st 2
h ou r s.
(d) Th e st or a ge of fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n con t a i n er s sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr o-
vi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Pipin g, valves, an d f it t in gs. (a) P i p-
i n g, va l ves, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(b) Appr oved fl exi bl e con n ect or s ma y
be u sed wh er e vi br a t i on exi st s or wh er e
fr equ en t movemen t i s n ecessa r y . Ap-
pr oved h ose ma y be u sed a t t r a n sfer
st a t i on s.
(c) P i pi n g con t a i n i n g fl a mma bl e or
combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be i den t i fi ed.
(i i i ) T ran sf er. (a) Th e t r a n sfer of l a r ge
qu a n t i t i es of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds sh a l l be t h r ou gh pi pi n g by
mea n s of pu mps or wa t er di spl a cemen t .
Except a s r equ i r ed i n pr ocess equ i p-
men t , gr a vi t y fl ow sh a l l n ot be u sed.
Th e u se of compr essed a i r a s a t r a n sfer -
r i n g medi u m i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(b) P osi t i ve di spl a cemen t pu mps
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h pr essu r e r el i ef
di sch a r gi n g ba ck t o t h e t a n k or t o
pu mp su ct i on .
(i v) Equ ipmen t . (a) Equ i pmen t sh a l l
be desi gn ed a n d a r r a n ged t o pr even t
t h e u n i n t en t i on a l esca pe of l i qu i ds a n d
va por s a n d t o mi n i mi ze t h e qu a n t i t y
esca pi n g i n t h e even t of a cci den t a l r e-
l ea se.
(b) Wh er e t h e va por spa ce of equ i p-
men t i s u su a l l y wi t h i n t h e fl a mma bl e
r a n ge, t h e pr oba bi l i t y of expl osi on
da ma ge t o t h e equ i pmen t ca n be l i m-
i t ed by i n er t i n g, by pr ovi di n g a n expl o-
si on su ppr essi on sy st em, or by desi gn -
i n g t h e equ i pmen t t o con t a i n t h e pea k
expl osi on pr essu r e wh i ch ma y be modi -
fi ed by expl osi on r el i ef. Wh er e t h e spe-
ci a l h a za r ds of oper a t i on , sou r ces of i g-
n i t i on , or exposu r es i n di ca t e a n eed,
con si der a t i on sh a l l be gi ven t o pr o-
vi di n g pr ot ect i on by on e or mor e of t h e
a bove mea n s.
(5) T an k veh icle an d t an k car loadin g
an d u n loadin g. Ta n k veh i cl e a n d t a n k
ca r l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l
be sepa r a t ed fr om a bovegr ou n d t a n k s,
wa r eh ou ses, ot h er pl a n t bu i l di n gs, or
n ea r est l i n e of a dj oi n i n g pr oper t y
wh i ch ma y be bu i l t u pon by a di st a n ce
of 25 feet for Cl a ss I l i qu i ds a n d 15 feet
for Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds mea s-
u r ed fr om t h e n ea r est posi t i on of a n y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
268
fi l l st em. Bu i l di n gs for pu mps or sh el -
t er s for per son n el ma y be a pa r t of t h e
fa ci l i t y . Oper a t i on s of t h e fa ci l i t y sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e por t i on s
of pa r a gr a ph (f)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(6) Fire con t rol(i ) Port able ext in -
gu ish ers. Appr oved por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s of a ppr opr i a t e si ze, t y pe, a n d
n u mber sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Ot h er con t rols. Wh er e t h e speci a l
h a za r ds of oper a t i on or exposu r e i n di -
ca t e a n eed, t h e fol l owi n g fi r e con t r ol
pr ovi si on sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(a) A r el i a bl e wa t er su ppl y sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e i n pr essu r e a n d qu a n t i t y a de-
qu a t e t o meet t h e pr oba bl e fi r e de-
ma n ds.
(b) Hy dr a n t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h a ccept ed good pr a ct i ce.
(c) Hose con n ect ed t o a sou r ce of
wa t er sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t a l l ves-
sel s, pu mps, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t con -
t a i n i n g fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds ca n be r ea ch ed wi t h a t l ea st on e
h ose st r ea m. Nozzl es t h a t a r e ca pa bl e
of di sch a r gi n g a wa t er spr a y sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(d) P r ocessi n g pl a n t s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c spr i n -
k l er sy st em or equ i va l en t ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st em. I f speci a l ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st ems i n cl u di n g bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o t h ose empl oy i n g foa m, ca r -
bon di oxi de, or dr y ch emi ca l a r e pr o-
vi ded, a ppr oved equ i pmen t sh a l l be
u sed a n d i n st a l l ed i n a n a ppr oved ma n -
n er .
(i i i ) Alarm sy st ems. An a ppr oved
mea n s for pr ompt n ot i fi ca t i on of fi r e
t o t h ose wi t h i n t h e pl a n t a n d a n y pu b-
l i c fi r e depa r t men t a va i l a bl e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded. I t ma y be a dvi sa bl e t o con -
n ect t h e pl a n t sy st em wi t h t h e pu bl i c
sy st em wh er e pu bl i c fi r e a l a r m sy st em
i s a va i l a bl e.
(i v) Main t en an ce. Al l pl a n t fi r e pr o-
t ect i on fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
ma i n t a i n ed a n d per i odi ca l l y i n spect ed
a n d t est ed t o ma k e su r e t h ey a r e a l -
wa y s i n sa t i sfa ct or y oper a t i n g con di -
t i on a n d t h a t t h ey wi l l ser ve t h ei r pu r -
pose i n t i me of emer gen cy .
(7) Sou rces of ign it ion (i ) Gen eral. (a)
P r eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o pr even t
t h e i gn i t i on of fl a mma bl e va por s.
S ou r ces of i gn i t i on i n cl u de bu t a r e n ot
l i mi t ed t o open fl a mes; l i gh t n i n g;
smok i n g; cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g; h ot su r -
fa ces; fr i ct i on a l h ea t ; st a t i c, el ect r i ca l ,
a n d mech a n i ca l spa r k s; spon t a n eou s i g-
n i t i on , i n cl u di n g h ea t -pr odu ci n g ch em-
i ca l r ea ct i on s; a n d r a di a n t h ea t .
(b) Cl a ss I l i qu i ds sh a l l n ot be di s-
pen sed i n t o con t a i n er s u n l ess t h e n oz-
zl e a n d con t a i n er a r e el ect r i ca l l y i n t er -
con n ect ed. Wh er e t h e met a l l i c
fl oor pl a t e on wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
st a n ds wh i l e fi l l i n g i s el ect r i ca l l y con -
n ect ed t o t h e fi l l st em or wh er e t h e fi l l
st em i s bon ded t o t h e con t a i n er du r i n g
fi l l i n g oper a t i on s by mea n s of a bon d
wi r e, t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be deemed t o h a ve been compl i ed
wi t h .
(i i ) Main t en an ce an d repair. (a) Wh en
n ecessa r y t o do ma i n t en a n ce wor k i n a
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i d pr oc-
essi n g a r ea , t h e wor k sh a l l be a u t h or -
i zed by a r espon si bl e r epr esen t a t i ve of
t h e empl oy er .
(b) Hot wor k , su ch a s wel di n g or cu t -
t i n g oper a t i on s, u se of spa r k -pr odu ci n g
power t ool s, a n d ch i ppi n g oper a t i on s
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on l y u n der su per -
vi si on of a n i n di vi du a l i n r espon si bl e
ch a r ge wh o sh a l l ma k e a n i n spect i on of
t h e a r ea t o be su r e t h a t i t i s sa fe for
t h e wor k t o be don e a n d t h a t sa fe pr o-
cedu r es wi l l be fol l owed for t h e wor k
speci fi ed.
(i i i ) Elect rical. (a) Al l el ect r i c wi r i n g
a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(b) Loca t i on s wh er e fl a mma bl e
va por -a i r mi xt u r es ma y exi st u n der
n or ma l oper a t i on s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1 a ccor di n g t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
F or t h ose pi eces of equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(h )(3)(i i i )(b) of t h i s sect i on , t h e Di vi -
si on 1 a r ea sh a l l ext en d 5 feet i n a l l di -
r ect i on s fr om a l l poi n t s of va por l i ber a -
t i on . Al l a r ea s wi t h i n pi t s sh a l l be cl a s-
si fi ed Di vi si on 1 i f a n y pa r t of t h e pi t i s
wi t h i n a Di vi si on 1 or 2 cl a ssi fi ed a r ea ,
u n l ess t h e pi t i s pr ovi ded wi t h mech a n -
i ca l ven t i l a t i on .
(c) Loca t i on s wh er e fl a mma bl e va por -
a i r mi xt u r es ma y exi st u n der a bn or ma l
con di t i on s a n d for a di st a n ce bey on d
Di vi si on 1 l oca t i on s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
Di vi si on 2 a ccor di n g t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Th ese
l oca t i on s i n cl u de a n a r ea wi t h i n 20 feet
h or i zon t a l l y , 3 feet ver t i ca l l y bey on d a
Di vi si on 1 a r ea , a n d u p t o 3 feet a bove
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
269
fl oor or gr a de l evel wi t h i n 25 feet , i f i n -
door s, or 10 feet i f ou t door s, fr om a n y
pu mp, bl eeder , wi t h dr a wa l fi t t i n g,
met er , or si mi l a r devi ce h a n dl i n g Cl a ss
I l i qu i ds. P i t s pr ovi ded wi t h a dequ a t e
mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on wi t h i n a Di vi -
si on 1 or 2 a r ea sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed Di vi -
si on 2. I f Cl a ss I I or Cl a ss I I I l i qu i ds
on l y a r e h a n dl ed, t h en or di n a r y el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t i s sa t i sfa ct or y t h ou gh
ca r e sh a l l be u sed i n l oca t i n g el ect r i ca l
a ppa r a t u s t o pr even t h ot met a l fr om
fa l l i n g i n t o open equ i pmen t .
(d) Wh er e t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (h )(7)(i i i ) (a), (b), a n d (c) of t h i s
sect i on r equ i r e t h e i n st a l l a t i on of ex-
pl osi on -pr oof equ i pmen t , or di n a r y el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g swi t ch gea r
ma y be u sed i f i n st a l l ed i n a r oom or
en cl osu r e wh i ch i s ma i n t a i n ed u n der
posi t i ve pr essu r e wi t h r espect t o t h e
h a za r dou s a r ea . Ven t i l a t i on ma k eu p
a i r sh a l l be u n con t a mi n a t ed by fl a m-
ma bl e va por s.
(8) Hou sek eepin g(i ) Gen eral. Ma i n t e-
n a n ce a n d oper a t i n g pr a ct i ces sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h est a bl i sh ed pr oce-
du r es wh i ch wi l l t en d t o con t r ol l ea k -
a ge a n d pr even t t h e a cci den t a l esca pe
S pi l l s sh a l l be cl ea n ed u p pr ompt l y .
(i i ) Access. Adequ a t e a i sl es sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed for u n obst r u ct ed move-
men t of per son n el a n d so t h a t fi r e pr o-
t ect i on equ i pmen t ca n be br ou gh t t o
bea r on a n y pa r t of t h e pr ocessi n g
equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) Wast e an d residu es. Combu st i bl e
wa st e ma t er i a l a n d r esi du es i n a bu i l d-
i n g or oper a t i n g a r ea sh a l l be k ept t o a
mi n i mu m, st or ed i n cl osed met a l wa st e
ca n s, a n d di sposed of da i l y .
(i v) Clear zon e. Gr ou n d a r ea a r ou n d
bu i l di n gs a n d oper a t i n g a r ea s sh a l l be
k ept fr ee of t a l l gr a ss, weeds, t r a sh , or
ot h er combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(i ) Ref in eries, ch emical plan t s, an d dis-
t illeries(1) St orage t an k s. F l a mma bl e
or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be st or ed
i n t a n k s, i n con t a i n er s, or i n por t a bl e
t a n k s. Ta n k s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Ta n k s for t h e st or a ge of fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds i n t a n k
fa r ms a n d i n l oca t i on s ot h er t h a n pr oc-
ess a r ea s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(2) (i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Wh arves. Wh a r ves h a n dl i n g fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of
t h i s sect i on .
(3) Fired an d u n f ired pressu re vessels
(i ) Fired vessels. F i r ed pr essu r e vessel s
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e Code for F i r ed P r essu r e Vessel s,
S ect i on I of t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r es-
su r e Vessel Code1968.
(i i ) Un fi r ed vessel s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Code
for Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s, S ect i on
VI I I of t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
Vessel Code1968.
(4) L ocat ion of process u n it s. P r ocess
u n i t s sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t t h ey a r e
a ccessi bl e fr om a t l ea st on e si de for t h e
pu r pose of fi r e con t r ol .
(5) Fire con t rol(i ) Port able equ ipmen t .
P or t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh men t a n d con -
t r ol equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n
su ch qu a n t i t i es a n d t y pes a s a r e n eeded
for t h e speci a l h a za r ds of oper a t i on a n d
st or a ge.
(i i ) Wat er su pply . Wa t er sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e i n vol u me a n d a t a dequ a t e
pr essu r e t o su ppl y wa t er h ose st r ea ms,
foa m pr odu ci n g equ i pmen t , a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er s, or wa t er spr a y sy st ems a s
t h e n eed i s i n di ca t ed by t h e speci a l
h a za r ds of oper a t i on a n d st or a ge.
(i i i ) Special equ ipmen t . S peci a l ext i n -
gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t su ch a s t h a t u t i -
l i zi n g foa m, i n er t ga s, or dr y ch emi ca l
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s t h e n eed i s i n di -
ca t ed by t h e speci a l h a za r ds of oper -
a t i on a n d st or a ge.
(j ) Scope. Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o t h e
h a n dl i n g, st or a ge, a n d u se of fl a m-
ma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i qu i ds wi t h a
fl a sh poi n t bel ow 200 F . Th i s sect i on
does n ot a ppl y t o:
(1) Bu l k t r a n spor t a t i on of fl a mma bl e
a n d combu st i bl e l i qu i ds;
(2) S t or a ge, h a n dl i n g, a n d u se of fu el
oi l t a n k s a n d con t a i n er s con n ect ed
wi t h oi l bu r n i n g equ i pmen t ;
(3) S t or a ge of fl a mma bl e a n d combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds on fa r ms;
(4) Li qu i ds wi t h ou t fl a sh poi n t s t h a t
ma y be fl a mma bl e u n der some con di -
t i on s, su ch a s cer t a i n h a l ogen a t ed h y -
dr oca r bon s a n d mi xt u r es con t a i n i n g
h a l ogen a t ed h y dr oca r bon s;
(5) Mi st s, spr a y s, or foa ms, except
fl a mma bl e a er osol s cover ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on ; or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
270
(6) I n st a l l a t i on s ma de i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h r equ i r emen t s of t h e fol l owi n g
st a n da r ds t h a t a r e i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6:
(i ) Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a -
t i on S t a n da r d for Dr y cl ea n i n g P l a n t s,
NF P A No. 321970;
(i i ) Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a -
t i on S t a n da r d for t h e Ma n u fa ct u r e of
Or ga n i c Coa t i n gs, NF P A No. 351970;
(i i i ) Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Asso-
ci a t i on S t a n da r d for S ol ven t Ext r a c-
t i on P l a n t s, NF P A No. 361967; or
(i v) Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Asso-
ci a t i on S t a n da r d for t h e I n st a l l a t i on
a n d Use of S t a t i on a r y Combu st i on En -
gi n es a n d Ga s Tu r bi n es, NF P A No. 37
1970.
F R 3982, J a n . 27, 1975; 40 F R 23743, J u n e 2,
1975; 43 F R 49746, Oct . 24, 1978; 43 F R 51759,
Nov. 7, 1978; 47 F R 39164, S ept . 7, 1982; 51 F R
34560, S ept . 29, 1986; 53 F R 12121, Apr . 12, 1988;
55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R 9237, Ma r . 7,
1996; 70 F R 53929, S ept . 13, 2005]
1910.107 Spray finishing using flam-
mable and combustible materials.
t ion (1) Aerat ed solid powders. Aer a t ed
powder s sh a l l mea n a n y powder ed ma -
t er i a l u sed a s a coa t i n g ma t er i a l wh i ch
sh a l l be fl u i di zed wi t h i n a con t a i n er by
pa ssi n g a i r u n i for ml y fr om bel ow. I t i s
common pr a ct i ce t o fl u i di ze su ch ma t e-
r i a l s t o for m a fl u i di zed powder bed a n d
t h en di p t h e pa r t t o be coa t ed i n t o t h e
bed i n a ma n n er si mi l a r t o t h a t u sed i n
l i qu i d di ppi n g. S u ch beds a r e a l so u sed
a s sou r ces for powder spr a y oper a t i on s.
(2) Spray in g area. An y a r ea i n wh i ch
da n ger ou s qu a n t i t i es of fl a mma bl e va -
por s or mi st s, or combu st i bl e r esi du es,
du st s, or deposi t s a r e pr esen t du e t o
t h e oper a t i on of spr a y i n g pr ocesses.
(3) Spray boot h . A power -ven t i l a t ed
st r u ct u r e pr ovi ded t o en cl ose or a ccom-
moda t e a spr a y i n g oper a t i on t o con fi n e
a n d l i mi t t h e esca pe of spr a y , va por ,
a n d r esi du e, a n d t o sa fel y con du ct or
di r ect t h em t o a n exh a u st sy st em.
(4) Wat erwash spray boot h . A spr a y
boot h equ i pped wi t h a wa t er wa sh i n g
sy st em desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze du st s or
r esi du es en t er i n g exh a u st du ct s a n d t o
per mi t t h e r ecover y of over spr a y fi n -
i sh i n g ma t er i a l .
(5) Dry spray boot h . A spr a y boot h n ot
equ i pped wi t h a wa t er wa sh i n g sy st em
a s descr i bed i n su bpa r a gr a ph (4) of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph . A dr y spr a y boot h ma y be
equ i pped wi t h (i ) di st r i bu t i on or ba ffl e
pl a t es t o pr omot e a n even fl ow of a i r
t h r ou gh t h e boot h or ca u se t h e deposi t
of over spr a y befor e i t en t er s t h e ex-
h a u st du ct ; or (i i ) over spr a y dr y fi l t er s
t o mi n i mi ze du st s; or (i i i ) over spr a y
dr y fi l t er s t o mi n i mi ze du st s or r esi -
du es en t er i n g exh a u st du ct s; or (i v)
over spr a y dr y fi l t er r ol l s desi gn ed t o
mi n i mi ze du st s or r esi du es en t er i n g ex-
h a u st du ct s; or (v) wh er e dr y powder s
a r e bei n g spr a y ed, wi t h powder col l ec-
t i on sy st ems so a r r a n ged i n t h e ex-
h a u st t o ca pt u r e over spr a y ed ma t er i a l .
(6) Flu idized bed. A con t a i n er h ol di n g
powder coa t i n g ma t er i a l wh i ch i s a er -
a t ed fr om bel ow so a s t o for m a n a i r -
su ppor t ed expa n ded cl ou d of su ch ma -
t er i a l t h r ou gh wh i ch t h e pr eh ea t ed ob-
j ect t o be coa t ed i s i mmer sed a n d
t r a n spor t ed.
(7) Elect rost at ic f lu idized bed. A con -
t a i n er h ol di n g powder coa t i n g ma t er i a l
wh i ch i s a er a t ed fr om bel ow so a s t o
for m a n a i r -su ppor t ed expa n ded cl ou d
of su ch ma t er i a l wh i ch i s el ect r i ca l l y
ch a r ged wi t h a ch a r ge opposi t e t o t h e
ch a r ge of t h e obj ect t o be coa t ed; su ch
obj ect i s t r a n spor t ed, t h r ou gh t h e con -
t a i n er i mmedi a t el y a bove t h e ch a r ged
a n d a er a t ed ma t er i a l s i n or der t o be
coa t ed.
(8) Approved. S h a l l mea n a ppr oved
a n d l i st ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y . Refer t o 1910. 7 for
defi n i t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
(9) L ist ed. S ee a ppr oved i n
1910. 107(a )(8).
(b) Spray boot h s(1) Con st ru ct ion .
S pr a y boot h s sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l l y
con st r u ct ed of st eel , secu r el y a n d r i g-
i dl y su ppor t ed, or of con cr et e or ma -
son r y except t h a t a l u mi n u m or ot h er
su bst a n t i a l n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l
ma y be u sed for i n t er mi t t en t or l ow
vol u me spr a y i n g. S pr a y boot h s sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o sweep a i r cu r r en t s t owa r d
t h e exh a u st ou t l et .
(2) I n t eriors. Th e i n t er i or su r fa ces of
spr a y boot h s sh a l l be smoot h a n d con -
t i n u ou s wi t h ou t edges a n d ot h er wi se
desi gn ed t o pr even t pock et i n g of r esi -
du es a n d fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n i n g a n d wa sh -
i n g wi t h ou t i n j u r y .
(3) Floors. Th e fl oor su r fa ce of a spr a y
boot h a n d oper a t or s wor k i n g a r ea , i f
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
271
combu st i bl e, sh a l l be cover ed wi t h n on -
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l of su ch ch a r a ct er
a s t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e sa fe cl ea n i n g a n d
r emova l of r esi du es.
(4) Dist ribu t ion or baf f le plat es. Di s-
t r i bu t i on or ba ffl e pl a t es, i f i n st a l l ed
t o pr omot e a n even fl ow of a i r t h r ou gh
t h e boot h or ca u se t h e deposi t of
over spr a y befor e i t en t er s t h e exh a u st
du ct , sh a l l be of n on combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l a n d r ea di l y r emova bl e or a cces-
si bl e on bot h si des for cl ea n i n g. S u ch
pl a t es sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed i n exh a u st
du ct s.
(5) Dry t y pe overspray collect ors(ex-
h au st air f ilt ers). I n con ven t i on a l dr y
t y pe spr a y boot h s, over spr a y dr y fi l t er s
or fi l t er r ol l s, i f i n st a l l ed, sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Th e spr a y i n g oper a t i on s except
el ect r ost a t i c spr a y i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l
be so desi gn ed, i n st a l l ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed t h a t t h e a ver a ge a i r vel oci t y
over t h e open fa ce of t h e boot h (or
boot h cr oss sect i on du r i n g spr a y i n g op-
er a t i on s) sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 100 l i n -
ea r feet per mi n u t e. El ect r ost a t i c
spr a y i n g oper a t i on s ma y be con du ct ed
wi t h a n a i r vel oci t y over t h e open fa ce
of t h e boot h of n ot l ess t h a n 60 l i n ea r
feet per mi n u t e, or mor e, depen di n g on
t h e vol u me of t h e fi n i sh i n g ma t er i a l
bei n g a ppl i ed a n d i t s fl a mma bi l i t y a n d
expl osi on ch a r a ct er i st i cs. Vi si bl e
ga u ges or a u di bl e a l a r m or pr essu r e a c-
t i va t ed devi ces sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o i n -
di ca t e or i n su r e t h a t t h e r equ i r ed a i r
vel oci t y i s ma i n t a i n ed. F i l t er r ol l s
sh a l l be i n spect ed t o i n su r e pr oper r e-
pl a cemen t of fi l t er medi a .
(i i ) Al l di sca r ded fi l t er pa ds a n d fi l t er
r ol l s sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r emoved t o
a sa fe, wel l -det a ch ed l oca t i on or pl a ced
i n a wa t er -fi l l ed met a l con t a i n er a n d
di sposed of a t t h e cl ose of t h e da y s op-
er a t i on u n l ess ma i n t a i n ed compl et el y
i n wa t er .
(i i i ) Th e l oca t i on of fi l t er s i n a spr a y
boot h sh a l l be so a s t o n ot r edu ce t h e
effect i ve boot h en cl osu r e of t h e a r t i -
cl es bei n g spr a y ed.
(i v) S pa ce wi t h i n t h e spr a y boot h on
t h e down st r ea m a n d u pst r ea m si des of
fi l t er s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed wi t h a ppr oved
a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er s.
(v) F i l t er s or fi l t er r ol l s sh a l l n ot be
u sed wh en a ppl y i n g a spr a y ma t er i a l
k n own t o be h i gh l y su scept i bl e t o spon -
t a n eou s h ea t i n g a n d i gn i t i on .
(vi ) Cl ea n fi l t er s or fi l t er r ol l s sh a l l
be n on combu st i bl e or of a t y pe h a vi n g
a combu st i bi l i t y n ot i n excess of cl a ss
2 fi l t er s a s l i st ed by Un der wr i t er s La b-
or a t or i es, I n c. F i l t er s a n d fi l t er r ol l s
sh a l l n ot be a l t er n a t el y u sed for di f-
fer en t t y pes of coa t i n g ma t er i a l s,
wh er e t h e combi n a t i on of ma t er i a l s
ma y be con du ci ve t o spon t a n eou s i gn i -
t i on . S ee a l so pa r a gr a ph (g)(6) of t h i s
sect i on .
(6) Fron t al area. Ea ch spr a y boot h
h a vi n g a fr on t a l a r ea l a r ger t h a n 9
squ a r e feet sh a l l h a ve a met a l defl ect or
or cu r t a i n n ot l ess t h a n 2
1
2 i n ch es deep
i n st a l l ed a t t h e u pper ou t er edge of t h e
boot h over t h e open i n g.
(7) Con vey ors. Wh er e con vey or s a r e
a r r a n ged t o ca r r y wor k i n t o or ou t of
spr a y boot h s, t h e open i n gs t h er efor
sh a l l be a s sma l l a s pr a ct i ca l .
(8) Separat ion of operat ion s. Ea ch
spr a y boot h sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om
ot h er oper a t i on s by n ot l ess t h a n 3
feet , or by a gr ea t er di st a n ce, or by
su ch pa r t i t i on or wa l l a s t o r edu ce t h e
da n ger fr om j u xt a posi t i on of h a za r dou s
oper a t i on s. S ee a l so pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) of
t h i s sect i on .
(9) Clean in g. S pr a y boot h s sh a l l be so
i n st a l l ed t h a t a l l por t i on s a r e r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e for cl ea n i n g. A cl ea r spa ce of
n ot l ess t h a n 3 feet on a l l si des sh a l l be
k ept fr ee fr om st or a ge or combu st i bl e
(10) I llu min at ion . Wh en spr a y i n g a r ea s
a r e i l l u mi n a t ed t h r ou gh gl a ss pa n el s or
ot h er t r a n spa r en t ma t er i a l s, on l y fi xed
l i gh t i n g u n i t s sh a l l be u sed a s a sou r ce
of i l l u mi n a t i on . P a n el s sh a l l effec-
t i vel y i sol a t e t h e spr a y i n g a r ea fr om
t h e a r ea i n wh i ch t h e l i gh t i n g u n i t i s
l oca t ed, a n d sh a l l be of a n on combu s-
t i bl e ma t er i a l of su ch a n a t u r e or so
pr ot ect ed t h a t br ea k a ge wi l l be u n -
l i k el y . P a n el s sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t
n or ma l a ccu mu l a t i on s of r esi du e on
t h e exposed su r fa ce of t h e pa n el wi l l
n ot be r a i sed t o a da n ger ou s t emper a -
t u r e by r a di a t i on or con du ct i on fr om
t h e sou r ce of i l l u mi n a t i on .
(c) Elect rical an d ot h er sou rces of ign i-
t ion (1) Con f orman ce. Al l el ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t , open fl a mes a n d ot h er
sou r ces of i gn i t i on sh a l l con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , except
a s fol l ows:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
272
(i ) El ect r ost a t i c a ppa r a t u s sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(h ) a n d (i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Dr y i n g, cu r i n g, a n d fu si on a ppa -
r a t u s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (j ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i i ) Au t omobi l e u n der coa t i n g spr a y
oper a t i on s i n ga r a ges sh a l l con for m t o
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (k ) of
t h i s sect i on ;
(i v) P owder coa t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l
con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Min imu m separat ion . Th er e sh a l l be
n o open fl a me or spa r k pr odu ci n g
equ i pmen t i n a n y spr a y i n g a r ea n or
wi t h i n 20 feet t h er eof, u n l ess sepa r a t ed
by a pa r t i t i on .
(3) Hot su rf aces. S pa ce-h ea t i n g a ppl i -
a n ces, st ea mpi pes, or h ot su r fa ces sh a l l
n ot be l oca t ed i n a spr a y i n g a r ea wh er e
deposi t s of combu st i bl e r esi du es ma y
r ea di l y a ccu mu l a t e.
(4) Wirin g con f orman ce. El ect r i ca l wi r -
i n g a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l con for m t o t h e
pr ovi si on s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a n d sh a l l
ot h er wi se be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(5) Combu st ible residu es, areas. Un l ess
speci fi ca l l y a ppr oved for l oca t i on s con -
t a i n i n g bot h deposi t s of r ea di l y i gn i t -
a bl e r esi du e a n d expl osi ve va por s, t h er e
sh a l l be n o el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t i n a n y
spr a y i n g a r ea , wh er eon deposi t s of
combu st i bl e r esi du es ma y r ea di l y a ccu -
mu l a t e, except wi r i n g i n r i gi d con du i t
or i n boxes or fi t t i n gs con t a i n i n g n o
t a ps, spl i ces, or t er mi n a l con n ect i on s.
(6) Wirin g t y pe approved. El ect r i ca l
wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t n ot su bj ect t o
deposi t s of combu st i bl e r esi du es bu t l o-
ca t ed i n a spr a y i n g a r ea a s h er ei n de-
fi n ed sh a l l be of expl osi on -pr oof t y pe
a ppr oved for Cl a ss I , gr ou p D l oca t i on s
a n d sh a l l ot h er wi se con for m t o t h e pr o-
vi si on s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t , for
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1, Ha za r dou s Loca -
t i on s. El ect r i ca l wi r i n g, mot or s, a n d
ot h er equ i pmen t ou t si de of bu t wi t h i n
t wen t y (20) feet of a n y spr a y i n g a r ea ,
a n d n ot sepa r a t ed t h er efr om by pa r t i -
t i on s, sh a l l n ot pr odu ce spa r k s u n der
n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s a n d sh a l l
ot h er wi se con for m t o t h e pr ovi si on s of
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t for Cl a ss I , Di vi -
si on 2 Ha za r dou s Loca t i on s.
(7) L amps. El ect r i c l a mps ou t si de of,
bu t wi t h i n t wen t y (20) feet of a n y
spr a y i n g a r ea , a n d n ot sepa r a t ed t h er e-
fr om by a pa r t i t i on , sh a l l be t ot a l l y en -
cl osed t o pr even t t h e fa l l i n g of h ot pa r -
t i cl es a n d sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om me-
ch a n i ca l i n j u r y by su i t a bl e gu a r ds or
by l oca t i on .
(8) Port able lamps. P or t a bl e el ect r i c
l a mps sh a l l n ot be u sed i n a n y spr a y i n g
a r ea du r i n g spr a y i n g oper a t i on s. P or t -
a bl e el ect r i c l a mps, i f u sed du r i n g
cl ea n i n g or r epa i r i n g oper a t i on s, sh a l l
be of t h e t y pe a ppr oved for h a za r dou s
Cl a ss I l oca t i on s.
(9) Grou n din g. (i ) Al l met a l pa r t s of
spr a y boot h s, exh a u st du ct s, a n d pi pi n g
sy st ems con vey i n g fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds or a er a t ed sol i ds sh a l l
be pr oper l y el ect r i ca l l y gr ou n ded i n a n
effect i ve a n d per ma n en t ma n n er .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(d) Ven t ilat ion (1) Con f orman ce. Ven -
t i l a t i n g a n d exh a u st sy st ems sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e S t a n da r d for
Bl ower a n d Exh a u st S y st ems for Va por
Remova l , NF P A No. 911961, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6, wh er e a ppl i ca bl e a n d sh a l l
a l so con for m t o t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Gen eral. Al l spr a y i n g a r ea s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h mech a n i ca l ven t i l a -
t i on a dequ a t e t o r emove fl a mma bl e va -
por s, mi st s, or powder s t o a sa fe l oca -
t i on a n d t o con fi n e a n d con t r ol com-
bu st i bl e r esi du es so t h a t l i fe i s n ot en -
da n ger ed. Mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be k ept i n oper a t i on a t a l l t i mes wh i l e
spr a y i n g oper a t i on s a r e bei n g con -
du ct ed a n d for a su ffi ci en t t i me t h er e-
a ft er t o a l l ow va por s fr om dr y i n g coa t -
ed a r t i cl es a n d dr y i n g fi n i sh i n g ma t e-
r i a l r esi du e t o be exh a u st ed.
(3) I n depen den t exh au st . Ea ch spr a y
boot h sh a l l h a ve a n i n depen den t ex-
h a u st du ct sy st em di sch a r gi n g t o t h e
ext er i or of t h e bu i l di n g, except t h a t
mu l t i pl e ca bi n et spr a y boot h s i n wh i ch
i den t i ca l spr a y fi n i sh i n g ma t er i a l i s
u sed wi t h a combi n ed fr on t a l a r ea of
n ot mor e t h a n 18 squ a r e feet ma y h a ve
a common exh a u st . I f mor e t h a n on e
fa n ser ves on e boot h , a l l fa n s sh a l l be
so i n t er con n ect ed t h a t on e fa n ca n n ot
oper a t e wi t h ou t a l l fa n s bei n g oper -
a t ed.
(4) Fan -rot at in g elemen t . Th e fa n -r o-
t a t i n g el emen t sh a l l be n on fer r ou s or
n on spa r k i n g or t h e ca si n g sh a l l con si st
of or be l i n ed wi t h su ch ma t er i a l .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
273
Th er e sh a l l be a mpl e cl ea r a n ce be-
t ween t h e fa n -r ot a t i n g el emen t a n d t h e
fa n ca si n g t o a voi d a fi r e by fr i ct i on ,
n ecessa r y a l l owa n ce bei n g ma de for or -
di n a r y expa n si on a n d l oa di n g t o pr e-
ven t con t a ct bet ween movi n g pa r t s a n d
t h e du ct or fa n h ou si n g. F a n bl a des
sh a l l be mou n t ed on a sh a ft su ffi -
ci en t l y h ea vy t o ma i n t a i n per fect
a l i gn men t even wh en t h e bl a des of t h e
fa n a r e h ea vi l y l oa ded, t h e sh a ft pr ef-
er a bl y t o h a ve bea r i n gs ou t si de t h e
du ct a n d boot h . Al l bea r i n gs sh a l l be of
t h e sel f-l u br i ca t i n g t y pe, or l u br i ca t ed
fr om t h e ou t si de du ct .
(5) Elect ric mot ors. El ect r i c mot or s
dr i vi n g exh a u st fa n s sh a l l n ot be pl a ced
i n si de boot h s or du ct s. S ee a l so pa r a -
(6) Belt s. Bel t s sh a l l n ot en t er t h e
du ct or boot h u n l ess t h e bel t a n d pu l -
l ey wi t h i n t h e du ct or boot h a r e t h or -
ou gh l y en cl osed.
(7) Exh au st du ct s. Exh a u st du ct s sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed of st eel a n d sh a l l be
su bst a n t i a l l y su ppor t ed. Exh a u st du ct s
wi t h ou t da mper s a r e pr efer r ed; h ow-
ever , i f da mper s a r e i n st a l l ed, t h ey
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed so t h a t t h ey wi l l
be i n a fu l l open posi t i on a t a l l t i mes
t h e ven t i l a t i n g sy st em i s i n oper a t i on .
(i ) Exh a u st du ct s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st mech a n i ca l da ma ge a n d h a ve a
cl ea r a n ce fr om u n pr ot ect ed combu s-
t i bl e con st r u ct i on or ot h er combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l of n ot l ess t h a n 18 i n ch es.
(i i ) I f combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on i s
pr ovi ded wi t h t h e fol l owi n g pr ot ect i on
a ppl i ed t o a l l su r fa ces wi t h i n 18 i n ch es,
cl ea r a n ces ma y be r edu ced t o t h e di s-
t a n ces i n di ca t ed:
(a) 28-gage sheet metal on
1
4-inch asbestos
mill board.
12 inches.
(b) 28-gage sheet metal on
1
8-inch asbestos
mill board spaced out 1 inch on non-
combustible spacers.
9 inches.
(c) 22-gage sheet metal on 1-inch rockwool
batts reinforced with wire mesh or the
equivalent.
3 inches.
(d) Where ducts are protected with an ap-
proved automatic sprinkler system, properly
maintained, the clearance required in sub-
division (i) of this subparagraph may be re-
duced to 6 inches.
(8) Disch arge clearan ce. Un l ess t h e
spr a y boot h exh a u st du ct t er mi n a l i s
fr om a wa t er -wa sh spr a y boot h , t h e
t er mi n a l di sch a r ge poi n t sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n 6 feet fr om a n y combu st i bl e
ext er i or wa l l or r oof n or di sch a r ge i n
t h e di r ect i on of a n y combu st i bl e con -
st r u ct i on or u n pr ot ect ed open i n g i n
a n y n on combu st i bl e ext er i or wa l l wi t h -
i n 25 feet .
(9) Air exh au st . Ai r exh a u st fr om
spr a y oper a t i on s sh a l l n ot be di r ect ed
so t h a t i t wi l l con t a mi n a t e ma k eu p a i r
bei n g i n t r odu ced i n t o t h e spr a y i n g a r ea
or ot h er ven t i l a t i n g i n t a k es, n or di -
r ect ed so a s t o cr ea t e a n u i sa n ce. Ai r
exh a u st ed fr om spr a y oper a t i on s sh a l l
n ot be r eci r cu l a t ed.
(10) Access doors. Wh en n ecessa r y t o
fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n i n g, exh a u st du ct s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a n a mpl e n u mber of
a ccess door s.
(11) Room in t ak es. Ai r i n t a k e open i n gs
t o r ooms con t a i n i n g spr a y fi n i sh i n g op-
er a t i on s sh a l l be a dequ a t e for t h e effi -
ci en t oper a t i on of exh a u st fa n s a n d
sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e
cr ea t i on of dea d a i r pock et s.
(12) Dry in g spaces. F r esh l y spr a y ed
a r t i cl es sh a l l be dr i ed on l y i n spa ces
pr ovi ded wi t h a dequ a t e ven t i l a t i on t o
pr even t t h e for ma t i on of expl osi ve va -
por s. I n t h e even t a dequ a t e a n d r el i a bl e
ven t i l a t i on i s n ot pr ovi ded su ch dr y i n g
spa ces sh a l l be con si der ed a spr a y i n g
a r ea . S ee a l so pa r a gr a ph (j ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(e) Flammable an d combu st ible liqu ids
st orage an d h an dlin g(1) Con f orman ce.
Th e st or a ge of fl a mma bl e or combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds i n con n ect i on wi t h spr a y -
i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 106, wh er e a ppl i ca -
bl e.
(2) Qu an t it y . Th e qu a n t i t y of fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds k ept i n
t h e vi ci n i t y of spr a y i n g oper a t i on s
sh a l l be t h e mi n i mu m r equ i r ed for op-
er a t i on s a n d sh ou l d or di n a r i l y n ot ex-
ceed a su ppl y for 1 da y or on e sh i ft .
Bu l k st or a ge of por t a bl e con t a i n er s of
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l
be i n a sepa r a t e, con st r u ct ed bu i l di n g
det a ch ed fr om ot h er i mpor t a n t bu i l d-
i n gs or cu t off i n a st a n da r d ma n n er .
(3) Con t ain ers. Or i gi n a l cl osed con -
t a i n er s, a ppr oved por t a bl e t a n k s, a p-
pr oved sa fet y ca n s or a pr oper l y a r -
r a n ged sy st em of pi pi n g sh a l l be u sed
for br i n gi n g fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds i n t o spr a y fi n i sh i n g r oom. Open
or gl a ss con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(4) T ran sf errin g liqu ids. Except a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(5) of t h i s sect i on
t h e wi t h dr a wa l of fl a mma bl e a n d com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds fr om con t a i n er s h a vi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
274
a ca pa ci t y of gr ea t er t h a n 60 ga l l on s
sh a l l be by a ppr oved pu mps. Th e wi t h -
dr a wa l of fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds fr om con t a i n er s a n d t h e fi l l i n g
of con t a i n er s, i n cl u di n g por t a bl e mi x-
i n g t a n k s, sh a l l be don e on l y i n a su i t -
a bl e mi xi n g r oom or i n a spr a y i n g a r ea
wh en t h e ven t i l a t i n g sy st em i s i n oper -
a t i on . Adequ a t e pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en t o pr ot ect a ga i n st l i qu i d spi l l a ge
a n d sou r ces of i gn i t i on .
(5) Spray in g con t ain ers. Con t a i n er s
su ppl y i n g spr a y n ozzl es sh a l l be of
cl osed t y pe or pr ovi ded wi t h met a l cov-
er s k ept cl osed. Con t a i n er s n ot r est i n g
on fl oor s sh a l l be on met a l su ppor t s or
su spen ded by wi r e ca bl es. Con t a i n er s
su ppl y i n g spr a y n ozzl es by gr a vi t y fl ow
sh a l l n ot exceed 10 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y .
Or i gi n a l sh i ppi n g con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot
be su bj ect t o a i r pr essu r e for su ppl y i n g
spr a y n ozzl es. Con t a i n er s u n der a i r
pr essu r e su ppl y i n g spr a y n ozzl es sh a l l
be of l i mi t ed ca pa ci t y , n ot exceedi n g
t h a t n ecessa r y for 1 da y s oper a t i on ;
sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d a ppr oved for su ch
u se; sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a vi si bl e
pr essu r e ga ge; a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a r el i ef va l ve set t o oper a t e i n
con for ma n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h e Code for Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s,
S ect i on VI I I of t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d
P r essu r e Vessel Code1968, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6. Con t a i n er s u n der a i r pr essu r e
su ppl y i n g spr a y n ozzl es, a i r -st or a ge
t a n k s a n d cool er s sh a l l con for m t o t h e
st a n da r ds of t h e Code for Un fi r ed P r es-
su r e Vessel s, S ect i on VI I I of t h e AS ME
Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code1968
for con st r u ct i on , t est s, a n d ma i n t e-
n a n ce.
(6) Pipes an d h oses. (i ) Al l con t a i n er s
or pi pi n g t o wh i ch i s a t t a ch ed a h ose or
fl exi bl e con n ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a sh u t off va l ve a t t h e con n ect i on .
S u ch va l ves sh a l l be k ept sh u t wh en
spr a y i n g oper a t i on s a r e n ot bei n g con -
du ct ed.
(i i ) Wh en a pu mp i s u sed t o del i ver
pr odu ct s, a u t oma t i c mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o pr even t pr essu r e i n excess
of t h e desi gn wor k i n g pr essu r e of a c-
cessor i es, pi pi n g, a n d h ose.
(i i i ) Al l pr essu r e h ose a n d cou pl i n gs
sh a l l be i n spect ed a t r egu l a r i n t er va l s
a ppr opr i a t e t o t h i s ser vi ce. Th e h ose
a n d cou pl i n gs sh a l l be t est ed wi t h t h e
h ose ext en ded, a n d u si n g t h e i n ser vi ce
ma xi mu m oper a t i n g pr essu r es. An y
h ose sh owi n g ma t er i a l det er i or a t i on s,
si gn s of l ea k a ge, or wea k n ess i n i t s
ca r ca ss or a t t h e cou pl i n gs, sh a l l be
wi t h dr a wn fr om ser vi ce a n d r epa i r ed or
di sca r ded.
(i v) P i pi n g sy st ems con vey i n g fl a m-
ma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds sh a l l be
of st eel or ot h er ma t er i a l h a vi n g com-
pa r a bl e pr oper t i es of r esi st a n ce t o h ea t
a n d ph y si ca l da ma ge. P i pi n g sy st ems
sh a l l be pr oper l y bon ded a n d gr ou n ded.
(7) Spray liqu id h eat ers. El ect r i ca l l y
power ed spr a y l i qu i d h ea t er s sh a l l be
a ppr oved a n d l i st ed for t h e speci fi c l o-
ca t i on i n wh i ch u sed (see pa r a gr a ph (c)
of t h i s sect i on ). Hea t er s sh a l l n ot be l o-
ca t ed i n spr a y boot h s n or ot h er l oca -
t i on s su bj ect t o t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of
deposi t s or combu st i bl e r esi du e. I f a n
el ect r i c mot or i s u sed, see pa r a gr a ph
(c) of t h i s sect i on .
(8) Pu mp relief . I f fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds a r e su ppl i ed t o spr a y
n ozzl es by posi t i ve di spl a cemen t
pu mps, t h e pu mp di sch a r ge l i n e sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a n a ppr oved r el i ef
va l ve di sch a r gi n g t o a pu mp su ct i on or
a sa fe det a ch ed l oca t i on , or a devi ce
pr ovi ded t o st op t h e pr i me mover i f t h e
di sch a r ge pr essu r e exceeds t h e sa fe op-
er a t i n g pr essu r e of t h e sy st em.
(9) Grou n din g. Wh en ever fl a mma bl e
or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds a r e t r a n sfer r ed
fr om on e con t a i n er t o a n ot h er , bot h
con t a i n er s sh a l l be effect i vel y bon ded
a n d gr ou n ded t o pr even t di sch a r ge
spa r k s of st a t i c el ect r i ci t y .
(f) Prot ect ion (1) Con f orman ce. I n
spr i n k l er ed bu i l di n gs, t h e a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er sy st em i n r ooms con t a i n i n g
spr a y fi n i sh i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 159.
I n u n spr i n k l er ed bu i l di n gs wh er e spr i n -
k l er s a r e i n st a l l ed on l y t o pr ot ect
spr a y i n g a r ea s, t h e i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l
con for m t o su ch st a n da r ds i n sofa r a s
t h ey a r e a ppl i ca bl e. S pr i n k l er h ea ds
sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o pr ovi de wa t er
di st r i bu t i on t h r ou gh ou t t h e en t i r e
boot h .
(2) Valve access. Au t oma t i c spr i n k l er s
pr ot ect i n g ea ch spr a y boot h (t oget h er
wi t h i t s con n ect i n g exh a u st ) sh a l l be
u n der a n a ccessi bl y l oca t ed sepa r a t e
ou t si de st em a n d y ok e (OS &Y) su bcon -
t r ol va l ve.
(3) Clean in g of h eads. S pr i n k l er s pr o-
t ect i n g spr a y i n g a r ea s sh a l l be k ept a s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
275
fr ee fr om deposi t s a s pr a ct i ca l by
cl ea n i n g da i l y i f n ecessa r y . (S ee a l so
pa r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on . )
(4) Port able ext in gu ish ers. An a dequ a t e
su ppl y of su i t a bl e por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed n ea r a l l
spr a y i n g a r ea s.
(g) Operat ion s an d main t en an ce(1)
Spray in g. S pr a y i n g sh a l l n ot be con -
du ct ed ou t si de of pr edet er mi n ed spr a y -
i n g a r ea s.
(2) Clean in g. Al l spr a y i n g a r ea s sh a l l
be k ept a s fr ee fr om t h e a ccu mu l a t i on
of deposi t s of combu st i bl e r esi du es a s
pr a ct i ca l , wi t h cl ea n i n g con du ct ed
da i l y i f n ecessa r y . S cr a per s, spu ds, or
ot h er su ch t ool s u sed for cl ea n i n g pu r -
poses sh a l l be of n on spa r k i n g ma t er i a l .
(3) Residu e disposal. Resi du e scr a pi n gs
a n d debr i s con t a mi n a t ed wi t h r esi du e
sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r emoved fr om t h e
pr emi ses a n d pr oper l y di sposed of. Ap-
pr oved met a l wa st e ca n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wh er ever r a gs or wa st e a r e i m-
pr egn a t ed wi t h fi n i sh i n g ma t er i a l a n d
a l l su ch r a gs or wa st e deposi t ed t h er ei n
i mmedi a t el y a ft er u se. Th e con t en t s of
wa st e ca n s sh a l l be pr oper l y di sposed of
a t l ea st on ce da i l y or a t t h e en d of ea ch
sh i ft .
(4) Clot h in g st orage. S pr a y fi n i sh i n g
empl oy ees cl ot h i n g sh a l l n ot be l eft on
t h e pr emi ses over n i gh t u n l ess k ept i n
met a l l ock er s.
(5) Clean in g solven t s. Th e u se of sol -
ven t s for cl ea n i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be
r est r i ct ed t o t h ose h a vi n g fl a sh poi n t s
n ot l ess t h a n 100 F . ; h owever , for
cl ea n i n g spr a y n ozzl es a n d a u xi l i a r y
equ i pmen t , sol ven t s h a vi n g fl a sh poi n t s
n ot l ess t h a n t h ose n or ma l l y u sed i n
spr a y oper a t i on s ma y be u sed. S u ch
cl ea n i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed i n si de
spr a y boot h s a n d ven t i l a t i n g equ i p-
men t oper a t ed du r i n g cl ea n i n g.
(6) Hazardou s mat erials combin at ion s.
S pr a y boot h s sh a l l n ot be a l t er n a t el y
u sed for di ffer en t t y pes of coa t i n g ma -
t er i a l s, wh er e t h e combi n a t i on of t h e
ma t er i a l s ma y be con du ci ve t o spon t a -
n eou s i gn i t i on , u n l ess a l l deposi t s of
t h e fi r st u sed ma t er i a l a r e r emoved
fr om t h e boot h a n d exh a u st du ct s pr i or
t o spr a y i n g wi t h t h e secon d u sed ma t e-
r i a l .
(7) No Smok in g sign s. No smok i n g
si gn s i n l a r ge l et t er s on con t r a st i n g
col or ba ck gr ou n d sh a l l be con spi cu -
ou sl y post ed a t a l l spr a y i n g a r ea s a n d
pa i n t st or a ge r ooms.
(h ) Fixed elect rost at ic apparat u s(1)
Con f orman ce. Wh er e i n st a l l a t i on a n d
u se of el ect r ost a t i c spr a y i n g equ i p-
men t i s u sed, su ch i n st a l l a t i on a n d u se
sh a l l con for m t o a l l ot h er pa r a gr a ph s
of t h i s sect i on , a n d sh a l l a l so con for m
t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(2) T y pe approval. El ect r ost a t i c a ppa -
r a t u s a n d devi ces u sed i n con n ect i on
wi t h coa t i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be of a p-
pr oved t y pes.
(3) L ocat ion . Tr a n sfor mer s, power
pa ck s, con t r ol a ppa r a t u s, a n d a l l ot h er
el ect r i ca l por t i on s of t h e equ i pmen t ,
wi t h t h e except i on of h i gh -vol t a ge
gr i ds, el ect r odes, a n d el ect r ost a t i c
a t omi zi n g h ea ds a n d t h ei r con n ect i on s,
sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of t h e spr a y i n g
a r ea , or sh a l l ot h er wi se con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s
sect i on .
(4) Su pport . El ect r odes a n d el ect r o-
st a t i c a t omi zi n g h ea ds sh a l l be a de-
qu a t el y su ppor t ed i n per ma n en t l oca -
t i on s a n d sh a l l be effect i vel y i n su l a t ed
fr om t h e gr ou n d. El ect r odes a n d el ec-
t r ost a t i c a t omi zi n g h ea ds wh i ch a r e
per ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o t h ei r ba ses,
su ppor t s, or r eci pr oca t or s, sh a l l be
deemed t o compl y wi t h t h i s sect i on .
I n su l a t or s sh a l l be n on por ou s a n d n on -
combu st i bl e.
(5) I n su lat ors, grou n din g. Hi gh -vol t a ge
l ea ds t o el ect r odes sh a l l be pr oper l y i n -
su l a t ed a n d pr ot ect ed fr om mech a n i ca l
i n j u r y or exposu r e t o dest r u ct i ve
ch emi ca l s. El ect r ost a t i c a t omi zi n g
h ea ds sh a l l be effect i vel y a n d per ma -
n en t l y su ppor t ed on su i t a bl e i n su l a t or s
a n d sh a l l be effect i vel y gu a r ded
a ga i n st a cci den t a l con t a ct or gr ou n d-
i n g. An a u t oma t i c mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for gr ou n di n g t h e el ect r ode sy s-
t em wh en i t i s el ect r i ca l l y deen er gi zed
for a n y r ea son . Al l i n su l a t or s sh a l l be
k ept cl ea n a n d dr y .
(6) Saf e dist an ce. A sa fe di st a n ce sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween goods bei n g
pa i n t ed a n d el ect r odes or el ect r ost a t i c
a t omi zi n g h ea ds or con du ct or s of a t
l ea st t wi ce t h e spa r k i n g di st a n ce. A
su i t a bl e si gn i n di ca t i n g t h i s sa fe di s-
t a n ce sh a l l be con spi cu ou sl y post ed
n ea r t h e a ssembl y .
(7) Con vey ors requ ired. Goods bei n g
pa i n t ed u si n g t h i s pr ocess a r e t o be
su ppor t ed on con vey or s. Th e con vey or s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
276
sh a l l be so a r r a n ged a s t o ma i n t a i n
sa fe di st a n ces bet ween t h e goods a n d
t h e el ect r odes or el ect r ost a t i c a t om-
i zi n g h ea ds a t a l l t i mes. An y i r r egu -
l a r l y sh a ped or ot h er goods su bj ect t o
possi bl e swi n gi n g or movemen t sh a l l be
r i gi dl y su ppor t ed t o pr even t su ch
swi n gi n g or movemen t wh i ch wou l d r e-
du ce t h e cl ea r a n ce t o l ess t h a n t h a t
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(6) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(8) Proh ibit ion . Th i s pr ocess i s n ot a c-
cept a bl e wh er e goods bei n g coa t ed a r e
ma n i pu l a t ed by h a n d. Wh en fi n i sh i n g
ma t er i a l s a r e a ppl i ed by el ect r ost a t i c
equ i pmen t wh i ch i s ma n i pu l a t ed by
h a n d, see pa r a gr a ph (i ) of t h i s sect i on
for a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s.
(9) Fail-saf e con t rols. El ect r ost a t i c a p-
pa r a t u s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a u t o-
ma t i c con t r ol s wh i ch wi l l oper a t e wi t h -
ou t t i me del a y t o di scon n ect t h e power
su ppl y t o t h e h i gh vol t a ge t r a n sfor mer
a n d t o si gn a l t h e oper a t or u n der a n y of
t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(i ) S t oppa ge of ven t i l a t i n g fa n s or
fa i l u r e of ven t i l a t i n g equ i pmen t fr om
a n y ca u se.
(i i ) S t oppa ge of t h e con vey or ca r -
r y i n g goods t h r ou gh t h e h i gh vol t a ge
fi el d.
(i i i ) Occu r r en ce of a gr ou n d or of a n
i mmi n en t gr ou n d a t a n y poi n t on t h e
h i gh vol t a ge sy st em.
(i v) Redu ct i on of cl ea r a n ce bel ow
t h a t speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(6) of
t h i s sect i on .
(10) Gu ardin g. Adequ a t e boot h s, fen c-
i n g, r a i l i n gs, or gu a r ds sh a l l be so
pl a ced a bou t t h e equ i pmen t t h a t t h ey ,
ei t h er by t h ei r l oca t i on or ch a r a ct er or
bot h , a ssu r e t h a t a sa fe i sol a t i on of t h e
pr ocess i s ma i n t a i n ed fr om pl a n t st or -
a ge or per son n el . S u ch r a i l i n gs, fen c-
i n g, a n d gu a r ds sh a l l be of con du ct i n g
ma t er i a l , a dequ a t el y gr ou n ded.
(11) Ven t ilat ion . Wh er e el ect r ost a t i c
a t omi za t i on i s u sed t h e spr a y i n g a r ea
sh a l l be so ven t i l a t ed a s t o i n su r e sa fe
con di t i on s fr om a fi r e a n d h ea l t h
st a n dpoi n t .
(12) Fire prot ect ion . Al l a r ea s u sed for
spr a y i n g, i n cl u di n g t h e i n t er i or of t h e
boot h , sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er s wh er e t h i s pr ot ect i on i s
a va i l a bl e. Wh er e t h i s pr ot ect i on i s n ot
a va i l a bl e, ot h er a ppr oved a u t oma t i c
ext i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i ) Elect rost at ic h an d spray in g equ ip-
men t (1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
sh a l l a ppl y t o a n y equ i pmen t u si n g
el ect r ost a t i ca l l y ch a r ged el emen t s for
t h e a t omi za t i on a n d/or , pr eci pi t a t i on
of ma t er i a l s for coa t i n gs on a r t i cl es, or
for ot h er si mi l a r pu r poses i n wh i ch t h e
a t omi zi n g devi ce i s h a n d h el d a n d ma -
n i pu l a t ed du r i n g t h e spr a y i n g oper -
a t i on .
(2) Con f orman ce. El ect r ost a t i c h a n d
spr a y i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l con for m wi t h
t h e ot h er pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Equ ipmen t approval an d specif ica-
t ion s. El ect r ost a t i c h a n d spr a y a ppa -
r a t u s a n d devi ces u sed i n con n ect i on
wi t h coa t i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be of a p-
pr oved t y pes. Th e h i gh vol t a ge ci r cu i t s
sh a l l be desi gn ed so a s t o n ot pr odu ce
a spa r k of su ffi ci en t i n t en si t y t o i gn i t e
a n y va por -a i r mi xt u r es n or r esu l t i n
a ppr eci a bl e sh ock h a za r d u pon comi n g
i n con t a ct wi t h a gr ou n ded obj ect
u n der a l l n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s.
Th e el ect r ost a t i ca l l y ch a r ged exposed
el emen t s of t h e h a n dgu n sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of bei n g en er gi zed on l y by a swi t ch
wh i ch a l so con t r ol s t h e coa t i n g ma t e-
r i a l su ppl y .
(4) Elect rical su pport equ ipmen t . Tr a n s-
for mer s, power pa ck s, con t r ol a ppa -
r a t u s, a n d a l l ot h er el ect r i ca l por t i on s
of t h e equ i pmen t , wi t h t h e except i on of
t h e h a n dgu n i t sel f a n d i t s con n ect i on s
t o t h e power su ppl y sh a l l be l oca t ed
ou t si de of t h e spr a y i n g a r ea or sh a l l
ot h er wi se con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(5) Spray gu n grou n d. Th e h a n dl e of
t h e spr a y i n g gu n sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y
con n ect ed t o gr ou n d by a met a l l i c con -
n ect i on a n d t o be so con st r u ct ed t h a t
t h e oper a t or i n n or ma l oper a t i n g posi -
t i on i s i n i n t i ma t e el ect r i ca l con t a ct
wi t h t h e gr ou n ded h a n dl e.
(6) Grou n din ggen eral. Al l el ec-
t r i ca l l y con du ct i ve obj ect s i n t h e
spr a y i n g a r ea sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
gr ou n ded. Th i s r equ i r emen t sh a l l a ppl y
t o pa i n t con t a i n er s, wa sh ca n s, a n d a n y
ot h er obj ect s or devi ces i n t h e a r ea .
Th e equ i pmen t sh a l l ca r r y a pr omi n en t
per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed wa r n i n g r ega r d-
i n g t h e n ecessi t y for t h i s gr ou n di n g
fea t u r e.
(7) Main t en an ce of grou n ds. Obj ect s
bei n g pa i n t ed or coa t ed sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n met a l l i c con t a ct wi t h t h e
con vey or or ot h er gr ou n ded su ppor t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
277
Hook s sh a l l be r egu l a r l y cl ea n ed t o i n -
su r e t h i s con t a ct a n d a r ea s of con t a ct
sh a l l be sh a r p poi n t s or k n i fe edges
wh er e possi bl e. P oi n t s of su ppor t of t h e
obj ect sh a l l be con cea l ed fr om r a n dom
spr a y wh er e fea si bl e a n d wh er e t h e ob-
j ect s bei n g spr a y ed a r e su ppor t ed fr om
a con vey or , t h e poi n t of a t t a ch men t t o
t h e con vey or sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o
n ot col l ect spr a y ma t er i a l du r i n g n or -
ma l oper a t i on .
(8) I n t erlock s. Th e el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t sh a l l be so i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e
ven t i l a t i on of t h e spr a y i n g a r ea t h a t
t h e equ i pmen t ca n n ot be oper a t ed u n -
l ess t h e ven t i l a t i on fa n s a r e i n oper -
a t i on .
(9) Ven t ilat ion . Th e spr a y i n g oper -
a t i on sh a l l t a k e pl a ce wi t h i n a spr a y
a r ea wh i ch i s a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed t o
r emove sol ven t va por s r el ea sed fr om
t h e oper a t i on .
(j ) Dry in g, cu rin g, or f u sion appa-
rat u s(1) Con f orman ce. Dr y i n g, cu r i n g,
or fu si on a ppa r a t u s i n con n ect i on wi t h
spr a y a ppl i ca t i on of fl a mma bl e a n d
combu st i bl e fi n i sh es sh a l l con for m t o
t h e S t a n da r d for Oven s a n d F u r n a ces,
NF P A 86A1969, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6,
wh er e a ppl i ca bl e a n d sh a l l a l so con -
for m wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
(2) Alt ern at e u se proh ibit ed. S pr a y
boot h s, r ooms, or ot h er en cl osu r es u sed
for spr a y i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l n ot a l t er -
n a t el y be u sed for t h e pu r pose of dr y -
i n g by a n y a r r a n gemen t wh i ch wi l l
ca u se a ma t er i a l i n cr ea se i n t h e su r -
fa ce t emper a t u r e of t h e spr a y boot h ,
r oom, or en cl osu r e.
(3) Adjacen t sy st em in t erlock ed. Except
a s speci fi ca l l y pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(j )(4) of t h i s sect i on , dr y i n g, cu r i n g, or
fu si on u n i t s u t i l i zi n g a h ea t i n g sy st em
h a vi n g open fl a mes or wh i ch ma y
pr odu ce spa r k s sh a l l n ot be i n st a l l ed i n
a spr a y i n g a r ea , bu t ma y be i n st a l l ed
a dj a cen t t h er et o wh en equ i pped wi t h
a n i n t er l ock ed ven t i l a t i n g sy st em a r -
r a n ged t o:
(i ) Th or ou gh l y ven t i l a t e t h e dr y i n g
spa ce befor e t h e h ea t i n g sy st em ca n be
st a r t ed;
(i i ) Ma i n t a i n a sa fe a t mosph er e a t
a n y sou r ce of i gn i t i on ;
(i i i ) Au t oma t i ca l l y sh u t down t h e
h ea t i n g sy st em i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e
of t h e ven t i l a t i n g sy st em.
(4) Alt ern at e u se permit t ed. Au t o-
mobi l e r efi n i sh i n g spr a y boot h s or en -
cl osu r es, ot h er wi se i n st a l l ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed i n fu l l con for mi t y wi t h t h i s sec-
t i on , ma y a l t er n a t el y be u sed for dr y -
i n g wi t h por t a bl e el ect r i ca l i n fr a r ed
dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s wh en con for mi n g
(i ) I n t er i or (especi a l l y fl oor s) of
spr a y en cl osu r es sh a l l be k ept fr ee of
over spr a y deposi t s.
(i i ) Du r i n g spr a y oper a t i on s, t h e dr y -
i n g a ppa r a t u s a n d el ect r i ca l con n ec-
t i on s a n d wi r i n g t h er et o sh a l l n ot be
l oca t ed wi t h i n spr a y en cl osu r e n or i n
a n y ot h er l oca t i on wh er e spr a y r esi -
du es ma y be deposi t ed t h er eon .
(i i i ) Th e spr a y i n g a ppa r a t u s, t h e dr y -
i n g a ppa r a t u s, a n d t h e ven t i l a t i n g sy s-
t em of t h e spr a y en cl osu r e sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h su i t a bl e i n t er l ock s so a r -
r a n ged t h a t :
(a) Th e spr a y i n g a ppa r a t u s ca n n ot be
oper a t ed wh i l e t h e dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s i s
i n si de t h e spr a y en cl osu r e.
(b) Th e spr a y en cl osu r e wi l l be
pu r ged of spr a y va por s for a per i od of
n ot l ess t h a n 3 mi n u t es befor e t h e dr y -
i n g a ppa r a t u s ca n be en er gi zed.
(c) Th e ven t i l a t i n g sy st em wi l l ma i n -
t a i n a sa fe a t mosph er e wi t h i n t h e en -
cl osu r e du r i n g t h e dr y i n g pr ocess a n d
t h e dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s wi l l a u t oma t i -
ca l l y sh u t off i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of
t h e ven t i l a t i n g sy st em.
(i v) Al l el ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i p-
men t of t h e dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s sh a l l con -
for m wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e sect i on s of
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . On l y equ i pmen t
of a t y pe a ppr oved for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on
2 h a za r dou s l oca t i on s sh a l l be l oca t ed
wi t h i n 18 i n ch es of fl oor l evel . Al l me-
t a l l i c pa r t s of t h e dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s
sh a l l be pr oper l y el ect r i ca l l y bon ded
a n d gr ou n ded.
(v) Th e dr y i n g a ppa r a t u s sh a l l con -
t a i n a pr omi n en t l y l oca t ed, per ma -
n en t l y a t t a ch ed wa r n i n g si gn i n di -
ca t i n g t h a t ven t i l a t i on sh ou l d be ma i n -
t a i n ed du r i n g t h e dr y i n g per i od a n d
t h a t spr a y i n g sh ou l d n ot be con du ct ed
i n t h e vi ci n i t y t h a t spr a y wi l l deposi t
on a ppa r a t u s.
(k ) Au t omobile u n dercoat in g in garages.
Au t omobi l e u n der coa t i n g spr a y oper -
a t i on s i n ga r a ges, con du ct ed i n a r ea s
h a vi n g a dequ a t e n a t u r a l or mech a n i ca l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
278
ven t i l a t i on , a r e exempt fr om t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s per t a i n i n g t o spr a y fi n -
i sh i n g oper a t i on s, wh en u si n g u n der -
coa t i n g ma t er i a l s n ot mor e h a za r dou s
t h a n k er osen e (a s l i st ed by Un der -
wr i t er s La bor a t or i es i n r espect t o fi r e
h a za r d r a t i n g 3040) or u n der coa t i n g
ma t er i a l s u si n g on l y sol ven t s l i st ed a s
h a vi n g a fl a sh poi n t i n excess of 100 F .
Un der coa t i n g spr a y oper a t i on s n ot con -
for mi n g t o t h ese pr ovi si on s a r e su bj ect
t o a l l r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on per -
t a i n i n g t o spr a y fi n i sh i n g oper a t i on s.
(l ) Powder coat in g(1) Elect rical an d
ot h er sou rces of ign it ion . El ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t a n d ot h er sou r ces of i gn i -
t i on sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1) (i )(i v), (8) a n d (9)(i )
of t h i s sect i on a n d su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t .
(2) Ven t ilat ion . (i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on , wh er e a ppl i ca bl e, exh a u st ven t i l a -
t i on sh a l l be su ffi ci en t t o ma i n t a i n t h e
a t mosph er e bel ow t h e l owest expl osi ve
l i mi t s for t h e ma t er i a l s bei n g a ppl i ed.
Al l n on deposi t ed a i r -su spen ded powder s
sh a l l be sa fel y r emoved vi a exh a u st
du ct s t o t h e powder r ecover y cy cl on e
or r ecept a cl e. Ea ch i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l
be desi gn ed a n d oper a t ed t o meet t h e
for egoi n g per for ma n ce speci fi ca t i on .
(i i ) P owder s sh a l l n ot be r el ea sed t o
t h e ou t si de a t mosph er e.
(3) Dry in g, cu rin g, or f u sion equ ipmen t .
Th e pr ovi si on s of t h e S t a n da r d for
oven s a n d fu r n a ces, NF P A No. 86A1969
sh a l l a ppl y wh er e a ppl i ca bl e.
(4) Operat ion an d main t en an ce. (i ) Al l
a r ea s sh a l l be k ept fr ee of t h e a ccu mu -
l a t i on of powder coa t i n g du st s, pa r t i cu -
l a r l y su ch h or i zon t a l su r fa ces a s
l edges, bea ms, pi pes, h oods, boot h s, a n d
fl oor s.
(i i ) S u r fa ces sh a l l be cl ea n ed i n su ch
ma n n er a s t o a voi d sca t t er i n g du st t o
ot h er pl a ces or cr ea t i n g du st cl ou ds.
(i i i ) No S mok i n g si gn s i n l a r ge l et -
t er s on con t r a st i n g col or ba ck gr ou n d
sh a l l be con spi cu ou sl y post ed a t a l l
powder coa t i n g a r ea s a n d powder st or -
a ge r ooms.
(5) Fixed elect rost at ic spray in g equ ip-
men t . Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (h ) of
t h i s sect i on a n d ot h er su bpa r a gr a ph s of
t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y t o fi xed
el ect r ost a t i c equ i pmen t , except t h a t
el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t n ot cover ed t h er e-
i n sh a l l con for m t o pa r a gr a ph (l )(1) of
t h i s sect i on .
(6) Elect rost at ic h an d spray in g equ ip-
men t . Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (i ) of
t h i s sect i on a n d ot h er su bpa r a gr a ph s of
t h i s pa r a gr a ph , sh a l l a ppl y t o el ect r o-
st a t i c h a n dgu n s wh en u sed i n powder
coa t i n g, except t h a t el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t n ot cover ed t h er ei n sh a l l con for m
t o pa r a gr a ph (l )(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(7) Elect rost at ic f lu idized beds. (i ) El ec-
t r ost a t i c fl u i di zed beds a n d a ssoci a t ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be of a ppr oved t y pes.
Th e ma xi mu m su r fa ce t emper a t u r e of
t h i s equ i pmen t i n t h e coa t i n g a r ea
sh a l l n ot exceed 150 F . Th e h i gh vol t -
a ge ci r cu i t s sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s t o
n ot pr odu ce a spa r k of su ffi ci en t i n t en -
si t y t o i gn i t e a n y powder -a i r mi xt u r es
n or r esu l t i n a ppr eci a bl e sh ock h a za r d
u pon comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h a gr ou n d-
ed obj ect u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g con -
di t i on s.
(i i ) Tr a n sfor mer s, power pa ck s, con -
t r ol a ppa r a t u s, a n d a l l ot h er el ect r i ca l
por t i on s of t h e equ i pmen t , wi t h t h e ex-
cept i on of t h e ch a r gi n g el ect r odes a n d
t h ei r con n ect i on s t o t h e power su ppl y
sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of t h e powder
coa t i n g a r ea or sh a l l ot h er wi se con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(l )(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Al l el ect r i ca l l y con du ct i ve ob-
j ect s wi t h i n t h e ch a r gi n g i n fl u en ce of
t h e el ect r odes sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
gr ou n ded. Th e powder coa t i n g equ i p-
men t sh a l l ca r r y a pr omi n en t , per ma -
n en t l y i n st a l l ed wa r n i n g r ega r di n g t h e
n ecessi t y for gr ou n di n g t h ese obj ect s.
(i v) Obj ect s bei n g coa t ed sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed i n con t a ct wi t h t h e con -
vey or or ot h er su ppor t i n or der t o i n -
su r e pr oper gr ou n di n g. Ha n ger s sh a l l
be r egu l a r l y cl ea n ed t o i n su r e effect i ve
con t a ct a n d a r ea s of con t a ct sh a l l be
sh a r p poi n t s or k n i fe edges wh er e pos-
si bl e.
(v) Th e el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l be
so i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e ven t i l a t i on sy s-
t em t h a t t h e equ i pmen t ca n n ot be op-
er a t ed u n l ess t h e ven t i l a t i on fa n s a r e
i n oper a t i on .
(m) Organ ic peroxides an d du al compo-
n en t coat in gs(1) Con f orman ce. Al l
spr a y i n g oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g t h e u se
of or ga n i c per oxi des a n d ot h er du a l
compon en t coa t i n gs sh a l l be con du ct ed
i n a ppr oved spr i n k l er ed spr a y boot h s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
279
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Smok in g. S mok i n g sh a l l be pr oh i b-
i t ed a n d No S mok i n g si gn s sh a l l be
pr omi n en t l y di spl a y ed a n d on l y n on -
spa r k i n g t ool s sh a l l be u sed i n a n y a r ea
wh er e or ga n i c per oxi des a r e st or ed,
mi xed or a ppl i ed.
(n ) Scope. Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
fl a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e fi n i sh i n g
ma t er i a l s wh en a ppl i ed a s a spr a y by
compr essed a i r , a i r l ess or h y dr a u l i c
a t omi za t i on , st ea m, el ect r ost a t i c
met h ods, or by a n y ot h er mea n s i n con -
t i n u ou s or i n t er mi t t en t pr ocesses. Th e
sect i on a l so cover s t h e a ppl i ca t i on of
combu st i bl e powder s by powder spr a y
gu n s, el ect r ost a t i c powder spr a y gu n s,
fl u i di zed beds, or el ect r ost a t i c fl u i di zed
beds. Th e sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o
ou t door spr a y a ppl i ca t i on of bu i l di n gs,
t a n k s, or ot h er si mi l a r st r u ct u r es, n or
t o sma l l por t a bl e spr a y i n g a ppa r a t u s
n ot u sed r epea t edl y i n t h e sa me l oca -
t i on .
F R 60704, S ept . 12, 1980; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10,
1984; 53 F R 12121, Apr . 12, 1988; 61 F R 9237,
Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.108 [Reserved]
1910.109 Explosives and blasting
agents.
t ion (1) Blast in g agen t . Bl a st i n g
a gen t a n y ma t er i a l or mi xt u r e, con -
si st i n g of a fu el a n d oxi di zer , i n t en ded
for bl a st i n g, n ot ot h er wi se cl a ssi fi ed a s
a n expl osi ve a n d i n wh i ch n on e of t h e
i n gr edi en t s a r e cl a ssi fi ed a s a n expl o-
si ve, pr ovi ded t h a t t h e fi n i sh ed pr od-
u ct , a s mi xed a n d pa ck a ged for u se or
sh i pmen t , ca n n ot be det on a t ed by
mea n s of a No. 8 t est bl a st i n g ca p wh en
u n con fi n ed.
(2) Explosive-act u at ed power devices.
Expl osi ve-a ct u a t ed power devi cea n y
t ool or speci a l mech a n i zed devi ce
wh i ch i s a ct u a t ed by expl osi ves, bu t
n ot i n cl u di n g pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed
power devi ces. Exa mpl es of expl osi ve-
a ct u a t ed power devi ces a r e j et t a pper s
a n d j et per for a t or s.
(3) Explosive. Expl osi vea n y ch em-
i ca l compou n d, mi xt u r e, or devi ce, t h e
pr i ma r y or common pu r pose of wh i ch i s
t o fu n ct i on by expl osi on , i . e. , wi t h su b-
st a n t i a l l y i n st a n t a n eou s r el ea se of ga s
a n d h ea t , u n l ess su ch compou n d, mi x-
t u r e, or devi ce i s ot h er wi se speci fi ca l l y
cl a ssi fi ed by t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on ; see 49 CF R ch a pt er I .
Th e t er m expl osi ves sh a l l i n cl u de a l l
ma t er i a l wh i ch i s cl a ssi fi ed a s Cl a ss A,
Cl a ss B, a n d Cl a ss C expl osi ves by t h e
U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on ,
a n d i n cl u des, bu t i s n ot l i mi t ed t o dy -
n a mi t e, bl a ck powder , pel l et powder s,
i n i t i a t i n g expl osi ves, bl a st i n g ca ps,
el ect r i c bl a st i n g ca ps, sa fet y fu se, fu se
l i gh t er s, fu se i gn i t er s, squ i bs, cor dea u
det on a n t fu se, i n st a n t a n eou s fu se, i g-
n i t er cor d, i gn i t er s, sma l l a r ms a mmu -
n i t i on , sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i m-
er s, smok el ess pr opel l a n t , ca r t r i dges
for pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed power devi ces,
a n d ca r t r i dges for i n du st r i a l gu n s.
Commer ci a l expl osi ves a r e t h ose expl o-
si ves wh i ch a r e i n t en ded t o be u sed i n
commer ci a l or i n du st r i a l oper a t i on s.
NOTE 1: Cl a ssi fi ca t i on of expl osi ves i s de-
scr i bed by t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on a s fol l ows (see 49 CF R ch a pt er I ):
(i ) Class A explosives. P ossessi n g, det -
on a t i n g, or ot h er wi se ma xi mu m h a z-
a r d; su ch a s dy n a mi t e, n i t r ogl y cer i n ,
pi cr i c a ci d, l ea d a zi de, fu l mi n a t e of
mer cu r y , bl a ck powder , bl a st i n g ca ps,
a n d det on a t i n g pr i mer s.
(i i ) Class B explosives. P ossessi n g
fl a mma bl e h a za r d, su ch a s pr opel l a n t
expl osi ves (i n cl u di n g some smok el ess
pr opel l a n t s), ph ot ogr a ph i c fl a sh pow-
der s, a n d some speci a l fi r ewor k s.
(i i i ) Class C explosives. I n cl u des cer -
t a i n t y pes of ma n u fa ct u r ed a r t i cl es
wh i ch con t a i n Cl a ss A or Cl a ss B expl o-
si ves, or bot h , a s compon en t s bu t i n r e-
st r i ct ed qu a n t i t i es.
(i v) Forbidden or n ot accept able explo-
sives. Expl osi ves wh i ch a r e for bi dden or
n ot a ccept a bl e for t r a n spor t a t i on by
common ca r r i er s by r a i l fr ei gh t , r a i l
expr ess, h i gh wa y , or wa t er i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r egu l a t i on s of t h e U. S .
Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on , 49 CF R
ch a pt er I .
(4) High way . Hi gh wa y a n y pu bl i c
st r eet , pu bl i c a l l ey , or pu bl i c r oa d.
(5) [Reser ved]
(6) Magazin e. Ma ga zi n ea n y bu i l di n g
or st r u ct u r e, ot h er t h a n a n expl osi ves
ma n u fa ct u r i n g bu i l di n g, u sed for t h e
st or a ge of expl osi ves.
(7) Mot or veh icle. Mot or veh i cl ea n y
sel f-pr opel l ed veh i cl e, t r u ck , t r a ct or ,
semi t r a i l er , or t r u ck -fu l l t r a i l er s u sed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
280
for t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of fr ei gh t over
pu bl i c h i gh wa y s.
(8) Propellan t -act u at ed power devices.
P r opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed power devi ces
a n y t ool or speci a l mech a n i zed devi ce
or ga s gen er a t or sy st em wh i ch i s a ct u -
a t ed by a smok el ess pr opel l a n t or
wh i ch r el ea ses a n d di r ect s wor k
t h r ou gh a smok el ess pr opel l a n t ch a r ge.
(9) [Reser ved]
(10) Py rot ech n ics. P y r ot ech n i csa n y
combu st i bl e or expl osi ve composi t i on s
or ma n u fa ct u r ed a r t i cl es desi gn ed a n d
pr epa r ed for t h e pu r pose of pr odu ci n g
a u di bl e or vi si bl e effect s wh i ch a r e
common l y r efer r ed t o a s fi r ewor k s.
(11) [Reser ved]
(12) Semicon du ct ive h ose.
S emi con du ct i ve h osea h ose wi t h a n
el ect r i ca l r esi st a n ce h i gh en ou gh t o
l i mi t fl ow of st r a y el ect r i c cu r r en t s t o
sa fe l evel s, y et n ot so h i gh a s t o pr e-
ven t dr a i n a ge of st a t i c el ect r i c ch a r ges
t o gr ou n d; h ose of n ot mor e t h a n 2
megoh ms r esi st a n ce over i t s en t i r e
l en gt h a n d of n ot l ess t h a n 5, 000 oh ms
per foot meet s t h e r equ i r emen t .
(13) Small arms ammu n it ion . S ma l l
a r ms a mmu n i t i on a n y sh ot gu n , r i fl e,
pi st ol , or r evol ver ca r t r i dge, a n d ca r -
t r i dges for pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed power
devi ces a n d i n du st r i a l gu n s. Mi l i t a r y -
t y pe a mmu n i t i on con t a i n i n g expl osi ve-
bu r st i n g ch a r ges, i n cen di a r y , t r a cer ,
spot t i n g, or py r ot ech n i c pr oj ect i l es i s
excl u ded fr om t h i s defi n i t i on .
(14) Small arms ammu n it ion primers.
S ma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i mer s
sma l l per cu ssi on -sen si t i ve expl osi ve
ch a r ges, en ca sed i n a cu p, u sed t o i g-
n i t e pr opel l a n t powder .
(15) Smok eless propellan t s. S mok el ess
pr opel l a n t ssol i d pr opel l a n t s, com-
mon l y ca l l ed smok el ess powder s i n t h e
t r a de, u sed i n sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on ,
ca n n on , r ock et s, pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed
power devi ces, et c.
(16) Special in du st rial explosives de-
vices. S peci a l i n du st r i a l expl osi ves de-
vi cesexpl osi ve-a ct u a t ed power de-
vi ces a n d pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed power
devi ces.
(17) Special in du st rial explosives mat e-
rials. S peci a l i n du st r i a l expl osi ves ma -
t er i a l ssh a ped ma t er i a l s a n d sh eet
for ms a n d va r i ou s ot h er ext r u si on s,
pel l et s, a n d pa ck a ges of h i gh expl o-
si ves, wh i ch i n cl u de dy n a mi t e, t r i -
n i t r ot ol u en e (TNT), pen t a er y t h r i t ol
t et r a n i t r a t e (P ETN), h exa h y dr o-1, 3, 5-
t r i n i t r o-s-t r i a zi n e (RDX), a n d ot h er
si mi l a r compou n ds u sed for h i gh -en -
er gy -r a t e for mi n g, expa n di n g, a n d
sh a pi n g i n met a l fa br i ca t i on , a n d for
di smember men t a n d qu i ck r edu ct i on of
scr a p met a l .
(18) Wat er gels or slu rry explosives.
Th ese compr i se a wi de va r i et y of ma t e-
r i a l s u sed for bl a st i n g. Th ey a l l con t a i n
su bst a n t i a l pr opor t i on s of wa t er a n d
h i gh pr opor t i on s of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e,
some of wh i ch i s i n sol u t i on i n t h e
wa t er . Two br oa d cl a sses of wa t er gel s
a r e (i ) t h ose wh i ch a r e sen si t i zed by a
ma t er i a l cl a ssed a s a n expl osi ve, su ch
a s TNT or smok el ess powder , (i i ) t h ose
wh i ch con t a i n n o i n gr edi en t cl a ssi fi ed
a s a n expl osi ve; t h ese a r e sen si t i zed
wi t h met a l s su ch a s a l u mi n u m or wi t h
ot h er fu el s. Wa t er gel s ma y be
pr emi xed a t a n expl osi ves pl a n t or
mi xed a t t h e si t e i mmedi a t el y befor e
del i ver y i n t o t h e bor eh ol e.
(19) DOT specif icat ion s. Regu l a t i on s of
t h e Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on pu b-
l i sh ed i n 49 CF R ch a pt er I .
(b) Miscellan eou s provision s(1) Gen -
eral h azard. No per son sh a l l st or e, h a n -
dl e, or t r a n spor t expl osi ves or bl a st i n g
a gen t s wh en su ch st or a ge, h a n dl i n g,
a n d t r a n spor t a t i on of expl osi ves or
bl a st i n g a gen t s con st i t u t es a n u n du e
h a za r d t o l i fe.
(2) [Reser ved]
(c) St orage of explosives(1) Gen eral
provision s. (i ) Al l Cl a ss A, Cl a ss B, Cl a ss
C expl osi ves, a n d speci a l i n du st r i a l ex-
pl osi ves, a n d a n y n ewl y devel oped a n d
u n cl a ssi fi ed expl osi ves, sh a l l be k ept i n
ma ga zi n es wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Bl a st i n g ca ps, el ect r i c bl a st i n g
ca ps, det on a t i n g pr i mer s, a n d pr i med
ca r t r i dges sh a l l n ot be st or ed i n t h e
sa me ma ga zi n e wi t h ot h er expl osi ves.
(i i i ) Gr ou n d a r ou n d ma ga zi n es sh a l l
sl ope a wa y for dr a i n a ge. Th e l a n d su r -
r ou n di n g ma ga zi n es sh a l l be k ept cl ea r
of br u sh , dr i ed gr a ss, l ea ves, a n d ot h er
ma t er i a l s for a di st a n ce of a t l ea st 25
feet .
(i v) Ma ga zi n es a s r equ i r ed by t h i s
pa r a gr a ph sh a l l be of t wo cl a sses;
n a mel y , Cl a ss I ma ga zi n es, a n d Cl a ss I I
ma ga zi n es.
(v) Cl a ss I ma ga zi n es sh a l l be r e-
qu i r ed wh er e t h e qu a n t i t y of expl osi ves
st or ed i s mor e t h a n 50 pou n ds. Cl a ss I I
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
281
ma ga zi n es ma y be u sed wh er e t h e
qu a n t i t y of expl osi ves st or ed i s 50
pou n ds or l ess.
(vi ) Cl a ss I ma ga zi n es sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a wa y fr om ot h er ma ga zi n es i n
con for mi t y wi t h Ta bl e H21.
TABLE H21AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES
FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES
15

[As revised and approved by the Institute of Makers of
Explosives, June 5, 1964]
Explosives Distances in feet
when storage is
barricaded: Sepa-
ration of maga-
zines
Pounds over Pounds not over
2 5 6
5 10 8
10 20 10
20 30 11
30 40 12
40 50 14
50 75 15
75 100 16
100 125 18
125 150 19
150 200 21
200 250 23
250 300 24
300 400 27
400 500 29
500 600 31
600 700 32
700 800 33
800 900 35
900 1,000 36
1,000 1,200 39
1,200 1,400 41
1,400 1,600 43
1,600 1,800 44
1,800 2,000 45
2,000 2,500 49
2,500 3,000 52
3,000 4,000 58
4,000 5,000 61
5,000 6,000 65
6,000 7,000 68
7,000 8,000 72
8,000 9,000 75
9,000 10,000 78
10,000 12,000 82
12,000 14,000 87
14,000 16,000 90
16,000 18,000 94
18,000 20,000 98
20,000 25,000 105
25,000 30,000 112
30,000 35,000 119
35,000 40,000 124
40,000 45,000 129
45,000 50,000 135
50,000 55,000 140
55,000 60,000 145
60,000 65,000 150
65,000 70,000 155
70,000 75,000 160
75,000 80,000 165
80,000 85,000 170
85,000 90,000 175
90,000 95,000 180
95,000 100,000 185
100,000 110,000 195
110,000 120,000 205
TABLE H21AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES
FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES
15
Continued
[As revised and approved by the Institute of Makers of
Explosives, June 5, 1964]
Explosives Distances in feet
when storage is
barricaded: Sepa-
ration of maga-
zines
Pounds over Pounds not over
120,000 130,000 215
130,000 140,000 225
140,000 150,000 235
150,000 160,000 245
160,000 170,000 255
170,000 180,000 265
180,000 190,000 275
190,000 200,000 285
200,000 210,000 295
210,000 230,000 315
230,000 250,000 335
250,000 275,000 360
275,000 300,000 385
1
Natural barricade means natural features of the ground,
such as hills, or timber of sufficient density that the sur-
rounding exposures which require protection cannot be seen
from the magazine when the trees are bare of leaves.
2
Artificial barricade means an artificial mound or revetted
wall of earth of a minimum thickness of three feet.
3
Barricaded means that a building containing explosives
is effectually screened from a magazine, building, railway, or
highway, either by a natural barricade, or by an artificial barri-
cade of such height that a straight line from the top of any
sidewall of the building containing explosives to the eave line
of any magazine, or building, or to a point 12 feet above the
center of a railway or highway, will pass through such inter-
vening natural or artificial barricade.
4
When two or more storage magazines are located on the
same property, each magazine must comply with the min-
imum distances specified from inhabited buildings, railways,
and highways, and in addition, they should be separated from
each other by not less than the distances shown for Separa-
tion of Magazines, except that the quantity of explosives con-
tained in cap magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing
of said cap magazines from magazines containing other ex-
plosives. If any two or more magazines are separated from
each other by less than the specified Separation of Maga-
zines distances, then such two or more magazines, as a
group, must be considered as one magazine, and the total
quantity of explosives stored in such group must be treated as
if stored in a single magazine located on the site of any mag-
azine of the group, and must comply with the minimum of dis-
tances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings,
railways, and highways.
5
This table applies only to the permanent storage of com-
mercial explosives. It is not applicable to transportation of ex-
plosives, or any handling or temporary storage necessary or
incident thereto. It is not intended to apply to bombs, projec-
tiles, or other heavily encased explosives.
(vi i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n su bdi vi -
si on (vi i i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph , cl a ss I I
ma ga zi n es sh a l l be l oca t ed i n con -
for mi t y wi t h Ta bl e H21, bu t ma y be
per mi t t ed i n wa r eh ou ses a n d i n wh ol e-
sa l e a n d r et a i l est a bl i sh men t s wh en l o-
ca t ed on a fl oor wh i ch h a s a n en t r a n ce
a t ou t si de gr a de l evel a n d t h e ma ga zi n e
i s l oca t ed n ot mor e t h a n 10 feet fr om
su ch a n en t r a n ce. Two cl a ss I I ma ga -
zi n es ma y be l oca t ed i n t h e sa me bu i l d-
i n g wh en on e i s u sed on l y for bl a st i n g
ca ps i n qu a n t i t i es n ot i n excess of 5, 000
ca ps a n d a di st a n ce of 10 feet i s ma i n -
t a i n ed bet ween ma ga zi n es.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
282
(vi i i ) Wh en u sed for t empor a r y st or -
a ge a t a si t e for bl a st i n g oper a t i on s,
cl a ss I I ma ga zi n es sh a l l be l oca t ed
a wa y fr om ot h er ma ga zi n es. A di st a n ce
of a t l ea st on e h u n dr ed a n d fi ft y (150)
feet sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween cl a ss
I I ma ga zi n es a n d t h e wor k i n pr ogr ess
wh en t h e qu a n t i t y of expl osi ves k ept
t h er ei n i s i n excess of 25 pou n ds, a n d a t
l ea st 50 feet wh en t h e qu a n t i t y of ex-
pl osi ves i s 25 pou n ds, or l ess.
(i x) Th i s pa r a gr a ph (c) does n ot a ppl y
t o:
(a) S t ock s of sma l l a r ms a mmu n i -
t i on , pr opel l a n t -a ct u a t ed power ca r -
t r i dges, sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i m-
er s i n qu a n t i t i es of l ess t h a n 750, 000, or
of smok el ess pr opel l a n t s i n qu a n t i t i es
l ess t h a n 750 pou n ds;
(b) Expl osi ve-a ct u a t ed power devi ces
wh en i n qu a n t i t i es l ess t h a n 50 pou n ds
n et wei gh t of expl osi ves;
(c) F u se l i gh t er s a n d fu se i gn i t er s;
(d) S a fet y fu ses ot h er t h a n cor dea u
det on a n t fu ses.
(2) Con st ru ct ion of magazin esgen eral.
(i ) Ma ga zi n es sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n
con for mi t y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Ma ga zi n es for t h e st or a ge of ex-
pl osi ves, ot h er t h a n bl a ck powder ,
Cl a ss B a n d Cl a ss C expl osi ves sh a l l be
bu l l et r esi st a n t , wea t h er r esi st a n t , fi r e
r esi st a n t , a n d ven t i l a t ed su ffi ci en t l y t o
pr ot ect t h e expl osi ve i n t h e speci fi c l o-
ca l i t y . Ma ga zi n es u sed on l y for st or a ge
of bl a ck powder , Cl a ss B a n d Cl a ss C
expl osi ves sh a l l be wea t h er r esi st a n t ,
fi r e-r esi st a n t , a n d h a ve ven t i l a t i on .
Ma ga zi n es for st or a ge of bl a st i n g a n d
el ect r i c bl a st i n g ca ps sh a l l be wea t h er
r esi st a n t , fi r e-r esi st a n t , a n d ven t i -
l a t ed.
(i i i ) P r oper t y u pon wh i ch Cl a ss I
ma ga zi n es a r e l oca t ed a n d pr oper t y
wh er e Cl a ss I I ma ga zi n es a r e l oca t ed
ou t si de of bu i l di n gs sh a l l be post ed
wi t h si gn s r ea di n g Expl osi vesKeep
Off.
(i v) Ma ga zi n es r equ i r i n g h ea t sh a l l be
h ea t ed by ei t h er h ot -wa t er r a di a n t
h ea t i n g wi t h t h e ma ga zi n e bu i l di n g; or
a i r di r ect ed i n t o t h e ma ga zi n e bu i l di n g
over ei t h er h ot wa t er or l ow pr essu r e
st ea m (15 p. s. i . g. ) coi l s l oca t ed ou t si de
t h e ma ga zi n e bu i l di n g.
(v) Th e ma ga zi n e h ea t i n g sy st ems
(a) Th e r a di a n t h ea t i n g coi l s wi t h i n
t h e bu i l di n g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n su ch a
ma n n er t h a t t h e expl osi ves or expl o-
si ves con t a i n er s ca n n ot con t a ct t h e
coi l s a n d a i r i s fr ee t o ci r cu l a t e be-
t ween t h e coi l s a n d t h e expl osi ves or
expl osi ves con t a i n er s.
(b) Th e h ea t i n g du ct s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h e h ot -
a i r di sch a r ge fr om t h e du ct i s n ot di -
r ect ed a ga i n st t h e expl osi ves or expl o-
si ves con t a i n er s.
(c) Th e h ea t i n g devi ce u sed i n con -
n ect i on wi t h a ma ga zi n e sh a l l h a ve
con t r ol s wh i ch pr even t t h e a mbi en t
bu i l di n g t emper a t u r e fr om exceedi n g
130 F .
(d) Th e el ect r i c fa n or pu mp u sed i n
t h e h ea t i n g sy st em for a ma ga zi n e
sh a l l be mou n t ed ou t si de a n d sepa r a t e
fr om t h e wa l l of t h e ma ga zi n e a n d sh a l l
be gr ou n ded.
(e) Th e el ect r i c fa n mot or a n d t h e
con t r ol s for el ect r i ca l h ea t i n g devi ces
u sed i n h ea t i n g wa t er or st ea m sh a l l
h a ve over l oa ds a n d di scon n ect s, wh i ch
compl y wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Al l
el ect r i ca l swi t ch gea r sh a l l be l oca t ed
a mi n i mu m di st a n ce of 25 feet fr om t h e
ma ga zi n e.
(f ) Th e h ea t i n g sou r ce for wa t er or
st ea m sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e ma g-
a zi n e by a di st a n ce of n ot l ess t h a n 25
feet wh en el ect r i ca l a n d 50 feet wh en
fu el fi r ed. Th e a r ea bet ween t h e h ea t -
i n g u n i t a n d t h e ma ga zi n e sh a l l be
cl ea r ed of a l l combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(g) Th e st or a ge of expl osi ves a n d ex-
pl osi ves con t a i n er s i n t h e ma ga zi n e
sh a l l a l l ow u n i for m a i r ci r cu l a t i on so
pr odu ct t emper a t u r e u n i for mi t y ca n be
ma i n t a i n ed.
(vi ) Wh en l i gh t s a r e n ecessa r y i n si de
t h e ma ga zi n e, el ect r i c sa fet y fl a sh -
l i gh t , or el ect r i c sa fet y l a n t er n s sh a l l
be u sed.
(3) Con st ru ct ion of Class I magazin es.
(i ) Cl a ss I ma ga zi n es sh a l l be of ma -
son r y con st r u ct i on or of wood or of
met a l con st r u ct i on , or a combi n a t i on
of t h ese t y pes. Th i ck n ess of ma son r y
u n i t s sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 8 i n ch es.
Hol l ow ma son r y u n i t s u sed i n con -
st r u ct i on r equ i r ed t o be bu l l et r esi st -
a n t sh a l l h a ve a l l h ol l ow spa ces fi l l ed
wi t h wea k cemen t or wel l -t a mped sa n d.
Wood con st r u ct ed wa l l s, r equ i r ed t o be
bu l l et r esi st a n t , sh a l l h a ve a t l ea st a 6-
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
283
i n ch spa ce bet ween i n t er i or a n d ext e-
r i or sh ea t h i n g a n d t h e spa ce bet ween
sh ea t h i n g sh a l l be fi l l ed wi t h wel l -
t a mped sa n d. Met a l wa l l con st r u ct i on ,
wh en r equ i r ed t o be bu l l et r esi st a n t ,
sh a l l be l i n ed wi t h br i ck a t l ea st 4
i n ch es i n t h i ck n ess or sh a l l h a ve a t
l ea st a 6-i n ch sa n dfi l l bet ween i n t er i or
a n d ext er i or wa l l s.
(i i ) F l oor s a n d r oofs of ma son r y ma g-
a zi n es ma y be of wood con st r u ct i on .
Wood fl oor s sh a l l be t on gu e a n d
gr ooved l u mber h a vi n g a n omi n a l
t h i ck n ess of 1 i n ch .
(i i i ) Roofs r equ i r ed t o be bu l l et r e-
si st a n t sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a sa n d
t r a y l oca t ed a t t h e l i n e of ea ves a n d
cover i n g t h e en t i r e a r ea except t h a t
n ecessa r y for ven t i l a t i on . S a n d i n t h e
sa n d t r a y sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t a
dept h of n ot l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es.
(i v) Al l wood a t t h e ext er i or of ma ga -
zi n es, i n cl u di n g ea ves, sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by bei n g cover ed wi t h bl a ck or
ga l va n i zed st eel or a l u mi n u m met a l of
t h i ck n ess of n ot l ess t h a n No. 26 ga ge.
Al l n a i l s exposed t o t h e i n t er i or of
ma ga zi n es sh a l l be wel l cou n t er su n k .
(v) F ou n da t i on s for ma ga zi n es sh a l l
be of su bst a n t i a l con st r u ct i on a n d a r -
r a n ged t o pr ovi de good cr oss ven t i l a -
t i on .
(vi ) Ma ga zi n es sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed
su ffi ci en t l y t o pr even t da mpn ess a n d
h ea t i n g of st or ed expl osi ves. Ven -
t i l a t i n g open i n gs sh a l l be scr een ed t o
pr even t t h e en t r a n ce of spa r k s.
(vi i ) Open i n gs t o ma ga zi n es sh a l l be
r est r i ct ed t o t h a t n ecessa r y for t h e
pl a cemen t a n d r emova l of st ock s of ex-
pl osi ves. Door s for open i n gs i n ma ga -
zi n es for Cl a ss A expl osi ves sh a l l be
bu l l et r esi st a n t . Door s for ma ga zi n es
n ot r equ i r ed t o be bu l l et r esi st a n t sh a l l
be desi gn ed t o pr even t u n a u t h or i zed
en t r a n ce t o t h e ma ga zi n e.
(vi i i ) [Reser ved]
(i x) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de t o pr e-
ven t t h e pi l i n g of st ock s of expl osi ves
di r ect l y a ga i n st ma son r y wa l l s, br i ck -
l i n ed or sa n d-fi l l ed met a l wa l l s a n d si n -
gl e-t h i ck n ess met a l wa l l s; su ch pr ot ec-
t i on , h owever , sh a l l n ot i n t er fer e wi t h
pr oper ven t i l a t i on a t t h e i n t er i or of
si de a n d en d wa l l s.
(4) Con st ru ct ion of Class I I magazin es.
(i ) Cl a ss I I ma ga zi n es sh a l l be of wood
or met a l con st r u ct i on , or a combi n a -
t i on t h er eof.
(i i ) Wood ma ga zi n es of t h i s cl a ss
sh a l l h a ve si des, bot t om, a n d cover
con st r u ct ed of 2-i n ch h a r dwood boa r ds
wel l br a ced a t cor n er s a n d pr ot ect ed by
bei n g en t i r el y cover ed wi t h sh eet
met a l of n ot l ess t h a n No. 20 ga ge. Al l
n a i l s exposed t o t h e i n t er i or of t h e
ma ga zi n e sh a l l be wel l cou n t er su n k .
Al l met a l ma ga zi n es of t h i s cl a ss sh a l l
h a ve si des, bot t om, a n d cover con -
st r u ct ed of sh eet met a l , a n d sh a l l be
l i n ed wi t h t h r ee-ei gh t h s-i n ch pl y wood
or equ i va l en t . Edges of met a l cover s
sh a l l over l a p si des a t l ea st 1 i n ch .
(i i i ) Cover s for bot h wood- a n d met a l -
con st r u ct ed ma ga zi n es of t h i s cl a ss
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su bst a n t i a l
st r a p h i n ges a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su bst a n t i a l mea n s for l ock i n g.
(i v) Ma ga zi n es of t h i s cl a ss sh a l l be
pa i n t ed r ed a n d sh a l l bea r l et t er i n g i n
wh i t e, on a l l si des a n d t op, a t l ea st 3
i n ch es h i gh , Expl osi vesKeep F i r e
Awa y . Cl a ss I I ma ga zi n es wh en l o-
ca t ed i n wa r eh ou ses, a n d i n wh ol esa l e
a n d r et a i l est a bl i sh men t s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h su bst a n t i a l wh eel s or ca st -
er s t o fa ci l i t a t e ea sy r emova l i n t h e
ca se of fi r e. Wh er e n ecessa r y du e t o cl i -
ma t i c con di t i on s, Cl a ss I I ma ga zi n es
sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed.
(5) St orage wit h in magazin es. (i ) P a ck -
a ges of expl osi ves sh a l l be l a i d fl a t
wi t h t op si de u p. Bl a ck powder wh en
st or ed i n ma ga zi n es wi t h ot h er expl o-
si ves sh a l l be st or ed sepa r a t el y . Bl a ck
powder st or ed i n k egs sh a l l be st or ed
on en ds, bu n gs down , or on si de, sea ms
down . Cor r espon di n g gr a des a n d br a n ds
sh a l l be st or ed t oget h er i n su ch a ma n -
n er t h a t br a n ds a n d gr a de ma r k s sh ow.
Al l st ock s sh a l l be st or ed so a s t o be
ea si l y cou n t ed a n d ch eck ed. P a ck a ges
of expl osi ves sh a l l be pi l ed i n a st a bl e
ma n n er . Wh en a n y k i n d of expl osi ve i s
r emoved fr om a ma ga zi n e for u se, t h e
ol dest expl osi ve of t h a t pa r t i cu l a r k i n d
sh a l l a l wa y s be t a k en fi r st .
(i i ) P a ck a ges of expl osi ves sh a l l n ot
be u n pa ck ed or r epa ck ed i n a ma ga zi n e
n or wi t h i n 50 feet of a ma ga zi n e or i n
cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o ot h er expl osi ves.
Tool s u sed for open i n g pa ck a ges of ex-
pl osi ves sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of n on -
spa r k i n g ma t er i a l s, except t h a t met a l
sl i t t er s ma y be u sed for open i n g fi ber -
boa r d boxes. A wood wedge a n d a fi ber ,
r u bber , or wood ma l l et sh a l l be u sed for
open i n g or cl osi n g wood pa ck a ges of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
284
expl osi ves. Open ed pa ck a ges of expl o-
si ves sh a l l be secu r el y cl osed befor e
bei n g r et u r n ed t o a ma ga zi n e.
(i i i ) Ma ga zi n es sh a l l n ot be u sed for
t h e st or a ge of a n y met a l t ool s n or a n y
commodi t y except expl osi ves, bu t t h i s
r est r i ct i on sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o t h e st or -
a ge of bl a st i n g a gen t s a n d bl a st i n g su p-
pl i es.
(i v) Ma ga zi n e fl oor s sh a l l be r egu -
l a r l y swept , k ept cl ea n , dr y , fr ee of
gr i t , pa per , empt y u sed pa ck a ges, a n d
r u bbi sh . Br ooms a n d ot h er cl ea n i n g
u t en si l s sh a l l n ot h a ve a n y spa r k -pr o-
du ci n g met a l pa r t s. S weepi n gs fr om
fl oor s of ma ga zi n es sh a l l be pr oper l y
di sposed of. Ma ga zi n e fl oor s st a i n ed
wi t h n i t r ogl y cer i n sh a l l be cl ea n ed a c-
cor di n g t o i n st r u ct i on s by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er .
(v) Wh en a n y expl osi ve h a s det er i o-
r a t ed t o a n ext en t t h a t i t i s i n a n u n -
st a bl e or da n ger ou s con di t i on , or i f n i -
t r ogl y cer i n l ea k s fr om a n y expl osi ves,
t h en t h e per son i n possessi on of su ch
expl osi ve sh a l l i mmedi a t el y pr oceed t o
dest r oy su ch expl osi ve i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e i n st r u ct i on s of t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er . On l y exper i en ced per son s sh a l l
be a l l owed t o do t h e wor k of dest r oy i n g
expl osi ves.
(vi ) Wh en ma ga zi n es n eed i n si de r e-
pa i r s, a l l expl osi ves sh a l l be r emoved
t h er efr om a n d t h e fl oor s cl ea n ed. I n
ma k i n g ou t si de r epa i r s, i f t h er e i s a
possi bi l i t y of ca u si n g spa r k s or fi r e t h e
expl osi ves sh a l l be r emoved fr om t h e
ma ga zi n e. Expl osi ves r emoved fr om a
ma ga zi n e u n der r epa i r sh a l l ei t h er be
pl a ced i n a n ot h er ma ga zi n e or pl a ced a
sa fe di st a n ce fr om t h e ma ga zi n e wh er e
t h ey sh a l l be pr oper l y gu a r ded a n d pr o-
t ect ed u n t i l r epa i r s h a ve been com-
pl et ed, wh en t h ey sh a l l be r et u r n ed t o
t h e ma ga zi n e.
(vi i ) S mok i n g, ma t ch es, open fl a mes,
spa r k -pr odu ci n g devi ces, a n d fi r ea r ms
(except fi r ea r ms ca r r i ed by gu a r ds)
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed i n si de of or
wi t h i n 50 feet of ma ga zi n es. Th e l a n d
su r r ou n di n g a ma ga zi n e sh a l l be k ept
cl ea r of a l l combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s for a
di st a n ce of a t l ea st 25 feet . Combu s-
t i bl e ma t er i a l s sh a l l n ot be st or ed
wi t h i n 50 feet of ma ga zi n es.
(vi i i ) Ma ga zi n es sh a l l be i n t h e
ch a r ge of a compet en t per son a t a l l
t i mes a n d wh o sh a l l be h el d r espon si bl e
for t h e en for cemen t of a l l sa fet y pr e-
ca u t i on s.
(i x) Expl osi ves r ecover ed fr om bl a st -
i n g mi sfi r es sh a l l be pl a ced i n a sepa -
r a t e ma ga zi n e u n t i l compet en t per -
son n el h a s det er mi n ed fr om t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er t h e met h od of di sposa l . Ca ps
r ecover ed fr om bl a st i n g mi sfi r es sh a l l
n ot be r eu sed. S u ch expl osi ves a n d ca ps
sh a l l t h en be di sposed of i n t h e ma n n er
r ecommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(d) T ran sport at ion of explosives(1)
Gen eral provision s. (i ) No empl oy ee
sh a l l be a l l owed t o smok e, ca r r y
ma t ch es or a n y ot h er fl a me-pr odu ci n g
devi ce, or ca r r y a n y fi r ea r ms or l oa ded
ca r t r i dges wh i l e i n or n ea r a mot or ve-
h i cl e t r a n spor t i n g expl osi ves; or dr i ve,
l oa d, or u n l oa d su ch veh i cl e i n a ca r e-
l ess or r eck l ess ma n n er .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Expl osi ves sh a l l n ot be t r a n s-
fer r ed fr om on e veh i cl e t o a n ot h er
wi t h i n t h e con fi n es of a n y j u r i sdi ct i on
(ci t y , cou n t y , S t a t e, or ot h er a r ea )
wi t h ou t i n for mi n g t h e fi r e a n d pol i ce
depa r t men t s t h er eof. I n t h e even t of
br ea k down or col l i si on t h e l oca l fi r e
a n d pol i ce depa r t men t s sh a l l be
pr ompt l y n ot i fi ed t o h el p sa fegu a r d
su ch emer gen ci es. Expl osi ves sh a l l be
t r a n sfer r ed fr om t h e di sa bl ed veh i cl e
t o a n ot h er on l y , wh en pr oper a n d
qu a l i fi ed su per vi si on i s pr ovi ded.
(i v) Bl a st i n g ca ps or el ect r i c bl a st i n g
ca ps sh a l l n ot be t r a n spor t ed over t h e
h i gh wa y s on t h e sa me veh i cl es wi t h
ot h er expl osi ves, u n l ess pa ck a ged, seg-
r ega t ed, a n d t r a n spor t ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on s Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l s Regu l a -
t i on s (49 CF R pa r t s 177180).
(2) T ran sport at ion veh icles. (i ) Veh i cl es
u sed for t r a n spor t i n g expl osi ves sh a l l
be st r on g en ou gh t o ca r r y t h e l oa d
wi t h ou t di ffi cu l t y a n d be i n good me-
ch a n i ca l con di t i on . I f veh i cl es do n ot
h a ve a cl osed body , t h e body sh a l l be
cover ed wi t h a fl a mepr oof a n d moi s-
t u r epr oof t a r pa u l i n or ot h er effect i ve
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st moi st u r e a n d
spa r k s. Al l veh i cl es u sed for t h e t r a n s-
por t a t i on of expl osi ves sh a l l h a ve t i gh t
fl oor s a n d a n y exposed spa r k -pr odu ci n g
met a l on t h e i n si de of t h e body sh a l l be
cover ed wi t h wood or ot h er n on -
spa r k i n g ma t er i a l s t o pr even t con t a ct
wi t h pa ck a ges of expl osi ves. P a ck a ges
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
285
of expl osi ves sh a l l n ot be l oa ded a bove
t h e si des of a n open -body veh i cl e.
(i i ) Ever y veh i cl e u sed for t r a n s-
por t i n g expl osi ves a n d oxi di zi n g ma t e-
r i a l s l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(i i )(a) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be ma r k ed a s fol l ows:
(a) Ext er i or ma r k i n gs or pl a ca r ds r e-
qu i r ed on a ppl i ca bl e veh i cl es sh a l l be
a s fol l ows for t h e va r i ou s cl a sses of
commodi t i es:
Commodity
Type of marking or
placard
Explosives, Class A, any quantity
or a combination of Class A
and Class B explosives.
Explosives A (Red letters
on white background).
Explosives, Class B, and quantity Explosives B (Red letters
on white background).
Oxidizing material (blasting
agents, ammonium nitrate,
etc.), 1,000 pounds or more
gross weight.
Oxidizers (Yellow letters
on black background).
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) S u ch ma r k i n gs or pl a ca r ds sh a l l
be di spl a y ed a t t h e fr on t , r ea r , a n d on
ea ch si de of t h e mot or veh i cl e or t r a i l -
er , or ot h er ca r go ca r r y i n g body wh i l e
i t con t a i n s expl osi ves or ot h er da n -
ger ou s a r t i cl es of su ch t y pe a n d i n su ch
qu a n t i t y a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(d)(1)(i i )(a) of t h i s su bdi vi si on . Th e
fr on t ma r k i n g or pl a ca r d ma y be di s-
pl a y ed on t h e fr on t of ei t h er t h e t r u ck ,
t r u ck body , t r u ck t r a ct or or t h e t r a i l -
er .
(d) An y mot or veh i cl e, t r a i l er , or
ot h er ca r go-ca r r y i n g body con t a i n i n g
mor e t h a n on e k i n d of expl osi ve a s wel l
a s a n oxi di zi n g ma t er i a l r equ i r i n g a
pl a ca r d u n der t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(2)(i i )(a), t h e a ggr ega t e gr oss
wei gh t of wh i ch t ot a l s 1, 000 pou n ds or
mor e, sh a l l be ma r k ed or pl a ca r ded
Da n ger ou s a s wel l a s Expl osi ve A
or Expl osi ve B a s a ppr opr i a t e. I f ex-
pl osi ves Cl a ss A a n d expl osi ves Cl a ss B
a r e l oa ded on t h e sa me veh i cl e, t h e
Expl osi ves B ma r k i n g n eed n ot be
di spl a y ed.
(e) I n a n y combi n a t i on of t wo or
mor e veh i cl es con t a i n i n g expl osi ves or
ot h er da n ger ou s a r t i cl es ea ch veh i cl e
sh a l l be ma r k ed or pl a ca r ded a s t o i t s
con t en t s a n d i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph s (d)(2)(i i ) (a) a n d (c) of t h i s su b-
di vi si on .
(i i i ) Ea ch mot or veh i cl e u sed for
t r a n spor t i n g expl osi ves sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a mi n i mu m of t wo ext i n -
gu i sh er s, ea ch h a vi n g a r a t i n g of a t
l ea st 10BC.
(a) On l y ext i n gu i sh er s l i st ed or a p-
pr oved by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est -
i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l be deemed su i t a bl e
for u se on expl osi ves-ca r r y i n g veh i cl es.
Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3)(i v)(A) for defi n i -
t i on of l i st ed, a n d 1910. 7 for n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y .
(b) Ext i n gu i sh er s sh a l l be fi l l ed a n d
r ea dy for i mmedi a t e u se a n d l oca t ed
n ea r t h e dr i ver s sea t . Ext i n gu i sh er s
sh a l l be exa mi n ed per i odi ca l l y by a
(i v) A mot or veh i cl e u sed for t r a n s-
por t i n g expl osi ves sh a l l be gi ven t h e
fol l owi n g i n spect i on t o det er mi n e t h a t
i t i s i n pr oper con di t i on for sa fe t r a n s-
por t a t i on of expl osi ves:
(a) F i r e ext i n gu i sh er s sh a l l be fi l l ed
a n d i n wor k i n g or der .
(b) Al l el ect r i ca l wi r i n g sh a l l be com-
pl et el y pr ot ect ed a n d secu r el y fa st en ed
t o pr even t sh or t -ci r cu i t i n g.
(c) Ch a ssi s, mot or , pa n , a n d u n der si de
of body sh a l l be r ea son a bl y cl ea n a n d
fr ee of excess oi l a n d gr ea se.
(d) F u el t a n k a n d feedl i n e sh a l l be se-
cu r e a n d h a ve n o l ea k s.
(e) Br a k es, l i gh t s, h or n , wi n dsh i el d
wi per s, a n d st eer i n g a ppa r a t u s sh a l l
fu n ct i on pr oper l y .
(f ) Ti r es sh a l l be ch eck ed for pr oper
i n fl a t i on a n d defect s.
(g) Th e veh i cl e sh a l l be i n pr oper con -
di t i on i n ever y ot h er r espect a n d a c-
cept a bl e for h a n dl i n g expl osi ves.
(3) Operat ion of t ran sport at ion veh icles.
(i ) Veh i cl es t r a n spor t i n g expl osi ves
sh a l l on l y be dr i ven by a n d be i n t h e
ch a r ge of a dr i ver wh o i s fa mi l i a r wi t h
t h e t r a ffi c r egu l a t i on s, S t a t e l a ws, a n d
t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Except u n der emer gen cy con di -
t i on s, n o veh i cl e t r a n spor t i n g expl o-
si ves sh a l l be pa r k ed befor e r ea ch i n g
i t s dest i n a t i on , even t h ou gh a t t en ded,
on a n y pu bl i c st r eet a dj a cen t t o or i n
pr oxi mi t y t o a n y pl a ce wh er e peopl e
wor k .
(i i i ) Ever y mot or veh i cl e t r a n s-
por t i n g a n y qu a n t i t y of Cl a ss A or
Cl a ss B expl osi ves sh a l l , a t a l l t i mes,
be a t t en ded by a dr i ver or ot h er a t -
t en da n t of t h e mot or ca r r i er . Th i s a t -
t en da n t sh a l l h a ve been ma de a wa r e of
t h e cl a ss of t h e expl osi ve ma t er i a l i n
t h e veh i cl e a n d of i t s i n h er en t da n ger s,
a n d sh a l l h a ve been i n st r u ct ed i n t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
286
mea su r es a n d pr ocedu r es t o be fol l owed
i n or der t o pr ot ect t h e pu bl i c fr om
t h ose da n ger s. He sh a l l h a ve been ma de
fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e veh i cl e h e i s a s-
si gn ed, a n d sh a l l be t r a i n ed, su ppl i ed
wi t h t h e n ecessa r y mea n s, a n d a u t h or -
i zed t o move t h e veh i cl e wh en r equ i r ed.
(a) F or t h e pu r pose of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on , a mot or veh i cl e sh a l l be deemed
a t t en ded on l y wh en t h e dr i ver or
ot h er a t t en da n t i s ph y si ca l l y on or i n
t h e veh i cl e, or h a s t h e veh i cl e wi t h i n
h i s fi el d of vi si on a n d ca n r ea ch i t
qu i ck l y a n d wi t h ou t a n y k i n d of i n t er -
fer en ce a t t en ded a l so mea n s t h a t t h e
dr i ver or a t t en da n t i s a wa k e, a l er t , a n d
n ot en ga ged i n ot h er du t i es or a ct i vi -
t i es wh i ch ma y di ver t h i s a t t en t i on
fr om t h e veh i cl e, except for n ecessa r y
commu n i ca t i on wi t h pu bl i c offi cer s, or
r epr esen t a t i ves of t h e ca r r i er sh i pper ,
or con si gn ee, or except for n ecessa r y
a bsen ce fr om t h e veh i cl e t o obt a i n food
or t o pr ovi de for h i s ph y si ca l comfor t .
(b) However , a n expl osi ve-l a den veh i -
cl e ma y be l eft u n a t t en ded i f pa r k ed
wi t h i n a secu r el y fen ced or wa l l ed a r ea
wi t h a l l ga t es or en t r a n ces l ock ed
wh er e pa r k i n g of su ch veh i cl e i s ot h er -
wi se per mi ssi bl e, or a t a ma ga zi n e si t e
est a bl i sh ed sol el y for t h e pu r pose of
st or i n g expl osi ves.
(i v) No spa r k -pr odu ci n g met a l , spa r k -
pr odu ci n g met a l t ool s, oi l s, ma t ch es,
fi r ea r ms, el ect r i c st or a ge ba t t er i es,
fl a mma bl e su bst a n ces, a ci ds, oxi di zi n g
ma t er i a l s, or cor r osi ve compou n ds
sh a l l be ca r r i ed i n t h e body of a n y
mot or t r u ck a n d/or veh i cl e t r a n s-
por t i n g expl osi ves, u n l ess t h e l oa di n g
of su ch da n ger ou s a r t i cl es a n d t h e ex-
pl osi ves compl y wi t h U. S . Depa r t men t
of Tr a n spor t a t i on r egu l a t i on s.
(v) Veh i cl es t r a n spor t i n g expl osi ves
sh a l l a voi d con gest ed a r ea s a n d h ea vy
t r a ffi c. Wh er e r ou t es t h r ou gh con -
gest ed a r ea s h a ve been desi gn a t ed by
l oca l a u t h or i t i es su ch r ou t es sh a l l be
fol l owed.
(vi ) Del i ver y sh a l l on l y be ma de t o
a u t h or i zed per son s a n d i n t o a u t h or i zed
ma ga zi n es or a u t h or i zed t empor a r y
st or a ge or h a n dl i n g a r ea s.
(e) Use of explosives an d blast in g
agen t s(1) Gen eral provision s. (i ) Wh i l e
expl osi ves a r e bei n g h a n dl ed or u sed,
smok i n g sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed a n d n o
on e n ea r t h e expl osi ves sh a l l possess
ma t ch es, open l i gh t or ot h er fi r e or
fl a me. No per son sh a l l be a l l owed t o
h a n dl e expl osi ves wh i l e u n der t h e i n -
fl u en ce of i n t oxi ca t i n g l i qu or s, n a r -
cot i cs, or ot h er da n ger ou s dr u gs.
(i i ) Or i gi n a l con t a i n er s or Cl a ss I I
ma ga zi n es sh a l l be u sed for t a k i n g det -
on a t or s a n d ot h er expl osi ves fr om st or -
a ge ma ga zi n es t o t h e bl a st i n g a r ea .
(i i i ) Wh en bl a st i n g i s don e i n con -
gest ed a r ea s or i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o a
st r u ct u r e, or a n y ot h er i n st a l l a t i on
t h a t ma y be da ma ged, t h e bl a st sh a l l
be cover ed befor e fi r i n g wi t h a ma t
con st r u ct ed so t h a t i t i s ca pa bl e of pr e-
ven t i n g fr a gmen t s fr om bei n g t h r own .
(i v) P er son s a u t h or i zed t o pr epa r e ex-
pl osi ve ch a r ges or con du ct bl a st i n g op-
er a t i on s sh a l l u se ever y r ea son a bl e pr e-
ca u t i on , i n cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o
wa r n i n g si gn a l s, fl a gs, ba r r i ca des, or
woven wi r e ma t s t o i n su r e t h e sa fet y of
t h e gen er a l pu bl i c a n d wor k men .
(v) Bl a st i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be con -
du ct ed du r i n g da y l i gh t h ou r s.
(vi ) Wh en ever bl a st i n g i s bei n g con -
du ct ed i n t h e vi ci n i t y of ga s, el ect r i c,
wa t er , fi r e a l a r m, t el eph on e, t el egr a ph ,
a n d st ea m u t i l i t i es, t h e bl a st er sh a l l
n ot i fy t h e a ppr opr i a t e r epr esen t a t i ves
of su ch u t i l i t i es a t l ea st 24 h ou r s i n a d-
va n ce of bl a st i n g, speci fy i n g t h e l oca -
t i on a n d i n t en ded t i me of su ch bl a st -
i n g. Ver ba l n ot i ce sh a l l be con fi r med
wi t h wr i t t en n ot i ce.
(vi i ) Du e pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en
t o pr even t a cci den t a l di sch a r ge of el ec-
t r i c bl a st i n g ca ps fr om cu r r en t i n du ced
by r a da r , r a di o t r a n smi t t er s, l i gh t n i n g,
a dj a cen t power l i n es, du st st or ms, or
ot h er sou r ces of ext r a n eou s el ect r i ci t y .
Th ese pr eca u t i on s sh a l l i n cl u de:
(a) Th e su spen si on of a l l bl a st i n g op-
er a t i on s a n d r emova l of per son s fr om
t h e bl a st i n g a r ea du r i n g t h e a ppr oa ch
a n d pr ogr ess of a n el ect r i c st or m.
(b) Th e post i n g of si gn s wa r n i n g
a ga i n st t h e u se of mobi l e r a di o t r a n s-
mi t t er s on a l l r oa ds wi t h i n 350 feet of
t h e bl a st i n g oper a t i on s.
(2) St orage at u se sit es. (i ) Empt y con -
t a i n er s a n d pa per a n d fi ber pa ck i n g
ma t er i a l s wh i ch h a ve pr evi ou sl y con -
t a i n ed expl osi ve ma t er i a l s sh a l l be di s-
posed of i n a sa fe ma n n er , or r eu sed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on s Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l s
Regu l a t i on s (49 CF R pa r t s 177180).
(i i ) Con t a i n er s of expl osi ves sh a l l n ot
be open ed i n a n y ma ga zi n e or wi t h i n 50
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
287
feet of a n y ma ga zi n e. I n open i n g k egs
or wooden ca ses, n o spa r k i n g met a l
t ool s sh a l l be u sed; wooden wedges a n d
ei t h er wood, fi ber or r u bber ma l l et s
sh a l l be u sed. Non spa r k i n g met a l l i c
sl i t t er s ma y be u sed for open i n g fi ber -
boa r d ca ses.
(i i i ) Expl osi ves or bl a st i n g equ i pmen t
t h a t a r e obvi ou sl y det er i or a t ed or da m-
a ged sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(i v) No expl osi ves sh a l l be a ba n don ed.
(3) L oadin g of explosives in blast h oles.
(i ) Al l dr i l l h ol es sh a l l be su ffi ci en t l y
l a r ge t o a dmi t fr eel y t h e i n ser t i on of
t h e ca r t r i dges of expl osi ves.
(i i ) Ta mpi n g sh a l l be don e on l y wi t h
wood r ods wi t h ou t exposed met a l pa r t s,
bu t n on spa r k i n g met a l con n ect or s ma y
be u sed for j oi n t ed pol es. Vi ol en t t a mp-
i n g sh a l l be a voi ded. P r i med ca r t r i dges
sh a l l n ot be t a mped.
(i i i ) Wh en l oa di n g bl a st i n g a gen t s
pn eu ma t i ca l l y over el ect r i c bl a st i n g
ca ps, semi con du ct i ve del i ver y h ose
sh a l l be u sed a n d t h e equ i pmen t sh a l l
be bon ded a n d gr ou n ded.
(i v) No h ol es sh a l l be l oa ded except
t h ose t o be fi r ed i n t h e n ext r ou n d of
bl a st i n g. Aft er l oa di n g, a l l r ema i n i n g
expl osi ves sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r e-
t u r n ed t o a n a u t h or i zed ma ga zi n e.
(v) Dr i l l i n g sh a l l n ot be st a r t ed u n t i l
a l l r ema i n i n g bu t t s of ol d h ol es a r e ex-
a mi n ed wi t h a wooden st i ck for
u n expl oded ch a r ges, a n d i f a n y a r e
fou n d, t h ey sh a l l be r efi r ed befor e wor k
pr oceeds.
(vi ) No per son sh a l l be a l l owed t o
deepen dr i l l h ol es wh i ch h a ve con -
t a i n ed expl osi ves.
(vi i ) Aft er l oa di n g for a bl a st i s com-
pl et ed, a l l excess bl a st i n g ca ps or el ec-
t r i c bl a st i n g ca ps a n d ot h er expl osi ves
sh a l l i mmedi a t el y be r et u r n ed t o t h ei r
sepa r a t e st or a ge ma ga zi n es.
(4) I n it iat ion of explosive ch arges.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Wh en fu se i s u sed, t h e bl a st i n g
ca p sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o t h e
sa fet y fu se wi t h a st a n da r d-r i n g t y pe
ca p cr i mper . Al l pr i mer s sh a l l be a s-
sembl ed a t l ea st 50 feet fr om a n y ma ga -
zi n e.
(i i i ) P r i mer s sh a l l be ma de u p on l y a s
r equ i r ed for ea ch r ou n d of bl a st i n g.
(i v) No bl a st i n g ca p sh a l l be i n ser t ed
i n t h e expl osi ves wi t h ou t fi r st ma k i n g
a h ol e i n t h e ca r t r i dge for t h e ca p wi t h
a wooden pu n ch of pr oper si ze or st a n d-
a r d ca p cr i mper .
(v) Expl osi ves sh a l l n ot be ext r a ct ed
fr om a h ol e t h a t h a s on ce been ch a r ged
or h a s mi sfi r ed u n l ess i t i s i mpossi bl e
t o det on a t e t h e u n expl oded ch a r ge by
i n ser t i on of a fr esh a ddi t i on a l pr i mer .
(vi ) I f t h er e a r e a n y mi sfi r es wh i l e
u si n g ca p a n d fu se, a l l per son s sh a l l be
r equ i r ed t o r ema i n a wa y fr om t h e
ch a r ge for a t l ea st 1 h ou r . I f el ect r i c
bl a st i n g ca ps a r e u sed a n d a mi sfi r e oc-
cu r s, t h i s wa i t i n g per i od ma y be r e-
du ced t o 30 mi n u t es. Mi sfi r es sh a l l be
h a n dl ed u n der t h e di r ect i on of t h e per -
son i n ch a r ge of t h e bl a st i n g a n d a l l
wi r es sh a l l be ca r efu l l y t r a ced a n d
sea r ch ma de for u n expl oded ch a r ges.
(vi i ) Bl a st er s, wh en t est i n g ci r cu i t s
t o ch a r ged h ol es, sh a l l u se on l y bl a st -
i n g ga l va n omet er s desi gn ed for t h i s
pu r pose.
(vi i i ) On l y t h e empl oy ee ma k i n g
l ea di n g wi r e con n ect i on s i n el ect r i ca l
fi r i n g sh a l l be a l l owed t o fi r e t h e sh ot .
Lea di n g wi r es sh a l l r ema i n sh or t ed a n d
n ot be con n ect ed t o t h e bl a st i n g ma -
ch i n e or ot h er sou r ce of cu r r en t u n t i l
t h e ch a r ge i s t o be fi r ed.
(5) Warn in g requ ired. Befor e a bl a st i s
fi r ed, t h e empl oy er sh a l l r equ i r e t h a t a
l ou d wa r n i n g si gn a l be gi ven by t h e
per son i n ch a r ge, wh o h a s ma de cer t a i n
t h a t a l l su r pl u s expl osi ves a r e i n a sa fe
pl a ce, a l l per son s a n d veh i cl es a r e a t a
sa fe di st a n ce or u n der su ffi ci en t cover ,
a n d t h a t a n a dequ a t e wa r n i n g h a s been
gi ven .
(f) Explosives at piers, railway st at ion s,
an d cars or vessels n ot ot h erwise specif ied
in t h is st an dard(1) Railway cars. Ex-
cept i n a n emer gen cy a n d wi t h per mi s-
si on of t h e l oca l a u t h or i t y , n o per son
sh a l l h a ve or k eep expl osi ves i n a r a i l -
wa y ca r u n l ess sa i d ca r a n d con t en t s
a n d met h ods of l oa di n g a r e i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on Regu l a t i on s for t h e
Tr a n spor t a t i on of Expl osi ves, 49 CF R
ch a pt er I .
(2) Pack in g an d mark in g. No per son
sh a l l del i ver a n y expl osi ve t o a n y ca r -
r i er u n l ess su ch expl osi ve con for ms i n
a l l r espect s, i n cl u di n g ma r k i n g a n d
pa ck i n g, t o t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on Regu l a t i on s for t h e
Tr a n spor t a t i on of Expl osi ves.
(3) Mark in g cars. Ever y r a i l wa y ca r
con t a i n i n g expl osi ves wh i ch h a s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
288
r ea ch ed i t s desi gn a t i on , or i s st opped
i n t r a n si t so a s n o l on ger t o be i n i n t er -
st a t e commer ce, sh a l l h a ve a t t a ch ed t o
bot h si des a n d en ds of t h e ca r , ca r ds
wi t h t h e wor ds Expl osi vesHa n dl e
Ca r efu l l y Keep F i r e Awa y i n r ed l et -
t er s a t l ea st 1
1
2 i n ch es h i gh on a wh i t e
ba ck gr ou n d.
(4) St orage. An y expl osi ves a t a r a i l -
wa y fa ci l i t y , t r u ck t er mi n a l , pi er ,
wh a r f h a r bor fa ci l i t y , or a i r por t t er -
mi n a l wh et h er for del i ver y t o a con -
si gn ee, or for wa r ded t o some ot h er des-
t i n a t i on sh a l l be k ept i n a sa fe pl a ce,
i sol a t ed a s fa r a s pr a ct i ca bl e a n d i n
su ch ma n n er t h a t t h ey ca n be ea si l y
a n d qu i ck l y r emoved.
(5) Hou rs of t ran sf er. Expl osi ves sh a l l
n ot be del i ver ed t o or r ecei ved fr om
a n y r a i l wa y st a t i on , t r u ck t er mi n a l ,
pi er , wh a r f, h a r bor fa ci l i t y , or a i r por t
t er mi n a l bet ween t h e h ou r s of su n set
a n d su n r i se.
(g) Blast in g agen t s(1) Gen eral. Un l ess
ot h er wi se set for t h i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph ,
bl a st i n g a gen t s, excl u di n g wa t er gel s,
sh a l l be t r a n spor t ed, st or ed, a n d u sed
i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s expl osi ves.
Wa t er gel s a r e cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )
(2) Fixed locat ion mixin g. (i ) [Re-
ser ved]
(i i ) Bu i l di n gs u sed for t h e mi xi n g of
bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on .
(a) Bu i l di n gs sh a l l be of n on combu s-
t i bl e con st r u ct i on or sh eet met a l on
wood st u ds.
(b) F l oor s i n a mi xi n g pl a n t sh a l l be
of con cr et e or of ot h er n on a bsor ben t
ma t er i a l s.
(c) Al l fu el oi l st or a ge fa ci l i t i es sh a l l
be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e mi xi n g pl a n t a n d
l oca t ed i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t i n ca se
of t a n k r u pt u r e, t h e oi l wi l l dr a i n a wa y
fr om t h e mi xi n g pl a n t bu i l di n g.
(d) Th e bu i l di n g sh a l l be wel l ven t i -
l a t ed.
(e) Hea t i n g u n i t s wh i ch do n ot depen d
on combu st i on pr ocesses, wh en pr op-
er l y desi gn ed a n d l oca t ed, ma y be u sed
i n t h e bu i l di n g. Al l di r ect sou r ces of
h ea t sh a l l be pr ovi ded excl u si vel y fr om
u n i t s l oca t ed ou t si de t h e mi xi n g bu i l d-
i n g.
(f ) Al l i n t er n a l -combu st i on en gi n es
u sed for el ect r i c power gen er a t i on sh a l l
be l oca t ed ou t si de t h e mi xi n g pl a n t
bu i l di n g, or sh a l l be pr oper l y ven t i -
l a t ed a n d i sol a t ed by a fi r ewa l l . Th e ex-
h a u st sy st ems on a l l su ch en gi n es sh a l l
be l oca t ed so a n y spa r k emi ssi on ca n -
n ot be a h a za r d t o a n y ma t er i a l s i n or
a dj a cen t t o t h e pl a n t .
(i i i ) Equ i pmen t u sed for mi xi n g
bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Th e desi gn of t h e mi xer sh a l l mi n -
i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of fr i ct i on a l h ea t -
i n g, compa ct i on , a n d especi a l l y con -
fi n emen t . Al l bea r i n gs a n d dr i ve a s-
sembl i es sh a l l be mou n t ed ou t si de t h e
mi xer a n d pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t h e a ccu -
mu l a t i on of du st . Al l su r fa ces sh a l l be
a ccessi bl e for cl ea n i n g.
(b) Mi xi n g a n d pa ck a gi n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of ma t er i a l s com-
pa t i bl e wi t h t h e fu el -a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e composi t i on .
(c) S u i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o pr even t t h e fl ow of fu el oi l t o t h e
mi xer i n ca se of fi r e. I n gr a vi t y fl ow
sy st ems a n a u t oma t i c spr i n g-l oa ded
sh u t off va l ve wi t h fu si bl e l i n k sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed.
(i v) Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s su bdi vi si on
sh a l l be con si der ed wh en det er mi n i n g
bl a st i n g a gen t composi t i on s.
(a) Th e sen si t i vi t y of t h e bl a st i n g
a gen t sh a l l be det er mi n ed by mea n s of
a No. 8 t est bl a st i n g ca p a t r egu l a r i n -
t er va l s a n d a ft er ever y ch a n ge i n for -
mu l a t i on .
(b) Oxi di zer s of sma l l pa r t i cl e si ze,
su ch a s cr u sh ed a mmon i u m n i t r a t e
pr i l l s or fi n es, ma y be mor e sen si t i ve
t h a n coa r ser pr odu ct s a n d sh a l l , t h er e-
for e, be h a n dl ed wi t h gr ea t er ca r e.
(c) No h y dr oca r bon l i qu i d fu el wi t h
fl a sh poi n t l ower t h a n t h a t of No. 2 di e-
sel fu el oi l 125 F . mi n i mu m sh a l l be
u sed.
(d) Cr u de oi l a n d cr a n k ca se oi l sh a l l
n ot be u sed.
(e) Met a l powder s su ch a s a l u mi n u m
sh a l l be k ept dr y a n d sh a l l be st or ed i n
con t a i n er s or bi n s wh i ch a r e moi st u r e-
r esi st a n t or wea t h er t i gh t . S ol i d fu el s
sh a l l be u sed i n su ch ma n n er a s t o mi n -
i mi ze du st expl osi on h a za r ds.
(f ) P er oxi des a n d ch l or a t es sh a l l n ot
be u sed.
(v) Al l el ect r i ca l swi t ch es, con t r ol s,
mot or s, a n d l i gh t s l oca t ed i n t h e mi x-
i n g r oom sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s i n su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t for
Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s; ot h er wi se
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
289
t h ey sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de t h e mi x-
i n g r oom. Th e fr a me of t h e mi xer a n d
a l l ot h er equ i pmen t t h a t ma y be u sed
sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y bon ded a n d be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a con t i n u ou s pa t h t o t h e
gr ou n d.
(vi ) S a fet y pr eca u t i on s a t mi xi n g
pl a n t s sh a l l i n cl u de t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) F l oor s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so a s
t o el i mi n a t e fl oor dr a i n s a n d pi pi n g
i n t o wh i ch mol t en ma t er i a l s cou l d fl ow
a n d be con fi n ed i n ca se of fi r e.
(b) Th e fl oor s a n d equ i pmen t of t h e
mi xi n g a n d pa ck a gi n g r oom sh a l l be
cl ea n ed r egu l a r l y a n d t h or ou gh l y t o
pr even t a ccu mu l a t i on of oxi di zer s or
fu el s a n d ot h er sen si t i zer s.
(c) Th e en t i r e mi xi n g a n d pa ck a gi n g
pl a n t sh a l l be cl ea n ed r egu l a r l y a n d
t h or ou gh l y t o pr even t excessi ve a ccu -
mu l a t i on of du st .
(d) S mok i n g, ma t ch es, open fl a mes,
spa r k -pr odu ci n g devi ces, a n d fi r ea r ms
(except fi r ea r ms ca r r i ed by gu a r ds)
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed i n si de of or
wi t h i n 50 feet of a n y bu i l di n g or fa ci l -
i t y u sed for t h e mi xi n g of bl a st i n g
a gen t s.
(e) Th e l a n d su r r ou n di n g t h e mi xi n g
pl a n t sh a l l be k ept cl ea r of br u sh , dr i ed
gr a ss, l ea ves, a n d ot h er ma t er i a l s for a
di st a n ce of a t l ea st 25 feet .
(f ) Empt y a mmon i u m n i t r a t e ba gs
sh a l l be di sposed of da i l y i n a sa fe ma n -
n er .
(g) No wel di n g sh a l l be per mi t t ed or
open fl a mes u sed i n or a r ou n d t h e mi x-
i n g or st or a ge a r ea of t h e pl a n t u n l ess
t h e equ i pmen t or a r ea h a s been com-
pl et el y wa sh ed down a n d a l l oxi di zer
ma t er i a l r emoved.
(h ) Befor e wel di n g or r epa i r s t o h ol -
l ow sh a ft s, a l l oxi di zer ma t er i a l sh a l l
be r emoved fr om t h e ou t si de a n d i n si de
of t h e sh a ft a n d t h e sh a ft ven t ed wi t h
a mi n i mu m on e-h a l f i n ch di a met er
open i n g.
(i) Expl osi ves sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed
i n si de of or wi t h i n 50 feet of a n y bu i l d-
i n g or fa ci l i t y u sed for t h e mi xi n g of
bl a st i n g a gen t s.
(3) Bu lk delivery an d mixin g veh icles.
(i ) Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph
sh a l l a ppl y t o off-h i gh wa y pr i va t e oper -
a t i on s a s wel l a s t o a l l pu bl i c h i gh wa y
movemen t s.
(i i ) A bu l k veh i cl e body for del i ver i n g
a n d mi xi n g bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l con -
for m wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (i i ).
(a) Th e body sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of
n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(b) Veh i cl es u sed t o t r a n spor t bu l k
pr emi xed bl a st i n g a gen t s on pu bl i c
h i gh wa y s sh a l l h a ve cl osed bodi es.
(c) Al l movi n g pa r t s of t h e mi xi n g
sy st em sh a l l be desi gn ed a s t o pr even t
a h ea t bu i l du p. S h a ft s or a xl es wh i ch
con t a ct t h e pr odu ct sh a l l h a ve ou t -
boa r d bea r i n gs wi t h 1-i n ch mi n i mu m
cl ea r a n ce bet ween t h e bea r i n gs a n d t h e
ou t si de of t h e pr odu ct con t a i n er . P a r -
t i cu l a r a t t en t i on sh a l l be gi ven t o t h e
cl ea r a n ces on a l l movi n g pa r t s.
(d) A bu l k del i ver y veh i cl e sh a l l be
st r on g en ou gh t o ca r r y t h e l oa d wi t h -
ou t di ffi cu l t y a n d be i n good mech a n -
i ca l con di t i on .
(i i i ) Oper a t i on of bu l k del i ver y veh i -
cl es sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bdi vi si on . Th ese i n cl u de t h e
pl a ca r di n g r equ i r emen t s a s speci fi ed by
Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on .
(a) Th e oper a t or sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n
t h e sa fe oper a t i on of t h e veh i cl e t o-
get h er wi t h i t s mi xi n g, con vey i n g, a n d
r el a t ed equ i pmen t . Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t t h e oper a t or i s fa mi l i a r
wi t h t h e commodi t i es bei n g del i ver ed
a n d t h e gen er a l pr ocedu r e for h a n dl i n g
emer gen cy si t u a t i on s.
(b) Th e h a u l i n g of ei t h er bl a st i n g
ca ps or ot h er expl osi ves bu t n ot bot h ,
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on bu l k t r u ck s pr o-
vi ded t h a t a speci a l wood or n on -
fer r ou s-l i n ed con t a i n er i s i n st a l l ed for
t h e expl osi ves. S u ch bl a st i n g ca ps or
ot h er expl osi ves sh a l l be i n DOT-speci -
fi ed sh i ppi n g con t a i n er s: see 49 CF R
ch a pt er I .
(c) No per son sh a l l smok e, ca r r y
ma t ch es or a n y fl a me-pr odu ci n g de-
vi ce, or ca r r y a n y fi r ea r ms wh i l e i n or
a bou t bu l k veh i cl es effect i n g t h e mi x-
i n g t r a n sfer or down -t h e-h ol e l oa di n g
of bl a st i n g a gen t s a t or n ea r t h e bl a st -
i n g si t e.
(d) Ca u t i on sh a l l be exer ci sed i n t h e
movemen t of t h e veh i cl e i n t h e bl a st -
i n g a r ea t o a voi d dr i vi n g t h e veh i cl e
over or dr a ggi n g h oses over fi r i n g l i n es,
ca p wi r es, or expl osi ve ma t er i a l s. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t t h e dr i ver ,
i n movi n g t h e veh i cl e, h a s a ssi st a n ce of
a secon d per son t o gu i de h i s move-
men t s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
290
(e) No i n t r a n si t mi xi n g of ma t er i a l s
sh a l l be per for med.
(i v) P n eu ma t i c l oa di n g fr om bu l k de-
l i ver y veh i cl es i n t o bl a st h ol es pr i med
wi t h el ect r i c bl a st i n g ca ps or ot h er
st a t i c-sen si t i ve sy st ems sh a l l con for m
t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) A posi t i ve gr ou n di n g devi ce sh a l l
be u sed t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of
st a t i c el ect r i ci t y .
(b) A di sch a r ge h ose sh a l l be u sed
t h a t h a s a r esi st a n ce r a n ge t h a t wi l l
pr even t con du ct i n g st r a y cu r r en t s, bu t
t h a t i s con du ct i ve en ou gh t o bl eed off
st a t i c bu i l du p.
(c) A qu a l i fi ed per son sh a l l eva l u a t e
a l l sy st ems t o det er mi n e i f t h ey wi l l
a dequ a t el y di ssi pa t e st a t i c u n der po-
t en t i a l fi el d con di t i on s.
(v) Repa i r s t o bu l k del i ver y veh i cl es
t h i s sect i on .
(a) No wel di n g or open fl a mes sh a l l
be u sed on or a r ou n d a n y pa r t of t h e
del i ver y equ i pmen t u n l ess i t h a s been
compl et el y wa sh ed down a n d a l l oxi -
di zer ma t er i a l r emoved.
(b) Befor e wel di n g or ma k i n g r epa i r s
t o h ol l ow sh a ft s, t h e sh a ft sh a l l be
t h or ou gh l y cl ea n ed i n si de a n d ou t a n d
ven t ed wi t h a mi n i mu m on e-h a l f-i n ch
di a met er open i n g.
(4) Bu lk st orage bin s. (i ) Th e bi n , i n -
cl u di n g su ppor t s, sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
of compa t i bl e ma t er i a l s, wa t er pr oof,
a n d a dequ a t el y su ppor t ed a n d br a ced
t o wi t h st a n d t h e combi n a t i on of a l l
l oa ds i n cl u di n g i mpa ct for ces a r i si n g
fr om pr odu ct movemen t wi t h i n t h e bi n
a n d a cci den t a l veh i cl e con t a ct wi t h t h e
su ppor t l egs.
(i i ) Th e bi n di sch a r ge ga t e sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o pr ovi de a cl osu r e t i gh t
en ou gh t o pr even t l ea k a ge of t h e
st or ed pr odu ct . P r ovi si on sh a l l a l so be
ma de so t h a t t h e ga t e ca n be l ock ed.
(i i i ) Bi n l oa di n g ma n wa y s or a ccess
h a t ch es sh a l l be h i n ged or ot h er wi se
a t t a ch ed t o t h e bi n a n d be desi gn ed t o
per mi t l ock i n g.
(i v) An y el ect r i ca l l y dr i ven con -
vey or s for l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g bi n s
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Th ey sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze da ma ge fr om cor -
r osi on .
(v) Bi n s con t a i n i n g bl a st i n g a gen t
sh a l l be l oca t ed, wi t h r espect t o i n h a b-
i t ed bu i l di n gs, pa ssen ger r a i l r oa ds, a n d
pu bl i c h i gh wa y s, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
Ta bl e-21 a n d sepa r a t i on fr om ot h er
bl a st i n g a gen t st or a ge a n d expl osi ves
st or a ge sh a l l be i n con for mi t y wi t h
Ta bl e H22.
(vi ) Bi n s con t a i n i n g a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om bl a st i n g
a gen t st or a ge a n d expl osi ves st or a ge i n
con for mi t y wi t h Ta bl e H22.
TABLE H22TABLE OF RECOMMENDED SEPA-
RATION DISTANCES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE
AND BLASTING AGENTS FROM EXPLOSIVES OR
BLASTING AGENTS
16

Donor weight Minimum separation
distance of receptor
when barricaded
2
(ft.)
Minimum
thickness
of artificial
barri-
cades
5

(in.)
Pounds
over
Pounds
not over
Ammo-
nium ni-
trate
3

Blasting
agent
4

100 3 11 12
100 300 4 14 12
300 600 5 18 12
600 1,000 6 22 12
1,000 1,600 7 25 12
1,600 2,000 8 29 12
2,000 3,000 9 32 15
3,000 4,000 10 36 15
4,000 6,000 11 40 15
6,000 8,000 12 43 20
8,000 10,000 13 47 20
10,000 12,000 14 50 20
12,000 16,000 15 54 25
16,000 20,000 16 58 25
20,000 25,000 18 65 25
25,000 30,000 19 68 30
30,000 35,000 20 72 30
35,000 40,000 21 76 30
40,000 45,000 22 79 35
45,000 50,000 23 83 35
50,000 55,000 24 86 35
55,000 60,000 25 90 35
60,000 70,000 26 94 40
70,000 80,000 28 101 40
80,000 90,000 30 108 40
90,000 100,000 32 115 40
100,000 120,000 34 122 50
120,000 140,000 37 133 50
140,000 160,000 40 144 50
160,000 180,000 44 158 50
180,000 200,000 48 173 50
200,000 220,000 52 187 60
220,000 250,000 56 202 60
250,000 275,000 60 216 60
275,000 300,000 64 230 60
1
These distances apply to the separation of stores only.
Table H21 shall be used in determining separation distances
from inhabited buildings, passenger railways, and public high-
ways.
2
When the ammonium nitrate and/or blasting agent is not
barricaded, the distances shown in the table shall be multi-
plied by six. These distances allow for the possibility of high
velocity metal fragments from mixers, hoppers, truck bodies,
sheet metal structures, metal container, and the like which
may enclose the donor. Where storage is in bullet-resistant
magazines recommended for explosives or where the storage
is protected by a bullet-resistant wall, distances, and barricade
thicknesses in excess of those prescribed in Table H21 are
not required.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
291
3
The distances in the table apply to ammonium nitrate that
passes the insensitivity test prescribed in the definition of am-
monium nitrate fertilizer promulgated by the National Plant
Food Institute*; and ammonium nitrate failing to pass said test
shall be stored at separation distances determined by com-
petent persons. (*Definition and Test Procedures for Ammo-
nium Nitrate Fertilizer, National Plant Food Institute, Novem-
ber 1964.)
4
These distances apply to nitro-carbo-nitrates and blasting
agents which pass the insensitivity test prescribed in the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations.
5
Earth, or sand dikes, or enclosures filled with the pre-
scribed minimum thickness of earth or sand are acceptable
artificial barricades. Natural barricades, such as hills or timber
of sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which re-
quire protection cannot be seen from the donor when the
trees are bare of leaves, are also acceptable.
6
When the ammonium nitrate must be counted in deter-
mining the distances to be maintained from inhabited build-
ings, passenger railways and public highways, it may be
counted at one-half its actual weight because its blast effect is
lower.
NOTE 7: Guide to use of table of recommended separation
distances of ammonium nitrate and blasting agents from ex-
plosives or blasting agents.
(a) Sketch location of all potential donor and acceptor mate-
rials together with the maximum mass of material to be al-
lowed in that vicinity. (Potential donors are high explosives,
blasting agents, and combination of masses of detonating ma-
terials. Potential acceptors are high explosives, blasting
agents, and ammonium nitrate.)
(b) Consider separately each donor mass in combination
with each acceptor mass. If the masses are closer than table
allowance (distances measured between nearest edges), the
combination of masses becomes a new potential donor of
weight equal to the total mass. When individual masses are
considered as donors, distances to potential acceptors shall
be measured between edges. When combined masses within
propagating distance of each other are considered as a
donor, the appropriate distance to the edge of potential ac-
ceptors shall be computed as a weighted distance from the
combined masses.
Calculation of weighted distance from combined masses:
Let M2, M3 . . . Mn be donor masses to be combined.
M1 is a potential acceptor mass.
D12 is distance from M1 to M2 (edge to edge).
D13 is distance from M1 to M3 (edge to edge), etc.
To find weighted distance [D1(2,3 . . . n)] from combined
masses to M1, add the products of the individual masses and
distances and divide the total by the sum of the masses thus:
D1(2, 3 . . . n)=M2D12+M3D12 . . . +MnD12M2+M3 . . .
+Mn
Propagation is possible if either an individual donor mass is
less than the tabulated distance from an acceptor or a com-
bined mass is less than the weighted distance from an accep-
tor.
(c) In determining the distances separating highways, rail-
roads, and inhabited buildings from potential explosions (as
prescribed in Table H21), the sum of all masses which may
propagate (i.e., lie at distances less than prescribed in the
Table) from either individual or combined donor masses are
included. However, when the ammonium nitrate must be in-
cluded, only 50 percent of its weight shall be used because of
its reduced blast effects. In applying Table H21 to distances
from highways, railroads, and inhabited buildings, distances
are measured from the nearest edge of potentially explodable
material as prescribed in Table H21, Note 5.
(d) When all or part of a potential acceptor comprises Ex-
plosives Class A as defined in DOT regulations, storage in
bullet-resistant magazines is required. Safe distances to
stores in bullet-resistant magazines may be obtained from the
intermagazine distances prescribed in Table H21.
(e) Barricades must not have line-of-sight openings be-
tween potential donors and acceptors which permit blast or
missiles to move directly between masses.
(f) Good housekeeping practices shall be maintained
around any bin containing ammonium nitrate or blasting
agent. This includes keeping weeds and other combustible
materials cleared within 25 feet of such bin. Accumulation of
spilled product on the ground shall be prevented.
(5) St orage of blast in g agen t s an d su p-
plies. (i ) Bl a st i n g a gen t s a n d oxi di zer s
u sed for mi xi n g of bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l
be st or ed i n t h e ma n n er set for t h i n
t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Bl a st i n g a gen t s or a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e, wh en st or ed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h
expl osi ves, sh a l l be st or ed i n t h e ma n -
n er set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s
sect i on for expl osi ves. Th e ma ss of
bl a st i n g a gen t s a n d on e-h a l f t h e ma ss
of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l be i n cl u ded
wh en compu t i n g t h e t ot a l qu a n t i t y of
expl osi ves for det er mi n i n g di st a n ce r e-
qu i r emen t s.
(b) Bl a st i n g a gen t s, wh en st or ed en -
t i r el y sepa r a t e fr om expl osi ves, ma y be
st or ed i n t h e ma n n er set for t h i n pa r a -
gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on or i n on e-st or y
wa r eh ou ses (wi t h ou t ba semen t s) wh i ch
sh a l l be:
(1) Non combu st i bl e or fi r e r esi st i ve;
(2) Con st r u ct ed so a s t o el i mi n a t e
open fl oor dr a i n s a n d pi pi n g i n t o wh i ch
mol t en ma t er i a l s cou l d fl ow a n d be
con fi n ed i n ca se of fi r e;
(3) Wea t h er r esi st a n t ;
(4) Wel l ven t i l a t ed; a n d
(5) Equ i pped wi t h a st r on g door k ept
secu r el y l ock ed except wh en open for
bu si n ess.
(c) S emi t r a i l er or fu l l -t r a i l er va n s
u sed for h i gh wa y or on si t e t r a n spor -
t a t i on of t h e bl a st i n g a gen t s a r e sa t i s-
fa ct or y for t empor a r i l y st or i n g t h ese
ma t er i a l s, pr ovi ded t h ey a r e l oca t ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H22 wi t h r e-
spect t o on e a n ot h er . Tr a i l er s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h su bst a n t i a l mea n s for
l ock i n g, a n d t h e t r a i l er door s sh a l l be
k ept l ock ed, except du r i n g t h e t i me of
pl a cemen t a n d r emova l of st ock s of
(i i ) Wa r eh ou ses u sed for t h e st or a ge
of bl a st i n g a gen t s sepa r a t e fr om expl o-
si ves sh a l l be l oca t ed a s set for t h i n
t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Wa r eh ou ses u sed for t h e st or a ge
of bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
Ta bl e H22 wi t h r espect t o on e a n ot h er .
(b) I f bot h bl a st i n g a gen t s a n d a mmo-
n i u m n i t r a t e a r e h a n dl ed or st or ed
wi t h i n t h e di st a n ce l i mi t a t i on s pr e-
scr i bed t h r ou gh pa r a gr a ph (g)(2) of t h i s
sect i on , on e-h a l f t h e ma ss of t h e a m-
mon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l be a dded t o t h e
ma ss of t h e bl a st i n g a gen t wh en com-
pu t i n g t h e t ot a l qu a n t i t y of expl osi ves
for det er mi n i n g t h e pr oper di st a n ce for
compl i a n ce wi t h Ta bl e H21.
(i i i ) S mok i n g, ma t ch es, open fl a mes,
spa r k pr odu ci n g devi ces, a n d fi r ea r ms
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
292
a r e pr oh i bi t ed i n si de of or wi t h i n 50
feet of a n y wa r eh ou se u sed for t h e st or -
a ge of bl a st i n g a gen t s. Combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l s sh a l l n ot be st or ed wi t h i n 50
feet of wa r eh ou ses u sed for t h e st or a ge
of bl a st i n g a gen t s.
(i v) Th e i n t er i or of wa r eh ou ses u sed
for t h e st or a ge of bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l
be k ept cl ea n a n d fr ee fr om debr i s a n d
empt y con t a i n er s. S pi l l ed ma t er i a l s
sh a l l be cl ea n ed u p pr ompt l y a n d sa fel y
r emoved. Combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s, fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i ds, cor r osi ve a ci ds, ch l or -
a t es, or n i t r a t es sh a l l n ot be st or ed i n
a n y wa r eh ou se u sed for bl a st i n g a gen t s
u n l ess sepa r a t ed t h er efr om by a fi r e r e-
si st i ve sepa r a t i on of n ot l ess t h a n 1
h ou r r esi st a n ce. Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s
su bdi vi si on sh a l l n ot pr oh i bi t t h e st or -
a ge of bl a st i n g a gen t s t oget h er wi t h
n on expl osi ve bl a st i n g su ppl i es.
(v) P i l es of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e a n d
wa r eh ou ses con t a i n i n g a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e sh a l l be a dequ a t el y sepa r a t ed
fr om r ea di l y combu st i bl e fu el s.
(vi ) Ca k ed oxi di zer s, ei t h er i n ba gs or
i n bu l k , sh a l l n ot be l oosen ed by bl a st -
i n g.
(vi i ) Ever y wa r eh ou se u sed for t h e
st or a ge of bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l be
u n der t h e su per vi si on of a compet en t
per son .
(6) T ran sport at ion of pack aged blast in g
agen t s. (i ) Wh en bl a st i n g a gen t s a r e
t r a n spor t ed i n t h e sa me veh i cl e wi t h
expl osi ves, a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
compl i ed wi t h .
(i i ) Veh i cl es t r a n spor t i n g bl a st i n g
a gen t s sh a l l on l y be dr i ven by a n d be i n
ch a r ge of a dr i ver i n possessi on of a
va l i d mot or veh i cl e oper a t or s l i cen se.
S u ch a per son sh a l l a l so be fa mi l i a r
wi t h t h e S t a t es veh i cl e a n d t r a ffi c
l a ws.
(i i i ) No ma t ch es, fi r ea r ms, a ci ds, or
ot h er cor r osi ve l i qu i ds sh a l l be ca r r i ed
i n t h e bed or body of a n y veh i cl e con -
t a i n i n g bl a st i n g a gen t s.
(i v) No per son sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
r i de u pon , dr i ve, l oa d, or u n l oa d a veh i -
cl e con t a i n i n g bl a st i n g a gen t s wh i l e
smok i n g or u n der t h e i n fl u en ce of i n -
t oxi ca n t s, n a r cot i cs, or ot h er da n -
ger ou s dr u gs.
(v) [Reser ved]
(vi ) Veh i cl es t r a n spor t i n g bl a st i n g
a gen t s sh a l l be i n sa fe oper a t i n g con di -
t i on a t a l l t i mes.
(7) Use of blast in g agen t s. P er son s
u si n g bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l compl y
wi t h a l l of t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on .
(h ) Wat er gel (Slu rry ) explosives an d
blast in g agen t s(1) Gen eral provision s.
Un l ess ot h er wi se set for t h i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph , wa t er gel s sh a l l be t r a n spor t ed,
st or ed a n d u sed i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s
expl osi ves or bl a st i n g a gen t s i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e cl a ssi fi ca t i on of t h e
pr odu ct .
(2) T y pes an d classif icat ion s. (i ) Wa t er
gel s con t a i n i n g a su bst a n ce i n i t sel f
cl a ssi fi ed a s a n expl osi ve sh a l l be cl a s-
si fi ed a s a n expl osi ve a n d ma n u fa c-
t u r ed, t r a n spor t ed, st or ed, a n d u sed a s
speci fi ed for expl osi ves i n t h i s sec-
t i on , except a s n ot ed i n su bdi vi si on (i v)
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Wa t er gel s con t a i n i n g n o su b-
st a n ce i n i t sel f cl a ssi fi ed a s a n expl o-
si ve a n d wh i ch a r e ca p-sen si t i ve a s de-
fi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on
u n der Bl a st i n g Agen t sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
a s a n expl osi ve a n d ma n u fa ct u r ed,
t r a n spor t ed, st or ed a n d u sed a s speci -
fi ed for expl osi ves i n t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Wa t er gel s con t a i n i n g n o su b-
st a n ce i n i t sel f cl a ssi fi ed a s a n expl o-
si ve a n d wh i ch a r e n ot ca p-sen si t i ve a s
defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on
u n der Bl a st i n g Agen t sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed
a s bl a st i n g a gen t s a n d ma n u fa ct u r ed,
t r a n spor t ed, st or ed, a n d u sed a s speci -
fi ed for bl a st i n g a gen t s i n t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i v) Wh en t est s on speci fi c for mu l a -
t i on s of wa t er gel s r esu l t i n Depa r t -
men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on cl a ssi fi ca t i on
a s a Cl a ss B expl osi ve, bu l l et -r esi st a n t
ma ga zi n es a r e n ot r equ i r ed, see pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Fixed locat ion mixin g.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Bu i l di n gs u sed for t h e mi xi n g of
wa t er gel s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Bu i l di n gs sh a l l be of n on combu s-
t i bl e con st r u ct i on or sh eet met a l on
wood st u ds.
(b) F l oor s i n a mi xi n g pl a n t sh a l l be
of con cr et e or of ot h er n on a bsor ben t
ma t er i a l s.
(c) Wh er e fu el oi l i s u sed a l l fu el oi l
st or a ge fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be sepa r a t ed
fr om t h e mi xi n g pl a n t a n d l oca t ed i n
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
293
su ch a ma n n er t h a t i n ca se of t a n k r u p-
t u r e, t h e oi l wi l l dr a i n a wa y fr om t h e
mi xi n g pl a n t bu i l di n g.
(d) Th e bu i l di n g sh a l l be wel l ven t i -
l a t ed.
(e) Hea t i n g u n i t s t h a t do n ot depen d
on combu st i on pr ocesses, wh en pr op-
er l y desi gn ed a n d l oca t ed, ma y be u sed
i n t h e bu i l di n g. Al l di r ect sou r ces of
h ea t sh a l l be pr ovi ded excl u si vel y fr om
u n i t s l oca t ed ou t si de of t h e mi xi n g
bu i l di n g.
(f ) Al l i n t er n a l -combu st i on en gi n es
u sed for el ect r i c power gen er a t i on sh a l l
be l oca t ed ou t si de t h e mi xi n g pl a n t
bu i l di n g, or sh a l l be pr oper l y ven t i -
l a t ed a n d i sol a t ed by a fi r ewa l l . Th e ex-
h a u st sy st ems on a l l su ch en gi n es sh a l l
be l oca t ed so a n y spa r k emi ssi on ca n -
n ot be a h a za r d t o a n y ma t er i a l s i n or
a dj a cen t t o t h e pl a n t .
(i i i ) I n gr edi en t s of wa t er gel s sh a l l
con for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
su bdi vi si on .
(a) I n gr edi en t s i n t h emsel ves cl a ssi -
fi ed a s Cl a ss A or Cl a ss B expl osi ves
sh a l l be st or ed i n con for mi t y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Ni t r a t e-wa t er sol u t i on s ma y be
st or ed i n t a n k ca r s, t a n k t r u ck s, or
fi xed t a n k s wi t h ou t qu a n t i t y or di s-
t a n ce l i mi t a t i on s. S pi l l s or l ea k s wh i ch
ma y con t a mi n a t e combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l s sh a l l be cl ea n ed u p i mmedi a t el y .
(c) Met a l powder s su ch a s a l u mi n u m
sh a l l be k ept dr y a n d sh a l l be st or ed i n
con t a i n er s or bi n s wh i ch a r e moi st u r e-
r esi st a n t or wea t h er t i gh t . S ol i d fu el s
sh a l l be u sed i n su ch ma n n er a s t o mi n -
i mi ze du st expl osi on h a za r ds.
(d) I n gr edi en t s sh a l l n ot be st or ed
wi t h i n compa t i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(e) P er oxi des a n d ch l or a t es sh a l l n ot
be u sed.
(i v) Mi xi n g equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on .
(a) Th e desi gn of t h e pr ocessi n g
equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g mi xi n g a n d con -
vey i n g equ i pmen t , sh a l l be compa t i bl e
wi t h t h e r el a t i ve sen si t i vi t y of t h e ma -
t er i a l s bei n g h a n dl ed. Equ i pmen t sh a l l
be desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y
of fr i ct i on a l h ea t i n g, compa ct i on , over -
l oa di n g, a n d con fi n emen t .
(b) Bot h equ i pmen t a n d h a n dl i n g pr o-
cedu r es sh a l l be desi gn ed t o pr even t
t h e i n t r odu ct i on of for ei gn obj ect s or
ma t er i a l s.
(c) Mi xer s, pu mps, va l ves, a n d r el a t ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be desi gn ed t o per mi t
r egu l a r a n d per i odi c fl u sh i n g, cl ea n i n g,
di sma n t l i n g, a n d i n spect i on .
(d) Al l el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g
wi r i n g, swi t ch es, con t r ol s, mot or s, a n d
l i gh t s, sh a l l con for m t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(e) Al l el ect r i c mot or s a n d gen er a t or s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h su i t a bl e over -
l oa d pr ot ect i on devi ces. El ect r i ca l gen -
er a t or s, mot or s, pr opor t i on i n g devi ces,
a n d a l l ot h er el ect r i ca l en cl osu r es sh a l l
be el ect r i ca l l y bon ded. Th e gr ou n di n g
con du ct or t o a l l su ch el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t sh a l l be effect i vel y bon ded t o t h e
ser vi ce-en t r a n ce gr ou n d con n ect i on
a n d t o a l l equ i pmen t gr ou n d con n ec-
t i on s i n a ma n n er so a s t o pr ovi de a
con t i n u ou s pa t h t o gr ou n d.
(v) Mi xi n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e fi r e pr even t i on r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Th e mi xi n g, l oa di n g, a n d i n gr e-
di en t t r a n sfer a r ea s wh er e r esi du es or
spi l l ed ma t er i a l s ma y a ccu mu l a t e sh a l l
be cl ea n ed per i odi ca l l y . A cl ea n i n g a n d
col l ect i on sy st em for da n ger ou s r esi -
du es sh a l l be pr ovi ded. ,
(b) A da i l y vi su a l i n spect i on sh a l l be
ma de of mi xi n g, con vey i n g, a n d el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t t o est a bl i sh t h a t su ch
equ i pmen t i s i n good oper a t i n g con di -
t i on . A pr ogr a m of sy st ema t i c ma i n t e-
n a n ce sh a l l be con du ct ed on r egu l a r
sch edu l e.
(c) Hea t er s wh i ch a r e n ot depen den t
on t h e combu st i on pr ocess wi t h i n t h e
h ea t i n g u n i t ma y be u sed wi t h i n t h e
con fi n es of pr ocessi n g bu i l di n gs, or
compa r t men t s, i f pr ovi ded wi t h t em-
per a t u r e a n d sa fet y con t r ol s a n d l o-
ca t ed a wa y fr om combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s
a n d t h e fi n i sh ed pr odu ct .
(4) Bu lk delivery an d mixin g veh icles.
(i ) Th e desi gn of veh i cl es sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on .
(a) Veh i cl es u sed over pu bl i c h i gh -
wa y s for t h e bu l k t r a n spor t a t i on of
wa t er gel s or of i n gr edi en t s cl a ssi fi ed
a s da n ger ou s commodi t i es, sh a l l meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on a n d sh a l l meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (d) a n d (g)(6)
(b) Wh en el ect r i c power i s su ppl i ed by
a sel f-con t a i n ed mot or gen er a t or l o-
ca t ed on t h e veh i cl e t h e gen er a t or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
294
sh a l l be a t a poi n t sepa r a t e fr om wh er e
t h e wa t er gel i s di sch a r ged.
(c) Th e desi gn of pr ocessi n g equ i p-
men t a n d gen er a l r equ i r emen t s sh a l l
con for m t o su bpa r a gr a ph s (3) (i i i ) a n d
(i v) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(d) A posi t i ve a ct i on pa r k i n g br a k e,
wh i ch wi l l set t h e wh eel br a k es on a t
l ea st on e a xl e sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ve-
h i cl es wh en equ i pped wi t h a i r br a k es
a n d sh a l l be u sed du r i n g bu l k del i ver y
oper a t i on s. Wh eel ch ock s sh a l l su ppl e-
men t pa r k i n g br a k es wh en ever con di -
t i on s ma y r equ i r e.
(i i ) Oper a t i on of bu l k del i ver y a n d
mi xi n g veh i cl es sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) Th e pl a ca r di n g r equ i r emen t s con -
t a i n ed i n DOT r egu l a t i on s a ppl y t o ve-
h i cl es ca r r y i n g wa t er gel expl osi ves or
(b) Th e oper a t or sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n
t h e sa fe oper a t i on of t h e veh i cl e t o-
get h er wi t h i t s mi xi n g, con vey i n g, a n d
r el a t ed equ i pmen t . He sh a l l be fa mi l i a r
wi t h t h e commodi t i es bei n g del i ver ed
a n d t h e gen er a l pr ocedu r e for h a n dl i n g
emer gen cy si t u a t i on s.
(c) Th e h a u l i n g of ei t h er bl a st i n g
ca ps or ot h er expl osi ves, bu t n ot bot h ,
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on bu l k t r u ck s pr o-
vi ded t h a t a speci a l wood or n on -
fer r ou s-l i n ed con t a i n er i s i n st a l l ed for
t h e expl osi ves. S u ch bl a st i n g ca ps or
ot h er expl osi ves sh a l l be i n DOT-speci -
fi ed sh i ppi n g con t a i n er s; see 49 CF R
ch a pt er I .
(d) No per son sh a l l be a l l owed t o
smok e, ca r r y ma t ch es or a n y fl a me-
pr odu ci n g devi ce, or ca r r y a n y fi r ea r ms
wh i l e i n or a bou t bu l k veh i cl es effect -
i n g t h e mi xi n g, t r a n sfer , or down -t h e-
h ol e l oa di n g of wa t er gel s a t or n ea r
t h e bl a st i n g si t e.
(e) Ca u t i on sh a l l be exer ci sed i n t h e
movemen t of t h e veh i cl e i n t h e bl a st -
i n g a r ea t o a voi d dr i vi n g t h e veh i cl e
over or dr a ggi n g h oses over fi r i n g l i n es,
ca p wi r es, or expl osi ve ma t er i a l s. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l fu r n i sh t h e dr i ver t h e
a ssi st a n ce of a secon d per son t o gu i de
t h e dr i ver s movemen t s.
(f ) No i n t r a n si t mi xi n g of ma t er i a l s
sh a l l be per for med.
(g) Th e l oca t i on ch osen for wa t er gel
or i n gr edi en t t r a n sfer fr om a su ppor t
veh i cl e i n t o t h e bor eh ol e l oa di n g veh i -
cl e sh a l l be a wa y fr om t h e bl a st h ol e
si t e wh en t h e bor eh ol es a r e l oa ded or
i n t h e pr ocess of bei n g l oa ded.
(i ) St orage of ammon iu m n it rat e(1)
Scope an d def in it ion s. (i )(a) Except a s
pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (i )(1)(i )(d) of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o t h e st or a ge of a m-
mon i u m n i t r a t e i n t h e for m of cr y st a l s,
fl a k es, gr a i n s, or pr i l l s i n cl u di n g fer -
t i l i zer gr a de, dy n a mi t e gr a de, n i t r ou s
oxi de gr a de, t ech n i ca l gr a de, a n d ot h er
mi xt u r es con t a i n i n g 60 per cen t or mor e
a mmon i u m n i t r a t e by wei gh t bu t does
n ot a ppl y t o bl a st i n g a gen t s.
(b) Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o
t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e.
(c) Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o
st or a ge u n der t h e j u r i sdi ct i on of a n d i n
compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r egu l a t i on s of t h e
U. S . Coa st Gu a r d (see 46 CF R pa r t s 146
149).
(d) Th e st or a ge of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e
a n d a mmon i u m n i t r a t e mi xt u r es t h a t
a r e mor e sen si t i ve t h a n a l l owed by t h e
Defi n i t i on of Test P r ocedu r es for Am-
mon i u m Ni t r a t e F er t i l i zer i s pr oh i b-
i t ed.
(i i )(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Th e st a n da r ds for a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e (n i t r ou s oxi de gr a de) a r e t h ose
fou n d i n t h e S peci fi ca t i on s, P r op-
er t i es, a n d Recommen da t i on s for P a ck -
a gi n g, Tr a n spor t a t i on , S t or a ge, a n d
Use of Ammon i u m Ni t r a t e, a va i l a bl e
fr om t h e Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on ,
I n c. , wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce
(2) Gen eral provision s. (i ) Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a ppl i es t o a l l per son s st or i n g,
h a vi n g, or k eepi n g a mmon i u m n i t r a t e,
a n d t o t h e own er or l essee of a n y bu i l d-
i n g, pr emi ses, or st r u ct u r e i n wh i ch
a mmon i u m n i t r a t e i s st or ed i n qu a n -
t i t i es of 1, 000 pou n ds or mor e.
(i i ) Appr ova l of l a r ge qu a n t i t y st or -
a ge sh a l l be su bj ect t o du e con si der -
a t i on of t h e fi r e a n d expl osi on h a za r ds,
i n cl u di n g exposu r e t o t oxi c va por s
fr om bu r n i n g or decomposi n g a mmo-
n i u m n i t r a t e.
(i i i )(a) S t or a ge bu i l di n gs sh a l l n ot
h a ve ba semen t s u n l ess t h e ba semen t s
a r e open on a t l ea st on e si de. S t or a ge
bu i l di n gs sh a l l n ot be over on e st or y i n
h ei gh t .
(b) S t or a ge bu i l di n gs sh a l l h a ve a de-
qu a t e ven t i l a t i on or be of a con st r u c-
t i on t h a t wi l l be sel f-ven t i l a t i n g i n t h e
even t of fi r e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
295
(c) Th e wa l l on t h e exposed si de of a
st or a ge bu i l di n g wi t h i n 50 feet of a
combu st i bl e bu i l di n g, for est , pi l es of
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s a n d si mi l a r ex-
posu r e h a za r ds sh a l l be of fi r e-r esi st i ve
con st r u ct i on . I n l i eu of t h e fi r e-r esi s-
t i ve wa l l , ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s of expo-
su r e pr ot ect i on su ch a s a fr ee st a n di n g
wa l l ma y be u sed. Th e r oof cover i n gs
sh a l l be Cl a ss C or bet t er , a s defi n ed i n
t h e Ma n u a l on Roof Cover i n gs, NF P A
203M1970, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
(d) Al l fl oor i n g i n st or a ge a n d h a n -
dl i n g a r ea s, sh a l l be of n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l or pr ot ect ed a ga i n st i mpr eg-
n a t i on by a mmon i u m n i t r a t e a n d sh a l l
be wi t h ou t open dr a i n s, t r a ps, t u n n el s,
pi t s, or pock et s i n t o wh i ch a n y mol t en
a mmon i u m n i t r a t e cou l d fl ow a n d be
con fi n ed i n t h e even t of fi r e.
(e) Th e con t i n u ed u se of a n exi st i n g
st or a ge bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e n ot i n
st r i ct con for mi t y wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph
ma y be a ppr oved i n ca ses wh er e su ch
con t i n u ed u se wi l l n ot con st i t u t e a
h a za r d t o l i fe.
(f ) Bu i l di n gs a n d st r u ct u r es sh a l l be
dr y a n d fr ee fr om wa t er seepa ge
t h r ou gh t h e r oof, wa l l s, a n d fl oor s.
(3) St orage of ammon iu m n it rat e in
bags, dru ms, or ot h er con t ain ers. (i )(a)
Ba gs a n d con t a i n er s u sed for a mmo-
n i u m n i t r a t e mu st compl y wi t h speci -
fi ca t i on s a n d st a n da r ds r equ i r ed for u se
i n i n t er st a t e commer ce (see 49 CF R
ch a pt er I ).
(b) Con t a i n er s u sed on t h e pr emi ses
i n t h e a ct u a l ma n u fa ct u r i n g or pr oc-
essi n g n eed n ot compl y wi t h pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph (i )(3)(i )(a) of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(i i )(a) Con t a i n er s of a mmon i u m n i -
t r a t e sh a l l n ot be a ccept ed for st or a ge
wh en t h e t emper a t u r e of t h e a mmo-
n i u m n i t r a t e exceeds 130 F .
(b) Ba gs of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l
n ot be st or ed wi t h i n 30 i n ch es of t h e
st or a ge bu i l di n g wa l l s a n d pa r t i t i on s.
(c) Th e h ei gh t of pi l es sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 20 feet . Th e wi dt h of pi l es sh a l l
n ot exceed 20 feet a n d t h e l en gt h 50 feet
except t h a t wh er e t h e bu i l di n g i s of
n on combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on or i s pr o-
t ect ed by a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er s t h e
l en gt h of pi l es sh a l l n ot be l i mi t ed. I n
n o ca se sh a l l t h e a mmon i u m n i t r a t e be
st a ck ed cl oser t h a n 36 i n ch es bel ow t h e
r oof or su ppor t i n g a n d spr ea der bea ms
over h ea d.
(d) Ai sl es sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o sepa -
r a t e pi l es by a cl ea r spa ce of n ot l ess
t h a n 3 feet i n wi dt h . At l ea st on e ser v-
i ce or ma i n a i sl e i n t h e st or a ge a r ea
sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 4 feet i n wi dt h .
(4) St orage of bu lk ammon iu m n it rat e.
(i )(a) Wa r eh ou ses sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e
ven t i l a t i on or be ca pa bl e of a dequ a t e
ven t i l a t i on i n ca se of fi r e.
(b) Un l ess con st r u ct ed of n on combu s-
t i bl e ma t er i a l or u n l ess a dequ a t e fa -
ci l i t i es for fi gh t i n g a r oof fi r e a r e
a va i l a bl e, bu l k st or a ge st r u ct u r es sh a l l
n ot exceed a h ei gh t of 40 feet .
(i i )(a) Bi n s sh a l l be cl ea n a n d fr ee of
ma t er i a l s wh i ch ma y con t a mi n a t e a m-
mon i u m n i t r a t e.
(b) Du e t o t h e cor r osi ve a n d r ea ct i ve
pr oper t i es of a mmon i u m n i t r a t e, a n d
t o a voi d con t a mi n a t i on , ga l va n i zed
i r on , copper , l ea d, a n d zi n c sh a l l n ot be
u sed i n a bi n con st r u ct i on u n l ess su i t -
a bl y pr ot ect ed. Al u mi n u m bi n s a n d
wooden bi n s pr ot ect ed a ga i n st i mpr eg-
n a t i on by a mmon i u m n i t r a t e a r e per -
mi ssi bl e. Th e pa r t i t i on s di vi di n g t h e
a mmon i u m n i t r a t e st or a ge fr om ot h er
pr odu ct s wh i ch wou l d con t a mi n a t e t h e
a mmon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l be of t i gh t
(c) Th e a mmon i u m n i t r a t e st or a ge
bi n s or pi l es sh a l l be cl ea r l y i den t i fi ed
by si gn s r ea di n g Ammon i u m Ni t r a t e
wi t h l et t er s a t l ea st 2 i n ch es h i gh .
(i i i )(a) P i l es or bi n s sh a l l be so si zed
a n d a r r a n ged t h a t a l l ma t er i a l i n t h e
pi l e i s moved ou t per i odi ca l l y i n or der
t o mi n i mi ze possi bl e ca k i n g of t h e
st or ed a mmon i u m n i t r a t e.
(b) Hei gh t or dept h of pi l es sh a l l be
l i mi t ed by t h e pr essu r e-set t i n g t en d-
en cy of t h e pr odu ct . However , i n n o
ca se sh a l l t h e a mmon i u m n i t r a t e be
pi l ed h i gh er a t a n y poi n t t h a n 36 i n ch es
bel ow t h e r oof or su ppor t i n g a n d
spr ea der bea ms over h ea d.
(c) Ammon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l n ot be
a ccept ed for st or a ge wh en t h e t emper a -
t u r e of t h e pr odu ct exceeds 130 F .
(d) Dy n a mi t e, ot h er expl osi ves, a n d
bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l n ot be u sed t o
br ea k u p or l oosen ca k ed a mmon i u m
n i t r a t e.
(5) Con t amin an t s. (i )(a) Ammon i u m
n i t r a t e sh a l l be i n a sepa r a t e bu i l di n g
or sh a l l be sepa r a t ed by a ppr oved t y pe
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
296
fi r ewa l l s of n ot l ess t h a n 1 h ou r fi r e-r e-
si st a n ce r a t i n g fr om st or a ge of or ga n i c
ch emi ca l s, a ci ds, or ot h er cor r osi ve
ma t er i a l s, ma t er i a l s t h a t ma y r equ i r e
bl a st i n g du r i n g pr ocessi n g or h a n dl i n g,
compr essed fl a mma bl e ga ses, fl a m-
ma bl e a n d combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s or
ot h er con t a mi n a t i n g su bst a n ces, i n -
cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o a n i ma l fa t s,
ba l ed cot t on , ba l ed r a gs, ba l ed scr a p
pa per , bl ea ch i n g powder , bu r l a p or cot -
t on ba gs, ca u st i c soda , coa l , cok e, ch a r -
coa l , cor k , ca mph or , excel si or , fi ber s of
a n y k i n d, fi sh oi l s, fi sh mea l , foa m r u b-
ber , h a y , l u br i ca t i n g oi l , l i n seed oi l , or
ot h er oxi di za bl e or dr y i n g oi l s, n a ph -
t h a l en e, oa k u m, oi l ed cl ot h i n g, oi l ed
pa per , oi l ed t ext i l es, pa i n t , st r a w, sa w-
du st , wood sh a vi n gs, or veget a bl e oi l s.
Wa l l s r efer r ed t o i n t h i s su bdi vi si on
n eed ext en d on l y t o t h e u n der si de of
t h e r oof.
(b) I n l i eu of sepa r a t i on wa l l s, a mmo-
n i u m n i t r a t e ma y be sepa r a t ed fr om
t h e ma t er i a l s r efer r ed t o i n pa r a gr a ph
(a) of t h i s sect i on by a spa ce of a t l ea st
30 feet .
(c) F l a mma bl e l i qu i ds su ch a s ga so-
l i n e, k er osen e, sol ven t s, a n d l i gh t fu el
oi l s sh a l l n ot be st or ed on t h e pr emi ses
except wh en su ch st or a ge con for ms t o
1910. 106, a n d wh en wa l l s a n d si l l s or
cu r bs a r e pr ovi ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph s (i )(5)(i ) (a) or (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(d) LP -Ga s sh a l l n ot be st or ed on t h e
pr emi ses except wh en su ch st or a ge con -
for ms t o 1910. 110.
(i i )(a) S u l fu r a n d fi n el y di vi ded met -
a l s sh a l l n ot be st or ed i n t h e sa me
bu i l di n g wi t h a mmon i u m n i t r a t e ex-
cept wh en su ch st or a ge con for ms t o
pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(b) Expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g a gen t s
sh a l l n ot be st or ed i n t h e sa me bu i l di n g
wi t h a mmon i u m n i t r a t e except on t h e
pr emi ses of ma k er s, di st r i bu t or s, a n d
u ser -compou n der s of expl osi ves or
(c) Wh er e expl osi ves or bl a st i n g
a gen t s a r e st or ed i n sepa r a t e bu i l di n gs,
ot h er t h a n on t h e pr emi ses of ma k er s,
di st r i bu t or s, a n d u ser -compou n der s of
expl osi ves or bl a st i n g a gen t s, t h ey
sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e a mmon i u m
n i t r a t e by t h e di st a n ces a n d/or ba r r i -
ca des speci fi ed i n Ta bl e H22 of t h i s
su bpa r t , bu t by n ot l ess t h a n 50 feet .
(d) S t or a ge a n d/or oper a t i on s on t h e
pr emi ses of ma k er s, di st r i bu t or s, a n d
u ser -compou n der s of expl osi ves or
bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l be i n con for mi t y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(6) Gen eral precau t ion s. (i ) El ect r i ca l
i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l con for m t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t ,
for or di n a r y l oca t i on s. Th ey sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze da ma ge fr om cor -
r osi on .
(i i ) I n a r ea s wh er e l i gh t n i n g st or ms
a r e pr eva l en t , l i gh t n i n g pr ot ect i on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded. (S ee t h e Li gh t n i n g
P r ot ect i on Code, NF P A 781968, wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6. )
(i i i ) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de t o pr e-
ven t u n a u t h or i zed per son n el fr om en -
t er i n g t h e a mmon i u m n i t r a t e st or a ge
a r ea .
(7) Fire prot ect ion . (i ) Not mor e t h a n
2, 500 t on s (2270 t on n es) of ba gged a m-
mon i u m n i t r a t e sh a l l be st or ed i n a
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e n ot equ i pped wi t h
a n a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st em. S pr i n -
k l er sy st ems sh a l l be of t h e a ppr oved
t y pe a n d i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
1910. 159.
(i i )(a) S u i t a bl e fi r e con t r ol devi ces
su ch a s sma l l h ose or por t a bl e fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t h r ou gh -
ou t t h e wa r eh ou se a n d i n t h e l oa di n g
a n d u n l oa di n g a r ea s. S u i t a bl e fi r e con -
t r ol devi ces sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 157 a n d 1910. 158.
(b) Wa t er su ppl i es a n d fi r e h y dr a n t s
sh a l l be a va i l a bl e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
r ecogn i zed good pr a ct i ces.
(j ) Small arms ammu n it ion , small arms
primers, an d small arms propellan t s(1)
Scope. Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o
i n -pr ocess st or a ge a n d i n t r a pl a n t
t r a n spor t a t i on du r i n g ma n u fa ct u r e of
sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on , sma l l a r ms
pr i mer s, a n d smok el ess pr opel l a n t s.
(2) Small arms ammu n it ion . (i ) No
qu a n t i t y l i mi t a t i on s a r e i mposed on
t h e st or a ge of sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on
i n wa r eh ou ses, r et a i l st or es, a n d ot h er
gen er a l occu pa n cy fa ci l i t i es, except
t h ose i mposed by l i mi t a t i on s of st or a ge
fa ci l i t i es.
(i i ) S ma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds,
fl a mma bl e sol i ds a s cl a ssi fi ed i n 49
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
297
CF R pa r t 172, a n d fr om oxi di zi n g ma t e-
r i a l s, by a fi r e-r esi st i ve wa l l of 1-h ou r
r a t i n g or by a di st a n ce of 25 feet .
(i i i ) S ma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on sh a l l
n ot be st or ed t oget h er wi t h Cl a ss A or
Cl a ss B expl osi ves u n l ess t h e st or a ge
fa ci l i t y i s a dequ a t e for t h i s l a t t er st or -
a ge.
(3) Smok eless propellan t s. (i ) Al l
smok el ess pr opel l a n t s sh a l l be st or ed
i n sh i ppi n g con t a i n er s speci fi ed i n 49
CF R 173. 93 for smok el ess pr opel l a n t s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Commer ci a l st ock s of smok el ess
pr opel l a n t s over 20 pou n ds a n d n ot
mor e t h a n 100 pou n ds sh a l l be st or ed i n
por t a bl e wooden boxes h a vi n g wa l l s of
a t l ea st 1 i n ch n omi n a l t h i ck n ess.
(i v) Commer ci a l st ock s i n qu a n t i t i es
n ot t o exceed 750 pou n ds sh a l l be st or ed
i n n on por t a bl e st or a ge ca bi n et s h a vi n g
wooden wa l l s of a t l ea st 1 i n ch n omi n a l
t h i ck n ess. Not mor e t h a n 400 pou n ds
sh a l l be per mi t t ed i n a n y on e ca bi n et .
(v) Qu a n t i t i es i n excess of 750 pou n ds
sh a l l be st or ed i n ma ga zi n es i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Small arms ammu n it ion primers. (i )
S ma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i mer s sh a l l
n ot be st or ed except i n t h e or i gi n a l
sh i ppi n g con t a i n er i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 49 CF R 173. 107 for
sma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i mer s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) S ma l l a r ms a mmu n i t i on pr i mer s
sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om fl a mma bl e l i q-
u i ds, fl a mma bl e sol i ds a s cl a ssi fi ed i n
49 CF R pa r t 172, a n d oxi di zi n g ma t e-
r i a l s by a fi r e-r esi st i ve wa l l of 1-h ou r
r a t i n g or by a di st a n ce of 25 feet .
(i v) Not mor e t h a n 750, 000 sma l l a r ms
a mmu n i t i on pr i mer s sh a l l be st or ed i n
a n y on e bu i l di n g, except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (j )(4)(v) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
Not mor e t h a n 100, 000 sh a l l be st or ed i n
a n y on e pi l e. P i l es sh a l l be a t l ea st 15
feet a pa r t .
(v) Qu a n t i t i es of sma l l a r ms a mmu n i -
t i on pr i mer s i n excess of 750, 000 sh a l l
be st or ed i n ma ga zi n es i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(k ) Scope. (1) Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
t h e ma n u fa ct u r e, k eepi n g, h a vi n g,
st or a ge, sa l e, t r a n spor t a t i on , a n d u se
of expl osi ves, bl a st i n g a gen t s, a n d py -
r ot ech n i cs. Th e sect i on does n ot a ppl y
t o t h e sa l e a n d u se (pu bl i c di spl a y ) of
py r ot ech n i cs, common l y k n own a s fi r e-
wor k s, n or t h e u se of expl osi ves i n t h e
for m pr escr i bed by t h e offi ci a l U. S .
P h a r ma copei a .
(2) Th e ma n u fa ct u r e of expl osi ves a s
defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a )(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l a l so meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
con t a i n ed i n 1910. 119.
(3) Th e ma n u fa ct u r e of py r ot ech n i cs
a s defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a )(10) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l a l so meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s con t a i n ed i n 1910. 119.
F R 49747, Oct . 24, 1978; 45 F R 60704, S ept . 12,
1980; 53 F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988; 57 F R 6403,
F eb. 24, 1992; 58 F R 35309, J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R
9237, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 33466, J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.110 Storage and handling of liq-
uefied petroleum gases.
t ion . As u sed i n t h i s sect i on :
(1) AP I -AS ME con t a i n er A con -
t a i n er con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(b)(3)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) AS ME con t a i n er A con t a i n er
con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(3) Con t a i n er a ssembl y An a ssembl y
con si st i n g essen t i a l l y of t h e con t a i n er
a n d fi t t i n gs for a l l con t a i n er open i n gs,
i n cl u di n g sh u t off va l ves, excess fl ow
va l ves, l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces,
sa fet y r el i ef devi ces, a n d pr ot ect i ve
h ou si n g.
(4) Con t a i n er sAl l vessel s, su ch a s
t a n k s, cy l i n der s, or dr u ms, u sed for
t r a n spor t a t i on or st or i n g l i qu efi ed pe-
t r ol eu m ga ses.
(5) DOTDepa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on .
(6) DOT con t a i n er A con t a i n er con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e a ppl i -
ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of 49 CF R ch a pt er 1.
(7) Li qu i fi ed pet r ol eu m ga ses
LP G a n d LP -Ga sAn y ma t er i a l
wh i ch i s composed pr edomi n a n t l y of
a n y of t h e fol l owi n g h y dr oca r bon s, or
mi xt u r es of t h em; pr opa n e, pr opy l en e,
bu t a n es (n or ma l bu t a n e or i so-bu t a n e),
a n d bu t y l en es.
(8) Mova bl e fu el st or a ge t en der s or
fa r m ca r t sCon t a i n er s n ot i n excess of
1, 200 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y , equ i pped
wi t h wh eel s t o be t owed fr om on e l oca -
t i on of u sa ge t o a n ot h er . Th ey a r e ba si -
ca l l y n on h i gh wa y veh i cl es, bu t ma y oc-
ca si on a l l y be moved over pu bl i c r oa ds
or h i gh wa y s. Th ey a r e u sed a s a fu el
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
298
su ppl y for fa r m t r a ct or s, con st r u ct i on
ma ch i n er y a n d si mi l a r equ i pmen t .
(9) P . S . I . G. pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch
ga u ge.
(10) P . S . I . A. pou n ds per squ a r e i n ch
a bsol u t e.
(11) S y st emsa n a ssembl y of equ i p-
men t con si st i n g essen t i a l l y of t h e con -
t a i n er or con t a i n er s, ma j or devi ces
su ch a s va por i zer s, sa fet y r el i ef va l ves,
excess fl ow va l ves, r egu l a t or s, a n d pi p-
i n g con n ect i n g su ch pa r t s.
(12) Va por i zer -bu r n er a n i n t egr a l va -
por i zer -bu r n er u n i t , depen den t u pon
t h e h ea t gen er a t ed by t h e bu r n er a s t h e
sou r ce of h ea t t o va por i ze t h e l i qu i d
u sed for deh y dr a t or s or dr y er s.
(13) Ven t i l a t i on , a dequ a t ewh en
speci fi ed for t h e pr even t i on of fi r e du r -
i n g n or ma l oper a t i on , ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be con si der ed a dequ a t e wh en t h e con -
cen t r a t i on of t h e ga s i n a ga s-a i r mi x-
t u r e does n ot exceed 25 per cen t of t h e
l ower fl a mma bl e l i mi t .
(14) Appr ovedu n l ess ot h er wi se i n di -
ca t ed, l i st i n g or a ppr ova l by a n a t i on -
(15) Li st edsee a ppr oved i n
1910. 110(14).
(16) DOT S peci fi ca t i on sr egu l a t i on s
pu bl i sh ed i n 49 CF R ch a pt er I .
(17)(18) [Reser ved]
(19) DOT cy l i n der scy l i n der s meet -
i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 49 CF R ch a pt er
I .
(b) Basic ru les(1) Odorizin g gases. (i )
Al l l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga ses sh a l l be
effect i vel y odor i zed by a n a ppr oved
a gen t of su ch ch a r a ct er a s t o i n di ca t e
posi t i vel y , by di st i n ct odor , t h e pr es-
en ce of ga s down t o con cen t r a t i on i n
a i r of n ot over on e-fi ft h t h e l ower l i mi t
of fl a mma bi l i t y . Odor i za t i on , h owever ,
i s n ot r equ i r ed i f h a r mfu l i n t h e u se of
fu r t h er pr ocessi n g of t h e l i qu efi ed pe-
t r ol eu m ga s, or i f odor i za t i on wi l l ser ve
n o u sefu l pu r pose a s a wa r n i n g a gen t i n
su ch u se or fu r t h er pr ocessi n g.
(i i ) Th e odor i za t i on r equ i r emen t of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be con si der ed t o be met by t h e u se of
1. 0 pou n ds of et h y l mer ca pt a n , 1. 0
pou n ds of t h i oph a n e or 1. 4 pou n ds of
a my l mer ca pt a n per 10, 000 ga l l on s of
LP -Ga s. However , t h i s l i st i n g of
odor a n t s a n d qu a n t i t i es sh a l l n ot ex-
cl u de t h e u se of ot h er odor a n t s t h a t
meet t h e odor i za t i on r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Approval of equ ipmen t an d sy st ems.
(i ) Ea ch sy st em u t i l i zi n g DOT con -
t a i n er s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 49 CF R pa r t
178 sh a l l h a ve i t s con t a i n er va l ves, con -
n ect or s, ma n i fol d va l ve a ssembl i es, a n d
r egu l a t or s a ppr oved.
(i i ) Ea ch sy st em for domest i c or com-
mer ci a l u se u t i l i zi n g con t a i n er s of 2, 000
ga l l on s or l ess wa t er ca pa ci t y , ot h er
t h a n t h ose con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h 49 CF R pa r t 178, sh a l l con si st of a
con t a i n er a ssembl y a n d on e or mor e
r egu l a t or s, a n d ma y i n cl u de ot h er
pa r t s. Th e sy st em a s a u n i t or t h e con -
t a i n er a ssembl y a s a u n i t , a n d t h e r eg-
u l a t or or r egu l a t or s, sh a l l be i n di vi d-
u a l l y l i st ed.
(i i i ) I n sy st ems u t i l i zi n g con t a i n er s
of over 2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y ,
ea ch r egu l a t or , con t a i n er va l ve, excess
fl ow va l ve, ga gi n g devi ce, a n d r el i ef
va l ve i n st a l l ed on or a t t h e con t a i n er ,
sh a l l h a ve i t s cor r ect n ess a s t o desi gn ,
con st r u ct i on , a n d per for ma n ce det er -
mi n ed by l i st i n g by a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
(3) Requ iremen t s f or con st ru ct ion an d
origin al t est of con t ain ers. (i ) Con t a i n er s
u sed wi t h sy st ems embodi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (d), (e), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on , except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s
(e)(3)(i i i ) a n d (g)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ,
sh a l l be desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d
t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Ru l es for
Con st r u ct i on of Un fi r ed P r essu r e Ves-
sel s, sect i on VI I I , Di vi si on 1, Amer i ca n
S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s
(AS ME) Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel
Code, 1968 edi t i on , wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s con st r u ct ed a ccor di n g
t o t h e 1949 a n d ea r l i er edi t i on s of t h e
AS ME Code do n ot h a ve t o compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s U2 t h r ou gh U10 a n d
U19 t h er eof. Con t a i n er s con st r u ct ed
a ccor di n g t o pa r a gr a ph U70 i n t h e 1949
a n d ea r l i er edi t i on s a r e n ot a u t h or i zed.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s desi gn ed, con -
st r u ct ed, a n d t est ed pr i or t o J u l y 1,
1961, a ccor di n g t o t h e Code for Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s for P et r ol eu m Li qu i ds
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
299
a n d Ga ses, 1951 edi t i on wi t h 1954 Ad-
den da , of t h e Amer i ca n P et r ol eu m I n -
st i t u t e a n d t h e Amer i ca n S oci et y of
Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6, sh a l l be con si der ed i n con for m-
a n ce. Con t a i n er s con st r u ct ed a ccor di n g
t o AP I -AS ME Code do n ot h a ve t o com-
pl y wi t h sect i on I or wi t h a ppen di x t o
sect i on I . P a r a gr a ph s W601 t o W606
i n cl u si ve i n t h e 1943 a n d ea r l i er edi -
t i on s do n ot a ppl y .
(i v) Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(b)(3)(i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot be con -
st r u ed a s pr oh i bi t i n g t h e con t i n u ed u se
or r ei n st a l l a t i on of con t a i n er s con -
st r u ct ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e st a n da r d for t h e S t or a ge a n d
Ha n dl i n g of Li qu efi ed P et r ol eu m Ga ses
NF P A No. 58 i n effect a t t h e t i me of
fa br i ca t i on .
(v) Con t a i n er s u sed wi t h sy st ems em-
bodi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b), (d)(3)(i i i ), a n d
(f) of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be con st r u ct ed,
t est ed, a n d st a mped i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
DOT speci fi ca t i on s effect i ve a t t h e
da t e of t h ei r ma n u fa ct u r e.
(4) Weldin g of con t ain ers. (i ) Wel di n g
t o t h e sh el l , h ea d, or a n y ot h er pa r t of
t h e con t a i n er su bj ect t o i n t er n a l pr es-
su r e, sh a l l be don e i n compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e code u n der wh i ch t h e t a n k wa s fa b-
r i ca t ed. Ot h er wel di n g i s per mi t t ed
on l y on sa ddl e pl a t es, l u gs, or br a ck et s
a t t a ch ed t o t h e con t a i n er by t h e t a n k
ma n u fa ct u r er .
(i i ) Wh er e r epa i r or modi fi ca t i on i n -
vol vi n g wel di n g of DOT con t a i n er s i s
r equ i r ed, t h e con t a i n er sh a l l be r e-
t u r n ed t o a qu a l i fi ed ma n u fa ct u r er
ma k i n g con t a i n er s of t h e sa me t y pe,
a n d t h e r epa i r or modi fi ca t i on ma de i n
compl i a n ce wi t h DOT r egu l a t i on s.
(5) Mark in gs on con t ain ers. (i ) Ea ch
con t a i n er cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i )
of t h i s sect i on , except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i v) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be ma r k ed a s speci fi ed i n t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Wi t h a ma r k i n g i den t i fy i n g com-
pl i a n ce wi t h , a n d ot h er ma r k i n gs r e-
qu i r ed by , t h e r u l es of t h e r efer en ce
u n der wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s con -
st r u ct ed; or wi t h t h e st a mp a n d ot h er
ma r k i n gs r equ i r ed by t h e Na t i on a l
Boa r d of Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel I n -
spect or s.
(b) Wi t h n ot a t i on a s t o wh et h er t h e
con t a i n er i s desi gn ed for u n der gr ou n d
or a bovegr ou n d i n st a l l a t i on or bot h . I f
i n t en ded for bot h a n d di ffer en t st y l e
h oods a r e pr ovi ded, t h e ma r k i n g sh a l l
i n di ca t e t h e pr oper h ood for ea ch t y pe
of i n st a l l a t i on .
(c) Wi t h t h e n a me a n d a ddr ess of t h e
su ppl i er of t h e con t a i n er , or wi t h t h e
t r a de n a me of t h e con t a i n er .
(d) Wi t h t h e wa t er ca pa ci t y of t h e
con t a i n er i n pou n ds or ga l l on s, U. S .
S t a n da r d.
(e) Wi t h t h e pr essu r e i n p. s. i . g. , for
wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s desi gn ed.
(f ) Wi t h t h e wor di n g Th i s con t a i n er
sh a l l n ot con t a i n a pr odu ct h a vi n g a
va por pr essu r e i n excess of ll p. s. i . g.
a t 100 F . , see su bpa r a gr a ph (14)(vi i i )
(g) Wi t h t h e t a r e wei gh t i n pou n ds or
ot h er i den t i fi ed u n i t of wei gh t for con -
t a i n er s wi t h a wa t er ca pa ci t y of 300
pou n ds or l ess.
(h ) Wi t h ma r k i n g i n di ca t i n g t h e
ma xi mu m l evel t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
ma y be fi l l ed wi t h l i qu i d a t t emper a -
t u r es bet ween 20 F . a n d 130 F . , except
on con t a i n er s pr ovi ded wi t h fi xed ma x-
i mu m l evel i n di ca t or s or wh i ch a r e
fi l l ed by wei gh i n g. Ma r k i n gs sh a l l be
i n cr emen t s of n ot mor e t h a n 20 F .
Th i s ma r k i n g ma y be l oca t ed on t h e
l i qu i d l evel ga gi n g devi ce.
(i) Wi t h t h e ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea i n
squ a r e feet .
(i i ) Ma r k i n gs speci fi ed sh a l l be on a
met a l n a mepl a t e a t t a ch ed t o t h e con -
t a i n er a n d l oca t ed i n su ch a ma n n er a s
t o r ema i n vi si bl e a ft er t h e con t a i n er i s
i n st a l l ed.
(i i i ) Wh en LP -Ga s a n d on e or mor e
ot h er ga ses a r e st or ed or u sed i n t h e
sa me a r ea , t h e con t a i n er s sh a l l be
ma r k ed t o i den t i fy t h ei r con t en t .
Ma r k i n g sh a l l be i n compl i a n ce wi t h
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d Z48. 1
1954, Met h od of Ma r k i n g P or t a bl e
Compr essed Ga s Con t a i n er s To I den t i fy
t h e Ma t er i a l Con t a i n ed, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6.
(6) L ocat ion of con t ain ers an d regu -
lat in g equ ipmen t . (i ) Con t a i n er s, a n d
fi r st st a ge r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t i f
u sed, sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of bu i l d-
i n gs, except u n der on e or mor e of t h e
fol l owi n g:
(a) I n bu i l di n gs u sed excl u si vel y for
con t a i n er ch a r gi n g, va por i za t i on pr es-
su r e r edu ct i on , ga s mi xi n g, ga s ma n u -
fa ct u r i n g, or di st r i bu t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
300
(b) Wh en por t a bl e u se i s n ecessa r y
a n d i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)
(c) LP -Ga s fu el ed st a t i on a r y or por t -
a bl e en gi n es i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (e) (11) or (12) of t h i s sect i on .
(d) LP -Ga s fu el ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(e)(13) of t h i s sect i on .
(e) LP -Ga s fu el ed veh i cl es ga r a ged i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(14) of
t h i s sect i on .
(f ) Con t a i n er s a wa i t i n g u se or r esa l e
wh en st or ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Ea ch i n di vi du a l con t a i n er sh a l l
be l oca t ed wi t h r espect t o t h e n ea r est
i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g or gr ou p of bu i l d-
i n gs i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H23.
TABLE H23
Water capacity per
container
Minimum distances
Containers Between
above-
ground
containers
Under-
ground
Above-
ground
Less than 125 gals.
1
... 10 feet .... None ....... None.
125 to 250 gals ........... 10 feet .... 10 feet .... None.
251 to 500 gals ........... 10 feet .... 10 feet .... 3 feet.
501 to 2,000 gals ........ 25 feet
2
.. 25 feet
2
.. 3 feet.
2,001 to 30,000 gals ... 50 feet .... 50 feet .... 5 feet.
30,001 to 70,000 gals 50 feet .... 75 feet.
3
.
70,001 to 90,000 gals 50 feet .... 100 feet.
3
.
1
If the aggregate water capacity of a multi-container instal-
lation at a consumer site is 501 gallons or greater, the min-
imum distance shall comply with the appropriate portion of
this table, applying the aggregate capacity rather than the ca-
pacity per container. If more than one installation is made,
each installation shall be separated from another installation
by at least 25 feet. Do not apply the MINIMUM DISTANCES
BETWEEN ABOVE-GROUND CONTAINERS to such installa-
tions.
2
The above distance requirements may be reduced to not
less than 10 feet for a single container of 1,200 gallons water
capacity or less, providing such a container is at least 25 feet
from any other LP-Gas container of more than 125 gallons
water capacity.
3 1
4 of sum of diameters of adjacent containers.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s i n st a l l ed for u se sh a l l
n ot be st a ck ed on e a bove t h e ot h er .
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) I n t h e ca se of bu i l di n gs devot ed
excl u si vel y t o ga s ma n u fa ct u r i n g a n d
di st r i bu t i n g oper a t i on s, t h e di st a n ces
r equ i r ed by Ta bl e H23 ma y be r edu ced
pr ovi ded t h a t i n n o ca se sh a l l con -
t a i n er s of wa t er ca pa ci t y exceedi n g 500
ga l l on s be l oca t ed cl oser t h a n 10 feet t o
su ch ga s ma n u fa ct u r i n g a n d di st r i b-
u t i n g bu i l di n gs.
(vi ) Rea di l y i gn i t i bl e ma t er i a l su ch
a s weeds a n d l on g dr y gr a ss sh a l l be r e-
moved wi t h i n 10 feet of a n y con t a i n er .
(vi i ) Th e mi n i mu m sepa r a t i on be-
t ween l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s con -
t a i n er s a n d fl a mma bl e l i qu i d t a n k s
sh a l l be 20 feet , a n d t h e mi n i mu m sepa -
r a t i on bet ween a con t a i n er a n d t h e
cen t er l i n e of t h e di k e sh a l l be 10 feet .
Th e for egoi n g pr ovi si on sh a l l n ot a ppl y
wh en LP -Ga s con t a i n er s of 125 ga l l on s
or l ess ca pa ci t y a r e i n st a l l ed a dj a cen t
t o Cl a ss I I I fl a mma bl e l i qu i d t a n k s of
275 ga l l on s or l ess ca pa ci t y .
(vi i i ) S u i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be t a k en
t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i ds u n der a dj a cen t l i qu i fi ed
pet r ol eu m ga s con t a i n er s, su ch a s by
di k i n g, di ver si on cu r bs, or gr a di n g.
(i x) Wh en di k es a r e u sed wi t h fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i d t a n k s, n o l i qu efi ed pet r o-
l eu m ga s con t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed
wi t h i n t h e di k ed a r ea .
(7) Con t ain er valves an d con t ain er ac-
cessories. (i ) Va l ves, fi t t i n gs, a n d a cces-
sor i es con n ect ed di r ect l y t o t h e con -
t a i n er i n cl u di n g pr i ma r y sh u t off
va l ves, sh a l l h a ve a r a t ed wor k i n g pr es-
su r e of a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. a n d sh a l l be
of ma t er i a l a n d desi gn su i t a bl e for LP -
Ga s ser vi ce. Ca st i r on sh a l l n ot be u sed
for con t a i n er va l ves, fi t t i n gs, a n d a c-
cessor i es. Th i s does n ot pr oh i bi t t h e
u se of con t a i n er va l ves ma de of ma l l e-
a bl e or n odu l a r i r on .
(i i ) Con n ect i on s t o con t a i n er s, except
sa fet y r el i ef con n ect i on s, l i qu i d l evel
ga gi n g devi ces, a n d pl u gged open i n gs,
sh a l l h a ve sh u t off va l ves l oca t ed a s
cl ose t o t h e con t a i n er a s pr a ct i ca bl e.
(i i i ) Excess fl ow va l ves, wh er e r e-
qu i r ed sh a l l cl ose a u t oma t i ca l l y a t t h e
r a t ed fl ows of va por or l i qu i d a s speci -
fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er . Th e con n ec-
t i on s or l i n e i n cl u di n g va l ves, fi t t i n gs,
et c. , bei n g pr ot ect ed by a n excess fl ow
va l ve sh a l l h a ve a gr ea t er ca pa ci t y
t h a n t h e r a t ed fl ow of t h e excess fl ow
va l ve.
(i v) Li qu i d l evel ga gi n g devi ces wh i ch
a r e so con st r u ct ed t h a t ou t wa r d fl ow of
con t a i n er con t en t s sh a l l n ot exceed
t h a t pa ssed by a No. 54 dr i l l si ze open -
i n g, n eed n ot be equ i pped wi t h excess
fl ow va l ves.
(v) Open i n gs fr om con t a i n er or
t h r ou gh fi t t i n gs a t t a ch ed di r ect l y on
con t a i n er t o wh i ch pr essu r e ga ge con -
n ect i on i s ma de, n eed n ot be equ i pped
wi t h sh u t off or excess fl ow va l ves i f
su ch open i n gs a r e r est r i ct ed t o n ot
l a r ger t h a n No. 54 dr i l l si ze open i n g.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
301
(vi ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(5)(i )(b) of t h i s sect i on , excess fl ow
a n d ba ck pr essu r e ch eck va l ves wh er e
r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed i n si de of t h e con t a i n er or a t a
poi n t ou t si de wh er e t h e l i n e en t er s t h e
con t a i n er ; i n t h e l a t t er ca se, i n st a l l a -
t i on sh a l l be ma de i n su ch ma n n er t h a t
a n y u n du e st r a i n bey on d t h e excess
fl ow or ba ck pr essu r e ch eck va l ve wi l l
n ot ca u se br ea k a ge bet ween t h e con -
t a i n er a n d su ch va l ve.
(vi i ) Excess fl ow va l ves sh a l l be de-
si gn ed wi t h a by pa ss, n ot t o exceed a
No. 60 dr i l l si ze open i n g t o a l l ow
equ a l i za t i on of pr essu r es.
(vi i i ) Con t a i n er s of mor e t h a n 30 ga l -
l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y a n d l ess t h a n 2, 000
ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y , fi l l ed on a vol -
u met r i c ba si s, a n d ma n u fa ct u r ed a ft er
December 1, 1963, sh a l l be equ i pped for
fi l l i n g i n t o t h e va por spa ce.
(8) Pipin gin clu din g pipe, t u bin g, an d
f it t in gs. (i ) P i pe, except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph s (e)(6)(i ) a n d (g)(10)(i i i ), of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be wr ou gh t i r on or
st eel (bl a ck or ga l va n i zed), br a ss, cop-
per , or a l u mi n u m a l l oy . Al u mi n u m
a l l oy pi pe sh a l l be a t l ea st S ch edu l e 40
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e speci fi ca t i on s
for Al u mi n u m Al l oy P i pe, Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I )
H38. 71969 (AS TM, B24169), wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6, except t h a t t h e u se of a l l oy 5456
i s pr oh i bi t ed a n d sh a l l be su i t a bl y
ma r k ed a t ea ch en d of ea ch l en gt h i n -
di ca t i n g compl i a n ce wi t h Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d I n st i t u t e S peci fi ca -
t i on s. Al u mi n u m Al l oy pi pe sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ext er n a l cor r osi on
wh en i t i s i n con t a ct wi t h di ssi mi l a r
met a l s ot h er t h a n ga l va n i zed st eel , or
i t s l oca t i on i s su bj ect t o r epea t ed wet -
t i n g by su ch l i qu i ds a s wa t er (except
r a i n wa t er ), det er gen t s, sewa ge, or
l ea k i n g fr om ot h er pi pi n g, or i t pa sses
t h r ou gh fl oor i n g, pl a st er , ma son r y , or
i n su l a t i on . Ga l va n i zed sh eet st eel or
pi pe, ga l va n i zed i n si de a n d ou t , ma y be
con si der ed su i t a bl e pr ot ect i on . Th e
ma xi mu m n omi n a l pi pe si ze for a l u -
mi n u m pi pe sh a l l be t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch
a n d sh a l l n ot be u sed for pr essu r es ex-
ceedi n g 20 p. s. i . g. Al u mi n u m a l l oy pi pe
sh a l l n ot be i n st a l l ed wi t h i n 6 i n ch es of
t h e gr ou n d.
(a) Va por pi pi n g wi t h oper a t i n g pr es-
su r es n ot exceedi n g 125 p. s. i . g. sh a l l be
su i t a bl e for a wor k i n g pr essu r e of a t
l ea st 125 p. s. i . g. P i pe sh a l l be a t l ea st
S ch edu l e 40 (AS TM A5369, Gr a de B
El ect r i c Resi st a n ce Wel ded a n d El ec-
t r i c F l a sh Wel ded P i pe, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6, or equ a l ).
(b) Va por pi pi n g wi t h oper a t i n g pr es-
su r es over 125 p. s. i . g. a n d a l l l i qu i d pi p-
i n g sh a l l be su i t a bl e for a wor k i n g
pr essu r e of a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. P i pe
sh a l l be a t l ea st S ch edu l e 80 i f j oi n t s
a r e t h r ea ded or t h r ea ded a n d ba ck
wel ded. At l ea st S ch edu l e 40 (AS TM A
5369 Gr a de B El ect r i c Resi st a n ce Wel d-
ed a n d El ect r i c F l a sh Wel ded P i pe or
equ a l ) sh a l l be u sed i f j oi n t s a r e wel d-
ed, or wel ded a n d fl a n ged.
(i i ) Tu bi n g sh a l l be sea ml ess a n d of
copper , br a ss, st eel , or a l u mi n u m a l l oy .
Copper t u bi n g sh a l l be of t y pe K or L
or equ i va l en t a s cover ed i n t h e S peci -
fi ca t i on for S ea ml ess Copper Wa t er
Tu be, ANS I H23. 11970 (AS TM B8869),
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Al u mi n u m a l l oy
t u bi n g sh a l l be of Ty pe A or B or equ i v-
a l en t a s cover ed i n S peci fi ca t i on AS TM
B21068 (wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6) a n d sh a l l
be su i t a bl y ma r k ed ever y 18 i n ch es i n -
di ca t i n g compl i a n ce wi t h AS TM S peci -
fi ca t i on s. Th e mi n i mu m n omi n a l wa l l
t h i ck n ess of copper t u bi n g a n d a l u -
mi n u m a l l oy t u bi n g sh a l l be a s speci -
fi ed i n Ta bl e H24 a n d Ta bl e H25.
Al u mi n u m a l l oy t u bi n g sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st ext er n a l cor r osi on wh en
i t i s i n con t a ct wi t h di ssi mi l a r met a l s
ot h er t h a n ga l va n i zed st eel , or i t s l oca -
t i on i s su bj ect t o r epea t ed wet t i n g by
l i qu i ds su ch a s wa t er (except r a i n -
wa t er ), det er gen t s, sewa ge, or l ea k a ge
fr om ot h er pi pi n g, or i t pa sses t h r ou gh
fl oor i n g, pl a st er , ma son r y , or i n su l a -
t i on . Ga l va n i zed sh eet st eel or pi pe,
ga l va n i zed i n si de a n d ou t , ma y be con -
si der ed su i t a bl e pr ot ect i on . Th e ma x-
i mu m ou t si de di a met er for a l u mi n u m
a l l oy t u bi n g sh a l l be t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch
a n d sh a l l n ot be u sed for pr essu r es ex-
ceedi n g 20 p. s. i . g. Al u mi n u m a l l oy t u b-
i n g sh a l l n ot be i n st a l l ed wi t h i n 6
i n ch es of t h e gr ou n d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
302
TABLE H24WALL THICKNESS OF COPPER
TUBING
1

Standard size
(inches)
Nominal out-
side diameter
(inches)
Nominal wall thickness
(inches)
Type K Type L
1
4 0.375 0.035 0.030
3
8 0.500 0.049 0.035
1
2 0.625 0.049 0.040
5
8 0.750 0.049 0.042
3
4 0.875 0.065 0.045
1 1.125 0.065 0.050
1
1
4 1.375 0.065 0.055
1
1
2 1.625 0.072 0.060
2 2.125 0.083 0.070
1
Based on data in Specification for Seamless Copper
Water Tube, ANSI H23.11970 (ASTM B8869).
NOTE: The standard size by which tube is designated is
1
8
inch smaller than its nominal outside diameter.
TABLE H25WALL THICKNESS OF ALUMINUM
ALLOY TUBING
1

Outside diameter
(inches)
Nominal wall thickness (inches)
Type A Type B
3
8 0.035 0.049
1
2 0.035 0.049
5
8 0.042 0.049
3
4 0.049 0.058
1
Based on data in Standard Specification for Aluminum-
Alloy Drawn Seamless Coiled Tubes for Special Purpose Ap-
plications, ASTM B21068.
(i i i ) I n sy st ems wh er e t h e ga s i n l i q-
u i d for m wi t h ou t pr essu r e r edu ct i on
en t er s t h e bu i l di n g, on l y h ea vy wa l l ed
sea ml ess br a ss or copper t u bi n g wi t h
a n i n t er n a l di a met er n ot gr ea t er t h a n
t h r ee t h i r t y -secon ds i n ch , a n d a wa l l
t h i ck n ess of n ot l ess t h a n t h r ee si xt y -
fou r t h s i n ch sh a l l be u sed. Th i s r e-
qu i r emen t sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o r esea r ch
a n d exper i men t a l l a bor a t or i es, bu i l d-
i n gs, or sepa r a t e fi r e di vi si on s of bu i l d-
i n gs u sed excl u si vel y for h ou si n g i n t er -
n a l combu st i on en gi n es, a n d t o com-
mer ci a l ga s pl a n t s or bu l k st a t i on s
wh er e con t a i n er s a r e ch a r ged, n or t o
i n du st r i a l va por i zer bu i l di n gs, n or t o
bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, or equ i pmen t
u n der con st r u ct i on or u n der goi n g
ma j or r en ova t i on .
(i v) P i pe j oi n t s ma y be scr ewed,
fl a n ged, wel ded, sol der ed, or br a zed
wi t h a ma t er i a l h a vi n g a mel t i n g poi n t
exceedi n g 1, 000 F . J oi n t s on sea ml ess
copper , br a ss, st eel , or a l u mi n u m a l l oy
ga s t u bi n g sh a l l be ma de by mea n s of
a ppr oved ga s t u bi n g fi t t i n gs, or sol -
der ed or br a zed wi t h a ma t er i a l h a vi n g
a mel t i n g poi n t exceedi n g 1, 000 F .
(v) F or oper a t i n g pr essu r es of 125
p. s. i . g. or l ess, fi t t i n gs sh a l l be de-
si gn ed for a pr essu r e of a t l ea st 125
p. s. i . g. F or oper a t i n g pr essu r es a bove
125 p. s. i . g. , fi t t i n gs sh a l l be desi gn ed
for a mi n i mu m of 250 p. s. i . g.
(vi ) Th e u se of t h r ea ded ca st i r on
pi pe fi t t i n gs su ch a s el l s, t ees, cr osses,
cou pl i n gs, a n d u n i on s i s pr oh i bi t ed.
Al u mi n u m a l l oy fi t t i n gs sh a l l be u sed
wi t h a l u mi n u m a l l oy pi pe a n d t u bi n g.
I n su l a t ed fi t t i n gs sh a l l be u sed wh er e
a l u mi n u m a l l oy pi pe or t u bi n g con -
n ect s wi t h a di ssi mi l a r met a l .
(vi i ) S t r a i n er s, r egu l a t or s, met er s,
compr essor s, pu mps, et c. , a r e n ot t o be
con si der ed a s pi pe fi t t i n gs. Th i s does
n ot pr oh i bi t t h e u se of ma l l ea bl e, n od-
u l a r , or h i gh er st r en gt h gr a y i r on for
su ch equ i pmen t .
(vi i i ) Al l ma t er i a l s su ch a s va l ve
sea t s, pa ck i n g, ga sk et s, di a ph r a gms,
et c. , sh a l l be of su ch qu a l i t y a s t o be
r esi st a n t t o t h e a ct i on of l i qu efi ed pe-
t r ol eu m ga s u n der t h e ser vi ce con di -
t i on s t o wh i ch t h ey a r e su bj ect ed.
(i x) Al l pi pi n g, t u bi n g, or h ose sh a l l
be t est ed a ft er a ssembl y a n d pr oved
fr ee fr om l ea k s a t n ot l ess t h a n n or ma l
oper a t i n g pr essu r es. Aft er i n st a l l a t i on ,
pi pi n g a n d t u bi n g of a l l domest i c a n d
commer ci a l sy st ems sh a l l be t est ed
a n d pr oved fr ee of l ea k s u si n g a ma -
n omet er or equ i va l en t devi ce t h a t wi l l
i n di ca t e a dr op i n pr essu r e. Test sh a l l
n ot be ma de wi t h a fl a me.
(x) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o com-
pen sa t e for expa n si on , con t r a ct i on , j a r -
r i n g, a n d vi br a t i on , a n d for set t l i n g.
Th i s ma y be a ccompl i sh ed by fl exi bl e
con n ect i on s.
(xi ) P i pi n g ou t si de bu i l di n gs ma y be
bu r i ed, a bove gr ou n d, or bot h , bu t sh a l l
be wel l su ppor t ed a n d pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge. Wh er e soi l
con di t i on s wa r r a n t , a l l pi pi n g sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st cor r osi on . Wh er e
con den sa t i on ma y occu r , t h e pi pi n g
sh a l l be pi t ch ed ba ck t o t h e con t a i n er ,
or su i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
r eva por i za t i on of t h e con den sa t e.
(9) Hose specif icat ion s. (i ) Hose sh a l l
be fa br i ca t ed of ma t er i a l s t h a t a r e r e-
si st a n t t o t h e a ct i on of LP -Ga s i n t h e
l i qu i d a n d va por ph a ses. I f wi r e br a i d i s
u sed for r ei n for ci n g t h e h ose, i t sh a l l
be of cor r osi on -r esi st a n t ma t er i a l su ch
a s st a i n l ess st eel .
(i i ) Hose su bj ect t o con t a i n er pr es-
su r e sh a l l be ma r k ed LP -Ga s or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
303
LP G a t n ot gr ea t er t h a n 10-foot i n -
t er va l s.
(i i i ) Hose su bj ect t o con t a i n er pr es-
su r e sh a l l be desi gn ed for a bu r st i n g
pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n 1, 250 p. s. i . g.
(i v) Hose su bj ect t o con t a i n er pr es-
su r e sh a l l h a ve i t s cor r ect n ess a s t o de-
si gn con st r u ct i on a n d per for ma n ce de-
t er mi n ed by bei n g l i st ed (see
1910. 110(a )(15)).
(v) Hose con n ect i on s su bj ect t o con -
t a i n er pr essu r e sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g, wi t h ou t l ea k a ge, a t est
pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n 500 p. s. i . g.
(vi ) Hose a n d h ose con n ect i on s on t h e
l ow-pr essu r e si de of t h e r egu l a t or or r e-
du ci n g va l ve sh a l l be desi gn ed for a
bu r st i n g pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n 125
p. s. i . g. or fi ve t i mes t h e set pr essu r e of
t h e r el i ef devi ces pr ot ect i n g t h a t por -
t i on of t h e sy st em, wh i ch ever i s h i gh er .
(vi i ) Hose ma y be u sed on t h e l ow-
pr essu r e si de of r egu l a t or s t o con n ect
t o ot h er t h a n domest i c a n d commer ci a l
ga s a ppl i a n ces u n der t h e fol l owi n g con -
di t i on s:
(a) Th e a ppl i a n ces con n ect ed wi t h
h ose sh a l l be por t a bl e a n d n eed a fl exi -
bl e con n ect i on .
(b) F or u se i n si de bu i l di n gs t h e h ose
sh a l l be of mi n i mu m pr a ct i ca l l en gt h ,
bu t sh a l l n ot exceed 6 feet except a s
pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(i )(g) of t h i s
sect i on a n d sh a l l n ot ext en d fr om on e
r oom t o a n ot h er , n or pa ss t h r ou gh a n y
wa l l s, pa r t i t i on s, cei l i n gs, or fl oor s.
S u ch h ose sh a l l n ot be con cea l ed fr om
vi ew or u sed i n a con cea l ed l oca t i on .
F or u se ou t si de of bu i l di n gs, t h e h ose
ma y exceed t h i s l en gt h bu t sh a l l be
k ept a s sh or t a s pr a ct i ca l .
(c) Th e h ose sh a l l be a ppr oved a n d
sh a l l n ot be u sed wh er e i t i s l i k el y t o
be su bj ect ed t o t emper a t u r es a bove 125
F . Th e h ose sh a l l be secu r el y con -
n ect ed t o t h e a ppl i a n ce a n d t h e u se of
r u bber sl i p en ds sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed.
(d) Th e sh u t off va l ve for a n a ppl i a n ce
con n ect ed by h ose sh a l l be i n t h e met a l
pi pe or t u bi n g a n d n ot a t t h e a ppl i a n ce
en d of t h e h ose. Wh en sh u t off va l ves
a r e i n st a l l ed cl ose t o ea ch ot h er , pr e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o pr even t op-
er a t i on of t h e wr on g va l ve.
(e) Hose u sed for con n ect i n g t o wa l l
ou t l et s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge.
(10) Saf et y devices. (i ) Ever y con t a i n er
except t h ose con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h DOT speci fi ca t i on s a n d ever y va -
por i zer (except mot or fu el va por i zer s
a n d except va por i zer s descr i bed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(11)(i i )(c) of t h i s sect i on
a n d pa r a gr a ph (d)(4)(v)(a) of t h i s sec-
t i on ) wh et h er h ea t ed by a r t i fi ci a l
mea n s or n ot , sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
on e or mor e sa fet y r el i ef va l ves of
spr i n g-l oa ded or equ i va l en t t y pe. Th ese
va l ves sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o a ffor d fr ee
ven t t o t h e ou t er a i r wi t h di sch a r ge
n ot l ess t h a n 5 feet h or i zon t a l l y a wa y
fr om a n y open i n g i n t o t h e bu i l di n g
wh i ch i s bel ow su ch di sch a r ge. Th e r a t e
of di sch a r ge sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(i i ) or (b)(10)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on i n
t h e ca se of va por i zer s.
(i i ) Mi n i mu m r equ i r ed r a t e of di s-
ch a r ge i n cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of a i r
a t 120 per cen t of t h e ma xi mu m per -
mi t t ed st a r t t o di sch a r ge pr essu r e for
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves t o be u sed on con -
t a i n er s ot h er t h a n t h ose con st r u ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT speci fi ca t i on
sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
Surface area (sq. ft.)
Flow rate
CFM air
20 or less ............................................................. 626
25 ......................................................................... 751
30 ......................................................................... 872
35 ......................................................................... 990
40 ......................................................................... 1,100
45 ......................................................................... 1,220
50 ......................................................................... 1,330
55 ......................................................................... 1,430
60 ......................................................................... 1,540
65 ......................................................................... 1,640
70 ......................................................................... 1,750
75 ......................................................................... 1,850
80 ......................................................................... 1,950
85 ......................................................................... 2,050
90 ......................................................................... 2,150
95 ......................................................................... 2,240
100 ....................................................................... 2,340
105 ....................................................................... 2,440
110 ....................................................................... 2,530
115 ....................................................................... 2,630
120 ....................................................................... 2,720
125 ....................................................................... 2,810
130 ....................................................................... 2,900
135 ....................................................................... 2,990
140 ....................................................................... 3,080
145 ....................................................................... 3,170
150 ....................................................................... 3,260
155 ....................................................................... 3,350
160 ....................................................................... 3,440
165 ....................................................................... 3,530
170 ....................................................................... 3,620
175 ....................................................................... 3,700
180 ....................................................................... 3,790
185 ....................................................................... 3,880
190 ....................................................................... 3,960
195 ....................................................................... 4,050
200 ....................................................................... 4,130
210 ....................................................................... 4,300
220 ....................................................................... 4,470
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
304
Flow rate
CFM air
230 ....................................................................... 4,630
240 ....................................................................... 4,800
250 ....................................................................... 4,960
260 ....................................................................... 5,130
270 ....................................................................... 5,290
280 ....................................................................... 5,450
290 ....................................................................... 5,610
300 ....................................................................... 5,760
310 ....................................................................... 5,920
320 ....................................................................... 6,080
330 ....................................................................... 6,230
340 ....................................................................... 6,390
350 ....................................................................... 6,540
360 ....................................................................... 6,690
370 ....................................................................... 6,840
380 ....................................................................... 7,000
390 ....................................................................... 7,150
400 ....................................................................... 7,300
450 ....................................................................... 8,040
500 ....................................................................... 8,760
550 ....................................................................... 9,470
600 ....................................................................... 10,170
650 ....................................................................... 10,860
700 ....................................................................... 11,550
750 ....................................................................... 12,220
800 ....................................................................... 12,880
850 ....................................................................... 13,540
900 ....................................................................... 14,190
950 ....................................................................... 14,830
1,000 .................................................................... 15,470
1,050 .................................................................... 16,100
1,100 .................................................................... 16,720
1,150 .................................................................... 17,350
1,200 .................................................................... 17,960
1,250 .................................................................... 18,570
1,300 .................................................................... 19,180
1,350 .................................................................... 19,780
1,400 .................................................................... 20,380
1,450 .................................................................... 20,980
1,500 .................................................................... 21,570
1,550 .................................................................... 22,160
1,600 .................................................................... 22,740
1,650 .................................................................... 23,320
1,700 .................................................................... 23,900
1,750 .................................................................... 24,470
1,800 .................................................................... 25,050
1,850 .................................................................... 25,620
1,900 .................................................................... 26,180
1,950 .................................................................... 26,750
2,000 .................................................................... 27,310
S u r fa ce a r ea =t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea of
con t a i n er i n squ a r e feet .
Wh en t h e su r fa ce a r ea i s n ot st a mped on
t h e n a mepl a t e or wh en t h e ma r k i n g i s n ot
l egi bl e, t h e a r ea ca n be ca l cu l a t ed by u si n g
on e of t h e fol l owi n g for mu l a s:
(1) Cy l i n dr i ca l con t a i n er wi t h h emi -
sph er i ca l h ea ds:
Ar ea =Over a l l l en gt h ou t si de di a met er
3. 1416.
(2) Cy l i n dr i ca l con t a i n er wi t h ot h er t h a n
h emi sph er i ca l h ea ds:
Ar ea =(Over a l l l en gt h +0. 3 ou t si de di a met er )
ou t si de di a met er 3. 1416.
NOTE: Th i s for mu l a i s n ot exa ct , bu t wi l l
gi ve r esu l t s wi t h i n t h e l i mi t s of pr a ct i ca l a c-
cu r a cy for t h e sol e pu r pose of si zi n g r el i ef
va l ves.
(3) S ph er i ca l con t a i n er :
Ar ea =Ou t si de di a met er squ a r ed3. 1416.
F l ow Ra t e-CF M Ai r =Requ i r ed fl ow ca pa ci t y
i n cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of a i r a t st a n da r d
con di t i on s, 60 F . a n d a t mosph er i c pr essu r e
(14. 7 p. s. i . a . ).
Th e r a t e of di sch a r ge ma y be i n t er pol a t ed
for i n t er medi a t e va l u es of su r fa ce a r ea . F or
con t a i n er s wi t h t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea
gr ea t er t h a n 2, 000 squ a r e feet , t h e r equ i r ed
fl ow r a t e ca n be ca l cu l a t ed u si n g t h e for -
mu l a , F l ow Ra t e-CF M Ai r =53. 632 A0. 82.
A=t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea of t h e con -
t a i n er i n squ a r e feet .
Va l ves n ot ma r k ed Ai r h a ve fl ow r a t e
ma r k i n g i n cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of l i qu efi ed
pet r ol eu m ga s. Th ese ca n be con ver t ed t o
r a t i n gs i n cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of a i r by
mu l t i pl y i n g t h e l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s r a t -
i n gs by fa ct or s l i st ed bel ow. Ai r fl ow r a t i n gs
ca n be con ver t ed t o r a t i n gs i n cu bi c feet per
mi n u t e of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s by di vi d-
i n g t h e a i r r a t i n gs by t h e fa ct or s l i st ed
bel ow.
AIR CONVERSION FACTORS
Container type ...... 100 125 150 175 200
Air conversion fac-
tor ...................... 1.162 1.142 1.113 1.078 1.010
(i i i ) Mi n i mu m Requ i r ed Ra t e of Di s-
ch a r ge for S a fet y Rel i ef Va l ves for Li q-
u efi ed P et r ol eu m Ga s Va por i zer s
(S t ea m Hea t ed, Wa t er Hea t ed, a n d Di -
r ect F i r ed).
Th e mi n i mu m r equ i r ed r a t e of di s-
ch a r ge for sa fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be
det er mi n ed a s fol l ows:
(a) Obt a i n t h e t ot a l su r fa ce a r ea by
a ddi n g t h e su r fa ce a r ea of va por i zer
sh el l i n squ a r e feet di r ect l y i n con t a ct
wi t h LP -Ga s a n d t h e h ea t exch a n ged
su r fa ce a r ea i n squ a r e feet di r ect l y i n
con t a ct wi t h LP -Ga s.
(b) Obt a i n t h e mi n i mu m r equ i r ed
r a t e of di sch a r ge i n cu bi c feet of a i r per
mi n u t e, a t 60 F . a n d 14. 7 p. s. i . a . fr om
pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , for
t h i s t ot a l su r fa ce a r ea .
(i v) Con t a i n er a n d va por i zer sa fet y
r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be set t o st a r t -t o-di s-
ch a r ge, wi t h r el a t i on t o t h e desi gn
pr essu r e of t h e con t a i n er , i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Ta bl e H26.
(v) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces u sed wi t h
sy st ems empl oy i n g con t a i n er s ot h er
t h a n t h ose con st r u ct ed a ccor di n g t o
DOT speci fi ca t i on s sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed a s t o di sch a r ge a t n ot l ess
t h a n t h e r a t es sh own i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , befor e t h e
pr essu r e i s i n excess of 120 per cen t of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
305
t h e ma xi mu m (n ot i n cl u di n g t h e 10 per -
cen t r efer r ed t o i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i v)
of t h i s sect i on ) per mi t t ed st a r t t o di s-
ch a r ge pr essu r e set t i n g of t h e devi ce.
TABLE H26
Containers
Minimum
(percent)
Maximum
(percent)
ASME Code; Par. U68, U69
1949 and earlier editions ........... 110
1
25
ASME Code; Par. U200, U
2011949 edition ...................... 88
1
100
ASME Code1950, 1952, 1956,
1959, 1962, 1965 and 1968 (Di-
vision I) editions ......................... 88
1
100
APIASME Codeall editions .... 88
1
100
DOTAs prescribed in 49 CFR
Chapter I.
1
Manufacturers of safety relief valves are allowed a plus
tolerance not exceeding 10 percent of the set pressure
marked on the valve.
(vi ) I n cer t a i n l oca t i on s su ffi ci en t l y
su st a i n ed h i gh t emper a t u r es pr eva i l
wh i ch r equ i r e t h e u se of a l ower va por
pr essu r e pr odu ct t o be st or ed or t h e u se
of a h i gh er desi gn ed pr essu r e vessel i n
or der t o pr even t t h e sa fet y va l ves
open i n g a s t h e r esu l t of t h ese t emper a -
t u r es. As a n a l t er n a t i ve t h e t a n k s ma y
be pr ot ect ed by cool i n g devi ces su ch a s
by spr a y i n g, by sh a di n g, or ot h er effec-
t i ve mea n s.
(vi i ) S a fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged so t h a t t h e possi bi l i t y of t a m-
per i n g wi l l be mi n i mi zed. I f pr essu r e
set t i n g or a dj u st men t i s ext er n a l , t h e
r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a p-
pr oved mea n s for sea l i n g a dj u st men t .
(vi i i ) S h u t off va l ves sh a l l n ot be i n -
st a l l ed bet ween t h e sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces a n d t h e con t a i n er , or t h e equ i p-
men t or pi pi n g t o wh i ch t h e sa fet y r e-
l i ef devi ce i s con n ect ed except t h a t a
sh u t off va l ve ma y be u sed wh er e t h e
a r r a n gemen t of t h i s va l ve i s su ch t h a t
fu l l r equ i r ed ca pa ci t y fl ow t h r ou gh t h e
sa fet y r el i ef devi ce i s a l wa y s a ffor ded.
(i x) S a fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l h a ve di -
r ect commu n i ca t i on wi t h t h e va por
spa ce of t h e con t a i n er a t a l l t i mes.
(x) Ea ch con t a i n er sa fet y r el i ef va l ve
u sed wi t h sy st ems cover ed by pa r a -
gr a ph s (d), (e), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on , except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(3)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pl a i n l y
a n d per ma n en t l y ma r k ed wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g: Con t a i n er Ty pe of t h e pr es-
su r e vessel on wh i ch t h e va l ve i s de-
si gn ed t o be i n st a l l ed; t h e pr essu r e i n
p. s. i . g. a t wh i ch t h e va l ve i s set t o di s-
ch a r ge; t h e a ct u a l r a t e of di sch a r ge of
t h e va l ve i n cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of
a i r a t 60 F . a n d 14. 7 p. s. i . a . ; a n d t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s n a me a n d ca t a l og n u m-
ber , for exa mpl e: T2002504050 AI Ri n -
di ca t i n g t h a t t h e va l ve i s su i t a bl e for
u se on a Ty pe 200 con t a i n er , t h a t i t i s
set t o st a r t t o di sch a r ge a t 250 p. s. i . g. ;
a n d t h a t i t s r a t e of di sch a r ge i s 4, 050
cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of a i r a s det er -
mi n ed i n su bdi vi si on (i i ) of t h i s su b-
pa r a gr a ph .
(xi ) S a fet y r el i ef va l ve a ssembl i es, i n -
cl u di n g t h ei r con n ect i on s, sh a l l be of
su ffi ci en t si ze so a s t o pr ovi de t h e r a t e
of fl ow r equ i r ed for t h e con t a i n er on
wh i ch t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed.
(xi i ) A h y dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ve sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed bet ween ea ch pa i r of sh u t -
off va l ves on l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s
l i qu i d pi pi n g so a s t o r el i eve i n t o a sa fe
a t mosph er e. Th e st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge
pr essu r e set t i n g of su ch r el i ef va l ves
sh a l l n ot be i n excess of 500 p. s. i . g. Th e
mi n i mu m set t i n g on r el i ef va l ves i n -
st a l l ed i n pi pi n g con n ect ed t o ot h er
t h a n DOT con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be l ower
t h a n 140 per cen t of t h e con t a i n er r el i ef
va l ve set t i n g a n d i n pi pi n g con n ect ed
t o DOT con t a i n er s n ot l ower t h a n 400
p. s. i . g. Th e st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge pr essu r e
set t i n g of su ch a r el i ef va l ve, i f i n -
st a l l ed on t h e di sch a r ge si de of a pu mp,
sh a l l be gr ea t er t h a n t h e ma xi mu m
pr essu r e per mi t t ed by t h e r eci r cu l a t i on
devi ce i n t h e sy st em.
(xi i i ) Th e di sch a r ge fr om a n y sa fet y
r el i ef devi ce sh a l l n ot t er mi n a t e i n or
ben ea t h a n y bu i l di n g, except r el i ef de-
vi ces cover ed by pa r a gr a ph s (b)(6)(i ) (a)
t h r ou gh (e) of t h i s sect i on , or pa r a -
gr a ph s (c) (4)(i ) or (5) of t h i s sect i on .
(xi v) Con t a i n er sa fet y r el i ef devi ces
a n d r egu l a t or r el i ef ven t s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed n ot l ess t h a n fi ve (5) feet i n a n y
di r ect i on fr om a i r open i n gs i n t o sea l ed
combu st i on sy st em a ppl i a n ces or me-
ch a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on a i r i n t a k es.
(11) Vaporizer an d h ou sin g. (i ) I n di r ect
fi r ed va por i zer s u t i l i zi n g st ea m, wa t er ,
or ot h er h ea t i n g medi u m sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed a s fol l ows:
(a) Va por i zer s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) (i )(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on
a n d sh a l l be per ma n en t l y ma r k ed a s
fol l ows:
(1) Wi t h t h e code ma r k i n g si gn i fy i n g
t h e speci fi ca t i on s t o wh i ch t h e va por -
i zer i s con st r u ct ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
306
(2) Wi t h t h e a l l owa bl e wor k i n g pr es-
su r e a n d t emper a t u r e for wh i ch t h e va -
por i zer i s desi gn ed.
(3) Wi t h t h e su m of t h e ou t si de su r -
fa ce a r ea a n d t h e i n si de h ea t exch a n ge
su r fa ce a r ea expr essed i n squ a r e feet .
(4) Wi t h t h e n a me or sy mbol of t h e
(b) Va por i zer s h a vi n g a n i n si de di -
a met er of 6 i n ch es or l ess exempt ed by
t h e AS ME Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel
Code, S ect i on VI I I of t h e AS ME Boi l er
a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code1968 sh a l l
h a ve a desi gn pr essu r e n ot l ess t h a n 250
p. s. i . g. a n d n eed n ot be per ma n en t l y
ma r k ed.
(c) Hea t i n g or cool i n g coi l s sh a l l n ot
be i n st a l l ed i n si de a st or a ge con t a i n er .
(d) Va por i zer s ma y be i n st a l l ed i n
bu i l di n gs, r ooms, sh eds, or l ea n -t os
u sed excl u si vel y for ga s ma n u fa ct u r i n g
or di st r i bu t i on , or i n ot h er st r u ct u r es
of l i gh t , n on combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on
or equ i va l en t , wel l ven t i l a t ed n ea r t h e
fl oor l i n e a n d r oof.
Wh en va por i zi n g a n d/or mi xi n g equ i p-
men t i s l oca t ed i n a st r u ct u r e or bu i l d-
i n g n ot u sed excl u si vel y for ga s ma n u -
fa ct u r i n g or di st r i bu t i on , ei t h er a t -
t a ch ed t o or wi t h i n su ch a bu i l di n g,
su ch st r u ct u r e or r oom sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed fr om t h e r ema i n der of t h e bu i l d-
i n g by a wa l l desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d a
st a t i c pr essu r e of a t l ea st 100 pou n ds
per squ a r e foot . Th i s wa l l sh a l l h a ve n o
open i n gs or pi pe or con du i t pa ssi n g
t h r ou gh i t . S u ch st r u ct u r e or r oom
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a dequ a t e ven -
t i l a t i on a n d sh a l l h a ve a r oof or a t
l ea st on e ext er i or wa l l of l i gh t wei gh t
(e) Va por i zer s sh a l l h a ve, a t or n ea r
t h e di sch a r ge, a sa fet y r el i ef va l ve pr o-
vi di n g a n effect i ve r a t e of di sch a r ge i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i i i )
of t h i s sect i on , except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (d)(4)(v)(a), of t h i s sect i on .
(f ) Th e h ea t i n g medi u m l i n es i n t o
a n d l ea vi n g t h e va por i zer sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h su i t a bl e mea n s for pr e-
ven t i n g t h e fl ow of ga s i n t o t h e h ea t
sy st ems i n t h e even t of t u be r u pt u r e i n
t h e va por i zer . Va por i zer s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h su i t a bl e a u t oma t i c mea n s
t o pr even t l i qu i d pa ssi n g t h r ou gh t h e
va por i zer s t o t h e ga s di sch a r ge pi pi n g.
(g) Th e devi ce t h a t su ppl i es t h e n ec-
essa r y h ea t for pr odu ci n g st ea m, h ot
wa t er , or ot h er h ea t i n g medi u m ma y
be i n st a l l ed i n a bu i l di n g, compa r t -
men t , r oom, or l ea n -t o wh i ch sh a l l be
ven t i l a t ed n ea r t h e fl oor l i n e a n d r oof
t o t h e ou t si de. Th e devi ce l oca t i on
sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om a l l compa r t -
men t s or r ooms con t a i n i n g l i qu efi ed
pet r ol eu m ga s va por i zer s, pu mps, a n d
cen t r a l ga s mi xi n g devi ces by a wa l l
desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d a st a t i c pr essu r e
of a t l ea st 100 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
Th i s wa l l sh a l l h a ve n o open i n gs or
pi pes or con du i t pa ssi n g t h r ou gh i t .
Th i s r equ i r emen t does n ot a ppl y t o t h e
domest i c wa t er h ea t er s wh i ch ma y su p-
pl y h ea t for a va por i zer i n a domest i c
sy st em.
(h ) Ga s-fi r ed h ea t i n g sy st ems su p-
pl y i n g h ea t excl u si vel y for va por i za -
t i on pu r poses sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a u t oma t i c sa fet y devi ces t o sh u t off
t h e fl ow of ga s t o ma i n bu r n er s, i f t h e
pi l ot l i gh t sh ou l d fa i l .
(i) Va por i zer s ma y be a n i n t egr a l pa r t
of a fu el st or a ge con t a i n er di r ect l y
con n ect ed t o t h e l i qu i d sect i on or ga s
sect i on or bot h .
(j) Va por i zer s sh a l l n ot be equ i pped
wi t h fu si bl e pl u gs.
(k ) Va por i zer h ou ses sh a l l n ot h a ve
u n pr ot ect ed dr a i n s t o sewer s or su mp
pi t s.
(i i ) At mosph er i c va por i zer s empl oy -
i n g h ea t fr om t h e gr ou n d or su r -
r ou n di n g a i r sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a s fol -
l ows:
(a) Bu r i ed u n der gr ou n d, or
(b) Loca t ed i n si de t h e bu i l di n g cl ose
t o a poi n t a t wh i ch pi pe en t er s t h e
bu i l di n g pr ovi ded t h e ca pa ci t y of t h e
u n i t does n ot exceed 1 qu a r t .
(c) Va por i zer s of l ess t h a n 1 qu a r t ca -
pa ci t y h ea t ed by t h e gr ou n d or su r -
r ou n di n g a i r , n eed n ot be equ i pped wi t h
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves pr ovi ded t h a t a de-
qu a t e t est s demon st r a t e t h a t t h e a s-
sembl y i s sa fe wi t h ou t sa fet y r el i ef
va l ves.
(i i i ) Di r ect ga s-fi r ed va por i zer s sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed, ma r k ed, a n d i n st a l l ed
a s fol l ows:
(a)(1) I n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e Amer i ca n S oci et y of Me-
ch a n i ca l En gi n eer s Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
Vessel Code1968 t h a t a r e a ppl i ca bl e t o
t h e ma xi mu m wor k i n g con di t i on s for
wh i ch t h e va por i zer i s desi gn ed.
(2) Wi t h t h e n a me of t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er ; r a t ed BTU i n pu t t o t h e bu r n er ;
t h e a r ea of t h e h ea t exch a n ge su r fa ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
307
i n squ a r e feet ; t h e ou t si de su r fa ce of
t h e va por i zer i n squ a r e feet ; a n d t h e
ma xi mu m va por i zi n g ca pa ci t y i n ga l -
l on s per h ou r .
(b)(1) Va por i zer s ma y be con n ect ed t o
t h e l i qu i d sect i on or t h e ga s sect i on of
t h e st or a ge con t a i n er , or bot h ; bu t i n
a n y ca se t h er e sh a l l be a t t h e con t a i n er
a ma n u a l l y oper a t ed va l ve i n ea ch con -
n ect i on t o per mi t compl et el y sh u t t i n g
off wh en desi r ed, of a l l fl ow of ga s or
l i qu i d fr om con t a i n er t o va por i zer .
(2) Va por i zer s wi t h ca pa ci t y n ot ex-
ceedi n g 35 ga l l on s per h ou r sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a t l ea st 5 feet fr om con t a i n er
sh u t off va l ves. Va por i zer s h a vi n g ca -
pa ci t y of mor e t h a n 35 ga l l on s bu t n ot
exceedi n g 100 ga l l on s per h ou r sh a l l be
l oca t ed a t l ea st 10 feet fr om t h e con -
t a i n er sh u t off va l ves. Va por i zer s h a v-
i n g a ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 100 ga l l on s
per h ou r sh a l l be l oca t ed a t l ea st 15
feet fr om con t a i n er sh u t off va l ves.
(c) Va por i zer s ma y be i n st a l l ed i n
bu i l di n gs, r ooms, h ou si n gs, sh eds, or
l ea n -t os u sed excl u si vel y for va por i zi n g
or mi xi n g of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s.
Va por i zi n g h ou si n g st r u ct u r es sh a l l be
of n on combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on , wel l
ven t i l a t ed n ea r t h e fl oor l i n e a n d t h e
h i gh est poi n t of t h e r oof. Wh en va por -
i zer a n d/or mi xi n g equ i pmen t i s l oca t ed
i n a st r u ct u r e or r oom a t t a ch ed t o or
wi t h i n a bu i l di n g, su ch st r u ct u r e or
r oom sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e r e-
ma i n der of t h e bu i l di n g by a wa l l de-
si gn ed t o wi t h st a n d a st a t i c pr essu r e of
a t l ea st 100 pou n ds per squ a r e foot .
Th i s wa l l sh a l l h a ve n o open i n gs or
pi pes or con du i t pa ssi n g t h r ou gh i t .
S u ch st r u ct u r e or r oom sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a dequ a t e ven t i l a t i on , a n d
sh a l l h a ve a r oof or a t l ea st on e ext e-
r i or wa l l of l i gh t wei gh t con st r u ct i on .
(d) Va por i zer s sh a l l h a ve a t or n ea r
t h e di sch a r ge, a sa fet y r el i ef va l ve pr o-
vi di n g a n effect i ve r a t e of di sch a r ge i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i i i )
of t h i s sect i on . Th e r el i ef va l ve sh a l l be
so l oca t ed a s n ot t o be su bj ect ed t o
t emper a t u r es i n excess of 140 F .
(e) Va por i zer s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su i t a bl e a u t oma t i c mea n s t o pr even t
l i qu i d pa ssi n g fr om t h e va por i zer t o t h e
ga s di sch a r ge pi pi n g of t h e va por i zer .
(f ) Va por i zer s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
mea n s for ma n u a l l y t u r n i n g off t h e ga s
t o t h e ma i n bu r n er a n d pi l ot .
(g) Va por i zer s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a u t oma t i c sa fet y devi ces t o sh u t off
t h e fl ow of ga s t o ma i n bu r n er s i f t h e
pi l ot l i gh t sh ou l d fa i l . Wh en t h e fl ow
t h r ou gh t h e pi l ot exceeds 2, 000 B. t . u .
per h ou r , t h e pi l ot a l so sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a n a u t oma t i c sa fet y de-
vi ce t o sh u t off t h e fl ow of ga s t o t h e
pi l ot sh ou l d t h e pi l ot fl a me be ext i n -
gu i sh ed.
(h ) P r essu r e r egu l a t i n g a n d pr essu r e
r edu ci n g equ i pmen t i f l oca t ed wi t h i n 10
feet of a di r ect fi r e va por i zer sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om t h e open fl a me by a
su bst a n t i a l l y a i r t i gh t n on combu st i bl e
pa r t i t i on or pa r t i t i on s.
(i) Except a s pr ovi ded i n (c) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on , t h e fol l owi n g mi n i mu m
di st a n ces sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween
di r ect fi r ed va por i zer s a n d t h e n ea r est
i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g or gr ou p of bu i l d-
i n gs:
Ten feet for va por i zer s h a vi n g a ca pa ci t y of
15 ga l l on s per h ou r or l ess va por i zi n g ca -
pa ci t y .
Twen t y -fi ve feet for va por i zer s h a vi n g a va -
por i zi n g ca pa ci t y of 16 t o 100 ga l l on s per
h ou r .
F i ft y feet for va por i zer s h a vi n g a va por i zi n g
ca pa ci t y exceedi n g 100 ga l l on s per h ou r .
(j) Di r ect fi r ed va por i zer s sh a l l n ot
r a i se t h e pr odu ct pr essu r e a bove t h e
desi gn pr essu r e of t h e va por i zer equ i p-
men t n or sh a l l t h ey r a i se t h e pr odu ct
pr essu r e wi t h i n t h e st or a ge con t a i n er
a bove t h e pr essu r e sh own i n t h e secon d
col u mn of Ta bl e H31.
(k ) Va por i zer s sh a l l n ot be pr ovi ded
(l) Va por i zer s sh a l l n ot h a ve u n pr o-
t ect ed dr a i n s t o sewer s or su mp pi t s.
(i v) Di r ect ga s-fi r ed t a n k h ea t er s
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed a s
fol l ows:
(a) Di r ect ga s-fi r ed t a n k h ea t er s, a n d
t a n k s t o wh i ch t h ey a r e a ppl i ed, sh a l l
on l y be i n st a l l ed a bove gr ou n d.
(b) Ta n k h ea t er s sh a l l be per ma -
n en t l y ma r k ed wi t h t h e n a me of t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er , t h e r a t ed B. t . u . i n pu t t o
t h e bu r n er , a n d t h e ma xi mu m va por -
i zi n g ca pa ci t y i n ga l l on s per h ou r .
(c) Ta n k h ea t er s ma y be a n i n t egr a l
pa r t of a fu el st or a ge con t a i n er di -
r ect l y con n ect ed t o t h e con t a i n er l i q-
u i d sect i on , or va por sect i on , or bot h .
(d) Ta n k h ea t er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a mea n s for ma n u a l l y t u r n i n g off
t h e ga s t o t h e ma i n bu r n er a n d pi l ot .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
308
(e) Ta n k h ea t er s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a n a u t oma t i c sa fet y devi ce t o
sh u t off t h e fl ow of ga s t o ma i n bu r n -
er s, i f t h e pi l ot l i gh t sh ou l d fa i l . Wh en
fl ow t h r ou gh pi l ot exceeds 2, 000 B. t . u .
per h ou r , t h e pi l ot a l so sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a n a u t oma t i c sa fet y de-
vi ce t o sh u t off t h e fl ow of ga s t o t h e
pi l ot sh ou l d t h e pi l ot fl a me be ext i n -
gu i sh ed.
(f ) P r essu r e r egu l a t i n g a n d pr essu r e
r edu ci n g equ i pmen t i f l oca t ed wi t h i n 10
feet of a di r ect fi r ed t a n k h ea t er sh a l l
be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e open fl a me by a
su bst a n t i a l l y a i r t i gh t n on combu st i bl e
pa r t i t i on .
(g) Th e fol l owi n g mi n i mu m di st a n ces
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween a st or a ge
t a n k h ea t ed by a di r ect fi r ed t a n k
h ea t er a n d t h e n ea r est i mpor t a n t
bu i l di n g or gr ou p of bu i l di n gs:
Ten feet for st or a ge con t a i n er s of l ess t h a n
500 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y .
Twen t y -fi ve feet for st or a ge con t a i n er s of 500
t o 1, 200 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y .
F i ft y feet for st or a ge con t a i n er s of over 1, 200
ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y .
(h ) No di r ect fi r ed t a n k h ea t er sh a l l
r a i se t h e pr odu ct pr essu r e wi t h i n t h e
st or a ge con t a i n er over 75 per cen t of t h e
pr essu r e set ou t i n t h e secon d col u mn
of Ta bl e H31.
(v) Th e va por i zer sect i on of va por -
i zer -bu r n er s u sed for deh y dr a t or s or
dr y er s sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of bu i l d-
i n gs; t h ey sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d i n -
st a l l ed a s fol l ows:
(a) Va por i zer -bu r n er s sh a l l h a ve a
mi n i mu m desi gn pr essu r e of 250 p. s. i . g.
wi t h a fa ct or of sa fet y of fi ve.
(b) Ma n u a l l y oper a t ed posi t i ve sh u t -
off va l ves sh a l l be l oca t ed a t t h e con -
t a i n er s t o sh u t off a l l fl ow t o t h e va -
por i zer -bu r n er s.
(c) Mi n i mu m di st a n ces bet ween st or -
a ge con t a i n er s a n d va por i zer -bu r n er s
sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
Water capacity per container (gallons)
Minimum
distances
(feet)
Less than 501 ...................................................... 10
501 to 2,000 ........................................................ 25
Over 2,000 ........................................................... 50
(d) Th e va por i zer sect i on of va por -
i zer -bu r n er s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a h y -
dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ve. Th e r el i ef va l ve
sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s n ot t o be su b-
j ect ed t o t emper a t u r es i n excess of 140
F . Th e st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge pr essu r e set -
t i n g sh a l l be su ch a s t o pr ot ect t h e
compon en t s i n vol ved, bu t n ot l ess t h a n
250 p. s. i . g. Th e di sch a r ge sh a l l be di -
r ect ed u pwa r d a n d a wa y fr om compo-
n en t pa r t s of t h e equ i pmen t a n d a wa y
fr om oper a t i n g per son n el .
(e) Va por i zer -bu r n er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h mea n s for ma n u a l l y t u r n i n g
off t h e ga s t o t h e ma i n bu r n er a n d
pi l ot .
(f ) Va por i zer -bu r n er s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a u t oma t i c sa fet y devi ces
t o sh u t off t h e fl ow of ga s t o t h e ma i n
bu r n er a n d pi l ot i n t h e even t t h e pi l ot
i s ext i n gu i sh ed.
(g) P r essu r e r egu l a t i n g a n d con t r ol
equ i pmen t sh a l l be l oca t ed or pr o-
t ect ed so t h a t t h e t emper a t u r es su r -
r ou n di n g t h i s equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 140 F . except t h a t equ i pmen t
compon en t s ma y be u sed a t h i gh er
t emper a t u r es i f desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d
su ch t emper a t u r es.
(h ) P r essu r e r egu l a t i n g a n d con t r ol
equ i pmen t wh en l oca t ed down st r ea m of
t h e va por i zer sh a l l be desi gn ed t o wi t h -
st a n d t h e ma xi mu m di sch a r ge t em-
per a t u r e of t h e va por .
(i) Th e va por i zer sect i on of va por i zer -
bu r n er s sh a l l n ot be pr ovi ded wi t h fu si -
bl e pl u gs.
(j) Va por i zer coi l s or j a ck et s sh a l l be
ma de of fer r ou s met a l or h i gh t emper a -
t u r e a l l oy s.
(k ) Equ i pmen t u t i l i zi n g va por i zer -
bu r n er s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a u t o-
ma t i c sh u t off devi ces u pst r ea m a n d
down st r ea m of t h e va por i zer sect i on
con n ect ed so a s t o oper a t e i n t h e even t
of excessi ve t emper a t u r e, fl a me fa i l u r e,
a n d, i f a ppl i ca bl e, i n su ffi ci en t a i r fl ow.
(12) Fillin g den sit ies. (i ) Th e fi l l i n g
den si t y i s defi n ed a s t h e per cen t r a t i o
of t h e wei gh t of t h e ga s i n a con t a i n er
t o t h e wei gh t of wa t er t h e con t a i n er
wi l l h ol d a t 60 F . Al l con t a i n er s sh a l l
be fi l l ed a ccor di n g t o t h e fi l l i n g den -
si t i es sh own i n Ta bl e H27.
TABLE H27MAXIMUM PERMITTED FILLING
DENSITY
Specific gravity
at 60 F. (15.6
C.)
Above ground containers
Under
ground con-
tainers, all
capacities
0 to 1,200
U.S. gals.
(1,000 imp.
gal., 4,550
liters) total
water cap.
Over 1,200
U.S. gals.
(1,000 imp.
gal., 4,550
liters) total
water cap.
Percent Percent Percent
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
309
TABLE H27MAXIMUM PERMITTED FILLING
DENSITYContinued
Specific gravity
at 60 F. (15.6
C.)
Above ground containers
Under
ground con-
tainers, all
capacities
0 to 1,200
U.S. gals.
(1,000 imp.
gal., 4,550
liters) total
water cap.
Over 1,200
U.S. gals.
(1,000 imp.
gal., 4,550
liters) total
water cap.
0 .4960 .503 41 44 45
.504 .510 42 45 46
.511 .519 43 46 47
.520 .527 44 47 48
.528 .536 45 48 49
.537 .544 46 49 50
.545 .552 47 50 51
.553 .560 48 51 52
.561 .568 49 52 53
.569 .576 50 53 54
.577 .584 51 54 55
.585 .592 52 55 56
.593 .600 53 56 57
(i i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(12)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on , a n y con -
t a i n er i n cl u di n g mobi l e ca r go t a n k s
a n d por t a bl e t a n k con t a i n er s r ega r d-
l ess of si ze or con st r u ct i on , sh i pped
u n der DOT j u r i sdi ct i on or con st r u ct ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 49 CF R ch a pt er I
S peci fi ca t i on s sh a l l be ch a r ged a ccor d-
i n g t o 49 CF R ch a pt er I r equ i r emen t s.
(i i i ) P or t a bl e con t a i n er s n ot su bj ect
t o DOT j u r i sdi ct i on (su ch a s, bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, mot or fu el con t a i n er s on i n -
du st r i a l a n d l i ft t r u ck s, a n d fa r m t r a c-
t or s cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s
sect i on , or con t a i n er s r ech a r ged a t t h e
i n st a l l a t i on ) ma y be fi l l ed ei t h er by
wei gh t , or by vol u me u si n g a fi xed
l en gt h di p t u be ga gi n g devi ce.
(13) L P-Gas in bu ildin gs. (i ) Va por
sh a l l be pi ped i n t o bu i l di n gs a t pr es-
su r es i n excess of 20 p. s. i . g. on l y i f t h e
bu i l di n gs or sepa r a t e a r ea s t h er eof, (a)
a r e con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s
sect i on ; (b) a r e u sed excu si vel y t o
h ou se equ i pmen t for va por i za t i on , pr es-
su r e r edu ct i on , ga s mi xi n g, ga s ma n u -
fa ct u r i n g, or di st r i bu t i on , or t o h ou se
i n t er n a l combu st i on en gi n es, i n du st r i a l
pr ocesses, r esea r ch a n d exper i men t a l
l a bor a t or i es, or equ i pmen t a n d pr oc-
esses u si n g su ch ga s a n d h a vi n g si mi l a r
h a za r d; (c) bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, or
equ i pmen t u n der con st r u ct i on or u n -
der goi n g ma j or r en ova t i on .
(i i ) Li qu i d ma y be per mi t t ed i n bu i l d-
i n gs a s fol l ows:
(a) Bu i l di n gs, or sepa r a t e a r ea s of
bu i l di n gs, u sed excl u si vel y t o h ou se
equ i pmen t for va por i za t i on , pr essu r e
r edu ct i on , ga s mi xi n g, ga s ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g, or di st r i bu t i on , or t o h ou se i n -
t er n a l combu st i on en gi n es, i n du st r i a l
pr ocesses, r esea r ch a n d exper i men t a l
l a bor a t or i es, or equ i pmen t a n d pr oc-
esses u si n g su ch ga s a n d h a vi n g si mi l a r
h a za r d; a n d wh en su ch bu i l di n gs, or
sepa r a t e a r ea s t h er eof a r e con st r u ct ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on .
(b) Bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, or equ i p-
men t u n der con st r u ct i on or u n der goi n g
ma j or r en ova t i on pr ovi ded t h e t em-
por a r y pi pi n g meet s t h e fol l owi n g con -
di t i on s:
(1) Li qu i d pi pi n g i n si de t h e bu i l di n g
pa r a gr a ph (b)(8) of t h i s sect i on , a n d
sh a l l n ot exceed t h r ee-fou r t h s i r on pi pe
si ze. Copper t u bi n g wi t h a n ou t si de di -
a met er of t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch or l ess
ma y be u sed pr ovi ded i t con for ms t o
Ty pe K of S peci fi ca t i on s for S ea ml ess
Wa t er Tu be, ANS I H23. 11970 (AS TM
B8869) (see Ta bl e H24). Al l su ch pi p-
i n g sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st con st r u c-
t i on h a za r ds. Li qu i d pi pi n g i n si de
bu i l di n gs sh a l l be k ept t o a mi n i mu m.
S u ch pi pi n g sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed
t o wa l l s or ot h er su r fa ces so a s t o pr o-
vi de a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on fr om br ea k -
a ge a n d so l oca t ed a s t o su bj ect t h e l i q-
u i d l i n e t o l owest a mbi en t t emper a -
t u r es.
(2) A sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n ea ch i n t er medi a t e br a n ch l i n e wh er e
i t t a k es off t h e ma i n l i n e a n d sh a l l be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e. A sh u t off va l ve sh a l l
a l so be pl a ced a t t h e a ppl i a n ce en d of
t h e i n t er medi a t e br a n ch l i n e. S u ch
sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be u pst r ea m of a n y
fl exi bl e con n ect or u sed wi t h t h e a ppl i -
a n ce.
(3) S u i t a bl e excess fl ow va l ves sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n t h e con t a i n er ou t l et l i n e
su ppl y i n g l i qu i d LP -Ga s t o t h e bu i l d-
i n g. A su i t a bl e excess fl ow va l ve sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i mmedi a t el y down st r ea m
of ea ch sh u t off va l ve. S u i t a bl e excess
fl ow va l ves sh a l l be i n st a l l ed wh er e
pi pi n g si ze i s r edu ced a n d sh a l l be si zed
for t h e r edu ced si ze pi pi n g.
(4) Hy dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(xi i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(5) Th e u se of h ose t o ca r r y l i qu i d be-
t ween t h e con t a i n er a n d t h e bu i l di n g
or a t a n y poi n t i n t h e l i qu i d l i n e, ex-
cept a t t h e a ppl i a n ce con n ect or , sh a l l
be pr oh i bi t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
310
(6) Wh er e fl exi bl e con n ect or s a r e n ec-
essa r y for a ppl i a n ce i n st a l l a t i on , su ch
con n ect or s sh a l l be a s sh or t a s pr a c-
t i ca bl e a n d sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(8)(i i ) or (9) of t h i s sect i on .
(7) Rel ea se of fu el wh en a n y sect i on
of pi pi n g or a ppl i a n ces i s di scon n ect ed
sh a l l be mi n i mi zed by ei t h er of t h e fol -
l owi n g met h ods:
(i) Usi n g a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c
qu i ck -cl osi n g cou pl i n g (a t y pe cl osi n g
i n bot h di r ect i on s wh en cou pl ed i n t h e
fu el l i n e), or
(ii) Cl osi n g t h e va l ve n ea r est t o t h e
a ppl i a n ce a n d a l l owi n g t h e a ppl i a n ce
t o oper a t e u n t i l t h e fu el i n t h e l i n e i s
con su med.
(iii) P or t a bl e con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be
t a k en i n t o bu i l di n gs except a s pr ovi ded
i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(6)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(14) T ran sf er of liqu ids. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t (i ) a t l ea st on e a t -
t en da n t sh a l l r ema i n cl ose t o t h e
t r a n sfer con n ect i on fr om t h e t i me t h e
con n ect i on s a r e fi r st ma de u n t i l t h ey
a r e fi n a l l y di scon n ect ed, du r i n g t h e
t r a n sfer of t h e pr odu ct .
(i i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be fi l l ed or u sed
on l y u pon a u t h or i za t i on of t h e own er .
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s ma n u fa ct u r ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h speci fi ca t i on s of 49 CF R
pa r t 178 a n d a u t h or i zed by 49 CF R
ch a pt er 1 a s a si n gl e t r i p or n on -
r efi l l a bl e con t a i n er sh a l l n ot be r e-
fi l l ed or r eu sed i n LP -Ga s ser vi ce.
(i v) Ga s or l i qu i d sh a l l n ot be ven t ed
t o t h e a t mosph er e t o a ssi st i n t r a n sfer -
r i n g con t en t s of on e con t a i n er t o a n -
ot h er , except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(5)(i v) of t h i s sect i on a n d except t h a t
t h i s sh a l l n ot pr ecl u de t h e u se of l i st ed
pu mp u t i l i zi n g LP -Ga s i n t h e va por
ph a se a s a sou r ce of en er gy a n d ven t i n g
su ch ga s t o t h e a t mosph er e a t a r a t e
n ot t o exceed t h a t fr om a No. 31 dr i l l
si ze open i n g a n d pr ovi ded t h a t su ch
ven t i n g a n d l i qu i d t r a n sfer sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 50 feet fr om t h e
n ea r est i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g.
(v) F i l l i n g of fu el con t a i n er s for i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck s or mot or veh i cl es fr om
i n du st r i a l bu l k st or a ge con t a i n er s
sh a l l be per for med n ot l ess t h a n 10 feet
fr om t h e n ea r est i mpor t a n t ma son r y -
wa l l ed bu i l di n g or n ot l ess t h a n 25 feet
fr om t h e n ea r est i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g or
ot h er con st r u ct i on a n d, i n a n y even t ,
n ot l ess t h a n 25 feet fr om a n y bu i l di n g
open i n g.
(vi ) F i l l i n g of por t a bl e con t a i n er s,
con t a i n er s mou n t ed on sk i ds, fu el con -
t a i n er s on fa r m t r a ct or s, or si mi l a r a p-
pl i ca t i on s, fr om st or a ge con t a i n er s
u sed i n domest i c or commer ci a l ser v-
i ce, sh a l l be per for med n ot l ess t h a n 50
feet fr om t h e n ea r est i mpor t a n t bu i l d-
i n g.
(vi i ) Th e fi l l i n g con n ect i on a n d t h e
ven t fr om t h e l i qu i d l evel ga ges i n con -
t a i n er s, fi l l ed a t poi n t of i n st a l l a t i on ,
sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n 10 feet i n a n y di -
r ect i on fr om a i r open i n gs i n t o sea l ed
combu st i on sy st em a ppl i a n ces or me-
ch a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on a i r i n t a k es.
(vi i i ) F u el su ppl y con t a i n er s sh a l l be
ga ged a n d ch a r ged on l y i n t h e open a i r
or i n bu i l di n gs especi a l l y pr ovi ded for
t h a t pu r pose.
(i x) Th e ma xi mu m va por pr essu r e of
t h e pr odu ct a t 100 F . wh i ch ma y be
t r a n sfer r ed i n t o a con t a i n er sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)(2) a n d
(e)(3) of t h i s sect i on . (F or DOT con -
t a i n er s u se DOT r equ i r emen t s. )
(x) Ma r k et er s a n d u ser s sh a l l exer ci se
pr eca u t i on t o a ssu r e t h a t on l y t h ose
ga ses for wh i ch t h e sy st em i s desi gn ed,
exa mi n ed, a n d l i st ed, a r e empl oy ed i n
i t s oper a t i on , pa r t i cu l a r l y wi t h r ega r d
t o pr essu r es.
(xi ) P u mps or compr essor s sh a l l be
desi gn ed for u se wi t h LP -Ga s. Wh en
compr essor s a r e u sed t h ey sh a l l n or -
ma l l y t a k e su ct i on fr om t h e va por
spa ce of t h e con t a i n er bei n g fi l l ed a n d
di sch a r ge t o t h e va por spa ce of t h e con -
t a i n er bei n g empt i ed.
(xi i ) P u mpi n g sy st ems, wh en
equ i pped wi t h a posi t i ve di spl a cemen t
pu mp, sh a l l i n cl u de a r eci r cu l a t i n g de-
vi ce wh i ch sh a l l l i mi t t h e di ffer en t i a l
pr essu r e on t h e pu mp u n der n or ma l op-
er a t i n g con di t i on s t o t h e ma xi mu m
di ffer en t i a l pr essu r e r a t i n g of t h e
pu mp. Th e di sch a r ge of t h e pu mpi n g
sy st em sh a l l be pr ot ect ed so t h a t pr es-
su r e does n ot exceed 350 p. s. i . g. I f a r e-
ci r cu l a t i on sy st em di sch a r ges i n t o t h e
su ppl y t a n k a n d con t a i n s a ma n u a l
sh u t off va l ve, a n a dequ a t e secon da r y
sa fet y r eci r cu l a t i on sy st em sh a l l be i n -
cor por a t ed wh i ch sh a l l h a ve n o mea n s
of r en der i n g i t i n oper a t i ve. Ma n u a l
sh u t off va l ves i n r eci r cu l a t i on sy st ems
sh a l l be k ept open except du r i n g a n
emer gen cy or wh en r epa i r s a r e bei n g
ma de t o t h e sy st em.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
311
(xi i i ) Wh en n ecessa r y , u n l oa di n g pi p-
i n g or h oses sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su i t a bl e bl eeder va l ves for r el i evi n g
pr essu r e befor e di scon n ect i on .
(xi v) Agr i cu l t u r a l a i r movi n g equ i p-
men t , i n cl u di n g cr op dr y er s, sh a l l be
sh u t down wh en su ppl y con t a i n er s a r e
bei n g fi l l ed u n l ess t h e a i r i n t a k es a n d
sou r ces of i gn i t i on on t h e equ i pmen t
a r e l oca t ed 50 feet or mor e fr om t h e
con t a i n er .
(xv) Agr i cu l t u r a l equ i pmen t empl oy -
i n g open fl a mes or equ i pmen t wi t h i n -
t egr a l con t a i n er s, su ch a s fl a me cu l -
t i va t or s, weed bu r n er s, a n d, i n a ddi -
t i on , t r a ct or s, sh a l l be sh u t down du r -
i n g r efu el i n g.
(15) T an k car or t ran sport t ru ck loadin g
or u n loadin g poin t s an d operat ion s. (i )
Th e t r a ck of t a n k ca r si di n g sh a l l be
r el a t i vel y l evel .
(i i ) A Ta n k Ca r Con n ect ed si gn , a s
cover ed by DOT r u l es, sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t t h e a ct i ve en d or en ds of t h e
si di n g wh i l e t h e t a n k ca r i s con n ect ed.
(i i i ) Wh i l e ca r s a r e on si det r a ck for
l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g, t h e wh eel s a t
bot h en ds sh a l l be bl ock ed on t h e r a i l s.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
a n empl oy ee i s i n a t t en da n ce a t a l l
t i mes wh i l e t h e t a n k ca r , ca r s, or
t r u ck s a r e bei n g l oa ded or u n l oa ded.
(v) A ba ck fl ow ch eck va l ve, excess-
fl ow va l ve, or a sh u t off va l ve wi t h
mea n s of r emot e cl osi n g, t o pr ot ect
a ga i n st u n con t r ol l ed di sch a r ge of LP -
Ga s fr om st or a ge t a n k pi pi n g sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed cl ose t o t h e poi n t wh er e t h e
l i qu i d pi pi n g a n d h ose or swi n g j oi n t
pi pe i s con n ect ed.
(vi ) Wh er e pr a ct i ca l , t h e di st a n ce of
t h e u n l oa di n g or l oa di n g poi n t sh a l l
con for m t o t h e di st a n ces i n su bpa r a -
gr a ph (6)(i i ) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(16) I n st ru ct ion s. P er son n el per -
for mi n g i n st a l l a t i on , r emova l , oper -
a t i on , a n d ma i n t en a n ce wor k sh a l l be
pr oper l y t r a i n ed i n su ch fu n ct i on .
(17) Elect rical equ ipmen t an d ot h er
sou rces of ign it ion . (i ) El ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t a n d wi r i n g sh a l l be of a t y pe
speci fi ed by a n d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t ,
for or di n a r y l oca t i on s except t h a t fi xed
el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t i n cl a ssi fi ed a r ea s
sh a l l compl y wi t h su bpa r a gr a ph (18) of
(i i ) Open fl a mes or ot h er sou r ces of
i gn i t i on sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed i n va -
por i zer r ooms (except t h ose h ou si n g di -
r ect -fi r ed va por i zer s), pu mph ou ses,
con t a i n er ch a r gi n g r ooms or ot h er
si mi l a r l oca t i on s. Di r ect -fi r ed va por -
i zer s sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed i n pu mp-
h ou ses or con t a i n er ch a r gi n g r ooms.
(i i i ) Li qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s st or a ge
con t a i n er s do n ot r equ i r e l i gh t n i n g
pr ot ect i on .
(i v) S i n ce l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s i s
con t a i n ed i n a cl osed sy st em of pi pi n g
a n d equ i pmen t , t h e sy st em n eed n ot be
el ect r i ca l l y con du ct i ve or el ect r i ca l l y
bon ded for pr ot ect i on a ga i n st st a t i c
el ect r i ci t y .
(v) Open fl a mes (except a s pr ovi ded
for i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(11) of t h i s sect i on ),
cu t t i n g or wel di n g, por t a bl e el ect r i c
t ool s, a n d ext en si on l i gh t s ca pa bl e of
i gn i t i n g LP -Ga s, sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed
wi t h i n cl a ssi fi ed a r ea s speci fi ed i n
Ta bl e H28 u n l ess t h e LP -Ga s fa ci l i t i es
h a ve been fr eed of a l l l i qu i d a n d va por ,
or speci a l pr eca u t i on s obser ved u n der
ca r efu l l y con t r ol l ed con di t i on s.
TABLE H28
Part Location Extent of classified area
1

Equipment shall be
suitable for Class 1,
Group D
2

A ..... Storage containers other than
DOT cylinders.
Within 15 feet in all directions from connections, except con-
nections otherwise covered in Table H28.
Division 2.
B ..... Tank vehicle and tank car
loading and unloading
3
.
Within 5 feet in all directions from connections regularly made
or disconnected for product transfer.
Division 1.
Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all directions from a point
where connections are regularly made or disconnected and
within the cylindrical volume between the horizontal equator
of the sphere and grade. (See Figure H1).
Division 2.
C ..... Gage vent openings other than
those on DOT cylinders.
Within 5 feet in all directions from point of discharge ...............
Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all directions from point of
discharge.
Division 1.
Division 2.
D ..... Relief valve discharge other
than those on DOT cylinders.
Within direct path of discharge .................................................. Division 1.
Within 5 feet in all directions from point of discharge ............... Division 1.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
312
TABLE H28Continued
Part Location Extent of classified area
1

Equipment shall be
suitable for Class 1,
Group D
2

Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all directions from point of
discharge except within the direct path of discharge.
Division 2.
E ..... Pumps, compressors, gas-air
mixers and vaporizers other
than direct fired.
.
Indoors without ventilation ....... Entire room and any adjacent room not separated by a gas-
tight partition.
Division 1.
Within 15 feet of the exterior side of any exterior wall or roof
that is not vaportight or within 15 feet of any exterior open-
ing.
Division 2.
Indoors with adequate ventila-
tion
4
.
Entire room and any adjacent room not separated by a gas-
tight partition.
Division 2.
Outdoors in open air at or
abovegrade.
Within 15 feet in all directions from this equipment and within
the cylindrical volume between the horizontal equator of the
sphere and grade. See Figure H1.
Division 2.
F ..... Service Station Dispensing
Units.
Entire space within dispenser enclosure, and 18 inches hori-
zontally from enclosure exterior up to an elevation 4 ft.
above dispenser base. Entire pit or open space beneath
dispenser.
Division 1.
Up to 18 inches abovegrade within 20 ft. horizontally from any
edge of enclosure.
Division 2.
NOTE: For pits within this area, see Part F of this table..
G ..... Pits or trenches containing or
located beneath LP-Gas
valves, pumps, compressors,
regulators, and similar equip-
ment.
.
Without mechanical ventilation Entire pit or trench ..................................................................... Division 1.
tight partition.
Division 1.
Within 15 feet in all directions from pit or trench when located
outdoors.
Division 2.
With adequate mechanical
ventilation.
Entire pit or trench ..................................................................... Division 2.
tight partition.
Division 2.
Within 15 feet in all directions from pit or trench when located
outdoors.
Division 2.
H ..... Special buildings or rooms for
storage of portable con-
tainers.
Entire room ................................................................................. Division 2.
Pipelines and connections con-
taining operational bleeds,
drips, vents or drains.
Within 5 ft. in all directions from point of discharge ..................
Beyond 5 ft. from point of discharge, same as Part E of this
table.
Division 1.
J ...... Container filling:.
Indoors without ventilation ....... Entire room ................................................................................. Division 1.
Indoors with adequate ventila-
tion
4
.
Within 5 feet in all directions from connections regularly made
Division 1.
Beyond 5 feet and entire room .................................................. Division 2.
Outdoors in open air ................ Within 5 feet in all directions from connections regularly made
Division 1.
Beyond 5 feet but within 15 feet in all directions from a point
where connections are regularly made or disconnected and
within the cylindrical volume between the horizontal equator
of the sphere and grade. (See Figure H1).
Division 2.
1
The classified area shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall, roof, or solid vaportight partition.
2
See subpart S of this part.
3
When classifying extent of hazardous area, consideration shall be given to possible variations in the spotting of tank cars and
tank vehicles at the unloading points and the effect these variations of actual spotting point may have on the point of connection.
4
Ventilation, either natural or mechanical, is considered adequate when the concentration of the gas in a gas-air mixture does
not exceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit under normal operating conditions.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
313
F I GURE H1
(18) Fixed elect rical equ ipmen t in classi-
f ied areas. F i xed el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
a n d wi r i n g i n st a l l ed wi t h i n cl a ssi fi ed
a r ea s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e H28 sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h Ta bl e H28 a n d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h S u bpa r t S of
t h i s pa r t . Th i s pr ovi si on does n ot a ppl y
t o fi xed el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a t r esi -
den t i a l or commer ci a l i n st a l l a t i on s of
LP -Ga s sy st ems or t o sy st ems cover ed
by pa r a gr a ph (e) or (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(19) L iqu id-level gagin g device. (i ) Ea ch
con t a i n er ma n u fa ct u r ed a ft er Decem-
ber 31, 1965, a n d fi l l ed on a vol u met r i c
ba si s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a fi xed l i q-
u i d-l evel ga ge t o i n di ca t e t h e ma x-
i mu m per mi t t ed fi l l i n g l evel a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(19)(v) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Ea ch con t a i n er ma n u fa ct u r ed
a ft er December 31, 1969, sh a l l h a ve per -
ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e con t a i n er a d-
j a cen t t o t h e fi xed l evel ga ge a ma r k -
i n g sh owi n g t h e per cen t a ge fu l l t h a t
wi l l be sh own by t h a t ga ge. Wh en a
va r i a bl e l i qu i d-l evel ga ge i s a l so pr o-
vi ded, t h e fi xed l i qu i d-l evel ga ge wi l l
a l so ser ve a s a mea n s for ch eck i n g t h e
va r i a bl e ga ge. Th ese ga ges sh a l l be
u sed i n ch a r gi n g con t a i n er s a s r equ i r ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(12) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Al l va r i a bl e ga gi n g devi ces sh a l l
be a r r a n ged so t h a t t h e ma xi mu m l i q-
u i d l evel for bu t a n e, for a 5050 mi xt u r e
of bu t a n e a n d pr opa n e, a n d for pr opa n e,
t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er ma y be ch a r ged
i s r ea di l y det er mi n a bl e. Th e ma r k i n gs
i n di ca t i n g t h e va r i ou s l i qu i d l evel s
fr om empt y t o fu l l sh a l l be on t h e sy s-
t em n a mepl a t e or ga gi n g devi ce or pa r t
ma y be on t h e sy st em n a mepl a t e a n d
pa r t on t h e ga gi n g devi ce. Di a l s of
ma gn et i c or r ot a r y ga ges sh a l l sh ow
wh et h er t h ey a r e for cy l i n dr i ca l or
sph er i ca l con t a i n er s a n d wh et h er for
a bovegr ou n d or u n der gr ou n d ser vi ce.
Th e di a l s of ga ges i n t en ded for u se on l y
on a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s of over 1, 200
ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y sh a l l be so
ma r k ed.
(i i i ) Ga gi n g devi ces t h a t r equ i r e
bl eedi n g of t h e pr odu ct t o t h e a t mos-
ph er e, su ch a s t h e r ot a r y t u be, fi xed
t u be, a n d sl i p t u be, sh a l l be desi gn ed so
t h a t t h e bl eed va l ve ma xi mu m open i n g
i s n ot l a r ger t h a n a No. 54 dr i l l si ze, u n -
l ess pr ovi ded wi t h excess fl ow va l ve.
(i v) Ga gi n g devi ces sh a l l h a ve a de-
si gn wor k i n g pr essu r e of a t l ea st 250
p. s. i . g.
(v) Len gt h of t u be or posi t i on of fi xed
l i qu i d-l evel ga ge sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
i n di ca t e t h e ma xi mu m l evel t o wh i ch
t h e con t a i n er ma y be fi l l ed for t h e
pr odu ct con t a i n ed. Th i s l evel sh a l l be
ba sed on t h e vol u me of t h e pr odu ct a t
40 F . a t i t s ma xi mu m per mi t t ed fi l l i n g
den si t y for a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s a n d
a t 50 F . for u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l ca l cu l a t e t h e fi l l -
i n g poi n t for wh i ch t h e fi xed l i qu i d
l evel ga ge sh a l l be desi gn ed a ccor di n g
t o t h e met h od i n t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(a) I t i s i mpossi bl e t o set ou t i n a
t a bl e t h e l en gt h of a fi xed di p t u be for
va r i ou s ca pa ci t y t a n k s beca u se of t h e
va r y i n g t a n k di a met er s a n d l en gt h s
a n d beca u se t h e t a n k ma y be i n st a l l ed
ei t h er i n a ver t i ca l or h or i zon t a l posi -
t i on . Kn owi n g t h e ma xi mu m per mi t t ed
fi l l i n g vol u me i n ga l l on s, h owever , t h e
l en gt h of t h e fi xed t u be ca n be det er -
mi n ed by t h e u se of a st r a ppi n g t a bl e
obt a i n ed fr om t h e con t a i n er ma n u fa c-
t u r er . Th e l en gt h of t h e fi xed t u be
sh ou l d be su ch t h a t wh en i t s l ower en d
t ou ch es t h e su r fa ce of t h e l i qu i d i n t h e
con t a i n er , t h e con t en t s of t h e con -
t a i n er wi l l be t h e ma xi mu m per mi t t ed
vol u me a s det er mi n ed by t h e fol l owi n g
for mu l a :
[(Wa t er ca pa ci t y (ga l s. ) of
con t a i n er *fi l l i n g
den si t y **)(S peci fi c gr a vi t y of LP -
Ga s*vol u me cor r ect i on fa ct or
100)]=Ma xi mu m vol u me of LP -Ga s
*Mea su r ed a t 60 F .
**F r om su bpa r a gr a ph (12) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph
F i l l i n g Den si t i es.
F or a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s t h e l i qu i d
t emper a t u r e i s a ssu med t o be 40 F . a n d for
u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s t h e l i qu i d t emper a -
t u r e i s a ssu med t o be 50 F . To cor r ect t h e
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
5
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
314
l i qu i d vol u mes a t t h ese t emper a t u r es t o 60
F . t h e fol l owi n g fa ct or s sh a l l be u sed.
(b) F or mu l a for det er mi n i n g ma x-
i mu m vol u me of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m
ga s for wh i ch a fi xed l en gt h of di p t u be
sh a l l be set :
TABLE H29VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS
Specific gravity Aboveground Underground
0.500 1.033 1.017
.510 1.031 1.016
.520 1.029 1.015
.530 1.028 1.014
.540 1.026 1.013
.550 1.025 1.013
.560 1.024 1.012
.570 1.023 1.011
.580 1.021 1.011
.590 1.020 1.010
(c) Th e ma xi mu m vol u me of LP -Ga s
wh i ch ca n be pl a ced i n a con t a i n er
wh en det er mi n i n g t h e l en gt h of t h e di p
t u be expr essed a s a per cen t a ge of t ot a l
wa t er con t en t of t h e con t a i n er i s ca l -
cu l a t ed by t h e fol l owi n g for mu l a .
(d) Th e ma xi mu m wei gh t of LP -Ga s
wh i ch ma y be pl a ced i n a con t a i n er f or
det ermin in g t h e len gt h of a f ixed dip t u be
i s det er mi n ed by mu l t i pl y i n g t h e ma x-
i mu m vol u me of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m
ga s obt a i n ed by t h e for mu l a i n pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(19)(b) of t h i s sect i on by t h e
pou n ds of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s i n a
ga l l on a t 40 F . for a bovegou n d a n d a t
50 F . for u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s. F or
exa mpl e, t y pi ca l pou n ds per ga l l on a r e
speci fi ed bel ow:
Example: Assu me a 100-ga l l on t ot a l wa t er
ca pa ci t y t a n k for a bovegr ou n d st or a ge of
pr opa n e h a vi n g a speci fi c gr a vi t y of 0. 510 of
60 F .
[(100 (ga l s. )42 (fi l l i n g den si t y fr om su bpa r a -
gr a ph (12) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph ))(0. 5101. 031
(cor r ect i on fa ct or fr om Ta bl e H
29)100)]=(420052. 6)
(420052. 6)=79. 8 ga l l on s pr opa n e, t h e ma x-
i mu m a mou n t per mi t t ed t o be pl a ced i n a
100-ga l l on t ot a l wa t er ca pa ci t y a bove-
gr ou n d con t a i n er equ i pped wi t h a fi xed di p
t u be.
[(Ma xi mu m vol u me of LP -Ga s (fr om for mu l a
i n su bdi vi si on (b) of t h i s su bdi vi -
si on )100)Tot a l wa t er con t en t of con t a i n er
i n ga l l on s]=Ma xi mu m per cen t of LP -Ga s
Above-
ground,
pounds per
gallon
Under-
ground,
pounds per
gallon
Propane ......................................... 4.37 4.31
N Butane ....................................... 4.97 4.92
(vi ) F i xed l i qu i d-l evel ga ges u sed on
con t a i n er s ot h er t h a n DOT con t a i n er s
sh a l l be st a mped on t h e ext er i or of t h e
ga ge wi t h t h e l et t er s DT fol l owed by
t h e ver t i ca l di st a n ce (expr essed i n
i n ch es a n d ca r r i ed ou t t o on e deci ma l
pl a ce) fr om t h e t op of con t a i n er t o t h e
en d of t h e di p t u be or t o t h e cen t er l i n e
of t h e ga ge wh en i t i s l oca t ed a t t h e
ma xi mu m per mi t t ed fi l l i n g l evel . F or
por t a bl e con t a i n er s t h a t ma y be fi l l ed
i n t h e h or i zon t a l a n d/or ver t i ca l posi -
t i on t h e l et t er s DT sh a l l be fol l owed
by V wi t h t h e ver t i ca l di st a n ce fr om
t h e t op of t h e con t a i n er t o t h e en d of
t h e di p t u be for ver t i ca l fi l l i n g a n d
wi t h H fol l owed by t h e pr oper di s-
t a n ce for h or i zon t a l fi l l i n g. F or DOT
con t a i n er s t h e st a mpi n g sh a l l be pl a ced
bot h on t h e ext er i or of t h e ga ge a n d on
t h e con t a i n er . On a bove-gr ou n d or
ca r go con t a i n er s wh er e t h e ga ges a r e
posi t i on ed a t speci fi c l evel s, t h e ma r k -
i n g ma y be speci fi ed i n per cen t of t ot a l
t a n k con t en t s a n d t h e ma r k i n g sh a l l be
st a mped on t h e con t a i n er .
(vi i ) Ga ge gl a sses of t h e col u mn a r
t y pe sh a l l be r est r i ct ed t o ch a r gi n g
pl a n t s wh er e t h e fu el i s wi t h dr a wn i n
t h e l i qu i d ph a se on l y . Th ey sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h va l ves h a vi n g met a l l i c
h a n dwh eel s, wi t h excess fl ow va l ves,
a n d wi t h ext r a -h ea vy gl a ss a dequ a t el y
pr ot ect ed wi t h a met a l h ou si n g a ppl i ed
by t h e ga ge ma n u fa ct u r er . Th ey sh a l l
be sh i el ded a ga i n st t h e di r ect r a y s of
t h e su n . Ga ge gl a sses of t h e col u mn a r
t y pe a r e pr oh i bi t ed on t a n k t r u ck s, a n d
on mot or fu el t a n k s, a n d on con t a i n er s
u sed i n domest i c, commer ci a l , a n d i n -
du st r i a l i n st a l l a t i on s.
(vi i i ) Ga gi n g devi ces of t h e fl oa t , or
equ i va l en t t y pe wh i ch do n ot r equ i r e
fl ow for t h ei r oper a t i on a n d h a vi n g
con n ect i on s ext en di n g t o a poi n t ou t -
si de t h e con t a i n er do n ot h a ve t o be
equ i pped wi t h excess fl ow va l ves pr o-
vi ded t h e pi pi n g a n d fi t t i n gs a r e a de-
qu a t el y desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d t h e con -
t a i n er pr essu r e a n d a r e pr oper l y pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge a n d
br ea k a ge.
(20) Requ iremen t s f or applian ces. (i )
Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(20)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , n ew commer -
ci a l a n d i n du st r i a l ga s con su mi n g a p-
pl i a n ces sh a l l be a ppr oved.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
315
(i i ) An y a ppl i a n ce t h a t wa s or i gi n a l l y
ma n u fa ct u r ed for oper a t i on wi t h a ga s-
eou s fu el ot h er t h a n LP -Ga s a n d i s i n
good con di t i on ma y be u sed wi t h LP -
Ga s on l y a ft er i t i s pr oper l y con ver t ed,
a da pt ed, a n d t est ed for per for ma n ce
wi t h LP -Ga s befor e t h e a ppl i a n ce i s
pl a ced i n u se.
(i i i ) Un a t t en ded h ea t er s u sed i n si de
bu i l di n gs for t h e pu r pose of a n i ma l or
pou l t r y pr odu ct i on or ca r e sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c
devi ce desi gn ed t o sh u t off t h e fl ow of
ga s t o t h e ma i n bu r n er s, a n d pi l ot i f
u sed, i n t h e even t of fl a me ext i n gu i sh -
men t .
(i v) Al l commer ci a l , i n du st r i a l , a n d
a gr i cu l t u r a l a ppl i a n ces or equ i pmen t
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on a n d i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g NF P A
con sen su s st a n da r ds, wh i ch a r e i n cor -
1910. 6:
(a) Domest i c a n d commer ci a l a ppl i -
a n cesNF P A 541969, S t a n da r d for t h e
P i pi n g.
(b) I n du st r i a l a ppl i a n cesNF P A 54A
1969, S t a n da r d for t h e I n st a l l a t i on of
Ga s P i pi n g a n d Ga s Equ i pmen t on I n -
du st r i a l P r emi ses a n d Cer t a i n Ot h er
P r emi ses.
(c) S t a n da r d for t h e I n st a l l a t i on a n d
Use of S t a t i on a r y Combu st i on En gi n es
a n d Ga s Tu r bi n esNF P A 371970.
(d) S t a n da r d for t h e I n st a l l a t i on of
Equ i pmen t for t h e Remova l of S mok e
a n d Gr ea se-La den Va por s fr om Com-
mer ci a l Cook i n g Equ i pmen t , NF P A 96
1970.
(c) Cy lin der sy st ems(1) Applicat ion .
Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es speci fi ca l l y t o
sy st ems u t i l i zi n g con t a i n er s con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT S pec-
i fi ca t i on s. Al l r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o t h i s
pa r a gr a ph u n l ess ot h er wi se n ot ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Mark in g of con t ain ers. Con t a i n er s
sh a l l be ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
DOT r egu l a t i on s. Addi t i on a l ma r k i n gs
n ot i n con fl i ct wi t h DOT r egu l a t i on s
ma y be u sed.
(3) Descript ion of a sy st em. A sy st em
sh a l l i n cl u de t h e con t a i n er ba se or
br a ck et , con t a i n er s, con t a i n er va l ves,
con n ect or s, ma n i fol d va l ve a ssembl y ,
r egu l a t or s, a n d r el i ef va l ves.
(4) Con t ain ers an d regu lat in g equ ip-
men t in st alled ou t side of bu ildin gs or
st ru ct u res. (i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be
bu r i ed bel ow gr ou n d. However , t h i s
sh a l l n ot pr oh i bi t t h e i n st a l l a t i on i n a
compa r t men t or r ecess bel ow gr a de
l evel su ch a s a n i ch e i n a sl ope or t er -
r a ce wa l l wh i ch i s u sed for n o ot h er
pu r pose, pr ovi di n g t h a t t h e con t a i n er
a n d r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t a r e n ot i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e gr ou n d a n d t h e com-
pa r t men t or r ecess i s dr a i n ed a n d ven -
t i l a t ed h or i zon t a l l y t o t h e ou t si de a i r
fr om i t s l owest l evel , wi t h t h e ou t l et a t
l ea st 3 feet a wa y fr om a n y bu i l di n g
open i n g wh i ch i s bel ow t h e l evel of
su ch ou t l et .
Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(xi i i ) of t h i s sect i on , t h e di s-
ch a r ge fr om sa fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l
be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 3 feet h or i -
zon t a l l y a wa y fr om a n y bu i l di n g open -
i n g wh i ch i s bel ow t h e l evel of su ch di s-
ch a r ge a n d sh a l l n ot t er mi n a t e ben ea t h
a n y bu i l di n g u n l ess su ch spa ce i s wel l
ven t i l a t ed t o t h e ou t si de a n d i s n ot en -
cl osed on mor e t h a n t wo si des.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be set u pon fi r m
fou n da t i on or ot h er wi se fi r ml y secu r ed;
t h e possi bl e effect on t h e ou t l et pi pi n g
of set t l i n g sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st by
a fl exi bl e con n ect i on or speci a l fi t t i n g.
(5) Con t ain ers an d equ ipmen t u sed in -
side of bu ildin gs or st ru ct u res. (i ) Wh en
oper a t i on a l r equ i r emen t s ma k e por t -
a bl e u se of con t a i n er s n ecessa r y a n d
t h ei r l oca t i on ou t si de of bu i l di n gs or
st r u ct u r e i s i mpr a ct i ca bl e, con t a i n er s
a n d equ i pmen t a r e per mi t t ed t o be
u sed i n si de of bu i l di n gs or st r u ct u r es i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h (a) t h r ou gh (l) of t h i s
su bdi vi si on , a n d, i n a ddi t i on , su ch
ot h er pr ovi si on s of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph
a s a r e a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r u se
or occu pa n cy .
(a) Con t a i n er s i n u se sh a l l mea n con -
n ect ed for u se.
(b) S y st ems u t i l i zi n g con t a i n er s h a v-
i n g a wa t er ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 2
1
2
pou n ds (n omi n a l 1 pou n d LP -Ga s ca -
pa ci t y ) sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h excess
fl ow va l ves. S u ch excess fl ow va l ves
sh a l l be ei t h er i n t egr a l wi t h t h e con -
t a i n er va l ves or i n t h e con n ect i on s t o
t h e con t a i n er va l ve ou t l et s. I n ei t h er
ca se, a n excess fl ow va l ve sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t a n y
u n du e st r a i n bey on d t h e excess fl ow
va l ve wi l l n ot ca u se br ea k a ge bet ween
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
316
t h e con t a i n er a n d t h e excess fl ow
va l ve. Th e i n st a l l a t i on of excess fl ow
va l ves sh a l l t a k e i n t o a ccou n t t h e t y pe
of va l ve pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded.
(c) Regu l a t or s, i f u sed, sh a l l be ei t h er
di r ect l y con n ect ed t o t h e con t a i n er
va l ves or t o ma n i fol ds con n ect ed t o t h e
con t a i n er va l u es. Th e r egu l a t or sh a l l
be su i t a bl e for u se wi t h LP -Ga s. Ma n i -
fol ds a n d fi t t i n gs con n ect i n g con -
t a i n er s t o pr essu r e r egu l a t or i n l et s
sh a l l be desi gn ed for a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g.
ser vi ce pr essu r e.
(d) Va l ves on con t a i n er s h a vi n g a
wa t er ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 50 pou n ds
(n omi n a l 20 pou n ds LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y )
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed wh i l e i n u se.
(e) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be ma r k ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(5)(i i i ) of
t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) of t h i s
sect i on .
(f ) P i pe or t u bi n g sh a l l con for m t o
pa r a gr a ph (b)(8) of t h i s sect i on except
t h a t a l u mi n u m pi pe or t u bi n g sh a l l n ot
be u sed.
(g)(1) Hose sh a l l be desi gn ed for a
wor k i n g pr essu r e of a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g.
Hose a n d h ose con n ect i on s sh a l l h a ve
t h ei r cor r ect n ess a s t o desi gn , con -
st r u ct i on a n d per for ma n ce det er mi n ed
by l i st i n g by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y . Th e h ose l en gt h
ma y exceed t h e l en gt h speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(9)(vi i )(b) of t h i s sect i on ,
bu t sh a l l be a s sh or t a s pr a ct i ca bl e.
(2) Hose sh a l l be l on g en ou gh t o per -
mi t compl i a n ce wi t h spa ci n g pr ovi -
si on s of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph wi t h ou t
k i n k i n g or st r a i n i n g or ca u si n g h ose t o
be so cl ose t o a bu r n er a s t o be da m-
a ged by h ea t .
(h ) P or t a bl e h ea t er s, i n cl u di n g sa l a -
ma n der s, sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n a p-
pr oved a u t oma t i c devi ce t o sh u t off t h e
fl ow of ga s t o t h e ma i n bu r n er , a n d
pi l ot i f u sed, i n t h e even t of fl a me ex-
t i n gu i sh men t . S u ch h ea t er s h a vi n g i n -
pu t s a bove 50, 000 B. t . u . ma n u fa ct u r ed
on or a ft er Ma y 17, 1967, a n d su ch h ea t -
er s h a vi n g i n pu t s a bove 100, 000 B. t . u .
ma n u fa ct u r ed befor e Ma y 17, 1967, sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h ei t h er .
(1) A pi l ot wh i ch mu st be l i gh t ed a n d
pr oved befor e t h e ma i n bu r n er ca n be
t u r n ed on ; or
(2) An el ect r i c i gn i t i on sy st em.
Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph (h ) do
n ot a ppl y t o t a r k et t l e bu r n er s, t or ch -
es, mel t i n g pot s, n or do t h ey a ppl y t o
por t a bl e h ea t er s u n der 7, 500 B. t . u . h .
i n pu t wh en u sed wi t h con t a i n er s h a v-
i n g a ma xi mu m wa t er ca pa ci t y of 2
1
2
pou n ds. Con t a i n er va l ves, con n ect or s,
r egu l a t or s, ma n i fol ds, pi pi n g, a n d t u b-
i n g sh a l l n ot be u sed a s st r u ct u r a l su p-
por t s for h ea t er s.
(i) Con t a i n er s, r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t ,
ma n i fol ds, pi pe, t u bi n g, a n d h ose sh a l l
be l oca t ed so a s t o mi n i mi ze exposu r e
t o a bn or ma l l y h i gh t emper a t u r es (su ch
a s ma y r esu l t fr om exposu r e t o con vec-
t i on or r a di a t i on fr om h ea t i n g equ i p-
men t or i n st a l l a t i on i n con fi n ed
spa ces), ph y si ca l da ma ge, or t a mper i n g
by u n a u t h or i zed per son s.
(j) Hea t pr odu ci n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be
l oca t ed a n d u sed so a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e
possi bi l i t y of i gn i t i on of combu st i bl es.
(k ) Con t a i n er s h a vi n g a wa t er ca pa c-
i t y gr ea t er t h a n 2
1
2 pou n ds (n omi n a l 1
pou n d LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) con n ect ed for
u se, sh a l l st a n d on a fi r m a n d su bst a n -
t i a l l y l evel su r fa ce a n d, wh en n ec-
essa r y , sh a l l be secu r ed i n a n u pr i gh t
posi t i on .
(l) Con t a i n er s, i n cl u di n g t h e va l ve
pr ot ect i ve devi ces, sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so
a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e pr oba bi l i t y of i m-
pi n gemen t of di sch a r ge of sa fet y r el i ef
devi ces u pon con t a i n er s.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s h a vi n g a ma xi mu m
wa t er ca pa ci t y of 2
1
2 pou n ds (n omi n a l 1
pou n d LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) a r e per mi t t ed
t o be u sed i n si de of bu i l di n gs a s pa r t of
a ppr oved sel f-con t a i n ed h a n d t or ch a s-
sembl i es or si mi l a r a ppl i a n ces.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s h a vi n g a ma xi mu m
wa t er ca pa ci t y of 12 pou n ds (n omi n a l 5
pou n ds LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) a r e per mi t t ed
t o be u sed t empor a r i l y i n si de of bu i l d-
i n gs for pu bl i c exh i bi t i on or dem-
on st r a t i on pu r poses, i n cl u di n g u se for
cl a ssr oom demon st r a t i on s.
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Con t a i n er s a r e per mi t t ed t o be
u sed i n bu i l di n gs or st r u ct u r es u n der
con st r u ct i on or u n der goi n g ma j or r en -
ova t i on wh en su ch bu i l di n gs or st r u c-
t u r es a r e n ot occu pi ed by t h e pu bl i c, a s
fol l ows:
(a) Th e ma xi mu m wa t er ca pa ci t y of
i n di vi du a l con t a i n er s sh a l l be 245
pou n ds (n omi n a l 100 pou n ds LP -Ga s ca -
pa ci t y ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
317
(b) F or t empor a r y h ea t i n g su ch a s
cu r i n g con cr et e, dr y i n g pl a st er a n d
si mi l a r a ppl i ca t i on s, h ea t er s (ot h er
t h a n i n t egr a l h ea t er -con t a i n er u n i t s)
sh a l l be l oca t ed a t l ea st 6 feet fr om a n y
LP -Ga s con t a i n er . Th i s sh a l l n ot pr o-
h i bi t t h e u se of h ea t er s speci fi ca l l y de-
si gn ed for a t t a ch men t t o t h e con t a i n er
or t o a su ppor t i n g st a n da r d, pr ovi ded
t h ey a r e desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed so a s t o
pr even t di r ect or r a di a n t h ea t a ppl i ca -
t i on fr om t h e h ea t er on t o t h e con -
t a i n er . Bl ower a n d r a di a n t t y pe h ea t er s
sh a l l n ot be di r ect ed t owa r d a n y LP -
Ga s con t a i n er wi t h i n 20 feet .
(c) I f t wo or mor e h ea t er -con t a i n er
u n i t s, of ei t h er t h e i n t egr a l or n on -
i n t egr a l t y pe, a r e l oca t ed i n a n
u n pa r t i t i on ed a r ea on t h e sa me fl oor ,
t h e con t a i n er or con t a i n er s of ea ch
u n i t sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om t h e con -
t a i n er or con t a i n er s of a n y ot h er u n i t
by a t l ea st 20 feet .
(d) Wh en h ea t er s a r e con n ect ed t o
con t a i n er s for u se i n a n u n pa r t i t i on ed
a r ea on t h e sa me fl oor , t h e t ot a l wa t er
ca pa ci t y of con t a i n er s ma n i fol ded t o-
get h er for con n ect i on t o a h ea t er or
h ea t er s sh a l l n ot be gr ea t er t h a n 735
pa ci t y ). S u ch ma n i fol ds sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed by a t l ea st 20 feet .
(e) On fl oor s on wh i ch h ea t er s a r e n ot
con n ect ed for u se, con t a i n er s a r e per -
mi t t ed t o be ma n i fol ded t oget h er for
con n ect i on t o a h ea t er or h ea t er s on
a n ot h er fl oor , Provided:
(1) Th e t ot a l wa t er ca pa ci t y of con -
t a i n er s con n ect ed t o a n y on e ma n i fol d
i s n ot gr ea t er t h a n 2, 450 pou n ds (n omi -
n a l 1, 000 pou n ds LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) a n d;
(2) Wh er e mor e t h a n on e ma n i fol d
h a vi n g a t ot a l wa t er ca pa ci t y gr ea t er
t h a n 735 pou n ds (n omi n a l 300 pou n ds
LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) a r e l oca t ed i n t h e
sa me u n pa r t i t i on ed a r ea , t h ey sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed by a t l ea st 50 feet .
(f ) S t or a ge of con t a i n er s a wa i t i n g u se
sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(f) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi ) Con t a i n er s a r e per mi t t ed t o be
u sed i n i n du st r i a l occu pa n ci es for pr oc-
essi n g, r esea r ch , or exper i men t a l pu r -
poses a s fol l ows:
pa ci t y ).
(b) Con t a i n er s con n ect ed t o a ma n i -
fol d sh a l l h a ve a t ot a l wa t er ca pa ci t y
n ot gr ea t er t h a n 735 pou n ds (n omi n a l
300 pou n ds LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ) a n d n ot
mor e t h a n on e su ch ma n i fol d ma y be
l oca t ed i n t h e sa me r oom u n l ess sepa -
r a t ed a t l ea st 20 feet fr om a si mi l a r
u n i t .
(c) Th e a mou n t of LP -Ga s i n con -
t a i n er s for r esea r ch a n d exper i men t a l
u se sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o t h e sma l l est
pr a ct i ca l qu a n t i t y .
(vi i )(a) Con t a i n er s a r e per mi t t ed t o
be u sed i n i n du st r i a l occu pa n ci es wi t h
essen t i a l l y n on combu st i bl e con t en t s
wh er e por t a bl e equ i pmen t for spa ce
h ea t i n g i s essen t i a l a n d wh er e a per ma -
n en t h ea t i n g i n st a l l a t i on i s n ot pr a c-
t i ca l , a s fol l ows:
(b) Con t a i n er s a n d h ea t er s sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h a n d be u sed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi i i ) Con t a i n er s a r e per mi t t ed t o be
u sed i n bu i l di n gs for t empor a r y emer -
gen cy h ea t i n g pu r poses, i f n ecessa r y t o
pr even t da ma ge t o t h e bu i l di n gs or
con t en t s, wh en t h e per ma n en t h ea t i n g
sy st em i s t empor a r i l y ou t of ser vi ce, a s
fol l ows:
(a) Con t a i n er s a n d h ea t er s sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h a n d be u sed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Th e t empor a r y h ea t i n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l n ot be l eft u n a t t en ded.
(i x) Con t a i n er s a r e per mi t t ed t o be
u sed t empor a r i l y i n bu i l di n gs for t r a i n -
i n g pu r poses r el a t ed i n i n st a l l a t i on a n d
u se of LP -Ga s sy st ems, a s fol l ows:
pa ci t y ), bu t t h e ma xi mu m qu a n t i t y of
LP -Ga s t h a t ma y be pl a ced i n ea ch
con t a i n er sh a l l be 20 pou n ds.
(b) I f mor e t h a n on e su ch con t a i n er i s
l oca t ed i n t h e sa me r oom, t h e con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be sepa r a t ed by a t l ea st 20
feet .
(6) Con t ain er valves an d accessories. (i )
Va l ves i n t h e a ssembl y of mu l t i pl e con -
t a i n er sy st ems sh a l l be a r r a n ged so
t h a t r epl a cemen t of con t a i n er s ca n be
ma de wi t h ou t sh u t t i n g off t h e fl ow of
ga s i n t h e sy st em.
NOTE: Th i s pr ovi si on i s n ot t o be con st r u ed
a s r equ i r i n g a n a u t oma t i c ch a n geover de-
vi ce.
(i i ) Regu l a t or s a n d l ow-pr essu r e r e-
l i ef devi ces sh a l l be r i gi dl y a t t a ch ed t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
318
t h e cy l i n der va l ves, cy l i n der s, su p-
por t i n g st a n da r ds, t h e bu i l di n g wa l l s or
ot h er wi se r i gi dl y secu r ed a n d sh a l l be
so i n st a l l ed or pr ot ect ed t h a t t h e el e-
men t s (sl eet , sn ow, or i ce) wi l l n ot a f-
fect t h ei r oper a t i on .
(i i i ) Va l ves a n d con n ect i on s t o t h e
con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed wh i l e i n
t r a n si t , i n st or a ge, a n d wh i l e bei n g
moved i n t o fi n a l u t i l i za t i on , a s fol l ows:
(a) By set t i n g i n t o t h e r ecess of t h e
con t a i n er t o pr even t t h e possi bi l i t y of
t h ei r bei n g st r u ck i f t h e con t a i n er i s
dr opped u pon a fl a t su r fa ce, or
(b) By ven t i l a t ed ca p or col l a r , fa s-
t en ed t o t h e con t a i n er ca pa bl e of wi t h -
st a n di n g a bl ow fr om a n y di r ect i on
equ i va l en t t o t h a t of a 30-pou n d wei gh t
dr opped 4 feet . Con st r u ct i on mu st be
su ch t h a t a bl ow wi l l n ot be t r a n s-
mi t t ed t o t h e va l ve or ot h er con n ec-
t i on .
(i v) Wh en con t a i n er s a r e n ot con -
n ect ed t o t h e sy st em, t h e ou t l et va l ves
sh a l l be k ept t i gh t l y cl osed or pl u gged,
even t h ou gh con t a i n er s a r e con si der ed
empt y .
(v) Con t a i n er s h a vi n g a wa t er ca pa c-
i t y i n excess of 50 pou n ds (a ppr oxi -
ma t el y 21 pou n ds LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y ), r e-
ch a r ged a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on , sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h excess fl ow or ba ck fl ow
ch eck va l ves t o pr even t t h e di sch a r ge
of con t a i n er con t en t s i n ca se of fa i l u r e
of t h e fi l l i n g or equ a l i zi n g con n ect i on .
(7) Saf et y devices. (i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y devi ces a s r e-
qu i r ed by DOT r egu l a t i on s.
(i i ) A fi n a l st a ge r egu l a t or of a n LP -
Ga s sy st em (excl u di n g a n y a ppl i a n ce
r egu l a t or ) sh a l l be equ i pped on t h e l ow-
pr essu r e si de wi t h a r el i ef va l ve wh i ch
i s set t o st a r t t o di sch a r ge wi t h i n t h e
l i mi t s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e H30.
TABLE H30
Regulator delivery pressure
Relief valve start-to-dis-
charge pressure setting
(percent of regulator
delivery pressure)
Minimum Maximum
1 p.s.i.g. or less ............................. 200 300
Above 1 p.s.i.g. but not over 3
p.s.i.g ......................................... 140 200
Above 3 p.s.i.g .............................. 125 200
(i i i ) Wh en a r egu l a t or or pr essu r e r e-
l i ef va l ve i s u sed i n si de a bu i l di n g for
ot h er t h a n pu r poses speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(6)(i ) (a)(g) of t h i s sect i on ,
t h e r el i ef va l ve a n d t h e spa ce a bove t h e
r egu l a t or a n d r el i ef va l ve di a ph r a gms
sh a l l be ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de a i r wi t h
t h e di sch a r ge ou t l et l oca t ed n ot l ess
t h a n 3 feet h or i zon t a l l y a wa y fr om a n y
bu i l di n g open i n g wh i ch i s bel ow su ch
di sch a r ge. Th ese pr ovi si on s do n ot
a ppl y t o i n di vi du a l a ppl i a n ce r egu -
l a t or s wh en pr ot ect i on i s ot h er wi se
pr ovi ded n or t o pa r a gr a ph (c)(5) of t h i s
sect i on a n d pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(xi i i ) of
t h i s sect i on . I n bu i l di n gs devot ed ex-
cl u si vel y t o ga s di st r i bu t i on pu r poses,
t h e spa ce a bove t h e di a ph r a gm n eed
n ot be ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de.
(8) Rein st allat ion of con t ain ers. Con -
t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be r ei n st a l l ed u n l ess
t h ey a r e r equ a l i fi ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
DOT r egu l a t i on s.
(9) Permissible produ ct . A pr odu ct
sh a l l n ot be pl a ced i n a con t a i n er
ma r k ed wi t h a ser vi ce pr essu r e l ess
t h a n fou r -fi ft h s of t h e ma xi mu m va por
pr essu r e of pr odu ct a t 130 F .
(d) Sy st ems u t ilizin g con t ain ers ot h er
t h an DOT con t ain ers(1) Applicat ion .
Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es speci fi ca l l y t o
sy st ems u t i l i zi n g st or a ge con t a i n er s
ot h er t h a n t h ose con st r u ct ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h DOT speci fi ca t i on s. P a r a -
gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o t h i s
pa r a gr a ph u n l ess ot h er wi se n ot ed i n
(2) Design pressu re an d classif icat ion of
st orage con t ain ers. S t or a ge con t a i n er s
sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d cl a ssi fi ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H31.
TABLE H31
Con-
tainer
type
For gases
with vapor
press. Not
to exceed
lb. per sq.
in. gage at
100 F.
(37.8 C.)
Minimum design pressure of con-
tainer, lb. per sq. in. gage
1949 and
earlier edi-
tions of
ASME
Code (Par.
U68, U
69)
1949 edition of ASME
Code (Par. U200,
U201); 1950, 1952,
1956, 1959, 1962,
1965, and 1968 (Divi-
sion 1) editions of
ASME Code; All edi-
tions of API-ASME
Code
3

1
80
1
80
1
80
1
100
100 100 100 125
125 125 125 156
150 150 150 187
175 175 175 219
2
200 215 200 250
1
New storage containers of the 80 type have not been au-
thorized since Dec. 31, 1947.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
319
2
Container type may be increased by increments of 25.
The minimum design pressure of containers shall be 100% of
the container type designation when constructed under 1949
or earlier editions of the ASME Code (Par. U68 and U69).
the container type designation when constructed under: (1)
the 1949 ASME Code (Par. U200 and U201), (2) 1950,
1952, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, and 1968 (Division 1) editions
of the ASME Code, and (3) all editions of the API-ASME
Code.
3
Construction of containers under the API-ASME Code is
not authorized after July 1, 1961.
(3) Con t ain er valves an d accessories,
f iller pipes, an d disch arge pipes. (i ) Th e
fi l l i n g pi pe i n l et t er mi n a l sh a l l n ot be
l oca t ed i n si de a bu i l di n g. F or con -
t a i n er s wi t h a wa t er ca pa ci t y of 125
ga l l on s or mor e, su ch t er mi n a l s sh a l l
be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 10 feet fr om
a n y bu i l di n g (see pa r a gr a ph (b)(6)(i i ) of
t h i s sect i on ), a n d pr efer a bl y n ot l ess
t h a n 5 feet fr om a n y dr i vewa y , a n d
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a pr ot ect i ve h ou si n g
bu i l t for t h e pu r pose.
(i i ) Th e fi l l i n g con n ect i on sh a l l be
fi t t ed wi t h on e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Combi n a t i on ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck
va l ve a n d excess fl ow va l ve.
(b) On e dou bl e or t wo si n gl e ba ck -
pr essu r e ch eck va l ves.
(c) A posi t i ve sh u t off va l ve, i n con -
j u n ct i on wi t h ei t h er :
(1) An i n t er n a l ba ck -pr essu r e va l ve,
or
(2) An i n t er n a l excess fl ow va l ve.
(i i i ) Al l open i n gs i n a con t a i n er sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved a u t oma t i c
excess fl ow va l ves except i n t h e fol -
l owi n g: F i l l i n g con n ect i on s a s pr ovi ded
i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
sa fet y r el i ef con n ect i on s, l i qu i d-l evel
ga gi n g devi ces a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(7)(i v), (19)(i i i ), a n d (19)(vi i i )
of t h i s sect i on ; pr essu r e ga ge con n ec-
t i on s a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(v)
of t h i s sect i on , a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (d) (i v), (vi ), a n d (vi i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i v) An excess fl ow va l ve i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed i n t h e wi t h dr a wa l ser vi ce l i n e
pr ovi di n g t h e fol l owi n g a r e compl i ed
wi t h :
(a) S u ch sy st ems t ot a l wa t er ca pa c-
i t y does n ot exceed 2, 000 U. S . ga l l on s.
(b) Th e di sch a r ge fr om t h e ser vi ce
ou t l et i s con t r ol l ed by a su i t a bl e
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed sh u t off va l ve wh i ch
i s:
(1) Th r ea ded di r ect l y i n t o t h e ser vi ce
ou t l et of t h e con t a i n er ; or
(2) I s a n i n t egr a l pa r t of a su bst a n t i a l
fi t t i n g t h r ea ded i n t o or on t h e ser vi ce
ou t l et of t h e con t a i n er ; or
(3) Th r ea ded di r ect l y i n t o a su bst a n -
t i a l fi t t i n g t h r ea ded i n t o or on t h e
ser vi ce ou t l et of t h e con t a i n er .
(c) Th e sh u t off va l ve i s equ i pped wi t h
a n a t t a ch ed h a n dwh eel or t h e equ i va -
l en t .
(d) Th e con t r ol l i n g or i fi ce bet ween
t h e con t en t s of t h e con t a i n er a n d t h e
ou t l et of t h e sh u t off va l ve does n ot ex-
ceed fi ve-si xt een t h s i n ch i n di a met er
for va por wi t h dr a wa l sy st ems a n d on e-
ei gh t h i n ch i n di a met er for l i qu i d wi t h -
dr a wa l sy st ems.
(e) An a ppr oved pr essu r e-r edu ci n g
r egu l a t or i s di r ect l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e
ou t l et of t h e sh u t off va l ve a n d i s r i g-
i dl y su ppor t ed, or t h a t a n a ppr oved
pr essu r e-r edu ci n g r egu l a t or i s a t t a ch ed
t o t h e ou t l et of t h e sh u t off va l ve by
mea n s of a su i t a bl e fl exi bl e con n ect i on ,
pr ovi ded t h e r egu l a t or i s a dequ a t el y
su ppor t ed a n d pr oper l y pr ot ect ed on or
a t t h e t a n k .
(v) Al l i n l et a n d ou t l et con n ect i on s
except sa fet y r el i ef va l ves, l i qu i d l evel
ga gi n g devi ces a n d pr essu r e ga ges on
con t a i n er s of 2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa c-
i t y , or mor e, a n d on a n y con t a i n er u sed
t o su ppl y fu el di r ect l y t o a n i n t er n a l
combu st i on en gi n e, sh a l l be l a bel ed t o
desi gn a t e wh et h er t h ey commu n i ca t e
wi t h va por or l i qu i d spa ce. La bel s ma y
be on va l ves.
(vi ) I n l i eu of a n excess fl ow va l ve
open i n gs ma y be fi t t ed wi t h a qu i ck -
cl osi n g i n t er n a l va l ve wh i ch , except
du r i n g oper a t i n g per i ods sh a l l r ema i n
cl osed. Th e i n t er n a l mech a n i sm for
su ch va l ves ma y be pr ovi ded wi t h a
secon da r y con t r ol wh i ch sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a fu si bl e pl u g (n ot over
220 F . mel t i n g poi n t ) wh i ch wi l l ca u se
t h e i n t er n a l va l ve t o cl ose a u t oma t i -
ca l l y i n ca se of fi r e.
(vi i ) Not mor e t h a n t wo pl u gged
open i n gs sh a l l be per mi t t ed on a con -
t a i n er of 2, 000 ga l l on s or l ess wa t er ca -
pa ci t y .
(vi i i ) Con t a i n er s of 125 ga l l on s wa t er
ca pa ci t y or mor e ma n u fa ct u r ed a ft er
J u l y 1, 1961, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n
a ppr oved devi ce for l i qu i d eva cu a t i on ,
t h e si ze of wh i ch sh a l l be t h r ee-fou r t h s
i n ch Na t i on a l P i pe Th r ea d mi n i mu m. A
pl u gged open i n g wi l l n ot sa t i sfy t h i s
r equ i r emen t .
(4) Saf et y devices. (i ) Al l sa fet y de-
vi ces sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
320
(a) Al l con t a i n er sa fet y r el i ef devi ces
sh a l l be l oca t ed on t h e con t a i n er s a n d
sh a l l h a ve di r ect commu n i ca t i on wi t h
t h e va por of spa ce of t h e con t a i n er .
(b) I n i n du st r i a l a n d ga s ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g pl a n t s, di sch a r ge pi pe fr om sa fe-
t y r el i ef va l ves on pi pe l i n es wi t h i n a
bu i l di n g sh a l l di sch a r ge ver t i ca l l y u p-
wa r d a n d sh a l l be pi ped t o a poi n t ou t -
si de a bu i l di n g.
(c) S a fet y r el i ef devi ce di sch a r ge t er -
mi n a l s sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o pr ovi de
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge
a n d su ch di sch a r ge pi pes sh a l l be fi t t ed
wi t h l oose r a i n ca ps. Ret u r n ben ds a n d
r est r i ct i ve pi pefi t t i n gs sh a l l n ot be
per mi t t ed.
(d) I f desi r ed, di sch a r ge l i n es fr om
t wo or mor e sa fet y r el i ef devi ces l o-
ca t ed on t h e sa me u n i t , or si mi l a r l i n es
fr om t wo or mor e di ffer en t u n i t s, ma y
be r u n i n t o a common di sch a r ge h ea d-
er , pr ovi ded t h a t t h e cr oss-sect i on a l
a r ea of su ch h ea der be a t l ea st equ a l t o
t h e su m of t h e cr oss-sect i on a l a r ea of
t h e i n di vi du a l di sch a r ge l i n es, a n d t h a t
t h e set t i n g of sa fet y r el i ef va l ves a r e
t h e sa me.
(e) Ea ch st or a ge con t a i n er of over
2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a su i t a bl e pr essu r e ga ge.
(f ) A fi n a l st a ge r egu l a t or of a n LP -
Ga s sy st em (excl u di n g a n y a ppl i a n ce
r egu l a t or ) sh a l l be equ i pped on t h e l ow-
pr essu r e si de wi t h a r el i ef va l ve wh i ch
i s set t o st a r t t o di sch a r ge wi t h i n t h e
l i mi t s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e H30.
(g) Wh en a r egu l a t or or pr essu r e r e-
l i ef va l ve i s i n st a l l ed i n si de a bu i l di n g,
t h e r el i ef va l ve a n d t h e spa ce a bove t h e
r egu l a t or a n d r el i ef va l ve di a ph r a gms
sh a l l be ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de a i r wi t h
t h e di sch a r ge ou t l et l oca t ed n ot l ess
t h a n 3 feet h or i zon t a l l y a wa y fr om a n y
open i n g i n t o t h e bu i l di n g wh i ch i s
bel ow su ch di sch a r ge. (Th ese pr ovi si on s
do n ot a ppl y t o i n di vi du a l a ppl i a n ce
r egu l a t or s wh en pr ot ect i on i s ot h er -
wi se pr ovi ded. I n bu i l di n gs devot ed ex-
cl u si vel y t o ga s di st r i bu t i on pu r poses,
t h e spa ce a bove t h e di a ph r a gm n eed
n ot be ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de. )
(i i ) S a fet y devi ces for a bovegr ou n d
con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s fol l ows:
(a) Con t a i n er s of 1, 200 ga l l on s wa t er
ca pa ci t y or l ess wh i ch ma y con t a i n l i q-
u i d fu el wh en i n st a l l ed a bove gr ou n d
sh a l l h a ve t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on pr ovi ded by a spr i n g-l oa ded r e-
l i ef va l ve or va l ves. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e
r equ i r ed spr i n g-l oa ded r el i ef va l ve(s),
su i t a bl e fu se pl u g(s) ma y be u sed pr o-
vi ded t h e t ot a l di sch a r ge a r ea of t h e
fu se pl u g(s) for ea ch con t a i n er does n ot
exceed 0. 25 squ a r e i n ch .
(b) Th e fu si bl e met a l of t h e fu se pl u gs
sh a l l h a ve a y i el d t emper a t u r e of 208
F . mi n i mu m a n d 220 F . ma xi mu m. Re-
l i ef va l ves a n d fu se pl u gs sh a l l h a ve di -
spa ce of t h e con t a i n er .
(c) On a con t a i n er h a vi n g a wa t er ca -
pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 125 ga l l on s, bu t n ot
over 2, 000 ga l l on s, t h e di sch a r ge fr om
t h e sa fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be ven t ed
a wa y fr om t h e con t a i n er ver t i ca l l y u p-
wa r ds a n d u n obst r u ct ed t o t h e open a i r
i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o pr even t a n y i m-
pi n gemen t of esca pi n g ga s u pon t h e
con t a i n er ; l oose-fi t t i n g r a i n ca ps sh a l l
be u sed. S u i t a bl e pr ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de for dr a i n i n g con den sa t e wh i ch
ma y a ccu mu l a t e i n t h e r el i ef va l ve or
i t s di sch a r ge pi pe.
(d) On con t a i n er s of 125 ga l l on s wa t er
ca pa ci t y or l ess, t h e di sch a r ge fr om
sa fet y r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be l oca t ed
n ot l ess t h a n 5 feet h or i zon t a l l y a wa y
fr om a n y open i n g i n t o t h e bu i l di n g
bel ow t h e l evel of su ch di sch a r ge.
(e) On a con t a i n er h a vi n g a wa t er ca -
pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 2, 000 ga l l on s, t h e
di sch a r ge fr om t h e sa fet y r el i ef va l ves
sh a l l be ven t ed a wa y fr om t h e con -
t a i n er ver t i ca l l y u pwa r ds t o a poi n t a t
l ea st 7 feet a bove t h e con t a i n er , a n d
u n obst r u ct ed t o t h e open a i r i n su ch a
ma n n er a s t o pr even t a n y i mpi n gemen t
of esca pi n g ga s u pon t h e con t a i n er ;
l oose-fi t t i n g r a i n ca ps sh a l l be u sed.
S u i t a bl e pr ovi si on sh a l l be ma de so
t h a t a n y l i qu i d or con den sa t e t h a t ma y
a ccu mu l a t e i n si de of t h e sa fet y r el i ef
va l ve or i t s di sch a r ge pi pe wi l l n ot
r en der t h e va l ve i n oper a t i ve. I f a dr a i n
i s u sed, a mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr ot ect t h e con t a i n er , a dj a cen t con -
t a i n er s, pi pi n g, or equ i pmen t a ga i n st
i mpi n gemen t of fl a me r esu l t i n g fr om
i gn i t i on of pr odu ct esca pi n g fr om t h e
dr a i n .
(i i i ) On a l l con t a i n er s wh i ch a r e i n -
st a l l ed u n der gr ou n d a n d wh i ch con t a i n
n o l i qu i d fu el u n t i l bu r i ed a n d cover ed,
t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge of t h e spr i n g-l oa d-
ed r el i ef va l ve i n st a l l ed t h er eon ma y be
r edu ced t o a mi n i mu m of 30 per cen t of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
321
t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on . Con -
t a i n er s so pr ot ect ed sh a l l n ot be u n cov-
er ed a ft er i n st a l l a t i on u n t i l t h e l i qu i d
fu el h a s been r emoved t h er efr om. Con -
t a i n er s wh i ch ma y con t a i n l i qu i d fu el
befor e bei n g i n st a l l ed u n der gr ou n d a n d
befor e bei n g compl et el y cover ed wi t h
ea r t h a r e t o be con si der ed a bovegr ou n d
con t a i n er s wh en det er mi n i n g t h e r a t e
of di sch a r ge r equ i r emen t of t h e r el i ef
va l ves.
(i v) On u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s of
mor e t h a n 2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y ,
t h e di sch a r ge fr om sa fet y r el i ef devi ces
sh a l l be pi ped ver t i ca l l y a n d di r ect l y
u pwa r d t o a poi n t a t l ea st 7 feet a bove
t h e gr ou n d.
Wh er e t h er e i s a pr oba bi l i t y of t h e
ma n h ol e or h ou si n g becomi n g fl ooded,
t h e di sch a r ge fr om r egu l a t or ven t l i n es
sh a l l be a bove t h e h i gh est pr oba bl e
wa t er l evel . Al l ma n h ol es or h ou si n gs
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h ven t i l a t ed
l ou ver s or t h ei r equ i va l en t , t h e a r ea of
su ch open i n gs equ a l i n g or exceedi n g
t h e combi n ed di sch a r ge a r ea s of t h e
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves a n d ot h er ven t l i n es
wh i ch di sch a r ge t h ei r con t en t i n t o t h e
ma n h ol e h ou si n g.
(v) S a fet y devi ces for va por i zer s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a s fol l ows:
(a) Va por i zer s of l ess t h a n 1 qu a r t
t ot a l ca pa ci t y , h ea t ed by t h e gr ou n d or
t h e su r r ou n di n g a i r , n eed n ot be
equ i pped wi t h sa fet y r el i ef va l ves pr o-
vi ded t h a t a dequ a t e t est s cer t i fi ed by
a n y of t h e a u t h or i t i es r efer r ed t o i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(2) of t h i s sect i on , dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e a ssembl y i s sa fe
wi t h ou t sa fet y r el i ef va l ves.
(b) No va por i zer sh a l l be equ i pped
(c) I n i n du st r i a l a n d ga s ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g pl a n t s, sa fet y r el i ef va l ves on
va por i zer s wi t h i n a bu i l di n g sh a l l be
pi ped t o a poi n t ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g
a n d be di sch a r ged u pwa r d.
(5) Rein st allat ion of con t ain ers. Con -
t a i n er s ma y be r ei n st a l l ed i f t h ey do
n ot sh ow a n y evi den ce of h a r mfu l ex-
t er n a l cor r osi on or ot h er da ma ge.
Wh er e con t a i n er s a r e r ei n st a l l ed u n -
der gr ou n d, t h e cor r osi on r esi st a n t
coa t i n g sh a l l be pu t i n good con di t i on
(see pa r a gr a ph (c)(7)(vi ) of t h i s sec-
t i on ). Wh er e con t a i n er s a r e r ei n st a l l ed
a bove gr ou n d, t h e sa fet y devi ces a n d
ga gi n g devi ces sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(4) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(19) of t h i s sect i on r espec-
t i vel y for a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s.
(6) Capacit y of con t ain ers. A st or a ge
con t a i n er sh a l l n ot exceed 90, 000 ga l -
l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y .
(7) I n st allat ion of st orage con t ain ers. (i )
Con t a i n er s i n st a l l ed a bove gr ou n d, ex-
cept a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(7)(vi i )
of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su bst a n t i a l ma son r y or n on combu s-
t i bl e st r u ct u r a l su ppor t s on fi r m ma -
son r y fou n da t i on .
(i i ) Abovegr ou n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
su ppor t ed a s fol l ows:
(a) Hor i zon t a l con t a i n er s sh a l l be
mou n t ed on sa ddl es i n su ch a ma n n er
a s t o per mi t expa n si on a n d con t r a c-
t i on . S t r u ct u r a l met a l su ppor t s ma y be
empl oy ed wh en t h ey a r e pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st fi r e i n a n a ppr oved ma n n er .
S u i t a bl e mea n s of pr even t i n g cor r osi on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h a t por t i on of t h e
con t a i n er i n con t a ct wi t h t h e fou n da -
t i on s or sa ddl es.
(b) Con t a i n er s of 2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er
ca pa ci t y or l ess ma y be i n st a l l ed wi t h
n on fi r epr oofed fer r ou s met a l su ppor t s
i f mou n t ed on con cr et e pa ds or foot -
i n gs, a n d i f t h e di st a n ce fr om t h e ou t -
si de bot t om of t h e con t a i n er sh el l t o
t h e con cr et e pa d, foot i n g, or t h e
gr ou n d does n ot exceed 24 i n ch es.
(i i i ) An y con t a i n er ma y be i n st a l l ed
wi t h n on fi r epr oofed fer r ou s met a l su p-
por t s i f mou n t ed on con cr et e pa ds or
foot i n gs, a n d i f t h e di st a n ce fr om t h e
ou t si de bot t om of t h e con t a i n er t o t h e
gr ou n d does n ot exceed 5 feet , pr ovi ded
t h e con t a i n er i s i n a n i sol a t ed l oca t i on .
(i v) Con t a i n er s ma y be pa r t i a l l y bu r -
i ed pr ovi di n g t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r e-
men t s a r e met :
(a) Th e por t i on of t h e con t a i n er
bel ow t h e su r fa ce a n d for a ver t i ca l di s-
t a n ce n ot l ess t h a n 3 i n ch es a bove t h e
su r fa ce of t h e gr ou n d i s pr ot ect ed t o
r esi st cor r osi on , a n d t h e con t a i n er i s
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st set t l i n g a n d cor r o-
si on a s r equ i r ed for fu l l y bu r i ed con -
t a i n er s.
(b) S pa ci n g r equ i r emen t s sh a l l be a s
speci fi ed for u n der gr ou n d t a n k s i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(6)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Rel i ef va l ve ca pa ci t y sh a l l be a s
r equ i r ed for a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s.
(d) Con t a i n er i s l oca t ed so a s n ot t o
be su bj ect t o veh i cu l a r da ma ge, or i s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
322
a dequ a t el y pr ot ect ed a ga i n st su ch
da ma ge.
(e) F i l l i n g den si t i es sh a l l be a s r e-
qu i r ed for a bove-gr ou n d con t a i n er s.
(v) Con t a i n er s bu r i ed u n der gr ou n d
sh a l l be pl a ced so t h a t t h e t op of t h e
con t a i n er i s n ot l ess t h a n 6 i n ch es
bel ow gr a de. Wh er e a n u n der gr ou n d
con t a i n er mi gh t be su bj ect t o a br a si ve
a ct i on or ph y si ca l da ma ge du e t o ve-
h i cu l a r t r a ffi c or ot h er ca u ses, t h en i t
sh a l l be:
(a) P l a ced n ot l ess t h a n 2 feet bel ow
gr a de, or
(b) Ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed a ga i n st su ch
ph y si ca l da ma ge.
I t wi l l n ot be n ecessa r y t o cover t h e
por t i on of t h e con t a i n er t o wh i ch ma n -
h ol e a n d ot h er con n ect i on s a r e a ffi xed;
h owever , wh er e n ecessa r y , pr ot ect i on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a ga i n st veh i cu l a r
da ma ge. Wh en n ecessa r y t o pr even t
fl oa t i n g, con t a i n er s sh a l l be secu r el y
a n ch or ed or wei gh t ed.
(vi )(a) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be gi ven a
pr ot ect i ve coa t i n g befor e bei n g pl a ced
u n der gr ou n d. Th i s coa t i n g sh a l l be
equ i va l en t t o h ot -di p ga l va n i zi n g or t o
t wo coa t i n gs of r ed l ea d fol l owed by a
h ea vy coa t i n g of coa l t a r or a sph a l t . I n
l ower i n g t h e con t a i n er i n t o pl a ce, ca r e
sh a l l be exer ci sed t o pr even t da ma ge t o
t h e coa t i n g. An y da ma ge t o t h e coa t -
i n g sh a l l be r epa i r ed befor e ba ck fi l l i n g.
(b) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be set on a fi r m
fou n da t i on (fi r m ea r t h ma y be u sed)
a n d su r r ou n ded wi t h ea r t h or sa n d
fi r ml y t a mped i n pl a ce.
(vi i ) Con t a i n er s wi t h fou n da t i on s a t -
t a ch ed (por t a bl e or semi por t a bl e con -
t a i n er s wi t h su i t a bl e st eel r u n n er s
or sk i ds a n d popu l a r l y k n own i n t h e
i n du st r y a s sk i d t a n k s) sh a l l be de-
si gn ed, i n st a l l ed, a n d u sed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h ese r u l es su bj ect t o t h e fol -
l owi n g pr ovi si on s:
(a) I f t h ey a r e t o be u sed a t a gi ven
gen er a l l oca t i on for a t empor a r y per i od
n ot t o exceed 6 mon t h s t h ey n eed n ot
h a ve fi r e-r esi st i n g fou n da t i on s or sa d-
dl es bu t sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e fer r ou s
met a l su ppor t s.
(b) Th ey sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed wi t h t h e
ou t si de bot t om of t h e con t a i n er sh el l
mor e t h a n 5 feet a bove t h e su r fa ce of
t h e gr ou n d u n l ess fi r e-r esi st i n g su p-
por t s a r e pr ovi ded.
(c) Th e bot t om of t h e sk i ds sh a l l n ot
be l ess t h a n 2 i n ch es or mor e t h a n 12
i n ch es bel ow t h e ou t si de bot t om of t h e
con t a i n er sh el l .
(d) F l a n ges, n ozzl es, va l ves, fi t t i n gs,
a n d t h e l i k e, h a vi n g commu n i ca t i on
wi t h t h e i n t er i or of t h e con t a i n er , sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(e) Wh en n ot per ma n en t l y l oca t ed on
fi r e-r esi st i n g fou n da t i on s, pi pi n g con -
n ect i on s sh a l l be su ffi ci en t l y fl exi bl e
t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of br ea k a ge
or l ea k a ge of con n ect i on s i f t h e con -
t a i n er set t l es, moves, or i s ot h er wi se
di spl a ced.
(f ) S k i ds, or l u gs for a t t a ch men t of
sk i ds, sh a l l be secu r ed t o t h e con t a i n er
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e code or r u l es
u n der wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s desi gn ed
a n d bu i l t (wi t h a mi n i mu m fa ct or of
sa fet y of fou r ) t o wi t h st a n d l oa di n g i n
a n y di r ect i on equ a l t o fou r t i mes t h e
wei gh t of t h e con t a i n er a n d a t t a ch -
men t s wh en fi l l ed t o t h e ma xi mu m per -
mi ssi bl e l oa ded wei gh t .
(vi i i ) F i el d wel di n g wh er e n ecessa r y
sh a l l be ma de on l y on sa ddl e pl a t es or
br a ck et s wh i ch wer e a ppl i ed by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er of t h e t a n k .
(i x) F or a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s, se-
cu r e a n ch or a ge or a dequ a t e pi er h ei gh t
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a ga i n st possi bl e con -
t a i n er fl ot a t i on wh er ever su ffi ci en t l y
h i gh fl oodwa t er mi gh t occu r .
(x) Wh en per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed con -
t a i n er s a r e i n t er con n ect ed, pr ovi si on
sh a l l be ma de t o compen sa t e for expa n -
si on , con t r a ct i on , vi br a t i on , a n d set -
t l i n g of con t a i n er s, a n d i n t er -
con n ect i n g pi pi n g. Wh er e fl exi bl e con -
n ect i on s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l be of a n
a ppr oved t y pe a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed for
a bu r st i n g pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n fi ve
t i mes t h e va por pr essu r e of t h e pr odu ct
a t 100 F . Th e u se of n on met a l l i c h ose
i s pr oh i bi t ed for per ma n en t l y i n t er -
con n ect i n g su ch con t a i n er s.
(xi ) Con t a i n er a ssembl i es l i st ed for
i n t er ch a n gea bl e i n st a l l a t i on a bove
gr ou n d or u n der gr ou n d sh a l l con for m
t o t h e r equ i r emen t s for a bovegr ou n d
i n st a l l a t i on s wi t h r espect t o sa fet y r e-
l i ef ca pa ci t y a n d fi l l i n g den si t y . F or
i n st a l l a t i on a bove gr ou n d a l l ot h er r e-
qu i r emen t s for a bovegr ou n d i n st a l l a -
t i on s sh a l l a ppl y . F or i n st a l l a t i on
u n der gr ou n d a l l ot h er r equ i r emen t s
for u n der gr ou n d i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l
a ppl y .
(8) Prot ect ion of con t ain er accessories.
(i ) Va l ves, r egu l a t i n g, ga gi n g, a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
323
ot h er con t a i n er a ccessor y equ i pmen t
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t a mper i n g
a n d ph y si ca l da ma ge. S u ch a ccessor i es
sh a l l a l so be so pr ot ect ed du r i n g t h e
t r a n si t of con t a i n er s i n t en ded for i n -
st a l l a t i on u n der gr ou n d.
(i i ) On u n der gr ou n d or combi n a t i on
a bovegr ou n d-u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s,
t h e ser vi ce va l ve h a n dwh eel , t h e t er -
mi n a l for con n ect i n g t h e h ose, a n d t h e
open i n g t h r ou gh wh i ch t h er e ca n be a
fl ow fr om sa fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be
a t l ea st 4 i n ch es a bove t h e con t a i n er
a n d t h i s open i n g sh a l l be l oca t ed i n t h e
dome or h ou si n g. Un der gr ou n d sy st ems
sh a l l be so i n st a l l ed t h a t a l l t h e a bove
open i n gs, i n cl u di n g t h e r egu l a t or ven t ,
a r e l oca t ed a bove t h e n or ma l ma x-
i mu m wa t er t a bl e.
(i i i ) Al l con n ect i on s t o u n der gr ou n d
con t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n a
su bst a n t i a l dome, h ou si n g, or ma n h ol e
a n d wi t h a ccess t h er et o pr ot ect ed by a
su bst a n t i a l cover .
(9) Drips f or con den sed gas. Wh er e va -
por i zed ga s on t h e l ow-pr essu r e si de of
t h e sy st em ma y con den se t o a l i qu i d a t
n or ma l oper a t i n g t emper a t u r es a n d
pr essu r es, su i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for r eva por i za t i on of t h e con den -
sa t e.
(10) Damage f rom veh icles. Wh en da m-
a ge t o LP -Ga s sy st ems fr om veh i cu l a r
t r a ffi c i s a possi bi l i t y , pr eca u t i on s
a ga i n st su ch da ma ge sh a l l be t a k en .
(11) Drain s. No dr a i n s or bl owoff l i n es
sh a l l be di r ect ed i n t o or i n pr oxi mi t y
t o sewer sy st ems u sed for ot h er pu r -
poses.
(12) Gen eral provision s applicable t o
sy st ems in in du st rial plan t s (of 2, 000 gal-
lon s wat er capacit y an d more) an d t o bu lk
f illin g plan t s. (i ) Wh en st a n da r d wa t ch
ser vi ce i s pr ovi ded, i t sh a l l be ext en ded
t o t h e LP -Ga s i n st a l l a t i on a n d per -
son n el pr oper l y t r a i n ed.
(i i ) I f l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g a r e n or -
ma l l y don e du r i n g ot h er t h a n da y l i gh t
h ou r s, a dequ a t e l i gh t s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o i l l u mi n a t e st or a ge con t a i n er s,
con t r ol va l ves, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) S u i t a bl e r oa dwa y s or mea n s of
a ccess for ext i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t
su ch a s wh eel ed ext i n gu i sh er s or fi r e
depa r t men t a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i v) To mi n i mi ze t r espa ssi n g or t a m-
per i n g, t h e a r ea wh i ch i n cl u des con -
t a i n er a ppu r t en a n ces, pu mpi n g equ i p-
men t , l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g fa ci l i t i es,
a n d cy l i n der -fi l l i n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be
en cl osed wi t h a t l ea st a 6-foot -h i gh i n -
du st r i a l t y pe fen ce u n l ess ot h er wi se
a dequ a t el y pr ot ect ed. Th er e sh a l l be a t
l ea st t wo mea n s of emer gen cy a ccess.
(13) Con t ain er-ch argin g plan t s. (i ) Th e
con t a i n er -ch a r gi n g r oom sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed n ot l ess t h a n :
(a) Ten feet fr om bu l k st or a ge con -
t a i n er s.
(b) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Ta n k t r u ck fi l l i n g st a t i on ou t l et s
sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n :
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Ten feet fr om pu mps a n d compr es-
sor s i f h ou sed i n on e or mor e sepa r a t e
bu i l di n gs.
(i i i ) Th e pu mps or compr essor s ma y
be l oca t ed i n t h e con t a i n er -ch a r gi n g
r oom or bu i l di n g, i n a sepa r a t e bu i l d-
i n g, or ou t si de of bu i l di n gs. Wh en
h ou sed i n a sepa r a t e bu i l di n g, su ch
bu i l di n g (a sma l l n on combu st i bl e
wea t h er cover i s n ot t o be con st r u ed a s
a bu i l di n g) sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess
t h a n :
(a) Ten feet fr om bu l k st or a ge t a n k s.
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Twen t y -fi ve feet fr om sou r ces of
i gn i t i on .
(i v) Wh en a pa r t of t h e con t a i n er -
ch a r gi n g bu i l di n g i s t o be u sed for a
boi l er r oom or wh er e open fl a mes or
si mi l a r sou r ces of i gn i t i on exi st or a r e
empl oy ed, t h e spa ce t o be so occu pi ed
sh a l l be sepa r a t ed fr om con t a i n er
ch a r gi n g r oom by a pa r t i t i on wa l l or
wa l l s of fi r e-r esi st a n t con st r u ct i on
con t i n u ou s fr om fl oor t o r oof or cei l -
i n g. S u ch sepa r a t i on wa l l s sh a l l be
wi t h ou t open i n gs a n d sh a l l be j oi n ed t o
t h e fl oor , ot h er wa l l s, a n d cei l i n g or
r oof i n a ma n n er t o effect a per ma n en t
ga s-t i gh t j oi n t .
(v) El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d i n st a l l a -
t i on s sh a l l con for m wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (b)
(17) a n d (18) of t h i s sect i on .
(14) Fire prot ect ion . (i ) Ea ch bu l k
pl a n t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st
on e a ppr oved por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er
h a vi n g a mi n i mu m r a t i n g of 12B, C.
(i i ) I n i n du st r i a l i n st a l l a t i on s i n vol v-
i n g con t a i n er s of 150, 000 ga l l on s a ggr e-
ga t e wa t er ca pa ci t y or mor e, pr ovi si on
sh a l l be ma de for a n a dequ a t e su ppl y of
wa t er a t t h e con t a i n er si t e for fi r e pr o-
t ect i on i n t h e con t a i n er a r ea , u n l ess
ot h er a dequ a t e mea n s for fi r e con t r ol
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
324
a r e pr ovi ded. Wa t er h y dr a n t s sh a l l be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e a n d so spa ced a s t o
pr ovi de wa t er pr ot ect i on for a l l con -
t a i n er s. S u ffi ci en t l en gt h s of fi r eh ose
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ea ch h y dr a n t l oca -
t i on on a h ose ca r t , or ot h er mea n s
pr ovi ded t o fa ci l i t a t e ea sy movemen t
of t h e h ose i n t h e con t a i n er a r ea . I t i s
desi r a bl e t o equ i p t h e ou t l et of ea ch
h ose l i n e wi t h a combi n a t i on fog n oz-
zl e. A sh el t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr o-
t ect t h e h ose a n d i t s con vey or fr om t h e
wea t h er .
(15) [Reser ved]
(16) L igh t in g. El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
a n d i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l con for m t o
pa r a gr a ph s (b) (17) a n d (18) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(17) Vaporizers f or in t ern al combu st ion
en gin es. Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(e)(8) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y .
(18) Gas regu lat in g an d mixin g equ ip-
men t f or in t ern al combu st ion en gin es. Th e
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (e)(9) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l a ppl y .
(e) L iqu ef ied pet roleu m gas as a mot or
f u el(1) Applicat ion . (i ) Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o i n t er n a l combu st i on en gi n es,
fu el con t a i n er s, a n d per t i n en t equ i p-
men t for t h e u se of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m
ga ses a s a mot or fu el on ea si l y mov-
a bl e, r ea di l y por t a bl e u n i t s i n cl u di n g
sel f-pr opel l ed veh i cl es.
(i i ) F u el con t a i n er s a n d per t i n en t
equ i pmen t for i n t er n a l combu st i on en -
gi n es u si n g l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s
wh er e i n st a l l a t i on i s of t h e st a t i on a r y
t y pe a r e cover ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) of
t h i s sect i on . Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot
a ppl y t o con t a i n er s for t r a n spor t a t i on
of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga ses n or t o ma -
r i n e fu el u se. Al l r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
pa r a gr a ph , u n l ess ot h er wi se n ot ed i n
(2) Gen eral. (i ) F u el ma y be u sed fr om
t h e ca r go t a n k of a t r u ck wh i l e i n t r a n -
si t , bu t n ot fr om ca r go t a n k s on t r a i l -
er s or semi t r a i l er s. Th e u se of fu el
fr om t h e ca r go t a n k s t o oper a t e st a -
t i on a r y en gi n es i s per mi t t ed pr ovi di n g
wh eel s a r e secu r el y bl ock ed.
(i i ) P a ssen ger -ca r r y i n g veh i cl es sh a l l
n ot be fu el ed wh i l e pa ssen ger s a r e on
boa r d.
(i i i ) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s (i n cl u di n g l i ft
t r u ck s) equ i pped wi t h per ma n en t l y
mou n t ed fu el con t a i n er s sh a l l be
ch a r ged ou t door s. Ch a r gi n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) LP -Ga s fu el ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e S t a n da r d for
Ty pe Desi gn a t i on s, Ar ea s of Use, Ma i n -
t en a n ce a n d Oper a t i on of P ower ed I n -
du st r i a l Tr u ck s, NF P A 5051969, wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(v) En gi n es on veh i cl es sh a l l be sh u t
down wh i l e fu el i n g i f t h e fu el i n g oper -
a t i on i n vol ves ven t i n g t o t h e a t mos-
ph er e.
f u el con t ain ers. (i ) Except a s cover ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (e)(3) (i i ) a n d (i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on , con t a i n er s sh a l l be i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Ta bl e H32.
(i i ) F u el con t a i n er s for u se i n i n du s-
t r i a l t r u ck s (i n cl u di n g l i ft t r u ck s)
sh a l l be ei t h er DOT con t a i n er s a u t h or -
i zed for LP -Ga s ser vi ce h a vi n g a mi n -
i mu m ser vi ce pr essu r e of 240 p. s. i . g. or
mi n i mu m Con t a i n er Ty pe 250. Un der
1950 a n d l a t er AS ME codes, t h i s mea n s
a 312. 5p. s. i . g. desi gn pr essu r e con -
t a i n er .
TABLE H32
Con-
tainer
type
For gases
with vapor
press. Not
to exceed
lb. per sq.
in. gage at
100 F.
(37.8 C.)
1949 and
earlier edi-
tions of
ASME
Code (Par.
U68, U
69)
Code (Par. U200,
U201); 1950, 1952,
1956, 1959, 1962,
1965, and 1968 (Divi-
sion 1) editions of
ASME Code; All edi-
tions of API-ASME
Code
2

1
200 215Z 200 250
1
the container type designation when constructed under 1949
or earlier editions of the ASME Code (Par. U68 and U69).
the container type designation when constructed under: (1)
the 1949 ASME Code (Par. U200 and U201), (2) 1950,
1952, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, and 1968 (Division 1) editions
of the ASME Code, and (3) all editions of the API-ASME
Code.
2
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d
ma i n t a i n ed u n der DOT speci fi ca t i on s
a n d r egu l a t i on s ma y be u sed a s fu el
con t a i n er s. Wh en so u sed t h ey sh a l l
con for m t o a l l r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
(i v) Al l con t a i n er i n l et s a n d ou t l et s
except sa fet y r el i ef va l ves a n d ga gi n g
devi ces sh a l l be l a bel ed t o desi gn a t e
wh et h er t h ey commu n i ca t e wi t h va por
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
325
or l i qu i d spa ce. La bel s ma y be on
va l ves.
(4) I n st allat ion of f u el con t ain ers. (i )
Con t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a pl a ce
a n d i n a ma n n er t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi -
bi l i t y of da ma ge t o t h e con t a i n er . Con -
t a i n er s l oca t ed i n t h e r ea r of t r u ck s
a n d bu ses, wh en pr ot ect ed by su bst a n -
t i a l bu mper s, wi l l be con si der ed i n con -
for ma n ce wi t h t h i s r equ i r emen t . F u el
con t a i n er s on pa ssen ger -ca r r y i n g veh i -
cl es sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a s fa r fr om t h e
en gi n e a s i s pr a ct i ca bl e, a n d t h e pa s-
sen ger spa ce a n d a n y spa ce con t a i n i n g
r a di o equ i pmen t sh a l l be sea l ed fr om
t h e con t a i n er spa ce t o pr even t di r ect
seepa ge of ga s t o t h ese spa ces. Th e con -
t a i n er compa r t men t sh a l l be ven t ed t o
t h e ou t si de. I n ca se t h e fu el con t a i n er
i s mou n t ed n ea r t h e en gi n e or t h e ex-
h a u st sy st em, t h e con t a i n er sh a l l be
sh i el ded a ga i n st di r ect h ea t r a di a t i on .
(i i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed wi t h
a s mu ch cl ea r a n ce a s pr a ct i ca bl e bu t
n ever l ess t h a n t h e mi n i mu m r oa d
cl ea r a n ce of t h e veh i cl e u n der ma x-
i mu m spr i n g defl ect i on . Th i s mi n i mu m
cl ea r a n ce sh a l l be t o t h e bot t om of t h e
con t a i n er or t o t h e l owest fi t t i n g on
t h e con t a i n er or h ou si n g, wh i ch ever i s
l ower .
(i i i ) P er ma n en t a n d r emova bl e fu el
con t a i n er s sh a l l be secu r el y mou n t ed
t o pr even t j a r r i n g l oose, sl i ppi n g, or r o-
t a t i n g, a n d t h e fa st en i n gs sh a l l be de-
si gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o wi t h st a n d
st a t i c l oa di n g i n a n y di r ect i on equ a l t o
t wi ce t h e wei gh t of t h e t a n k a n d a t -
t a ch men t s wh en fi l l ed wi t h fu el u si n g a
sa fet y fa ct or of n ot l ess t h a n fou r
ba sed on t h e u l t i ma t e st r en gt h of t h e
ma t er i a l t o be u sed. F i el d wel di n g,
wh en n ecessa r y , sh a l l be ma de on l y on
sa ddl e pl a t es, l u gs or br a ck et s, or i gi -
n a l l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e con t a i n er by t h e
t a n k ma n u fa ct u r er .
(i v) F u el con t a i n er s on bu ses sh a l l be
per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed.
(v) Con t a i n er s fr om wh i ch va por on l y
i s t o be wi t h dr a wn sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
a n d equ i pped wi t h su i t a bl e con n ect i on s
t o mi n i mi ze t h e a cci den t a l wi t h dr a wa l
of l i qu i d.
(5) Valves an d accessories. (i ) Con -
t a i n er va l ves a n d a ccessor i es sh a l l h a ve
a r a t ed wor k i n g pr essu r e of a t l ea st 250
p. s. i . g. , a n d sh a l l be of a t y pe su i t a bl e
for l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s ser vi ce.
fi t t ed wi t h a n a ppr oved dou bl e ba ck -
pr essu r e ch eck va l ve, or a posi t i ve
sh u t off i n con j u n ct i on wi t h a n i n t er n a l
ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck va l ve. On a r emov-
a bl e con t a i n er t h e fi l l er va l ve ma y be a
h a n d oper a t ed sh u t off va l ve wi t h a n i n -
t er n a l excess fl ow va l ve. Ma i n sh u t off
va l ves on t h e con t a i n er on l i qu i d a n d
va por l i n es mu st be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e.
(i i i ) Wi t h t h e except i on s of pa r a gr a ph
(e)(5)(i v)(c) of t h i s sect i on , fi l l i n g con -
n ect i on s equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved a u t o-
ma t i c ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck va l ves, a n d
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves, a l l con n ect i on s t o
con t a i n er s h a vi n g open i n gs for t h e fl ow
of ga s i n excess of a No. 54 dr i l l si ze
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved a u t o-
ma t i c excess fl ow va l ves t o pr even t di s-
ch a r ge of con t en t i n ca se con n ect i on s
a r e br ok en .
(i v) Li qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces:
(a) Va r i a bl e l i qu i d-l evel ga ges wh i ch
r equ i r e t h e ven t i n g of fu el t o t h e a t -
mosph er e sh a l l n ot be u sed on fu el con -
t a i n er s of i n du st r i a l t r u ck s (i n cl u di n g
l i ft t r u ck s).
(b) On por t a bl e con t a i n er s t h a t ma y
be fi l l ed i n t h e ver t i ca l a n d/or h or i -
zon t a l posi t i on , t h e fi xed l i qu i d-l evel
ga ge mu st i n di ca t e ma xi mu m per -
mi t t ed fi l l i n g l evel for bot h ver t i ca l
a n d h or i zon t a l fi l l i n g wi t h t h e con -
t a i n er or i en t ed t o pl a ce t h e sa fet y r e-
l i ef va l ve i n commu n i ca t i on wi t h t h e
va por spa ce.
(c) I n t h e ca se of con t a i n er s u sed
sol el y i n fa r m t r a ct or ser vi ce, a n d
ch a r ged a t a poi n t a t l ea st 50 feet fr om
a n y i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g, t h e fi xed l i q-
u i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ce ma y be so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e ou t wa r d fl ow of con -
t a i n er con t en t exceeds t h a t pa ssed by a
No. 54 dr i l l si ze open i n g, bu t i n n o ca se
sh a l l t h e fl ow exceed t h a t pa ssed by a
No. 31 dr i l l -si ze open i n g. An excess fl ow
va l ve i s n ot r equ i r ed. F i t t i n gs equ i pped
wi t h su ch r est r i ct ed dr i l l si ze open i n g
a n d con t a i n er on wh i ch t h ey a r e u sed
sh a l l be ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e t h e si ze of
t h e open i n g.
(d) Al l va l ves a n d con n ect i on s on
con t a i n er s sh a l l be a dequ a t el y pr o-
t ect ed t o pr even t da ma ge du e t o a cci -
den t a l con t a ct wi t h st a t i on a r y obj ect s
or fr om l oose obj ect s t h r own u p fr om
t h e r oa d, a n d a l l va l ves sh a l l be sa fe-
gu a r ded a ga i n st da ma ge du e t o col l i -
si on , over t u r n i n g or ot h er a cci den t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
326
F or fa r m t r a ct or s wh er e pa r t s of t h e
veh i cl e pr ovi de su ch pr ot ect i on t o
va l ves a n d fi t t i n gs, t h e for egoi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s sh a l l be con si der ed fu l -
fi l l ed. However , on r emova bl e t y pe con -
t a i n er s t h e pr ot ect i on for t h e fi t t i n gs
sh a l l be per ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e
con t a i n er .
(e) Wh en r emova bl e fu el con t a i n er s
a r e u sed, mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n
t h e fu el sy st em t o mi n i mi ze t h e esca pe
of fu el wh en t h e con t a i n er s a r e ex-
ch a n ged. Th i s ma y be a ccompl i sh ed by
ei t h er of t h e fol l owi n g met h ods:
(1) Usi n g a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c
qu i ck -cl osi n g cou pl i n g (a t y pe cl osi n g
i n bot h di r ect i on s wh en u n cou pl ed) i n
t h e fu el l i n e, or
(2) Cl osi n g t h e va l ve a t t h e fu el con -
t a i n er a n d a l l owi n g t h e en gi n e t o r u n
u n t i l t h e fu el i n t h e l i n e i s con su med.
(6) Pipin gin clu din g pipe, t u bin g, an d
f it t in gs. (i ) P i pe fr om fu el con t a i n er t o
fi r st -st a ge r egu l a t or sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n sch edu l e 80 wr ou gh t i r on or st eel
(bl a ck or ga l va n i zed), br a ss or copper ;
or sea ml ess copper , br a ss, or st eel t u b-
i n g. S t eel t u bi n g sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m wa l l t h i ck n ess of 0. 049 i n ch .
S t eel pi pe or t u bi n g sh a l l be a de-
qu a t el y pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ext er i or cor -
r osi on . Copper t u bi n g sh a l l be t y pes K
or L or equ i va l en t h a vi n g a mi n i mu m
wa l l t h i ck n ess of 0. 032 i n ch . Appr oved
fl exi bl e con n ect i on s ma y be u sed be-
t ween con t a i n er a n d r egu l a t or or be-
t ween r egu l a t or a n d ga s-a i r mi xer
wi t h i n t h e l i mi t s of a ppr ova l . Th e u se
of a l u mi n u m pi pe or t u bi n g i s pr oh i b-
i t ed. I n t h e ca se of r emova bl e con -
t a i n er s a n a ppr oved fl exi bl e con n ect i on
sh a l l be u sed bet ween t h e con t a i n er
a n d t h e fu el l i n e.
(i i ) Al l pi pi n g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed,
br a ced, a n d su ppor t ed so a s t o r edu ce
t o a mi n i mu m t h e possi bi l i t y of vi br a -
t i on st r a i n s or wea r .
(7) Saf et y devices. (i ) S pr i n g-l oa ded i n -
t er n a l t y pe sa fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be
u sed on a l l mot or fu el con t a i n er s.
(i i ) Th e di sch a r ge ou t l et fr om sa fet y
r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be l oca t ed on t h e
ou t si de of en cl osed spa ces a n d a s fa r a s
pr a ct i ca bl e fr om possi bl e sou r ces of i g-
n i t i on , a n d ven t ed u pwa r d wi t h i n 45 de-
gr ees of t h e ver t i ca l i n su ch a ma n n er
a s t o pr even t i mpi n gemen t of esca pi n g
ga s u pon con t a i n er s, or pa r t s of veh i -
cl es, or on veh i cl es i n a dj a cen t l i n es of
t r a ffi c. A r a i n ca p or ot h er pr ot ect or
sh a l l be u sed t o k eep wa t er a n d di r t
fr om col l ect i n g i n t h e va l ve.
(i i i ) Wh en a di sch a r ge l i n e fr om t h e
con t a i n er sa fet y r el i ef va l ve i s u sed,
t h e l i n e sh a l l be met a l l i c, ot h er t h a n
a l u mi n u m, a n d sh a l l be si zed, l oca t ed,
a n d ma i n t a i n ed so a s n ot t o r est r i ct
t h e r equ i r ed fl ow of ga s fr om t h e sa fet y
r el i ef va l ve. S u ch di sch a r ge l i n e sh a l l
be a bl e t o wi t h st a n d t h e pr essu r e r e-
su l t i n g fr om t h e di sch a r ge of va por
wh en t h e sa fet y r el i ef va l ve i s i n t h e
fu l l open posi t i on . Wh en fl exi bi l i t y i s
n ecessa r y , fl exi bl e met a l h ose or t u b-
i n g sh a l l be u sed.
(i v) P or t a bl e con t a i n er s equ i pped for
vol u met r i c fi l l i n g ma y be fi l l ed i n ei -
t h er t h e ver t i ca l or h or i zon t a l posi t i on
on l y wh en or i en t ed t o pl a ce t h e sa fet y
r el i ef va l ve i n commu n i ca t i on wi t h t h e
va por spa ce.
(v) P a r a gr a ph (b)(10)(xi i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on for h y dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ves sh a l l
a ppl y .
(8) Vaporizers. (i ) Va por i zer s a n d a n y
pa r t t h er eof a n d ot h er devi ces t h a t
ma y be su bj ect ed t o con t a i n er pr essu r e
sh a l l h a ve a desi gn pr essu r e of a t l ea st
250 p. s. i . g.
(i i ) Ea ch va por i zer sh a l l h a ve a va l ve
or su i t a bl e pl u g wh i ch wi l l per mi t su b-
st a n t i a l l y compl et e dr a i n i n g of t h e va -
por i zer . I t sh a l l be l oca t ed a t or n ea r
t h e l owest por t i on of t h e sect i on occu -
pi ed by t h e wa t er or ot h er h ea t i n g me-
di u m.
(i i i ) Va por i zer s sh a l l be secu r el y fa s-
t en ed so a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y
of becomi n g l oosen ed.
(i v) Ea ch va por i zer sh a l l be per ma -
n en t l y ma r k ed a t a vi si bl e poi n t a s fol -
l ows:
(a) Wi t h t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e
fu el -con t a i n i n g por t i on i n p. s. i . g.
(b) Wi t h t h e wa t er ca pa ci t y of t h e
fu el -con t a i n i n g por t i on of t h e va por -
i zer i n pou n ds.
(v) Devi ces t o su ppl y h ea t di r ect l y t o
a fu el con t a i n er sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a n a u t oma t i c devi ce t o cu t off t h e su p-
pl y of h ea t befor e t h e pr essu r e i n si de
t h e fu el con t a i n er r ea ch es 80 per cen t of
t h e st a r t t o di sch a r ge pr essu r e set t i n g
of t h e sa fet y r el i ef devi ce on t h e fu el
con t a i n er .
(vi ) En gi n e exh a u st ga ses ma y be
u sed a s a di r ect sou r ce of h ea t su ppl y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
327
for t h e va por i za t i on of fu el i f t h e ma t e-
r i a l s of con st r u ct i on of t h ose pa r t s of
t h e va por i zer i n con t a ct wi t h exh a u st
ga ses a r e r esi st a n t t o t h e cor r osi ve a c-
t i on of exh a u st ga ses a n d t h e va por i zer
sy st em i s desi gn ed t o pr even t excessi ve
pr essu r es.
(vi i ) Va por i zer s sh a l l n ot be equ i pped
(9) Gas regu lat in g an d mixin g equ ip-
men t . (i ) Appr oved a u t oma t i c pr essu r e
r edu ci n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n a secu r e ma n n er bet ween t h e fu el
su ppl y con t a i n er a n d ga s-a i r mi xer for
t h e pu r pose of r edu ci n g t h e pr essu r e of
t h e fu el del i ver ed t o t h e ga s-a i r mi xer .
(i i ) An a ppr oved a u t oma t i c sh u t off
va l ve sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e fu el sy s-
t em a t some poi n t a h ea d of t h e i n l et of
t h e ga s-a i r mi xer , desi gn ed t o pr even t
fl ow of fu el t o t h e mi xer wh en t h e i gn i -
t i on i s off a n d t h e en gi n e i s n ot r u n -
n i n g. I n t h e ca se of i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
a n d en gi n es oper a t i n g i n bu i l di n gs
ot h er t h a n t h ose u sed excl u si vel y t o
h ou se en gi n es, t h e a u t oma t i c sh u t off
va l ve sh a l l be desi gn ed t o oper a t e i f t h e
en gi n e sh ou l d st op. At mosph er i c t y pe
r egu l a t or s (zer o gover n or s) sh a l l be
con si der ed a dequ a t e a s a n a u t oma t i c
sh u t off va l ve on l y i n ca ses of ou t door
oper a t i on su ch a s fa r m t r a ct or s, con -
st r u ct i on equ i pmen t , i r r i ga t i on pu mp
en gi n es, a n d ot h er ou t door st a t i on a r y
en gi n e i n st a l l a t i on s.
(i i i ) Th e sou r ce of t h e a i r for combu s-
t i on sh a l l be compl et el y i sol a t ed fr om
t h e pa ssen ger compa r t men t , ven -
t i l a t i n g sy st em, or a i r -con di t i on i n g
sy st em.
(10) [Reser ved]
(11) St at ion ary en gin es in bu ildin gs.
S t a t i on a r y en gi n es a n d ga s t u r bi n es i n -
st a l l ed i n bu i l di n gs, i n cl u di n g por t a bl e
en gi n es u sed i n st ea d of or t o su ppl e-
men t st a t i on a r y en gi n es, sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e S t a n da r d for t h e I n st i t u t i on
a n d Use of S t a t i on a r y Combu st i on En -
gi n es a n d Ga s Tu r bi n es, NF P A 371970,
a n d t h e a ppr opr i a t e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (b), (c), a n d (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(12) Port able en gin es in bu ildin gs. (i )
P or t a bl e en gi n es ma y be u sed i n bu i l d-
i n gs on l y for emer gen cy u se, except a s
pr ovi ded by su bpa r a gr a ph (11) of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Exh a u st ga ses sh a l l be di sch a r ged
t o ou t si de t h e bu i l di n g or t o a n a r ea
wh er e t h ey wi l l n ot con st i t u t e a h a z-
a r d.
(i i i ) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o su p-
pl y su ffi ci en t a i r for combu st i on a n d
cool i n g.
(i v) An a ppr oved a u t oma t i c sh u t off
va l ve sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e fu el sy s-
t em a h ea d of t h e en gi n e, desi gn ed t o
pr even t fl ow of fu el t o t h e en gi n e wh en
t h e i gn i t i on i s off or i f t h e en gi n e
sh ou l d st op.
(v) Th e ca pa ci t y of LP -Ga s con -
t a i n er s u sed wi t h su ch en gi n es sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e occu pa n cy
pr ovi si on of pa r a gr a ph (c)(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(13) I n du st rial t ru ck s in side bu ildin gs.
(i ) LP -Ga s-fu el ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s a r e
per mi t t ed t o be u sed i n bu i l di n gs a n d
st r u ct u r es.
(i i ) No mor e t h a n t wo LP -Ga s con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be u sed on a n i n du st r i a l
t r u ck for mot or fu el pu r poses.
(i i i )(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s sh a l l n ot be
pa r k ed a n d l eft u n a t t en ded i n a r ea s of
possi bl e excessi ve h ea t or sou r ces of i g-
n i t i on .
(14) Garagin g L P-Gas-f u eled veh icles.
(i ) LP -Ga s-fu el ed veh i cl es ma y be
st or ed or ser vi ced i n si de ga r a ges pr o-
vi ded t h er e a r e n o l ea k s i n t h e fu el sy s-
t em a n d t h e fu el t a n k s a r e n ot fi l l ed
bey on d t h e ma xi mu m fi l l i n g ca pa ci t y
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(12)(i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) LP -Ga s-fu el ed veh i cl es bei n g r e-
pa i r ed i n ga r a ges sh a l l h a ve t h e con -
t a i n er sh u t off va l ve cl osed except wh en
fu el i s r equ i r ed for en gi n e oper a t i on .
(i i i ) S u ch veh i cl es sh a l l n ot be
pa r k ed n ea r sou r ces of h ea t , open
fl a mes, or si mi l a r sou r ces of i gn i t i on
or n ea r open pi t s u n l ess su ch pi t s a r e
a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed.
(f) St orage of con t ain ers await in g u se or
resale(1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e st or a ge of por t a bl e
con t a i n er s n ot i n excess of 1, 000 pou n ds
wa t er ca pa ci t y , fi l l ed or pa r t i a l l y
fi l l ed, a t u ser l oca t i on bu t n ot con -
n ect ed for u se, or i n st or a ge for r esa l e
by dea l er s or r esel l er s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o con t a i n er s st or ed a t
ch a r gi n g pl a n t s or a t pl a n t s devot ed
pr i ma r i l y t o t h e st or a ge a n d di st r i bu -
t i on of LP -Ga s or ot h er pet r ol eu m
pr odu ct s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
328
(2) Gen eral. (i ) Con t a i n er s i n st or a ge
sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o mi n i mi ze ex-
posu r e t o excessi ve t emper a t u r e r i se,
ph y si ca l da ma ge, or t a mper i n g by u n -
a u t h or i zed per son s.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s wh en st or ed i n si de
sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed n ea r exi t s, st a i r -
wa y s, or i n a r ea s n or ma l l y u sed or i n -
t en ded for t h e sa fe exi t of peopl e.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er va l ves sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wh i l e i n st or a ge a s fol l ows:
(a) By set t i n g i n t o r ecess of con -
t a i n er t o pr even t t h e possi bi l i t y of
t h ei r bei n g st r u ck i f t h e con t a i n er i s
dr opped u pon a fl a t su r fa ce, or
(b) By ven t i l a t ed ca p or col l a r , fa s-
t en ed t o con t a i n er ca pa bl e of wi t h -
st a n di n g bl ow fr om a n y di r ect i on
equ i va l en t t o t h a t of a 30-pou n d wei gh t
dr opped 4 feet . Con st r u ct i on mu st be
su ch t h a t a bl ow wi l l n ot be t r a n s-
mi t t ed t o a va l ve or ot h er con n ect i on .
(i v) Th e ou t l et va l ves of con t a i n er s i n
st or a ge sh a l l be cl osed.
(v) Empt y con t a i n er s wh i ch h a ve
been i n LP -Ga s ser vi ce wh en st or ed i n -
si de, sh a l l be con si der ed a s fu l l con -
t a i n er s for t h e pu r pose of det er mi n i n g
t h e ma xi mu m qu a n t i t y of LP -Ga s per -
mi t t ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) St orage wit h in bu ildin gs n ot f re-
qu en t ed by t h e pu blic (su ch as in du st rial
bu ildin gs). (i ) Th e qu a n t i t y of LP -Ga s
st or ed sh a l l n ot exceed 300 pou n ds (a p-
pr oxi ma t el y 2, 550 cu bi c feet i n va por
for m) except a s pr ovi ded i n su bpa r a -
gr a ph (5) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Con t a i n er s ca r r i ed a s a pa r t of
ser vi ce equ i pmen t on h i gh wa y mobi l e
veh i cl es a r e n ot t o be con si der ed i n t h e
t ot a l st or a ge ca pa ci t y i n su bdi vi si on (i )
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph pr ovi ded su ch ve-
h i cl es a r e st or ed i n pr i va t e ga r a ges,
a n d a r e l i mi t ed t o on e con t a i n er per
veh i cl e wi t h a n LP -Ga s ca pa ci t y of n ot
mor e t h a n 100 pou n ds. Al l con t a i n er
va l ves sh a l l be cl osed.
(5) St orage wit h in special bu ildin gs or
rooms. (i ) Th e qu a n t i t y of LP -Ga s
st or ed i n speci a l bu i l di n gs or r ooms
sh a l l n ot exceed 10, 000 pou n ds.
(i i ) Th e wa l l s, fl oor s, a n d cei l i n gs of
con t a i n er st or a ge r ooms t h a t a r e wi t h -
i n or a dj a cen t t o ot h er pa r t s of t h e
bu i l di n g sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of ma t e-
r i a l h a vi n g a t l ea st a 2-h ou r fi r e r esi st -
a n ce r a t i n g.
(i i i ) A por t i on of t h e ext er i or wa l l s or
r oof h a vi n g a n a r ea n ot l ess t h a n 10
per cen t of t h a t of t h e combi n ed a r ea of
t h e en cl osi n g wa l l s a n d r oof sh a l l be of
expl osi on r el i evi n g con st r u ct i on .
(i v) Ea ch open i n g fr om su ch st or a ge
r ooms t o ot h er pa r t s of t h e bu i l di n g
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a 1
1
2 h ou r (B) fi r e
door l i st ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y . Refer t o 1910. 7 for
defi n i t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
(v) S u ch r ooms sh a l l h a ve n o open
fl a mes for h ea t i n g or l i gh t i n g.
(vi ) S u ch r ooms sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
ven t i l a t ed bot h t op a n d bot t om t o t h e
ou t si de on l y . Th e open i n gs fr om su ch
ven t s sh a l l be a t l ea st 5 feet a wa y fr om
a n y ot h er open i n g i n t o a n y bu i l di n g.
(vi i ) Th e fl oor s of su ch r ooms sh a l l
n ot be bel ow gr ou n d l evel . An y spa ce
bel ow t h e fl oor sh a l l be of sol i d fi l l or
pr oper l y ven t i l a t ed t o t h e open a i r .
(vi i i ) S u ch st or a ge r ooms sh a l l n ot be
l oca t ed a dj oi n i n g t h e l i n e of pr oper t y
occu pi ed by sch ool s, ch u r ch es, h os-
pi t a l s, a t h l et i c fi el ds or ot h er poi n t s of
pu bl i c ga t h er i n g.
(i x) F i xed el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(18) of t h i s sect i on .
(6) St orage ou t side of bu ildin gs. (i )
S t or a ge ou t si de of bu i l di n gs, for con -
t a i n er s a wa i t i n g u se or r esa l e, sh a l l be
l oca t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H33
wi t h r espect t o:
(a) Th e n ea r est i mpor t a n t bu i l di n g or
gr ou p of bu i l di n gs;
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Bu sy t h or ou gh fa r es;
TABLE H33
Quantity of LP-Gas Stored Distance
500 pounds or less .............................................. 0
501 to 2,500 pounds ...........................................
1
0
2,501 to 6,000 pounds ........................................ 10 feet
6,001 to 10,000 pounds ...................................... 20 feet
Over 10,000 pounds ............................................ 25 feet
1
Container or containers shall be at least 10 feet from any
building on adjoining property, any sidewalk, or any of the ex-
posures described in 1910.110(f)(6)(i) (c) or (d) of this
paragraph.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be i n a su i t a bl e
en cl osu r e or ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st t a mper i n g.
(7) Fire prot ect ion . S t or a ge l oca t i on s
ot h er t h a n su ppl y depot s sepa r a t ed a n d
l oca t ed a pa r t fr om dea l er , r esel l er , or
u ser est a bl i sh men t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a t l ea st on e a ppr oved por t a bl e fi r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
329
ext i n gu i sh er h a vi n g a mi n i mu m r a t i n g
of 8B, C.
(g) [Reser ved]
(h ) L iqu ef ied pet roleu m gas service st a-
t ion s(1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o st or a ge con t a i n er s, a n d di s-
pen si n g devi ces, a n d per t i n en t equ i p-
men t i n ser vi ce st a t i on s wh er e LP -Ga s
i s st or ed a n d i s di spen sed i n t o fu el
t a n k s of mot or veh i cl es. S ee pa r a gr a ph
(e) of t h i s sect i on for r equ i r emen t s cov-
er i n g u se of LP -Ga s a s a mot or fu el . Al l
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s
sect i on a ppl y t o t h i s pa r a gr a ph u n l ess
st orage con t ain ers. S t or a ge con t a i n er s
sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d cl a ssi fi ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e H34.
TABLE H34
Con-
tainer
type
For gases
with vapor
press. Not
to exceed
lb. per sq.
in. gage at
100 F.
(37.8 C.)
1949 and
earlier edi-
tions of
ASME
Code (Par.
U68, U
69)
Code (Par. U200,
U201); 1950, 1952,
1956, 1959, 1962,
1965, and 1968 (Divi-
sion 1) editions of
ASME Code; All edi-
tions of API-ASME
Code
2

1
200 215 200 250
1
The minimum design pressure of containers shall be 100 per-
cent of the container type designation when constructed
under 1949 or earlier editions of the ASME Code (Par. U68
and U69). The minimum design pressure of containers shall
be 125 percent of the container type designation when con-
structed under: (1) The 1949 ASME Code (Paragraphs U200
and U201), (2) 1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, and
1968 (Division 1) editions of the ASME Code, and (3) all edi-
tions of the API-ASME Code.
2
A fi l l i n g con n ect i on on t h e con t a i n er
sh a l l be fi t t ed wi t h on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(a) A combi n a t i on ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck a n d excess fl ow va l ve.
(b) On e dou bl e or t wo si n gl e ba ck -
pr essu r e va l ves.
(c) A posi t i ve sh u t off va l ve, i n con -
j u n ct i on wi t h ei t h er ,
(1) An i n t er n a l ba ck -pr essu r e va l ve,
or
(2) On i n t er n a l excess fl ow va l ve.
I n l i eu of a n excess fl ow va l ve, fi l l i n g
con n ect i on s ma y be fi t t ed wi t h a
qu i ck -cl osi n g i n t er n a l va l ve, wh i ch
sh a l l r ema i n cl osed except du r i n g oper -
a t i n g per i ods. Th e mech a n i sm for su ch
va l ves ma y be pr ovi ded wi t h a sec-
on da r y con t r ol wh i ch wi l l ca u se i t t o
cl ose a u t oma t i ca l l y i n ca se of fi r e.
Wh en a fu si bl e pl u g i s u sed i t s mel t i n g
poi n t sh a l l n ot exceed 220 F .
(i i ) A fi l l i n g pi pe i n l et t er mi n a l n ot
on t h e con t a i n er sh a l l be fi t t ed wi t h a
posi t i ve sh u t off va l ve i n con j u n ct i on
wi t h ei t h er ;
(a) A bl a ck pr essu r e ch eck va l ve, or
(b) An excess fl ow ch eck va l ve.
(i i i ) Al l open i n gs i n t h e con t a i n er ex-
cept t h ose l i st ed bel ow sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved excess fl ow
ch eck va l ves:
(a) F i l l i n g con n ect i on s a s pr ovi ded i n
su bdi vi si on (i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(b) S a fet y r el i ef con n ect i on s a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(i i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(c) Li qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(7)(i v) a n d
(19)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(d) P r essu r e ga ge con n ect i on s a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(v) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i v) Al l con t a i n er i n l et s a n d ou t l et s
except t h ose l i st ed bel ow sh a l l be l a -
bel ed t o desi gn a t e wh et h er t h ey con -
n ect wi t h va por or l i qu i d (l a bel s ma y
be on va l ves):
(a) S a fet y r el i ef va l ves.
(b) Li qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces.
(c) P r essu r e ga ges.
(v) Ea ch st or a ge con t a i n er sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a su i t a bl e pr essu r e ga ge.
(4) Saf et y -relief valves. (i ) Al l sa fet y -
r el i ef devi ces sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a s fol -
l ows:
(a) On t h e con t a i n er a n d di r ect l y con -
n ect ed wi t h t h e va por spa ce.
(b) S a fet y -r el i ef va l ves a n d di sch a r ge
pi pi n g sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge. Th e ou t l et sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h l oose-fi t t i n g r a i n ca ps.
Th er e sh a l l be n o r et u r n ben ds or r e-
st r i ct i on s i n t h e di sch a r ge pi pi n g.
(c) Th e di sch a r ge fr om t wo or mor e
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves h a vi n g t h e sa me
pr essu r e set t i n gs ma y be r u n i n t o a
common di sch a r ge h ea der . Th e cr oss-
sect i on a l a r ea of su ch h ea der sh a l l be
a t l ea st equ a l t o t h e su m of t h e cr oss-
sect i on a l a r ea s of t h e i n di vi du a l di s-
ch a r ges.
(d) Di sch a r ge fr om a n y sa fet y r el i ef
devi ce sh a l l n ot t er mi n a t e i n a n y
bu i l di n g n or ben ea t h a n y bu i l di n g.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
330
pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y r el i ef va l ves a s
fol l ows:
(a) Th e r a t e of di sch a r ge, wh i ch ma y
be pr ovi ded by on e or mor e va l ves,
sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n t h a t speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Th e di sch a r ge fr om sa fet y r el i ef
va l ves sh a l l be ven t ed t o t h e open a i r
u n obst r u ct ed a n d ver t i ca l l y u pwa r ds i n
su ch a ma n n er a s t o pr even t a n y i m-
be u sed. On a con t a i n er h a vi n g a wa t er
ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 2, 000 ga l l on s, t h e
di sch a r ge fr om t h e sa fet y r el i ef va l ves
sh a l l be ven t ed a wa y fr om t h e con -
t a i n er ver t i ca l l y u pwa r ds t o a poi n t a t
l ea st 7 feet a bove t h e con t a i n er . S u i t -
a bl e pr ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de so t h a t
a n y l i qu i d or con den sa t e t h a t ma y a c-
cu mu l a t e i n si de of t h e r el i ef va l ve or
i t s di sch a r ge pi pe wi l l n ot r en der t h e
va l ve i n oper a t i ve. I f a dr a i n i s u sed, a
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr ot ect t h e
con t a i n er , a dj a cen t con t a i n er s, pi pi n g,
or equ i pmen t a ga i n st i mpi n gemen t of
fl a me r esu l t i n g fr om i gn i t i on of t h e
pr odu ct esca pi n g fr om t h e dr a i n .
(i i i ) Un der gr ou n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y r el i ef va l ves a s
fol l ows:
(a) Th e di sch a r ge fr om sa fet y -r el i ef
va l ves sh a l l be pi ped ver t i ca l l y u pwa r d
t o a poi n t a t l ea st 10 feet a bove t h e
gr ou n d. Th e di sch a r ge l i n es or pi pes
sh a l l be a dequ a t el y su ppor t ed a n d pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) I f n o l i qu i d i s pu t i n t o a con t a i n er
u n t i l a ft er i t i s bu r i ed a n d cover ed, t h e
r a t e of di sch a r ge of t h e r el i ef va l ves
ma y be r edu ced t o n ot l ess t h a n 30 per -
cen t of t h e r a t e sh own i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on . I f l i qu i d fu el
i s pr esen t du r i n g i n st a l l a t i on of con -
t a i n er s, t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge sh a l l be
t h e sa me a s for a bovegr ou n d con -
t a i n er s. S u ch con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be
u n cover ed u n t i l empt i ed of l i qu i d fu el .
(5) Capacit y of liqu id con t ain ers. I n di -
vi du a l l i qu i d st or a ge con t a i n er s sh a l l
n ot exceed 30, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa c-
i t y .
(6) I n st allat ion of st orage con t ain ers.
(i )(a) Ea ch st or a ge con t a i n er u sed ex-
cl u si vel y i n ser vi ce st a t i on oper a t i on
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g t a bl e
wh i ch speci fi es mi n i mu m di st a n ces t o
a bu i l di n g a n d gr ou ps of bu i l di n gs.
Water capacity per container (gal-
lons)
Minimum distances
Above-
ground
and under-
ground
(feet)
Between
above-
ground
containers
(feet)
Up to 2,000 .................................... 25 3
Over 2,000 ..................................... 50 5
NOTE: The above distances may be reduced to not less
than 10 feet for service station buildings of other than wood
frame construction.
(b) Rea di l y i gn i t i bl e ma t er i a l i n cl u d-
i n g weeds a n d l on g dr y gr a ss, sh a l l be
r emoved wi t h i n 10 feet of con t a i n er s.
(c) Th e mi n i mu m sepa r a t i on bet ween
LP -Ga s con t a i n er s a n d fl a mma bl e l i q-
u i d t a n k s sh a l l be 20 feet a n d t h e mi n -
i mu m sepa r a t i on bet ween a con t a i n er
a n d t h e cen t er l i n e of t h e di k e sh a l l be
10 feet .
(d) LP -Ga s con t a i n er s l oca t ed n ea r
fl a mma bl e l i qu i d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t h e fl ow or a ccu mu -
l a t i on of fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds by di k i n g,
di ver si on cu r bs, or gr a di n g.
(e) LP -Ga s con t a i n er s sh a l l n ot be l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n di k ed a r ea s for fl a mma bl e
l i qu i d con t a i n er s.
(f ) F i el d wel di n g i s per mi t t ed on l y on
sa ddl e pl a t es or br a ck et s wh i ch wer e
a ppl i ed by t h e con t a i n er ma n u fa ct u r er .
(g) Wh en per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed con -
t a i n er s a r e i n t er con n ect ed, pr ovi si on
sh a l l be ma de t o compen sa t e for expa n -
si on , con t r a ct i on , vi br a t i on , a n d set -
t l i n g of con t a i n er s a n d i n t er con n ect i n g
pi pi n g. Wh er e fl exi bl e con n ect i on s a r e
u sed, t h ey sh a l l be of a n a ppr oved t y pe
a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed for a bu r st i n g
pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n fi ve t i mes t h e
va por pr essu r e of t h e pr odu ct a t 100 F .
Th e u se of n on met a l l i c h ose i s pr oh i b-
i t ed for i n t er con n ect i n g su ch con -
t a i n er s.
(h ) Wh er e h i gh wa t er t a bl e or fl ood
con di t i on s ma y be en cou n t er ed pr ot ec-
t i on a ga i n st con t a i n er fl ot a t i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded.
i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s su b-
di vi si on .
(a) Con t a i n er s ma y be i n st a l l ed h or i -
zon t a l l y or ver t i ca l l y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
331
(b) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
cr a sh r a i l s or gu a r ds t o pr even t ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge u n l ess t h ey a r e so pr o-
t ect ed by vi r t u e of t h ei r l oca t i on . Veh i -
cl es sh a l l n ot be ser vi ced wi t h i n 10 feet
of con t a i n er s.
(c) Con t a i n er fou n da t i on s sh a l l be of
su bst a n t i a l ma son r y or ot h er n on -
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l . Con t a i n er s sh a l l
be mou n t ed on sa ddl es wh i ch sh a l l per -
mi t expa n si on a n d con t r a ct i on , a n d
sh a l l pr ovi de a ga i n st t h e excessi ve con -
cen t r a t i on of st r esses. Cor r osi on pr o-
t ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded for t a n k -
mou n t i n g a r ea s. S t r u ct u r a l met a l con -
t a i n er su ppor t s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st fi r e. Th i s pr ot ect i on i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed on pr efa br i ca t ed st or a ge a n d
pu mp a ssembl i es, mou n t ed on a com-
mon ba se, wi t h con t a i n er bot t om n ot
mor e t h a n 24 i n ch es a bove gr ou n d a n d
wh ose wa t er ca pa ci t y i s 2, 000 ga l l on s or
l ess i f t h e pi pi n g con n ect ed t o t h e st or -
a ge a n d pu mp a ssembl y i s su ffi ci en t l y
fl exi bl e t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of
br ea k a ge or l ea k a ge i n t h e even t of
fa i l u r e of t h e con t a i n er su ppor t s.
(i i i ) Un der gr ou n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s su b-
di vi si on .
(a) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be gi ven a pr o-
t ect i ve coa t i n g befor e bei n g pl a ced
u n der gr ou n d. Th i s coa t i n g sh a l l be
equ i va l en t t o h ot -di p ga l va n i zi n g or t o
t wo coa t i n gs of r ed l ea d fol l owed by a
h ea vy coa t i n g of coa l t a r or a sph a l t . I n
l ower i n g t h e con t a i n er i n t o pl a ce, ca r e
sh a l l be exer ci sed t o mi n i mi ze a br a si on
or ot h er da ma ge t o t h e coa t i n g. Da m-
a ge t o t h e coa t i n g sh a l l be r epa i r ed be-
for e ba ck -fi l l i n g.
(b) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be set on a fi r m
fou n da t i on (fi r m ea r t h ma y be u sed)
a n d su r r ou n ded wi t h ea r t h or sa n d
fi r ml y t a mped i n pl a ce. Ba ck fi l l sh ou l d
be fr ee of r ock s or ot h er a br a si ve ma t e-
r i a l s.
(c) A mi n i mu m of 2 feet of ea r t h
cover sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Wh er e gr ou n d
con di t i on s ma k e compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s
r equ i r emen t i mpr a ct i ca l , equ i va l en t
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ph y si ca l da ma ge
sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Th e por t i on of t h e
con t a i n er t o wh i ch ma n h ol e a n d ot h er
con n ect i on s a r e a t t a ch ed n eed n ot be
cover ed. I f t h e l oca t i on i s su bj ect ed t o
veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c, con t a i n er s sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed by a con cr et e sl a b or ot h er
cover a dequ a t e t o pr even t t h e wei gh t
of a l oa ded veh i cl e i mposi n g con -
cen t r a t ed di r ect l oa ds on t h e con t a i n er
sh el l .
(7) Prot ect ion of con t ain er f it t in gs.
Va l ves, r egu l a t or s, ga ges, a n d ot h er
con t a i n er fi t t i n gs sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st t a mper i n g a n d ph y si ca l da m-
a ge.
(8) T ran sport t ru ck u n loadin g poin t . (i )
Du r i n g u n l oa di n g, t h e t r a n spor t t r u ck
sh a l l n ot be pa r k ed on pu bl i c t h or ou gh -
fa r es a n d sh a l l be a t l ea st 5 feet fr om
st or a ge con t a i n er s, a n d sh a l l be posi -
t i on ed so t h a t sh u t off va l ves a r e r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e.
(i i ) Th e fi l l i n g pi pe i n l et t er mi n a l
sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed wi t h i n a bu i l di n g
n or wi t h i n 10 feet of a n y bu i l di n g or
dr i vewa y . I t sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
(9) Pipin g, valves, an d f it t in gs. (i ) P i p-
i n g ma y be u n der gr ou n d, a bove gr ou n d,
or a combi n a t i on of bot h . I t sh a l l be
wel l su ppor t ed a n d pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
ph y si ca l da ma ge a n d cor r osi on .
(i i ) P i pi n g l a i d ben ea t h dr i vewa y s
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o pr even t ph y si ca l
da ma ge by veh i cl es.
(i i i ) P i pi n g sh a l l be wr ou gh t i r on or
st eel (bl a ck or ga l va n i zed), br a ss or
copper pi pe; or sea ml ess copper , br a ss,
or st eel t u bi n g a n d sh a l l be su i t a bl e for
a mi n i mu m pr essu r e of 250 p. s. i . g. P i pe
j oi n t s ma y be scr ewed, fl a n ged, br a zed,
or wel ded. Th e u se of a l u mi n u m a l l oy
pi pi n g or t u bi n g i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(i v) Al l sh u t off va l ves (l i qu i d or ga s)
sh a l l be su i t a bl e for l i qu efi ed pet r o-
l eu m ga s ser vi ce a n d desi gn ed for n ot
l ess t h a n t h e ma xi mu m pr essu r e t o
wh i ch t h ey ma y be su bj ect ed. Va l ves
wh i ch ma y be su bj ect ed t o con t a i n er
pr essu r e sh a l l h a ve a r a t ed wor k i n g
pr essu r e of a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g.
(v) Al l ma t er i a l s u sed for va l ve sea t s,
pa ck i n g, ga sk et s, di a ph r a gms, et c. ,
sh a l l be r esi st a n t t o t h e a ct i on of LP -
Ga s.
(vi ) F i t t i n gs sh a l l be st eel , ma l l ea bl e
i r on , or br a ss h a vi n g a mi n i mu m wor k -
i n g pr essu r e of 250 p. s. i . g. Ca st i r on
pi pe fi t t i n gs, su ch a s el l s, t ees, a n d
u n i on s sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(vi i ) Al l pi pi n g sh a l l be t est ed a ft er
a ssembl y a n d pr oved fr ee fr om l ea k s a t
n ot l ess t h a n n or ma l oper a t i n g pr es-
su r es.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
332
(vi i i ) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de for ex-
pa n si on , con t r a ct i on , j a r r i n g, a n d vi -
br a t i on , a n d for set t l i n g. Th i s ma y be
a ccompl i sh ed by fl exi bl e con n ect i on s.
(10) Pu mps an d accessories. Al l pu mps
a n d a ccessor y equ i pmen t sh a l l be su i t -
a bl e for LP -Ga s ser vi ce, a n d desi gn ed
for n ot l ess t h a n t h e ma xi mu m pr es-
su r e t o wh i ch t h ey ma y be su bj ect ed.
Accessor i es sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m
r a t ed wor k i n g pr essu r e of 250 p. s. i . g.
P osi t i ve di spl a cemen t pu mps sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h su i t a bl e pr essu r e a ct u -
a t ed by pa ss va l ves per mi t t i n g fl ow
fr om pu mp di sch a r ge t o st or a ge con -
t a i n er or pu mp su ct i on .
(11) Dispen sin g devices. (i ) Met er s,
va por sepa r a t or s, va l ves, a n d fi t t i n gs
i n t h e di spen ser sh a l l be su i t a bl e for
LP -Ga s ser vi ce a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed
for a mi n i mu m wor k i n g pr essu r e of 250
p. s. i . g.
(i i ) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de for ven t -
i n g LP -Ga s con t a i n ed i n a di spen si n g
devi ce t o a sa fe l oca t i on .
(i i i ) P u mps u sed t o t r a n sfer LP -Ga s
sh a l l be equ i pped t o a l l ow con t r ol of
t h e fl ow a n d t o pr even t l ea k a ge or a c-
ci den t a l di sch a r ge. Mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded ou t si de t h e di spen si n g devi ce t o
r ea di l y sh u t off t h e power i n t h e even t
of fi r e or a cci den t .
(i v) A ma n u a l sh u t off va l ve a n d a n
excess fl ow ch eck va l ve sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed down st r ea m of t h e pu mp a n d
a h ea d of t h e di spen ser i n l et .
(v)(a) Di spen si n g h ose sh a l l be r esi st -
a n t t o t h e a ct i on of LP -Ga s i n t h e l i q-
u i d ph a se a n d desi gn ed for a mi n i mu m
bu r st i n g pr essu r e of 1, 250 p. s. i . g.
(b) An excess fl ow ch eck va l ve or
a u t oma t i c sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t t h e t er mi n u s of t h e l i qu i d
l i n e a t t h e poi n t of a t t a ch men t of t h e
di spen si n g h ose.
(vi )(a) LP -Ga s di spen si n g devi ces
sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 10 feet
fr om a bovegr ou n d st or a ge con t a i n er s
gr ea t er t h a n 2, 000 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa c-
i t y . Th e di spen si n g devi ces sh a l l n ot be
l ess t h a n 20 feet fr om a n y bu i l di n g (n ot
i n cl u di n g ca n opi es), ba semen t , cel l a r ,
pi t , or l i n e of a dj oi n i n g pr oper t y wh i ch
ma y be bu i l t u pon a n d n ot l ess t h a n 10
feet fr om si dewa l k s, st r eet s, or t h or -
ou gh fa r es. No dr a i n s or bl owoff l i n es
sh a l l be di r ect ed i n t o or i n pr oxi mi t y
t o t h e sewer sy st ems u sed for ot h er
pu r poses.
(b) LP -Ga s di spen si n g devi ces sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed on a con cr et e fou n da t i on
or a s pa r t of a compl et e st or a ge a n d
di spen si n g a ssembl y mou n t ed on a
common ba se, a n d sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
pr ot ect ed fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(c) LP -Ga s di spen si n g devi ces sh a l l
n ot be i n st a l l ed wi t h i n a bu i l di n g ex-
cept t h a t t h ey ma y be l oca t ed u n der a
wea t h er sh el t er or ca n opy pr ovi ded
t h i s a r ea i s n ot en cl osed on mor e t h a n
t wo si des. I f t h e en cl osi n g si des a r e a d-
j a cen t t o ea ch ot h er , t h e a r ea sh a l l be
pr oper l y ven t i l a t ed.
(vi i ) Th e di spen si n g of LP -Ga s i n t o
t h e fu el con t a i n er of a veh i cl e sh a l l be
per for med by a compet en t a t t en da n t
wh o sh a l l r ema i n a t t h e LP -Ga s di s-
pen ser du r i n g t h e en t i r e t r a n sfer oper -
a t i on .
(12) Addit ion al ru les. Th er e sh a l l be n o
smok i n g on t h e dr i vewa y of ser vi ce
st a t i on s i n t h e di spen si n g a r ea s or
t r a n spor t t r u ck u n l oa di n g a r ea s. Con -
spi cu ou s si gn s pr oh i bi t i n g smok i n g
sh a l l be post ed wi t h i n si gh t of t h e cu s-
t omer bei n g ser ved. Let t er s on su ch
si gn s sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es
h i gh . Th e mot or s of a l l veh i cl es bei n g
fu el ed sh a l l be sh u t off du r i n g t h e fu el -
i n g oper a t i on s.
(13) Elect rical. El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
a n d i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l con for m t o
pa r a gr a ph s (b) (17) a n d (18) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(14) Fire prot ect ion . Ea ch ser vi ce st a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st on e
a ppr oved por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er
h a vi n g a t l ea st a n 8B, C, r a t i n g.
(i ) Scope(1) Applicat ion . (i ) P a r a -
gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o i n -
st a l l a t i on s ma de i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (c), (d),
(e), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s sect i on , except
a s n ot ed i n ea ch of t h ose pa r a gr a ph s.
(i i ) P a r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (h ) of t h i s
sect i on a ppl y a s pr ovi ded i n ea ch of
t h ose pa r a gr a ph s.
(2) I n applicabilit y . Th i s sect i on does
n ot a ppl y t o:
(i ) Ma r i n e a n d pi pel i n e t er mi n a l s,
n a t u r a l ga s pr ocessi n g pl a n t s, r efi n -
er i es, or t a n k fa r ms ot h er t h a n t h ose
a t i n du st r i a l si t es.
(i i ) LP -Ga s r efr i ger a t ed st or a ge sy s-
t ems;
(i i i ) LP -Ga s wh en u sed wi t h oxy gen .
Th e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 253 sh a l l
a ppl y t o su ch u se;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
333
(i v) LP -Ga s wh en u sed i n u t i l i t y ga s
pl a n t s. Th e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
Associ a t i on S t a n da r d for t h e S t or a ge
a n d Ha n dl i n g of Li qu efi ed P et r ol eu m
Ga ses a t Ut i l i t y Ga s P l a n t s, NF P A No.
591968, sh a l l a ppl y t o su ch u se;
(v) Low-pr essu r e (n ot i n excess of
on e-h a l f pou n d per squ a r e i n ch or 14
i n ch es wa t er col u mn ) LP -Ga s pi pi n g
sy st ems, a n d t h e i n st a l l a t i on a n d oper -
a t i on of r esi den t i a l a n d commer ci a l a p-
pl i a n ces i n cl u di n g t h ei r i n l et con n ec-
t i on s, su ppl i ed t h r ou gh su ch sy st ems.
F or su ch sy st ems, t h e Na t i on a l F i r e
P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on S t a n da r d for
t h e I n st a l l a t i on of Ga s Appl i a n ces a n d
Ga s P i pi n g, NF P A 541969 sh a l l a ppl y .
(3) Ret roact ivit y . Un l ess ot h er wi se
st a t ed, i t i s n ot i n t en ded t h a t t h e pr o-
vi si on s of t h i s sect i on be r et r oa ct i ve.
(i ) Exi st i n g pl a n t s, a ppl i a n ces, equ i p-
men t , bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, a n d i n st a l -
l a t i on s for t h e st or a ge, h a n dl i n g or u se
of LP -Ga s, wh i ch wer e i n compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e cu r r en t pr ovi si on s of t h e Na -
t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on
S t a n da r d for t h e S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g
of Li qu efi ed P et r ol eu m Ga ses NF P A
No. 58, a t t h e t i me of ma n u fa ct u r e or
i n st a l l a t i on ma y be con t i n u ed i n u se, i f
su ch con t i n u ed u se does n ot con st i t u t e
a r ecogn i zed h a za r d t h a t i s ca u si n g or
i s l i k el y t o ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s
ph y si ca l h a r m t o empl oy ees.
(i i ) S t ock s of equ i pmen t a n d a ppl i -
a n ces on h a n d i n su ch l oca t i on s a s
ma n u fa ct u r er s st or a ge, di st r i bu t i on
wa r eh ou ses, a n d dea l er s st or a ge a n d
sh owr ooms, wh i ch wer e i n compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e cu r r en t pr ovi si on s of t h e Na -
of Li qu efi ed P et r ol eu m Ga ses, NF P A
No. 58, a t t h e t i me of ma n u fa ct u r e,
ma y be pl a ced i n ser vi ce, i f su ch u se
does n ot con st i t u t e a r ecogn i zed h a za r d
t h a t i s ca u si n g or i s l i k el y t o ca u se
dea t h or ser i ou s ph y si ca l h a r m t o em-
pl oy ees.
F R 49747, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10,
1984; 53 F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988; 55 F R 25094,
J u n e 20, 1990; 55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 58 F R
35309, J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R 9237, 9238, Ma r . 7,
1996; 63 F R 33466, J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.111 Storage and handling of an-
hydrous ammonia.
(a ) Gen eral(1) Scope. (i ) Th i s st a n d-
a r d i s i n t en ded t o a ppl y t o t h e desi gn ,
con st r u ct i on , l oca t i on , i n st a l l a t i on ,
a n d oper a t i on of a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a
sy st ems i n cl u di n g r efr i ger a t ed a mmo-
n i a st or a ge sy st ems.
(i i ) Th i s st a n da r d does n ot a ppl y t o:
(a) Ammon i a ma n u fa ct u r i n g pl a n t s.
(b) Refr i ger a t i on pl a n t s wh er e a mmo-
n i a i s u sed sol el y a s a r efr i ger a n t .
(2) Def in it ion s. As u sed i n t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i ) Appu rt en an ces. Al l devi ces su ch a s
pu mps, compr essor s, sa fet y r el i ef de-
vi ces, l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces,
va l ves a n d pr essu r e ga ges.
(i i ) Cy lin der. A con t a i n er of 1, 000
pou n ds of wa t er ca pa ci t y or l ess con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Depa r t -
men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on speci fi ca t i on s.
(i i i ) Code. Th e Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I , Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s of t h e Amer i ca n S oci -
et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s (AS ME)
1968.
(i v) Con t ain er. I n cl u des a l l vessel s,
t a n k s, cy l i n der s, or sph er es u sed for
t r a n spor t a t i on , st or a ge, or a ppl i ca t i on
of a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a .
(v) DOT . U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n s-
por t a t i on .
(vi ) Design pressu re i s i den t i ca l t o t h e
t er m Maximu m Allowable Work in g Pres-
su re u sed i n t h e Code.
(vi i ) Farm veh icle (i mpl emen t of h u s-
ba n dr y ). A veh i cl e for u se on a fa r m on
wh i ch i s mou n t ed a con t a i n er of n ot
over 1, 200 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y .
(vi i i ) Fillin g den sit y . t h e per cen t r a t i o
of t h e wei gh t of t h e ga s i n a con t a i n er
t o t h e wei gh t of wa t er a t 60 F . t h a t
t h e con t a i n er wi l l h ol d.
(i x) Gas. An h y dr ou s a mmon i a i n ei -
t h er t h e ga seou s or l i qu efi ed st a t e.
(x) Gas mask s. Ga s ma sk s mu st be a p-
pr oved by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
(NI OS H) u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 for u se
wi t h a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a .
(xi ) Capacit y . Tot a l vol u me of t h e
con t a i n er i n st a n da r d U. S . ga l l on s.
(xi i ) DOT speci fi ca t i on sRegu l a t i on s
pu bl i sh ed i n 49 CF R Ch a pt er I .
(b) Basic ru les. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es
t o a l l pa r a gr a ph s of t h i s sect i on u n l ess
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
334
(1) Approval of equ ipmen t an d sy st ems.
Ea ch a ppu r t en a n ce sh a l l be a ppr oved i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(1) (i ),
(i i ), (i i i ), or (i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i ) I t wa s i n st a l l ed befor e F ebr u a r y 8,
1973, a n d wa s a ppr oved, t est ed, a n d i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h ei t h er t h e
pr ovi si on s of t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
of An h y dr ou s Ammon i a , K61. 1, or t h e
F er t i l i zer I n st i t u t e S t a n da r ds for t h e
S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of Agr i cu l t u r a l
An h y dr ou s Ammon i a , M1, (bot h of
wh i ch a r e i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6) i n effect a t t h e
t i me of i n st a l l a t i on ; or
(i i ) I t i s a ccept ed, or cer t i fi ed, or l i st -
ed, or l a bel ed, or ot h er wi se det er mi n ed
t o be sa fe by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y ; or
(i i i ) I t i s a t y pe wh i ch n o n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y does, or
wi l l u n der t a k e t o, a ccept , cer t i fy , l i st ,
l a bel , or det er mi n e t o be sa fe; a n d su ch
equ i pmen t i s i n spect ed or t est ed by
a n y F eder a l , S t a t e, mu n i ci pa l , or ot h er
l oca l a u t h or i t y r espon si bl e for en for c-
i n g occu pa t i on a l sa fet y pr ovi si on s of a
F eder a l , S t a t e, mu n i ci pa l or ot h er
l oca l l a w, code, or r egu l a t i on per -
t a i n i n g t o t h e st or a ge, h a n dl i n g, t r a n s-
por t , a n d u se of a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a ,
a n d fou n d t o be i n compl i a n ce wi t h ei -
t h er t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d for t h e S t or a ge a n d
Ha n dl i n g of An h y dr ou s Ammon i a ,
K61. 1, or t h e F er t i l i zer I n st i t u t e S t a n d-
a r ds for t h e S t or a ge a n d Ha n dl i n g of
Agr i cu l t u r a l An h y dr ou s Ammon i a , M
1, i n effect a t t h e t i me of i n st a l l a t i on ;
or
(i v) I t i s a cu st om-desi gn ed a n d cu s-
t om-bu i l t u n i t , wh i ch n o n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y , or F ed-
er a l , S t a t e, mu n i ci pa l or l oca l a u t h or -
i t y r espon si bl e for t h e en for cemen t of a
F eder a l , S t a t e, mu n i ci pa l , or l oca l l a w,
code or r egu l a t i on per t a i n i n g t o t h e
st or a ge, t r a n spor t a t i on a n d u se of a n -
h y dr ou s a mmon i a i s wi l l i n g t o u n der -
t a k e t o a ccept , cer t i fy , l i st , l a bel or de-
t er mi n e t o be sa fe, a n d t h e empl oy er
h a s on fi l e a docu men t a t t est i n g t o i t s
sa fe con di t i on fol l owi n g t h e con du ct of
a ppr opr i a t e t est s. Th e docu men t sh a l l
be si gn ed by a r egi st er ed pr ofessi on a l
en gi n eer or ot h er per son h a vi n g speci a l
t r a i n i n g or exper i en ce su ffi ci en t t o per -
mi t h i m t o for m a n opi n i on a s t o sa fet y
of t h e u n i t i n vol ved. Th e docu men t
sh a l l set for t h t h e t est ba ses, t est da t a
a n d r esu l t s, a n d a l so t h e qu a l i fi ca t i on s
of t h e cer t i fy i n g per son .
(v) F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(1), t h e wor d list ed mea n s t h a t
equ i pmen t i s of a k i n d men t i on ed i n a
l i st wh i ch i s pu bl i sh ed by a n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed l a bor a t or y wh i ch ma k es
per i odi c i n spect i on of t h e pr odu ct i on of
su ch equ i pmen t , a n d st a t es su ch equ i p-
men t meet s n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
st a n da r ds or h a s been t est ed a n d fou n d
sa fe for u se i n a speci fi ed ma n n er . L a-
beled mea n s t h er e i s a t t a ch ed t o i t a
l a bel , sy mbol , or ot h er i den t i fy i n g
ma r k of a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g
l a bor a t or y wh i ch , ma k es per i odi c i n -
spect i on s of t h e pr odu ct i on of su ch
equ i pmen t , a n d wh ose l a bel i n g i n di -
ca t es compl i a n ce wi t h n a t i on a l l y r ec-
ogn i zed st a n da r ds or t est s t o det er mi n e
sa fe u se i n a speci fi ed ma n n er . Cert if ied
mea n s i t h a s been t est ed a n d fou n d by
a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a -
t or y t o meet n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
st a n da r ds or t o be sa fe for u se i n a
speci fi ed ma n n er , or i s of a k i n d wh ose
pr odu ct i on i s per i odi ca l l y i n spect ed by
a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a -
t or y , a n d i t bea r s a l a bel , t a g, or ot h er
r ecor d of cer t i fi ca t i on .
(vi ) F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(1), r efer t o 1910. 7 for defi n i -
t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g
l a bor a t or y .
(2) Requ iremen t s f or con st ru ct ion , origi-
n al t est an d requ alif icat ion of n on ref rig-
erat ed con t ain ers. (i ) Con t a i n er s u sed
wi t h sy st ems cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c),
(f), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed a n d t est ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e Code except t h a t con st r u ct i on
u n der Ta bl e UW12 a t a ba si c j oi n t effi -
ci en cy of u n der 80 per cen t i s n ot a u -
t h or i zed.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s bu i l t a ccor di n g t o t h e
Code do n ot h a ve t o compl y wi t h P a r a -
gr a ph s UG125 t o UG128 i n cl u si ve, a n d
P a r a gr a ph s UG132 a n d UG133 of t h e
Code.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s exceedi n g 36 i n ch es i n
di a met er or 250 ga l l on s wa t er ca pa ci t y
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed t o compl y wi t h
on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be st r ess r el i eved
a ft er fa br i ca t i on i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e Code, or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
335
(b) Col d-for m h ea ds wh en u sed, sh a l l
be st r ess r el i eved, or
(c) Hot -for med h ea ds sh a l l be u sed.
(i v) Wel di n g t o t h e sh el l , h ea d, or a n y
ot h er pa r t of t h e con t a i n er su bj ect t o
i n t er n a l pr essu r e sh a l l be don e i n com-
pl i a n ce wi t h t h e Code. Ot h er wel di n g i s
per mi t t ed on l y on sa ddl e pl a t es, l u gs,
or br a ck et s a t t a ch ed t o t h e con t a i n er
by t h e con t a i n er ma n u fa ct u r er .
(v) Con t a i n er s u sed wi t h sy st ems cov-
er ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d t est ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e DOT speci fi ca t i on s.
(vi ) Th e pr ovi si on s of su bdi vi si on (i )
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph sh a l l n ot be con -
st r u ed a s pr oh i bi t i n g t h e con t i n u ed u se
or r ei n st a l l a t i on of con t a i n er s con -
wi t h t h e 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, a n d
1962 edi t i on s of t h e Code or a n y r evi -
si on s t h er eof i n effect a t t h e t i me of
fa br i ca t i on .
(3) Mark in g n on ref rigerat ed con t ain ers.
(i ) S y st em n a mepl a t es, wh en r equ i r ed,
sh a l l be per ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e
sy st em so a s t o be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e
for i n spect i on a n d sh a l l i n cl u de ma r k -
i n gs a s pr escr i bed i n su bdi vi si on (i i ) of
(i i ) Ea ch con t a i n er or sy st em cover ed
i n pa r a gr a ph s (c), (f), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l be ma r k ed a s speci fi ed i n
t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Wi t h a n ot a t i on An h y dr ou s Am-
mon i a .
(b) Wi t h a ma r k i n g i den t i fy i n g com-
pl i a n ce wi t h t h e r u l es of t h e Code
u n der wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s con -
st r u ct ed.
Un der gr ou n d: Con t a i n er a n d sy st em n a me-
pl a t e.
Above gr ou n d: Con t a i n er .
(c) Wi t h a n ot a t i on wh et h er t h e sy s-
t em i s desi gn ed for u n der gr ou n d or
a bovegr ou n d i n st a l l a t i on or bot h .
(d) Wi t h t h e n a me a n d a ddr ess of t h e
su ppl i er of t h e sy st em or t h e t r a de
n a me of t h e sy st em a n d wi t h t h e da t e
of fa br i ca t i on .
Un der gr ou n d a n d a bove gr ou n d: S y st em
n a mepl a t e.
(e) Wi t h t h e wa t er ca pa ci t y of t h e
con t a i n er i n pou n ds a t 60 F . or ga l -
l on s, U. S . S t a n da r d.
pl a t e.
(f ) Wi t h t h e desi gn pr essu r e i n pou n ds
per squ a r e i n ch .
pl a t e.
(g) Wi t h t h e wa l l t h i ck n ess of t h e
sh el l a n d h ea ds.
pl a t e.
(h ) Wi t h ma r k i n g i n di ca t i n g t h e
ma xi mu m l evel t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
ma y be fi l l ed wi t h l i qu i d a n h y dr ou s
a mmon i a a t t emper a t u r es bet ween 20
F . a n d 130 F . except on con t a i n er s
pr ovi ded wi t h fi xed l evel i n di ca t or s,
su ch a s fi xed l en gt h di p t u bes, or con -
t a i n er s t h a t a r e fi l l ed wi t h wei gh t .
Ma r k i n gs sh a l l be i n i n cr emen t s of n ot
mor e t h a n 20 F .
Above gr ou n d a n d u n der gr ou n d: S y st em
n a mepl a t e or on l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ce.
(i) Wi t h t h e t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea
of t h e con t a i n er i n squ a r e feet .
Un der gr ou n d: S y st em n a mepl a t e.
Above gr ou n d: No r equ i r emen t .
(j) Ma r k i n g speci fi ed on t h e con -
t a i n er sh a l l be on t h e con t a i n er i t sel f
or on a n a mepl a t e per ma n en t l y a t -
t a ch ed t o i t .
(4) Mark in g ref rigerat ed con t ain ers.
Ea ch r efr i ger a t ed con t a i n er sh a l l be
ma r k ed wi t h n a mepl a t e on t h e ou t er
cover i n g i n a n a ccessi bl e pl a ce a s spec-
i fi ed i n t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Wi t h t h e n ot a t i on , An h y dr ou s
Ammon i a .
(i i ) Wi t h t h e n a me a n d a ddr ess of t h e
bu i l der a n d t h e da t e of fa br i ca t i on .
(i i i ) Wi t h t h e wa t er ca pa ci t y of t h e
con t a i n er i n ga l l on s, U. S . S t a n da r d.
(i v) Wi t h t h e desi gn pr essu r e.
(v) Wi t h t h e mi n i mu m t emper a t u r e
i n degr ees F a h r en h ei t for wh i ch t h e
con t a i n er wa s desi gn ed.
(vi ) Th e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e wa t er
l evel t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er ma y be
fi l l ed for t est pu r poses.
(vi i ) Wi t h t h e den si t y of t h e pr odu ct
i n pou n ds per cu bi c foot for wh i ch t h e
con t a i n er wa s desi gn ed.
(vi i i ) Wi t h t h e ma xi mu m l evel t o
wh i ch t h e con t a i n er ma y be fi l l ed wi t h
l i qu i d a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
336
(5) L ocat ion of con t ain ers. (i ) Con si der -
a t i on sh a l l be gi ven t o t h e ph y si o-
l ogi ca l effect s of a mmon i a a s wel l a s t o
a dj a cen t fi r e h a za r ds i n sel ect i n g t h e
l oca t i on for a st or a ge con t a i n er . Con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de of
bu i l di n gs or i n bu i l di n gs or sect i on s
t h er eof especi a l l y pr ovi ded for t h i s
pu r pose.
(i i ) P er ma n en t st or a ge con t a i n er s
sh a l l be l oca t ed a t l ea st 50 feet fr om a
du g wel l or ot h er sou r ces of pot a bl e
wa t er su ppl y , u n l ess t h e con t a i n er i s a
pa r t of a wa t er -t r ea t men t i n st a l l a t i on .
(v) S t or a ge a r ea s sh a l l be k ept fr ee of
r ea di l y i gn i t i bl e ma t er i a l s su ch a s
wa st e, weeds, a n d l on g dr y gr a ss.
(6) Con t ain er appu rt en an ces. (i ) Al l a p-
pu r t en a n ces sh a l l be desi gn ed for n ot
l ess t h a n t h e ma xi mu m wor k i n g pr es-
su r e of t h a t por t i on of t h e sy st em on
wh i ch t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed. Al l a ppu r -
t en a n ces sh a l l be fa br i ca t ed fr om ma -
t er i a l s pr oved su i t a bl e for a n h y dr ou s
a mmon i a ser vi ce.
(i i ) Al l con n ect i on s t o con t a i n er s ex-
cept sa fet y r el i ef devi ces, ga gi n g de-
vi ces, or t h ose fi t t ed wi t h No. 54 dr i l l -
si ze or i fi ce sh a l l h a ve sh u t off va l ves l o-
ca t ed a s cl ose t o t h e con t a i n er a s pr a c-
t i ca bl e.
(i i i ) Excess fl ow va l ves wh er e r e-
qu i r ed by t h ese st a n da r ds sh a l l cl ose
a u t oma t i ca l l y a t t h e r a t ed fl ows of
va por or l i qu i d a s speci fi ed by t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er . Th e con n ect i on s a n d l i n e i n -
cl u di n g va l ves a n d fi t t i n gs bei n g pr o-
t ect ed by a n excess fl ow va l ve sh a l l
h a ve a gr ea t er ca pa ci t y t h a n t h e r a t ed
fl ow of t h e excess fl ow va l ve so t h a t
t h e va l ve wi l l cl ose i n ca se of fa i l u r e of
t h e l i n e or fi t t i n gs.
(i v) Li qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ces t h a t
r equ i r e bl eedi n g of t h e pr odu ct t o t h e
a t mosph er e a n d wh i ch a r e so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t ou t wa r d fl ow wi l l n ot ex-
ceed t h a t pa ssed by a No. 54 dr i l l -si ze
open i n g n eed n ot be equ i pped wi t h ex-
cess fl ow va l ves.
(v) Open i n gs fr om t h e con t a i n er or
t h r ou gh fi t t i n gs a t t a ch ed di r ect l y on
t h e con t a i n er t o wh i ch pr essu r e ga ge
con n ect i on s a r e ma de n eed n ot be
equ i pped wi t h excess fl ow va l ves i f
su ch open i n gs a r e n ot l a r ger t h a n No.
54 dr i l l si ze.
(vi ) Excess fl ow a n d ba ck pr essu r e
ch eck va l ves wh er e r equ i r ed by t h e
st a n da r ds i n t h i s sect i on sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed i n si de of t h e con t a i n er or a t a
poi n t ou t si de a s cl ose a s pr a ct i ca bl e t o
wh er e t h e l i n e en t er s t h e con t a i n er . I n
t h e l a t t er ca se i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be
ma de i n su ch ma n n er t h a t a n y u n du e
st r a i n bey on d t h e excess fl ow or ba ck
pr essu r e ch eck va l ve wi l l n ot ca u se
br ea k a ge bet ween t h e con t a i n er a n d
t h e va l ve.
(vi i ) Excess fl ow va l ves sh a l l be de-
si gn ed wi t h a by pa ss, n ot t o exceed a
No. 60 dr i l l -si ze open i n g t o a l l ow
equ a l i za t i on of pr essu r es.
(vi i i ) Al l excess fl ow va l ves sh a l l be
pl a i n l y a n d per ma n en t l y ma r k ed wi t h
t h e n a me or t r a dema r k of t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er , t h e ca t a l og n u mber , a n d t h e
r a t ed ca pa ci t y .
(7) Pipin g, t u bin g, an d f it t in gs. (i ) Al l
pi pi n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
ma de of ma t er i a l su i t a bl e for a n h y -
dr ou s a mmon i a ser vi ce.
(i i ) Al l pi pi n g, t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs
sh a l l be desi gn ed for a pr essu r e n ot l ess
t h a n t h e ma xi mu m pr essu r e t o wh i ch
t h ey ma y be su bj ect ed i n ser vi ce.
(i i i ) Al l r efr i ger a t ed pi pi n g sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e Refr i ger a t i on P i pi n g Code,
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i -
t u t e, B31. 51966 wi t h a dden da B31. 1a
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, a s i t a ppl i es t o
a mmon i a .
(i v) P i pi n g u sed on n on -r efr i ger a t ed
sy st ems sh a l l be a t l ea st Amer i ca n S o-
ci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s
(AS TM) A5369 Gr a de B El ect r i c Re-
si st a n ce Wel ded a n d El ect r i c F l a sh
Wel ded P i pe, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, or
equ a l . S u ch pi pe sh a l l be a t l ea st
sch edu l e 40 wh en j oi n t s a r e wel ded, or
wel ded a n d fl a n ged. S u ch pi pe sh a l l be
a t l ea st sch edu l e 80 wh en j oi n t s a r e
t h r ea ded. Th r ea ded con n ect i on s sh a l l
n ot be ba ck -wel ded. Br a ss, copper , or
ga l va n i zed st eel pi pe sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(v) Tu bi n g ma de of br a ss, copper , or
ot h er ma t er i a l su bj ect t o a t t a ck by
a mmon i a sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(vi ) Ca st i r on fi t t i n gs sh a l l n ot be
u sed bu t t h i s sh a l l n ot pr oh i bi t t h e u se
of fi t t i n gs ma de speci fi ca l l y for a mmo-
n i a ser vi ce of ma l l ea bl e, n odu l a r , or
h i gh st r en gt h gr a y i r on meet i n g Amer -
i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s
(AS TM) A4768, AS TM 39568, or AS TM
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
337
A12666 Cl a ss B or C a l l of wh i ch a r e i n -
1910. 6.
(vi i ) J oi n t compou n ds sh a l l be r esi st -
a n t t o a mmon i a .
(8) Hose specif icat ion s. (i ) Hose u sed i n
a mmon i a ser vi ce sh a l l con for m t o t h e
j oi n t Agr i cu l t u r a l Ammon i a I n st i -
t u t eRu bber Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a -
t i on S peci fi ca t i on s for An h y dr ou s Am-
mon i a Hose.
(i i ) Hose su bj ect t o con t a i n er pr es-
su r e sh a l l be desi gn ed for a mi n i mu m
wor k i n g pr essu r e of 350 p. s. i . g. a n d a
mi n i mu m bu r st pr essu r e of 1, 750 p. s. i . g.
Hose a ssembl i es, wh en ma de u p, sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a t est pr es-
su r e of 500 p. s. i . g.
(i i i ) Hose a n d h ose con n ect i on s l o-
ca t ed on t h e l ow-pr essu r e si de of fl ow
con t r ol of pr essu r e-r edu ci n g va l ves
sh a l l be desi gn ed for a bu r st i n g pr es-
su r e of n ot l ess t h a n 5 t i mes t h e pr es-
su r e set t i n g of t h e sa fet y r el i ef devi ces
pr ot ect i n g t h a t por t i on of t h e sy st em
bu t n ot l ess t h a n 125 p. s. i . g. Al l con n ec-
t i on s sh a l l be so desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h er e wi l l be n o l ea k a ge
wh en con n ect ed.
(i v) Wh er e h ose i s t o be u sed for
t r a n sfer r i n g l i qu i d fr om on e con t a i n er
t o a n ot h er , wet h ose i s r ec-
ommen ded. S u ch h ose sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved sh u t off va l ves
a t t h e di sch a r ge en d. P r ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de t o pr even t excessi ve pr essu r e i n
t h e h ose.
(v) On a l l h ose on e-h a l f i n ch ou t si de
di a met er a n d l a r ger , u sed for t h e t r a n s-
fer of a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a l i qu i d or
va por , t h er e sh a l l be et ch ed, ca st , or
i mpr essed a t 5-foot i n t er va l s t h e fol -
l owi n g i n for ma t i on .
An h y dr ou s Ammon i a xxx p. s. i . g. (ma x-
i mu m wor k i n g pr essu r e), ma n u fa ct u r er s
n a me or t r a dema r k , y ea r of ma n u fa ct u r e.
I n l i eu of t h i s r equ i r emen t t h e sa me i n -
for ma t i on ma y be con t a i n ed on a
n a mepl a t e per ma n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o
t h e h ose.
TABLE H36
[Minimum required rate of discharge in cubic feet per minute
of air at 120 percent of the maximum permitted start to dis-
charge pressure of safety relief valves]
Flow rate
CFM air
20 ......................................................................... 258
25 ......................................................................... 310
TABLE H36Continued
Flow rate
CFM air
30 ......................................................................... 360
35 ......................................................................... 408
40 ......................................................................... 455
45 ......................................................................... 501
50 ......................................................................... 547
55 ......................................................................... 591
60 ......................................................................... 635
65 ......................................................................... 678
70 ......................................................................... 720
75 ......................................................................... 762
80 ......................................................................... 804
85 ......................................................................... 845
90 ......................................................................... 885
95 ......................................................................... 925
100 ....................................................................... 965
105 ....................................................................... 1,010
110 ....................................................................... 1,050
115 ....................................................................... 1,090
120 ....................................................................... 1,120
125 ....................................................................... 1,160
130 ....................................................................... 1,200
135 ....................................................................... 1,240
140 ....................................................................... 1,280
145 ....................................................................... 1,310
150 ....................................................................... 1,350
155 ....................................................................... 1,390
160 ....................................................................... 1,420
165 ....................................................................... 1,460
170 ....................................................................... 1,500
175 ....................................................................... 1,530
180 ....................................................................... 1,570
185 ....................................................................... 1,600
190 ....................................................................... 1,640
195 ....................................................................... 1,670
200 ....................................................................... 1,710
210 ....................................................................... 1,780
220 ....................................................................... 1,850
230 ....................................................................... 1,920
240 ....................................................................... 1,980
250 ....................................................................... 2,050
260 ....................................................................... 2,120
270 ....................................................................... 2,180
280 ....................................................................... 2,250
290 ....................................................................... 2,320
300 ....................................................................... 2,380
310 ....................................................................... 2,450
320 ....................................................................... 2,510
330 ....................................................................... 2,570
340 ....................................................................... 2,640
350 ....................................................................... 2,700
360 ....................................................................... 2,760
370 ....................................................................... 2,830
380 ....................................................................... 2,890
390 ....................................................................... 2,950
400 ....................................................................... 3,010
450 ....................................................................... 3,320
500 ....................................................................... 3,620
550 ....................................................................... 3,910
600 ....................................................................... 4,200
650 ....................................................................... 4,480
700 ....................................................................... 4,760
750 ....................................................................... 5,040
800 ....................................................................... 5,300
850 ....................................................................... 5,590
900 ....................................................................... 5,850
950 ....................................................................... 6,120
1,000 .................................................................... 6,380
1,050 .................................................................... 6,640
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
338
TABLE H36Continued
Flow rate
CFM air
1,100 .................................................................... 6,900
1,150 .................................................................... 7,160
1,200 .................................................................... 7,410
1,250 .................................................................... 7,660
1,300 .................................................................... 7,910
1,350 .................................................................... 8,160
1,400 .................................................................... 8,410
1,450 .................................................................... 8,650
1,500 .................................................................... 8,900
1,550 .................................................................... 9,140
1,600 .................................................................... 9,380
1,650 .................................................................... 9,620
1,700 .................................................................... 9,860
1,750 .................................................................... 10,090
1,800 .................................................................... 10,330
1,850 .................................................................... 10,560
1,900 .................................................................... 10,800
1,950 .................................................................... 11,030
2,000 .................................................................... 11,260
2,050 .................................................................... 11,490
2,100 .................................................................... 11,720
2,150 .................................................................... 11,950
2,200 .................................................................... 12,180
2,250 .................................................................... 12,400
2,300 .................................................................... 12,630
2,350 .................................................................... 12,850
2,400 .................................................................... 13,080
2,450 .................................................................... 13,300
2,500 .................................................................... 13,520
S u r fa ce Ar ea =t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea of
con t a i n er i n squ a r e feet . Wh en t h e su r fa ce
a r ea i s n ot st a mped on t h e n a mepl a t e or
wh en t h e ma r k i n g i s n ot l egi bl e t h e a r ea ca n
be ca l cu l a t ed by u si n g on e of t h e fol l owi n g
for mu l a s:
(1) Cy l i n dr i ca l con t a i n er wi t h h emi -
sph er i ca l h ea ds:
Ar ea =over a l l l en gt h i n feet t i mes ou t si de di -
a met er i n feet t i mes 3. 1416.
(2) Cy l i n dr i ca l con t a i n er wi t h ot h er t h a n
h emi sph er i ca l h ea ds:
Ar ea =(over a l l l en gt h i n feet pl u s 0. 3 ou t si de
di a met er i n feet ) t i mes ou t si de di a met er i n
feet t i mes 3. 1416.
(3) S ph er i ca l con t a i n er :
Ar ea =ou t si de di a met er i n feet squ a r ed t i mes
3. 1416.
F l ow Ra t eCF M Ai r =cu bi c feet per mi n u t e
of a i r r equ i r ed a t st a n da r d con di t i on s, 60 F .
a n d a t mosph er i c pr essu r e (14. 7 p. s. i . a . ).
Th e r a t e of di sch a r ge ma y be i n t er pol a t ed
for i n t er medi a t e va l u es of su r fa ce a r ea . F or
con t a i n er s wi t h t ot a l ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea
gr ea t er t h a n 2, 500 squ a r e feet , t h e r equ i r ed
fl ow r a t e ca n be ca l cu l a t ed u si n g t h e for -
mu l a : F l ow Ra t e CF M Ai r =22. 11 A
0 82
, wh er e
A=ou t si de su r fa ce a r ea of t h e con t a i n er i n
squ a r e feet .
(9) Saf et y relief devices. (i ) Ever y con -
t a i n er u sed i n sy st ems cover ed by pa r a -
gr a ph s (c), (f), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h on e or mor e
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves of t h e spr i n g-l oa ded
or equ i va l en t t y pe. Th e di sch a r ge fr om
sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be ven t ed
a wa y fr om t h e con t a i n er u pwa r d a n d
u n obst r u ct ed t o t h e a t mosph er e. Al l
r el i ef-va l ve di sch a r ge open i n gs sh a l l
h a ve su i t a bl e r a i n ca ps t h a t wi l l a l l ow
fr ee di sch a r ge of t h e va por a n d pr even t
en t r a n ce of wa t er . P r ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de for dr a i n i n g con den sa t e wh i ch
ma y a ccu mu l a t e. Th e r a t e of t h e di s-
ch a r ge sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
pr ovi si on s of Ta bl e H36.
(i i ) Con t a i n er sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves
sh a l l be set t o st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge a s fol -
l ows, wi t h r el a t i on t o t h e desi gn pr es-
su r e of t h e con t a i n er :
Containers
Minimum
(percent)
Maximum
(percent)
ASME-U68, U69 ........................ 110 125
ASME-U200, U201 .................... 95 100
ASME 1959, 1956, 1952, or 1962 95 100
API-ASME ..................................... 95 100
U.S. Coast Guard .......................... 95 100
As r equ i r ed by DOT Regu l a t i on s.
(i i i ) S a fet y r el i ef devi ces u sed i n sy s-
t ems cover ed by pa r a gr a ph s (c), (f), (g),
a n d (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed t o di sch a r ge a t n ot l ess t h a n
t h e r a t es r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(9)(i )
of t h i s sect i on befor e t h e pr essu r e i s i n
excess of 120 per cen t (n ot i n cl u di n g t h e
10 per cen t t ol er a n ce r efer r ed t o i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(9)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on ) of
t h e ma xi mu m per mi t t ed st a r t -t o-di s-
ch a r ge pr essu r e set t i n g of t h e devi ce.
(i v) S a fet y -r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be so
a r r a n ged t h a t t h e possi bi l i t y of t a m-
per i n g wi l l be mi n i mi zed. I f t h e pr es-
su r e set t i n g a dj u st men t i s ext er n a l ,
t h e r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
mea n s for sea l i n g t h e a dj u st men t .
(v) S h u t off va l ves sh a l l n ot be i n -
st a l l ed bet ween t h e sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves
a n d t h e con t a i n er ; except , t h a t a sh u t -
off va l ve ma y be u sed wh er e t h e a r -
r a n gemen t of t h i s va l ve i s su ch a s a l -
wa y s t o a ffor d fu l l r equ i r ed ca pa ci t y
fl ow t h r ou gh t h e r el i ef va l ves.
(vi ) S a fet y -r el i ef va l ves sh a l l h a ve di -
spa ce of t h e con t a i n er .
(vi i ) Ea ch con t a i n er sa fet y -r el i ef
va l ve u sed wi t h sy st ems cover ed by
pa r a gr a ph s (c), (f), (g), a n d (h ) of t h i s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
339
sect i on sh a l l be pl a i n l y a n d per ma -
n en t l y ma r k ed wi t h t h e sy mbol NH3
or AA; wi t h t h e pr essu r e i n pou n ds-
per -squ a r e-i n ch ga ge a t wh i ch t h e
va l ve i s set t o st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge; wi t h
t h e a ct u a l r a t e of di sch a r ge of t h e
va l ve a t i t s fu l l open posi t i on i n cu bi c
feet per mi n u t e of a i r a t 60 F . a n d a t -
mosph er i c pr essu r e; a n d wi t h t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er s n a me a n d ca t a l og n u mber .
Exa mpl e: NH3 2504050 Ai r i n di ca t es
t h a t t h e va l ve i s su i t a bl e for u se on a n
a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a con t a i n er , i s set
t o st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge a t a pr essu r e of
250 p. s. i . g. , a n d t h a t i t s r a t e of di s-
ch a r ge a t fu l l open posi t i on (su bdi vi -
si on s (i i ) a n d (i i i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph )
i s 4, 050 cu bi c feet per mi n u t e of a i r .
(vi i i ) Th e fl ow ca pa ci t y of t h e r el i ef
va l ve sh a l l n ot be r est r i ct ed by a n y
con n ect i on t o i t on ei t h er t h e u pst r ea m
or down st r ea m si de.
(i x) A h y dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ve sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed bet ween ea ch pa i r of va l ves
i n t h e l i qu i d a mmon i a pi pi n g or h ose
wh er e l i qu i d ma y be t r a pped so a s t o
r el i eve i n t o t h e a t mosph er e a t a sa fe
l oca t i on .
(10) Gen eral.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) S t a t i on a r y st or a ge i n st a l l a t i on s
mu st h a ve a t l ea st t wo su i t a bl e ga s
ma sk s i n r ea di l y -a ccessi bl e l oca t i on s.
F u l l -fa ce ma sk s wi t h a mmon i a ca n -
i st er s t h a t h a ve been a ppr oved by
NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 a r e su i t -
a bl e for emer gen cy a ct i on i n vol vi n g
most a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a l ea k s, pa r -
t i cu l a r l y l ea k s t h a t occu r ou t door s.
F or r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on i n con -
cen t r a t ed a mmon i a a t mosph er es, a
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s i s
r equ i r ed.
(i i i ) S t a t i on a r y st or a ge i n st a l l a t i on s
sh a l l h a ve a n ea si l y a ccessi bl e sh ower
or a 50-ga l l on dr u m of wa t er .
(i v) Ea ch veh i cl e t r a n spor t i n g a mmo-
n i a i n bu l k except fa r m a ppl i ca t or ve-
h i cl es sh a l l ca r r y a con t a i n er of a t
l ea st 5 ga l l on s of wa t er a n d sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a fu l l fa ce ma sk .
(11) Ch argin g of con t ain ers. (i ) Th e fi l l -
i n g den si t i es for con t a i n er s t h a t a r e
n ot r efr i ger a t ed sh a l l n ot exceed t h e
fol l owi n g:
Type of container
Percent by
weight
Percent by
volume
Aboveground-Uninsulated ............. 56 82
Aboveground-Uninsulated ............. .................. 87.5
Type of container
Percent by
weight
Percent by
volume
Aboveground-Insulated ................. 57 83.5
Underground-Uninsulated ............. 58 85
DOTIn accord with DOT regula-
tions..
(i i ) Abovegr ou n d u n i n su l a t ed con -
t a i n er s ma y be ch a r ged 87. 5 per cen t by
vol u me pr ovi ded t h e t emper a t u r e of
t h e a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a bei n g ch a r ged
i s det er mi n ed t o be n ot l ower t h a n 30
F . or pr ovi ded t h e ch a r gi n g of t h e con -
t a i n er i s st opped a t t h e fi r st i n di ca t i on
of fr ost or i ce for ma t i on on i t s ou t si de
su r fa ce a n d i s n ot r esu med u n t i l su ch
fr ost or i ce h a s di sa ppea r ed.
(12) T ran sf er of liqu ids. (i ) An h y dr ou s
a mmon i a sh a l l a l wa y s be a t a t emper a -
t u r e su i t a bl e for t h e ma t er i a l of con -
st r u ct i on a n d t h e desi gn of t h e r ecei v-
i n g con t a i n er .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r equ i r e t h e
con t i n u ou s pr esen ce of a n a t t en da n t i n
t h e vi ci n i t y of t h e oper a t i on du r i n g
su ch t i me a s a mmon i a i s bei n g t r a n s-
fer r ed.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be ch a r ged or
u sed on l y u pon a u t h or i za t i on of t h e
own er .
(i v) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be ga ged a n d
ch a r ged on l y i n t h e open a t mosph er e or
i n bu i l di n gs or a r ea s t h er eof pr ovi ded
for t h a t pu r pose.
(v) P u mps u sed for t r a n sfer r i n g a m-
mon i a sh a l l be t h ose ma n u fa ct u r ed for
t h a t pu r pose.
(a) P u mps sh a l l be desi gn ed for a t
l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. wor k i n g pr essu r e.
(b) P osi t i ve di spl a cemen t pu mps
sh a l l h a ve, i n st a l l ed off t h e di sch a r ged
por t , a con st a n t di ffer en t i a l r el i ef
va l ve di sch a r gi n g i n t o t h e su ct i on por t
of t h e pu mp t h r ou gh a l i n e of su ffi ci en t
si ze t o ca r r y t h e fu l l ca pa ci t y of t h e
pu mp a t r el i ef va l ve set t i n g, wh i ch set -
t i n g a n d i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be a ccor di n g
t o t h e pu mp ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s.
(c) On t h e di sch a r ge si de of t h e pu mp,
befor e t h e r el i ef va l ve l i n e, t h er e sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed a pr essu r e ga ge gr a du a t ed
fr om 0 t o 400 p. s. i .
(d) P l a n t pi pi n g sh a l l con t a i n sh u t off
va l ves l oca t ed a s cl ose a s pr a ct i ca l t o
pu mp con n ect i on s.
(vi ) Compr essor s u sed for t r a n sfer -
r i n g or r efr i ger a t i n g a mmon i a sh a l l be
r ecommen ded for a mmon i a ser vi ce by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
340
(a) Compr essor s sh a l l be desi gn ed for
a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. wor k i n g pr essu r e.
(b) P l a n t pi pi n g sh a l l con t a i n sh u t off
va l ves l oca t ed a s cl ose a s pr a ct i ca l t o
compr essor con n ect i on s.
(c) A r el i ef va l ve l a r ge en ou gh t o di s-
ch a r ge t h e fu l l ca pa ci t y of t h e com-
pr essor sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e di s-
ch a r ge befor e a n y sh u t off va l ve.
(d) Compr essor s sh a l l h a ve pr essu r e
ga ges a t su ct i on a n d di sch a r ge gr a d-
u a t ed t o a t l ea st on e a n d on e-h a l f
t i mes t h e ma xi mu m pr essu r e t h a t ca n
be devel oped.
(e) Adequ a t e mea n s, su ch a s dr a i n -
a bl e l i qu i d t r a p, sh a l l be pr ovi ded on
t h e compr essor su ct i on t o mi n i mi ze
t h e en t r y of l i qu i d i n t o t h e compr essor .
(vi i ) Loa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g sy st ems
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by su i t a bl e devi ces
t o pr even t empt y i n g of t h e st or a ge
con t a i n er or t h e con t a i n er bei n g l oa ded
or u n l oa ded i n t h e even t of sever a n ce
of t h e h ose. Ba ck fl ow ch eck va l ves or
pr oper l y si zed excess fl ow va l ves sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed wh er e n ecessa r y t o pr ovi de
su ch pr ot ect i on . I n t h e even t t h a t su ch
va l ves a r e n ot pr a ct i ca l , r emot el y op-
er a t ed sh u t off va l ves ma y be i n st a l l ed.
(13) T an k car u n loadin g poin t s an d op-
erat ion s. (i ) P r ovi si on s for u n l oa di n g
t a n k ca r s sh a l l con for m t o t h e a ppl i ca -
bl e r ecommen da t i on s con t a i n ed i n t h e
DOT r egu l a t i on s.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
u n l oa di n g oper a t i on s a r e per for med by
r el i a bl e per son s pr oper l y i n st r u ct ed
a n d gi ven t h e a u t h or i t y t o mon i t or
ca r efu l compl i a n ce wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e
pr ocedu r es.
(i i i ) Ca u t i on si gn s sh a l l be so pl a ced
on t h e t r a ck or ca r a s t o gi ve n ecessa r y
wa r n i n g t o per son s a ppr oa ch i n g t h e ca r
fr om open en d or en ds of si di n g a n d
sh a l l be l eft u p u n t i l a ft er t h e ca r i s
u n l oa ded a n d di scon n ect ed fr om di s-
ch a r ge con n ect i on s. S i gn s sh a l l be of
met a l or ot h er su i t a bl e ma t er i a l , a t
l ea st 12 by 15 i n ch es i n si ze a n d bea r
t h e wor ds S TOP Ta n k Ca r Con -
n ect ed or S TOP Men a t Wor k t h e
wor d, S TOP , bei n g i n l et t er s a t l ea st
4 i n ch es h i gh a n d t h e ot h er wor ds i n
l et t er s a t l ea st 2 i n ch es h i gh .
(i v) Th e t r a ck of a t a n k ca r si di n g
sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l l y l evel .
(v) Br a k es sh a l l be set a n d wh eel s
bl ock ed on a l l ca r s bei n g u n l oa ded.
(14) L iqu id-level gagin g device. (i ) Ea ch
con t a i n er except t h ose fi l l ed by wei gh t
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n a ppr oved l i q-
u i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ce. A t h er momet er
wel l sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a l l con t a i n er s
n ot u t i l i zi n g a fi xed l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g
devi ce.
(i i ) Al l ga gi n g devi ces sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged so t h a t t h e ma xi mu m l i qu i d
l evel t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s fi l l ed i s
r ea di l y det er mi n ed.
(i i i ) Ga gi n g devi ces t h a t r equ i r e
bl eedi n g of t h e pr odu ct t o t h e a t mos-
ph er e su ch a s t h e r ot a r y t u be, fi xed
t u be, a n d sl i p t u be devi ces sh a l l be de-
si gn ed so t h a t t h e ma xi mu m open i n g of
t h e bl eed va l ve i s n ot l a r ger t h a n No.
54 dr i l l si ze u n l ess pr ovi ded wi t h a n ex-
cess fl ow va l ve. (Th i s r equ i r emen t does
n ot a ppl y t o fa r m veh i cl es u sed for t h e
a ppl i ca t i on of a mmon i a a s cover ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on . )
(i v) Ga gi n g devi ces sh a l l h a ve a de-
si gn pr essu r e equ a l t o or gr ea t er t h a n
t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e con t a i n er on
wh i ch t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed.
(v) F i xed t u be l i qu i d-l evel ga ges sh a l l
be desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed t o i n di ca t e
t h a t l evel a t wh i ch t h e con t a i n er i s
fi l l ed t o 85 per cen t of i t s wa t er ca pa c-
i t y i n ga l l on s.
(vi ) Ga ge gl a sses of t h e col u mn a r
t y pe sh a l l be r est r i ct ed t o st a t i on a r y
st or a ge i n st a l l a t i on s. Th ey sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sh u t off va l ves h a vi n g
met a l l i c h a n dwh eel s, wi t h excess-fl ow
va l ves, a n d wi t h ext r a h ea vy gl a ss a de-
qu a t el y pr ot ect ed wi t h a met a l h ou si n g
a ppl i ed by t h e ga ge ma n u fa ct u r er .
Th ey sh a l l be sh i el ded a ga i n st t h e di -
r ect r a y s of t h e su n .
(15) [Reser ved]
(16) Elect rical equ ipmen t an d wirin g. (i )
El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g for
u se i n a mmon i a i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be
gen er a l pu r pose or wea t h er r esi st a n t a s
a ppr opr i a t e.
(i i ) El ect r i ca l sy st ems sh a l l be i n -
wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(c) Sy st ems u t ilizin g st at ion ary , n on -
ref rigerat ed st orage con t ain ers. Th i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o st a t i on a r y , n on -
r efr i ger a t ed st or a ge i n st a l l a t i on s u t i -
l i zi n g con t a i n er s ot h er t h a n t h ose cov-
er ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on .
P a r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
t h i s pa r a gr a ph u n l ess ot h er wi se n ot ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
341
(1) Design pressu re an d con st ru ct ion of
con t ain ers. Th e mi n i mu m desi gn pr es-
su r e for n on r efr i ger a t ed con t a i n er s
sh a l l be 250 p. s. i . g.
(2) Con t ain er valves an d accessories,
f illin g an d disch arge con n ect ion s. (i )
Ea ch fi l l i n g con n ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h combi n a t i on ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck va l ve a n d excess-fl ow va l ve; on e
dou bl e or t wo si n gl e ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck va l ves; or a posi t i ve sh u t off
va l ve i n con j u n ct i on wi t h ei t h er a n i n -
t er n a l ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck va l ve or a n
i n t er n a l excess fl ow va l ve.
(i i ) Al l l i qu i d a n d va por con n ect i on s
t o con t a i n er s except fi l l i n g pi pes, sa fe-
t y r el i ef con n ect i on s, a n d l i qu i d-l evel
ga gi n g a n d pr essu r e ga ge con n ect i on s
pr ovi ded wi t h or i fi ces n ot l a r ger t h a n
No. 54 dr i l l si ze a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(6) (i v) a n d (v) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h excess-fl ow
va l ves.
(i i i ) Ea ch st or a ge con t a i n er sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a pr essu r e ga ge gr a d-
u a t ed fr om 0 t o 400 p. s. i . Ga ges sh a l l be
desi gn a t ed for u se i n a mmon i a ser vi ce.
(i v) Al l con t a i n er s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h va por r et u r n va l ves.
(3) Saf et y -relief devices. (i ) Ever y con -
t a i n er sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h on e or
mor e sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves of t h e spr i n g-
l oa ded or equ i va l en t t y pe i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(9) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i i ) Th e r a t e of di sch a r ge of spr i n g-
l oa ded sa fet y r el i ef va l ves i n st a l l ed on
u n der gr ou n d con t a i n er s ma y be r e-
du ced t o a mi n i mu m of 30 per cen t of
t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge speci fi ed i n Ta bl e
H36. Con t a i n er s so pr ot ect ed sh a l l n ot
be u n cover ed a ft er i n st a l l a t i on u n t i l
t h e l i qu i d a mmon i a h a s been r emoved.
Con t a i n er s wh i ch ma y con t a i n l i qu i d
a mmon i a befor e bei n g i n st a l l ed u n der -
gr ou n d a n d befor e bei n g compl et el y
cover ed wi t h ea r t h a r e t o be con si der ed
a bovegr ou n d con t a i n er s wh en det er -
mi n i n g t h e r a t e of di sch a r ge r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves.
(i i i ) On u n der gr ou n d i n st a l l a t i on s
wh er e t h er e i s a pr oba bi l i t y of t h e
ma n h ol e or h ou si n g becomi n g fl ooded,
t h e di sch a r ge fr om ven t l i n es sh a l l be
l oca t ed a bove t h e h i gh wa t er l evel . Al l
ma n h ol es or h ou si n gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h ven t i l a t ed l ou ver s or t h ei r equ i va -
l en t , t h e a r ea of su ch open i n gs equ a l -
l i n g or exceedi n g combi n ed di sch a r ge
a r ea s of sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves a n d ven t
l i n es wh i ch di sch a r ge t h ei r con t en t
i n t o t h e ma n h ol e h ou si n g.
(i v) Ven t pi pes, wh en u sed, sh a l l n ot
be r est r i ct ed or of sma l l er di a met er
t h a n t h e r el i ef-va l ve ou t l et con n ect i on .
(v) I f desi r ed, ven t pi pes fr om t wo or
mor e sa fet y -r el i ef devi ces l oca t ed on
t h e sa me u n i t , or si mi l a r l i n es fr om
t wo or mor e di ffer en t u n i t s ma y be r u n
i n t o a common di sch a r ge h ea der , pr o-
vi ded t h e ca pa ci t y of su ch h ea der i s a t
l ea st equ a l t o t h e su m of t h e ca pa ci t i es
of t h e i n di vi du a l di sch a r ge l i n es.
(4) Rein st allat ion of con t ain ers. (i ) Con -
t a i n er s on ce i n st a l l ed u n der gr ou n d
sh a l l n ot l a t er be r ei n st a l l ed a bove
gr ou n d or u n der gr ou n d, u n l ess t h ey
su ccessfu l l y wi t h st a n d h y dr ost a t i c
pr essu r e r et est s a t t h e pr essu r e speci -
fi ed for t h e or i gi n a l h y dr ost a t i c t est a s
r equ i r ed by t h e code u n der wh i ch con -
st r u ct ed a n d sh ow n o evi den ce of ser i -
ou s cor r osi on .
(i i ) Wh er e con t a i n er s a r e r ei n st a l l ed
a bove gr ou n d, sa fet y devi ces or ga gi n g
devi ces sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(b)(9) of t h i s sect i on a n d t h i s pa r a gr a ph
r espect i vel y for a bovegr ou n d con -
t a i n er s.
(5) I n st allat ion of st orage con t ain ers. (i )
Con t a i n er s i n st a l l ed a bove gr ou n d, ex-
cept a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(v)
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su bst a n t i a l con cr et e or ma son r y su p-
por t s, or st r u ct u r a l st eel su ppor t s on
fi r m con cr et e or ma son r y fou n da t i on s.
Al l fou n da t i on s sh a l l ext en d bel ow t h e
fr ost l i n e.
(i i ) Hor i zon t a l a bovegr ou n d con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be so mou n t ed on fou n da -
t i on s a s t o per mi t expa n si on a n d con -
t r a ct i on . Ever y con t a i n er sh a l l be su p-
por t ed t o pr even t t h e con cen t r a t i on of
excessi ve l oa ds on t h e su ppor t i n g por -
t i on of t h e sh el l . Th a t por t i on of t h e
con t a i n er i n con t a ct wi t h fou n da t i on s
or sa ddl es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
cor r osi on .
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s i n st a l l ed u n der
gr ou n d sh a l l be so pl a ced t h a t t h e t op
of t h e con t a i n er i s bel ow t h e fr ost l i n e
a n d i n n o ca se l ess t h a n 2 feet bel ow
t h e su r fa ce of t h e gr ou n d. S h ou l d
gr ou n d con di t i on s ma k e compl i a n ce
wi t h t h ese r equ i r emen t s i mpr a ct i ca bl e,
i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be ma de ot h er wi se t o
pr even t ph y si ca l da ma ge. I t wi l l n ot be
n ecessa r y t o cover t h e por t i on of t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
342
con t a i n er t o wh i ch ma n h ol e a n d ot h er
con n ect i on s a r e a ffi xed. Wh en n ec-
essa r y t o pr even t fl oa t i n g, con t a i n er s
sh a l l be secu r el y a n ch or ed or wei gh t ed.
(i v) Un der gr ou n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
set on a fi r m fou n da t i on (fi r m ea r t h
ma y be u sed) a n d su r r ou n ded wi t h
ea r t h or sa n d wel l t a mped i n pl a ce. Th e
con t a i n er , pr i or t o bei n g pl a ced u n der
gr ou n d, sh a l l be gi ven a cor r osi on r e-
si st i n g pr ot ect i ve coa t i n g. Th e con -
t a i n er t h u s coa t ed sh a l l be so l ower ed
i n t o pl a ce a s t o pr even t a br a si on or
ot h er da ma ge t o t h e coa t i n g.
(v) Con t a i n er s wi t h fou n da t i on s a t -
t a ch ed (por t a bl e or semi por t a bl e t a n k
con t a i n er s wi t h su i t a bl e st eel r u n -
n er s or sk i ds a n d common l y k n own
i n t h e i n du st r y a s sk i d t a n k s) sh a l l
be desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(vi ) S ecu r e a n ch or a ge or a dequ a t e
pi er h ei gh t sh a l l be pr ovi ded a ga i n st
con t a i n er fl ot a t i on wh er ever su ffi -
ci en t l y h i gh fl ood wa t er mi gh t occu r .
(vi i ) Th e di st a n ce bet ween u n der -
gr ou n d con t a i n er s of over 2, 000 ga l l on s
ca pa ci t y sh a l l be a t l ea st 5 feet .
(6) Prot ect ion of appu rt en an ces. (i )
Va l ves, r egu l a t i n g, ga gi n g, a n d ot h er
a ppu r t en a n ces sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st t a mper i n g a n d ph y si ca l da m-
a ge. S u ch a ppu r t en a n ces sh a l l a l so be
pr ot ect ed du r i n g t r a n si t of con t a i n er s.
(i i ) Al l con n ect i on s t o u n der gr ou n d
con t a i n er s sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n a
dome, h ou si n g, or ma n h ol e a n d wi t h
a ccess t h er et o by mea n s of a su bst a n -
t i a l cover .
(7) Damage f rom veh icles. P r eca u t i on
sh a l l be t a k en a ga i n st da ma ge t o a m-
mon i a sy st ems fr om veh i cl es.
(d) Ref rigerat ed st orage sy st ems. Th i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o sy st ems u t i l i zi n g
con t a i n er s wi t h t h e st or a ge of a n h y -
dr ou s a mmon i a u n der r efr i ger a t ed con -
di t i on s. Al l a ppl i ca bl e r u l es of pa r a -
pa r a gr a ph u n l ess ot h er wi se n ot ed.
(1) Design of con t ain ers. (i ) Th e desi gn
t emper a t u r e sh a l l be t h e mi n i mu m
t emper a t u r e t o wh i ch t h e con t a i n er
wi l l be r efr i ger a t ed.
(i i ) Con t a i n er s wi t h a desi gn pr essu r e
exceedi n g 15 p. s. i . g. sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(b)(2) of t h i s sect i on , a n d t h e ma t er i a l s
sh a l l be sel ect ed fr om t h ose l i st ed i n
AP I S t a n da r d 620, Recommen ded Ru l es
for Desi gn a n d Con st r u ct i on of La r ge,
Wel ded, Low-P r essu r e S t or a ge Ta n k s,
F ou r t h Edi t i on , 1970, Ta bl es 2. 02, R2. 2,
R2. 2(A), R2. 2. 1, or R2. 3 wh i ch a r e i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s wi t h a desi gn pr es-
su r e of 15 p. s. i . g. a n d l ess sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e a ppl i -
ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of AP I S t a n da r d 620
i n cl u di n g i t s a ppen di x R.
(i v) Wh en a u st en i t i c st eel s or n on -
fer r ou s ma t er i a l s a r e u sed, t h e Code
sh a l l be u sed a s a gu i de i n t h e sel ect i on
of ma t er i a l s for u se a t t h e desi gn t em-
per a t u r e.
(v) Th e fi l l i n g den si t y for r efr i g-
er a t ed st or a ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be su ch
t h a t t h e con t a i n er wi l l n ot be l i qu i d
fu l l a t a l i qu i d t emper a t u r e cor -
r espon di n g t o t h e va por pr essu r e a t t h e
st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge pr essu r e set t i n g of
t h e sa fet y -r el i ef va l ve.
(2) I n st allat ion of ref rigerat ed st orage
con t ain ers. (i ) Con t a i n er s sh a l l be su p-
por t ed on su i t a bl e n on combu st i bl e
fou n da t i on s desi gn ed t o a ccommoda t e
t h e t y pe of con t a i n er bei n g u sed.
(i i ) Adequ a t e pr ot ect i on a ga i n st fl o-
t a t i on or ot h er wa t er da ma ge sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wh er ever h i gh fl ood wa t er
mi gh t occu r .
(i i i ) Con t a i n er s for pr odu ct st or a ge a t
l ess t h a n 32 F . sh a l l be su ppor t ed i n
su ch a wa y , or h ea t sh a l l be su ppl i ed,
t o pr even t t h e effect s of fr eezi n g a n d
con sequ en t fr ost h ea vi n g.
(3) Sh u t of f valves. Wh en oper a t i n g
con di t i on s ma k e i t a dvi sa bl e, a ch eck
va l ve sh a l l be i n st a l l ed on t h e fi l l con -
n ect i on a n d a r emot el y oper a t ed sh u t -
off va l ve on ot h er con n ect i on s l oca t ed
bel ow t h e ma xi mu m l i qu i d l evel .
(4) Saf et y relief devices. (i ) S a fet y r e-
l i ef va l ves sh a l l be set t o st a r t -t o-di s-
ch a r ge a t a pr essu r e n ot i n excess of
t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e con t a i n er
a n d sh a l l h a ve a t ot a l r el i evi n g ca pa c-
i t y su ffi ci en t t o pr even t a ma xi mu m
pr essu r e i n t h e con t a i n er of mor e t h a n
120 per cen t of t h e desi gn pr essu r e. Re-
l i ef va l ves for r efr i ger a t ed st or a ge con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be sel f-con t a i n ed spr i n g-
l oa ded, wei gh t -l oa ded, or sel f-con -
t a i n ed pi l ot -oper a t ed t y pe.
(i i ) Th e t ot a l r el i evi n g ca pa ci t y sh a l l
be t h e l a r ger of:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
343
(a) P ossi bl e r efr i ger a t i on sy st em
u pset su ch a s (1) cool i n g wa t er fa i l u r e,
(2) power fa i l u r e, (3) i n st r u men t a i r or
i n st r u men t fa i l u r e, (4) mech a n i ca l fa i l -
u r e of a n y equ i pmen t , (5) excessi ve
pu mpi n g r a t es.
(b) F i r e exposu r e det er mi n ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Compr essed Ga s Associ a -
t i on (CGA) S 1, P a r t 3, S a fet y Rel i ef
Devi ce S t a n da r ds for Compr essed Ga s
S t or a ge Con t a i n er s, 1959, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6, except t h a t A sh a l l be t h e
t ot a l exposed su r fa ce a r ea i n squ a r e
feet u p t o 25 foot a bove gr a de or t o t h e
equ a t or of t h e st or a ge con t a i n er i f i t i s
a sph er e, wh i ch ever i s gr ea t er . I f t h e
r el i evi n g ca pa ci t y r equ i r ed for fi r e ex-
posu r e i s gr ea t er t h a n t h a t r equ i r ed by
(a) of t h i s su bdi vi si on , t h e a ddi t i on a l
ca pa ci t y ma y be pr ovi ded by wea k r oof
t o sh el l sea ms i n con t a i n er s oper a t i n g
a t essen t i a l l y a t mosph er i c pr essu r e
a n d h a vi n g a n i n h er en t l y wea k r oof-t o-
sh el l sea m. Th e wea k r oof-t o-sh el l
sea m i s n ot t o be con si der ed a s pr o-
vi di n g a n y of t h e ca pa ci t y r equ i r ed i n
(a) of t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(i i i ) I f ven t l i n es a r e i n st a l l ed t o con -
du ct t h e va por s fr om t h e r el i ef va l ve,
t h e ba ck pr essu r e u n der fu l l r el i evi n g
con di t i on s sh a l l n ot exceed 50 per cen t
of t h e st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge pr essu r e for
pr essu r e ba l a n ced va l ves or 10 per cen t
of t h e st a r t -t o-di sch a r ge pr essu r e for
con ven t i on a l va l ves. Th e ven t l i n es
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o pr even t a ccu mu l a -
t i on of l i qu i d i n t h e l i n es.
(i v) Th e va l ve or va l ve i n st a l l a t i on
sh a l l pr ovi de wea t h er pr ot ect i on .
(v) At mosph er i c st or a ge sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h va cu u m br ea k er s. Ammon i a
ga s, n i t r ogen , met h a n e, or ot h er i n er t
ga ses ca n be u sed t o pr ovi de a pa d.
(5) Prot ect ion of con t ain er appu r-
t en an ces. Appu r t en a n ces sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st t a mper i n g a n d ph y si ca l
da ma ge.
(6) Rein st allat ion of ref rigerat ed st orage
con t ain ers. Con t a i n er s of su ch si ze a s t o
r equ i r e fi el d fa br i ca t i on sh a l l , wh en
moved a n d r ei n st a l l ed, be r econ -
st r u ct ed a n d r ei n spect ed i n compl et e
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s
u n der wh i ch t h ey wer e con st r u ct ed.
Th e con t a i n er s sh a l l be su bj ect ed t o a
pr essu r e r et est a n d i f r er a t i n g i s n ec-
essa r y , r er a t i n g sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s.
(7) Damage f rom veh icles. P r eca u t i on
sh a l l be t a k en a ga i n st da ma ge fr om ve-
h i cl es.
(8) Ref rigerat ion load an d equ ipmen t .
(i ) Th e t ot a l r efr i ger a t i on l oa d sh a l l be
compu t ed a s t h e su m of t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Loa d i mposed by h ea t fl ow i n t o
t h e con t a i n er ca u sed by t h e t emper a -
t u r e di ffer en t i a l bet ween desi gn a mbi -
en t t emper a t u r e a n d st or a ge t emper a -
t u r e.
(b) Loa d i mposed by h ea t fl ow i n t o
t h e con t a i n er ca u sed by ma xi mu m su n
r a di a t i on .
(c) Ma xi mu m l oa d i mposed by fi l l i n g
t h e con t a i n er wi t h a mmon i a wa r mer
t h a n t h e desi gn st or a ge t emper a t u r e.
(i i ) Mor e t h a n on e st or a ge con t a i n er
ma y be h a n dl ed by t h e sa me r efr i ger a -
t i on sy st em.
(9) Compressors. (i ) A mi n i mu m of t wo
compr essor s sh a l l be pr ovi ded ei t h er of
wh i ch sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t si ze t o h a n -
dl e t h e l oa ds l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(d)(8)(i ) (a) a n d (b) of t h i s sect i on .
Wh er e mor e t h a n t wo compr essor s a r e
pr ovi ded mi n i mu m st a n dby equ i pmen t
equ a l t o t h e l a r gest n or ma l l y oper a t i n g
equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed. F i l l i n g
compr essor s ma y be u sed a s st a n dby
equ i pmen t for h ol di n g compr essor s.
(i i ) Compr essor s sh a l l be si zed t o op-
er a t e wi t h a su ct i on pr essu r e a t l ea st
10 per cen t bel ow t h e mi n i mu m set t i n g
of t h e sa fet y va l ve(s) on t h e st or a ge
con t a i n er a n d sh a l l wi t h st a n d a su c-
t i on pr essu r e a t l ea st equ a l t o 120 per -
cen t of t h e desi gn pr essu r e of t h e con -
t a i n er .
(10) Compressor drives. (i ) Ea ch com-
pr essor sh a l l h a ve i t s i n di vi du a l dr i v-
i n g u n i t .
(i i ) An emer gen cy sou r ce of power of
su ffi ci en t ca pa ci t y t o h a n dl e t h e l oa ds
l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (d)(8)(i ) (a) a n d (b)
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded u n l ess
fa ci l i t i es a r e a va i l a bl e t o sa fel y di spose
of ven t ed va por s wh i l e t h e r efr i ger a -
t i on sy st em i s n ot oper a t i n g.
(11) Au t omat ic con t rol equ ipmen t . (i )
Th e r efr i ger a t i on sy st em sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged wi t h su i t a bl e con t r ol s t o gover n
t h e compr essor oper a t i on i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e l oa d a s evi den ced by t h e
pr essu r e i n t h e con t a i n er (s).
(i i ) An emer gen cy a l a r m sy st em sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed t o fu n ct i on i n t h e even t
t h e pr essu r e i n t h e con t a i n er (s) r i ses t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
344
t h e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e oper a t i n g
pr essu r e.
(i i i ) An emer gen cy a l a r m a n d sh u t off
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n t h e con den ser sy s-
t em t o r espon d t o excess di sch a r ge
pr essu r e ca u sed by fa i l u r e of t h e cool -
i n g medi u m.
(i v) Al l a u t oma t i c con t r ol s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed i n a ma n n er t o pr ecl u de oper -
a t i on of a l t er n a t e compr essor s u n l ess
t h e con t r ol s wi l l fu n ct i on wi t h t h e a l -
t er n a t e compr essor s.
(12) Separat ors f or compressors. (i ) An
en t r a i n men t sepa r a t or of su i t a bl e si ze
a n d desi gn pr essu r e sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n t h e compr essor su ct i on l i n e of l u br i -
ca t ed compr essi on . Th e sepa r a t or sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a dr a i n a n d ga gi n g de-
vi ce.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(13) Con den sers. Th e con den ser sy s-
t em ma y be cool ed by a i r or wa t er or
bot h . Th e con den ser sh a l l be desi gn ed
for a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. P r ovi si on sh a l l
be ma de for pu r gi n g n on con den si bl es
ei t h er ma n u a l l y or a u t oma t i ca l l y .
(14) Receiver an d liqu id drain . A r e-
cei ver sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a l i qu i d-
l evel con t r ol t o di sch a r ge t h e l i qu i d
a mmon i a t o st or a ge. Th e r ecei ver sh a l l
be desi gn ed for a t l ea st 250 p. s. i . g. a n d
be equ i pped wi t h t h e n ecessa r y con n ec-
t i on s, sa fet y va l ves, a n d ga gi n g devi ce.
(15) I n su lat ion . Refr i ger a t ed con -
t a i n er s a n d pi pel i n es wh i ch a r e i n su -
l a t ed sh a l l be cover ed wi t h a ma t er i a l
of su i t a bl e qu a l i t y a n d t h i ck n ess for
t h e t emper a t u r es en cou n t er ed. I n su l a -
t i on sh a l l be su i t a bl y su ppor t ed a n d
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t h e wea t h er . Wea t h -
er pr oofi n g sh a l l be of a t y pe wh i ch wi l l
n ot su ppor t fl a me pr opa ga t i on .
(e) Sy st ems u t ilizin g port able DOT con -
t ain ers(1) Con f orman ce. Cy l i n der s
sh a l l compl y wi t h DOT speci fi ca t i on s
a n d sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed, fi l l ed, pa ck -
a ged, ma r k ed, l a bel ed, a n d sh i pped t o
compl y wi t h 49 CF R ch a pt er I a n d
Ma r k i n g P or t a bl e Compr essed Ga s Con -
t a i n er s t o I den t i fy t h e Ma t er i a l Con -
t a i n ed, ANS I Z48. 11954 (R1970), wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(2) St orage. Cy l i n der s sh a l l be st or ed
i n a n a r ea fr ee fr om i gn i t a bl e debr i s
a n d i n su ch ma n n er a s t o pr even t ex-
t er n a l cor r osi on . S t or a ge ma y be i n -
door s or ou t door s.
(3) Heat prot ect ion . Cy l i n der s fi l l ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT r egu l a t i on s wi l l
become l i qu i d fu l l a t 145 F . Cy l i n der s
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om h ea t sou r ces
su ch a s r a di a n t fl a me a n d st ea mpi pes.
Hea t sh a l l n ot be a ppl i ed di r ect l y t o
cy l i n der s t o r a i se t h e pr essu r e.
(4) Prot ect ion . Cy l i n der s sh a l l be
st or ed i n su ch ma n n er a s t o pr ot ect
t h em fr om movi n g veh i cl es or ext er n a l
da ma ge.
(5) Valve cap. An y cy l i n der wh i ch i s
desi gn ed t o h a ve a va l ve pr ot ect i on ca p
sh a l l h a ve t h e ca p secu r el y i n pl a ce
wh en t h e cy l i n der i s n ot i n ser vi ce.
(f) T an k mot or veh icles f or t h e t ran spor-
t at ion of ammon ia. (1) Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o con t a i n er s a n d per t i n en t
equ i pmen t mou n t ed on t a n k mot or ve-
h i cl es i n cl u di n g semi t r a i l er s a n d fu l l
t r a i l er s u sed for t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of
a mmon i a . Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot
a ppl y t o fa r m veh i cl es. F or r equ i r e-
men t s cover i n g fa r m veh i cl es, r efer t o
pa r a gr a ph s (g) a n d (h ) of t h i s sect i on .
Con t a i n er s a n d per t i n en t equ i pmen t
for t a n k mot or veh i cl es for t h e t r a n s-
por t a t i on of a n h y dr ou s a mmon i a , i n
a ddi t i on t o compl y i n g wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l a l so
compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of DOT.
(2) Design pressu re an d con st ru ct ion of
con t ain ers. (i ) Th e mi n i mu m desi gn
pr essu r e for con t a i n er s sh a l l be t h a t
speci fi ed i n t h e r egu l a t i on s of t h e DOT.
(i i ) Th e sh el l or h ea d t h i ck n ess of
a n y con t a i n er sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n
t h r ee-si xt een t h i n ch .
(i i i ) Al l con t a i n er open i n gs, except
sa fet y r el i ef va l ves, l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g
devi ces, a n d pr essu r e ga ges, sh a l l be l a -
bel ed t o desi gn a t e wh et h er t h ey com-
mu n i ca t e wi t h l i qu i d or va por spa ce.
(3) Con t ain er appu rt en an ces. (i ) Al l a p-
pu r t en a n ces sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
(i i ) Al l con n ect i on s t o con t a i n er s, ex-
cept fi l l i n g con n ect i on s, sa fet y r el i ef
devi ces, a n d l i qu i d-l evel a n d pr essu r e
ga ge con n ect i on s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h su i t a bl e a u t oma t i c excess fl ow
va l ves, or i n l i eu t h er eof, ma y be fi t t ed
wi t h qu i ck -cl osi n g i n t er n a l va l ves,
wh i ch sh a l l r ema i n cl osed except du r -
i n g del i ver y oper a t i on s. Th e con t r ol
mech a n i sm for su ch va l ves ma y be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a secon da r y con t r ol r emot e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
345
fr om t h e del i ver y con n ect i on s a n d su ch
con t r ol mech a n i sm sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a fu si bl e sect i on (mel t i n g poi n t
208 F . t o 220 F . ) wh i ch wi l l per mi t t h e
i n t er n a l va l ve t o cl ose a u t oma t i ca l l y
i n ca se of fi r e.
(i i i ) F i l l i n g con n ect i on s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a u t oma t i c ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck va l ves, excess-fl ow va l ves, or
qu i ck -cl osi n g i n t er n a l va l ves, t o pr e-
ven t ba ck -fl ow i n ca se t h e fi l l i n g con -
n ect i on i s br ok en . Wh er e t h e fi l l i n g
a n d di sch a r ge con n ect t o a common
open i n g i n t h e con t a i n er sh el l a n d t h a t
open i n g i s fi t t ed wi t h a qu i ck -cl osi n g
i n t er n a l va l ve a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(f)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , t h e a u t oma t i c
va l ve sh a l l n ot be r equ i r ed.
(i v) Al l con t a i n er s sh a l l be equ i pped
for spr a y l oa di n g (fi l l i n g i n t h e va por
spa ce) or wi t h a n a ppr oved va por r e-
t u r n va l ve of a dequ a t e ca pa ci t y .
(4) Pipin g an d f it t in gs. (i ) Al l pi pi n g,
t u bi n g, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be secu r el y
mou n t ed a n d pr ot ect ed a ga i n st da m-
a ge. Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr ot ect
h oses wh i l e t h e veh i cl e i s i n mot i on .
(i i ) F i t t i n gs sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(6) of t h i s sect i on . P i pe sh a l l
be S ch edu l e 80.
(5) Saf et y relief devices. (i ) Th e di s-
ch a r ge fr om sa fet y r el i ef va l ves sh a l l
be ven t ed a wa y fr om t h e con t a i n er u p-
wa r d a n d u n obst r u ct ed t o t h e open a i r
i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o pr even t a n y i m-
be u sed. S i ze of di sch a r ge l i n es fr om
sa fet y va l ves sh a l l n ot be sma l l er t h a n
t h e n omi n a l si ze of t h e sa fet y -r el i ef
va l ve ou t l et con n ect i on . S u i t a bl e pr o-
vi si on sh a l l be ma de for dr a i n i n g con -
den sa t e wh i ch ma y a ccu mu l a t e i n t h e
di sch a r ge pi pe.
(i i ) An y por t i on of l i qu i d a mmon i a
pi pi n g wh i ch a t a n y t i me ma y be cl osed
a t bot h en ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
h y dr ost a t i c r el i ef va l ve.
(6) T ran sf er of liqu ids. (i ) Th e con t en t
of t a n k mot or veh i cl e con t a i n er s sh a l l
be det er mi n ed by wei gh t , by a su i t a bl e
l i qu i d-l evel ga gi n g devi ce, or ot h er a p-
pr oved met h ods. I f t h e con t en t of a
con t a i n er i s t o be det er mi n ed by l i q-
u i d-l evel mea su r emen t , t h e con t a i n er
sh a l l h a ve a t h er momet er wel l so t h a t
t h e i n t er n a l l i qu i d t emper a t u r e ca n be
ea si l y det er mi n ed. Th i s vol u me wh en
con ver t ed t o wei gh t sh a l l n ot exceed
t h e fi l l i n g den si t y speci fi ed by t h e
DOT.
(i i ) An y pu mp, except a con st a n t
speed cen t r i fu ga l pu mp, sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a su i t a bl e pr essu r e a ct u -
a t ed by pa ss va l ve per mi t t i n g fl ow fr om
di sch a r ge t o su ct i on wh en t h e di s-
ch a r ge pr essu r e r i ses a bove a pr edet er -
mi n ed poi n t . P u mp di sch a r ge sh a l l a l so
be equ i pped wi t h a spr i n g-l oa ded sa fet y
r el i ef va l ve set a t a pr essu r e n ot mor e
t h a n 135 per cen t of t h e set t i n g of t h e
by pa ss va l ve or mor e t h a n 400 p. s. i . g. ,
wh i ch ever i s l a r ger .
(i i i ) Compr essor s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h ma n u a l l y oper a t ed sh u t off va l ves
on bot h su ct i on a n d di sch a r ge con n ec-
t i on s. P r essu r e ga ges of bou r don -t u be
t y pe sh a l l be i n st a l l ed on t h e su ct i on
a n d di sch a r ge of t h e compr essor befor e
t h e sh u t off va l ves. Th e compr essor
sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed i f ei t h er pr essu r e
ga ge i s r emoved or i s i n oper a t i ve. A
spr i n g-l oa ded, sa fet y -r el i ef va l ve ca pa -
bl e of di sch a r gi n g t o a t mosph er e t h e
fu l l fl ow of ga s fr om t h e compr essor a t
a pr essu r e n ot exceedi n g 300 p. s. i . g.
sh a l l be con n ect ed bet ween t h e com-
pr essor di sch a r ge a n d t h e di sch a r ge
sh u t off va l ve.
(i v) Va l ve fu n ct i on s sh a l l be cl ea r l y
a n d l egi bl y i den t i fi ed by met a l t a gs or
n a mepl a t es per ma n en t l y a ffi xed t o
ea ch va l ve.
(7)(8) [Reser ved]
(9) Ch ock block s. At l ea st t wo ch ock
bl ock s sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Th ese bl ock s
sh a l l be pl a ced t o pr even t r ol l i n g of t h e
veh i cl e wh en ever i t i s pa r k ed du r i n g
l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g oper a t i on s.
(10) Port able t an k con t ain ers (sk id
t an k s). Wh er e por t a bl e t a n k con t a i n er s
a r e u sed for fa r m st or a ge t h ey sh a l l
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) of t h i s
sect i on . Wh en por t a bl e t a n k con t a i n er s
a r e u sed i n l i eu of ca r go t a n k s a n d a r e
per ma n en t l y mou n t ed on t a n k mot or
veh i cl es for t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of a m-
mon i a , t h ey sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(g) Sy st ems mou n t ed on f arm veh icles
ot h er t h an f or t h e applicat ion of ammo-
n ia(1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph a p-
pl i es t o con t a i n er s of 1, 200 ga l l on s ca -
pa ci t y or l ess a n d per t i n en t equ i pmen t
mou n t ed on fa r m veh i cl es (i mpl emen t s
of h u sba n dr y ) a n d u sed ot h er t h a n for
t h e a ppl i ca t i on of a mmon i a t o t h e soi l .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
346
pr essu r e for con t a i n er s sh a l l be 250
p. s. i . g.
a n y con t a i n er sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n
t h r ee-si xt een t h s of a n i n ch .
(3) Mou n t in g con t ain ers. (i ) A su i t a bl e
st op or st ops sh a l l be mou n t ed on
t h e veh i cl e or on t h e con t a i n er i n su ch
a wa y t h a t t h e con t a i n er sh a l l n ot be
di sl odged fr om i t s mou n t i n g du e t o t h e
veh i cl e comi n g t o a su dden st op. Ba ck
sl i ppa ge sh a l l a l so be pr even t ed by
pr oper met h ods.
(i i ) A su i t a bl e h ol d down devi ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh i ch wi l l a n ch or t h e
con t a i n er t o t h e veh i cl e a t on e or mor e
pl a ces on ea ch si de of t h e con t a i n er .
(i i i ) Wh en con t a i n er s a r e mou n t ed on
fou r -wh eel t r a i l er s, ca r e sh a l l be t a k en
t o i n su r e t h a t t h e wei gh t i s di st r i bu t ed
even l y over bot h a xl es.
(i v) Wh en t h e cr a dl e a n d t h e t a n k a r e
n ot wel ded t oget h er su i t a bl e ma t er i a l
sh a l l be u sed bet ween t h em t o el i mi -
n a t e met a l -t o-met a l fr i ct i on .
(4) Con t ain er appu rt en an ces. (i ) Al l
con t a i n er s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a
fi xed l i qu i d-l evel ga ge.
(i i ) Al l con t a i n er s wi t h a ca pa ci t y ex-
ceedi n g 250 ga l l on s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a pr essu r e ga ge h a vi n g a di a l
gr a du a t ed fr om 0400 p. s. i .
(i i i ) Th e fi l l i n g con n ect i on sh a l l be
fi t t ed wi t h combi n a t i on ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck va l ve a n d excess-fl ow va l ve; on e
dou bl e or t wo si n gl e ba ck -pr essu r e
ch eck va l ves; or a posi t i ve sh u t off
va l ve i n con j u n ct i on wi t h ei t h er a n i n -
t er n a l ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck va l ve or a n
i n t er n a l excess fl ow va l ve.
(i v) Al l con t a i n er s wi t h a ca pa ci t y
exceedi n g 250 ga l l on s sh a l l be equ i pped
for spr a y l oa di n g or wi t h a n a ppr oved
va por r et u r n va l ve.
(v) Al l va por a n d l i qu i d con n ect i on s
except sa fet y -r el i ef va l ves a n d t h ose
speci fi ca l l y exempt ed by pa r a gr a ph
(b)(6)(v) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved excess-fl ow
va l ves or ma y be fi t t ed wi t h qu i ck -
cl osi n g i n t er n a l va l ves wh i ch , except
du r i n g oper a t i n g per i ods, sh a l l r ema i n
cl osed.
(vi ) F i t t i n gs sh a l l be a dequ a t el y pr o-
t ect ed fr om da ma ge by a met a l box or
cy l i n der wi t h open t op secu r el y fa s-
t en ed t o t h e con t a i n er or by r i gi d
gu a r ds, wel l br a ced, wel ded t o t h e con -
t a i n er on bot h si des of t h e fi t t i n gs or
by a met a l dome. I f a met a l dome i s
u sed, t h e r el i ef va l ve sh a l l be pr oper l y
ven t ed t h r ou gh t h e dome.
(vi i ) I f a l i qu i d wi t h dr a wa l l i n e i s i n -
st a l l ed i n t h e bot t om of a con t a i n er ,
t h e con n ect i on s t h er et o, i n cl u di n g
h ose, sh a l l n ot be l ower t h a n t h e l ow-
est h or i zon t a l edge of t h e veh i cl e a xl e.
(vi i i ) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o se-
cu r e bot h en ds of t h e h ose wh i l e i n
t r a n si t .
(5) Mark in g t h e con t ain er. Th er e sh a l l
a ppea r on ea ch si de a n d on t h e r ea r en d
of t h e con t a i n er i n l et t er s a t l ea st 4
i n ch es h i gh , t h e wor ds, Ca u t i on Am-
mon i a or t h e con t a i n er sh a l l be
ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h DOT r egu -
l a t i on s.
(6) Farm veh icles. (i ) F a r m veh i cl es
sh a l l con for m wi t h S t a t e r egu l a t i on s.
(i i ) Al l t r a i l er s sh a l l be secu r el y a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e veh i cl e dr a wi n g t h em by
mea n s of dr a wba r s su ppl emen t ed by
su i t a bl e sa fet y ch a i n s.
(i i i ) A t r a i l er sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so
t h a t i t wi l l fol l ow su bst a n t i a l l y i n t h e
pa t h of t h e t owi n g veh i cl e a n d wi l l n ot
wh i p or swer ve da n ger ou sl y fr om si de
t o si de.
(i v) Al l veh i cl es sh a l l ca r r y a ca n
con t a i n i n g 5 ga l l on s or mor e of wa t er .
(h ) Sy st ems mou n t ed on f arm veh icles
f or t h e applicat ion of ammon ia. (1) Th i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o sy st ems u t i l i zi n g
con t a i n er s of 250 ga l l on s ca pa ci t y or
l ess wh i ch a r e mou n t ed on fa r m veh i -
cl es (i mpl emen t of h u sba n dr y ) a n d u sed
for t h e a ppl i ca t i on of a mmon i a t o t h e
soi l . P a r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on a p-
pl i es t o t h i s pa r a gr a ph u n l ess ot h er -
wi se n ot ed. Wh er e l a r ger con t a i n er s a r e
u sed, t h ey sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(g) of t h i s sect i on .
pr essu r e for con t a i n er s sh a l l be 250
p. s. i . g.
a n y con t a i n er sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n
t h r ee-si xt een t h s i n ch .
(3) Mou n t in g of con t ain ers. Al l con -
t a i n er s a n d fl ow-con t r ol devi ces sh a l l
be secu r el y mou n t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
347
Ea ch con t a i n er sh a l l h a ve a fi xed l i q-
u i d-l evel ga ge.
fi t t ed wi t h a combi n a t i on ba ck -pr es-
su r e ch eck va l ve a n d a n excess-fl ow
va l ve; on e dou bl e or t wo si n gl e ba ck -
pr essu r e ch eck va l ves: or a posi t i ve
sh u t off va l ve i n con j u n ct i on wi t h a n
i n t er n a l ba ck -pr essu r e ch eck va l ve or
a n i n t er n a l excess-fl ow va l ve.
(i i i ) Th e a ppl i ca t or t a n k ma y be
fi l l ed by ven t i n g t o open a i r pr ovi ded
t h e bl eeder va l ve or i fi ce does n ot ex-
ceed seven -si xt een t h s i n ch i n di a met er .
(i v) Regu l a t i on equ i pmen t ma y be
con n ect ed di r ect l y t o t h e t a n k cou -
pl i n g or fl a n ge, i n wh i ch ca se a fl exi bl e
con n ect i on sh a l l be u sed bet ween su ch
r egu l a t i n g equ i pmen t a n d t h e r ema i n -
der of t h e l i qu i d wi t h dr a wa l sy st em.
Regu l a t i n g equ i pmen t n ot so i n st a l l ed
sh a l l be fl exi bl y con n ect ed t o t h e con -
t a i n er sh u t off va l ve.
(v) No excess fl ow va l ve i s r equ i r ed i n
t h e l i qu i d wi t h dr a wa l l i n e pr ovi ded t h e
con t r ol l i n g or i fi ce bet ween t h e con -
t en t s of t h e con t a i n er a n d t h e ou t l et of
t h e sh u t off va l ve does n ot exceed
seven -si xt een t h s i n ch i n di a met er .
F R 49748, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10,
1984; 53 F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988; 61 F R 9238,
Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 1269, J a n . 8, 1998; 63 F R
33466, J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.1121910.113 [Reserved]
1910.119 Process safety management
of highly hazardous chemicals.
Pu rpose. Th i s sect i on con t a i n s r e-
qu i r emen t s for pr even t i n g or mi n i -
mi zi n g t h e con sequ en ces of ca t a -
st r oph i c r el ea ses of t oxi c, r ea ct i ve,
fl a mma bl e, or expl osi ve ch emi ca l s.
Th ese r el ea ses ma y r esu l t i n t oxi c, fi r e
or expl osi on h a za r ds.
(a ) Applicat ion . (1) Th i s sect i on a p-
pl i es t o t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) A pr ocess wh i ch i n vol ves a ch em-
i ca l a t or a bove t h e speci fi ed t h r esh ol d
qu a n t i t i es l i st ed i n a ppen di x A t o t h i s
sect i on ;
(i i ) A pr ocess wh i ch i n vol ves a fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i d or ga s (a s defi n ed i n
1910. 1200(c) of t h i s pa r t ) on si t e i n on e
l oca t i on , i n a qu a n t i t y of 10, 000 pou n ds
(4535. 9 k g) or mor e except for :
(A) Hy dr oca r bon fu el s u sed sol el y for
wor k pl a ce con su mpt i on a s a fu el (e. g. ,
pr opa n e u sed for comfor t h ea t i n g, ga so-
l i n e for veh i cl e r efu el i n g), i f su ch fu el s
a r e n ot a pa r t of a pr ocess con t a i n i n g
a n ot h er h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l
cover ed by t h i s st a n da r d;
(B) F l a mma bl e l i qu i ds st or ed i n a t -
mosph er i c t a n k s or t r a n sfer r ed wh i ch
a r e k ept bel ow t h ei r n or ma l boi l i n g
poi n t wi t h ou t ben efi t of ch i l l i n g or r e-
fr i ger a t i on .
(2) Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o:
(i ) Ret a i l fa ci l i t i es;
(i i ) Oi l or ga s wel l dr i l l i n g or ser v-
i ci n g oper a t i on s; or ,
(i i i ) Nor ma l l y u n occu pi ed r emot e fa -
ci l i t i es.
(b) Def in it ion s. At mosph eric t an k
mea n s a st or a ge t a n k wh i ch h a s been
desi gn ed t o oper a t e a t pr essu r es fr om
a t mosph er i c t h r ou gh 0. 5 p. s. i . g. (pou n ds
per squ a r e i n ch ga u ge, 3. 45 Kpa ).
Boilin g poin t mea n s t h e boi l i n g poi n t
of a l i qu i d a t a pr essu r e of 14. 7 pou n ds
per squ a r e i n ch a bsol u t e (p. s. i . a . ) (760
mm. ). F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s sect i on ,
wh er e a n a ccu r a t e boi l i n g poi n t i s u n -
a va i l a bl e for t h e ma t er i a l i n qu est i on ,
or for mi xt u r es wh i ch do n ot h a ve a
con st a n t boi l i n g poi n t , t h e 10 per cen t
poi n t of a di st i l l a t i on per for med i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e S t a n da r d Met h od of
Test for Di st i l l a t i on of P et r ol eu m
P r odu ct s, AS TM D8662, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6, ma y be u sed a s t h e boi l i n g
poi n t of t h e l i qu i d.
Cat ast roph ic release mea n s a ma j or
u n con t r ol l ed emi ssi on , fi r e, or expl o-
si on , i n vol vi n g on e or mor e h i gh l y h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l s, t h a t pr esen t s ser i ou s
da n ger t o empl oy ees i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
Facilit y mea n s t h e bu i l di n gs, con -
t a i n er s or equ i pmen t wh i ch con t a i n a
pr ocess.
High ly h azardou s ch emical mea n s a
su bst a n ce possessi n g t oxi c, r ea ct i ve,
fl a mma bl e, or expl osi ve pr oper t i es a n d
speci fi ed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(1) of t h i s
sect i on .
Hot work mea n s wor k i n vol vi n g el ec-
t r i c or ga s wel di n g, cu t t i n g, br a zi n g, or
si mi l a r fl a me or spa r k -pr odu ci n g oper -
a t i on s.
Normally u n occu pied remot e f acilit y
mea n s a fa ci l i t y wh i ch i s oper a t ed,
ma i n t a i n ed or ser vi ced by empl oy ees
wh o vi si t t h e fa ci l i t y on l y per i odi ca l l y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
348
t o ch eck i t s oper a t i on a n d t o per for m
n ecessa r y oper a t i n g or ma i n t en a n ce
t a sk s. No empl oy ees a r e per ma n en t l y
st a t i on ed a t t h e fa ci l i t y .
F a ci l i t i es meet i n g t h i s defi n i t i on a r e
n ot con t i gu ou s wi t h , a n d mu st be geo-
gr a ph i ca l l y r emot e fr om a l l ot h er
bu i l di n gs, pr ocesses or per son s.
Process mea n s a n y a ct i vi t y i n vol vi n g
a h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l i n cl u di n g
a n y u se, st or a ge, ma n u fa ct u r i n g, h a n -
dl i n g, or t h e on -si t e movemen t of su ch
ch emi ca l s, or combi n a t i on of t h ese a c-
t i vi t i es. F or pu r poses of t h i s defi n i t i on ,
a n y gr ou p of vessel s wh i ch a r e i n t er -
con n ect ed a n d sepa r a t e vessel s wh i ch
a r e l oca t ed su ch t h a t a h i gh l y h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l cou l d be i n vol ved i n a
pot en t i a l r el ea se sh a l l be con si der ed a
si n gl e pr ocess.
Replacemen t in k in d mea n s a r epl a ce-
men t wh i ch sa t i sfi es t h e desi gn speci -
fi ca t i on .
T rade secret mea n s a n y con fi den t i a l
for mu l a , pa t t er n , pr ocess, devi ce, i n for -
ma t i on or compi l a t i on of i n for ma t i on
t h a t i s u sed i n a n empl oy er s bu si n ess,
a n d t h a t gi ves t h e empl oy er a n oppor -
t u n i t y t o obt a i n a n a dva n t a ge over
compet i t or s wh o do n ot k n ow or u se i t .
Appen di x D con t a i n ed i n 1910. 1200 set s
ou t t h e cr i t er i a t o be u sed i n eva l u -
a t i n g t r a de secr et s.
(c) Employ ee part icipat ion . (1) Empl oy -
er s sh a l l devel op a wr i t t en pl a n of a c-
t i on r ega r di n g t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of
t h e empl oy ee pa r t i ci pa t i on r equ i r ed by
(2) Empl oy er s sh a l l con su l t wi t h em-
pl oy ees a n d t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves on
t h e con du ct a n d devel opmen t of pr oc-
ess h a za r ds a n a l y ses a n d on t h e devel -
opmen t of t h e ot h er el emen t s of pr oc-
ess sa fet y ma n a gemen t i n t h i s st a n d-
a r d.
(3) Empl oy er s sh a l l pr ovi de t o em-
pl oy ees a n d t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves a c-
cess t o pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y ses a n d t o
a l l ot h er i n for ma t i on r equ i r ed t o be de-
vel oped u n der t h i s st a n da r d.
(d) Process saf et y in f ormat ion . I n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e sch edu l e set for t h i n
pa r a gr a ph (e)(1) of t h i s sect i on , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l compl et e a compi l a t i on of
wr i t t en pr ocess sa fet y i n for ma t i on be-
for e con du ct i n g a n y pr ocess h a za r d
a n a l y si s r equ i r ed by t h e st a n da r d. Th e
compi l a t i on of wr i t t en pr ocess sa fet y
i n for ma t i on i s t o en a bl e t h e empl oy er
a n d t h e empl oy ees i n vol ved i n oper -
a t i n g t h e pr ocess t o i den t i fy a n d u n der -
st a n d t h e h a za r ds posed by t h ose pr oc-
esses i n vol vi n g h i gh l y h a za r dou s
ch emi ca l s. Th i s pr ocess sa fet y i n for ma -
t i on sh a l l i n cl u de i n for ma t i on per -
t a i n i n g t o t h e h a za r ds of t h e h i gh l y
h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s u sed or pr odu ced
by t h e pr ocess, i n for ma t i on per t a i n i n g
t o t h e t ech n ol ogy of t h e pr ocess, a n d
i n for ma t i on per t a i n i n g t o t h e equ i p-
men t i n t h e pr ocess.
(1) I n f ormat ion pert ain in g t o t h e h az-
ards of t h e h igh ly h azardou s ch emicals in
t h e process. Th i s i n for ma t i on sh a l l con -
si st of a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Toxi ci t y i n for ma t i on ;
(i i ) P er mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s;
(i i i ) P h y si ca l da t a ;
(i v) Rea ct i vi t y da t a :
(v) Cor r osi vi t y da t a ;
(vi ) Th er ma l a n d ch emi ca l st a bi l i t y
da t a ; a n d
(vi i ) Ha za r dou s effect s of i n a dver t en t
mi xi n g of di ffer en t ma t er i a l s t h a t
cou l d for eseea bl y occu r .
NOTE: Ma t er i a l S a fet y Da t a S h eet s meet -
i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 1200(g)
ma y be u sed t o compl y wi t h t h i s r equ i r e-
men t t o t h e ext en t t h ey con t a i n t h e i n for -
ma t i on r equ i r ed by t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(2) I n f ormat ion pert ain in g t o t h e t ech -
n ology of t h e process. (i ) I n for ma t i on
con cer n i n g t h e t ech n ol ogy of t h e pr oc-
ess sh a l l i n cl u de a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) A bl ock fl ow di a gr a m or si m-
pl i fi ed pr ocess fl ow di a gr a m (see a ppen -
di x B t o t h i s sect i on );
(B) P r ocess ch emi st r y ;
(C) Ma xi mu m i n t en ded i n ven t or y ;
(D) S a fe u pper a n d l ower l i mi t s for
su ch i t ems a s t emper a t u r es, pr essu r es,
fl ows or composi t i on s; a n d,
(E) An eva l u a t i on of t h e con -
sequ en ces of devi a t i on s, i n cl u di n g
t h ose a ffect i n g t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h of
empl oy ees.
(i i ) Wh er e t h e or i gi n a l t ech n i ca l i n -
for ma t i on n o l on ger exi st s, su ch i n for -
ma t i on ma y be devel oped i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h t h e pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s
i n su ffi ci en t det a i l t o su ppor t t h e a n a l -
y si s.
(3) I n f ormat ion pert ain in g t o t h e equ ip-
men t in t h e process. (i ) I n for ma t i on per -
t a i n i n g t o t h e equ i pmen t i n t h e pr ocess
sh a l l i n cl u de:
(A) Ma t er i a l s of con st r u ct i on ;
(B) P i pi n g a n d i n st r u men t di a gr a ms
(P &I Ds);
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
349
(C) El ect r i ca l cl a ssi fi ca t i on ;
(D) Rel i ef sy st em desi gn a n d desi gn
ba si s;
(E) Ven t i l a t i on sy st em desi gn ;
(F ) Desi gn codes a n d st a n da r ds em-
pl oy ed;
(G) Ma t er i a l a n d en er gy ba l a n ces for
pr ocesses bu i l t a ft er Ma y 26, 1992; a n d,
(H) S a fet y sy st ems (e. g. i n t er l ock s,
det ect i on or su ppr essi on sy st ems).
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l docu men t
t h a t equ i pmen t compl i es wi t h r ecog-
n i zed a n d gen er a l l y a ccept ed good en gi -
n eer i n g pr a ct i ces.
(i i i ) F or exi st i n g equ i pmen t desi gn ed
a n d con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
codes, st a n da r ds, or pr a ct i ces t h a t a r e
n o l on ger i n gen er a l u se, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l det er mi n e a n d docu men t t h a t t h e
equ i pmen t i s desi gn ed, ma i n t a i n ed, i n -
spect ed, t est ed, a n d oper a t i n g i n a sa fe
ma n n er .
(e) Process h azard an aly sis. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l per for m a n i n i t i a l pr oc-
ess h a za r d a n a l y si s (h a za r d eva l u a t i on )
on pr ocesses cover ed by t h i s st a n da r d.
Th e pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s sh a l l be
a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e compl exi t y of t h e
pr ocess a n d sh a l l i den t i fy , eva l u a t e,
a n d con t r ol t h e h a za r ds i n vol ved i n t h e
pr ocess. Empl oy er s sh a l l det er mi n e a n d
docu men t t h e pr i or i t y or der for con -
du ct i n g pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y ses ba sed
on a r a t i on a l e wh i ch i n cl u des su ch con -
si der a t i on s a s ext en t of t h e pr ocess
h a za r ds, n u mber of pot en t i a l l y a ffect ed
empl oy ees, a ge of t h e pr ocess, a n d op-
er a t i n g h i st or y of t h e pr ocess. Th e
pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s sh a l l be con -
du ct ed a s soon a s possi bl e, bu t n ot
l a t er t h a n t h e fol l owi n g sch edu l e:
(i ) No l ess t h a n 25 per cen t of t h e i n i -
t i a l pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l y ses sh a l l be
compl et ed by Ma y 26, 1994;
(i i ) No l ess t h a n 50 per cen t of t h e i n i -
t i a l pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l y ses sh a l l be
compl et ed by Ma y 26, 1995;
(i i i ) No l ess t h a n 75 per cen t of t h e
i n i t i a l pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l y ses sh a l l
be compl et ed by Ma y 26, 1996;
(i v) Al l i n i t i a l pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l -
y ses sh a l l be compl et ed by Ma y 26, 1997.
(v) P r ocess h a za r ds a n a l y ses com-
pl et ed a ft er Ma y 26, 1987 wh i ch meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a r e
a ccept a bl e a s i n i t i a l pr ocess h a za r ds
a n a l y ses. Th ese pr ocess h a za r d a n a l -
y ses sh a l l be u pda t ed a n d r eva l i da t ed,
ba sed on t h ei r compl et i on da t e, i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(6) of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l u se on e or
mor e of t h e fol l owi n g met h odol ogi es
t h a t a r e a ppr opr i a t e t o det er mi n e a n d
eva l u a t e t h e h a za r ds of t h e pr ocess
bei n g a n a l y zed.
(i ) Wh a t -I f;
(i i ) Ch eck l i st ;
(i i i ) Wh a t -I f/Ch eck l i st ;
(i v) Ha za r d a n d Oper a bi l i t y S t u dy
(HAZOP ):
(v) F a i l u r e Mode a n d Effect s An a l y si s
(F MEA);
(vi ) F a u l t Tr ee An a l y si s; or
(vi i ) An a ppr opr i a t e equ i va l en t met h -
odol ogy .
(3) Th e pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s sh a l l
a ddr ess:
(i ) Th e h a za r ds of t h e pr ocess;
(i i ) Th e i den t i fi ca t i on of a n y pr evi ou s
i n ci den t wh i ch h a d a l i k el y pot en t i a l
for ca t a st r oph i c con sequ en ces i n t h e
wor k pl a ce;
(i i i ) En gi n eer i n g a n d a dmi n i st r a t i ve
con t r ol s a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e h a za r ds a n d
t h ei r i n t er r el a t i on sh i ps su ch a s a ppr o-
pr i a t e a ppl i ca t i on of det ect i on met h -
odol ogi es t o pr ovi de ea r l y wa r n i n g of
r el ea ses. (Accept a bl e det ect i on met h -
ods mi gh t i n cl u de pr ocess mon i t or i n g
a n d con t r ol i n st r u men t a t i on wi t h
a l a r ms, a n d det ect i on h a r dwa r e su ch a s
h y dr oca r bon sen sor s. );
(i v) Con sequ en ces of fa i l u r e of en gi -
n eer i n g a n d a dmi n i st r a t i ve con t r ol s;
(v) F a ci l i t y si t i n g;
(vi ) Hu ma n fa ct or s; a n d
(vi i ) A qu a l i t a t i ve eva l u a t i on of a
r a n ge of t h e possi bl e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
effect s of fa i l u r e of con t r ol s on empl oy -
ees i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(4) Th e pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s sh a l l
be per for med by a t ea m wi t h exper t i se
i n en gi n eer i n g a n d pr ocess oper a t i on s,
a n d t h e t ea m sh a l l i n cl u de a t l ea st on e
empl oy ee wh o h a s exper i en ce a n d
k n owl edge speci fi c t o t h e pr ocess bei n g
eva l u a t ed. Al so, on e member of t h e
t ea m mu st be k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e
speci fi c pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s met h -
odol ogy bei n g u sed.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a
sy st em t o pr ompt l y a ddr ess t h e t ea ms
fi n di n gs a n d r ecommen da t i on s; a ssu r e
t h a t t h e r ecommen da t i on s a r e r esol ved
i n a t i mel y ma n n er a n d t h a t t h e r eso-
l u t i on i s docu men t ed; docu men t wh a t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
350
a ct i on s a r e t o be t a k en ; compl et e a c-
t i on s a s soon a s possi bl e; devel op a
wr i t t en sch edu l e of wh en t h ese a ct i on s
a r e t o be compl et ed; commu n i ca t e t h e
a ct i on s t o oper a t i n g, ma i n t en a n ce a n d
ot h er empl oy ees wh ose wor k a ssi gn -
men t s a r e i n t h e pr ocess a n d wh o ma y
be a ffect ed by t h e r ecommen da t i on s or
a ct i on s.
(6) At l ea st ever y fi ve (5) y ea r s a ft er
t h e compl et i on of t h e i n i t i a l pr ocess
h a za r d a n a l y si s, t h e pr ocess h a za r d
a n a l y si s sh a l l be u pda t ed a n d r eva l i -
da t ed by a t ea m meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t o a ssu r e t h a t t h e pr ocess h a za r d
a n a l y si s i s con si st en t wi t h t h e cu r r en t
pr ocess.
(7) Empl oy er s sh a l l r et a i n pr ocess
h a za r ds a n a l y ses a n d u pda t es or r e-
va l i da t i on s for ea ch pr ocess cover ed by
t h i s sect i on , a s wel l a s t h e docu men t ed
r esol u t i on of r ecommen da t i on s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on for t h e l i fe of t h e pr ocess.
(f) Operat in g procedu res (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t
wr i t t en oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es t h a t pr o-
vi de cl ea r i n st r u ct i on s for sa fel y con -
du ct i n g a ct i vi t i es i n vol ved i n ea ch cov-
er ed pr ocess con si st en t wi t h t h e pr oc-
ess sa fet y i n for ma t i on a n d sh a l l a d-
dr ess a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s.
(i ) St eps f or each operat in g ph ase:
(A) I n i t i a l st a r t u p;
(B) Nor ma l oper a t i on s;
(C) Tempor a r y oper a t i on s;
(D) Emer gen cy sh u t down i n cl u di n g
t h e con di t i on s u n der wh i ch emer gen cy
sh u t down i s r equ i r ed, a n d t h e a ssi gn -
men t of sh u t down r espon si bi l i t y t o
qu a l i fi ed oper a t or s t o en su r e t h a t
emer gen cy sh u t down i s execu t ed i n a
sa fe a n d t i mel y ma n n er .
(E) Emer gen cy Oper a t i on s;
(F ) Nor ma l sh u t down ; a n d,
(G) S t a r t u p fol l owi n g a t u r n a r ou n d,
or a ft er a n emer gen cy sh u t down .
(i i ) Operat in g limit s:
(A) Con sequ en ces of devi a t i on ; a n d
(B) S t eps r equ i r ed t o cor r ect or a voi d
devi a t i on .
(i i i ) Saf et y an d h ealt h con siderat ion s:
(A) P r oper t i es of, a n d h a za r ds pr e-
sen t ed by , t h e ch emi ca l s u sed i n t h e
pr ocess;
(B) P r eca u t i on s n ecessa r y t o pr even t
exposu r e, i n cl u di n g en gi n eer i n g con -
t r ol s, a dmi n i st r a t i ve con t r ol s, a n d per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ;
(C) Con t r ol mea su r es t o be t a k en i f
ph y si ca l con t a ct or a i r bor n e exposu r e
occu r s;
(D) Qu a l i t y con t r ol for r a w ma t er i a l s
a n d con t r ol of h a za r dou s ch emi ca l i n -
ven t or y l evel s; a n d,
(E) An y speci a l or u n i qu e h a za r ds.
(i v) Saf et y sy st ems an d t h eir f u n ct ion s.
(2) Oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es sh a l l be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o empl oy ees wh o
wor k i n or ma i n t a i n a pr ocess.
(3) Th e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es sh a l l be
r evi ewed a s oft en a s n ecessa r y t o a s-
su r e t h a t t h ey r efl ect cu r r en t oper -
a t i n g pr a ct i ce, i n cl u di n g ch a n ges t h a t
r esu l t fr om ch a n ges i n pr ocess ch emi -
ca l s, t ech n ol ogy , a n d equ i pmen t , a n d
ch a n ges t o fa ci l i t i es. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l cer t i fy a n n u a l l y t h a t t h ese oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es a r e cu r r en t a n d a ccu -
r a t e.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d
i mpl emen t sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces t o pr o-
vi de for t h e con t r ol of h a za r ds du r i n g
oper a t i on s su ch a s l ock ou t /t a gou t ; con -
fi n ed spa ce en t r y ; open i n g pr ocess
equ i pmen t or pi pi n g; a n d con t r ol over
en t r a n ce i n t o a fa ci l i t y by ma i n t e-
n a n ce, con t r a ct or , l a bor a t or y , or ot h er
su ppor t per son n el . Th ese sa fe wor k
pr a ct i ces sh a l l a ppl y t o empl oy ees a n d
con t r a ct or empl oy ees.
(g) T rain in g(1) I n it ial t rain in g. (i )
Ea ch empl oy ee pr esen t l y i n vol ved i n
oper a t i n g a pr ocess, a n d ea ch empl oy ee
befor e bei n g i n vol ved i n oper a t i n g a
n ewl y a ssi gn ed pr ocess, sh a l l be
t r a i n ed i n a n over vi ew of t h e pr ocess
a n d i n t h e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l i n cl u de emph a -
si s on t h e speci fi c sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
h a za r ds, emer gen cy oper a t i on s i n cl u d-
i n g sh u t down , a n d sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces
a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e empl oy ees j ob t a sk s.
(i i ) I n l i eu of i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g for
t h ose empl oy ees a l r ea dy i n vol ved i n
oper a t i n g a pr ocess on Ma y 26, 1992, a n
empl oy er ma y cer t i fy i n wr i t i n g t h a t
t h e empl oy ee h a s t h e r equ i r ed k n owl -
edge, sk i l l s, a n d a bi l i t i es t o sa fel y
ca r r y ou t t h e du t i es a n d r espon si bi l -
i t i es a s speci fi ed i n t h e oper a t i n g pr o-
cedu r es.
(2) Ref resh er t rain in g. Refr esh er t r a i n -
i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t l ea st ever y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
351
t h r ee y ea r s, a n d mor e oft en i f n ec-
essa r y , t o ea ch empl oy ee i n vol ved i n
oper a t i n g a pr ocess t o a ssu r e t h a t t h e
empl oy ee u n der st a n ds a n d a dh er es t o
t h e cu r r en t oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es of t h e
pr ocess. Th e empl oy er , i n con su l t a t i on
wi t h t h e empl oy ees i n vol ved i n oper -
a t i n g t h e pr ocess, sh a l l det er mi n e t h e
a ppr opr i a t e fr equ en cy of r efr esh er
t r a i n i n g.
(3) T rain in g docu men t at ion . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a scer t a i n t h a t ea ch em-
pl oy ee i n vol ved i n oper a t i n g a pr ocess
h a s r ecei ved a n d u n der st ood t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph . Th e
empl oy er sh a l l pr epa r e a r ecor d wh i ch
con t a i n s t h e i den t i t y of t h e empl oy ee,
t h e da t e of t r a i n i n g, a n d t h e mea n s
u sed t o ver i fy t h a t t h e empl oy ee u n der -
st ood t h e t r a i n i n g.
(h ) Con t ract ors(1) Applicat ion . Th i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o con t r a ct or s per -
for mi n g ma i n t en a n ce or r epa i r , t u r n -
a r ou n d, ma j or r en ova t i on , or speci a l t y
wor k on or a dj a cen t t o a cover ed pr oc-
ess. I t does n ot a ppl y t o con t r a ct or s
pr ovi di n g i n ci den t a l ser vi ces wh i ch do
n ot i n fl u en ce pr ocess sa fet y , su ch a s
j a n i t or i a l wor k , food a n d dr i n k ser v-
i ces, l a u n dr y , del i ver y or ot h er su ppl y
ser vi ces.
(2) Employ er respon sibilit ies. (i ) Th e
empl oy er , wh en sel ect i n g a con t r a ct or ,
sh a l l obt a i n a n d eva l u a t e i n for ma t i on
r ega r di n g t h e con t r a ct empl oy er s sa fe-
t y per for ma n ce a n d pr ogr a ms.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n for m con -
t r a ct empl oy er s of t h e k n own pot en t i a l
fi r e, expl osi on , or t oxi c r el ea se h a za r ds
r el a t ed t o t h e con t r a ct or s wor k a n d
t h e pr ocess.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l expl a i n t o
con t r a ct empl oy er s t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr o-
vi si on s of t h e emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (n ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d
i mpl emen t sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces con -
si st en t wi t h pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t o con t r ol t h e en t r a n ce, pr esen ce
a n d exi t of con t r a ct empl oy er s a n d
con t r a ct empl oy ees i n cover ed pr ocess
a r ea s.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l per i odi ca l l y
eva l u a t e t h e per for ma n ce of con t r a ct
empl oy er s i n fu l fi l l i n g t h ei r obl i ga -
t i on s a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(3) of
t h i s sect i on .
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n a
con t r a ct empl oy ee i n j u r y a n d i l l n ess
l og r el a t ed t o t h e con t r a ct or s wor k i n
pr ocess a r ea s.
(3) Con t ract employ er respon sibilit ies.
(i ) Th e con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t ea ch con t r a ct empl oy ee i s t r a i n ed
i n t h e wor k pr a ct i ces n ecessa r y t o sa fe-
l y per for m h i s/h er j ob.
(i i ) Th e con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t ea ch con t r a ct empl oy ee i s i n -
st r u ct ed i n t h e k n own pot en t i a l fi r e,
expl osi on , or t oxi c r el ea se h a za r ds r e-
l a t ed t o h i s/h er j ob a n d t h e pr ocess,
a n d t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of t h e
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n .
(i i i ) Th e con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l doc-
u men t t h a t ea ch con t r a ct empl oy ee
h a s r ecei ved a n d u n der st ood t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph . Th e
con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l pr epa r e a
r ecor d wh i ch con t a i n s t h e i den t i t y of
t h e con t r a ct empl oy ee, t h e da t e of
t r a i n i n g, a n d t h e mea n s u sed t o ver i fy
t h a t t h e empl oy ee u n der st ood t h e
t r a i n i n g.
(i v) Th e con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t ea ch con t r a ct empl oy ee fol -
l ows t h e sa fet y r u l es of t h e fa ci l i t y i n -
cl u di n g t h e sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(v) Th e con t r a ct empl oy er sh a l l a d-
vi se t h e empl oy er of a n y u n i qu e h a z-
a r ds pr esen t ed by t h e con t r a ct empl oy -
er s wor k , or of a n y h a za r ds fou n d by
t h e con t r a ct empl oy er s wor k .
(i ) Pre-st art u p saf et y review. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l per for m a pr e-st a r t u p
sa fet y r evi ew for n ew fa ci l i t i es a n d for
modi fi ed fa ci l i t i es wh en t h e modi fi ca -
t i on i s si gn i fi ca n t en ou gh t o r equ i r e a
ch a n ge i n t h e pr ocess sa fet y i n for ma -
t i on .
(2) Th e pr e-st a r t u p sa fet y r evi ew
sh a l l con fi r m t h a t pr i or t o t h e i n t r o-
du ct i on of h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s
t o a pr ocess:
(i ) Con st r u ct i on a n d equ i pmen t i s i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h desi gn speci fi ca t i on s;
(i i ) S a fet y , oper a t i n g, ma i n t en a n ce,
a n d emer gen cy pr ocedu r es a r e i n pl a ce
a n d a r e a dequ a t e;
(i i i ) F or n ew fa ci l i t i es, a pr ocess h a z-
a r d a n a l y si s h a s been per for med a n d
r ecommen da t i on s h a ve been r esol ved
or i mpl emen t ed befor e st a r t u p; a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
352
modi fi ed fa ci l i t i es meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s con t a i n ed i n ma n a gemen t of
ch a n ge, pa r a gr a ph (l ).
(i v) Tr a i n i n g of ea ch empl oy ee i n -
vol ved i n oper a t i n g a pr ocess h a s been
compl et ed.
(j ) Mech an ical in t egrit y (1) Applica-
t ion . P a r a gr a ph s (j )(2) t h r ou gh (j )(6) of
t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o t h e fol l owi n g
pr ocess equ i pmen t :
(i ) P r essu r e vessel s a n d st or a ge
t a n k s;
(i i ) P i pi n g sy st ems (i n cl u di n g pi pi n g
compon en t s su ch a s va l ves);
(i i i ) Rel i ef a n d ven t sy st ems a n d de-
vi ces;
(i v) Emer gen cy sh u t down sy st ems;
(v) Con t r ol s (i n cl u di n g mon i t or i n g
devi ces a n d sen sor s, a l a r ms, a n d i n t er -
l ock s) a n d,
(vi ) P u mps.
(2) Writ t en procedu res. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d i mpl emen t wr i t t en
pr ocedu r es t o ma i n t a i n t h e on -goi n g
i n t egr i t y of pr ocess equ i pmen t .
(3) T rain in g f or process main t en an ce
act ivit ies. Th e empl oy er sh a l l t r a i n ea ch
empl oy ee i n vol ved i n ma i n t a i n i n g t h e
on -goi n g i n t egr i t y of pr ocess equ i p-
men t i n a n over vi ew of t h a t pr ocess
a n d i t s h a za r ds a n d i n t h e pr ocedu r es
a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e empl oy ees j ob t a sk s
t o a ssu r e t h a t t h e empl oy ee ca n per -
for m t h e j ob t a sk s i n a sa fe ma n n er .
(4) I n spect ion an d t est in g. (i ) I n spec-
t i on s a n d t est s sh a l l be per for med on
pr ocess equ i pmen t .
(i i ) I n spect i on a n d t est i n g pr ocedu r es
sh a l l fol l ow r ecogn i zed a n d gen er a l l y
a ccept ed good en gi n eer i n g pr a ct i ces.
(i i i ) Th e fr equ en cy of i n spect i on s a n d
t est s of pr ocess equ i pmen t sh a l l be con -
si st en t wi t h a ppl i ca bl e ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen da t i on s a n d good en gi n eer i n g
pr a ct i ces, a n d mor e fr equ en t l y i f det er -
mi n ed t o be n ecessa r y by pr i or oper -
a t i n g exper i en ce.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l docu men t
ea ch i n spect i on a n d t est t h a t h a s been
per for med on pr ocess equ i pmen t . Th e
docu men t a t i on sh a l l i den t i fy t h e da t e
of t h e i n spect i on or t est , t h e n a me of
t h e per son wh o per for med t h e i n spec-
t i on or t est , t h e ser i a l n u mber or ot h er
i den t i fi er of t h e equ i pmen t on wh i ch
t h e i n spect i on or t est wa s per for med, a
descr i pt i on of t h e i n spect i on or t est
per for med, a n d t h e r esu l t s of t h e i n -
spect i on or t est .
(5) Equ ipmen t def icien cies. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l cor r ect defi ci en ci es i n
equ i pmen t t h a t a r e ou t si de a ccept a bl e
l i mi t s (defi n ed by t h e pr ocess sa fet y i n -
for ma t i on i n pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on ) befor e fu r t h er u se or i n a sa fe a n d
t i mel y ma n n er wh en n ecessa r y mea n s
a r e t a k en t o a ssu r e sa fe oper a t i on .
(6) Qu alit y assu ran ce. (i ) I n t h e con -
st r u ct i on of n ew pl a n t s a n d equ i pmen t ,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t equ i p-
men t a s i t i s fa br i ca t ed i s su i t a bl e for
t h e pr ocess a ppl i ca t i on for wh i ch t h ey
wi l l be u sed.
(i i ) Appr opr i a t e ch eck s a n d i n spec-
t i on s sh a l l be per for med t o a ssu r e t h a t
equ i pmen t i s i n st a l l ed pr oper l y a n d
con si st en t wi t h desi gn speci fi ca t i on s
a n d t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
ma i n t en a n ce ma t er i a l s, spa r e pa r t s a n d
equ i pmen t a r e su i t a bl e for t h e pr ocess
a ppl i ca t i on for wh i ch t h ey wi l l be u sed.
(k ) Hot work permit . (1) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l i ssu e a h ot wor k per mi t for h ot
wor k oper a t i on s con du ct ed on or n ea r a
cover ed pr ocess.
(2) Th e per mi t sh a l l docu men t t h a t
t h e fi r e pr even t i on a n d pr ot ect i on r e-
qu i r emen t s i n 29 CF R 1910. 252(a ) h a ve
been i mpl emen t ed pr i or t o begi n n i n g
t h e h ot wor k oper a t i on s; i t sh a l l i n di -
ca t e t h e da t e(s) a u t h or i zed for h ot
wor k ; a n d i den t i fy t h e obj ect on wh i ch
h ot wor k i s t o be per for med. Th e per -
mi t sh a l l be k ept on fi l e u n t i l compl e-
t i on of t h e h ot wor k oper a t i on s.
(l ) Man agemen t of ch an ge. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d i mpl emen t
wr i t t en pr ocedu r es t o ma n a ge ch a n ges
(except for r epl a cemen t s i n k i n d) t o
pr ocess ch emi ca l s, t ech n ol ogy , equ i p-
men t , a n d pr ocedu r es; a n d, ch a n ges t o
fa ci l i t i es t h a t a ffect a cover ed pr ocess.
(2) Th e pr ocedu r es sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
t h e fol l owi n g con si der a t i on s a r e a d-
dr essed pr i or t o a n y ch a n ge:
(i ) Th e t ech n i ca l ba si s for t h e pr o-
posed ch a n ge;
(i i ) I mpa ct of ch a n ge on sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h ;
(i i i ) Modi fi ca t i on s t o oper a t i n g pr o-
cedu r es;
(i v) Necessa r y t i me per i od for t h e
ch a n ge; a n d,
(v) Au t h or i za t i on r equ i r emen t s for
t h e pr oposed ch a n ge.
(3) Empl oy ees i n vol ved i n oper a t i n g a
pr ocess a n d ma i n t en a n ce a n d con t r a ct
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
353
empl oy ees wh ose j ob t a sk s wi l l be a f-
fect ed by a ch a n ge i n t h e pr ocess sh a l l
be i n for med of, a n d t r a i n ed i n , t h e
ch a n ge pr i or t o st a r t -u p of t h e pr ocess
or a ffect ed pa r t of t h e pr ocess.
(4) I f a ch a n ge cover ed by t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph r esu l t s i n a ch a n ge i n t h e pr ocess
sa fet y i n for ma t i on r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on , su ch i n for ma -
t i on sh a l l be u pda t ed a ccor di n gl y .
(5) I f a ch a n ge cover ed by t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph r esu l t s i n a ch a n ge i n t h e oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es or pr a ct i ces r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on , su ch
pr ocedu r es or pr a ct i ces sh a l l be u p-
da t ed a ccor di n gl y .
(m) I n ciden t in vest igat ion . (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l i n vest i ga t e ea ch i n ci den t
wh i ch r esu l t ed i n , or cou l d r ea son a bl y
h a ve r esu l t ed i n a ca t a st r oph i c r el ea se
of h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l i n t h e
wor k pl a ce.
(2) An i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on sh a l l be
i n i t i a t ed a s pr ompt l y a s possi bl e, bu t
n ot l a t er t h a n 48 h ou r s fol l owi n g t h e
i n ci den t .
(3) An i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on t ea m
sh a l l be est a bl i sh ed a n d con si st of a t
l ea st on e per son k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e
pr ocess i n vol ved, i n cl u di n g a con t r a ct
empl oy ee i f t h e i n ci den t i n vol ved wor k
of t h e con t r a ct or , a n d ot h er per son s
wi t h a ppr opr i a t e k n owl edge a n d exper i -
en ce t o t h or ou gh l y i n vest i ga t e a n d
a n a l y ze t h e i n ci den t .
(4) A r epor t sh a l l be pr epa r ed a t t h e
con cl u si on of t h e i n vest i ga t i on wh i ch
i n cl u des a t a mi n i mu m:
(i ) Da t e of i n ci den t ;
(i i ) Da t e i n vest i ga t i on bega n ;
(i i i ) A descr i pt i on of t h e i n ci den t ;
(i v) Th e fa ct or s t h a t con t r i bu t ed t o
t h e i n ci den t ; a n d,
(v) An y r ecommen da t i on s r esu l t i n g
fr om t h e i n vest i ga t i on .
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a
sy st em t o pr ompt l y a ddr ess a n d r esol ve
t h e i n ci den t r epor t fi n di n gs a n d r ec-
ommen da t i on s. Resol u t i on s a n d cor r ec-
t i ve a ct i on s sh a l l be docu men t ed.
(6) Th e r epor t sh a l l be r evi ewed wi t h
a l l a ffect ed per son n el wh ose j ob t a sk s
a r e r el eva n t t o t h e i n ci den t fi n di n gs i n -
cl u di n g con t r a ct empl oy ees wh er e a p-
pl i ca bl e.
(7) I n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on r epor t s
sh a l l be r et a i n ed for fi ve y ea r s.
(n ) Emergen cy plan n in g an d respon se.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d i m-
pl emen t a n emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n for
t h e en t i r e pl a n t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
pr ovi si on s of 29 CF R 1910. 38. I n a ddi -
t i on , t h e emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n sh a l l
i n cl u de pr ocedu r es for h a n dl i n g sma l l
r el ea ses. Empl oy er s cover ed u n der t h i s
st a n da r d ma y a l so be su bj ect t o t h e
h a za r dou s wa st e a n d emer gen cy r e-
spon se pr ovi si on s con t a i n ed i n 29 CF R
1910. 120 (a ), (p) a n d (q).
(o) Complian ce Au dit s. (1) Empl oy er s
sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t t h ey h a ve eva l u a t ed
compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s
sect i on a t l ea st ever y t h r ee y ea r s t o
ver i fy t h a t t h e pr ocedu r es a n d pr a c-
t i ces devel oped u n der t h e st a n da r d a r e
a dequ a t e a n d a r e bei n g fol l owed.
(2) Th e compl i a n ce a u di t sh a l l be
con du ct ed by a t l ea st on e per son
k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e pr ocess.
(3) A r epor t of t h e fi n di n gs of t h e
a u di t sh a l l be devel oped.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ompt l y de-
t er mi n e a n d docu men t a n a ppr opr i a t e
r espon se t o ea ch of t h e fi n di n gs of t h e
compl i a n ce a u di t , a n d docu men t t h a t
defi ci en ci es h a ve been cor r ect ed.
(5) Empl oy er s sh a l l r et a i n t h e t wo (2)
most r ecen t compl i a n ce a u di t r epor t s.
(p) T rade secret s. (1) Empl oy er s sh a l l
ma k e a l l i n for ma t i on n ecessa r y t o
compl y wi t h t h e sect i on a va i l a bl e t o
t h ose per son s r espon si bl e for compi l i n g
t h e pr ocess sa fet y i n for ma t i on (r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on ),
t h ose a ssi st i n g i n t h e devel opmen t of
t h e pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s (r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on ), t h ose
r espon si bl e for devel opi n g t h e oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es (r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on ), a n d t h ose i n -
vol ved i n i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on s (r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (m) of t h i s sec-
t i on ), emer gen cy pl a n n i n g a n d r espon se
(pa r a gr a ph (n ) of t h i s sect i on ) a n d com-
pl i a n ce a u di t s (pa r a gr a ph (o) of t h i s
sect i on ) wi t h ou t r ega r d t o possi bl e
t r a de secr et st a t u s of su ch i n for ma -
t i on .
(2) Not h i n g i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l
pr ecl u de t h e empl oy er fr om r equ i r i n g
t h e per son s t o wh om t h e i n for ma t i on i s
ma de a va i l a bl e u n der pa r a gr a ph (p)(1)
of t h i s sect i on t o en t er i n t o con fi den -
t i a l i t y a gr eemen t s n ot t o di scl ose t h e
i n for ma t i on a s set for t h i n 29 CF R
1910. 1200.
(3) S u bj ect t o t h e r u l es a n d pr oce-
du r es set for t h i n 29 CF R 1910. 1200(i )(1)
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
354
t h r ou gh 1910. 1200(i )(12), empl oy ees a n d
t h ei r desi gn a t ed r epr esen t a t i ves sh a l l
h a ve a ccess t o t r a de secr et i n for ma t i on
con t a i n ed wi t h i n t h e pr ocess h a za r d
a n a l y si s a n d ot h er docu men t s r equ i r ed
t o be devel oped by t h i s st a n da r d.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 119LI S T OF HI GHLY
HAZARDOUS CHEMI CALS , TOXI CS AND
REACTI VES (MANDATORY)
Th i s a ppen di x con t a i n s a l i st i n g of t oxi c
a n d r ea ct i ve h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s
wh i ch pr esen t a pot en t i a l for a ca t a st r oph i c
even t a t or a bove t h e t h r esh ol d qu a n t i t y .
CHEMICAL name CAS* TQ**
Acetaldehyde ....................................... 75070 2500
Acrolein (2-Propenal) .......................... 107028 150
Acrylyl Chloride ................................... 814686 250
Allyl Chloride ....................................... 107051 1000
Allylamine ............................................ 107119 1000
Alkylaluminums .................................... Varies 5000
Ammonia, Anhydrous .......................... 7664417 10000
Ammonia solutions (>44% ammonia
by weight) ........................................ 7664417 15000
Ammonium Perchlorate ....................... 7790989 7500
Ammonium Permanganate .................. 7787362 7500
Arsine (also called Arsenic Hydride) ... 7784421 100
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether ...................... 542881 100
Boron Trichloride ................................. 10294345 2500
Boron Trifluoride .................................. 7637072 250
Bromine ............................................... 7726956 1500
Bromine Chloride ................................. 13863417 1500
Bromine Pentafluoride ......................... 7789302 2500
Bromine Trifluoride .............................. 7787715 15000
3Bromopropyne (also called Pro-
pargyl Bromide) ............................... 106967 100
Butyl Hydroperoxide (Tertiary) ............ 75912 5000
Butyl Perbenzoate (Tertiary) ............... 614459 7500
Carbonyl Chloride (see Phosgene) ..... 75445 100
Carbonyl Fluoride ................................ 353504 2500
Cellulose Nitrate (concentration
>12.6% nitrogen ............................... 9004700 2500
Chlorine ............................................... 7782505 1500
Chlorine Dioxide .................................. 10049044 1000
Chlorine Pentrafluoride ........................ 13637633 1000
Chlorine Trifluoride .............................. 7790912 1000
Chlorodiethylaluminum (also called
Diethylaluminum Chloride) ............... 96106 5000
1-Chloro-2,4-Dinitrobenzene ............... 97007 5000
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether .................. 107302 500
Chloropicrin ......................................... 76062 500
Chloropicrin and Methyl Bromide mix-
ture ................................................... None 1500
Chloropicrin and Methyl Chloride mix-
ture ................................................... None 1500
Cumene Hydroperoxide ...................... 80159 5000
Cyanogen ............................................ 460195 2500
Cyanogen Chloride .............................. 506774 500
Cyanuric Fluoride ................................ 675149 100
Diacetyl Peroxide (Concentration
>70%) ............................................... 110225 5000
Diazomethane ..................................... 334883 500
Dibenzoyl Peroxide ............................. 94360 7500
Diborane .............................................. 19287457 100
Dibutyl Peroxide (Tertiary) .................. 110054 5000
Dichloro Acetylene .............................. 7572294 250
Dichlorosilane ...................................... 4109960 2500
Diethylzinc ........................................... 557200 10000
Diisopropyl Peroxydicarbonate ............ 105646 7500
Dilaluroyl Peroxide .............................. 105748 7500
Dimethyldichlorosilane ......................... 75785 1000
Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1- ....................... 57147 1000
Dimethylamine, Anhydrous ................. 124403 2500
2,4-Dinitroaniline .................................. 97029 5000
Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide (also
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide; con-
centration >60%) .............................. 1338234 5000
Ethyl Nitrite .......................................... 109955 5000
Ethylamine ........................................... 75047 7500
Ethylene Fluorohydrin ......................... 371620 100
Ethylene Oxide .................................... 75218 5000
Ethyleneimine ...................................... 151564 1000
Fluorine ................................................ 7782414 1000
Formaldehyde (Formalin) .................... 50000 1000
Furan ................................................... 110009 500
Hexafluoroacetone .............................. 684162 5000
Hydrochloric Acid, Anhydrous ............. 7647010 5000
Hydrofluoric Acid, Anhydrous .............. 7664393 1000
Hydrogen Bromide .............................. 10035106 5000
Hydrogen Chloride .............................. 7647010 5000
Hydrogen Cyanide, Anhydrous ........... 74908 1000
Hydrogen Fluoride ............................... 7664393 1000
Hydrogen Peroxide (52% by weight or
greater) ............................................ 7722841 7500
Hydrogen Selenide .............................. 7783075 150
Hydrogen Sulfide ................................. 7783064 1500
Hydroxylamine ..................................... 7803498 2500
Iron, Pentacarbonyl ............................. 13463406 250
Isopropylamine .................................... 75310 5000
Ketene ................................................. 463514 100
Methacrylaldehyde .............................. 78853 1000
Methacryloyl Chloride .......................... 920467 150
Methacryloyloxyethyl Isocyanate ......... 30674807 100
Methyl Acrylonitrile .............................. 126987 250
Methylamine, Anhydrous ..................... 74895 1000
Methyl Bromide ................................... 74839 2500
Methyl Chloride ................................... 74873 15000
Methyl Chloroformate .......................... 79221 500
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (con-
centration >60%) .............................. 1338234 5000
Methyl Fluoroacetate ........................... 453189 100
Methyl Fluorosulfate ............................ 421205 100
Methyl Hydrazine ................................. 60344 100
Methyl Iodide ....................................... 74884 7500
Methyl Isocyanate ............................... 624839 250
Methyl Mercaptan ................................ 74931 5000
Methyl Vinyl Ketone ............................ 79844 100
Methyltrichlorosilane ............................ 75796 500
Nickel Carbonly (Nickel Tetracarbonyl) 13463393 150
Nitric Acid (94.5% by weight or great-
er) ..................................................... 7697372 500
Nitric Oxide .......................................... 10102439 250
Nitroaniline (para Nitroaniline .............. 100016 5000
Nitromethane ....................................... 75525 2500
Nitrogen Dioxide .................................. 10102440 250
Nitrogen Oxides (NO; NO2; N204;
N203) ............................................... 10102440 250
Nitrogen Tetroxide (also called Nitro-
gen Peroxide) .................................. 10544726 250
Nitrogen Trifluoride .............................. 7783542 5000
Nitrogen Trioxide ................................. 10544737 250
Oleum (65% to 80% by weight; also
called Fuming Sulfuric Acid) ............ 8014947 1000
Osmium Tetroxide ............................... 20816120 100
Oxygen Difluoride (Fluorine Monoxide) 7783417 100
Ozone .................................................. 10028156 100
Pentaborane ........................................ 19624227 100
Peracetic Acid (concentration >60%
Acetic Acid; also called Peroxy-
acetic Acid) ...................................... 79210 1000
Perchloric Acid (concentration >60%
by weight) ........................................ 7601903 5000
Perchloromethyl Mercaptan ................ 594423 150
Perchloryl Fluoride .............................. 7616946 5000
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
355
Peroxyacetic Acid (concentration
>60% Acetic Acid; also called Per-
acetic Acid) ...................................... 79210 1000
Phosgene (also called Carbonyl Chlo-
ride) .................................................. 75445 100
Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide) ...... 7803512 100
Phosphorus Oxychloride (also called
Phosphoryl Chloride) ....................... 10025873 1000
Phosphorus Trichloride ....................... 7719122 1000
Phosphoryl Chloride (also called
Phosphorus Oxychloride) ................ 10025873 1000
Propargyl Bromide ............................... 106967 100
Propyl Nitrate ....................................... 62734 2500
Sarin .................................................... 107448 100
Selenium Hexafluoride ........................ 7783791 1000
Stibine (Antimony Hydride) ................. 7803523 500
Sulfur Dioxide (liquid) .......................... 7446095 1000
Sulfur Pentafluoride ............................. 5714227 250
Sulfur Tetrafluoride .............................. 7783600 250
Sulfur Trioxide (also called Sulfuric
Anhydride) ........................................ 7446119 1000
Sulfuric Anhydride (also called Sulfur
Trioxide) ........................................... 7446119 1000
Tellurium Hexafluoride ........................ 7783804 250
Tetrafluoroethylene .............................. 116143 5000
Tetrafluorohydrazine ............................ 10036472 5000
Tetramethyl Lead ................................ 75741 1000
Thionyl Chloride .................................. 7719097 250
Trichloro (chloromethyl) Silane ........... 1558254 100
Trichloro (dichlorophenyl) Silane ......... 27137855 2500
Trichlorosilane ..................................... 10025782 5000
Trifluorochloroethylene ........................ 79389 10000
Trimethyoxysilane ................................ 2487903 1500
*Chemical Abstract Service Number.
**Threshold Quantity in Pounds (Amount necessary to be
covered by this standard).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
356
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 119BLOCK F LOW DI AGRAM AND S I MP LI F I ED P ROCES S
F LOW DI AGRAM (NONMANDATORY)
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
357
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 119COMP LI ANCE GUI DE-
LI NES AND RECOMMENDATI ONS F OR P ROCES S
S AF ETY MANAGEMENT (NONMANDATORY)
Th i s a ppen di x ser ves a s a n on ma n da t or y
gu i del i n e t o a ssi st empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees
i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on , a s wel l a s pr ovi des ot h er h el pfu l r ec-
ommen da t i on s a n d i n for ma t i on . Exa mpl es
pr esen t ed i n t h i s a ppen di x a r e n ot t h e on l y
mea n s of a ch i evi n g t h e per for ma n ce goa l s i n
t h e st a n da r d. Th i s a ppen di x n ei t h er a dds n or
det r a ct s fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e st a n d-
a r d.
1. I n t rodu ct ion t o Process Saf et y Man age-
men t . Th e ma j or obj ect i ve of pr ocess sa fet y
ma n a gemen t of h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s
i s t o pr even t u n wa n t ed r el ea ses of h a za r dou s
ch emi ca l s especi a l l y i n t o l oca t i on s wh i ch
cou l d expose empl oy ees a n d ot h er s t o ser i ou s
h a za r ds. An effect i ve pr ocess sa fet y ma n a ge-
men t pr ogr a m r equ i r es a sy st ema t i c a p-
pr oa ch t o eva l u a t i n g t h e wh ol e pr ocess.
Usi n g t h i s a ppr oa ch t h e pr ocess desi gn , pr oc-
ess t ech n ol ogy , oper a t i on a l a n d ma i n t en a n ce
a ct i vi t i es a n d pr ocedu r es, n on r ou t i n e a ct i vi -
t i es a n d pr ocedu r es, emer gen cy pr epa r edn ess
pl a n s a n d pr ocedu r es, t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms, a n d
ot h er el emen t s wh i ch i mpa ct t h e pr ocess a r e
a l l con si der ed i n t h e eva l u a t i on . Th e va r i ou s
l i n es of defen se t h a t h a ve been i n cor por a t ed
i n t o t h e desi gn a n d oper a t i on of t h e pr ocess
t o pr even t or mi t i ga t e t h e r el ea se of h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l s n eed t o be eva l u a t ed a n d
st r en gt h en ed t o a ssu r e t h ei r effect i ven ess a t
ea ch l evel . P r ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t i s t h e
pr oa ct i ve i den t i fi ca t i on , eva l u a t i on a n d
mi t i ga t i on or pr even t i on of ch emi ca l r e-
l ea ses t h a t cou l d occu r a s a r esu l t of fa i l u r es
i n pr ocess, pr ocedu r es or equ i pmen t .
Th e pr ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t st a n da r d
t a r get s h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s t h a t
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
358
h a ve t h e pot en t i a l t o ca u se a ca t a st r oph i c
i n ci den t . Th i s st a n da r d a s a wh ol e i s t o a i d
empl oy er s i n t h ei r effor t s t o pr even t or mi t i -
ga t e epi sodi c ch emi ca l r el ea ses t h a t cou l d
l ea d t o a ca t a st r oph e i n t h e wor k pl a ce a n d
possi bl y t o t h e su r r ou n di n g commu n i t y . To
con t r ol t h ese t y pes of h a za r ds, empl oy er s
n eed t o devel op t h e n ecessa r y exper t i se, ex-
per i en ces, j u dgemen t a n d pr oa ct i ve i n i t i a -
t i ve wi t h i n t h ei r wor k for ce t o pr oper l y i m-
pl emen t a n d ma i n t a i n a n effect i ve pr ocess
sa fet y ma n a gemen t pr ogr a m a s en vi si on ed i n
t h e OS HA st a n da r d. Th i s OS HA st a n da r d i s
r equ i r ed by t h e Cl ea n Ai r Act Amen dmen t s
a s i s t h e En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy s
Ri sk Ma n a gemen t P l a n . Empl oy er s, wh o
mer ge t h e t wo set s of r equ i r emen t s i n t o
t h ei r pr ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t pr ogr a m,
wi l l bet t er a ssu r e fu l l compl i a n ce wi t h ea ch
a s wel l a s en h a n ci n g t h ei r r el a t i on sh i p wi t h
t h e l oca l commu n i t y .
Wh i l e OS HA bel i eves pr ocess sa fet y ma n -
a gemen t wi l l h a ve a posi t i ve effect on t h e
sa fet y of empl oy ees i n wor k pl a ces a n d a l so
offer s ot h er pot en t i a l ben efi t s t o empl oy er s
(i n cr ea sed pr odu ct i vi t y ), sma l l er bu si n esses
wh i ch ma y h a ve l i mi t ed r esou r ces a va i l a bl e
t o t h em a t t h i s t i me, mi gh t con si der a l t er -
n a t i ve a ven u es of decr ea si n g t h e r i sk s a sso-
ci a t ed wi t h h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s a t
t h ei r wor k pl a ces. On e met h od wh i ch mi gh t
be con si der ed i s t h e r edu ct i on i n t h e i n ven -
t or y of t h e h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l . Th i s
r edu ct i on i n i n ven t or y wi l l r esu l t i n a r edu c-
t i on of t h e r i sk or pot en t i a l for a ca t a -
st r oph i c i n ci den t . Al so, empl oy er s i n cl u di n g
sma l l empl oy er s ma y be a bl e t o est a bl i sh
mor e effi ci en t i n ven t or y con t r ol by r edu ci n g
t h e qu a n t i t i es of h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s
on si t e bel ow t h e est a bl i sh ed t h r esh ol d qu a n -
t i t i es. Th i s r edu ct i on ca n be a ccompl i sh ed
by or der i n g sma l l er sh i pmen t s a n d ma i n t a i n -
i n g t h e mi n i mu m i n ven t or y n ecessa r y for ef-
fi ci en t a n d sa fe oper a t i on . Wh en r edu ced i n -
ven t or y i s n ot fea si bl e, t h en t h e empl oy er
mi gh t con si der di sper si n g i n ven t or y t o sev-
er a l l oca t i on s on si t e. Di sper si n g st or a ge
i n t o l oca t i on s wh er e a r el ea se i n on e l oca -
t i on wi l l n ot ca u se a r el ea se i n a n ot h er l oca -
t i on i s a pr a ct i ca l met h od t o a l so r edu ce t h e
r i sk or por t en t i a l for ca t a st r oph i c i n ci den t s.
2. Employ ee I n volvemen t in Process Saf et y
Man agemen t . S ect i on 304 of t h e Cl ea n Ai r Act
Amen dmen t s st a t es t h a t empl oy er s a r e t o
con su l t wi t h t h ei r empl oy ees a n d t h ei r r ep-
r esen t a t i ves r ega r di n g t h e empl oy er s effor t s
i n t h e devel opmen t a n d i mpl emen t a t i on of
t h e pr ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t pr ogr a m el e-
men t s a n d h a za r d a ssessmen t s. S ect i on 304
a l so r equ i r es empl oy er s t o t r a i n a n d edu ca t e
t h ei r empl oy ees a n d t o i n for m a ffect ed em-
pl oy ees of t h e fi n di n gs fr om i n ci den t i n ves-
t i ga t i on s r equ i r ed by t h e pr ocess sa fet y ma n -
a gemen t pr ogr a m. Ma n y empl oy er s, u n der
t h ei r sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a ms, h a ve a l -
r ea dy est a bl i sh ed mea n s a n d met h ods t o
k eep empl oy ees a n d t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves i n -
for med a bou t r el eva n t sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
i ssu es a n d empl oy er s ma y be a bl e t o a da pt
t h ese pr a ct i ces a n d pr ocedu r es t o meet t h ei r
obl i ga t i on s u n der t h i s st a n da r d. Empl oy er s
wh o h a ve n ot i mpl emen t ed a n occu pa t i on a l
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m ma y wi sh t o for m
a sa fet y a n d h ea l t h commi t t ee of empl oy ees
a n d ma n a gemen t r epr esen t a t i ves t o h el p t h e
empl oy er meet t h e obl i ga t i on s speci fi ed by
t h i s st a n da r d. Th ese commi t t ees ca n become
a si gn i fi ca n t a l l y i n h el pi n g t h e empl oy er t o
i mpl emen t a n d ma i n t a i n a n effect i ve pr ocess
sa fet y ma n a gmen t pr ogr a m for a l l empl oy -
ees.
3. Process Saf et y I n f ormat ion . Compl et e a n d
a ccu r a t e wr i t t en i n for ma t i on con cer n i n g
pr ocess ch emi ca l s, pr ocess t ech n ol ogy , a n d
pr ocess equ i pmen t i s essen t i a l t o a n effect i ve
pr ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t pr ogr a m a n d t o a
pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l y si s. Th e compi l ed i n for -
ma t i on wi l l be a n ecessa r y r esou r ce t o a va -
r i et y of u ser s i n cl u di n g t h e t ea m t h a t wi l l
per for m t h e pr ocess h a za r ds a n a l y si s a s r e-
qu i r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (e); t h ose devel opi n g
t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms a n d t h e oper a t i n g pr o-
cedu r es; con t r a ct or s wh ose empl oy ees wi l l be
wor k i n g wi t h t h e pr ocess; t h ose con du ct i n g
t h e pr e-st a r t u p r evi ews; l oca l emer gen cy
pr epa r edn ess pl a n n er s; a n d i n su r a n ce a n d en -
for cemen t offi ci a l s.
Th e i n for ma t i on t o be compi l ed a bou t t h e
ch emi ca l s, i n cl u di n g pr ocess i n t er medi a t es,
n eeds t o be compr eh en si ve en ou gh for a n a c-
cu r a t e a ssessmen t of t h e fi r e a n d expl osi on
ch a r a ct er i st i cs, r ea ct i vi t y h a za r ds, t h e sa fe-
t y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds t o wor k er s, a n d t h e
cor r osi on a n d er osi on effect s on t h e pr ocess
equ i pmen t a n d mon i t or i n g t ool s. Cu r r en t
ma t er i a l sa fet y da t a sh eet (MS DS ) i n for ma -
t i on ca n be u sed t o h el p meet t h i s r equ i r e-
men t wh i ch mu st be su ppl emen t ed wi t h
pr ocess ch emi st r y i n for ma t i on i n cl u di n g
r u n a wa y r ea ct i on a n d over pr essu r e h a za r ds
i f a ppl i ca bl e.
P r ocess t ech n ol ogy i n for ma t i on wi l l be a
pa r t of t h e pr ocess sa fet y i n for ma t i on pa ck -
a ge a n d i t i s expect ed t h a t i t wi l l i n cl u de
di a gr a ms of t h e t y pe sh own i n a ppen di x B of
t h i s sect i on a s wel l a s empl oy er est a bl i sh ed
cr i t er i a for ma xi mu m i n ven t or y l evel s for
pr ocess ch emi ca l s; l i mi t s bey on d wh i ch
wou l d be con si der ed u pset con di t i on s; a n d a
qu a l i t a t i ve est i ma t e of t h e con sequ en ces or
r esu l t s of devi a t i on t h a t cou l d occu r i f oper -
a t i n g bey on d t h e est a bl i sh ed pr ocess l i mi t s.
Empl oy er s a r e en cou r a ged t o u se di a gr a ms
wh i ch wi l l h el p u ser s u n der st a n d t h e pr ocess.
A bl ock fl ow di a gr a m i s u sed t o sh ow t h e
ma j or pr ocess equ i pmen t a n d i n t er -
con n ect i n g pr ocess fl ow l i n es a n d sh ow fl ow
r a t es, st r ea m composi t i on , t emper a t u r es,
a n d pr essu r es wh en n ecessa r y for cl a r i t y .
Th e bl ock fl ow di a gr a m i s a si mpl i fi ed di a -
gr a m.
P r ocess fl ow di a gr a ms a r e mor e compl ex
a n d wi l l sh ow a l l ma i n fl ow st r ea ms i n cl u d-
i n g va l ves t o en h a n ce t h e u n der st a n di n g of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
359
t h e pr ocess, a s wel l a s pr essu r es a n d t em-
per a t u r es on a l l feed a n d pr odu ct l i n es wi t h -
i n a l l ma j or vessel s, i n a n d ou t of h ea der s
a n d h ea t exch a n ger s, a n d poi n t s of pr essu r e
a n d t emper a t u r e con t r ol . Al so, ma t er i a l s of
con st r u ct i on i n for ma t i on , pu mp ca pa ci t i es
a n d pr essu r e h ea ds, compr essor h or sepower
a n d vessel desi gn pr essu r es a n d t emper a t u r es
a r e sh own wh en n ecessa r y for cl a r i t y . I n a d-
di t i on , ma j or compon en t s of con t r ol l oops
a r e u su a l l y sh own a l on g wi t h k ey u t i l i t i es
on pr ocess fl ow di a gr a ms.
P i pi n g a n d i n st r u men t di a gr a ms (P &I Ds)
ma y be t h e mor e a ppr opr i a t e t y pe of di a -
gr a ms t o sh ow some of t h e a bove det a i l s a n d
t o di spl a y t h e i n for ma t i on for t h e pi pi n g de-
si gn er a n d en gi n eer i n g st a ff. Th e P &I Ds a r e
t o be u sed t o descr i be t h e r el a t i on sh i ps be-
t ween equ i pmen t a n d i n st r u men t a t i on a s
wel l a s ot h er r el eva n t i n for ma t i on t h a t wi l l
en h a n ce cl a r i t y . Compu t er soft wa r e pr o-
gr a ms wh i ch do P &I Ds or ot h er di a gr a ms
u sefu l t o t h e i n for ma t i on pa ck a ge, ma y be
u sed t o h el p meet t h i s r equ i r emen t .
Th e i n for ma t i on per t a i n i n g t o pr ocess
equ i pmen t desi gn mu st be docu men t ed. I n
ot h er wor ds, wh a t wer e t h e codes a n d st a n d-
a r ds r el i ed on t o est a bl i sh good en gi n eer i n g
pr a ct i ce. Th ese codes a n d st a n da r ds a r e pu b-
l i sh ed by su ch or ga n i za t i on s a s t h e Amer i ca n
S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s, Amer i ca n
P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e, Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
t i on Associ a t i on , Amer i ca n S oci et y for Test -
i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s, Na t i on a l Boa r d of Boi l er
a n d P r essu r e Vessel I n spect or s, Na t i on a l As-
soci a t i on of Cor r osi on En gi n eer s, Amer i ca n
S oci et y of Exch a n ge Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a -
t i on , a n d model bu i l di n g code gr ou ps.
I n a ddi t i on , va r i ou s en gi n eer i n g soci et i es
i ssu e t ech n i ca l r epor t s wh i ch i mpa ct pr ocess
desi gn . F or exa mpl e, t h e Amer i ca n I n st i t u t e
of Ch emi ca l En gi n eer s h a s pu bl i sh ed t ech -
n i ca l r epor t s on t opi cs su ch a s t wo ph a se
fl ow for ven t i n g devi ces. Th i s t y pe of t ech -
n i ca l l y r ecogn i zed r epor t wou l d con st i t u t e
good en gi n eer i n g pr a ct i ce.
F or exi st i n g equ i pmen t desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed ma n y y ea r s a go i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e codes a n d st a n da r ds a va i l a bl e a t t h a t
t i me a n d n o l on ger i n gen er a l u se t oda y , t h e
empl oy er mu st docu men t wh i ch codes a n d
st a n da r ds wer e u sed a n d t h a t t h e desi gn a n d
con st r u ct i on a l on g wi t h t h e t est i n g, i n spec-
t i on a n d oper a t i on a r e st i l l su i t a bl e for t h e
i n t en ded u se. Wh er e t h e pr ocess t ech n ol ogy
r equ i r es a desi gn wh i ch depa r t s fr om t h e a p-
pl i ca bl e codes a n d st a n da r ds, t h e empl oy er
mu st docu men t t h a t t h e desi gn a n d con -
st r u ct i on i s su i t a bl e for t h e i n t en ded pu r -
pose.
4. Process Hazard An aly sis. A pr ocess h a za r d
a n a l y si s (P HA), somet i mes ca l l ed a pr ocess
h a za r d eva l u a t i on , i s on e of t h e most i mpor -
t a n t el emen t s of t h e pr ocess sa fet y ma n a ge-
men t pr ogr a m. A P HA i s a n or ga n i zed a n d
sy st ema t i c effor t t o i den t i fy a n d a n a l y ze t h e
si gn i fi ca n ce of pot en t i a l h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed
wi t h t h e pr ocessi n g or h a n dl i n g of h i gh l y
h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s. A P HA pr ovi des i n for -
ma t i on wh i ch wi l l a ssi st empl oy er s a n d em-
pl oy ees i n ma k i n g deci si on s for i mpr ovi n g
sa fet y a n d r edu ci n g t h e con sequ en ces of u n -
wa n t ed or u n pl a n n ed r el ea ses of h a za r dou s
ch emi ca l s. A P HA i s di r ect ed t owa r d a n a -
l y zi n g pot en t i a l ca u ses a n d con sequ en ces of
fi r es, expl osi on s, r el ea ses of t oxi c or fl a m-
ma bl e ch emi ca l s a n d ma j or spi l l s of h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l s. Th e P HA focu ses on equ i p-
men t , i n st r u men t a t i on , u t i l i t i es, h u ma n a c-
t i on s (r ou t i n e a n d n on r ou t i n e), a n d ext er n a l
fa ct or s t h a t mi gh t i mpa ct t h e pr ocess. Th ese
con si der a t i on s a ssi st i n det er mi n i n g t h e h a z-
a r ds a n d pot en t i a l fa i l u r e poi n t s or fa i l u r e
modes i n a pr ocess.
Th e sel ect i on of a P HA met h odol ogy or
t ech n i qu e wi l l be i n fl u en ced by ma n y fa ct or s
i n cl u di n g t h e a mou n t of exi st i n g k n owl edge
a bou t t h e pr ocess. I s i t a pr ocess t h a t h a s
been oper a t ed for a l on g per i od of t i me wi t h
l i t t l e or n o i n n ova t i on a n d ext en si ve exper i -
en ce h a s been gen er a t ed wi t h i t s u se? Or , i s
i t a n ew pr ocess or on e wh i ch h a s been
ch a n ged fr equ en t l y by t h e i n cl u si on of i n n o-
va t i ve fea t u r es? Al so, t h e si ze a n d com-
pl exi t y of t h e pr ocess wi l l i n fl u en ce t h e deci -
si on a s t o t h e a ppr opr i a t e P HA met h odol ogy
t o u se. Al l P HA met h odol ogi es a r e su bj ect t o
cer t a i n l i mi t a t i on s. F or exa mpl e, t h e ch eck -
l i st met h odol ogy wor k s wel l wh en t h e pr oc-
ess i s ver y st a bl e a n d n o ch a n ges a r e ma de,
bu t i t i s n ot a s effect i ve wh en t h e pr ocess
h a s u n der gon e ext en si ve ch a n ge. Th e ch eck -
l i st ma y mi ss t h e most r ecen t ch a n ges a n d
con sequ en t l y t h e ch a n ges wou l d n ot be eva l -
u a t ed. An ot h er l i mi t a t i on t o be con si der ed
con cer n s t h e a ssu mpt i on s ma de by t h e t ea m
or a n a l y st . Th e P HA i s depen den t on good
j u dgemen t a n d t h e a ssu mpt i on s ma de du r i n g
t h e st u dy n eed t o be docu men t ed a n d u n der -
st ood by t h e t ea m a n d r evi ewer a n d k ept for
a fu t u r e P HA.
Th e t ea m con du ct i n g t h e P HA n eed t o u n -
der st a n d t h e met h odol ogy t h a t i s goi n g t o be
u sed. A P HA t ea m ca n va r y i n si ze fr om t wo
peopl e t o a n u mber of peopl e wi t h va r i ed
oper a t i on a l a n d t ech n i ca l ba ck gr ou n ds.
S ome t ea m member s ma y on l y be a pa r t of
t h e t ea m for a l i mi t ed t i me. Th e t ea m l ea der
n eeds t o be fu l l y k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e pr oper
i mpl emen t a t i on of t h e P HA met h odol ogy
t h a t i s t o be u sed a n d sh ou l d be i mpa r t i a l i n
t h e eva l u a t i on . Th e ot h er fu l l or pa r t t i me
t ea m member s n eed t o pr ovi de t h e t ea m wi t h
exper t i se i n a r ea s su ch a s pr ocess t ech -
n ol ogy , pr ocess desi gn , oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
a n d pr a ct i ces, i n cl u di n g h ow t h e wor k i s a c-
t u a l l y per for med, a l a r ms, emer gen cy pr oce-
du r es, i n st r u men t a t i on , ma i n t en a n ce pr oce-
du r es, bot h r ou t i n e a n d n on r ou t i n e t a sk s, i n -
cl u di n g h ow t h e t a sk s a r e a u t h or i zed, pr o-
cu r emen t of pa r t s a n d su ppl i es, sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h , a n d a n y ot h er r el eva n t su bj ect a s t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
360
n eed di ct a t es. At l ea st on e t ea m member
mu st be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e pr ocess.
Th e i dea l t ea m wi l l h a ve a n i n t i ma t e
k n owl edge of t h e st a n da r ds, codes, speci fi ca -
t i on s a n d r egu l a t i on s a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e pr oc-
ess bei n g st u di ed. Th e sel ect ed t ea m mem-
ber s n eed t o be compa t i bl e a n d t h e t ea m
l ea der n eeds t o be a bl e t o ma n a ge t h e t ea m,
a n d t h e P HA st u dy . Th e t ea m n eeds t o be
a bl e t o wor k t oget h er wh i l e ben efi t i n g fr om
t h e exper t i se of ot h er s on t h e t ea m or ou t -
si de t h e t ea m, t o r esol ve i ssu es, a n d t o for ge
a con sen su s on t h e fi n di n gs of t h e st u dy a n d
r ecommen da t i on s.
Th e a ppl i ca t i on of a P HA t o a pr ocess ma y
i n vol ve t h e u se of di ffer en t met h odol ogi es
for va r i ou s pa r t s of t h e pr ocess. F or exa mpl e,
a pr ocess i n vol vi n g a ser i es of u n i t oper a t i on
of va r y i n g si zes, compl exi t i es, a n d a ges ma y
u se di ffer en t met h odol ogi es a n d t ea m mem-
ber s for ea ch oper a t i on . Th en t h e con cl u -
si on s ca n be i n t egr a t ed i n t o on e fi n a l st u dy
a n d eva l u a t i on . A mor e speci fi c exa mpl e i s
t h e u se of a ch eck l i st P HA for a st a n da r d
boi l er or h ea t exch a n ger a n d t h e u se of a
Ha za r d a n d Oper a bi l i t y P HA for t h e over a l l
pr ocess. Al so, for ba t ch t y pe pr ocesses l i k e
cu st om ba t ch oper a t i on s, a gen er i c P HA of a
r epr esen t a t i ve ba t ch ma y be u sed wh er e
t h er e a r e on l y sma l l ch a n ges of mon omer or
ot h er i n gr edi en t r a t i os a n d t h e ch emi st r y i s
docu men t ed for t h e fu l l r a n ge a n d r a t i o of
ba t ch i n gr edi en t s. An ot h er pr ocess t h a t
mi gh t con si der u si n g a gen er i c t y pe of P HA
i s a ga s pl a n t . Oft en t h ese pl a n t s a r e si mpl y
moved fr om si t e t o si t e a n d t h er efor e, a ge-
n er i c P HA ma y be u sed for t h ese mova bl e
pl a n t s. Al so, wh en a n empl oy er h a s sever a l
si mi l a r si ze ga s pl a n t s a n d n o sou r ga s i s
bei n g pr ocessed a t t h e si t e, t h en a gen er i c
P HA i s fea si bl e a s l on g a s t h e va r i a t i on s of
t h e i n di vi du a l si t es a r e a ccou n t ed for i n t h e
P HA. F i n a l l y , wh en a n empl oy er h a s a l a r ge
con t i n u ou s pr ocess wh i ch h a s sever a l con t r ol
r ooms for di ffer en t por t i on s of t h e pr ocess
su ch a s for a di st i l l a t i on t ower a n d a bl en d-
i n g oper a t i on , t h e empl oy er ma y wi sh t o do
ea ch segmen t sepa r a t el y a n d t h en i n t egr a t e
t h e fi n a l r esu l t s.
Addi t i on a l l y , sma l l bu si n esses wh i ch a r e
cover ed by t h i s r u l e, wi l l oft en h a ve pr oc-
esses t h a t h a ve l ess st or a ge vol u me, l ess ca -
pa ci t y , a n d l ess compl i ca t ed t h a n pr ocesses
a t a l a r ge fa ci l i t y . Th er efor e, OS HA wou l d
a n t i ci pa t e t h a t t h e l ess compl ex met h odol o-
gi es wou l d be u sed t o meet t h e pr ocess h a z-
a r d a n a l y si s cr i t er i a i n t h e st a n da r d. Th ese
pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y ses ca n be don e i n l ess
t i me a n d wi t h a few peopl e bei n g i n vol ved. A
l ess compl ex pr ocess gen er a l l y mea n s t h a t
l ess da t a , P &I Ds, a n d pr ocess i n for ma t i on i s
n eeded t o per for m a pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s.
Ma n y sma l l bu si n esses h a ve pr ocesses t h a t
a r e n ot u n i qu e, su ch a s col d st or a ge l ock er s
or wa t er t r ea t men t fa ci l i t i es. Wh er e em-
pl oy er a ssoci a t i on s h a ve a n u mber of mem-
ber s wi t h su ch fa ci l i t i es, a gen er i c P HA,
evol ved fr om a ch eck l i st or wh a t -i f qu es-
t i on s, cou l d be devel oped a n d u sed by ea ch
empl oy er effect i vel y t o r efl ect h i s/h er pa r -
t i cu l a r pr ocess; t h i s wou l d si mpl i fy compl i -
a n ce for t h em.
Wh en t h e empl oy er h a s a n u mber of pr oc-
esses wh i ch r equ i r e a P HA, t h e empl oy er
mu st set u p a pr i or i t y sy st em of wh i ch P HAs
t o con du ct fi r st . A pr el i mi n a r y or gr oss h a z-
a r d a n a l y si s ma y be u sefu l i n pr i or i t i zi n g t h e
pr ocesses t h a t t h e empl oy er h a s det er mi n ed
a r e su bj ect t o cover a ge by t h e pr ocess sa fet y
ma n a gemen t st a n da r d. Con si der a t i on sh ou l d
fi r st be gi ven t o t h ose pr ocesses wi t h t h e po-
t en t i a l of a dver sel y a ffect i n g t h e l a r gest
n u mber of empl oy ees. Th i s pr i or i t i zi n g
sh ou l d con si der t h e pot en t i a l sever i t y of a
ch emi ca l r el ea se, t h e n u mber of pot en t i a l l y
a ffect ed empl oy ees, t h e oper a t i n g h i st or y of
t h e pr ocess su ch a s t h e fr equ en cy of ch em-
i ca l r el ea ses, t h e a ge of t h e pr ocess a n d a n y
ot h er r el eva n t fa ct or s. Th ese fa ct or s wou l d
su ggest a r a n k i n g or der a n d wou l d su ggest
ei t h er u si n g a wei gh i n g fa ct or sy st em or a
sy st ema t i c r a n k i n g met h od. Th e u se of a
pr el i mi n a r y h a za r d a n a l y si s wou l d a ssi st a n
empl oy er i n det er mi n i n g wh i ch pr ocess
sh ou l d be of t h e h i gh est pr i or i t y a n d t h er eby
t h e empl oy er wou l d obt a i n t h e gr ea t est i m-
pr ovemen t i n sa fet y a t t h e fa ci l i t y .
Det a i l ed gu i da n ce on t h e con t en t a n d a p-
pl i ca t i on of pr ocess h a za r d a n a l y si s met h -
odol ogi es i s a va i l a bl e fr om t h e Amer i ca n I n -
st i t u t e of Ch emi ca l En gi n eer s Cen t er for
Ch emi ca l P r ocess S a fet y (see a ppen di x D).
5. Operat in g Procedu res an d Pract ices. Oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es descr i be t a sk s t o be per -
for med, da t a t o be r ecor ded, oper a t i n g con di -
t i on s t o be ma i n t a i n ed, sa mpl es t o be col -
l ect ed, a n d sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr eca u t i on s t o
be t a k en . Th e pr ocedu r es n eed t o be t ech -
n i ca l l y a ccu r a t e, u n der st a n da bl e t o empl oy -
ees, a n d r evi sed per i odi ca l l y t o en su r e t h a t
t h ey r efl ect cu r r en t oper a t i on s. Th e pr ocess
sa fet y i n for ma t i on pa ck a ge i s t o be u sed a s
a r esou r ce t o bet t er a ssu r e t h a t t h e oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d pr a ct i ces a r e con si st en t
wi t h t h e k n own h a za r ds of t h e ch emi ca l s i n
t h e pr ocess a n d t h a t t h e oper a t i n g pa r a m-
et er s a r e a ccu r a t e. Oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
sh ou l d be r evi ewed by en gi n eer i n g st a ff a n d
oper a t i n g per son n el t o en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e
a ccu r a t e a n d pr ovi de pr a ct i ca l i n st r u ct i on s
on h ow t o a ct u a l l y ca r r y ou t j ob du t i es sa fe-
l y .
Oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es wi l l i n cl u de speci fi c
i n st r u ct i on s or det a i l s on wh a t st eps a r e t o
be t a k en or fol l owed i n ca r r y i n g ou t t h e
st a t ed pr ocedu r es. Th ese oper a t i n g i n st r u c-
t i on s for ea ch pr ocedu r e sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e
a ppl i ca bl e sa fet y pr eca u t i on s a n d sh ou l d
con t a i n a ppr opr i a t e i n for ma t i on on sa fet y
i mpl i ca t i on s. F or exa mpl e, t h e oper a t i n g
pr ocedu r es a ddr essi n g oper a t i n g pa r a met er s
wi l l con t a i n oper a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s a bou t
pr essu r e l i mi t s, t emper a t u r e r a n ges, fl ow
r a t es, wh a t t o do wh en a n u pset con di t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
361
occu r s, wh a t a l a r ms a n d i n st r u men t s a r e
per t i n en t i f a n u pset con di t i on occu r s, a n d
ot h er su bj ect s. An ot h er exa mpl e of u si n g op-
er a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s t o pr oper l y i mpl emen t
oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es i s i n st a r t i n g u p or
sh u t t i n g down t h e pr ocess. I n t h ese ca ses,
di ffer en t pa r a met er s wi l l be r equ i r ed fr om
t h ose of n or ma l oper a t i on . Th ese oper a t i n g
i n st r u ct i on s n eed t o cl ea r l y i n di ca t e t h e di s-
t i n ct i on s bet ween st a r t u p a n d n or ma l oper -
a t i on s su ch a s t h e a ppr opr i a t e a l l owa n ces for
h ea t i n g u p a u n i t t o r ea ch t h e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g pa r a met er s. Al so t h e oper a t i n g i n -
st r u ct i on s n eed t o descr i be t h e pr oper met h -
od for i n cr ea si n g t h e t emper a t u r e of t h e u n i t
u n t i l t h e n or ma l oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e pa -
r a met er s a r e a ch i eved.
Compu t er i zed pr ocess con t r ol sy st ems a dd
compl exi t y t o oper a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s. Th ese
oper a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s n eed t o descr i be t h e
l ogi c of t h e soft wa r e a s wel l a s t h e r el a t i on -
sh i p bet ween t h e equ i pmen t a n d t h e con t r ol
sy st em; ot h er wi se, i t ma y n ot be a ppa r en t t o
t h e oper a t or .
Oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d i n st r u ct i on s a r e
i mpor t a n t for t r a i n i n g oper a t i n g per son n el .
Th e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a r e oft en vi ewed a s
t h e st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr a ct i ces (S OP s) for
oper a t i on s. Con t r ol r oom per son n el a n d oper -
a t i n g st a ff, i n gen er a l , n eed t o h a ve a fu l l u n -
der st a n di n g of oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es. I f wor k -
er s a r e n ot fl u en t i n En gl i sh t h en pr ocedu r es
a n d i n st r u ct i on s n eed t o be pr epa r ed i n a sec-
on d l a n gu a ge u n der st ood by t h e wor k er s. I n
a ddi t i on , oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es n eed t o be
ch a n ged wh en t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n t h e pr oc-
ess a s a r esu l t of t h e ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge
pr ocedu r es. Th e con sequ en ces of oper a t i n g
pr ocedu r e ch a n ges n eed t o be fu l l y eva l u a t ed
a n d t h e i n for ma t i on con vey ed t o t h e per -
son n el . F or exa mpl e, mech a n i ca l ch a n ges t o
t h e pr ocess ma de by t h e ma i n t en a n ce depa r t -
men t (l i k e ch a n gi n g a va l ve fr om st eel t o
br a ss or ot h er su bt l e ch a n ges) n eed t o be
eva l u a t ed t o det er mi n e i f oper a t i n g pr oce-
du r es a n d pr a ct i ces a l so n eed t o be ch a n ged.
Al l ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge a ct i on s mu st be
coor di n a t ed a n d i n t egr a t ed wi t h cu r r en t op-
er a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d oper a t i n g per son n el
mu st be or i en t ed t o t h e ch a n ges i n pr oce-
du r es befor e t h e ch a n ge i s ma de. Wh en t h e
pr ocess i s sh u t down i n or der t o ma k e a
ch a n ge, t h en t h e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es mu st
be u pda t ed befor e st a r t u p of t h e pr ocess.
Tr a i n i n g i n h ow t o h a n dl e u pset con di t i on s
mu st be a ccompl i sh ed a s wel l a s wh a t oper -
a t i n g per son n el a r e t o do i n emer gen ci es
su ch a s wh en a pu mp sea l fa i l s or a pi pel i n e
r u pt u r es. Commu n i ca t i on bet ween oper a t i n g
per son n el a n d wor k er s per for mi n g wor k
wi t h i n t h e pr ocess a r ea , su ch a s n on r ou t i n e
t a sk s, a l so mu st be ma i n t a i n ed. Th e h a za r ds
of t h e t a sk s a r e t o be con vey ed t o oper a t i n g
per son n el i n a ccor da n ce wi t h est a bl i sh ed
pr ocedu r es a n d t o t h ose per for mi n g t h e a c-
t u a l t a sk s. Wh en t h e wor k i s compl et ed, op-
er a t i n g per son n el sh ou l d be i n for med t o pr o-
vi de cl osu r e on t h e j ob.
6. Employ ee T rain in g. Al l empl oy ees, i n cl u d-
i n g ma i n t en a n ce a n d con t r a ct or empl oy ees,
i n vol ved wi t h h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s
n eed t o fu l l y u n der st a n d t h e sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds of t h e ch emi ca l s a n d pr oc-
esses t h ey wor k wi t h for t h e pr ot ect i on of
t h emsel ves, t h ei r fel l ow empl oy ees a n d t h e
ci t i zen s of n ea r by commu n i t i es. Tr a i n i n g
con du ct ed i n compl i a n ce wi t h 1910. 1200, t h e
Ha za r d Commu n i ca t i on st a n da r d, wi l l h el p
empl oy ees t o be mor e k n owl edgea bl e a bou t
t h e ch emi ca l s t h ey wor k wi t h a s wel l a s fa -
mi l i a r i ze t h em wi t h r ea di n g a n d u n der -
st a n di n g MS DS . However , a ddi t i on a l t r a i n -
i n g i n su bj ect s su ch a s oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
a n d sa fet y wor k pr a ct i ces, emer gen cy eva cu -
a t i on a n d r espon se, sa fet y pr ocedu r es, r ou -
t i n e a n d n on r ou t i n e wor k a u t h or i za t i on a c-
t i vi t i es, a n d ot h er a r ea s per t i n en t t o pr ocess
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h wi l l n eed t o be cover ed by
a n empl oy er s t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m.
I n est a bl i sh i n g t h ei r t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms,
empl oy er s mu st cl ea r l y defi n e t h e empl oy ees
t o be t r a i n ed a n d wh a t su bj ect s a r e t o be
cover ed i n t h ei r t r a i n i n g. Empl oy er s i n set -
t i n g u p t h ei r t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m wi l l n eed t o
cl ea r l y est a bl i sh t h e goa l s a n d obj ect i ves
t h ey wi sh t o a ch i eve wi t h t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t
t h ey pr ovi de t o t h ei r empl oy ees. Th e l ea r n -
i n g goa l s or obj ect i ves sh ou l d be wr i t t en i n
cl ea r mea su r a bl e t er ms befor e t h e t r a i n i n g
begi n s. Th ese goa l s a n d obj ect i ves n eed t o be
t a i l or ed t o ea ch of t h e speci fi c t r a i n i n g mod-
u l es or segmen t s. Empl oy er s sh ou l d descr i be
t h e i mpor t a n t a ct i on s a n d con di t i on s u n der
wh i ch t h e empl oy ee wi l l demon st r a t e com-
pet en ce or k n owl edge a s wel l a s wh a t i s a c-
cept a bl e per for ma n ce.
Ha n ds-on -t r a i n i n g wh er e empl oy ees a r e
a bl e t o u se t h ei r sen ses bey on d l i st en i n g,
wi l l en h a n ce l ea r n i n g. F or exa mpl e, oper -
a t i n g per son n el , wh o wi l l wor k i n a con t r ol
r oom or a t con t r ol pa n el s, wou l d ben efi t by
bei n g t r a i n ed a t a si mu l a t ed con t r ol pa n el or
pa n el s. Upset con di t i on s of va r i ou s t y pes
cou l d be di spl a y ed on t h e si mu l a t or , a n d
t h en t h e empl oy ee cou l d go t h r ou gh t h e
pr oper oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es t o br i n g t h e
si mu l a t or pa n el ba ck t o t h e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g pa r a met er s. A t r a i n i n g en vi r on men t
cou l d be cr ea t ed t o h el p t h e t r a i n ee feel t h e
fu l l r ea l i t y of t h e si t u a t i on bu t , of cou r se,
u n der con t r ol l ed con di t i on s. Th i s r ea l i st i c
t y pe of t r a i n i n g ca n be ver y effect i ve i n
t ea ch i n g empl oy ees cor r ect pr ocedu r es wh i l e
a l l owi n g t h em t o a l so see t h e con sequ en ces
of wh a t mi gh t h a ppen i f t h ey do n ot fol l ow
est a bl i sh ed oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es. Ot h er
t r a i n i n g t ech n i qu es u si n g vi deos or on -t h e-
j ob t r a i n i n g ca n a l so be ver y effect i ve for
t ea ch i n g ot h er j ob t a sk s, du t i es, or ot h er i m-
por t a n t i n for ma t i on . An effect i ve t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m wi l l a l l ow t h e empl oy ee t o fu l l y
pa r t i ci pa t e i n t h e t r a i n i n g pr ocess a n d t o
pr a ct i ce t h ei r sk i l l or k n owl edge.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
362
Empl oy er s n eed t o per i odi ca l l y eva l u a t e
t h ei r t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms t o see i f t h e n ec-
essa r y sk i l l s, k n owl edge, a n d r ou t i n es a r e
bei n g pr oper l y u n der st ood a n d i mpl emen t ed
by t h ei r t r a i n ed empl oy ees. Th e mea n s or
met h ods for eva l u a t i n g t h e t r a i n i n g sh ou l d
be devel oped a l on g wi t h t h e t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a m goa l s a n d obj ect i ves. Tr a i n i n g pr ogr a m
eva l u a t i on wi l l h el p empl oy er s t o det er mi n e
t h e a mou n t of t r a i n i n g t h ei r empl oy ees u n -
der st ood, a n d wh et h er t h e desi r ed r esu l t s
wer e obt a i n ed. I f, a ft er t h e eva l u a t i on , i t a p-
pea r s t h a t t h e t r a i n ed empl oy ees a r e n ot a t
t h e l evel of k n owl edge a n d sk i l l t h a t wa s ex-
pect ed, t h e empl oy er wi l l n eed t o r evi se t h e
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m, pr ovi de r et r a i n i n g, or pr o-
vi de mor e fr equ en t r efr esh er t r a i n i n g ses-
si on s u n t i l t h e defi ci en cy i s r esol ved. Th ose
wh o con du ct ed t h e t r a i n i n g a n d t h ose wh o
r ecei ved t h e t r a i n i n g sh ou l d a l so be con -
su l t ed a s t o h ow best t o i mpr ove t h e t r a i n i n g
pr ocess. I f t h er e i s a l a n gu a ge ba r r i er , t h e
l a n gu a ge k n own t o t h e t r a i n ees sh ou l d be
u sed t o r ei n for ce t h e t r a i n i n g messa ges a n d
i n for ma t i on .
Ca r efu l con si der a t i on mu st be gi ven t o a s-
su r e t h a t empl oy ees i n cl u di n g ma i n t en a n ce
a n d con t r a ct empl oy ees r ecei ve cu r r en t a n d
u pda t ed t r a i n i n g. F or exa mpl e, i f ch a n ges
a r e ma de t o a pr ocess, i mpa ct ed empl oy ees
mu st be t r a i n ed i n t h e ch a n ges a n d u n der -
st a n d t h e effect s of t h e ch a n ges on t h ei r j ob
t a sk s (e. g. , a n y n ew oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
per t i n en t t o t h ei r t a sk s). Addi t i on a l l y , a s a l -
r ea dy di scu ssed t h e eva l u a t i on of t h e em-
pl oy ees a bsor pt i on of t r a i n i n g wi l l cer t a i n l y
i n fl u en ce t h e n eed for t r a i n i n g.
7. Con t ract ors. Empl oy er s wh o u se con t r a c-
t or s t o per for m wor k i n a n d a r ou n d pr ocesses
t h a t i n vol ve h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s,
wi l l n eed t o est a bl i sh a scr een i n g pr ocess so
t h a t t h ey h i r e a n d u se con t r a ct or s wh o a c-
compl i sh t h e desi r ed j ob t a sk s wi t h ou t com-
pr omi si n g t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h of empl oy -
ees a t a fa ci l i t y . F or con t r a ct or s, wh ose sa fe-
t y per for ma n ce on t h e j ob i s n ot k n own t o
t h e h i r i n g empl oy er , t h e empl oy er wi l l n eed
t o obt a i n i n for ma t i on on i n j u r y a n d i l l n ess
r a t es a n d exper i en ce a n d sh ou l d obt a i n con -
t r a ct or r efer en ces. Addi t i on a l l y , t h e em-
pl oy er mu st a ssu r e t h a t t h e con t r a ct or h a s
t h e a ppr opr i a t e j ob sk i l l s, k n owl edge a n d
cer t i fi ca t i on s (su ch a s for pr essu r e vessel
wel der s). Con t r a ct or wor k met h ods a n d expe-
r i en ces sh ou l d be eva l u a t ed. F or exa mpl e,
does t h e con t r a ct or con du ct i n g demol i t i on
wor k swi n g l oa ds over oper a t i n g pr ocesses or
does t h e con t r a ct or a voi d su ch h a za r ds?
Ma i n t a i n i n g a si t e i n j u r y a n d i l l n ess l og
for con t r a ct or s i s a n ot h er met h od empl oy er s
mu st u se t o t r a ck a n d ma i n t a i n cu r r en t
k n owl edge of wor k a ct i vi t i es i n vol vi n g con -
t r a ct empl oy ees wor k i n g on or a dj a cen t t o
cover ed pr ocesses. I n j u r y a n d i l l n ess l ogs of
bot h t h e empl oy er s empl oy ees a n d con t r a ct
empl oy ees a l l ow a n empl oy er t o h a ve fu l l
k n owl edge of pr ocess i n j u r y a n d i l l n ess expe-
r i en ce. Th i s l og wi l l a l so con t a i n i n for ma -
t i on wh i ch wi l l be of u se t o t h ose a u di t i n g
pr ocess sa fet y ma n a gemen t compl i a n ce a n d
t h ose i n vol ved i n i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on s.
Con t r a ct empl oy ees mu st per for m t h ei r
wor k sa fel y . Con si der i n g t h a t con t r a ct or s
oft en per for m ver y speci a l i zed a n d pot en -
t i a l l y h a za r dou s t a sk s su ch a s con fi n ed spa ce
en t r y a ct i vi t i es a n d n on r ou t i n e r epa i r a ct i vi -
t i es i t i s qu i t e i mpor t a n t t h a t t h ei r a ct i vi -
t i es be con t r ol l ed wh i l e t h ey a r e wor k i n g on
or n ea r a cover ed pr ocess. A per mi t sy st em
or wor k a u t h or i za t i on sy st em for t h ese a c-
t i vi t i es wou l d a l so be h el pfu l t o a l l a ffect ed
empl oy er s. Th e u se of a wor k a u t h or i za t i on
sy st em k eeps a n empl oy er i n for med of con -
t r a ct empl oy ee a ct i vi t i es, a n d a s a ben efi t
t h e empl oy er wi l l h a ve bet t er coor di n a t i on
a n d mor e ma n a gemen t con t r ol over t h e wor k
bei n g per for med i n t h e pr ocess a r ea . A wel l
r u n a n d wel l ma i n t a i n ed pr ocess wh er e em-
pl oy ee sa fet y i s fu l l y r ecogn i zed wi l l ben efi t
a l l of t h ose wh o wor k i n t h e fa ci l i t y wh et h er
t h ey be con t r a ct empl oy ees or empl oy ees of
t h e own er .
8. Pre-St art u p Saf et y . F or n ew pr ocesses,
t h e empl oy er wi l l fi n d a P HA h el pfu l i n i m-
pr ovi n g t h e desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on of t h e
pr ocess fr om a r el i a bi l i t y a n d qu a l i t y poi n t
of vi ew. Th e sa fe oper a t i on of t h e n ew pr oc-
ess wi l l be en h a n ced by ma k i n g u se of t h e
P HA r ecommen da t i on s befor e fi n a l i n st a l l a -
t i on s a r e compl et ed. P &I Ds a r e t o be com-
pl et ed a l on g wi t h h a vi n g t h e oper a t i n g pr o-
cedu r es i n pl a ce a n d t h e oper a t i n g st a ff
t r a i n ed t o r u n t h e pr ocess befor e st a r t u p.
Th e i n i t i a l st a r t u p pr ocedu r es a n d n or ma l
oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es n eed t o be fu l l y eva l u -
a t ed a s pa r t of t h e pr e-st a r t u p r evi ew t o a s-
su r e a sa fe t r a n sfer i n t o t h e n or ma l oper -
a t i n g mode for meet i n g t h e pr ocess pa r a m-
et er s.
F or exi st i n g pr ocesses t h a t h a ve been sh u t -
down for t u r n a r ou n d, or modi fi ca t i on , et c. ,
t h e empl oy er mu st a ssu r e t h a t a n y ch a n ges
ot h er t h a n r epl a cemen t i n k i n d ma de t o
t h e pr ocess du r i n g sh u t down go t h r ou gh t h e
ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge pr ocedu r es. P &I Ds
wi l l n eed t o be u pda t ed a s n ecessa r y , a s wel l
a s oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d i n st r u ct i on s. I f
t h e ch a n ges ma de t o t h e pr ocess du r i n g sh u t -
down a r e si gn i fi ca n t a n d i mpa ct t h e t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m, t h en oper a t i n g per son n el a s wel l a s
empl oy ees en ga ged i n r ou t i n e a n d n on r ou -
t i n e wor k i n t h e pr ocess a r ea ma y n eed some
r efr esh er or a ddi t i on a l t r a i n i n g i n l i gh t of
t h e ch a n ges. An y i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on r ec-
ommen da t i on s, compl i a n ce a u di t s or P HA
r ecommen da t i on s n eed t o be r evi ewed a s
wel l t o see wh a t i mpa ct s t h ey ma y h a ve on
t h e pr ocess befor e begi n n i n g t h e st a r t u p.
9. Mech an ical I n t egrit y . Empl oy er s wi l l n eed
t o r evi ew t h ei r ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a ms a n d
sch edu l es t o see i f t h er e a r e a r ea s wh er e
br ea k down ma i n t en a n ce i s u sed r a t h er
t h a n a n on -goi n g mech a n i ca l i n t egr i t y pr o-
gr a m. Equ i pmen t u sed t o pr ocess, st or e, or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
363
h a n dl e h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s n eeds t o
be desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed, i n st a l l ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e r i sk of r el ea ses of
su ch ch emi ca l s. Th i s r equ i r es t h a t a mech a n -
i ca l i n t egr i t y pr ogr a m be i n pl a ce t o a ssu r e
t h e con t i n u ed i n t egr i t y of pr ocess equ i p-
men t . El emen t s of a mech a n i ca l i n t egr i t y
pr ogr a m i n cl u de t h e i den t i fi ca t i on a n d ca t -
egor i za t i on of equ i pmen t a n d i n st r u men t a -
t i on , i n spect i on s a n d t est s, t est i n g a n d i n -
spect i on fr equ en ci es, devel opmen t of ma i n t e-
n a n ce pr ocedu r es, t r a i n i n g of ma i n t en a n ce
per son n el , t h e est a bl i sh men t of cr i t er i a for
a ccept a bl e t est r esu l t s, docu men t a t i on of
t est a n d i n spect i on r esu l t s, a n d docu men t a -
t i on of ma n u fa ct u r er r ecommen da t i on s a s t o
mea n t i me t o fa i l u r e for equ i pmen t a n d i n -
st r u men t a t i on .
Th e fi r st l i n e of defen se a n empl oy er h a s
a va i l a bl e i s t o oper a t e a n d ma i n t a i n t h e
pr ocess a s desi gn ed, a n d t o k eep t h e ch emi -
ca l s con t a i n ed. Th i s l i n e of defen se i s ba ck ed
u p by t h e n ext l i n e of defen se wh i ch i s t h e
con t r ol l ed r el ea se of ch emi ca l s t h r ou gh
ven t i n g t o scr u bber s or fl a r es, or t o su r ge or
over fl ow t a n k s wh i ch a r e desi gn ed t o r ecei ve
su ch ch emi ca l s, et c. Th ese l i n es of defen se
a r e t h e pr i ma r y l i n es of defen se or mea n s t o
pr even t u n wa n t ed r el ea ses. Th e secon da r y
l i n es of defen se wou l d i n cl u de fi xed fi r e pr o-
t ect i on sy st ems l i k e spr i n k l er s, wa t er spr a y ,
or del u ge sy st ems, mon i t or gu n s, et c. , di k es,
desi gn ed dr a i n a ge sy st ems, a n d ot h er sy s-
t ems wh i ch wou l d con t r ol or mi t i ga t e h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l s on ce a n u n wa n t ed r el ea se
occu r s. Th ese pr i ma r y a n d secon da r y l i n es of
defen se a r e wh a t t h e mech a n i ca l i n t egr i t y
pr ogr a m n eeds t o pr ot ect a n d st r en gt h en
t h ese pr i ma r y a n d secon da r y l i n es of de-
fen ses wh er e a ppr opr i a t e.
Th e fi r st st ep of a n effect i ve mech a n i ca l
i n t egr i t y pr ogr a m i s t o compi l e a n d ca t -
egor i ze a l i st of pr ocess equ i pmen t a n d i n -
st r u men t a t i on for i n cl u si on i n t h e pr ogr a m.
Th i s l i st wou l d i n cl u de pr essu r e vessel s, st or -
a ge t a n k s, pr ocess pi pi n g, r el i ef a n d ven t
sy st ems, fi r e pr ot ect i on sy st em compon en t s,
emer gen cy sh u t down sy st ems a n d a l a r ms
a n d i n t er l ock s a n d pu mps. F or t h e ca t -
egor i za t i on of i n st r u men t a t i on a n d t h e l i st ed
equ i pmen t t h e empl oy er wou l d pr i or i t i ze
wh i ch pi eces of equ i pmen t r equ i r e cl oser
scr u t i n y t h a n ot h er s. Mea n t i me t o fa i l u r e of
va r i ou s i n st r u men t a t i on a n d equ i pmen t
pa r t s wou l d be k n own fr om t h e ma n u fa ct u r -
er s da t a or t h e empl oy er s exper i en ce wi t h
t h e pa r t s, wh i ch wou l d t h en i n fl u en ce t h e i n -
spect i on a n d t est i n g fr equ en cy a n d a ssoci -
a t ed pr ocedu r es. Al so, a ppl i ca bl e codes a n d
st a n da r ds su ch a s t h e Na t i on a l Boa r d I n spec-
t i on Code, or t h ose fr om t h e Amer i ca n S oci -
et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l , Amer i ca n P e-
t r ol eu m I n st i t u t e, Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
Associ a t i on , Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds
I n st i t u t e, Amer i ca n S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l
En gi n eer s, a n d ot h er gr ou ps, pr ovi de i n for -
ma t i on t o h el p est a bl i sh a n effect i ve t est i n g
a n d i n spect i on fr equ en cy , a s wel l a s a ppr o-
pr i a t e met h odol ogi es.
Th e a ppl i ca bl e codes a n d st a n da r ds pr ovi de
cr i t er i a for ext er n a l i n spect i on s for su ch
i t ems a s fou n da t i on a n d su ppor t s, a n ch or
bol t s, con cr et e or st eel su ppor t s, gu y wi r es,
n ozzl es a n d spr i n k l er s, pi pe h a n ger s, gr ou n d-
i n g con n ect i on s, pr ot ect i ve coa t i n gs a n d i n -
su l a t i on , a n d ext er n a l met a l su r fa ces of pi p-
i n g a n d vessel s, et c. Th ese codes a n d st a n d-
a r ds a l so pr ovi de i n for ma t i on on met h odol o-
gi es for i n t er n a l i n spect i on , a n d a fr equ en cy
for mu l a ba sed on t h e cor r osi on r a t e of t h e
ma t er i a l s of con st r u ct i on . Al so, er osi on bot h
i n t er n a l a n d ext er n a l n eeds t o be con si der ed
a l on g wi t h cor r osi on effect s for pi pi n g a n d
va l ves. Wh er e t h e cor r osi on r a t e i s n ot
k n own , a ma xi mu m i n spect i on fr equ en cy i s
r ecommen ded, a n d met h ods of devel opi n g
t h e cor r osi on r a t e a r e a va i l a bl e i n t h e codes.
I n t er n a l i n spect i on s n eed t o cover i t ems
su ch a s vessel sh el l , bot t om a n d h ea d; met a l -
l i c l i n i n gs; n on met a l l i c l i n i n gs; t h i ck n ess
mea su r emen t s for vessel s a n d pi pi n g; i n spec-
t i on for er osi on , cor r osi on , cr a ck i n g a n d
bu l ges; i n t er n a l equ i pmen t l i k e t r a y s, ba f-
fl es, sen sor s a n d scr een s for er osi on , cor r o-
si on or cr a ck i n g a n d ot h er defi ci en ci es.
S ome of t h ese i n spect i on s ma y be per for med
by st a t e of l oca l gover n men t i n spect or s
u n der st a t e a n d l oca l st a t u t es. However ,
ea ch empl oy er n eeds t o devel op pr ocedu r es
t o en su r e t h a t t est s a n d i n spect i on s a r e con -
du ct ed pr oper l y a n d t h a t con si st en cy i s
ma i n t a i n ed even wh er e di ffer en t empl oy ees
ma y be i n vol ved. Appr opr i a t e t r a i n i n g i s t o
be pr ovi ded t o ma i n t en a n ce per son n el t o en -
su r e t h a t t h ey u n der st a n d t h e pr even t i ve
ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a m pr ocedu r es, sa fe pr a c-
t i ces, a n d t h e pr oper u se a md a ppl i ca t i on of
speci a l equ i pmen t or u n i qu e t ool s t h a t ma y
be r equ i r ed. Th i s t r a i n i n g i s pa r t of t h e over -
a l l t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m ca l l ed for i n t h e st a n d-
a r d.
A qu a l i t y a ssu r a n ce sy st em i s n eeded t o
h el p en su r e t h a t t h e pr oper ma t er i a l s of con -
st r u ct i on a r e u sed, t h a t fa br i ca t i on a n d i n -
spect i on pr ocedu r es a r e pr oper , a n d t h a t i n -
st a l l a t i on pr ocedu r es r ecogn i ze fi el d i n st a l -
l a t i on con cer n s. Th e qu a l i t y a ssu r a n ce pr o-
gr a m i s a n essen t i a l pa r t of t h e mech a n i ca l
i n t egr i t y pr ogr a m a n d wi l l h el p t o ma i n t a i n
t h e pr i ma r y a n d secon da r y l i n es of defen se
t h a t h a ve been desi gn ed i n t o t h e pr ocess t o
pr even t u n wa n t ed ch emi ca l r el ea ses or t h ose
wh i ch con t r ol or mi t i ga t e a r el ea se. As
bu i l t dr a wi n gs, t oget h er wi t h cer t i fi ca t i on s
of coded vessel s a n d ot h er equ i pmen t , a n d
ma t er i a l s of con st r u ct i on n eed t o be ver i fi ed
a n d r et a i n ed i n t h e qu a l i t y a ssu r a n ce docu -
men t a t i on . Equ i pmen t i n st a l l a t i on j obs n eed
t o be pr oper l y i n spect ed i n t h e fi el d for u se
of pr oper ma t er i a l s a n d pr ocedu r es a n d t o a s-
su r e t h a t qu a l i fi ed cr a ft smen a r e u sed t o do
t h e j ob. Th e u se of a ppr opr i a t e ga sk et s,
pa ck i n g, bol t s, va l ves, l u br i ca n t s a n d wel d-
i n g r ods n eed t o be ver i fi ed i n t h e fi el d. Al so
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
364
pr ocedu r es for i n st a l l a t i on of sa fet y devi ces
n eed t o be ver i fi ed, su ch a s t h e t or qu e on t h e
bol t s on r u pt u r ed di sc i n st a l l a t i on s, u n i for m
t or qu e on fl a n ge bol t s, pr oper i n st a l l a t i on of
pu mp sea l s, et c. I f t h e qu a l i t y of pa r t s i s a
pr obl em, i t ma y be a ppr opr i a t e t o con du ct
a u di t s of t h e equ i pmen t su ppl i er s fa ci l i t i es
t o bet t er a ssu r e pr oper pu r ch a ses of r equ i r ed
equ i pmen t wh i ch i s su i t a bl e for i t s i n t en ded
ser vi ce. An y ch a n ges i n equ i pmen t t h a t ma y
become n ecessa r y wi l l n eed t o go t h r ou gh
t h e ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge pr ocedu r es.
10. Non rou t in e Work Au t h orizat ion s. Non r ou -
t i n e wor k wh i ch i s con du ct ed i n pr ocess
a r ea s n eeds t o be con t r ol l ed by t h e empl oy er
i n a con si st en t ma n n er . Th e h a za r ds i den t i -
fi ed i n vol vi n g t h e wor k t h a t i s t o be a ccom-
pl i sh ed mu st be commu n i ca t ed t o t h ose
doi n g t h e wor k , bu t a l so t o t h ose oper a t i n g
per son n el wh ose wor k cou l d a ffect t h e sa fet y
of t h e pr ocess. A wor k a u t h or i za t i on n ot i ce
or per mi t mu st h a ve a pr ocedu r e t h a t de-
scr i bes t h e st eps t h e ma i n t en a n ce su per -
vi sor , con t r a ct or r epr esen t a t i ve or ot h er per -
son n eeds t o fol l ow t o obt a i n t h e n ecessa r y
cl ea r a n ce t o get t h e j ob st a r t ed. Th e wor k
a u t h or i za t i on pr ocedu r es n eed t o r efer en ce
a n d coor di n a t e, a s a ppl i ca bl e, l ock ou t /t a gou t
pr ocedu r es, l i n e br ea k i n g pr ocedu r es, con -
fi n ed spa ce en t r y pr ocedu r es a n d h ot wor k
a u t h or i za t i on s. Th i s pr ocedu r e a l so n eeds t o
pr ovi de cl ea r st eps t o fol l ow on ce t h e j ob i s
compl et ed i n or der t o pr ovi de cl osu r e for
t h ose t h a t n eed t o k n ow t h e j ob i s n ow com-
pl et ed a n d equ i pmen t ca n be r et u r n ed t o n or -
ma l .
11. Man agin g Ch an ge. To pr oper l y ma n a ge
ch a n ges t o pr ocess ch emi ca l s, t ech n ol ogy ,
equ i pmen t a n d fa ci l i t i es, on e mu st defi n e
wh a t i s mea n t by ch a n ge. I n t h i s pr ocess
sa fet y ma n a gemen t st a n da r d, ch a n ge i n -
cl u des a l l modi fi ca t i on s t o equ i pmen t , pr oce-
du r es, r a w ma t er i a l s a n d pr ocessi n g con di -
t i on s ot h er t h a n r epl a cemen t i n k i n d.
Th ese ch a n ges n eed t o be pr oper l y ma n a ged
by i den t i fy i n g a n d r evi ewi n g t h em pr i or t o
i mpl emen t a t i on of t h e ch a n ge. F or exa mpl e,
t h e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es con t a i n t h e oper -
a t i n g pa r a met er s (pr essu r e l i mi t s, t emper a -
t u r e r a n ges, fl ow r a t es, et c. ) a n d t h e i mpor -
t a n ce of oper a t i n g wi t h i n t h ese l i mi t s. Wh i l e
t h e oper a t or mu st h a ve t h e fl exi bi l i t y t o
ma i n t a i n sa fe oper a t i on wi t h i n t h e est a b-
l i sh ed pa r a met er s, a n y oper a t i on ou t si de of
t h ese pa r a met er s r equ i r es r evi ew a n d a p-
pr ova l by a wr i t t en ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge
pr ocedu r e.
Ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge cover s su ch a s
ch a n ges i n pr ocess t ech n ol ogy a n d ch a n ges
t o equ i pmen t a n d i n st r u men t a t i on . Ch a n ges
i n pr ocess t ech n ol ogy ca n r esu l t fr om
ch a n ges i n pr odu ct i on r a t es, r a w ma t er i a l s,
exper i men t a t i on , equ i pmen t u n a va i l a bi l i t y ,
n ew equ i pmen t , n ew pr odu ct devel opmen t ,
ch a n ge i n ca t a l y st a n d ch a n ges i n oper a t i n g
con di t i on s t o i mpr ove y i el d or qu a l i t y .
Equ i pmen t ch a n ges i n cl u de a mon g ot h er s
ch a n ge i n ma t er i a l s of con st r u ct i on , equ i p-
men t speci fi ca t i on s, pi pi n g pr e-a r r a n ge-
men t s, exper i men t a l equ i pmen t , compu t er
pr ogr a m r evi si on s a n d ch a n ges i n a l a r ms a n d
i n t er l ock s. Empl oy er s n eed t o est a bl i sh
mea n s a n d met h ods t o det ect bot h t ech n i ca l
ch a n ges a n d mech a n i ca l ch a n ges.
Tempor a r y ch a n ges h a ve ca u sed a n u mber
of ca t a st r oph es over t h e y ea r s, a n d empl oy -
er s n eed t o est a bl i sh wa y s t o det ect t em-
por a r y ch a n ges a s wel l a s t h ose t h a t a r e per -
ma n en t . I t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t a t i me l i mi t for
t empor a r y ch a n ges be est a bl i sh ed a n d mon -
i t or ed si n ce, wi t h ou t con t r ol , t h ese ch a n ges
ma y t en d t o become per ma n en t . Tempor a r y
ch a n ges a r e su bj ect t o t h e ma n a gemen t of
ch a n ge pr ovi si on s. I n a ddi t i on , t h e ma n a ge-
men t of ch a n ge pr ocedu r es a r e u sed t o i n su r e
t h a t t h e equ i pmen t a n d pr ocedu r es a r e r e-
t u r n ed t o t h ei r or i gi n a l or desi gn ed con di -
t i on s a t t h e en d of t h e t empor a r y ch a n ge.
P r oper docu men t a t i on a n d r evi ew of t h ese
ch a n ges i s i n va l u a bl e i n a ssu r i n g t h a t t h e
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h con si der a t i on s a r e bei n g
i n cor por a t ed i n t o t h e oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
a n d t h e pr ocess.
Empl oy er s ma y wi sh t o devel op a for m or
cl ea r a n ce sh eet t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e pr ocessi n g
of ch a n ges t h r ou gh t h e ma n a gemen t of
ch a n ge pr ocedu r es. A t y pi ca l ch a n ge for m
ma y i n cl u de a descr i pt i on a n d t h e pu r pose of
t h e ch a n ge, t h e t ech n i ca l ba si s for t h e
ch a n ge, sa fet y a n d h ea l t h con si der a t i on s,
docu men t a t i on of ch a n ges for t h e oper a t i n g
pr ocedu r es, ma i n t en a n ce pr ocedu r es, i n spec-
t i on a n d t est i n g, P &I Ds, el ect r i ca l cl a ssi fi ca -
t i on , t r a i n i n g a n d commu n i ca t i on s, pr e-
st a r t u p i n spect i on , du r a t i on i f a t empor a r y
ch a n ge, a ppr ova l s a n d a u t h or i za t i on . Wh er e
t h e i mpa ct of t h e ch a n ge i s mi n or a n d wel l
u n der st ood, a ch eck l i st r evi ewed by a n a u -
t h or i zed per son wi t h pr oper commu n i ca t i on
t o ot h er s wh o a r e a ffect ed ma y be su ffi ci en t .
However , for a mor e compl ex or si gn i fi ca n t
desi gn ch a n ge, a h a za r d eva l u a t i on pr ocedu r e
wi t h a ppr ova l s by oper a t i on s, ma i n t en a n ce,
a n d sa fet y depa r t men t s ma y be a ppr opr i a t e.
Ch a n ges i n docu men t s su ch a s P &I Ds, r a w
ma t er i a l s, oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es, mech a n i ca l
i n t egr i t y pr ogr a ms, el ect r i ca l cl a ssi fi ca -
t i on s, et c. , n eed t o be n ot ed so t h a t t h ese r e-
vi si on s ca n be ma de per ma n en t wh en t h e
dr a wi n gs a n d pr ocedu r e ma n u a l s a r e u p-
da t ed. Copi es of pr ocess ch a n ges n eed t o be
k ept i n a n a ccessi bl e l oca t i on t o en su r e t h a t
desi gn ch a n ges a r e a va i l a bl e t o oper a t i n g
per son n el a s wel l a s t o P HA t ea m member s
wh en a P HA i s bei n g don e or on e i s bei n g u p-
da t ed.
12. I n vest igat ion of I n ciden t s. I n ci den t i n ves-
t i ga t i on i s t h e pr ocess of i den t i fy i n g t h e u n -
der l y i n g ca u ses of i n ci den t s a n d i mpl e-
men t i n g st eps t o pr even t si mi l a r even t s fr om
occu r r i n g. Th e i n t en t of a n i n ci den t i n ves-
t i ga t i on i s for empl oy er s t o l ea r n fr om pa st
exper i en ces a n d t h u s a voi d r epea t i n g pa st
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
365
mi st a k es. Th e i n ci den t s for wh i cn OS HA ex-
pect s empl oy er s t o become a wa r e a n d t o i n -
vest i ga t e a r e t h e t y pes of even t s wh i ch r e-
su l t i n or cou l d r ea son a bl y h a ve r esu l t ed i n
a ca t a st r oph i c r el ea se. S ome of t h e even t s
a r e somet i mes r efer r ed t o a s n ea r mi sses,
mea n i n g t h a t a ser i ou s con sequ en ce di d n ot
occu r , bu t cou l d h a ve.
Empl oy er s n eed t o devel op i n -h ou se ca pa -
bi l i t y t o i n vest i ga t e i n ci den t s t h a t occu r i n
t h ei r fa ci l i t i es. A t ea m n eeds t o be a ssem-
bl ed by t h e empl oy er a n d t r a i n ed i n t h e t ech -
n i qu es of i n vest i ga t i on i n cl u di n g h ow t o con -
du ct i n t er vi ews of wi t n esses, n eeded docu -
men t a t i on a n d r epor t wr i t i n g. A mu l t i -di s-
ci pl i n a r y t ea m i s bet t er a bl e t o ga t h er t h e
fa ct s of t h e even t a n d t o a n a l y ze t h em a n d
devel op pl a u si bl e scen a r i os a s t o wh a t h a p-
pen ed, a n d wh y . Tea m member s sh ou l d be se-
l ect ed on t h e ba si s of t h ei r t r a i n i n g, k n owl -
edge a n d a bi l i t y t o con t r i bu t e t o a t ea m ef-
for t t o fu l l y i n vest i ga t e t h e i n ci den t . Em-
pl oy ees i n t h e pr ocess a r ea wh er e t h e i n ci -
den t occu r r ed sh ou l d be con su l t ed, i n t er -
vi ewed or ma de a member of t h e t ea m. Th ei r
k n owl edge of t h e even t s for m a si gn i fi ca n t
set of fa ct s a bou t t h e i n ci den t wh i ch oc-
cu r r ed. Th e r epor t , i t s fi n di n gs a n d r ec-
ommen da t i on s a r e t o be sh a r ed wi t h t h ose
wh o ca n ben efi t fr om t h e i n for ma t i on . Th e
cooper a t i on of empl oy ees i s essen t i a l t o a n
effect i ve i n ci den t i n vest i ga t i on . Th e focu s of
t h e i n vest i ga t i on sh ou l d be t o obt a i n fa ct s,
a n d n ot t o pl a ce bl a me. Th e t ea m a n d t h e i n -
vest i ga t i on pr ocess sh ou l d cl ea r l y dea l wi t h
a l l i n vol ved i n di vi du a l s i n a fa i r , open a n d
con si st en t ma n n er .
13. Emergen cy Preparedn ess. Ea ch empl oy er
mu st a ddr ess wh a t a ct i on s empl oy ees a r e t o
t a k e wh en t h er e i s a n u n wa n t ed r el ea se of
h i gh l y h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s. Emer gen cy pr e-
pa r edn ess or t h e empl oy er s t er t i a r y (t h i r d)
l i n es of defen se a r e t h ose t h a t wi l l be r el i ed
on a l on g wi t h t h e secon da r y l i n es of defen se
wh en t h e pr i ma r y l i n es of defen se wh i ch a r e
u sed t o pr even t a n u n wa n t ed r el ea se fa i l t o
st op t h e r el ea se. Empl oy er s wi l l n eed t o de-
ci de i f t h ey wa n t empl oy ees t o h a n dl e a n d
st op sma l l or mi n or i n ci den t a l r el ea ses.
Wh et h er t h ey wi sh t o mobi l i ze t h e a va i l a bl e
r esou r ces a t t h e pl a n t a n d h a ve t h em
br ou gh t t o bea r on a mor e si gn i fi ca n t r e-
l ea se. Or wh et h er empl oy er s wa n t t h ei r em-
pl oy ees t o eva cu a t e t h e da n ger a r ea a n d
pr ompt l y esca pe t o a pr epl a n n ed sa fe zon e
a r ea , a n d a l l ow t h e l oca l commu n i t y emer -
gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s t o h a n dl e t h e
r el ea se. Or wh et h er t h e empl oy er wa n t s t o
u se some combi n a t i on of t h ese a ct i on s. Em-
pl oy er s wi l l n eed t o sel ect h ow ma n y di f-
fer en t emer gen cy pr epa r edn ess or t er t i a r y
l i n es of defen se t h ey pl a n t o h a ve a n d t h en
devel op t h e n ecessa r y pl a n s a n d pr ocedu r es,
a n d a ppr opr i a t el y t r a i n empl oy ees i n t h ei r
emer gen cy du t i es a n d r espon si bi l i t i es a n d
t h en i mpl emen t t h ese l i n es of defen se.
Empl oy er s a t a mi n i mu m mu st h a ve a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n wh i ch wi l l fa ci l i t a t e
t h e pr ompt eva cu a t i on of empl oy ees du e t o
a n u n wa n t ed r el ea se of a h i gh l y h a za r dou s
ch emi ca l . Th i s mea n s t h a t t h e empl oy er wi l l
h a ve a pl a n t h a t wi l l be a ct i va t ed by a n
a l a r m sy st em t o a l er t empl oy ees wh en t o
eva cu a t e a n d, t h a t empl oy ees wh o a r e ph y s-
i ca l l y i mpa i r ed, wi l l h a ve t h e n ecessa r y su p-
por t a n d a ssi st a n ce t o get t h em t o t h e sa fe
zon e a s wel l . Th e i n t en t of t h ese r equ i r e-
men t s i s t o a l er t a n d move empl oy ees t o a
sa fe zon e qu i ck l y . Del a y i n g a l a r ms or con -
fu si n g a l a r ms a r e t o be a voi ded. Th e u se of
pr ocess con t r ol cen t er s or si mi l a r pr ocess
bu i l di n gs i n t h e pr ocess a r ea a s sa fe a r ea s i s
di scou r a ged. Recen t ca t a st r oph es h a ve
sh own t h a t a l a r ge l i fe l oss h a s occu r r ed i n
t h ese st r u ct u r es beca u se of wh er e t h ey h a ve
been si t ed a n d beca u se t h ey a r e n ot n ec-
essa r i l y desi gn ed t o wi t h st a n d over -pr essu r es
fr om sh ock wa ves r esu l t i n g fr om expl osi on s
i n t h e pr ocess a r ea .
Un wa n t ed i n ci den t a l r el ea ses of h i gh l y
h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s i n t h e pr ocess a r ea
mu st be a ddr essed by t h e empl oy er a s t o
wh a t a ct i on s empl oy ees a r e t o t a k e. I f t h e
empl oy er wa n t s empl oy ees t o eva cu a t e t h e
a r ea , t h en t h e emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n wi l l be
a ct i va t ed. F or ou t door pr ocesses wh er e wi n d
di r ect i on i s i mpor t a n t for sel ect i n g t h e sa fe
r ou t e t o a r efu ge a r ea , t h e empl oy er sh ou l d
pl a ce a wi n d di r ect i on i n di ca t or su ch a s a
wi n d sock or pen n a n t a t t h e h i gh est poi n t
t h a t ca n be seen t h r ou gh ou t t h e pr ocess
a r ea . Empl oy ees ca n move i n t h e di r ect i on of
cr oss wi n d t o u pwi n d t o ga i n sa fe a ccess t o
t h e r efu ge a r ea by k n owi n g t h e wi n d di r ec-
t i on .
I f t h e empl oy er wa n t s speci fi c empl oy ees
i n t h e r el ea se a r ea t o con t r ol or st op t h e
mi n or emer gen cy or i n ci den t a l r el ea se, t h ese
a ct i on s mu st be pl a n n ed for i n a dva n ce a n d
pr ocedu r es devel oped a n d i mpl emen t ed.
P r epl a n n i n g for h a n dl i n g i n ci den t a l r el ea ses
for mi n or emer gen ci es i n t h e pr ocess a r ea
n eeds t o be don e, a ppr opr i a t e equ i pmen t for
t h e h a za r ds mu st be pr ovi ded, a n d t r a i n i n g
con du ct ed for t h ose empl oy ees wh o wi l l per -
for m t h e emer gen cy wor k befor e t h ey r e-
spon d t o h a n dl e a n a ct u a l r el ea se. Th e em-
pl oy er s t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m, i n cl u di n g t h e
Ha za r d Commu n i ca t i on st a n da r d t r a i n i n g i s
t o a ddr ess t h e t r a i n i n g n eeds for empl oy ees
wh o a r e expect ed t o h a n dl e i n ci den t a l or
mi n or r el ea ses.
P r epl a n n i n g for r el ea ses t h a t a r e mor e se-
r i ou s t h a n i n ci den t a l r el ea ses i s a n ot h er i m-
por t a n t l i n e of defen se t o be u sed by t h e em-
pl oy er . Wh en a ser i ou s r el ea se of a h i gh l y
h a za r dou s ch emi ca l occu r s, t h e empl oy er
t h r ou gh pr epl a n n i n g wi l l h a ve det er mi n ed i n
a dva n ce wh a t a ct i on s empl oy ees a r e t o t a k e.
Th e eva cu a t i on of t h e i mmedi a t e r el ea se
a r ea a n d ot h er a r ea s a s n ecessa r y wou l d be
a ccompl i sh ed u n der t h e emer gen cy a ct i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
366
pl a n . I f t h e empl oy er wi sh es t o u se pl a n t per -
son n el su ch a s a fi r e br i ga de, spi l l con t r ol
t ea m, a h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ea m, or u se
empl oy ees t o r en der a i d t o t h ose i n t h e i m-
medi a t e r el ea se a r ea a n d con t r ol or mi t i ga t e
t h e i n ci den t , t h ese a ct i on s a r e cover ed by
1910. 120, t h e Ha za r dou s Wa st e Oper a t i on s
a n d Emer gen cy Respon se (HAZWOP ER)
st a n da r d. I f ou t si de a ssi st a n ce i s n ecessa r y ,
su ch a s t h r ou gh mu t u a l a i d a gr eemen t s be-
t ween empl oy er s or l oca l gover n men t emer -
gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s, t h ese emer -
gen cy r espon der s a r e a l so cover ed by
HAZWOP ER. Th e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ot ec-
t i on s r equ i r ed for emer gen cy r espon der s a r e
t h e r espon si bi l i t y of t h ei r empl oy er s a n d of
t h e on -scen e i n ci den t comma n der .
Respon der s ma y be wor k i n g u n der ver y
h a za r dou s con di t i on s a n d t h er efor e t h e ob-
j ect i ve i s t o h a ve t h em compet en t l y l ed by
a n on -scen e i n ci den t comma n der a n d t h e
comma n der s st a ff, pr oper l y equ i pped t o do
t h ei r a ssi gn ed wor k sa fel y , a n d fu l l y t r a i n ed
t o ca r r y ou t t h ei r du t i es sa fel y befor e t h ey
r espon d t o a n emer gen cy . Dr i l l s, t r a i n i n g ex-
er ci ses, or si mu l a t i on s wi t h t h e l oca l com-
mu n i t y emer gen cy r espon se pl a n n er s a n d r e-
spon der or ga n i za t i on s i s on e mea n s t o obt a i n
bet t er pr epa r edn ess. Th i s cl ose cooper a t i on
a n d coor di n a t i on bet ween pl a n t a n d l oca l
commu n i t y emer gen cy pr epa r edn ess ma n -
a ger s wi l l a l so a i d t h e empl oy er i n com-
pl y i n g wi t h t h e En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on
Agen cy s Ri sk Ma n a gemen t P l a n cr i t er i a .
On e effect i ve wa y for medi u m t o l a r ge fa -
ci l i t i es t o en h a n ce coor di n a t i on a n d commu -
n i ca t i on du r i n g emer gen ci es for on pl a n t op-
er a t i on s a n d wi t h l oca l commu n i t y or ga n i za -
t i on s i s for empl oy er s t o est a bl i sh a n d equ i p
a n emer gen cy con t r ol cen t er . Th e emer gen cy
con t r ol cen t er wou l d be si t ed i n a sa fe zon e
a r ea so t h a t i t cou l d be occu pi ed t h r ou gh ou t
t h e du r a t i on of a n emer gen cy . Th e cen t er
wou l d ser ve a s t h e ma j or ccommu n i ca t i on
l i n k bet ween t h e on -scen e i n ci den t com-
ma n der a n d pl a n t or cor por a t e ma n a gemen t
a s wel l a s wi t h t h e l oca l commu n i t y offi -
ci a l s. Th e commu n i ca t i on equ i pmen t i n t h e
emer gen cy con t r ol cen t er sh ou l d i n cl u de a
n et wor k t o r ecei ve a n d t r a n smi t i n for ma t i on
by t el eph on e, r a di o or ot h er mea n s. I t i s i m-
por t a n t t o h a ve a ba ck u p commu n i ca t i on
n et wor k i n ca se of power fa i l u r e or on e com-
mu n i ca t i on mea n s fa i l s. Th e cen t er sh ou l d
a l so be equ i pped wi t h t h e pl a n t l a y ou t a n d
commu n i t y ma ps, u t i l i t y dr a wi n gs i n cl u di n g
fi r e wa t er , emer gen cy l i gh t i n g, a ppr opr i a t e
r efer en ce ma t er i a l s su ch a s a gover n men t
a gen cy n ot i fi ca t i on l i st , compa n y per son n el
ph on e l i st , S ARA Ti t l e I I I r epor t s a n d ma t e-
r i a l sa fet y da t a sh eet s, emer gen cy pl a n s a n d
pr ocedu r es ma n u a l , a l i st i n g wi t h t h e l oca -
t i on of emer gen cy r espon se equ i pmen t , mu -
t u a l a i d i n for ma t i on , a n d a ccess t o met eor o-
l ogi ca l or wea t h er con di t i on da t a a n d a n y
di sper si on model i n g da t a .
14. Complian ce Au dit s. Empl oy er s n eed t o
sel ect a t r a i n ed i n di vi du a l or a ssembl e a
t r a i n ed t ea m of peopl e t o a u di t t h e pr ocess
sa fet y ma n a gemen t sy st em a n d pr ogr a m. A
sma l l pr ocess or pl a n t ma y n eed on l y on e
k n owl edgea bl e per son t o con du ct a n a u di t .
Th e a u di t i s t o i n cl u de a n eva l u a t i on of t h e
desi gn a n d effect i ven ess of t h e pr ocess sa fet y
ma n a gemen t sy st em a n d a fi el d i n spect i on of
t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h con di t i on s a n d pr a c-
t i ces t o ver i fy t h a t t h e empl oy er s sy st ems
a r e effect i vel y i mpl emen t ed. Th e a u di t
sh ou l d be con du ct ed or l ea d by a per son
k n owl edgea bl e i n a u di t t ech n i qu es a n d wh o
i s i mpa r t i a l t owa r ds t h e fa ci l i t y or a r ea
bei n g a u di t ed. Th e essen t i a l el emen t s of a n
a u di t pr ogr a m i n cl u de pl a n n i n g, st a ffi n g,
con du t i n g t h e a u di t , eva l u a t i on a n d cor r ec-
t i ve a ct i on , fol l ow-u p a n d docu men t a t i on .
P l a n n i n g i n a dva n ce i s essen t i a l t o t h e su c-
cess of t h e a u di t i n g pr ocess. Ea ch empl oy er
n eeds t o est a bl i sh t h e for ma t , st a ffi n g,
sch edu l i n g a n d ver i fi ca t i on met h ods pr i or t o
con du ct i n g t h e a u di t . Th e for ma t sh ou l d be
desi gn ed t o pr ovi de t h e l ea d a u di t or wi t h a
pr ocedu r e or ch eck l i st wh i ch det a i l s t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of ea ch sect i on of t h e st a n da r d.
Th e n a mes of t h e a u di t t ea m member s
sh ou l d be l i st ed a s pa r t of t h e for ma t a s wel l .
Th e ch eck l i st , i f pr oper l y desi gn ed, cou l d
ser ve a s t h e ver i fi ca t i on sh eet wh i ch pr o-
vi des t h e a u di t or wi t h t h e n ecessa r y i n for -
ma t i on t o expedi t e t h e r evi ew a n d a ssu r e
t h a t n o r equ i r emen t s of t h e st a n da r d a r e
omi t t ed. Th i s ver i fi ca t i on sh eet for ma t
cou l d a l so i den t i fy t h ose el emen t s t h a t wi l l
r equ i r e eva l u a t i on or a r espon se t o cor r ect
defi ci en ci es. Th i s sh eet cou l d a l so be u sed for
devel opi n g t h e fol l ow-u p a n d docu men t a t i on
r equ i r emen t s.
Th e sel ect i on of effect i ve a u di t t ea m mem-
ber s i s cr i t i ca l t o t h e su ccess of t h e pr ogr a m.
Tea m member s sh ou l d be ch osen for t h ei r ex-
per i en ce, k n owl edge, a n d t r a i n i n g a n d sh ou l d
be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e pr ocesses a n d wi t h a u -
di t i n g t ech n i qu es, pr a ct i ces a n d pr ocedu r es.
Th e si ze of t h e t ea m wi l l va r y depen di n g on
t h e si ze a n d compl exi t y of t h e pr ocess u n der
con si der a t i on . F or a l a r ge, compl ex, h i gh l y
i n st r u men t ed pl a n t , i t ma y be desi r a bl e t o
h a ve t ea m member s wi t h exper t i se i n pr oc-
ess en gi n eer i n g a n d desi gn , pr ocess ch em-
i st r y , i n st r u men t a t i on a n d compu t er con -
t r ol s, el ect r i ca l h a za r ds a n d cl a ssi fi ca t i on s,
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h di sci pl i n es, ma i n t en a n ce,
emer gen cy pr epa r edn ess, wa r eh ou si n g or
sh i ppi n g, a n d pr ocess sa fet y a u di t i n g. Th e
t ea m ma y u se pa r t -t i me member s t o pr ovi de
for t h e dept h of exper t i se r equ i r ed a s wel l a s
for wh a t i s a ct u a l l y don e or fol l owed, com-
pa r ed t o wh a t i s wr i t t en .
An effect i ve a u di t i n cl u des a r evi ew of t h e
r el eva n t docu men t a t i on a n d pr ocess sa fet y
i n for ma t i on , i n spect i on of t h e ph y si ca l fa -
ci l i t i es, a n d i n t er vi ews wi t h a l l l evel s of
pl a n t per son n el . Ut i l i zi n g t h e a u di t pr oce-
du r e a n d ch eck l i st devel oped i n t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
367
pr epl a n n i n g st a ge, t h e a u di t t ea m ca n sy s-
t ema t i ca l l y a n a l y ze compl i a n ce wi t h t h e
pr ovi si on s of t h e st a n da r d a n d a n y ot h er cor -
por a t e pol i ci es t h a t a r e r el eva n t . F or exa m-
pl e, t h e a u di t t ea m wi l l r evi ew a l l a spect s of
t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m a s pa r t of t h e over a l l
a u di t . Th e t ea m wi l l r evi ew t h e wr i t t en
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m for a dequ a cy of con t en t ,
fr equ en cy of t r a i n i n g, effect i ven ess of t r a i n -
i n g i n t er ms of i t s goa l s a n d obj ect i ves a s
wel l a s t o h ow i t fi t s i n t o meet i n g t h e st a n d-
a r ds r equ i r emen t s, docu men t a t i on , et c.
Th r ou gh i n t er vi ews, t h e t ea m ca n det er mi n e
t h e empl oy ees k n owl edge a n d a wa r en ess of
t h e sa fet y pr ocedu r es, du t i es, r u l es, emer -
gen cy r espon se a ssi gn men t s, et c. Du r i n g t h e
i n spect i on , t h e t ea m ca n obser ve a ct u a l
pr a ct i ces su ch a s sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pol i ci es,
pr ocedu r es, a n d wor k a u t h or i za t i on pr a c-
t i ces. Th i s a ppr oa ch en a bl es t h e t ea m t o
i den t i fy defi ci en ci es a n d det er mi n e wh er e
cor r ect i ve a ct i on s or i mpr ovemen t s a r e n ec-
essa r y .
An a u di t i s a t ech n i qu e u sed t o ga t h er su f-
fi ci en t fa ct s a n d i n for ma t i on , i n cl u di n g st a -
t i st i ca l i n for ma t i on , t o ver i fy compl i a n ce
wi t h st a n da r ds. Au di t or s sh ou l d sel ect a s
pa r t of t h ei r pr epl a n n i n g a sa mpl e si ze su ffi -
ci en t t o gi ve a degr ee of con fi den ce t h a t t h e
a u di t r efl ect s t h e l evel of compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e st a n da r d. Th e a u di t t ea m, t h r ou gh t h i s
sy st ema t i c a n a l y si s, sh ou l d docu men t a r ea s
wh i ch r equ i r e cor r ect i ve a ct i on a s wel l a s
t h ose a r ea s wh er e t h e pr ocess sa fet y ma n -
a gemen t sy st em i s effect i ve a n d wor k i n g i n
a n effect i ve ma n n er . Th i s pr ovi des a r ecor d
of t h e a u di t pr ocedu r es a n d fi n di n gs, a n d
ser ves a s a ba sel i n e of oper a t i on da t a for fu -
t u r e a u di t s. I t wi l l a ssi st fu t u r e a u di t or s i n
det er mi n i n g ch a n ges or t r en ds fr om pr evi ou s
a u di t s.
Cor r ect i ve a ct i on i s on e of t h e most i mpor -
t a n t pa r t s of t h e a u di t . I t i n cl u des n ot on l y
a ddr essi n g t h e i den t i fi ed defi ci en ci es, bu t
a l so pl a n n i n g, fol l owu p, a n d docu men t a t i on .
Th e cor r ect i ve a ct i on pr ocess n or ma l l y be-
gi n s wi t h a ma n a gemen t r evi ew of t h e a u di t
fi n di n gs. Th e pu r pose of t h i s r evi ew i s t o de-
t er mi n e wh a t a ct i on s a r e a ppr opr i a t e, a n d t o
est a bl i sh pr i or i t i es, t i met a bl es, r esou r ce a l -
l oca t i on s a n d r equ i r emen t s a n d r espon si bi l -
i t i es. I n some ca ses, cor r ect i ve a ct i on ma y
i n vol ve a si mpl e ch a n ge i n pr ocedu r e or
mi n or ma i n t en a n ce effor t t o r emedy t h e con -
cer n . Ma n a gemen t of ch a n ge pr ocedu r es n eed
t o be u sed, a s a ppr opr i a t e, even for wh a t
ma y seem t o be a mi n or ch a n ge. Ma n y of t h e
defi ci en ci es ca n be a ct ed on pr ompt l y , wh i l e
some ma y r equ i r e en gi n eer i n g st u di es or i n -
dept h r evi ew of a ct u a l pr ocedu r es a n d pr a c-
t i ces. Th er e ma y be i n st a n ces wh er e n o a c-
t i on i s n ecessa r y a n d t h i s i s a va l i d r espon se
t o a n a u di t fi n di n g. Al l a ct i on s t a k en , i n -
cl u di n g a n expl a n a t i on wh er e n o a ct i on i s
t a k en on a fi n di n g, n eeds t o be docu men t ed
a s t o wh a t wa s don e a n d wh y .
I t i s i mpor t a n t t o a ssu r e t h a t ea ch defi -
ci en cy i den t i fi ed i s a ddr essed, t h e cor r ect i ve
a ct i on t o be t a k en n ot ed, a n d t h e a u di t per -
son or t ea m r espon si bl e be pr oper l y docu -
men t ed by t h e empl oy er . To con t r ol t h e cor -
r ect i ve a ct i on pr ocess, t h e empl oy er sh ou l d
con si der t h e u se of a t r a ck i n g sy st em. Th i s
t r a ck i n g sy st em mi gh t i n cl u de per i odi c st a -
t u s r epor t s sh a r ed wi t h a ffect ed l evel s of
ma n a gemen t , speci fi c r epor t s su ch a s com-
pl et i on of a n en gi n eer i n g st u dy , a n d a fi n a l
i mpl emen t a t i on r epor t t o pr ovi de cl osu r e for
a u di t fi n di n gs t h a t h a ve been t h r ou gh ma n -
a gemen t of ch a n ge, i f a ppr opr i a t e, a n d t h en
sh a r ed wi t h a ffect ed empl oy ees a n d ma n a ge-
men t . Th i s t y pe of t r a ck i n g sy st em pr ovi des
t h e empl oy er wi t h t h e st a t u s of t h e cor r ec-
t i ve a ct i on . I t a l so pr ovi des t h e docu men t a -
t i on r equ i r ed t o ver i fy t h a t a ppr opr i a t e cor -
r ect i ve a ct i on s wer e t a k en on defi ci en ci es
i den t i fi ed i n t h e a u di t .
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 119S OURCES OF
F URTHER I NF ORMATI ON (NONMANDATORY)
1. Cen t er for Ch emi ca l P r ocess S a fet y ,
Amer i ca n I n st i t u t e of Ch emi ca l En gi n eer s,
345 Ea st 47t h S t r eet , New Yor k , NY 10017,
(212) 7057319.
2. Gu i del i n es for Ha za r d Eva l u a t i on P r o-
cedu r es, Amer i ca n I n st i t u t e of Ch emi ca l
En gi n eer s; 345 Ea st 47t h S t r eet , New Yor k ,
NY 10017.
3. Gu i del i n es for Tech n i ca l Ma n a gemen t
of Ch emi ca l P r ocess S a fet y , Cen t er for
Ch emi ca l P r ocess S a fet y of t h e Amer i ca n I n -
st i t u t e of Ch emi ca l En gi n eer s; 345 Ea st 47t h
S t r eet , New Yor k , NY 10017.
4. Eva l u a t i n g P r ocess S a fet y i n t h e Ch em-
i ca l I n du st r y , Ch emi ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s As-
soci a t i on ; 2501 M S t r eet NW, Wa sh i n gt on , DC
20037.
5. S a fe Wa r eh ou si n g of Ch emi ca l s,
Ch emi ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on ; 2501 M
S t r eet NW, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20037.
6. Ma n a gemen t of P r ocess Ha za r ds,
Amer i ca n P et r ol eu m I n st i t u t e (AP I Rec-
ommen ded P r a ct i ce 750); 1220 L S t r eet , N. W. ,
Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20005.
7. I mpr ovi n g Own er a n d Con t r a ct or S a fe-
t y P er for ma n ce, Amer i ca n P et r ol eu m I n st i -
t u t e (AP I Recommen ded P r a ct i ce 2220); AP I ,
1220 L S t r eet N. W. , Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20005.
8. Ch emi ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on
(CMAs Ma n a ger Gu i de), F i r st Edi t i on , S ep-
t ember 1991; CMA, 2501 M S t r eet , N. W. ,
Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20037.
9. I mpr ovi n g Con st r u ct i on S a fet y P er -
for ma n ce, Repor t A3, Th e Bu si n ess Rou n d-
t a bl e; Th e Bu si n ess Rou n dt a bl e, 200 P a r k Av-
en u e, New Yor k , NY 10166. (Repor t i n cl u des
cr i t er i a t o eva l u a t e con t r a ct or sa fet y per -
for ma n ce a n d cr i t er i a t o en h a n ce con t r a ct or
sa fet y per for ma n ce).
10. Recommen ded Gu i del i n es for Con -
t r a ct or S a fet y a n d Hea l t h , Texa s Ch emi ca l
Cou n ci l ; Texa s Ch emi ca l Cou n ci l , 1402
Nu eces S t r eet , Au st i n , TX 787011534.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
368
11. Loss P r even t i on i n t h e P r ocess I n du s-
t r i es, Vol u mes I a n d I I ; F r a n k P . Lees,
Bu t t er wor t h ; Lon don 1983.
12. S a fet y a n d Hea l t h P r ogr a m Ma n a ge-
men t Gu i del i n es, 1989; U. S . Depa r t men t of
La bor , Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Ad-
mi n i st r a t i on .
13. S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Gu i de for t h e Ch em-
i ca l I n du st r y , 1986, (OS HA 3091); U. S . De-
pa r t men t of La bor , Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on ; 200 Con st i t u t i on Av-
en u e, N. W. , Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20210.
14. Revi ew of Emer gen cy S y st ems, J u n e
1988; U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy
(EP A), Offi ce of S ol i d Wa st e a n d Emer gen cy
Respon se, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20460.
15. Tech n i ca l Gu i da n ce for Ha za r ds An a l -
y si s, Emer gen cy P l a n n i n g for Ext r emel y
Ha za r dou s S u bst a n ces, December 1987; U. S .
En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy (EP A),
F eder a l Emer gen cy Ma n a gemen t Admi n i s-
t r a t i on (F EMA) a n d U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on (DOT), Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20460.
16. Acci den t I n vest i ga t i on * * * A New
Appr oa ch , 1983, Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l ; 444
Nor t h Mi ch i ga n Aven u e, Ch i ca go, I L 60611
3991.
17. F i r e & Expl osi on I n dex Ha za r d Cl a ssi -
fi ca t i on Gu i de, 6t h Edi t i on , Ma y 1987, Dow
Ch emi ca l Compa n y ; Mi dl a n d, Mi ch i ga n 48674.
18. Ch emi ca l Exposu r e I n dex, Ma y 1988,
Dow Ch emi ca l Compa n y ; Mi dl a n d, Mi ch i ga n
48674.
[57 F R 6403, F eb. 24, 1992; 57 F R 7847, Ma r . 4,
1992, a s a men ded a t 61 F R 9238, Ma r . 7, 1996;
67 F R 67964, Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.120 Hazardous waste operations
and emergency response.
(a ) Scope, applicat ion , an d def in it ion s
(1) Scope. Th i s sect i on cover s t h e fol -
l owi n g oper a t i on s, u n l ess t h e empl oy er
ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e oper a t i on
does n ot i n vol ve empl oy ee exposu r e or
t h e r ea son a bl e possi bi l i t y for empl oy ee
exposu r e t o sa fet y or h ea l t h h a za r ds:
(i ) Cl ea n -u p oper a t i on s r equ i r ed by a
gover n men t a l body , wh et h er F eder a l ,
st a t e, l oca l or ot h er i n vol vi n g h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces t h a t a r e con du ct ed
a t u n con t r ol l ed h a za r dou s wa st e si t es
(i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e
EP As Na t i on a l P r i or i t y S i t e Li st
(NP L), st a t e pr i or i t y si t e l i st s, si t es
r ecommen ded for t h e EP A NP L, a n d
i n i t i a l i n vest i ga t i on s of gover n men t
i den t i fi ed si t es wh i ch a r e con du ct ed be-
for e t h e pr esen ce or a bsen ce of h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces h a s been
a scer t a i n ed);
(i i ) Cor r ect i ve a ct i on s i n vol vi n g
cl ea n -u p oper a t i on s a t si t es cover ed by
t h e Resou r ce Con ser va t i on a n d Recov-
er y Act of 1976 (RCRA) a s a men ded (42
U. S . C. 6901 et seq. );
(i i i ) Vol u n t a r y cl ea n -u p oper a t i on s a t
si t es r ecogn i zed by F eder a l , st a t e, l oca l
or ot h er gover n men t a l bodi es a s u n con -
t r ol l ed h a za r dou s wa st e si t es;
(i v) Oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g h a za r dou s
wa st es t h a t a r e con du ct ed a t t r ea t -
men t , st or a ge, a n d di sposa l (TS D) fa -
ci l i t i es r egu l a t ed by 40 CF R pa r t s 264
a n d 265 pu r su a n t t o RCRA; or by a gen -
ci es u n der a gr eemen t wi t h U. S . E. P . A.
t o i mpl emen t RCRA r egu l a t i on s; a n d
(v) Emer gen cy r espon se oper a t i on s
for r el ea ses of, or su bst a n t i a l t h r ea t s of
r el ea ses of, h a za r dou s su bst a n ces wi t h -
ou t r ega r d t o t h e l oca t i on of t h e h a z-
a r d.
(2) Applicat ion . (i ) Al l r equ i r emen t s of
pa r t 1910 a n d pa r t 1926 of t i t l e 29 of t h e
Code of F eder a l Regu l a t i on s a ppl y pu r -
su a n t t o t h ei r t er ms t o h a za r dou s
wa st e a n d emer gen cy r espon se oper -
a t i on s wh et h er cover ed by t h i s sect i on
or n ot . I f t h er e i s a con fl i ct or over l a p,
t h e pr ovi si on mor e pr ot ect i ve of em-
pl oy ee sa fet y a n d h ea l t h sh a l l a ppl y
wi t h ou t r ega r d t o 29 CF R 1910. 5(c)(1).
(i i ) Ha za r dou s su bst a n ce cl ea n -u p op-
er a t i on s wi t h i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph s
(a )(1)(i ) t h r ou gh (a )(1)(i i i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on mu st compl y wi t h a l l pa r a gr a ph s
of t h i s sect i on except pa r a gr a ph s (p)
a n d (q).
(i i i ) Oper a t i on s wi t h i n t h e scope of
pa r a gr a ph (a )(1)(i v) of t h i s sect i on
mu st compl y on l y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (p) of t h i s sect i on .
Not es an d Except ion s: (A) Al l pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (p) of t h i s sect i on cover a n y t r ea t -
men t , st or a ge or di sposa l (TS D) oper a t i on
r egu l a t ed by 40 CF R pa r t s 264 a n d 265 or by
st a t e l a w a u t h or i zed u n der RCRA, a n d r e-
qu i r ed t o h a ve a per mi t or i n t er i m st a t u s
fr om EP A pu r su a n t t o 40 CF R 270. 1 or fr om
a st a t e a gen cy pu r su a n t t o RCRA.
(B) Empl oy er s wh o a r e n ot r equ i r ed t o
h a ve a per mi t or i n t er i m st a t u s beca u se t h ey
a r e con di t i on a l l y exempt sma l l qu a n t i t y
gen er a t or s u n der 40 CF R 261. 5 or a r e gen er a -
t or s wh o qu a l i fy u n der 40 CF R 262. 34 for ex-
empt i on s fr om r egu l a t i on u n der 40 CF R pa r t s
264, 265 a n d 270 (except ed empl oy er s) a r e
n ot cover ed by pa r a gr a ph s (p)(1) t h r ou gh
(p)(7) of t h i s sect i on . Except ed empl oy er s
wh o a r e r equ i r ed by t h e EP A or st a t e a gen cy
t o h a ve t h ei r empl oy ees en ga ge i n emer -
gen cy r espon se or wh o di r ect t h ei r empl oy -
ees t o en ga ge i n emer gen cy r espon se a r e cov-
er ed by pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) of t h i s sect i on , a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
369
ca n n ot be exempt ed by (p)(8)(i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Except ed empl oy er s wh o a r e n ot r e-
qu i r ed t o h a ve empl oy ees en ga ge i n emer -
gen cy r espon se, wh o di r ect t h ei r empl oy ees
t o eva cu a t e i n t h e ca se of su ch emer gen ci es
a n d wh o meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(p)(8)(i ) of t h i s sect i on a r e exempt fr om t h e
ba l a n ce of pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) of t h i s sect i on .
(C) I f a n a r ea i s u sed pr i ma r i l y for t r ea t -
men t , st or a ge or di sposa l , a n y emer gen cy r e-
spon se oper a t i on s i n t h a t a r ea sh a l l compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) of t h i s sect i on . I n ot h er
a r ea s n ot u sed pr i ma r i l y for t r ea t men t , st or -
a ge, or di sposa l , a n y emer gen cy r espon se op-
er a t i on s sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (q) of
t h i s sect i on . Compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (q) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be deemed t o be i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i v) Emer gen cy r espon se oper a t i on s
for r el ea ses of, or su bst a n t i a l t h r ea t s of
r el ea ses of, h a za r dou s su bst a n ces wh i ch
a r e n ot cover ed by pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1)(i )
t h r ou gh (a )(1)(i v) of t h i s sect i on mu st
on l y compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (q) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Def in it ion sBu ddy sy st em mea n s a
sy st em of or ga n i zi n g empl oy ees i n t o
wor k gr ou ps i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee of t h e wor k gr ou p i s
desi gn a t ed t o be obser ved by a t l ea st
on e ot h er empl oy ee i n t h e wor k gr ou p.
Th e pu r pose of t h e bu ddy sy st em i s t o
pr ovi de r a pi d a ssi st a n ce t o empl oy ees
i n t h e even t of a n emer gen cy .
Clean -u p operat ion mea n s a n oper -
a t i on wh er e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a r e
r emoved, con t a i n ed, i n ci n er a t ed, n eu -
t r a l i zed, st a bi l i zed, cl ea r ed-u p, or i n
a n y ot h er ma n n er pr ocessed or h a n dl ed
wi t h t h e u l t i ma t e goa l of ma k i n g t h e
si t e sa fer for peopl e or t h e en vi r on -
men t .
Decon t amin at ion mea n s t h e r emova l
of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces fr om empl oy -
ees a n d t h ei r equ i pmen t t o t h e ext en t
n ecessa r y t o pr ecl u de t h e occu r r en ce of
for eseea bl e a dver se h ea l t h a ffect s.
Emergen cy respon se or respon din g t o
emergen cies mea n s a r espon se effor t by
empl oy ees fr om ou t si de t h e i mmedi a t e
r el ea se a r ea or by ot h er desi gn a t ed r e-
spon der s (i . e. , mu t u a l -a i d gr ou ps, l oca l
fi r e depa r t men t s, et c. ) t o a n occu r r en ce
wh i ch r esu l t s, or i s l i k el y t o r esu l t , i n
a n u n con t r ol l ed r el ea se of a h a za r dou s
su bst a n ce. Respon ses t o i n ci den t a l r e-
l ea ses of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces wh er e
t h e su bst a n ce ca n be a bsor bed, n eu t r a l -
i zed, or ot h er wi se con t r ol l ed a t t h e
t i me of r el ea se by empl oy ees i n t h e i m-
medi a t e r el ea se a r ea , or by ma i n t e-
n a n ce per son n el a r e n ot con si der ed t o
be emer gen cy r espon ses wi t h i n t h e
scope of t h i s st a n da r d. Respon ses t o r e-
l ea ses of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces wh er e
t h er e i s n o pot en t i a l sa fet y or h ea l t h
h a za r d (i . e. , fi r e, expl osi on , or ch emi ca l
exposu r e) a r e n ot con si der ed t o be
emer gen cy r espon ses.
Facilit y mea n s (A) a n y bu i l di n g,
st r u ct u r e, i n st a l l a t i on , equ i pmen t , pi pe
or pi pel i n e (i n cl u di n g a n y pi pe i n t o a
sewer or pu bl i cl y own ed t r ea t men t
wor k s), wel l , pi t , pon d, l a goon , i m-
pou n dmen t , di t ch , st or a ge con t a i n er ,
mot or veh i cl e, r ol l i n g st ock , or a i r -
cr a ft , or (B) a n y si t e or a r ea wh er e a
h a za r dou s su bst a n ce h a s been depos-
i t ed, st or ed, di sposed of, or pl a ced, or
ot h er wi se come t o be l oca t ed; bu t does
n ot i n cl u de a n y con su mer pr odu ct i n
con su mer u se or a n y wa t er -bor n e ves-
sel .
Hazardou s mat erials respon se
(HAZ MAT ) t eam mea n s a n or ga n i zed
gr ou p of empl oy ees, desi gn a t ed by t h e
empl oy er , wh o a r e expect ed t o per for m
wor k t o h a n dl e a n d con t r ol a ct u a l or
pot en t i a l l ea k s or spi l l s of h a za r dou s
su bst a n ces r equ i r i n g possi bl e cl ose a p-
pr oa ch t o t h e su bst a n ce. Th e t ea m
member s per for m r espon ses t o r el ea ses
or pot en t i a l r el ea ses of h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces for t h e pu r pose of con t r ol or
st a bi l i za t i on of t h e i n ci den t . A
HAZMAT t ea m i s n ot a fi r e br i ga de n or
i s a t y pi ca l fi r e br i ga de a HAZMAT
t ea m. A HAZMAT t ea m, h owever , ma y
be a sepa r a t e compon en t of a fi r e br i -
ga de or fi r e depa r t men t .
Hazardou s su bst an ce mea n s a n y su b-
st a n ce desi gn a t ed or l i st ed u n der pa r a -
gr a ph s (A) t h r ou gh (D) of t h i s defi n i -
t i on , exposu r e t o wh i ch r esu l t s or ma y
r esu l t i n a dver se a ffect s on t h e h ea l t h
or sa fet y of empl oy ees:
(A) An y su bst a n ce defi n ed u n der sec-
t i on 101(14) of CERCLA;
(B) An y bi ol ogi ca l a gen t a n d ot h er
di sea se-ca u si n g a gen t wh i ch a ft er r e-
l ea se i n t o t h e en vi r on men t a n d u pon
exposu r e, i n gest i on , i n h a l a t i on , or a s-
si mi l a t i on i n t o a n y per son , ei t h er di -
r ect l y fr om t h e en vi r on men t or i n di -
r ect l y by i n gest i on t h r ou gh food
ch a i n s, wi l l or ma y r ea son a bl y be a n -
t i ci pa t ed t o ca u se dea t h , di sea se, be-
h a vi or a l a bn or ma l i t i es, ca n cer , gen et i c
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
370
mu t a t i on , ph y si ol ogi ca l ma l fu n ct i on s
(i n cl u di n g ma l fu n ct i on s i n r epr odu c-
t i on ) or ph y si ca l defor ma t i on s i n su ch
per son s or t h ei r offspr i n g;
(C) An y su bst a n ce l i st ed by t h e U. S .
Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on a s h a z-
a r dou s ma t er i a l s u n der 49 CF R 172. 101
a n d a ppen di ces; a n d
(D) Ha za r dou s wa st e a s h er ei n de-
fi n ed.
Hazardou s wast e mea n s
(A) A wa st e or combi n a t i on of wa st es
a s defi n ed i n 40 CF R 261. 3, or
(B) Th ose su bst a n ces defi n ed a s h a z-
a r dou s wa st es i n 49 CF R 171. 8.
Hazardou s wast e operat ion mea n s a n y
oper a t i on con du ct ed wi t h i n t h e scope
of t h i s st a n da r d.
Hazardou s wast e sit e or Sit e mea n s
a n y fa ci l i t y or l oca t i on wi t h i n t h e
scope of t h i s st a n da r d a t wh i ch h a z-
a r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s t a k e pl a ce.
Healt h h azard mea n s a ch emi ca l , mi x-
t u r e of ch emi ca l s or a pa t h ogen for
wh i ch t h er e i s st a t i st i ca l l y si gn i fi ca n t
evi den ce ba sed on a t l ea st on e st u dy
con du ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h est a b-
l i sh ed sci en t i fi c pr i n ci pl es t h a t a cu t e
or ch r on i c h ea l t h effect s ma y occu r i n
exposed empl oy ees. Th e t er m h ea l t h
h a za r d i n cl u des ch emi ca l s wh i ch a r e
ca r ci n ogen s, t oxi c or h i gh l y t oxi c
a gen t s, r epr odu ct i ve t oxi n s, i r r i t a n t s,
cor r osi ves, sen si t i zer s, h ept a ot oxi n s,
n eph r ot oxi n s, n eu r ot oxi n s, a gen t s
wh i ch a ct on t h e h ema t opoi et i c sy s-
t em, a n d a gen t s wh i ch da ma ge t h e
l u n gs, sk i n , ey es, or mu cou s mem-
br a n es. I t a l so i n cl u des st r ess du e t o
t emper a t u r e ext r emes. F u r t h er defi n i -
t i on of t h e t er ms u sed a bove ca n be
fou n d i n a ppen di x A t o 29 CF R 1910. 1200.
I DL H or I mmediat ely dan gerou s t o lif e
or h ealt h mea n s a n a t mosph er i c con -
cen t r a t i on of a n y t oxi c, cor r osi ve or
a sph y xi a n t su bst a n ce t h a t poses a n i m-
medi a t e t h r ea t t o l i fe or wou l d ca u se
i r r ever si bl e or del a y ed a dver se h ea l t h
effect s or wou l d i n t er fer e wi t h a n i n di -
vi du a l s a bi l i t y t o esca pe fr om a da n -
ger ou s a t mosph er e.
Oxy gen def icien cy mea n s t h a t con -
cen t r a t i on of oxy gen by vol u me bel ow
wh i ch a t mosph er e su ppl y i n g r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on mu st be pr ovi ded.
I t exi st s i n a t mosph er es wh er e t h e per -
cen t a ge of oxy gen by vol u me i s l ess
t h a n 19. 5 per cen t oxy gen .
Permissible exposu re limit mea n s t h e
exposu r e, i n h a l a t i on or der ma l per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t speci fi ed i n 29 CF R
pa r t 1910, su bpa r t s G a n d Z.
Pu blish ed exposu re level mea n s t h e ex-
posu r e l i mi t s pu bl i sh ed i n NI OS H
Recommen da t i on s for Occu pa t i on a l
Hea l t h S t a n da r ds da t ed 1986, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6 or i f n on e i s speci fi ed, t h e ex-
posu r e l i mi t s pu bl i sh ed i n t h e st a n d-
a r ds speci fi ed by t h e Amer i ca n Con -
fer en ce of Gover n men t a l I n du st r i a l Hy -
gi en i st s i n t h ei r pu bl i ca t i on Th r esh -
ol d Li mi t Va l u es a n d Bi ol ogi ca l Expo-
su r e I n di ces for 198788 da t ed 1987,
Post emergen cy respon se mea n s t h a t
por t i on of a n emer gen cy r espon se per -
for med a ft er t h e i mmedi a t e t h r ea t of a
r el ea se h a s been st a bi l i zed or el i mi -
n a t ed a n d cl ea n -u p of t h e si t e h a s
begu n . I f post emer gen cy r espon se i s
per for med by a n empl oy er s own em-
pl oy ees wh o wer e pa r t of t h e i n i t i a l
emer gen cy r espon se, i t i s con si der ed t o
be pa r t of t h e i n i t i a l r espon se a n d n ot
post emer gen cy r espon se. However , i f a
gr ou p of a n empl oy er s own empl oy ees,
sepa r a t e fr om t h e gr ou p pr ovi di n g i n i -
t i a l r espon se, per for ms t h e cl ea n -u p op-
er a t i on , t h en t h e sepa r a t e gr ou p of em-
pl oy ees wou l d be con si der ed t o be per -
for mi n g post -emer gen cy r espon se a n d
su bj ect t o pa r a gr a ph (q)(11) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
Qu alif ied person mea n s a per son wi t h
speci fi c t r a i n i n g, k n owl edge a n d expe-
r i en ce i n t h e a r ea for wh i ch t h e per son
h a s t h e r espon si bi l i t y a n d t h e a u t h or -
i t y t o con t r ol .
Sit e saf et y an d h ealt h su pervisor (or of -
f icial) mea n s t h e i n di vi du a l l oca t ed on
a h a za r dou s wa st e si t e wh o i s r espon -
si bl e t o t h e empl oy er a n d h a s t h e a u -
t h or i t y a n d k n owl edge n ecessa r y t o
i mpl emen t t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pl a n a n d ver i fy compl i a n ce wi t h a ppl i -
ca bl e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h r equ i r emen t s.
Small qu an t it y qen erat or mea n s a gen -
er a t or of h a za r dou s wa st es wh o i n a n y
ca l en da r mon t h gen er a t es n o mor e
t h a n 1, 000 k i l ogr a ms (2, 205 pou n ds) of
h a za r dou s wa st e i n t h a t mon t h .
Un con t rolled h azardou s wast e sit e,
mea n s a n a r ea i den t i fi ed a s a n u n con -
t r ol l ed h a za r dou s wa st e si t e by a gov-
er n men t a l body , wh et h er F eder a l ,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
371
st a t e, l oca l or ot h er wh er e a n a ccu mu -
l a t i on of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces cr ea t es
a t h r ea t t o t h e h ea l t h a n d sa fet y of i n -
di vi du a l s or t h e en vi r on men t or bot h .
S ome si t es a r e fou n d on pu bl i c l a n ds
su ch a s t h ose cr ea t ed by for mer mu n i c-
i pa l , cou n t y or st a t e l a n dfi l l s wh er e i l -
l ega l or poor l y ma n a ged wa st e di sposa l
h a s t a k en pl a ce. Ot h er si t es a r e fou n d
on pr i va t e pr oper t y , oft en bel on gi n g t o
gen er a t or s or for mer gen er a t or s of h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce wa st es. Exa mpl es of
su ch si t es i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed
t o, su r fa ce i mpou n dmen t s, l a n dfi l l s,
du mps, a n d t a n k or dr u m fa r ms. Nor -
ma l oper a t i on s a t TS D si t es a r e n ot
cover ed by t h i s defi n i t i on .
(b) Saf et y an d h ealt h program.
NOTE TO (b): S a fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a ms
devel oped a n d i mpl emen t ed t o meet ot h er
F eder a l , st a t e, or l oca l r egu l a t i on s a r e con -
si der ed a ccept a bl e i n meet i n g t h i s r equ i r e-
men t i f t h ey cover or a r e modi fi ed t o cover
t h e t opi cs r equ i r ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph . An a d-
di t i on a l or sepa r a t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr o-
gr a m i s n ot r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Gen eral. (i ) Empl oy er s sh a l l de-
vel op a n d i mpl emen t a wr i t t en sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m for t h ei r empl oy -
ees i n vol ved i n h a za r dou s wa st e oper -
a t i on s. Th e pr ogr a m sh a l l be desi gn ed
t o i den t i fy , eva l u a t e, a n d con t r ol sa fe-
t y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d pr ovi de for
emer gen cy r espon se for h a za r dou s
wa st e oper a t i on s.
(i i ) Th e wr i t t en sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pr ogr a m sh a l l i n cor por a t e t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(A) An or ga n i za t i on a l st r u ct u r e;
(B) A compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n ;
(C) A si t e-speci fi c sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pl a n wh i ch n eed n ot r epea t t h e empl oy -
er s st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(1)(i i )(F ) of t h i s
sect i on ;
(D) Th e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m;
(E) Th e medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr o-
gr a m;
(F ) Th e empl oy er s st a n da r d oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es for sa fet y a n d h ea l t h ;
a n d
(G) An y n ecessa r y i n t er fa ce bet ween
gen er a l pr ogr a m a n d si t e speci fi c a c-
t i vi t i es.
(i i i ) Sit e excavat ion . S i t e exca va t i on s
cr ea t ed du r i n g i n i t i a l si t e pr epa r a t i on
or du r i n g h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s
sh a l l be sh or ed or sl oped a s a ppr opr i a t e
t o pr even t a cci den t a l col l a pse i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t P of 29 CF R pa r t
1926.
(i v) Con t ract ors an d su b-con t ract ors.
An empl oy er wh o r et a i n s con t r a ct or or
su b-con t r a ct or ser vi ces for wor k i n
h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s sh a l l i n -
for m t h ose con t r a ct or s, su b-con t r a c-
t or s, or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves of t h e
si t e emer gen cy r espon se pr ocedu r es
a n d a n y pot en t i a l fi r e, expl osi on ,
h ea l t h , sa fet y or ot h er h a za r ds of t h e
h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on t h a t h a ve
been i den t i fi ed by t h e empl oy er , i n -
cl u di n g t h ose i den t i fi ed i n t h e empl oy -
er s i n for ma t i on pr ogr a m.
(v) Program availabilit y . Th e wr i t t en
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m sh a l l be
ma de a va i l a bl e t o a n y con t r a ct or or
su bcon t r a ct or or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ve
wh o wi l l be i n vol ved wi t h t h e h a z-
a r dou s wa st e oper a t i on ; t o empl oy ees;
t o empl oy ee desi gn a t ed r epr esen t a -
t i ves; t o OS HA per son n el , a n d t o per -
son n el of ot h er F eder a l , st a t e, or l oca l
a gen ci es wi t h r egu l a t or y a u t h or i t y
over t h e si t e.
(2) Organ izat ion al st ru ct u re part of t h e
sit e program(i ) Th e or ga n i za t i on a 1
st r u ct u r e pa r t of t h e pr ogr a m sh a l l es-
t a bl i sh t h e speci fi c ch a i n of comma n d
a n d speci fy t h e over a l l r espon si bi l i t i es
of su per vi sor s a n d empl oy ees. I t sh a l l
i n cl u de, a t a mi n i mu m, t h e fol l owi n g
el emen t s:
(A) A gen er a l su per vi sor wh o h a s t h e
r espon si bi l i t y a n d a u t h or i t y t o di r ect
a l l h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s.
(B) A si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h su per -
vi sor wh o h a s t h e r espon si bi l i t y a n d
a u t h or i t y t o devel op a n d i mpl emen t
t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n a n d
ver i fy compl i a n ce.
(C) Al l ot h er per son n el n eeded for
h a za r dou s wa st e si t e oper a t i on s a n d
emer gen cy r espon se a n d t h ei r gen er a l
fu n ct i on s a n d r espon si bi l i t i es.
(D) Th e l i n es of a u t h or i t y , r espon si -
bi l i t y , a n d commu n i ca t i on .
(i i ) Th e or ga n i za t i on a l st r u ct u r e
sh a l l be r evi ewed a n d u pda t ed a s n ec-
essa r y t o r efl ect t h e cu r r en t st a t u s of
wa st e si t e oper a t i on s.
(3) Compreh en sive work plan part of t h e
sit e program. Th e compr eh en si ve
wor k pl a n pa r t of t h e pr ogr a m sh a l l a d-
dr ess t h e t a sk s a n d obj ect i ves of t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
372
si t e oper a t i on s a n d t h e l ogi st i cs a n d r e-
sou r ces r equ i r ed t o r ea ch t h ose t a sk s
a n d obj ect i ves.
(i ) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n sh a l l
a ddr ess a n t i ci pa t ed cl ea n -u p a ct i vi t i es
a s wel l a s n or ma l oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
wh i ch n eed n ot r epea t t h e empl oy er s
pr ocedu r es a va i l a bl e el sewh er e.
(i i ) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n
sh a l l defi n e wor k t a sk s a n d obj ect i ves
a n d i den t i fy t h e met h ods for a ccom-
pl i sh i n g t h ose t a sk s a n d obj ect i ves.
(i i i ) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n
sh a l l est a bl i sh per son n el r equ i r emen t s
for i mpl emen t i n g t h e pl a n .
(i v) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n
sh a l l pr ovi de for t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of
t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)
(v) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n
t h e r equ i r ed i n for ma t i on a l pr ogr a ms
r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(vi ) Th e compr eh en si ve wor k pl a n
t h e medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Sit e-specif ic saf et y an d h ealt h plan
part of t h e program(i ) Gen eral. Th e si t e
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n , wh i ch mu st be
k ept on si t e, sh a l l a ddr ess t h e sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds of ea ch ph a se of si t e
oper a t i on a n d i n cl u de t h e r equ i r emen t s
a n d pr ocedu r es for empl oy ee pr ot ec-
t i on .
(i i ) Elemen t s. Th e si t e sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pl a n , a s a mi n i mu m, sh a l l a d-
dr ess t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) A sa fet y a n d h ea l t h r i sk or h a z-
a r d a n a l y si s for ea ch si t e t a sk a n d op-
er a t i on fou n d i n t h e wor k pl a n .
(B) Empl oy ee t r a i n i n g a ssi gn men t s
t o a ssu r e compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(e) of t h i s sect i on .
(C) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t t o
be u sed by empl oy ees for ea ch of t h e
si t e t a sk s a n d oper a t i on s bei n g con -
du ct ed a s r equ i r ed by t h e per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t pr ogr a m i n pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
(D) Medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce r equ i r e-
men t s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ogr a m
i n pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on .
(E) F r equ en cy a n d t y pes of a i r mon i -
t or i n g, per son n el mon i t or i n g, a n d en vi -
r on men t a l sa mpl i n g t ech n i qu es a n d i n -
st r u men t a t i on t o be u sed, i n cl u di n g
met h ods of ma i n t en a n ce a n d ca l i br a -
t i on of mon i t or i n g a n d sa mpl i n g equ i p-
men t t o be u sed.
(F ) S i t e con t r ol mea su r es i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e si t e con t r ol pr ogr a m r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(G) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (k ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(H) An emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(l ) of t h i s sect i on for sa fe a n d effect i ve
r espon ses t o emer gen ci es, i n cl u di n g
t h e n ecessa r y P P E a n d ot h er equ i p-
men t .
(I ) Con fi n ed spa ce en t r y pr ocedu r es.
(J ) A spi l l con t a i n men t pr ogr a m
(j ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Pre-en t ry brief in g. Th e si t e spe-
ci fi c sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n sh a l l pr o-
vi de for pr e-en t r y br i efi n gs t o be h el d
pr i or t o i n i t i a t i n g a n y si t e a ct i vi t y ,
a n d a t su ch ot h er t i mes a s n ecessa r y t o
en su r e t h a t empl oy ees a r e a ppr i sed of
t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n a n d
t h a t t h i s pl a n i s bei n g fol l owed. Th e i n -
for ma t i on a n d da t a obt a i n ed fr om si t e
ch a r a ct er i za t i on a n d a n a l y si s wor k r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be u sed t o pr epa r e a n d u pda t e t h e
si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n .
(i v) Ef f ect iven ess of sit e saf et y an d
h ealt h plan . I n spect i on s sh a l l be con -
du ct ed by t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h su -
per vi sor or , i n t h e a bsen ce of t h a t i n di -
vi du a l , a n ot h er i n di vi du a l wh o i s
k n owl edgea bl e i n occu pa t i on a l sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h , a ct i n g on beh a l f of t h e em-
pl oy er a s n ecessa r y t o det er mi n e t h e
effect i ven ess of t h e si t e sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pl a n . An y defi ci en ci es i n t h e ef-
fect i ven ess of t h e si t e sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pl a n sh a l l be cor r ect ed by t h e
empl oy er .
(c) Sit e ch aract erizat ion an d an aly sis
(1) Gen eral. Ha za r dou s wa st e si t es sh a l l
be eva l u a t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s
pa r a gr a ph t o i den t i fy speci fi c si t e h a z-
a r ds a n d t o det er mi n e t h e a ppr opr i a t e
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h con t r ol pr ocedu r es
n eeded t o pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om t h e
i den t i fi ed h a za r ds.
(2) Prelimin ary evalu at ion . A pr el i mi -
n a r y eva l u a t i on of a si t es ch a r a ct er i s-
t i cs sh a l l be per for med pr i or t o si t e
en t r y by a qu a l i fi ed per son i n or der t o
a i d i n t h e sel ect i on of a ppr opr i a t e em-
pl oy ee pr ot ect i on met h ods pr i or t o si t e
en t r y . I mmedi a t el y a ft er i n i t i a l si t e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
373
en t r y , a mor e det a i l ed eva l u a t i on of
t h e si t es speci fi c ch a r a ct er i st i cs sh a l l
be per for med by a qu a l i fi ed per son i n
or der t o fu r t h er i den t i fy exi st i n g si t e
h a za r ds a n d t o fu r t h er a i d i n t h e sel ec-
t i on of t h e a ppr opr i a t e en gi n eer i n g
con t r ol s a n d per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t for t h e t a sk s t o be per for med.
(3) Hazard iden t if icat ion . Al l su spect ed
con di t i on s t h a t ma y pose i n h a l a t i on or
sk i n a bsor pt i on h a za r ds t h a t a r e i mme-
di a t el y da n ger ou s t o l i fe or h ea l t h
(I DLH), or ot h er con di t i on s t h a t ma y
ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s h a r m, sh a l l be
i den t i fi ed du r i n g t h e pr el i mi n a r y su r -
vey a n d eva l u a t ed du r i n g t h e det a i l ed
su r vey . Exa mpl es of su ch h a za r ds i n -
cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o, con fi n ed
spa ce en t r y , pot en t i a l l y expl osi ve or
fl a mma bl e si t u a t i on s, vi si bl e va por
cl ou ds, or a r ea s wh er e bi ol ogi ca l i n di -
ca t or s su ch a s dea d a n i ma l s or veget a -
t i on a r e l oca t ed.
(4) Requ ired in f ormat ion . Th e fol -
l owi n g i n for ma t i on t o t h e ext en t a va i l -
a bl e sh a l l be obt a i n ed by t h e empl oy er
pr i or t o a l l owi n g empl oy ees t o en t er a
si t e:
(i ) Loca t i on a n d a ppr oxi ma t e si ze of
t h e si t e.
(i i ) Descr i pt i on of t h e r espon se a ct i v-
i t y a n d/or t h e j ob t a sk t o be per for med.
(i i i ) Du r a t i on of t h e pl a n n ed em-
pl oy ee a ct i vi t y .
(i v) S i t e t opogr a ph y a n d a ccessi bi l i t y
by a i r a n d r oa ds.
(v) S a fet y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds ex-
pect ed a t t h e si t e.
(vi ) P a t h wa y s for h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce di sper si on .
(vi i ) P r esen t st a t u s a n d ca pa bi l i t i es
of emer gen cy r espon se t ea ms t h a t
wou l d pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce t o h a za r dou s
wa st e cl ea n -u p si t e empl oy ees a t t h e
t i me of a n emer gen cy .
(vi i i ) Ha za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds i n vol ved or expect ed a t
t h e si t e, a n d t h ei r ch emi ca l a n d ph y s-
i ca l pr oper t i es.
(5) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . P er -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t (P P E) sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a n d u sed du r i n g i n i t i a l si t e
en t r y i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s:
(i ) Ba sed u pon t h e r esu l t s of t h e pr e-
l i mi n a r y si t e eva l u a t i on , a n en sembl e
of P P E sh a l l be sel ect ed a n d u sed du r -
i n g i n i t i a l si t e en t r y wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de
pr ot ect i on t o a l evel of exposu r e bel ow
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s a n d pu b-
l i sh ed exposu r e l evel s for k n own or su s-
pect ed h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ot h er k n own a n d
su spect ed h a za r ds i den t i fi ed du r i n g t h e
pr el i mi n a r y si t e eva l u a t i on . I f t h er e i s
n o per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t or pu b-
l i sh ed exposu r e l evel , t h e empl oy er
ma y u se ot h er pu bl i sh ed st u di es a n d i n -
for ma t i on a s a gu i de t o a ppr opr i a t e
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(i i ) I f posi t i ve-pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s i s n ot u sed a s pa r t
of t h e en t r y en sembl e, a n d i f r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on i s wa r r a n t ed by t h e
pot en t i a l h a za r ds i den t i fi ed du r i n g t h e
pr el i mi n a r y si t e eva l u a t i on , a n esca pe
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s of
a t l ea st fi ve mi n u t es du r a t i on sh a l l be
ca r r i ed by empl oy ees du r i n g i n i t i a l si t e
en t r y .
(i i i ) I f t h e pr el i mi n a r y si t e eva l u a -
t i on does n ot pr odu ce su ffi ci en t i n for -
ma t i on t o i den t i fy t h e h a za r ds or su s-
pect ed h a za r ds of t h e si t e, a n en sembl e
pr ovi di n g pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o
Level B P P E sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s mi n -
i mu m pr ot ect i on , a n d di r ect r ea di n g
i n st r u men t s sh a l l be u sed a s a ppr o-
pr i a t e for i den t i fy i n g I DLH con di t i on s.
(S ee a ppen di x B for a descr i pt i on of
Level B h a za r ds a n d t h e r ecommen da -
t i on s for Level B pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t . )
(i v) On ce t h e h a za r ds of t h e si t e h a ve
been i den t i fi ed, t h e a ppr opr i a t e P P E
sh a l l be sel ect ed a n d u sed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(6) Mon it orin g. Th e fol l owi n g mon i -
t or i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed du r i n g i n i t i a l
si t e en t r y wh en t h e si t e eva l u a t i on
pr odu ces i n for ma t i on t h a t sh ows t h e
pot en t i a l for i on i zi n g r a di a t i on or
I DLH con di t i on s, or wh en t h e si t e i n -
for ma t i on i s n ot su ffi ci en t r ea son a bl y
t o el i mi n a t e t h ese possi bl e con di t i on s:
(i ) Mon i t or i n g wi t h di r ect r ea di n g i n -
st r u men t s for h a za r dou s l evel s of i on -
i zi n g r a di a t i on .
(i i ) Mon i t or i n g t h e a i r wi t h a ppr o-
pr i a t e di r ect r ea di n g t est equ i pmen t
(i . e. , combu st i bl e ga s met er s, det ect or
t u bes) for I DLH a n d ot h er con di t i on s
t h a t ma y ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s h a r m
(combu st i bl e or expl osi ve a t mosph er es,
oxy gen defi ci en cy , t oxi c su bst a n ces).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
374
(i i i ) Vi su a l l y obser vi n g for si gn s of
a ct u a l or pot en t i a l I DLH or ot h er da n -
ger ou s con di t i on s.
(i v) An on goi n g a i r mon i t or i n g pr o-
gr a m i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (h )
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be i mpl emen t ed
a ft er si t e ch a r a ct er i za t i on h a s det er -
mi n ed t h e si t e i s sa fe for t h e st a r t -u p
of oper a t i on s.
(7) Risk iden t if icat ion . On ce t h e pr es-
en ce a n d con cen t r a t i on s of speci fi c
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d h ea l t h h a z-
a r ds h a ve been est a bl i sh ed, t h e r i sk s
a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h ese su bst a n ces sh a l l
be i den t i fi ed. Empl oy ees wh o wi l l be
wor k i n g on t h e si t e sh a l l be i n for med
of a n y r i sk s t h a t h a ve been i den t i fi ed.
I n si t u a t i on s cover ed by t h e Ha za r d
Commu n i ca t i on S t a n da r d, 29 CF R
1910. 1200, t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by t h a t
st a n da r d n eed n ot be du pl i ca t ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (c)(7). Ri sk s t o con -
si der i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o:
(a ) Exposu r es exceedi n g t h e per mi ssi bl e ex-
posu r e l i mi t s a n d pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s.
(b) I DLH con cen t r a t i on s.
(c) P ot en t i a l sk i n a bsor pt i on a n d i r r i t a t i on
sou r ces.
(d) P ot en t i a l ey e i r r i t a t i on sou r ces.
(e) Expl osi on sen si t i vi t y a n d fl a mma bi l i t y
r a n ges.
(f) Oxy gen defi ci en cy .
(8) Employ ee n ot if icat ion . An y i n for -
ma t i on con cer n i n g t h e ch emi ca l , ph y s-
i ca l , a n d t oxi col ogi c pr oper t i es of ea ch
su bst a n ce k n own or expect ed t o be
pr esen t on si t e t h a t i s a va i l a bl e t o t h e
empl oy er a n d r el eva n t t o t h e du t i es a n
empl oy ee i s expect ed t o per for m sh a l l
be ma de a va i l a bl e t o t h e a ffect ed em-
pl oy ees pr i or t o t h e commen cemen t of
t h ei r wor k a ct i vi t i es. Th e empl oy er
ma y u t i l i ze i n for ma t i on devel oped for
t h e h a za r d commu n i ca t i on st a n da r d for
t h i s pu r pose.
(d) Sit e con t rol(1) Gen eral. Appr o-
pr i a t e si t e con t r ol pr ocedu r es sh a l l be
i mpl emen t ed t o con t r ol empl oy ee expo-
su r e t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces befor e
cl ea n -u p wor k begi n s.
(2) Sit e con t rol program. A si t e con t r ol
pr ogr a m for pr ot ect i n g empl oy ees
wh i ch i s pa r t of t h e empl oy er s si t e
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
devel oped du r i n g t h e pl a n n i n g st a ges of
a h a za r dou s wa st e cl ea n -u p oper a t i on
a n d modi fi ed a s n ecessa r y a s n ew i n for -
ma t i on becomes a va i l a bl e.
(3) Elemen t s of t h e sit e con t rol program.
Th e si t e con t r ol pr ogr a m sh a l l , a s a
mi n i mu m, i n cl u de: A si t e ma p; si t e
wor k zon es; t h e u se of a bu ddy sy s-
t em; si t e commu n i ca t i on s i n cl u di n g
a l er t i n g mea n s for emer gen ci es; t h e
st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es or sa fe
wor k pr a ct i ces; a n d, i den t i fi ca t i on of
t h e n ea r est medi ca l a ssi st a n ce. Wh er e
t h ese r equ i r emen t s a r e cover ed el se-
wh er e t h ey n eed n ot be r epea t ed.
(e) T rain in g(1) Gen eral. (i ) Al l em-
pl oy ees wor k i n g on si t e (su ch a s bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o equ i pmen t oper a t or s,
gen er a l l a bor er s a n d ot h er s) exposed t o
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces, h ea l t h h a za r ds,
or sa fet y h a za r ds a n d t h ei r su per vi sor s
a n d ma n a gemen t r espon si bl e for t h e
si t e sh a l l r ecei ve t r a i n i n g meet i n g t h e
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph befor e
t h ey a r e per mi t t ed t o en ga ge i n h a z-
a r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s t h a t cou l d ex-
pose t h em t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces,
sa fet y , or h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d t h ey
sh a l l r ecei ve r evi ew t r a i n i n g a s speci -
fi ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed
t o pa r t i ci pa t e i n or su per vi se fi el d a c-
t i vi t i es u n t i l t h ey h a ve been t r a i n ed t o
a l evel r equ i r ed by t h ei r j ob fu n ct i on
a n d r espon si bi l i t y .
(2) Elemen t s t o be covered. Th e t r a i n -
i n g sh a l l t h or ou gh l y cover t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Na mes of per son n el a n d a l t er n a t es
r espon si bl e for si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h ;
(i i ) S a fet y , h ea l t h a n d ot h er h a za r ds
pr esen t on t h e si t e;
(i i i ) Use of per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t ;
(i v) Wor k pr a ct i ces by wh i ch t h e em-
pl oy ee ca n mi n i mi ze r i sk s fr om h a z-
a r ds;
(v) S a fe u se of en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s
a n d equ i pmen t on t h e si t e;
(vi ) Medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce r equ i r e-
men t s, i n cl u di n g r ecogn i t i on of sy mp-
t oms a n d si gn s wh i ch mi gh t i n di ca t e
over exposu r e t o h a za r ds; a n d
(vi i ) Th e con t en t s of pa r a gr a ph s (G)
t h r ou gh (J ) of t h e si t e sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pl a n set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(4)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) I n it ial t rain in g. (i ) Gen er a l si t e
wor k er s (su ch a s equ i pmen t oper a t or s,
gen er a l l a bor er s a n d su per vi sor y per -
son n el ) en ga ged i n h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
r emova l or ot h er a ct i vi t i es wh i ch ex-
pose or pot en t i a l l y expose wor k er s t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
375
a r ds sh a l l r ecei ve a mi n i mu m of 40
h ou r s of i n st r u ct i on off t h e si t e, a n d a
mi n i mu m of t h r ee da y s a ct u a l fi el d ex-
per i en ce u n der t h e di r ect su per vi si on of
a t r a i n ed, exper i en ced su per vi sor .
(i i ) Wor k er s on si t e on l y occa si on a l l y
for a speci fi c l i mi t ed t a sk (su ch a s, bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o, gr ou n d wa t er mon i -
t or i n g, l a n d su r vey i n g, or geo-ph y si ca l
su r vey i n g) a n d wh o a r e u n l i k el y t o be
exposed over per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i m-
i t s a n d pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l i mi t s sh a l l
r ecei ve a mi n i mu m of 24 h ou r s of i n -
st r u ct i on off t h e si t e, a n d t h e mi n -
i mu m of on e da y a ct u a l fi el d exper i -
en ce u n der t h e di r ect su per vi si on of a
t r a i n ed, exper i en ced su per vi sor .
(i i i ) Wor k er s r egu l a r l y on si t e wh o
wor k i n a r ea s wh i ch h a ve been mon -
i t or ed a n d fu l l y ch a r a ct er i zed i n di -
ca t i n g t h a t exposu r es a r e u n der per -
mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s a n d pu bl i sh ed
exposu r e l i mi t s wh er e r espi r a t or s a r e
n ot n ecessa r y , a n d t h e ch a r a ct er i za t i on
i n di ca t es t h a t t h er e a r e n o h ea l t h h a z-
a r ds or t h e possi bi l i t y of a n emer gen cy
devel opi n g, sh a l l r ecei ve a mi n i mu m of
24 h ou r s of i n st r u ct i on off t h e si t e a n d
t h e mi n i mu m of on e da y a ct u a l fi el d
exper i en ce u n der t h e di r ect su per vi si on
of a t r a i n ed, exper i en ced su per vi sor .
(i v) Wor k er s wi t h 24 h ou r s of t r a i n i n g
wh o a r e cover ed by pa r a gr a ph s (e)(3)(i i )
a n d (e)(3)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on , a n d wh o
become gen er a l si t e wor k er s or wh o a r e
r equ i r ed t o wea r r espi r a t or s, sh a l l h a ve
t h e a ddi t i on a l 16 h ou r s a n d t wo da y s of
t r a i n i n g n ecessa r y t o t ot a l t h e t r a i n i n g
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(3)(i ).
(4) Man agemen t an d su pervisor t rain -
in g. On -si t e ma n a gemen t a n d su per -
vi sor s di r ect l y r espon si bl e for , or wh o
su per vi se empl oy ees en ga ged i n , h a z-
a r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s sh a l l r ecei ve
40 h ou r s i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g, a n d t h r ee
da y s of su per vi sed fi el d exper i en ce (t h e
t r a i n i n g ma y be r edu ced t o 24 h ou r s
a n d on e da y i f t h e on l y a r ea of t h ei r r e-
spon si bi l i t y i s empl oy ees cover ed by
pa r a gr a ph s (e)(3)(i i ) a n d (e)(3)(i i i )) a n d
a t l ea st ei gh t a ddi t i on a l h ou r s of spe-
ci a l i zed t r a i n i n g a t t h e t i me of j ob a s-
si gn men t on su ch t opi cs a s, bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, t h e empl oy er s sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m a n d t h e a ssoci a t ed em-
pl oy ee t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m, per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t pr ogr a m, spi l l con -
t a i n men t pr ogr a m, a n d h ea l t h h a za r d
mon i t or i n g pr ocedu r e a n d t ech n i qu es.
(5) Qu alif icat ion s f or t rain ers. Tr a i n er s
sh a l l be qu a l i fi ed t o i n st r u ct empl oy ees
a bou t t h e su bj ect ma t t er t h a t i s bei n g
pr esen t ed i n t r a i n i n g. S u ch t r a i n er s
sh a l l h a ve sa t i sfa ct or i l y compl et ed a
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m for t ea ch i n g t h e su b-
j ect s t h ey a r e expect ed t o t ea ch , or
t h ey sh a l l h a ve t h e a ca demi c cr eden -
t i a l s a n d i n st r u ct i on a l exper i en ce n ec-
essa r y for t ea ch i n g t h e su bj ect s. I n -
st r u ct or s sh a l l demon st r a t e compet en t
i n st r u ct i on a l sk i l l s a n d k n owl edge of
t h e a ppl i ca bl e su bj ect ma t t er .
(6) T rain in g cert if icat ion . Empl oy ees
a n d su per vi sor s t h a t h a ve r ecei ved a n d
su ccessfu l l y compl et ed t h e t r a i n i n g
a n d fi el d exper i en ce speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (e)(1) t h r ou gh (e)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l be cer t i fi ed by t h ei r i n st r u c-
t or or t h e h ea d i n st r u ct or a n d t r a i n ed
su per vi sor a s h a vi n g su ccessfu l l y com-
pl et ed t h e n ecessa r y t r a i n i n g. A wr i t -
t en cer t i fi ca t e sh a l l be gi ven t o ea ch
per son so cer t i fi ed. An y per son wh o h a s
n ot been so cer t i fi ed or wh o does n ot
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(e)(9) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed
fr om en ga gi n g i n h a za r dou s wa st e oper -
a t i on s.
(7) Emergen cy respon se. Empl oy ees
wh o a r e en ga ged i n r espon di n g t o h a z-
a r dou s emer gen cy si t u a t i on s a t h a z-
a r dou s wa st e cl ea n -u p si t es t h a t ma y
expose t h em t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces
sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n h ow t o r espon d t o
su ch expect ed emer gen ci es.
(8) Ref resh er t rain in g. Empl oy ees spec-
i fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(1) of t h i s sect i on ,
a n d ma n a ger s a n d su per vi sor s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(4) of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l
r ecei ve ei gh t h ou r s of r efr esh er t r a i n -
i n g a n n u a l l y on t h e i t ems speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (e)(2) a n d/or (e)(4) of t h i s
sect i on , a n y cr i t i qu e of i n ci den t s t h a t
h a ve occu r r ed i n t h e pa st y ea r t h a t ca n
ser ve a s t r a i n i n g exa mpl es of r el a t ed
wor k , a n d ot h er r el eva n t t opi cs.
(9) Equ ivalen t t rain in g. Empl oy er s
wh o ca n sh ow by docu men t a t i on or cer -
t i fi ca t i on t h a t a n empl oy ees wor k ex-
per i en ce a n d/or t r a i n i n g h a s r esu l t ed i n
t r a i n i n g equ i va l en t t o t h a t t r a i n i n g r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (e)(1) t h r ou gh
(e)(4) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot be r e-
qu i r ed t o pr ovi de t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g
r equ i r emen t s of t h ose pa r a gr a ph s t o
su ch empl oy ees a n d sh a l l pr ovi de a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
376
copy of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on or docu men t a -
t i on t o t h e empl oy ee u pon r equ est .
However , cer t i fi ed empl oy ees or em-
pl oy ees wi t h equ i va l en t t r a i n i n g n ew
t o a si t e sh a l l r ecei ve a ppr opr i a t e, si t e
speci fi c t r a i n i n g befor e si t e en t r y a n d
h a ve a ppr opr i a t e su per vi sed fi el d expe-
r i en ce a t t h e n ew si t e. Equ i va l en t
t r a i n i n g i n cl u des a n y a ca demi c t r a i n -
i n g or t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t exi st i n g em-
pl oy ees mi gh t h a ve a l r ea dy r ecei ved
fr om a ct u a l h a za r dou s wa st e si t e wor k
exper i en ce.
(f) Medical su rveillan ce(1) Gen eral.
Empl oy er s en ga ged i n oper a t i on s speci -
fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1)(i ) t h r ou gh
(a )(1)(i v) of t h i s sect i on a n d n ot cov-
er ed by (a )(2)(i i i ) except i on s a n d em-
pl oy er s of empl oy ees speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (q)(9) sh a l l i n st i t u t e a medi ca l
su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(2) Employ ees covered. Th e medi ca l
su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m sh a l l be i n st i -
t u t ed by t h e empl oy er for t h e fol l owi n g
empl oy ees:
(i ) Al l empl oy ees wh o a r e or ma y be
exposed t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces or
h ea l t h h a za r ds a t or a bove t h e per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t s or , i f t h er e i s n o
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t , a bove t h e
pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s for t h ese su b-
st a n ces, wi t h ou t r ega r d t o t h e u se of
r espi r a t or s, for 30 da y s or mor e a y ea r ;
(i i ) Al l empl oy ees wh o wea r a r es-
pi r a t or for 30 da y s or mor e a y ea r or a s
r equ i r ed by 1910. 134;
(i i i ) Al l empl oy ees wh o a r e i n j u r ed,
become i l l or devel op si gn s or sy mp-
t oms du e t o possi bl e over exposu r e i n -
vol vi n g h a za r dou s su bst a n ces or h ea l t h
h a za r ds fr om a n emer gen cy r espon se or
h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on ; a n d
(i v) Member s of HAZMAT t ea ms.
(3) Frequ en cy of medical examin at ion s
an d con su lt at ion s. Medi ca l exa mi n a -
t i on s a n d con su l t a t i on s sh a l l be ma de
a va i l a bl e by t h e empl oy er t o ea ch em-
pl oy ee cover ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (f)(2) of
t h i s sect i on on t h e fol l owi n g sch edu l es:
(i ) F or empl oy ees cover ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph s (f)(2)(i ), (f)(2)(i i ), a n d
(f)(2)(i v):
(A) P r i or t o a ssi gn men t ;
(B) At l ea st on ce ever y t wel ve
mon t h s for ea ch empl oy ee cover ed u n -
l ess t h e a t t en di n g ph y si ci a n bel i eves a
l on ger i n t er va l (n ot gr ea t er t h a n bi en -
n i a l l y ) i s a ppr opr i a t e;
(C) At t er mi n a t i on of empl oy men t or
r ea ssi gn men t t o a n a r ea wh er e t h e em-
pl oy ee wou l d n ot be cover ed i f t h e em-
pl oy ee h a s n ot h a d a n exa mi n a t i on
wi t h i n t h e l a st si x mon t h s;
(D) As soon a s possi bl e u pon n ot i fi ca -
t i on by a n empl oy ee t h a t t h e empl oy ee
h a s devel oped si gn s or sy mpt oms i n di -
ca t i n g possi bl e over exposu r e t o h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces or h ea l t h h a za r ds, or
t h a t t h e empl oy ee h a s been i n j u r ed or
exposed a bove t h e per mi ssi bl e exposu r e
l i mi t s or pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s i n
a n emer gen cy si t u a t i on ;
(E) At mor e fr equ en t t i mes, i f t h e ex-
a mi n i n g ph y si ci a n det er mi n es t h a t a n
i n cr ea sed fr equ en cy of exa mi n a t i on i s
medi ca l l y n ecessa r y .
(i i ) F or empl oy ees cover ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (f)(2)(i i i ) a n d for a l l empl oy -
ees i n cl u di n g t h ose of empl oy er s cov-
er ed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(1)(v) wh o ma y
h a ve been i n j u r ed, r ecei ved a h ea l t h
i mpa i r men t , devel oped si gn s or sy mp-
t oms wh i ch ma y h a ve r esu l t ed fr om ex-
posu r e t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces r esu l t -
i n g fr om a n emer gen cy i n ci den t , or ex-
posed du r i n g a n emer gen cy i n ci den t t o
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a t con cen t r a -
t i on s a bove t h e per mi ssi bl e exposu r e
l i mi t s or t h e pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s
wi t h ou t t h e n ecessa r y per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t bei n g u sed:
(A) As soon a s possi bl e fol l owi n g t h e
emer gen cy i n ci den t or devel opmen t of
si gn s or sy mpt oms;
(B) At a ddi t i on a l t i mes, i f t h e exa m-
i n i n g ph y si ci a n det er mi n es t h a t fol l ow-
u p exa mi n a t i on s or con su l t a t i on s a r e
medi ca l l y n ecessa r y .
(4) Con t en t of medical examin at ion s an d
con su lt at ion s. (i ) Medi ca l exa mi n a t i on s
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (f)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l i n cl u de a medi ca l a n d wor k
h i st or y (or u pda t ed h i st or y i f on e i s i n
t h e empl oy ees fi l e) wi t h speci a l em-
ph a si s on sy mpt oms r el a t ed t o t h e h a n -
dl i n g of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d t o fi t n ess for du t y
i n cl u di n g t h e a bi l i t y t o wea r a n y r e-
qu i r ed P P E u n der con di t i on s (i . e. , t em-
per a t u r e ext r emes) t h a t ma y be ex-
pect ed a t t h e wor k si t e.
(i i ) Th e con t en t of medi ca l exa mi n a -
t i on s or con su l t a t i on s ma de a va i l a bl e
t o empl oy ees pu r su a n t t o pa r a gr a ph (f)
sh a l l be det er mi n ed by t h e a t t en di n g
ph y si ci a n . Th e gu i del i n es i n t h e Occu -
pat ion al Saf et y an d Healt h Gu idan ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
377
Man u al f or Hazardou s Wast e Sit e Act ivi-
t ies (S ee a ppen di x D, Refer en ce # 10)
sh ou l d be con su l t ed.
(5) Examin at ion by a ph y sician an d
cost s. Al l medi ca l exa mi n a t i on s a n d
pr ocedu r es sh a l l be per for med by or
u n der t h e su per vi si on of a l i cen sed ph y -
si ci a n , pr efer a bl y on e k n owl edgea bl e i n
occu pa t i on a l medi ci n e, a n d sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h ou t cost t o t h e empl oy ee,
wi t h ou t l oss of pa y , a n d a t a r ea son -
a bl e t i me a n d pl a ce.
(6) I n f ormat ion provided t o t h e ph y si-
cian . Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de on e
copy of t h i s st a n da r d a n d i t s a ppen -
di ces t o t h e a t t en di n g ph y si ci a n , a n d i n
a ddi t i on t h e fol l owi n g for ea ch em-
pl oy ee:
(i ) A descr i pt i on of t h e empl oy ees
du t i es a s t h ey r el a t e t o t h e empl oy ees
exposu r es.
(i i ) Th e empl oy ees exposu r e l evel s or
a n t i ci pa t ed exposu r e l evel s.
(i i i ) A descr i pt i on of a n y per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t u sed or t o be
u sed.
(i v) I n for ma t i on fr om pr evi ou s med-
i ca l exa mi n a t i on s of t h e empl oy ee
wh i ch i s n ot r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o t h e
exa mi n i n g ph y si ci a n .
(v) I n for ma t i on r equ i r ed by 1910. 134.
(7) Ph y sician s writ t en opin ion . (i ) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l obt a i n a n d fu r n i sh t h e
empl oy ee wi t h a copy of a wr i t t en
opi n i on fr om t h e a t t en di n g ph y si ci a n
con t a i n i n g t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Th e ph y si ci a n s opi n i on a s t o
wh et h er t h e empl oy ee h a s a n y det ect ed
medi ca l con di t i on s wh i ch wou l d pl a ce
t h e empl oy ee a t i n cr ea sed r i sk of ma -
t er i a l i mpa i r men t of t h e empl oy ees
h ea l t h fr om wor k i n h a za r dou s wa st e
oper a t i on s or emer gen cy r espon se, or
fr om r espi r a t or u se.
(B) Th e ph y si ci a n s r ecommen ded
l i mi t a t i on s u pon t h e empl oy ees a s-
si gn ed wor k .
(C) Th e r esu l t s of t h e medi ca l exa m-
i n a t i on a n d t est s i f r equ est ed by t h e
empl oy ee.
(D) A st a t emen t t h a t t h e empl oy ee
h a s been i n for med by t h e ph y si ci a n of
t h e r esu l t s of t h e medi ca l exa mi n a t i on
a n d a n y medi ca l con di t i on s wh i ch r e-
qu i r e fu r t h er exa mi n a t i on or t r ea t -
men t .
(i i ) Th e wr i t t en opi n i on obt a i n ed by
t h e empl oy er sh a l l n ot r evea l speci fi c
fi n di n gs or di a gn oses u n r el a t ed t o oc-
cu pa t i on a l exposu r es.
(8) Recordk eepin g. (i ) An a ccu r a t e
r ecor d of t h e medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be r et a i n ed. Th i s r ecor d sh a l l be
r et a i n ed for t h e per i od speci fi ed a n d
meet t h e cr i t er i a of 29 CF R 1910. 1020.
(i i ) Th e r ecor d r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(f)(8)(i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l i n cl u de a t
l ea st t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on :
(A) Th e n a me a n d soci a l secu r i t y
n u mber of t h e empl oy ee;
(B) P h y si ci a n s wr i t t en opi n i on s, r ec-
ommen ded l i mi t a t i on s, a n d r esu l t s of
exa mi n a t i on s a n d t est s;
(C) An y empl oy ee medi ca l com-
pl a i n t s r el a t ed t o exposu r e t o h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces;
(D) A copy of t h e i n for ma t i on pr o-
vi ded t o t h e exa mi n i n g ph y si ci a n by
t h e empl oy er , wi t h t h e except i on of t h e
st a n da r d a n d i t s a ppen di ces.
(g) En gin eerin g con t rols, work prac-
t ices, an d person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t
f or employ ee prot ect ion . En gi n eer i n g
con t r ol s, wor k pr a ct i ces, per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t , or a combi n a t i on of
t h ese sh a l l be i mpl emen t ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees fr om exposu r e t o h a za r dou s
su bst a n ces a n d sa fet y a n d h ea l t h h a z-
a r ds.
(1) En gin eerin g con t rols, work pract ices
an d PPE f or su bst an ces regu lat ed in su b-
part s G an d Z . (i ) En gi n eer i n g con t r ol s
a n d wor k pr a ct i ces sh a l l be i n st i t u t ed
t o r edu ce a n d ma i n t a i n empl oy ee expo-
su r e t o or bel ow t h e per mi ssi bl e expo-
su r e l i mi t s for su bst a n ces r egu l a t ed by
29 CF R pa r t 1910, t o t h e ext en t r equ i r ed
by su bpa r t Z, except t o t h e ext en t t h a t
su ch con t r ol s a n d pr a ct i ces a r e n ot fea -
si bl e.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (g)(1)(i ): En gi n eer i n g
con t r ol s wh i ch ma y be fea si bl e i n cl u de t h e
u se of pr essu r i zed ca bs or con t r ol boot h s on
equ i pmen t , a n d/or t h e u se of r emot el y oper -
a t ed ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t . Wor k
pr a ct i ces wh i ch ma y be fea si bl e a r e r emov-
i n g a l l n on -essen t i a l empl oy ees fr om pot en -
t i a l exposu r e du r i n g open i n g of dr u ms, wet -
t i n g down du st y oper a t i on s a n d l oca t i n g em-
pl oy ees u pwi n d of possi bl e h a za r ds.
(i i ) Wh en ever en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s
a n d wor k pr a ct i ces a r e n ot fea si bl e or
n ot r equ i r ed, a n y r ea son a bl e combi n a -
t i on of en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s, wor k
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
378
pr a ct i ces a n d P P E sh a l l be u sed t o r e-
du ce a n d ma i n t a i n empl oy ee exposu r es
t o or bel ow t h e per mi ssi bl e exposu r e
l i mi t s or dose l i mi t s for su bst a n ces
r egu l a t ed by 29 CF R pa r t 1910, su bpa r t
Z.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i mpl e-
men t a sch edu l e of empl oy ee r ot a t i on
a s a mea n s of compl i a n ce wi t h per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t s or dose l i mi t s ex-
cept wh en t h er e i s n o ot h er fea si bl e
wa y of compl y i n g wi t h t h e a i r bor n e or
der ma l dose l i mi t s for i on i zi n g r a di -
a t i on .
(i v) Th e pr ovi si on s of 29 CF R, su bpa r t
G, sh a l l be fol l owed.
(2) En gin eerin g con t rols, work pract ices,
an d PPE f or su bst an ces n ot regu lat ed in
su bpart s G an d Z . An a ppr opr i a t e com-
bi n a t i on of en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s, wor k
pr a ct i ces a n d per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t sh a l l be u sed t o r edu ce a n d
ma i n t a i n empl oy ee exposu r e t o or
bel ow pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s for
a r ds n ot r egu l a t ed by 29 CF R pa r t 1910,
su bpa r t s G a n d Z. Th e empl oy er ma y
u se t h e pu bl i sh ed l i t er a t u r e a n d MS DS
a s a gu i de i n ma k i n g t h e empl oy er s
det er mi n a t i on a s t o wh a t l evel of pr o-
t ect i on t h e empl oy er bel i eves i s a ppr o-
pr i a t e for h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds for wh i ch t h er e i s n o
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t or pu bl i sh ed
exposu r e l i mi t .
(3) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t selec-
t ion . (i ) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
(P P E) sh a l l be sel ect ed a n d u sed wh i ch
wi l l pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om t h e h a z-
a r ds a n d pot en t i a l h a za r ds t h ey a r e
l i k el y t o en cou n t er a s i den t i fi ed du r i n g
t h e si t e ch a r a ct er i za t i on a n d a n a l y si s.
(i i ) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sel ect i on sh a l l be ba sed on a n eva l u a -
t i on of t h e per for ma n ce ch a r a ct er i st i cs
of t h e P P E r el a t i ve t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s a n d l i mi t a t i on s of t h e si t e, t h e
t a sk -speci fi c con di t i on s a n d du r a t i on ,
a n d t h e h a za r ds a n d pot en t i a l h a za r ds
i den t i fi ed a t t h e si t e.
(i i i ) P osi t i ve pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s, or posi t i ve pr es-
su r e a i r -l i n e r espi r a t or s equ i pped wi t h
a n esca pe a i r su ppl y , sh a l l be u sed
wh en ch emi ca l exposu r e l evel s pr esen t
wi l l cr ea t e a su bst a n t i a l possi bi l i t y of
i mmedi a t e dea t h , i mmedi a t e ser i ou s
i l l n ess or i n j u r y , or i mpa i r t h e a bi l i t y
t o esca pe.
(i v) Tot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve su i t s (pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t
t o Level A pr ot ect i on a s r ecommen ded
i n a ppen di x B) sh a l l be u sed i n con di -
t i on s wh er e sk i n a bsor pt i on of a h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce ma y r esu l t i n a su b-
st a n t i a l possi bi l i t y of i mmedi a t e
dea t h , i mmedi a t e ser i ou s i l l n ess or i n -
j u r y , or i mpa i r t h e a bi l i t y t o esca pe.
(v) Th e l evel of pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded
by P P E sel ect i on sh a l l be i n cr ea sed
wh en a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on on si t e
con di t i on s i n di ca t es t h a t i n cr ea sed
pr ot ect i on i s n ecessa r y t o r edu ce em-
pl oy ee exposu r es bel ow per mi ssi bl e ex-
posu r e l i mi t s a n d pu bl i sh ed exposu r e
l evel s for h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds. (S ee a ppen di x B for
gu i da n ce on sel ect i n g P P E en sembl es. )
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (g)(3): Th e l evel of em-
pl oy ee pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded ma y be decr ea sed
wh en a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on or si t e con di -
t i on s sh ow t h a t decr ea sed pr ot ect i on wi l l n ot
r esu l t i n h a za r dou s exposu r es t o empl oy ees.
(vi ) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sh a l l be sel ect ed a n d u sed t o meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R pa r t 1910, su b-
pa r t I , a n d a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
speci fi ed i n t h i s sect i on .
(4) T ot ally -en capsu lat in g ch emical pro-
t ect ive su it s. (i ) Tot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g
su i t s sh a l l pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om t h e
pa r t i cu l a r h a za r ds wh i ch a r e i den t i fi ed
du r i n g si t e ch a r a ct er i za t i on a n d a n a l -
y si s.
(i i ) Tot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g su i t s sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of ma i n t a i n i n g posi t i ve a i r
pr essu r e. (S ee a ppen di x A for a t est
met h od wh i ch ma y be u sed t o eva l u a t e
t h i s r equ i r emen t . )
(i i i ) Tot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g su i t s sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of pr even t i n g i n wa r d t est
ga s l ea k a ge of mor e t h a n 0. 5 per cen t .
(S ee a ppen di x A for a t est met h od
wh i ch ma y be u sed t o eva l u a t e t h i s r e-
qu i r emen t . )
(5) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t (PPE)
program. A wr i t t en per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t pr ogr a m, wh i ch i s pa r t of
t h e empl oy er s sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr o-
gr a m r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s
sect i on or r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (p)(1)
of t h i s sect i on a n d wh i ch i s a l so a pa r t
of t h e si t e-speci fi c sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pl a n sh a l l be est a bl i sh ed. Th e P P E pr o-
gr a m sh a l l a ddr ess t h e el emen t s l i st ed
bel ow. Wh en el emen t s, su ch a s don n i n g
a n d doffi n g pr ocedu r es, a r e pr ovi ded by
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
379
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of a pi ece of equ i p-
men t a n d a r e a t t a ch ed t o t h e pl a n ,
t h ey n eed n ot be r ewr i t t en i n t o t h e
pl a n a s l on g a s t h ey a dequ a t el y a ddr ess
t h e pr ocedu r e or el emen t .
(i ) P P E sel ect i on ba sed u pon si t e h a z-
a r ds,
(i i ) P P E u se a n d l i mi t a t i on s of t h e
equ i pmen t ,
(i i i ) Wor k mi ssi on du r a t i on ,
(i v) P P E ma i n t en a n ce a n d st or a ge,
(v) P P E decon t a mi n a t i on a n d di s-
posa l ,
(vi ) P P E t r a i n i n g a n d pr oper fi t t i n g,
(vi i ) P P E don n i n g a n d doffi n g pr oce-
du r es,
(vi i i ) P P E i n spect i on pr ocedu r es
pr i or t o, du r i n g, a n d a ft er u se,
(i x) Eva l u a t i on of t h e effect i ven ess of
t h e P P E pr ogr a m, a n d
(x) Li mi t a t i on s du r i n g t emper a t u r e
ext r emes, h ea t st r ess, a n d ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e medi ca l con si der a t i on s.
(h ) Mon it orin g(1) Gen eral. (i ) Mon i -
t or i n g sh a l l be per for med i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph wh er e t h er e
ma y be a qu est i on of empl oy ee expo-
su r e t o h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on s of
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces i n or der t o a ssu r e
pr oper sel ect i on of en gi n eer i n g con -
t r ol s, wor k pr a ct i ces a n d per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t so t h a t empl oy ees
a r e n ot exposed t o l evel s wh i ch exceed
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s, or pu b-
l i sh ed exposu r e l evel s i f t h er e a r e n o
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s, for h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces.
(i i ) Ai r mon i t or i n g sh a l l be u sed t o
i den t i fy a n d qu a n t i fy a i r bor n e l evel s of
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds i n or der t o det er mi n e
t h e a ppr opr i a t e l evel of empl oy ee pr o-
t ect i on n eeded on si t e.
(2) I n it ial en t ry . Upon i n i t i a l en t r y ,
r epr esen t a t i ve a i r mon i t or i n g sh a l l be
con du ct ed t o i den t i fy a n y I DLH con di -
t i on , exposu r e over per mi ssi bl e expo-
su r e l i mi t s or pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l ev-
el s, exposu r e over a r a di oa ct i ve ma t e-
r i a l s dose l i mi t s or ot h er da n ger ou s
con di t i on su ch a s t h e pr esen ce of fl a m-
ma bl e a t mosph er es or oxy gen -defi ci en t
en vi r on men t s.
(3) Periodic mon it orin g. P er i odi c mon i -
t or i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed wh en t h e pos-
si bi l i t y of a n I DLH con di t i on or fl a m-
ma bl e a t mosph er e h a s devel oped or
wh en t h er e i s i n di ca t i on t h a t exposu r es
ma y h a ve r i sen over per mi ssi bl e expo-
su r e l i mi t s or pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s
si n ce pr i or mon i t or i n g. S i t u a t i on s
wh er e i t sh a l l be con si der ed wh et h er
t h e possi bi l i t y t h a t exposu r es h a ve
r i sen a r e a s fol l ows:
(i ) Wh en wor k begi n s on a di ffer en t
por t i on of t h e si t e.
(i i ) Wh en con t a mi n a n t s ot h er t h a n
t h ose pr evi ou sl y i den t i fi ed a r e bei n g
h a n dl ed.
(i i i ) Wh en a di ffer en t t y pe of oper -
a t i on i s i n i t i a t ed (e. g. , dr u m open i n g a s
opposed t o expl or a t or y wel l dr i l l i n g).
(i v) Wh en empl oy ees a r e h a n dl i n g
l ea k i n g dr u ms or con t a i n er s or wor k -
i n g i n a r ea s wi t h obvi ou s l i qu i d con -
t a mi n a t i on (e. g. , a spi l l or l a goon ).
(4) Mon it orin g of h igh -risk employ ees.
Aft er t h e a ct u a l cl ea n -u p ph a se of a n y
h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on commen ces;
for exa mpl e, wh en soi l , su r fa ce wa t er
or con t a i n er s a r e moved or di st u r bed;
t h e empl oy er sh a l l mon i t or t h ose em-
pl oy ees l i k el y t o h a ve t h e h i gh est ex-
posu r es t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds l i k el y t o be pr esen t
a bove per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s or
pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s by u si n g per -
son a l sa mpl i n g fr equ en t l y en ou gh t o
ch a r a ct er i ze empl oy ee exposu r es. I f t h e
empl oy ees l i k el y t o h a ve t h e h i gh est
exposu r e a r e over per mi ssi bl e exposu r e
l i mi t s or pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l i mi t s,
t h en mon i t or i n g sh a l l con t i n u e t o de-
t er mi n e a l l empl oy ees l i k el y t o be
a bove t h ose l i mi t s. Th e empl oy er ma y
u t i l i ze a r epr esen t a t i ve sa mpl i n g a p-
pr oa ch by docu men t i n g t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ees a n d ch emi ca l s ch osen for mon i -
t or i n g a r e ba sed on t h e cr i t er i a st a t ed
a bove.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (h ): I t i s n ot r equ i r ed
t o mon i t or empl oy ees en ga ged i n si t e ch a r -
a ct er i za t i on oper a t i on s cover ed by pa r a gr a ph
(i ) I n f ormat ion al programs. Empl oy er s
sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t a pr o-
gr a m, wh i ch i s pa r t of t h e empl oy er s
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on , t o i n for m
empl oy ees, con t r a ct or s, a n d su b-
con t r a ct or s (or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ve)
a ct u a l l y en ga ged i n h a za r dou s wa st e
oper a t i on s of t h e n a t u r e, l evel a n d de-
gr ee of exposu r e l i k el y a s a r esu l t of
pa r t i ci pa t i on i n su ch h a za r dou s wa st e
oper a t i on s. Empl oy ees, con t r a ct or s a n d
su bcon t r a ct or s wor k i n g ou t si de of t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
380
oper a t i on s pa r t of a si t e a r e n ot cov-
er ed by t h i s st a n da r d.
(j ) Han dlin g dru ms an d con t ain ers(1)
Gen eral. (i ) Ha za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
con t a mi n a t ed soi l s, l i qu i ds, a n d ot h er
r esi du es sh a l l be h a n dl ed, t r a n spor t ed,
l a bel ed, a n d di sposed of i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(i i ) Dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s u sed du r -
i n g t h e cl ea n -u p sh a l l meet t h e a ppr o-
pr i a t e DOT, OS HA, a n d EP A r egu l a -
t i on s for t h e wa st es t h a t t h ey con t a i n .
(i i i ) Wh en pr a ct i ca l , dr u ms a n d con -
t a i n er s sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d t h ei r i n -
t egr i t y sh a l l be a ssu r ed pr i or t o bei n g
moved. Dr u ms or con t a i n er s t h a t ca n -
n ot be i n spect ed befor e bei n g moved
beca u se of st or a ge con di t i on s (i . e. , bu r -
i ed ben ea t h t h e ea r t h , st a ck ed beh i n d
ot h er dr u ms, st a ck ed sever a l t i er s h i gh
i n a pi l e, et c. ) sh a l l be moved t o a n a c-
cessi bl e l oca t i on a n d i n spect ed pr i or t o
fu r t h er h a n dl i n g.
(i v) Un l a bel l ed dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s
sh a l l be con si der ed t o con t a i n h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces a n d h a n dl ed a ccor d-
i n gl y u n t i l t h e con t en t s a r e posi t i vel y
i den t i fi ed a n d l a bel ed.
(v) S i t e oper a t i on s sh a l l be or ga n i zed
t o mi n i mi ze t h e a mou n t of dr u m or
con t a i n er movemen t .
(vi ) P r i or t o movemen t of dr u ms or
con t a i n er s, a l l empl oy ees exposed t o
t h e t r a n sfer oper a t i on sh a l l be wa r n ed
of t h e pot en t i a l h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed
wi t h t h e con t en t s of t h e dr u ms or con -
t a i n er s.
(vi i ) U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on speci fi ed sa l va ge dr u ms or con -
t a i n er s a n d su i t a bl e qu a n t i t i es of pr op-
er a bsor ben t sh a l l be k ept a va i l a bl e
a n d u sed i n a r ea s wh er e spi l l s, l ea k s, or
r u pt u r es ma y occu r .
(vi i i ) Wh er e ma j or spi l l s ma y occu r , a
spi l l con t a i n men t pr ogr a m, wh i ch i s
pa r t of t h e empl oy er s sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(b) of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be i mpl e-
men t ed t o con t a i n a n d i sol a t e t h e en -
t i r e vol u me of t h e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
bei n g t r a n sfer r ed.
(i x) Dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s t h a t ca n -
n ot be moved wi t h ou t r u pt u r e, l ea k a ge,
or spi l l a ge sh a l l be empt i ed i n t o a
sou n d con t a i n er u si n g a devi ce cl a ssi -
fi ed for t h e ma t er i a l bei n g t r a n sfer r ed.
(x) A gr ou n d-pen et r a t i n g sy st em or
ot h er t y pe of det ect i on sy st em or de-
vi ce sh a l l be u sed t o est i ma t e t h e l oca -
t i on a n d dept h of bu r i ed dr u ms or con -
t a i n er s.
(xi ) S oi l or cover i n g ma t er i a l sh a l l be
r emoved wi t h ca u t i on t o pr even t dr u m
or con t a i n er r u pt u r e.
(xi i ) F i r e ext i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
pa r t 1910, su bpa r t L, sh a l l be on h a n d
a n d r ea dy for u se t o con t r ol i n ci pi en t
fi r es.
(2) Open in g dru ms an d con t ain ers. Th e
fol l owi n g pr ocedu r es sh a l l be fol l owed
i n a r ea s wh er e dr u ms or con t a i n er s a r e
bei n g open ed:
(i ) Wh er e a n a i r l i n e r espi r a t or sy st em
i s u sed, con n ect i on s t o t h e sou r ce of a i r
su ppl y sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om con -
t a mi n a t i on a n d t h e en t i r e sy st em sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(i i ) Empl oy ees n ot a ct u a l l y i n vol ved
i n open i n g dr u ms or con t a i n er s sh a l l be
k ept a sa fe di st a n ce fr om t h e dr u ms or
con t a i n er s bei n g open ed.
(i i i ) I f empl oy ees mu st wor k n ea r or
a dj a cen t t o dr u ms or con t a i n er s bei n g
open ed, a su i t a bl e sh i el d t h a t does n ot
i n t er fer e wi t h t h e wor k oper a t i on sh a l l
be pl a ced bet ween t h e empl oy ee a n d
t h e dr u ms or con t a i n er s bei n g open ed
t o pr ot ect t h e empl oy ee i n ca se of a cci -
den t a l expl osi on .
(i v) Con t r ol s for dr u m or con t a i n er
open i n g equ i pmen t , mon i t or i n g equ i p-
men t , a n d fi r e su ppr essi on equ i pmen t
sh a l l be l oca t ed beh i n d t h e expl osi on -
r esi st a n t ba r r i er .
(v) Wh en t h er e i s a r ea son a bl e possi -
bi l i t y of fl a mma bl e a t mosph er es bei n g
pr esen t , ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t
a n d h a n d t ool s sh a l l be of t h e t y pe t o
pr even t sou r ces of i gn i t i on .
(vi ) Dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be
open ed i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t excess
i n t er i or pr essu r e wi l l be sa fel y r e-
l i eved. I f pr essu r e ca n n ot be r el i eved
fr om a r emot e l oca t i on , a ppr opr i a t e
sh i el di n g sh a l l be pl a ced bet ween t h e
empl oy ee a n d t h e dr u ms or con t a i n er s
t o r edu ce t h e r i sk of empl oy ee i n j u r y .
(vi i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l n ot st a n d u pon
or wor k fr om dr u ms or con t a i n er s.
(3) Mat erial h an dlin g equ ipmen t . Ma t e-
r i a l h a n di i n g equ i pmen t u sed t o t r a n s-
fer dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be se-
l ect ed, posi t i on ed a n d oper a t ed t o mi n -
i mi ze sou r ces of i gn i t i on r el a t ed t o t h e
equ i pmen t fr om i gn i t i n g va por s r e-
l ea sed fr om r u pt u r ed dr u ms or con -
t a i n er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
381
(4) Radioact ive wast es. Dr u ms a n d con -
t a i n er s con t a i n i n g r a di oa ct i ve wa st es
sh a l l n ot be h a n dl ed u n t i l su ch t i me a s
t h ei r h a za r d t o empl oy ees i s pr oper l y
a ssessed.
(5) Sh ock sen sit ive wast es. As a mi n -
i mu m, t h e fol l owi n g speci a l pr e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en wh en dr u ms
a n d con t a i n er s con t a i n i n g or su spect ed
of con t a i n i n g sh ock -sen si t i ve wa st es
a r e h a n dl ed:
(i ) Al l n on -essen t i a l empl oy ees sh a l l
be eva cu a t ed fr om t h e a r ea of t r a n sfer .
(i i ) Ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h expl osi ve con -
t a i n men t devi ces or pr ot ect i ve sh i el ds
t o pr ot ect equ i pmen t oper a t or s fr om
expl odi n g con t a i n er s.
(i i i ) An empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em ca pa -
bl e of bei n g per cei ved a bove su r -
r ou n di n g l i gh t a n d n oi se con di t i on s
sh a l l be u sed t o si gn a l t h e commen ce-
men t a n d compl et i on of expl osi ve
wa st e h a n dl i n g a ct i vi t i es.
(i v) Con t i n u ou s commu n i ca t i on s (i . e. ,
por t a bl e r a di os, h a n d si gn a l s, t el e-
ph on es, a s a ppr opr i a t e) sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed bet ween t h e empl oy ee-i n -ch a r ge
of t h e i mmedi a t e h a n dl i n g a r ea a n d
bot h t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h su per -
vi sor a n d t h e comma n d post u n t i l su ch
t i me a s t h e h a n dl i n g oper a t i on i s com-
pl et ed. Commu n i ca t i on equ i pmen t or
met h ods t h a t cou l d ca u se sh ock sen -
si t i ve ma t er i a l s t o expl ode sh a l l n ot be
u sed.
(v) Dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s u n der pr es-
su r e, a s evi den ced by bu l gi n g or swel l -
i n g, sh a l l n ot be moved u n t i l su ch t i me
a s t h e ca u se for excess pr essu r e i s de-
t er mi n ed a n d a ppr opr i a t e con t a i n men t
pr ocedu r es h a ve been i mpl emen t ed t o
pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om expl osi ve r el i ef
of t h e dr u m.
(vi ) Dr u ms a n d con t a i n er s con t a i n i n g
pa ck a ged l a bor a t or y wa st es sh a l l be
con si der ed t o con t a i n sh ock -sen si t i ve
or expl osi ve ma t er i a l s u n t i l t h ey h a ve
been ch a r a ct er i zed.
CAUTI ON: S h i ppi n g of sh ock sen si t i ve
wa st es ma y be pr oh i bi t ed u n der U. S . Depa r t -
men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on r egu l a t i on s. Empl oy -
er s a n d t h ei r sh i pper s sh ou l d r efer t o 49 CF R
173. 21 a n d 173. 50.
(6) L aborat ory wast e pack s. I n a ddi t i on
t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (j )(5)
of t h i s sect i on , t h e fol l owi n g pr e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en , a s a mi n i mu m,
i n h a n dl i n g l a bor a t or y wa st e pa ck s
(l a b pa ck s):
(i ) La b pa ck s sh a l l be open ed on l y
wh en n ecessa r y a n d t h en on l y by a n i n -
di vi du a l k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e i n spec-
t i on , cl a ssi fi ca t i on , a n d segr ega t i on of
t h e con t a i n er s wi t h i n t h e pa ck a ccor d-
i n g t o t h e h a za r ds of t h e wa st es.
(i i ) I f cr y st a l l i n e ma t er i a l i s n ot ed on
a n y con t a i n er , t h e con t en t s sh a l l be
h a n dl ed a s a sh ock -sen si t i ve wa st e
u n t i l t h e con t en t s a r e i den t i fi ed.
(7) Samplin g of dru m an d con t ain er
con t en t s. S a mpl i n g of con t a i n er s a n d
dr u ms sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
a sa mpl i n g pr ocedu r e wh i ch i s pa r t of
t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n devel -
oped for a n d a va i l a bl e t o empl oy ees
a n d ot h er s a t t h e speci fi c wor k si t e.
(8) Sh ippin g an d t ran sport . (i ) Dr u ms
a n d con t a i n er s sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a n d
cl a ssi fi ed pr i or t o pa ck a gi n g for sh i p-
men t .
(i i ) Dr u m or con t a i n er st a gi n g a r ea s
sh a l l be k ept t o t h e mi n i mu m n u mber
n ecessa r y t o i den t i fy a n d cl a ssi fy ma -
t er i a l s sa fel y a n d pr epa r e t h em for
t r a n spor t .
(i i i ) S t a gi n g a r ea s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a dequ a t e a ccess a n d egr ess r ou t es.
(i v) Bu l k i n g of h a za r dou s wa st es
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on l y a ft er a t h or -
ou gh ch a r a ct er i za t i on of t h e ma t er i a l s
h a s been compl et ed.
(9) T an k an d vau lt procedu res. (i )
Ta n k s a n d va u l t s con t a i n i n g h a za r dou s
su bst a n ces sh a l l be h a n dl ed i n a ma n -
n er si mi l a r t o t h a t for dr u ms a n d con -
t a i n er s, t a k i n g i n t o con si der a t i on t h e
si ze of t h e t a n k or va u l t .
(i i ) Appr opr i a t e t a n k or va u l t en t r y
pr ocedu r es a s descr i bed i n t h e empl oy -
er s sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n sh a l l be fol -
l owed wh en ever empl oy ees mu st en t er
a t a n k or va u l t .
(k ) Decon t amin at ion (1) Gen eral. P r o-
cedu r es for a l l ph a ses of decon t a mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be devel oped a n d i mpl e-
men t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(2) Decon t amin at ion procedu res. (i ) A
decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r e sh a l l be de-
vel oped, commu n i ca t ed t o empl oy ees
a n d i mpl emen t ed befor e a n y empl oy ees
or equ i pmen t ma y en t er a r ea s on si t e
wh er e pot en t i a l for exposu r e t o h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces exi st s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
382
(i i ) S t a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es
sh a l l be devel oped t o mi n i mi ze em-
pl oy ee con t a ct wi t h h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces or wi t h equ i pmen t t h a t h a s
con t a ct ed h a za r dou s su bst a n ces.
(i i i ) Al l empl oy ees l ea vi n g a con t a mi -
n a t ed a r ea sh a l l be a ppr opr i a t el y de-
con t a mi n a t ed; a l l con t a mi n a t ed cl ot h -
i n g a n d equ i pmen t l ea vi n g a con t a mi -
n a t ed a r ea sh a l l be a ppr opr i a t el y di s-
posed of or decon t a mi n a t ed.
(i v) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es
sh a l l be mon i t or ed by t h e si t e sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h su per vi sor t o det er mi n e
t h ei r effect i ven ess. Wh en su ch pr oce-
du r es a r e fou n d t o be i n effect i ve, a p-
pr opr i a t e st eps sh a l l be t a k en t o cor -
r ect a n y defi ci en ci es.
(3) L ocat ion . Decon t a mi n a t i on sh a l l
be per for med i n geogr a ph i ca l a r ea s
t h a t wi l l mi n i mi ze t h e exposu r e of
u n con t a mi n a t ed empl oy ees or equ i p-
men t t o con t a mi n a t ed empl oy ees or
equ i pmen t .
(4) Equ ipmen t an d solven t s. Al l equ i p-
men t a n d sol ven t s u sed for decon -
t a mi n a t i on sh a l l be decon t a mi n a t ed or
di sposed of pr oper l y .
(5) Person al prot ect ive clot h in g an d
equ ipmen t . (i ) P r ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g a n d
equ i pmen t sh a l l be decon t a mi n a t ed,
cl ea n ed, l a u n der ed, ma i n t a i n ed or r e-
pl a ced a s n eeded t o ma i n t a i n t h ei r ef-
fect i ven ess.
(i i ) Empl oy ees wh ose n on -i mper -
mea bl e cl ot h i n g becomes wet t ed wi t h
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces sh a l l i mme-
di a t el y r emove t h a t cl ot h i n g a n d pr o-
ceed t o sh ower . Th e cl ot h i n g sh a l l be
di sposed of or decon t a mi n a t ed befor e i t
i s r emoved fr om t h e wor k zon e.
(6) Un au t h orized employ ees. Un a u t h or -
i zed empl oy ees sh a l l n ot r emove pr o-
t ect i ve cl ot h i n g or equ i pmen t fr om
ch a n ge r ooms.
(7) Commercial lau n dries or clean in g es-
t ablish men t s. Commer ci a l l a u n dr i es or
cl ea n i n g est a bl i sh men t s t h a t decon -
t a mi n a t e pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g or equ i p-
men t sh a l l be i n for med of t h e pot en -
t i a l l y h a r mfu l effect s of exposu r es t o
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces.
(8) Sh owers an d ch an ge rooms. Wh er e
t h e decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r e i n di -
ca t es a n eed for r egu l a r sh ower s a n d
ch a n ge r ooms ou t si de of a con t a mi -
n a t ed a r ea , t h ey sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 141. I f t emper a t u r e con di t i on s pr e-
ven t t h e effect i ve u se of wa t er , t h en
ot h er effect i ve mea n s for cl ea n si n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d u sed.
(l ) Emergen cy respon se by employ ees at
u n con t rolled h azardou s wast e sit es(1)
Emergen cy respon se plan . (i ) An emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n sh a l l be devel oped
a n d i mpl emen t ed by a l l empl oy er s
wi t h i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1)
(i )(i i ) of t h i s sect i on t o h a n dl e a n t i ci -
pa t ed emer gen ci es pr i or t o t h e com-
men cemen t of h a za r dou s wa st e oper -
a t i on s. Th e pl a n sh a l l be i n wr i t i n g a n d
a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on a n d copy i n g by
empl oy ees, t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves,
OS HA per son n el a n d ot h er gover n -
men t a l a gen ci es wi t h r el eva n t r espon -
si bi l i t i es.
(i i ) Empl oy er s wh o wi l l eva cu a t e
t h ei r empl oy ees fr om t h e da n ger a r ea
wh en a n emer gen cy occu r s, a n d wh o do
n ot per mi t a n y of t h ei r empl oy ees t o
a ssi st i n h a n dl i n g t h e emer gen cy , a r e
exempt fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph i f t h ey pr ovi de a n emer -
gen cy a ct i on pl a n compl y i n g wi t h 29
CF R 1910. 38.
(2) Elemen t s of an emergen cy respon se
plan . Th e empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n for emer -
gen ci es wh i ch sh a l l a ddr ess, a s a mi n -
i mu m, t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) P r e-emer gen cy pl a n n i n g.
(i i ) P er son n el r ol es, l i n es of a u t h or -
i t y , a n d commu n i ca t i on .
(i i i ) Emer gen cy r ecogn i t i on a n d pr e-
ven t i on .
(i v) S a fe di st a n ces a n d pl a ces of r ef-
u ge.
(v) S i t e secu r i t y a n d con t r ol .
(vi ) Eva cu a t i on r ou t es a n d pr oce-
du r es.
(vi i ) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es
wh i ch a r e n ot cover ed by t h e si t e sa fe-
t y a n d h ea l t h pl a n .
(vi i i ) Emer gen cy medi ca l t r ea t men t
a n d fi r st a i d.
(i x) Emer gen cy a l er t i n g a n d r espon se
pr ocedu r es.
(x) Cr i t i qu e of r espon se a n d fol l ow-
u p.
(xi ) P P E a n d emer gen cy equ i pmen t .
(3) Procedu res f or h an dlin g emergen cy
in ciden t s. (i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e el e-
men t s for t h e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (l )(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s sh a l l be
i n cl u ded for emer gen cy r espon se pl a n s:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
383
(A) S i t e t opogr a ph y , l a y ou t , a n d pr e-
va i l i n g wea t h er con di t i on s.
(B) P r ocedu r es for r epor t i n g i n ci -
den t s t o l oca l , st a t e, a n d feder a l gov-
er n men t a l a gen ci es.
(i i ) Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be a sepa r a t e sect i on of t h e S i t e
S a fet y a n d Hea l t h P l a n .
(i i i ) Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be compa t i bl e a n d i n t egr a t ed
wi t h t h e di sa st er , fi r e a n d/or emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n s of l oca l , st a t e,
a n d feder a l a gen ci es.
(i v) Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be r eh ea r sed r egu l a r l y a s pa r t of
t h e over a l l t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m for si t e
oper a t i on s.
(v) Th e si t e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be r evi ewed per i odi ca l l y a n d, a s
n ecessa r y , be a men ded t o k eep i t cu r -
r en t wi t h n ew or ch a n gi n g si t e con di -
t i on s or i n for ma t i on .
(vi ) An empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 29 CF R
1910. 165 t o n ot i fy empl oy ees of a n emer -
gen cy si t u a t i on ; t o st op wor k a ct i vi t i es
i f n ecessa r y ; t o l ower ba ck gr ou n d n oi se
i n or der t o speed commu n i ca t i on ; a n d
t o begi n emer gen cy pr ocedu r es.
(vi i ) Ba sed u pon t h e i n for ma t i on
a va i l a bl e a t t i me of t h e emer gen cy , t h e
empl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e t h e i n ci den t
a n d t h e si t e r espon se ca pa bi l i t i es a n d
pr oceed wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e st eps t o
i mpl emen t t h e si t e emer gen cy r espon se
pl a n .
(m) I llu min at ion . Ar ea s a ccessi bl e t o
empl oy ees sh a l l be l i gh t ed t o n ot l ess
t h a n t h e mi n i mu m i l l u mi n a t i on i n t en -
si t i es l i st ed i n t h e fol l owi n g Ta bl e H
120. 1 wh i l e a n y wor k i s i n pr ogr ess:
TABLE H120.1MINIMUM ILLUMINATION
INTENSITIES IN FOOT-CANDLES
Foot-
can-
dles
Area or operations
5 ........ General site areas.
3 ........ Excavation and waste areas, accessways, active
storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and
field maintenance areas.
5 ........ Indoors: Warehouses, corridors, hallways, and
exitways.
5 ........ Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work
areas. (Exception: Minimum of 10 foot-candles is
required at tunnel and shaft heading during drilling
mucking, and scaling. Mine Safety and Health Ad-
ministration approved cap lights shall be accept-
able for use in the tunnel heading.)
TABLE H120.1MINIMUM ILLUMINATION
INTENSITIES IN FOOT-CANDLESContinued
Foot-
can-
dles
Area or operations
10 ...... General shops (e.g., mechanical and electrical
equipment rooms, active storerooms, barracks or
living quarters, locker or dressing rooms, dining
areas, and indoor toilets and workrooms.)
30 ...... First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices.
(n ) San it at ion at t emporary work -
places(1) Pot able wat er. (i ) An a de-
qu a t e su ppl y of pot a bl e wa t er sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on t h e si t e.
(i i ) P or t a bl e con t a i n er s u sed t o di s-
pen se dr i n k i n g wa t er sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of bei n g t i gh t l y cl osed, a n d equ i pped
wi t h a t a p. Wa t er sh a l l n ot be di pped
fr om con t a i n er s.
(i i i ) An y con t a i n er u sed t o di st r i bu t e
dr i n k i n g wa t er sh a l l be cl ea r l y ma r k ed
a s t o t h e n a t u r e of i t s con t en t s a n d n ot
u sed for a n y ot h er pu r pose.
(i v) Wh er e si n gl e ser vi ce cu ps (t o be
u sed bu t on ce) a r e su ppl i ed, bot h a sa n -
i t a r y con t a i n er for t h e u n u sed cu ps a n d
a r ecept a cl e for di sposi n g of t h e u sed
cu ps sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(2) Non pot able wat er. (i ) Ou t l et s for
n on pot a bl e wa t er , su ch a s wa t er for
fi r efi gh t i n g pu r poses, sh a l l be i den t i -
fi ed t o i n di ca t e cl ea r l y t h a t t h e wa t er
i s u n sa fe a n d i s n ot t o be u sed for
dr i n k i n g, wa sh i n g, or cook i n g pu r -
poses.
(i i ) Th er e sh a l l be n o cr oss-con n ec-
t i on , open or pot en t i a l , bet ween a sy s-
t em fu r n i sh i n g pot a bl e wa t er a n d a
sy st em fu r n i sh i n g n on pot a bl e wa t er .
(3) T oilet f acilit ies. (i ) Toi l et s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for empl oy ees a ccor di n g t o
t h e fol l owi n g Ta bl e H120. 2.
TABLE H120.2TOILET FACILITIES
Number of employees Minimum number of facilities
20 or fewer ............................. One.
More than 20, fewer than 200 One toilet seat and one uri-
nal per 40 employees.
More than 200 ........................ One toilet seat and one uri-
nal per 50 employees.
(i i ) Un der t empor a r y fi el d con di t i on s,
pr ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de t o a ssu r e t h a t
a t l ea st on e t oi l et fa ci l i t y i s a va i l a bl e.
(i i i ) Ha za r dou s wa st e si t es n ot pr o-
vi ded wi t h a sa n i t a r y sewer sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h t h e fol l owi n g t oi l et fa -
ci l i t i es u n l ess pr oh i bi t ed by l oca l
codes:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
384
(A) Ch emi ca l t oi l et s;
(B) Reci r cu l a t i n g t oi l et s;
(C) Combu st i on t oi l et s; or
(D) F l u sh t oi l et s.
(i v) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph for sa n i t a t i on fa ci l i t i es sh a l l n ot
a ppl y t o mobi l e cr ews h a vi n g t r a n spor -
t a t i on r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o n ea r by t oi -
l et fa ci l i t i es.
(v) Door s en t er i n g t oi l et fa ci l i t i es
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h en t r a n ce l ock s
con t r ol l ed fr om i n si de t h e fa ci l i t y .
(4) Food h an dlin g. Al l food ser vi ce fa -
ci l i t i es a n d oper a t i on s for empl oy ees
sh a l l meet t h e a ppl i ca bl e l a ws, or di -
n a n ces, a n d r egu l a t i on s of t h e j u r i sdi c-
t i on s i n wh i ch t h ey a r e l oca t ed.
(5) T emporary sleepin g qu art ers. Wh en
t empor a r y sl eepi n g qu a r t er s a r e pr o-
vi ded, t h ey sh a l l be h ea t ed, ven t i l a t ed,
a n d l i gh t ed.
(6) Wash in g f acilit ies. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l pr ovi de a dequ a t e wa sh i n g fa ci l i -
t i es for empl oy ees en ga ged i n oper -
a t i on s wh er e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces
ma y be h a r mfu l t o empl oy ees. S u ch fa -
ci l i t i es sh a l l be i n n ea r pr oxi mi t y t o
t h e wor k si t e; i n a r ea s wh er e exposu r es
a r e bel ow per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s
a n d pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s a n d
wh i ch a r e u n der t h e con t r ol s of t h e em-
pl oy er ; a n d sh a l l be so equ i pped a s t o
en a bl e empl oy ees t o r emove h a za r dou s
su bst a n ces fr om t h emsel ves.
(7) Sh owers an d ch an ge rooms. Wh en
h a za r dou s wa st e cl ea n -u p or r emova l
oper a t i on s commen ce on a si t e a n d t h e
du r a t i on of t h e wor k wi l l r equ i r e si x
mon t h s or gr ea t er t i me t o compl et e,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de sh ower s a n d
ch a n ge r ooms for a l l empl oy ees ex-
posed t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds i n vol ved i n h a za r dou s
wa st e cl ea n -u p or r emova l oper a t i on s.
(i ) S h ower s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 141(d)(3).
(i i ) Ch a n ge r ooms sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29
CF R 1910. 141(e). Ch a n ge r ooms sh a l l
con si st of t wo sepa r a t e ch a n ge a r ea s
sepa r a t ed by t h e sh ower a r ea r equ i r ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (n )(7)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
On e ch a n ge a r ea , wi t h a n exi t l ea di n g
off t h e wor k si t e, sh a l l pr ovi de empl oy -
ees wi t h a cl ea n a r ea wh er e t h ey ca n
r emove, st or e, a n d pu t on st r eet cl ot h -
i n g. Th e secon d a r ea , wi t h a n exi t t o
t h e wor k si t e, sh a l l pr ovi de empl oy ees
wi t h a n a r ea wh er e t h ey ca n pu t on , r e-
move a n d st or e wor k cl ot h i n g a n d per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) S h ower s a n d ch a n ge r ooms sh a l l
be l oca t ed i n a r ea s wh er e exposu r es a r e
bel ow t h e per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s
a n d pu bl i sh ed exposu r e l evel s. I f t h i s
ca n n ot be a ccompl i sh ed, t h en a ven -
t i l a t i on sy st em sh a l l be pr ovi ded t h a t
wi l l su ppl y a i r t h a t i s bel ow t h e per -
mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t s a n d pu bl i sh ed
exposu r e l evel s.
(i v) Empl oy er s sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t em-
pl oy ees sh ower a t t h e en d of t h ei r wor k
sh i ft a n d wh en l ea vi n g t h e h a za r dou s
wa st e si t e.
(o) New t ech n ology programs. (1) Th e
pr ocedu r es for t h e i n t r odu ct i on of ef-
fect i ve n ew t ech n ol ogi es a n d equ i p-
men t devel oped for t h e i mpr oved pr o-
t ect i on of empl oy ees wor k i n g wi t h h a z-
a r dou s wa st e cl ea n -u p oper a t i on s, a n d
t h e sa me sh a l l be i mpl emen t ed a s pa r t
of t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m
t o a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ee pr ot ect i on i s
bei n g ma i n t a i n ed.
(2) New t ech n ol ogi es, equ i pmen t or
con t r ol mea su r es a va i l a bl e t o t h e i n -
du st r y , su ch a s t h e u se of foa ms,
a bsor ben t s, a dsor ben t s, n eu t r a l i zer s, or
ot h er mea n s t o su ppr ess t h e l evel of a i r
con t a mi n a t es wh i l e exca va t i n g t h e si t e
or for spi l l con t r ol , sh a l l be eva l u a t ed
by empl oy er s or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves.
S u ch a n eva l u a t i on sh a l l be don e t o de-
t er mi n e t h e effect i ven ess of t h e n ew
met h ods, ma t er i a l s, or equ i pmen t be-
for e i mpl emen t i n g t h ei r u se on a l a r ge
sca l e for en h a n ci n g empl oy ee pr ot ec-
t i on . I n for ma t i on a n d da t a fr om ma n u -
fa ct u r er s or su ppl i er s ma y be u sed a s
pa r t of t h e empl oy er s eva l u a t i on ef-
for t . S u ch eva l u a t i on s sh a l l be ma de
a va i l a bl e t o OS HA u pon r equ est .
(p) Cert ain Operat ion s Con du ct ed
Un der t h e Resou rce Con servat ion an d Re-
covery Act of 1976 (RCRA). Empl oy er s
con du ct i n g oper a t i on s a t t r ea t men t ,
st or a ge a n d di sposa l (TS D) fa ci l i t i es
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a )(1)(i v) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l pr ovi de a n d i mpl emen t
t h e pr ogr a ms speci fi ed i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph . S ee t h e Not es a n d Except i on s
t o pa r a gr a ph (a )(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on
for empl oy er s n ot cover ed. ).
(1) Saf et y an d h ealt h program. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t a
wr i t t en sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m for
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
385
empl oy ees i n vol ved i n h a za r dou s wa st e
oper a t i on s t h a t sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for
i n spect i on by empl oy ees, t h ei r r ep-
r esen t a t i ves a n d OS HA per son n el . Th e
pr ogr a m sh a l l be desi gn ed t o i den t i fy ,
eva l u a t e a n d con t r ol sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
h a za r ds i n t h ei r fa ci l i t i es for t h e pu r -
pose of empl oy ee pr ot ect i on , t o pr ovi de
for emer gen cy r espon se meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) of t h i s
sect i on a n d t o a ddr ess a s a ppr opr i a t e
si t e a n a l y si s, en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s,
ma xi mu m exposu r e l i mi t s, h a za r dou s
wa st e h a n dl i n g pr ocedu r es a n d u ses of
n ew t ech n ol ogi es.
(2) Hazard commu n icat ion program.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l i mpl emen t a h a z-
a r d commu n i ca t i on pr ogr a m meet i n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 1200 a s
pa r t of t h e empl oy er s sa fet y a n d pr o-
gr a m.
NOTE TO 1910. 120: Th e exempt i on for h a z-
a r dou s wa st e pr ovi ded i n 1910. 1200 i s a ppl i -
ca bl e t o t h i s sect i on .
(3) Medical su rveillan ce program. Th e
a medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m meet -
i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (f) of
t h i s sect i on .
(4) Decon t amin at ion program. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t a
decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r e meet i n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (k ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(5) New t ech n ology program. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t
pr ocedu r es meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (o) of t h i s sect i on for i n -
t r odu ci n g n ew a n d i n n ova t i ve equ i p-
men t i n t o t h e wor k pl a ce.
(6) Mat erial h an dlin g program. Wh er e
empl oy ees wi l l be h a n dl i n g dr u ms or
con t a i n er s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l devel op
a n d i mpl emen t pr ocedu r es meet i n g t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (j )(1) (i i )
t h r ou gh (vi i i ) a n d (xi ) of t h i s sect i on ,
a s wel l a s (j )(3) a n d (j )(8) of t h i s sect i on
pr i or t o st a r t i n g su ch wor k .
(7) T rain in g program(i ) New employ -
ees. Th e empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i m-
pl emen t a t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m, wh i ch i s
pa r t of t h e empl oy er s sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m, for empl oy ees exposed
t o h ea l t h h a za r ds or h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces a t TS D oper a t i on s t o en a bl e
t h e empl oy ees t o per for m t h ei r a s-
si gn ed du t i es a n d fu n ct i on s i n a sa fe
a n d h ea l t h fu l ma n n er so a s n ot en da n -
ger t h emsel ves or ot h er empl oy ees. Th e
i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g sh a l l be for 24 h ou r s
a n d r efr esh er t r a i n i n g sh a l l be for ei gh t
h ou r s a n n u a l l y . Empl oy ees wh o h a ve
r ecei ved t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed
by t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l be gi ven a wr i t -
t en cer t i fi ca t e a t t est i n g t h a t t h ey h a ve
su ccessfu l l y compl et ed t h e n ecessa r y
t r a i n i n g.
(i i ) Cu rren t employ ees. Empl oy er s wh o
ca n sh ow by a n empl oy ees pr evi ou s
wor k exper i en ce a n d/or t r a i n i n g t h a t
t h e empl oy ee h a s h a d t r a i n i n g equ i va -
l en t t o t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by
t h i s pa r a gr a ph , sh a l l be con si der ed a s
meet i n g t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a s t o t h a t em-
pl oy ee. Equ i va l en t t r a i n i n g i n cl u des
t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t exi st i n g empl oy ees
mi gh t h a ve a l r ea dy r ecei ved fr om a c-
t u a l si t e wor k exper i en ce. Cu r r en t em-
pl oy ees sh a l l r ecei ve ei gh t h ou r s of r e-
fr esh er t r a i n i n g a n n u a l l y .
(i i i ) T rain ers. Tr a i n er s wh o t ea ch i n i -
t i a l t r a i n i n g sh a l l h a ve sa t i sfa ct or i l y
compl et ed a t r a i n i n g cou r se for t ea ch -
i n g t h e su bj ect s t h ey a r e expect ed t o
t ea ch or t h ey sh a l l h a ve t h e a ca demi c
cr eden t i a l s a n d i n st r u ct i on exper i en ce
n ecessa r y t o demon st r a t e a good com-
ma n d of t h e su bj ect ma t t er of t h e
cou r ses a n d compet en t i n st r u ct i on a l
sk i l l s.
(8) Emergen cy respon se program(i )
Emergen cy respon se plan . An emer gen cy
r espon se pl a n sh a l l be devel oped a n d
i mpl emen t ed by a l l empl oy er s. S u ch
pl a n s n eed n ot du pl i ca t e a n y of t h e
su bj ect s fu l l y a ddr essed i n t h e empl oy -
er s con t i n gen cy pl a n n i n g r equ i r ed by
per mi t s, su ch a s t h ose i ssu ed by t h e
U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen -
cy , pr ovi ded t h a t t h e con t i n gen cy pl a n
i s ma de pa r t of t h e emer gen cy r espon se
pl a n . Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be a wr i t t en por t i on of t h e em-
pl oy er s sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (p)(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Empl oy er s wh o wi l l eva cu a t e
t h ei r empl oy ees fr om t h e wor k si t e l o-
ca t i on wh en a n emer gen cy occu r s a n d
wh o do n ot per mi t a n y of t h ei r empl oy -
ees t o a ssi st i n h a n dl i n g t h e emer gen cy
a r e exempt fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (p)(8) i f t h ey pr ovi de a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n compl y i n g wi t h
29 CF R 1910. 38.
(i i ) Elemen t s of an emergen cy respon se
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
386
i mu m, t h e fol l owi n g a r ea s t o t h e ex-
t en t t h a t t h ey a r e n ot a ddr essed i n a n y
speci fi c pr ogr a m r equ i r ed i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph :
(A) P r e-emer gen cy pl a n n i n g a n d co-
or di n a t i on wi t h ou t si de pa r t i es.
(B) P er son n el r ol es, l i n es of a u t h or -
i t y , a n d commu n i ca t i on .
(C) Emer gen cy r ecogn i t i on a n d pr e-
ven t i on .
(D) S a fe di st a n ces a n d pl a ces of r ef-
u ge.
(E) S i t e secu r i t y a n d con t r ol .
(F ) Eva cu a t i on r ou t es a n d pr oce-
du r es.
(G) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(H) Emer gen cy medi ca l t r ea t men t
(I ) Emer gen cy a l er t i n g a n d r espon se
pr ocedu r es.
(J ) Cr i t i qu e of r espon se a n d fol l ow-
u p.
(K) P P E a n d emer gen cy equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) T rain in g. (A) Tr a i n i n g for emer -
gen cy r espon se empl oy ees sh a l l be
compl et ed befor e t h ey a r e ca l l ed u pon
t o per for m i n r ea l emer gen ci es. S u ch
t r a i n i n g sh a l l i n cl u de t h e el emen t s of
t h e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n , st a n da r d
oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es t h e empl oy er h a s
est a bl i sh ed for t h e j ob, t h e per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t t o be wor n a n d
pr ocedu r es for h a n dl i n g emer gen cy i n -
ci den t s.
Except ion # 1: An empl oy er n eed n ot t r a i n
a l l empl oy ees t o t h e degr ee speci fi ed i f t h e
empl oy er di vi des t h e wor k for ce i n a ma n n er
su ch t h a t a su ffi ci en t n u mber of empl oy ees
wh o h a ve r espon si bi l i t y t o con t r ol emer -
gen ci es h a ve t h e t r a i n i n g speci fi ed, a n d a l l
ot h er empl oy ees, wh o ma y fi r st r espon d t o
a n emer gen cy i n ci den t , h a ve su ffi ci en t
a wa r en ess t r a i n i n g t o r ecogn i ze t h a t a n
emer gen cy r espon se si t u a t i on exi st s a n d t h a t
t h ey a r e i n st r u ct ed i n t h a t ca se t o su mmon
t h e fu l l y t r a i n ed empl oy ees a n d n ot a t t empt
con t r ol a ct i vi t i es for wh i ch t h ey a r e n ot
t r a i n ed.
Except ion # 2: An empl oy er n eed n ot t r a i n
a l l empl oy ees t o t h e degr ee speci fi ed i f a r -
r a n gemen t s h a ve been ma de i n a dva n ce for
a n ou t si de fu l l y -t r a i n ed emer gen cy r espon se
t ea m t o r espon d i n a r ea son a bl e per i od a n d
a l l empl oy ees, wh o ma y come t o t h e i n ci den t
fi r st , h a ve su ffi ci en t a wa r en ess t r a i n i n g t o
r ecogn i ze t h a t a n emer gen cy r espon se si t u a -
t i on exi st s a n d t h ey h a ve been i n st r u ct ed t o
ca l l t h e desi gn a t ed ou t si de fu l l y -t r a i n ed
emer gen cy r espon se t ea m for a ssi st a n ce.
(B) Empl oy ee member s of TS D fa ci l -
i t y emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s
sh a l l be t r a i n ed t o a l evel of com-
pet en ce i n t h e r ecogn i t i on of h ea l t h
a n d sa fet y h a za r ds t o pr ot ect t h em-
sel ves a n d ot h er empl oy ees. Th i s wou l d
i n cl u de t r a i n i n g i n t h e met h ods u sed t o
mi n i mi ze t h e r i sk fr om sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h h a za r ds; i n t h e sa fe u se of con -
t r ol equ i pmen t ; i n t h e sel ect i on a n d
u se of a ppr opr i a t e per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t ; i n t h e sa fe oper a t i n g pr oce-
du r es t o be u sed a t t h e i n ci den t scen e;
i n t h e t ech n i qu es of coor di n a t i on wi t h
ot h er empl oy ees t o mi n i mi ze r i sk s; i n
t h e a ppr opr i a t e r espon se t o over expo-
su r e fr om h ea l t h h a za r ds or i n j u r y t o
t h emsel ves a n d ot h er empl oy ees; a n d
i n t h e r ecogn i t i on of su bsequ en t sy mp-
t oms wh i ch ma y r esu l t fr om over expo-
su r es.
(C) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
ea ch cover ed empl oy ee h a s a t t en ded
a n d su ccessfu l l y compl et ed t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (p)(8)(i i i ) of
t h i s sect i on , or sh a l l cer t i fy t h e em-
pl oy ees compet en cy a t l ea st y ea r l y .
Th e met h od u sed t o demon st r a t e com-
pet en cy for cer t i fi ca t i on of t r a i n i n g
sh a l l be r ecor ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed by
t h e empl oy er .
(i v) Procedu res f or h an dlin g emergen cy
in ciden t s. (A) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e el e-
men t s for t h e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (p)(8)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on , t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s sh a l l be
i n cl u ded for emer gen cy r espon se pl a n s
t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h ey do n ot r epea t
a n y i n for ma t i on a l r ea dy con t a i n ed i n
t h e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n :
(1) S i t e t opogr a ph y , l a y ou t , a n d pr e-
va i l i n g wea t h er con di t i on s.
(2) P r ocedu r es for r epor t i n g i n ci den t s
t o l oca l , st a t e, a n d feder a l gover n -
men t a l a gen ci es.
(B) Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be compa t i bl e a n d i n t egr a t ed
wi t h t h e di sa st er , fi r e a n d/or emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n s of l oca l , st a t e,
a n d feder a l a gen ci es.
(C) Th e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be r eh ea r sed r egu l a r l y a s pa r t of
t h e over a l l t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m for si t e
oper a t i on s.
(D) Th e si t e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n
sh a l l be r evi ewed per i odi ca l l y a n d, a s
n ecessa r y , be a men ded t o k eep i t cu r -
r en t wi t h n ew or ch a n gi n g si t e con di -
t i on s or i n for ma t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
387
(E) An empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 29 CF R
1910. 165 t o n ot i fy empl oy ees of a n emer -
gen cy si t u a t i on ; t o st op wor k a ct i vi t i es
i f n ecessa r y ; t o l ower ba ck gr ou n d n oi se
i n or der t o speed commu n i ca t i on ; a n d
t o begi n emer gen cy pr ocedu r es.
(F ) Ba sed u pon t h e i n for ma t i on a va i l -
a bl e a t t i me of t h e emer gen cy , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e t h e i n ci den t a n d
t h e si t e r espon se ca pa bi l i t i es a n d pr o-
ceed wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e st eps t o i m-
pl emen t t h e si t e emer gen cy r espon se
pl a n .
(q) Emergen cy respon se t o h azardou s
su bst an ce releases. Th i s pa r a gr a ph cov-
er s empl oy er s wh ose empl oy ees a r e en -
ga ged i n emer gen cy r espon se n o ma t t er
wh er e i t occu r s except t h a t i t does n ot
cover empl oy ees en ga ged i n oper a t i on s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1)(i ) t h r ou gh
(a )(1)(i v) of t h i s sect i on . Th ose emer -
gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s wh o h a ve
devel oped a n d i mpl emen t ed pr ogr a ms
equ i va l en t t o t h i s pa r a gr a ph for h a n -
dl i n g r el ea ses of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces
pu r su a n t t o sect i on 303 of t h e S u per -
fu n d Amen dmen t s a n d Rea u t h or i za t i on
Act of 1986 (Emer gen cy P l a n n i n g a n d
Commu n i t y Ri gh t -t o-Kn ow Act of 1986,
42 U. S . C. 11003) sh a l l be deemed t o h a ve
met t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(1) Emergen cy respon se plan . An emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n sh a l l be devel oped
a n d i mpl emen t ed t o h a n dl e a n t i ci pa t ed
emer gen ci es pr i or t o t h e commen ce-
men t of emer gen cy r espon se oper -
a t i on s. Th e pl a n sh a l l be i n wr i t i n g a n d
a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on a n d copy i n g by
empl oy ees, t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves a n d
OS HA per son n el . Empl oy er s wh o wi l l
eva cu a t e t h ei r empl oy ees fr om t h e
da n ger a r ea wh en a n emer gen cy occu r s,
a n d wh o do n ot per mi t a n y of t h ei r em-
pl oy ees t o a ssi st i n h a n dl i n g t h e emer -
gen cy , a r e exempt fr om t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph i f t h ey pr ovi de
a n emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h 29 CF R 1910. 38.
(2) Elemen t s of an emergen cy respon se
i mu m, t h e fol l owi n g t o t h e ext en t t h a t
t h ey a r e n ot a ddr essed el sewh er e:
(i ) P r e-emer gen cy pl a n n i n g a n d co-
or di n a t i on wi t h ou t si de pa r t i es.
(i i ) P er son n el r ol es, l i n es of a u t h or -
i t y , t r a i n i n g, a n d commu n i ca t i on .
(i i i ) Emer gen cy r ecogn i t i on a n d pr e-
ven t i on .
(i v) S a fe di st a n ces a n d pl a ces of r ef-
u ge.
(v) S i t e secu r i t y a n d con t r ol .
(vi ) Eva cu a t i on r ou t es a n d pr oce-
du r es.
(vi i ) Decon t a mi n a t i on .
(vi i i ) Emer gen cy medi ca l t r ea t men t
(i x) Emer gen cy a l er t i n g a n d r espon se
pr ocedu r es.
(x) Cr i t i qu e of r espon se a n d fol l ow-
u p.
(xi ) P P E a n d emer gen cy equ i pmen t .
(xi i ) Emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za -
t i on s ma y u se t h e l oca l emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n or t h e st a t e emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n or bot h , a s pa r t of t h ei r
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n t o a voi d du -
pl i ca t i on . Th ose i t ems of t h e emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n t h a t a r e bei n g
pr oper l y a ddr essed by t h e S ARA Ti t l e
I I I pl a n s ma y be su bst i t u t ed i n t o t h ei r
emer gen cy pl a n or ot h er wi se k ept t o-
get h er for t h e empl oy er a n d empl oy ees
u se.
(3) Procedu res f or h an dlin g emergen cy
respon se. (i ) Th e sen i or emer gen cy r e-
spon se offi ci a l r espon di n g t o a n emer -
gen cy sh a l l become t h e i n di vi du a l i n
ch a r ge of a si t e-speci fi c I n ci den t Com-
ma n d S y st em (I CS ). Al l emer gen cy r e-
spon der s a n d t h ei r commu n i ca t i on s
sh a l l be coor di n a t ed a n d con t r ol l ed
t h r ou gh t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS a ssi st ed by t h e sen i or offi ci a l
pr esen t for ea ch empl oy er .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (q)(3)(i ). Th e sen i or
offi ci a l a t a n emer gen cy r espon se i s t h e
most sen i or offi ci a l on t h e si t e wh o h a s t h e
r espon si bi l i t y for con t r ol l i n g t h e oper a t i on s
a t t h e si t e. I n i t i a l l y i t i s t h e sen i or offi cer
on t h e fi r st -du e pi ece of r espon di n g emer -
gen cy a ppa r a t u s t o a r r i ve on t h e i n ci den t
scen e. As mor e sen i or offi cer s a r r i ve (i . e. ,
ba t t a l i on ch i ef, fi r e ch i ef, st a t e l a w en for ce-
men t offi ci a l , si t e coor di n a t or , et c. ) t h e posi -
t i on i s pa ssed u p t h e l i n e of a u t h or i t y wh i ch
h a s been pr evi ou sl y est a bl i sh ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
388
(i i ) Th e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS sh a l l i den t i fy , t o t h e ext en t pos-
si bl e, a l l h a za r dou s su bst a n ces or con -
di t i on s pr esen t a n d sh a l l a ddr ess a s a p-
pr opr i a t e si t e a n a l y si s, u se of en gi n eer -
i n g con t r ol s, ma xi mu m exposu r e l i m-
i t s, h a za r dou s su bst a n ce h a n dl i n g pr o-
cedu r es, a n d u se of a n y n ew t ech -
n ol ogi es.
(i i i ) Ba sed on t h e h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces a n d/or con di t i on s pr esen t , t h e
i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e I CS sh a l l
i mpl emen t a ppr opr i a t e emer gen cy op-
er a t i on s, a n d a ssu r e t h a t t h e per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t wor n i s a ppr o-
pr i a t e for t h e h a za r ds t o be en cou n -
t er ed. However , per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t sh a l l meet , a t a mi n i mu m,
t h e cr i t er i a con t a i n ed i n 29 CF R
1910. 156(e) wh en wor n wh i l e per for mi n g
fi r e fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s bey on d t h e i n -
ci pi en t st a ge for a n y i n ci den t .
(i v) Empl oy ees en ga ged i n emer gen cy
r espon se a n d exposed t o h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces pr esen t i n g a n i n h a l a t i on h a z-
a r d or pot en t i a l i n h a l a t i on h a za r d sh a l l
wea r posi t i ve pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s wh i l e en ga ged i n
emer gen cy r espon se, u n t i l su ch t i me
t h a t t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e I CS
det er mi n es t h r ou gh t h e u se of a i r mon -
i t or i n g t h a t a decr ea sed l evel of r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on wi l l n ot r esu l t i n
h a za r dou s exposu r es t o empl oy ees.
(v) Th e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS sh a l l l i mi t t h e n u mber of emer -
gen cy r espon se per son n el a t t h e emer -
gen cy si t e, i n t h ose a r ea s of pot en t i a l
or a ct u a l exposu r e t o i n ci den t or si t e
h a za r ds, t o t h ose wh o a r e a ct i vel y per -
for mi n g emer gen cy oper a t i on s. How-
ever , oper a t i on s i n h a za r dou s a r ea s
sh a l l be per for med u si n g t h e bu ddy sy s-
t em i n gr ou ps of t wo or mor e.
(vi ) Ba ck -u p per son n el sh a l l st a n d by
wi t h equ i pmen t r ea dy t o pr ovi de a s-
si st a n ce or r escu e. Adva n ce fi r st a i d
su ppor t per son n el , a s a mi n i mu m, sh a l l
a l so st a n d by wi t h medi ca l equ i pmen t
a n d t r a n spor t a t i on ca pa bi l i t y .
(vi i ) Th e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS sh a l l desi gn a t e a sa fet y offi ci a l ,
wh o i s k n owl edga bl e i n t h e oper a t i on s
bei n g i mpl emen t ed a t t h e emer gen cy
r espon se si t e, wi t h speci fi c r espon si -
bi l i t y t o i den t i fy a n d eva l u a t e h a za r ds
a n d t o pr ovi de di r ect i on wi t h r espect
t o t h e sa fet y of oper a t i on s for t h e
emer gen cy a t h a n d.
(vi i i ) Wh en a ct i vi t i es a r e j u dged by
t h e sa fet y offi ci a l t o be a n I DLH con di -
t i on a n d/or t o i n vol ve a n i mmi n en t
da n ger con di t i on , t h e sa fet y offi ci a l
sh a l l h a ve t h e a u t h or i t y t o a l t er , su s-
pen d, or t er mi n a t e t h ose a ct i vi t i es.
Th e sa fet y offi ci a l sh a l l i mmedi a t el y
i n for m t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS of a n y a ct i on s n eeded t o be t a k en
t o cor r ect t h ese h a za r ds a t t h e emer -
gen cy scen e.
(i x) Aft er emer gen cy oper a t i on s h a ve
t er mi n a t ed, t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of
t h e I CS sh a l l i mpl emen t a ppr opr i a t e
decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(x) Wh en deemed n ecessa r y for meet -
i n g t h e t a sk s a t h a n d, a ppr oved sel f-
con t a i n ed compr essed a i r br ea t h i n g a p-
pa r a t u s ma y be u sed wi t h a ppr oved cy l -
i n der s fr om ot h er a ppr oved sel f-con -
t a i n ed compr essed a i r br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s pr ovi ded t h a t su ch cy l i n der s a r e
of t h e sa me ca pa ci t y a n d pr essu r e r a t -
i n g. Al l compr essed a i r cy l i n der s u sed
wi t h sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s sh a l l meet U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on a n d Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e
for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h cr i -
t er i a .
(4) Sk illed su pport person n el. P er -
son n el , n ot n ecessa r i l y a n empl oy er s
own empl oy ees, wh o a r e sk i l l ed i n t h e
oper a t i on of cer t a i n equ i pmen t , su ch a s
mech a n i zed ea r t h movi n g or di ggi n g
equ i pmen t or cr a n e a n d h oi st i n g equ i p-
men t , a n d wh o a r e n eeded t empor a r i l y
t o per for m i mmedi a t e emer gen cy su p-
por t wor k t h a t ca n n ot r ea son a bl y be
per for med i n a t i mel y fa sh i on by a n
empl oy er s own empl oy ees, a n d wh o
wi l l be or ma y be exposed t o t h e h a z-
a r ds a t a n emer gen cy r espon se scen e,
a r e n ot r equ i r ed t o meet t h e t r a i n i n g
r equ i r ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph for t h e em-
pl oy er s r egu l a r empl oy ees. However ,
t h ese per son n el sh a l l be gi ven a n i n i -
t i a l br i efi n g a t t h e si t e pr i or t o t h ei r
pa r t i ci pa t i on i n a n y emer gen cy r e-
spon se. Th e i n i t i a l br i efi n g sh a l l i n -
cl u de i n st r u ct i on i n t h e wea r i n g of a p-
pr opr i a t e per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t , wh a t ch emi ca l h a za r ds a r e i n -
vol ved, a n d wh a t du t i es a r e t o be per -
for med. Al l ot h er a ppr opr i a t e sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h pr eca u t i on s pr ovi ded t o t h e
empl oy er s own empl oy ees sh a l l be
u sed t o a ssu r e t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h of
t h ese per son n el .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
389
(5) Specialist employ ees. Empl oy ees
wh o, i n t h e cou r se of t h ei r r egu l a r j ob
du t i es, wor k wi t h a n d a r e t r a i n ed i n
t h e h a za r ds of speci fi c h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces, a n d wh o wi l l be ca l l ed u pon t o
pr ovi de t ech n i ca l a dvi ce or a ssi st a n ce
a t a h a za r dou s su bst a n ce r el ea se i n ci -
den t t o t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge, sh a l l
r ecei ve t r a i n i n g or demon st r a t e com-
pet en cy i n t h e a r ea of t h ei r speci a l i za -
t i on a n n u a l l y .
(6) T rain in g. Tr a i n i n g sh a l l be ba sed
on t h e du t i es a n d fu n ct i on t o be per -
for med by ea ch r espon der of a n emer -
gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on . Th e sk i l l
a n d k n owl edge l evel s r equ i r ed for a l l
n ew r espon der s, t h ose h i r ed a ft er t h e
effect i ve da t e of t h i s st a n da r d, sh a l l be
con vey ed t o t h em t h r ou gh t r a i n i n g be-
for e t h ey a r e per mi t t ed t o t a k e pa r t i n
a ct u a l emer gen cy oper a t i on s on a n i n -
ci den t . Empl oy ees wh o pa r t i ci pa t e, or
a r e expect ed t o pa r t i ci pa t e, i n emer -
gen cy r espon se, sh a l l be gi ven t r a i n i n g
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g pa r a -
gr a ph s:
(i ) First respon der awaren ess level.
F i r st r espon der s a t t h e a wa r en ess l evel
a r e i n di vi du a l s wh o a r e l i k el y t o wi t -
n ess or di scover a h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
r el ea se a n d wh o h a ve been t r a i n ed t o
i n i t i a t e a n emer gen cy r espon se se-
qu en ce by n ot i fy i n g t h e pr oper a u t h or i -
t i es of t h e r el ea se. Th ey wou l d t a k e n o
fu r t h er a ct i on bey on d n ot i fy i n g t h e a u -
t h or i t i es of t h e r el ea se. F i r st r espon d-
er s a t t h e a wa r en ess l evel sh a l l h a ve
su ffi ci en t t r a i n i n g or h a ve h a d su ffi -
ci en t exper i en ce t o obj ect i vel y dem-
on st r a t e compet en cy i n t h e fol l owi n g
a r ea s:
(A) An u n der st a n di n g of wh a t h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces a r e, a n d t h e r i sk s a s-
soci a t ed wi t h t h em i n a n i n ci den t .
(B) An u n der st a n di n g of t h e pot en t i a l
ou t comes a ssoci a t ed wi t h a n emer -
gen cy cr ea t ed wh en h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces a r e pr esen t .
(C) Th e a bi l i t y t o r ecogn i ze t h e pr es-
en ce of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces i n a n
emer gen cy .
(D) Th e a bi l i t y t o i den t i fy t h e h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces, i f possi bl e.
(E) An u n der st a n di n g of t h e r ol e of
t h e fi r st r espon der a wa r en ess i n di -
vi du a l i n t h e empl oy er s emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n i n cl u di n g si t e secu r i t y a n d
con t r ol a n d t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of
Tr a n spor t a t i on s Emer gen cy Respon se
Gu i debook .
(F ) Th e a bi l i t y t o r ea l i ze t h e n eed for
a ddi t i on a l r esou r ces, a n d t o ma k e a p-
pr opr i a t e n ot i fi ca t i on s t o t h e commu -
n i ca t i on cen t er .
(i i ) First respon der operat ion s level.
F i r st r espon der s a t t h e oper a t i on s l evel
a r e i n di vi du a l s wh o r espon d t o r el ea ses
or pot en t i a l r el ea ses of h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces a s pa r t of t h e i n i t i a l r espon se
t o t h e si t e for t h e pu r pose of pr ot ect i n g
n ea r by per son s, pr oper t y , or t h e en vi -
r on men t fr om t h e effect s of t h e r e-
l ea se. Th ey a r e t r a i n ed t o r espon d i n a
defen si ve fa sh i on wi t h ou t a ct u a l l y t r y -
i n g t o st op t h e r el ea se. Th ei r fu n ct i on
i s t o con t a i n t h e r el ea se fr om a sa fe
di st a n ce, k eep i t fr om spr ea di n g, a n d
pr even t exposu r es. F i r st r espon der s a t
t h e oper a t i on a l l evel sh a l l h a ve r e-
cei ved a t l ea st ei gh t h ou r s of t r a i n i n g
or h a ve h a d su ffi ci en t exper i en ce t o ob-
j ect i vel y demon st r a t e compet en cy i n
t h e fol l owi n g a r ea s i n a ddi t i on t o t h ose
l i st ed for t h e a wa r en ess l evel a n d t h e
empl oy er sh a l l so cer t i fy :
(A) Kn owl edge of t h e ba si c h a za r d
a n d r i sk a ssessmen t t ech n i qu es.
(B) Kn ow h ow t o sel ect a n d u se pr op-
er per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t pr o-
vi ded t o t h e fi r st r espon der oper a t i on a l
l evel .
(C) An u n der st a n di n g of ba si c h a z-
a r dou s ma t er i a l s t er ms.
(D) Kn ow h ow t o per for m ba si c con -
t r ol , con t a i n men t a n d/or con fi n emen t
oper a t i on s wi t h i n t h e ca pa bi l i t i es of
t h e r esou r ces a n d per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t a va i l a bl e wi t h t h ei r u n i t .
(E) Kn ow h ow t o i mpl emen t ba si c de-
con t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(F ) An u n der st a n di n g of t h e r el eva n t
st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d t er -
mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(i i i ) Hazardou s mat erials t ech n ician .
Ha za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ech n i ci a n s a r e
i n di vi du a l s wh o r espon d t o r el ea ses or
pot en t i a l r el ea ses for t h e pu r pose of
st oppi n g t h e r el ea se. Th ey a ssu me a
mor e a ggr essi ve r ol e t h a n a fi r st r e-
spon der a t t h e oper a t i on s l evel i n t h a t
t h ey wi l l a ppr oa ch t h e poi n t of r el ea se
i n or der t o pl u g, pa t ch or ot h er wi se
st op t h e r el ea se of a h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce. Ha za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ech n i -
ci a n s sh a l l h a ve r ecei ved a t l ea st 24
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
390
h ou r s of t r a i n i n g equ a l t o t h e fi r st r e-
spon der oper a t i on s l evel a n d i n a ddi -
t i on h a ve compet en cy i n t h e fol l owi n g
a r ea s a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l so cer t i fy :
(A) Kn ow h ow t o i mpl emen t t h e em-
pl oy er s emer gen cy r espon se pl a n .
(B) Kn ow t h e cl a ssi fi ca t i on , i den t i -
fi ca t i on a n d ver i fi ca t i on of k n own a n d
u n k n own ma t er i a l s by u si n g fi el d su r -
vey i n st r u men t s a n d equ i pmen t .
(C) Be a bl e t o fu n ct i on wi t h i n a n a s-
si gn ed r ol e i n t h e I n ci den t Comma n d
S y st em.
(D) Kn ow h ow t o sel ect a n d u se pr op-
er speci a l i zed ch emi ca l per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t pr ovi ded t o t h e h a z-
a r dou s ma t er i a l s t ech n i ci a n .
(E) Un der st a n d h a za r d a n d r i sk a s-
sessmen t t ech n i qu es.
(F ) Be a bl e t o per for m a dva n ce con -
t r ol , con t a i n men t , a n d/or con fi n emen t
oper a t i on s wi t h i n t h e ca pa bi l i t i es of
t h e r esou r ces a n d per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t a va i l a bl e wi t h t h e u n i t .
(G) Un der st a n d a n d i mpl emen t de-
con t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(H) Un der st a n d t er mi n a t i on pr oce-
du r es.
(I ) Un der st a n d ba si c ch emi ca l a n d
t oxi col ogi ca l t er mi n ol ogy a n d beh a v-
i or .
(i v) Hazardou s mat erials specialist .
Ha za r dou s ma t er i a l s speci a l i st s a r e i n -
di vi du a l s wh o r espon d wi t h a n d pr ovi de
su ppor t t o h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ech n i -
ci a n s. Th ei r du t i es pa r a l l el t h ose of t h e
h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ech n i ci a n , h ow-
ever , t h ose du t i es r equ i r e a mor e di -
r ect ed or speci fi c k n owl edge of t h e va r -
i ou s su bst a n ces t h ey ma y be ca l l ed
u pon t o con t a i n . Th e h a za r dou s ma t e-
r i a l s speci a l i st wou l d a l so a ct a s t h e
si t e l i a i son wi t h F eder a l , st a t e, l oca l
a n d ot h er gover n men t a u t h or i t i es i n
r ega r ds t o si t e a ct i vi t i es. Ha za r dou s
ma t er i a l s speci a l i st s sh a l l h a ve r e-
cei ved a t l ea st 24 h ou r s of t r a i n i n g
equ a l t o t h e t ech n i ci a n l evel a n d i n a d-
di t i on h a ve compet en cy i n t h e fol -
l owi n g a r ea s a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l so
cer t i fy :
(A) Kn ow h ow t o i mpl emen t t h e l oca l
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n .
(B) Un der st a n d cl a ssi fi ca t i on , i den t i -
fi ca t i on a n d ver i fi ca t i on of k n own a n d
u n k n own ma t er i a l s by u si n g a dva n ced
su r vey i n st r u men t s a n d equ i pmen t .
(C) Kn ow of t h e st a t e emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n .
(D) Be a bl e t o sel ect a n d u se pr oper
speci a l i zed ch emi ca l per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t pr ovi ded t o t h e h a z-
a r dou s ma t er i a l s speci a l i st .
(E) Un der st a n d i n -dept h h a za r d a n d
r i sk t ech n i qu es.
(F ) Be a bl e t o per for m speci a l i zed
con t r ol , con t a i n men t , a n d/or con fi n e-
men t oper a t i on s wi t h i n t h e ca pa bi l i -
t i es of t h e r esou r ces a n d per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t a va i l a bl e.
(G) Be a bl e t o det er mi n e a n d i mpl e-
men t decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(H) Ha ve t h e a bi l i t y t o devel op a si t e
sa fet y a n d con t r ol pl a n .
(I ) Un der st a n d ch emi ca l , r a di ol ogi ca l
a n d t oxi col ogi ca l t er mi n ol ogy a n d be-
h a vi or .
(v) On scen e in ciden t comman der. I n ci -
den t comma n der s, wh o wi l l a ssu me
con t r ol of t h e i n ci den t scen e bey on d
t h e fi r st r espon der a wa r en ess l evel ,
sh a l l r ecei ve a t l ea st 24 h ou r s of t r a i n -
i n g equ a l t o t h e fi r st r espon der oper -
a t i on s l evel a n d i n a ddi t i on h a ve com-
pet en cy i n t h e fol l owi n g a r ea s a n d t h e
empl oy er sh a l l so cer t i fy :
(A) Kn ow a n d be a bl e t o i mpl emen t
t h e empl oy er s i n ci den t comma n d sy s-
t em.
(B) Kn ow h ow t o i mpl emen t t h e em-
pl oy er s emer gen cy r espon se pl a n .
(C) Kn ow a n d u n der st a n d t h e h a za r ds
a n d r i sk s a ssoci a t ed wi t h empl oy ees
wor k i n g i n ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve cl ot h -
i n g.
(D) Kn ow h ow t o i mpl emen t t h e l oca l
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n .
(E) Kn ow of t h e st a t e emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n a n d of t h e F eder a l Re-
gi on a l Respon se Tea m.
(F ) Kn ow a n d u n der st a n d t h e i mpor -
t a n ce of decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es.
(7) T rain ers. Tr a i n er s wh o t ea ch a n y
of t h e a bove t r a i n i n g su bj ect s sh a l l
h a ve sa t i sfa ct or i l y compl et ed a t r a i n -
i n g cou r se for t ea ch i n g t h e su bj ect s
t h ey a r e expect ed t o t ea ch , su ch a s t h e
cou r ses offer ed by t h e U. S . Na t i on a l
F i r e Aca demy , or t h ey sh a l l h a ve t h e
t r a i n i n g a n d/or a ca demi c cr eden t i a l s
a n d i n st r u ct i on a l exper i en ce n ecessa r y
t o demon st r a t e compet en t i n st r u c-
t i on a l sk i l l s a n d a good comma n d of
t h e su bj ect ma t t er of t h e cou r ses t h ey
a r e t o t ea ch .
(8) Ref resh er t rain in g. (i ) Th ose em-
pl oy ees wh o a r e t r a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (q)(6) of t h i s sect i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
391
sh a l l r ecei ve a n n u a l r efr esh er t r a i n i n g
of su ffi ci en t con t en t a n d du r a t i on t o
ma i n t a i n t h ei r compet en ci es, or sh a l l
demon st r a t e compet en cy i n t h ose a r ea s
a t l ea st y ea r l y .
(i i ) A st a t emen t sh a l l be ma de of t h e
t r a i n i n g or compet en cy , a n d i f a st a t e-
men t of compet en cy i s ma de, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l k eep a r ecor d of t h e met h -
odol ogy u sed t o demon st r a t e com-
pet en cy .
(9) Medical su rveillan ce an d con su lt a-
t ion . (i ) Member s of a n or ga n i zed a n d
desi gn a t ed HAZMAT t ea m a n d h a z-
a r dou s ma t er i a l s speci a l i st s sh a l l r e-
cei ve a ba sel i n e ph y si ca l exa mi n a t i on
a n d be pr ovi ded wi t h medi ca l su r vei l -
l a n ce a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) An y emer gen cy r espon se empl oy -
ees wh o exh i bi t s si gn s or sy mpt oms
wh i ch ma y h a ve r esu l t ed fr om exposu r e
t o h a za r dou s su bst a n ces du r i n g t h e
cou r se of a n emer gen cy i n ci den t , ei t h er
i mmedi a t el y or su bsequ en t l y , sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h medi ca l con su l t a t i on a s
r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(3)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(10) Ch emical prot ect ive clot h in g.
Ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g a n d
equ i pmen t t o be u sed by or ga n i zed a n d
desi gn a t ed HAZMAT t ea m member s, or
t o be u sed by h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s spe-
ci a l i st s, sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (g) (3) t h r ou gh (5) of t h i s
sect i on .
(11) Post -emergen cy respon se oper-
at ion s. Upon compl et i on of t h e emer -
gen cy r espon se, i f i t i s det er mi n ed t h a t
i t i s n ecessa r y t o r emove h a za r dou s
su bst a n ces, h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d ma t e-
r i a l s con t a mi n a t ed wi t h t h em (su ch a s
con t a mi n a t ed soi l or ot h er el emen t s of
t h e n a t u r a l en vi r on men t ) fr om t h e si t e
of t h e i n ci den t , t h e empl oy er con -
du ct i n g t h e cl ea n -u p sh a l l compl y wi t h
on e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Meet a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (b) t h r ou gh (o) of t h i s sec-
t i on ; or
(i i ) Wh er e t h e cl ea n -u p i s don e on
pl a n t pr oper t y u si n g pl a n t or wor k -
pl a ce empl oy ees, su ch empl oy ees sh a l l
h a ve compl et ed t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e fol l owi n g: 29 CF R 1910. 38,
1910. 134, 1910. 1200, a n d ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h t r a i n i n g ma de
n ecessa r y by t h e t a sk s t h ey a r e ex-
pect ed t o per for m su ch a s per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t a n d decon t a mi n a -
t i on pr ocedu r es. Al l equ i pmen t t o be
u sed i n t h e per for ma n ce of t h e cl ea n -u p
wor k sh a l l be i n ser vi cea bl e con di t i on
a n d sh a l l h a ve been i n spect ed pr i or t o
u se.
AP P ENDI CES TO 1910. 120HAZARDOUS WAS TE
OP ERATI ONS AND EMERGENCY RES P ONS E
NOTE: Th e fol l owi n g a ppen di ces ser ve a s
n on -ma n da t or y gu i del i n es t o a ssi st empl oy -
ees a n d empl oy er s i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e a p-
pr opr i a t e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on . How-
ever pa r a gr a ph 1910. 120(g) ma k es ma n da t or y
i n cer t a i n ci r cu mst a n ces t h e u se of Level A
a n d Level B P P E pr ot ect i on .
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 120P ERS ONAL
P ROTECTI VE EQUI P MENT TES T METHODS
Th i s a ppen di x set s for t h t h e n on -ma n da -
t or y exa mpl es of t est s wh i ch ma y be u sed t o
eva l u a t e compl i a n ce wi t h 1910. 120 (g)(4) (i i )
a n d (i i i ). Ot h er t est s a n d ot h er ch a l l en ge
a gen t s ma y be u sed t o eva l u a t e compl i a n ce.
A. T ot ally -en capsu lat in g ch emical prot ect ive
su it pressu re t est
1. 0S cope
1. 1 Th i s pr a ct i ce mea su r es t h e a bi l i t y of a
ga s t i gh t t ot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve su i t ma t er i a l , sea ms, a n d cl osu r es
t o ma i n t a i n a fi xed posi t i ve pr essu r e. Th e r e-
su l t s of t h i s pr a ct i ce a l l ow t h e ga s t i gh t i n -
t egr i t y of a t ot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve su i t t o be eva l u a t ed.
1. 2 Resi st a n ce of t h e su i t ma t er i a l s t o
per mea t i on , pen et r a t i on , a n d degr a da t i on by
speci fi c h a za r dou s su bst a n ces i s n ot det er -
mi n ed by t h i s t est met h od.
2. 0Defi n i t i on of t er ms
2. 1 T ot ally -en capsu lat ed ch emical prot ect ive
su it (T ECP su it ) mea n s a fu l l body ga r men t
wh i ch i s con st r u ct ed of pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
ma t er i a l s; cover s t h e wea r er s t or so, h ea d,
a r ms, l egs a n d r espi r a t or ; ma y cover t h e
wea r er s h a n ds a n d feet wi t h t i gh t l y a t -
t a ch ed gl oves a n d boot s; compl et el y en cl oses
t h e wea r er a n d r espi r a t or by i t sel f or i n com-
bi n a t i on wi t h t h e wea r er s gl oves a n d boot s.
2. 2 Prot ect ive clot h in g mat erial mea n s a n y
ma t er i a l or combi n a t i on of ma t er i a l s u sed i n
a n i t em of cl ot h i n g for t h e pu r pose of i so-
l a t i n g pa r t s of t h e body fr om di r ect con t a ct
wi t h a pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s l i qu i d or ga s-
eou s ch emi ca l s.
2. 3 Gas t igh t mea n s, for t h e pu r pose of t h i s
t est met h od, t h e l i mi t ed fl ow of a ga s u n der
pr essu r e fr om t h e i n si de of a TECP su i t t o
a t mosph er e a t a pr escr i bed pr essu r e a n d
t i me i n t er va l .
3. 0S u mma r y of t est met h od
3. 1 Th e TECP su i t i s vi su a l l y i n spect ed a n d
modi fi ed for t h e t est . Th e t est a ppa r a t u s i s
a t t a ch ed t o t h e su i t t o per mi t i n fl a t i on t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
392
t h e pr e-t est su i t expa n si on pr essu r e for r e-
mova l of su i t wr i n k l es a n d cr ea ses. Th e pr es-
su r e i s l ower ed t o t h e t est pr essu r e a n d mon -
i t or ed for t h r ee mi n u t es. I f t h e pr essu r e dr op
i s excessi ve, t h e TECP su i t fa i l s t h e t est a n d
i s r emoved fr om ser vi ce. Th e t est i s r epea t ed
a ft er l ea k l oca t i on a n d r epa i r .
4. 0Requ i r ed S u ppl i es
4. 1 S ou r ce of compr essed a i r .
4. 2 Test a ppa r a t u s for su i t t est i n g, i n cl u d-
i n g a pr essu r e mea su r emen t devi ce wi t h a
sen si t i vi t y of a t l ea st
1
4 i n ch wa t er ga u ge.
4. 3 Ven t va l ve cl osu r e pl u gs or sea l i n g
t a pe.
4. 4 S oa py wa t er sol u t i on a n d soft br u sh .
4. 5 S t op wa t ch or a ppr opr i a t e t i mi n g de-
vi ce.
5. 0S a fet y P r eca u t i on s
5. 1 Ca r e sh a l l be t a k en t o pr ovi de t h e cor -
r ect pr essu r e sa fet y devi ces r equ i r ed for t h e
sou r ce of compr essed a i r u sed.
6. 0Test P r ocedu r e
6. 1 P r i or t o ea ch t est , t h e t est er sh a l l per -
for m a vi su a l i n spect i on of t h e su i t . Ch eck
t h e su i t for sea m i n t egr i t y by vi su a l l y exa m-
i n i n g t h e sea ms a n d gen t l y pu l l i n g on t h e
sea ms. En su r e t h a t a l l a i r su ppl y l i n es, fi t -
t i n gs, vi sor , zi pper s, a n d va l ves a r e secu r e
a n d sh ow n o si gn s of det er i or a t i on .
6. 1. 1 S ea l off t h e ven t va l ves a l on g wi t h
a n y ot h er n or ma l i n l et or exh a u st poi n t s
(su ch a s u mbi l i ca l a i r l i n e fi t t i n gs or fa ce
pi ece open i n g) wi t h t a pe or ot h er a ppr opr i a t e
mea n s (ca ps, pl u gs, fi xt u r e, et c. ). Ca r e sh ou l d
be exer ci sed i n t h e sea l i n g pr ocess n ot t o
da ma ge a n y of t h e su i t compon en t s.
6. 1. 2 Cl ose a l l cl osu r e a ssembl i es.
6. 1. 3 P r epa r e t h e su i t for i n fl a t i on by pr o-
vi di n g a n i mpr ovi sed con n ect i on poi n t on t h e
su i t for con n ect i n g a n a i r l i n e. At t a ch t h e
pr essu r e t est a ppa r a t u s t o t h e su i t t o per mi t
su i t i n fl a t i on fr om a compr essed a i r sou r ce
equ i pped wi t h a pr essu r e i n di ca t i n g r egu -
l a t or . Th e l ea k t i gh t n ess of t h e pr essu r e t est
a ppa r a t u s sh ou l d be t est ed befor e a n d a ft er
ea ch t est by cl osi n g off t h e en d of t h e t u bi n g
a t t a ch ed t o t h e su i t a n d a ssu r i n g a pr essu r e
of t h r ee i n ch es wa t er ga u ge for t h r ee mi n -
u t es ca n be ma i n t a i n ed. I f a compon en t i s r e-
moved for t h e t est , t h a t compon en t sh a l l be
r epl a ced a n d a secon d t est con du ct ed wi t h
a n ot h er compon en t r emoved t o per mi t a
compl et e t est of t h e en sembl e.
6. 1. 4 Th e pr e-t est expa n si on pr essu r e (A)
a n d t h e su i t t est pr essu r e (B) sh a l l be su p-
pl i ed by t h e su i t ma n u fa ct u r er , bu t i n n o
ca se sh a l l t h ey be l ess t h a n : (A)=t h r ee i n ch es
wa t er ga u ge; a n d (B)=t wo i n ch es wa t er
ga u ge. Th e en di n g su i t pr essu r e (C) sh a l l be
n o l ess t h a n 80 per cen t of t h e t est pr essu r e
(B); i . e. , t h e pr essu r e dr op sh a l l n ot exceed 20
per cen t of t h e t est pr essu r e (B).
6. 1. 5 I n fl a t e t h e su i t u n t i l t h e pr essu r e i n -
si de i s equ a l t o pr essu r e (A), t h e pr e-t est ex-
pa n si on su i t pr essu r e. Al l ow a t l ea st on e
mi n u t e t o fi l l ou t t h e wr i n k l es i n t h e su i t .
Rel ea se su ffi ci en t a i r t o r edu ce t h e su i t pr es-
su r e t o pr essu r e (B), t h e su i t t est pr essu r e.
Begi n t i mi n g. At t h e en d of t h r ee mi n u t es,
r ecor d t h e su i t pr essu r e a s pr essu r e (C), t h e
en di n g su i t pr essu r e. Th e di ffer en ce bet ween
t h e su i t t est pr essu r e a n d t h e en di n g su i t
t est pr essu r e (B-C) sh a l l be defi n ed a s t h e
su i t pr essu r e dr op.
6. 1. 6 I f t h e su i t pr essu r e dr op i s mor e t h a n
20 per cen t of t h e su i t t est pr essu r e (B) du r i n g
t h e t h r ee-mi n u t e t est per i od, t h e su i t fa i l s
t h e t est a n d sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
7. 0Ret est P r ocedu r e
7. 1 I f t h e su i t fa i l s t h e t est ch eck for l ea k s
by i n fl a t i n g t h e su i t t o pr essu r e (A) a n d
br u sh i n g or wi pi n g t h e en t i r e su i t (i n cl u di n g
sea ms, cl osu r es, l en s ga sk et s, gl ove-t o-sl eeve
j oi n t s, et c. ) wi t h a mi l d soa p a n d wa t er sol u -
t i on . Obser ve t h e su i t for t h e for ma t i on of
soa p bu bbl es, wh i ch i s a n i n di ca t i on of a
l ea k . Repa i r a l l i den t i fi ed l ea k s.
7. 2 Ret est t h e TECP su i t a s ou t l i n ed i n
Test pr ocedu r e 6. 0.
8. 0Repor t
8. 1 Ea ch TECP su i t t est ed by t h i s pr a ct i ce
sh a l l h a ve t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on r e-
cor ded:
8. 1. 1 Un i qu e i den t i fi ca t i on n u mber , i den t i -
fy i n g br a n d n a me, da t e of pu r ch a se, ma t er i a l
of con st r u ct i on , a n d u n i qu e fi t fea t u r es, e. g. ,
speci a l br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s.
8. 1. 2 Th e a ct u a l va l u es for t est pr essu r es
(A), (B), a n d (C) sh a l l be r ecor ded a l on g wi t h
t h e speci fi c obser va t i on t i mes. I f t h e en di n g
pr essu r e (C) i s l ess t h a n 80 per cen t of t h e t est
pr essu r e (B), t h e su i t sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a s
fa i l i n g t h e t est . Wh en possi bl e, t h e speci fi c
l ea k l oca t i on sh a l l be i den t i fi ed i n t h e t est
r ecor ds. Ret est pr essu r e da t a sh a l l be r e-
cor ded a s a n a ddi t i on a l t est .
8. 1. 3 Th e sou r ce of t h e t est a ppa r a t u s u sed
sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a n d t h e sen si t i vi t y of t h e
pr essu r e ga u ge sh a l l be r ecor ded.
8. 1. 4 Recor ds sh a l l be k ept for ea ch pr es-
su r e t est even i f r epa i r s a r e bei n g ma de a t
t h e t est l oca t i on .
CAUTI ON
Vi su a l l y i n spect a l l pa r t s of t h e su i t t o be
su r e t h ey a r e posi t i on ed cor r ect l y a n d se-
cu r ed t i gh t l y befor e pu t t i n g t h e su i t ba ck
i n t o ser vi ce. S peci a l ca r e sh ou l d be t a k en t o
exa mi n e ea ch exh a u st va l ve t o ma k e su r e i t
i s n ot bl ock ed.
Ca r e sh ou l d a l so be exer ci sed t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h e i n si de a n d ou t si de of t h e su i t i s
compl et el y dr y befor e i t i s pu t i n t o st or a ge.
B. T ot ally -en capsu lat in g ch emical prot ect ive
su it qu alit at ive leak t est
1. 0S cope
1. 1 Th i s pr a ct i ce semi -qu a l i t a t i vel y t est s
pr ot ect i ve su i t i n t egr i t y by det ect i n g i n wa r d
l ea k a ge of a mmon i a va por . S i n ce n o modi -
fi ca t i on s a r e ma de t o t h e su i t t o ca r r y ou t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
393
t h i s t est , t h e r esu l t s fr om t h i s pr a ct i ce pr o-
vi de a r ea l i st i c t est for t h e i n t egr i t y of t h e
en t i r e su i t .
1. 2 Resi st a n ce of t h e su i t ma t er i a l s t o per -
mea t i on , pen et r a t i on , a n d degr a da t i on i s n ot
det er mi n ed by t h i s t est met h od. AS TM t est
met h ods a r e a va i l a bl e t o t est su i t ma t er i a l s
for t h ese ch a r a ct er i st i cs a n d t h e t est s a r e
u su a l l y con du ct ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s of
t h e su i t s.
2. 0Defi n i t i on of t er ms
2. 1 T ot ally -en capsu lat ed ch emical prot ect ive
su it (T ECP su it ) mea n s a fu l l body ga r men t
wh i ch i s con st r u ct ed of pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
ma t er i a l s; cover s t h e wea r er s t or so, h ea d,
a r ms, l egs a n d r espi r a t or ; ma y cover t h e
wea r er s h a n ds a n d feet wi t h t i gh t l y a t -
t a ch ed gl oves a n d boot s; compl et el y en cl oses
t h e wea r er a n d r espi r a t or by i t sel f or i n com-
bi n a t i on wi t h t h e wea r er s gl oves, a n d boot s.
2. 2 Prot ect ive clot h in g mat erial mea n s a n y
ma t er i a l or combi n a t i on of ma t er i a l s u sed i n
a n i t em of cl ot h i n g for t h e pu r pose of i so-
l a t i n g pa r t s of t h e body fr om di r ect con t a ct
wi t h a pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s l i qu i d or ga s-
eou s ch emi ca l s.
2. 3 Gas t igh t mea n s, for t h e pu r pose of t h i s
t est met h od, t h e l i mi t ed fl ow of a ga s u n der
pr essu r e fr om t h e i n si de of a TECP su i t t o
a t mosph er e a t a pr escr i bed pr essu r e a n d
t i me i n t er va l .
2. 4 I n t ru sion Coef f icien t mea n s a n u mber ex-
pr essi n g t h e l evel of pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded by a
pr ot ect i ve su i t . Th e i n t r u si on coeffi ci en t i s
ca l cu l a t ed by di vi di n g t h e t est r oom ch a l -
l en ge a gen t con cen t r a t i on by t h e con cen t r a -
t i on of ch a l l en ge a gen t fou n d i n si de t h e su i t .
Th e a ccu r a cy of t h e i n t r u si on coeffi ci en t i s
depen den t on t h e ch a l l en ge a gen t mon i t or i n g
met h ods. Th e l a r ger t h e i n t r u si on coeffi ci en t
t h e gr ea t er t h e pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded by t h e
TECP su i t .
3. 0S u mma r y of r ecommen ded pr a ct i ce
3. 1 Th e vol u me of con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s
a mmon i a sol u t i on (a mmon i a h y dr oxi de NH4
OH) r equ i r ed t o gen er a t e t h e t est a t mos-
ph er e i s det er mi n ed u si n g t h e di r ect i on s ou t -
l i n ed i n 6. 1. Th e su i t i s don n ed by a per son
wea r i n g t h e a ppr opr i a t e r espi r a t or y equ i p-
men t (ei t h er a posi t i ve pr essu r e sel f-con -
t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s or a posi t i ve
pr essu r e su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or ) a n d wor n i n -
si de t h e en cl osed t est r oom. Th e con -
cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmon i a sol u t i on i s
t a k en by t h e su i t ed i n di vi du a l i n t o t h e t est
r oom a n d pou r ed i n t o a n open pl a st i c pa n . A
t wo-mi n u t e eva por a t i on per i od i s obser ved
befor e t h e t est r oom con cen t r a t i on i s mea s-
u r ed, u si n g a h i gh r a n ge a mmon i a l en gt h of
st a i n det ect or t u be. Wh en t h e a mmon i a
va por r ea ch es a con cen t r a t i on of bet ween
1000 a n d 1200 ppm, t h e su i t ed i n di vi du a l
st a r t s a st a n da r di zed exer ci se pr ot ocol t o
st r ess a n d fl ex t h e su i t . Aft er t h i s pr ot ocol i s
compl et ed, t h e t est r oom con cen t r a t i on i s
mea su r ed a ga i n . Th e su i t ed i n di vi du a l exi t s
t h e t est r oom a n d h i s st a n d-by per son mea s-
u r es t h e a mmon i a con cen t r a t i on i n si de t h e
su i t u si n g a l ow r a n ge a mmon i a l en gt h of
st a i n det ect or t u be or ot h er mor e sen si t i ve
a mmon i a det ect or . A st a n d-by per son i s r e-
qu i r ed t o obser ve t h e t est i n di vi du a l du r i n g
t h e t est pr ocedu r e; a i d t h e per son i n don n i n g
a n d doffi n g t h e TECP su i t ; a n d mon i t or t h e
su i t i n t er i or . Th e i n t r u si on coeffi ci en t of t h e
su i t ca n be ca l cu l a t ed by di vi di n g t h e a ver -
a ge t est a r ea con cen t r a t i on by t h e i n t er i or
su i t con cen t r a t i on . A col or i met r i c a mmon i a
i n di ca t or st r i p of br omoph en ol bl u e or equ i v-
a l en t i s pl a ced on t h e i n si de of t h e su i t fa ce
pi ece l en s so t h a t t h e su i t ed i n di vi du a l i s
a bl e t o det ect a col or ch a n ge a n d k n ow i f t h e
su i t h a s a si gn i fi ca n t l ea k . I f a col or ch a n ge
i s obser ved t h e i n di vi du a l sh a l l l ea ve t h e t est
r oom i mmedi a t el y .
4. 0Requ i r ed su ppl i es
4. 1 A su ppl y of con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a m-
mon i u m h y dr oxi de (58% by wei gh t ).
4. 2 A su ppl y of br omoph en ol /bl u e i n di -
ca t i n g pa per or equ i va l en t , sen si t i ve t o 510
ppm a mmon i a or gr ea t er over a t wo-mi n u t e
per i od of exposu r e. [pH 3. 0 (y el l ow) t o pH 4. 6
(bl u e)]
4. 3 A su ppl y of h i gh r a n ge (0. 510 vol u me
per cen t ) a n d l ow r a n ge (5700 ppm) det ect or
t u bes for a mmon i a a n d t h e cor r espon di n g
sa mpl i n g pu mp. Mor e sen si t i ve a mmon i a de-
t ect or s ca n be su bst i t u t ed for t h e l ow r a n ge
det ect or t u bes t o i mpr ove t h e sen si t i vi t y of
t h i s pr a ct i ce.
4. 4 A sh a l l ow pl a st i c pa n (P VC) a t l ea st
12:14:1 a n d a h a l f pi n t pl a st i c con t a i n er
(P VC) wi t h t i gh t l y cl osi n g l i d.
4. 5 A gr a du a t ed cy l i n der or ot h er vol u -
met r i c mea su r i n g devi ce of a t l ea st 50 mi l l i -
l i t er s i n vol u me wi t h a n a ccu r a cy of a t l ea st
t1 mi l l i l i t er s.
5. 0S a fet y pr eca u t i on s
5. 1 Con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmon i u m h y -
dr oxi de, NH4 OH, i s a cor r osi ve vol a t i l e l i q-
u i d r equ i r i n g ey e, sk i n , a n d r espi r a t or y pr o-
t ect i on . Th e per son con du ct i n g t h e t est sh a l l
r evi ew t h e MS DS for a qu eou s a mmon i a .
5. 2 S i n ce t h e est a bl i sh ed per mi ssi bl e ex-
posu r e l i mi t for a mmon i a i s 35 ppm a s a 15
mi n u t e S TEL, on l y per son s wea r i n g a posi -
t i ve pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s or a posi t i ve pr essu r e su ppl i ed a i r r es-
pi r a t or sh a l l be i n t h e ch a mber . Nor ma l l y
on l y t h e per son wea r i n g t h e t ot a l l y -en ca p-
su l a t i n g su i t wi l l be i n si de t h e ch a mber . A
st a n d-by per son sh a l l h a ve a posi t i ve pr es-
su r e sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s, or a
posi t i ve pr essu r e su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or
a va i l a bl e t o en t er t h e t est a r ea sh ou l d t h e
su i t ed i n di vi du a l n eed a ssi st a n ce.
5. 3 A met h od t o mon i t or t h e su i t ed i n di -
vi du a l mu st be u sed du r i n g t h i s t est . Vi su a l
con t a ct i s t h e si mpl est bu t ot h er met h ods
u si n g commu n i ca t i on devi ces a r e a ccept a bl e.
5. 4 Th e t est r oom sh a l l be l a r ge en ou gh t o
a l l ow t h e exer ci se pr ot ocol t o be ca r r i ed ou t
a n d t h en t o be ven t i l a t ed t o a l l ow for ea sy
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
394
exh a u st of t h e a mmon i a t est a t mosph er e
a ft er t h e t est (s) a r e compl et ed.
5. 5 I n di vi du a l s sh a l l be medi ca l l y
scr een ed for t h e u se of r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on
a n d ch eck ed for a l l er gi es t o a mmon i a befor e
pa r t i ci pa t i n g i n t h i s t est pr ocedu r e.
6. 0Test pr ocedu r e
6. 1. 1 Mea su r e t h e t est a r ea t o t h e n ea r est
foot a n d ca l cu l a t e i t s vol u me i n cu bi c feet .
Mu l t i pl y t h e t est a r ea vol u me by 0. 2 mi l l i -
l i t er s of con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmon i a so-
l u t i on per cu bi c foot of t est a r ea vol u me t o
det er mi n e t h e a ppr oxi ma t e vol u me of con -
cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmon i a r equ i r ed t o gen -
er a t e 1000 ppm i n t h e t est a r ea .
6. 1. 2 Mea su r e t h i s vol u me fr om t h e su ppl y
of con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmon i a a n d pl a ce
i t i n t o a cl osed pl a st i c con t a i n er .
6. 1. 3 P l a ce t h e con t a i n er , sever a l h i gh
r a n ge a mmon i a det ect or t u bes, a n d t h e pu mp
i n t h e cl ea n t est pa n a n d l oca t e i t n ea r t h e
t est a r ea en t r y door so t h a t t h e su i t ed i n di -
vi du a l h a s ea sy a ccess t o t h ese su ppl i es.
6. 2. 1 I n a n on -con t a mi n a t ed a t mosph er e,
open a pr e-sea l ed a mmon i a i n di ca t or st r i p
a n d fa st en on e en d of t h e st r i p t o t h e i n si de
of t h e su i t fa ce sh i el d l en s wh er e i t ca n be
seen by t h e wea r er . Moi st en t h e i n di ca t or
st r i p wi t h di st i l l ed wa t er . Ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en n ot t o con t a mi n a t e t h e det ect or pa r t
of t h e i n di ca t or pa per by t ou ch i n g i t . A
sma l l pi ece of ma sk i n g t a pe or equ i va l en t
sh ou l d be u sed t o a t t a ch t h e i n di ca t or st r i p
t o t h e i n t er i or of t h e su i t fa ce sh i el d.
6. 2. 2 I f pr obl ems a r e en cou n t er ed wi t h
t h i s met h od of a t t a ch men t , t h e i n di ca t or
st r i p ca n be a t t a ch ed t o t h e ou t si de of t h e
r espi r a t or fa ce pi ece l en s bei n g u sed du r i n g
t h e t est .
6. 3 Don t h e r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i ve devi ce
n or ma l l y u sed wi t h t h e su i t , a n d t h en don
t h e TECP su i t t o be t est ed. Ch eck t o be su r e
a l l open i n gs wh i ch a r e i n t en ded t o be sea l ed
(zi pper s, gl oves, et c. ) a r e compl et el y sea l ed.
DO NOT, h owever , pl u g off a n y ven t i n g
va l ves.
6. 4 S t ep i n t o t h e en cl osed t est r oom su ch
a s a cl oset , ba t h r oom, or t est boot h ,
equ i pped wi t h a n exh a u st fa n . No a i r sh ou l d
be exh a u st ed fr om t h e ch a mber du r i n g t h e
t est beca u se t h i s wi l l di l u t e t h e a mmon i a
ch a l l en ge con cen t r a t i on s.
6. 5 Open t h e con t a i n er wi t h t h e pr e-mea s-
u r ed vol u me of con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a mmo-
n i a wi t h i n t h e en cl osed t est r oom, a n d pou r
t h e l i qu i d i n t o t h e empt y pl a st i c t est pa n .
Wa i t t wo mi n u t es t o a l l ow for a dequ a t e vol a -
t i l i za t i on of t h e con cen t r a t ed a qu eou s a m-
mon i a . A sma l l mi xi n g fa n ca n be u sed n ea r
t h e eva por a t i on pa n t o i n cr ea se t h e eva po-
r a t i on r a t e of t h e a mmon i a sol u t i on .
6. 6 Aft er t wo mi n u t es a det er mi n a t i on of
t h e a mmon i a con cen t r a t i on wi t h i n t h e
ch a mber sh ou l d be ma de u si n g t h e h i gh
r a n ge col or i met r i c det ect or t u be. A con -
cen t r a t i on of 1000 ppm a mmon i a or gr ea t er
sh a l l be gen er a t ed befor e t h e exer ci ses a r e
st a r t ed.
6. 7 To t est t h e i n t egr i t y of t h e su i t t h e
fol l owi n g fou r mi n u t e exer ci se pr ot ocol
sh ou l d be fol l owed:
6. 7. 1 Ra i si n g t h e a r ms a bove t h e h ea d
wi t h a t l ea st 15 r a i si n g mot i on s compl et ed i n
on e mi n u t e.
6. 7. 2 Wa l k i n g i n pl a ce for on e mi n u t e wi t h
a t l ea st 15 r a i si n g mot i on s of ea ch l eg i n a
on e-mi n u t e per i od.
6. 7. 3 Tou ch i n g t h e t oes wi t h a l ea st 10
compl et e mot i on s of t h e a r ms fr om a bove
t h e h ea d t o t ou ch i n g of t h e t oes i n a on e-
mi n u t e per i od.
6. 7. 4 Kn ee ben ds wi t h a t l ea st 10 compl et e
st a n di n g a n d squ a t t i n g mot i on s i n a on e-
mi n u t e per i od.
6. 8 I f a t a n y t i me du r i n g t h e t est t h e col -
or i met r i c i n di ca t i n g pa per sh ou l d ch a n ge
col or s, t h e t est sh ou l d be st opped a n d sect i on
6. 10 a n d 6. 12 i n i t i a t ed (S ee 4. 2).
6. 9 Aft er compl et i on of t h e t est exer ci se,
t h e t est a r ea con cen t r a t i on sh ou l d be mea s-
u r ed a ga i n u si n g t h e h i gh r a n ge col or i met r i c
det ect or t u be.
6. 10 Exi t t h e t est a r ea .
6. 11 Th e open i n g cr ea t ed by t h e su i t zi p-
per or ot h er a ppr opr i a t e su i t pen et r a t i on
sh ou l d be u sed t o det er mi n e t h e a mmon i a
con cen t r a t i on i n t h e su i t wi t h t h e l ow r a n ge
l en gt h of st a i n det ect or t u be or ot h er a mmo-
n i a mon i t or . Th e i n t er n a l TECP su i t a i r
sh ou l d be sa mpl ed fa r en ou gh fr om t h e en -
cl osed t est a r ea t o pr even t a fa l se a mmon i a
r ea di n g.
6. 12 Aft er compl et i on of t h e mea su r emen t
of t h e su i t i n t er i or a mmon i a con cen t r a t i on
t h e t est i s con cl u ded a n d t h e su i t i s doffed
a n d t h e r espi r a t or r emoved.
6. 13 Th e ven t i l a t i n g fa n for t h e t est r oom
sh ou l d be t u r n ed on a n d a l l owed t o r u n for
en ou gh t i me t o r emove t h e a mmon i a ga s.
Th e fa n sh a l l be ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de of t h e
bu i l di n g.
6. 14 An y det ect a bl e a mmon i a i n t h e su i t
i n t er i or (fi ve ppm a mmon i a (NH3) or mor e
for t h e l en gt h of st a i n det ect or t u be) i n di -
ca t es t h a t t h e su i t h a s fa i l ed t h e t est . Wh en
ot h er a mmon i a det ect or s a r e u sed a l ower
l evel of det ect i on i s possi bl e, a n d i t sh ou l d be
speci fi ed a s t h e pa ss/fa i l cr i t er i a .
6. 15 By fol l owi n g t h i s t est met h od, a n i n -
t r u si on coeffi ci en t of a ppr oxi ma t el y 200 or
mor e ca n be mea su r ed wi t h t h e su i t i n a
compl et el y oper a t i on a l con di t i on . I f t h e i n -
t r u si on coeffi ci en t i s 200 or mor e, t h en t h e
su i t i s su i t a bl e for emer gen cy r espon se a n d
fi el d u se.
7. 0Ret est pr ocedu r es
7. 1 I f t h e su i t fa i l s t h i s t est , ch eck for
l ea k s by fol l owi n g t h e pr essu r e t est i n t est A
a bove.
7. 2 Ret est t h e TECP su i t a s ou t l i n ed i n
t h e t est pr ocedu r e 6. 0.
8. 0Repor t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
395
8. 1 Ea ch ga s t i gh t t ot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g
ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve su i t t est ed by t h i s pr a c-
t i ce sh a l l h a ve t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on r e-
cor ded.
8. 1. 1 Un i qu e i den t i fi ca t i on n u mber , i den -
t i fy i n g br a n d n a me, da t e of pu r ch a se, ma t e-
r i a l of con st r u ct i on , a n d u n i qu e su i t fea -
t u r es; e. g. , speci a l br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s.
8. 1. 2 Gen er a l descr i pt i on of t est r oom
u sed for t est .
8. 1. 3 Br a n d n a me a n d pu r ch a se da t e of
a mmon i a det ect or st r i ps a n d col or ch a n ge
da t a .
8. 1. 4 Br a n d n a me, sa mpl i n g r a n ge, a n d ex-
pi r a t i on da t e of t h e l en gt h of st a i n a mmon i a
det ect or t u bes. Th e br a n d n a me a n d model of
t h e sa mpl i n g pu mp sh ou l d a l so be r ecor ded.
I f a n ot h er t y pe of a mmon i a det ect or i s u sed,
i t sh ou l d be i den t i fi ed a l on g wi t h i t s mi n -
i mu m det ect i on l i mi t for a mmon i a .
8. 1. 5 Act u a l t est r esu l t s sh a l l l i st t h e t wo
t est a r ea con cen t r a t i on s, t h ei r a ver a ge, t h e
i n t er i or su i t con cen t r a t i on , a n d t h e ca l -
cu l a t ed i n t r u si on coeffi ci en t . Ret est da t a
sh a l l be r ecor ded a s a n a ddi t i on a l t est .
8. 2 Th e eva l u a t i on of t h e da t a sh a l l be
speci fi ed a s su i t pa ssed or su i t fa i l ed,
a n d t h e da t e of t h e t est . An y det ect a bl e a m-
mon i a (fi ve ppm or gr ea t er for t h e l en gt h of
st a i n det ect or t u be) i n t h e su i t i n t er i or i n di -
ca t es t h e su i t h a s fa i l ed t h i s t est . Wh en
ot h er a mmon i a det ect or s a r e u sed, a l ower
l evel of det ect i on i s possi bl e a n d i t sh ou l d be
speci fi ed a s t h e pa ss fa i l cr i t er i a .
CAUTI ON
Vi su a l l y i n spect a l l pa r t s of t h e su i t t o be
su r e t h ey a r e posi t i on ed cor r ect l y a n d se-
cu r ed t i gh t l y befor e pu t t i n g t h e su i t ba ck
i n t o ser vi ce. S peci a l ca r e sh ou l d be t a k en t o
exa mi n e ea ch exh a u st va l ve t o ma k e su r e i t
i s n ot bl ock ed.
Ca r e sh ou l d a l so be exer ci sed t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h e i n si de a n d ou t si de of t h e su i t i s
compl et el y dr y befor e i t i s pu t i n t o st or a ge.
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 120GENERAL DES CRI P -
TI ON AND DI S CUS S I ON OF THE LEVELS OF
P ROTECTI ON AND P ROTECTI VE GEAR
Th i s a ppen di x set s for t h i n for ma t i on a bou t
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t (P P E) pr ot ec-
t i on l evel s wh i ch ma y be u sed t o a ssi st em-
pl oy er s i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e P P E r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s sect i on .
As r equ i r ed by t h e st a n da r d, P P E mu st be
sel ect ed wh i ch wi l l pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om
t h e speci fi c h a za r ds wh i ch t h ey a r e l i k el y t o
en cou n t er du r i n g t h ei r wor k on -si t e.
S el ect i on of t h e a ppr opr i a t e P P E i s a com-
pl ex pr ocess wh i ch sh ou l d t a k e i n t o con si der -
a t i on a va r i et y of fa ct or s. Key fa ct or s i n -
vol ved i n t h i s pr ocess a r e i den t i fi ca t i on of
t h e h a za r ds, or su spect ed h a za r ds; t h ei r
r ou t es of pot en t i a l h a za r d t o empl oy ees (i n -
h a l a t i on , sk i n a bsor pt i on , i n gest i on , a n d ey e
or sk i n con t a ct ); a n d t h e per for ma n ce of t h e
P P E mat erials (a n d sea ms) i n pr ovi di n g a ba r -
r i er t o t h ese h a za r ds. Th e a mou n t of pr ot ec-
t i on pr ovi ded by P P E i s ma t er i a l -h a za r d spe-
ci fi c. Th a t i s, pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ma t e-
r i a l s wi l l pr ot ect wel l a ga i n st some h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces a n d poor l y , or n ot a t a l l ,
a ga i n st ot h er s. I n ma n y i n st a n ces, pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t ma t er i a l s ca n n ot be fou n d
wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de con t i n u ou s pr ot ect i on
fr om t h e pa r t i cu l a r h a za r dou s su bst a n ce. I n
t h ese ca ses t h e br ea k t h r ou gh t i me of t h e
pr ot ect i ve ma t er i a l sh ou l d exceed t h e wor k
du r a t i on s.
Ot h er fa ct or s i n t h i s sel ect i on pr ocess t o
be con si der ed a r e ma t ch i n g t h e P P E t o t h e
empl oy ees wor k r equ i r emen t s a n d t a sk -spe-
ci fi c con di t i on s. Th e du r a bi l i t y of P P E ma t e-
r i a l s, su ch a s t ea r st r en gt h a n d sea m
st r en gt h , sh ou l d be con si der ed i n r el a t i on t o
t h e empl oy ees t a sk s. Th e effect s of P P E i n
r el a t i on t o h ea t st r ess a n d t a sk du r a t i on a r e
a fa ct or i n sel ect i n g a n d u si n g P P E. I n some
ca ses l a y er s of P P E ma y be n ecessa r y t o pr o-
vi de su ffi ci en t pr ot ect i on , or t o pr ot ect ex-
pen si ve P P E i n n er ga r men t s, su i t s or equ i p-
men t .
Th e mor e t h a t i s k n own a bou t t h e h a za r ds
a t t h e si t e, t h e ea si er t h e j ob of P P E sel ec-
t i on becomes. As mor e i n for ma t i on a bou t
t h e h a za r ds a n d con di t i on s a t t h e si t e be-
comes a va i l a bl e, t h e si t e su per vi sor ca n
ma k e deci si on s t o u p-gr a de or down -gr a de
t h e l evel of P P E pr ot ect i on t o ma t ch t h e
t a sk s a t h a n d.
Th e fol l owi n g a r e gu i del i n es wh i ch a n em-
pl oy er ca n u se t o begi n t h e sel ect i on of t h e
a ppr opr i a t e P P E. As n ot ed a bove, t h e si t e i n -
for ma t i on ma y su ggest t h e u se of combi n a -
t i on s of P P E sel ect ed fr om t h e di ffer en t pr o-
t ect i on l evel s (i . e. , A, B, C, or D) a s bei n g
mor e su i t a bl e t o t h e h a za r ds of t h e wor k . I t
sh ou l d be ca u t i on ed t h a t t h e l i st i n g bel ow
does n ot fu l l y a ddr ess t h e per for ma n ce of t h e
speci fi c P P E ma t er i a l i n r el a t i on t o t h e spe-
ci fi c h a za r ds a t t h e j ob si t e, a n d t h a t P P E
sel ect i on , eva l u a t i on a n d r e-sel ect i on i s a n
on goi n g pr ocess u n t i l su ffi ci en t i n for ma t i on
a bou t t h e h a za r ds a n d P P E per for ma n ce i s
obt a i n ed.
Part A. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t i s
di vi ded i n t o fou r ca t egor i es ba sed on t h e de-
gr ee of pr ot ect i on a ffor ded. (S ee P a r t B of
t h i s a ppen di x for fu r t h er expl a n a t i on of Lev-
el s A, B, C, a n d D h a za r ds. )
I . L evel ATo be sel ect ed wh en t h e gr ea t -
est l evel of sk i n , r espi r a t or y , a n d ey e pr ot ec-
t i on i s r equ i r ed.
Th e fol l owi n g con st i t u t e Level A equ i p-
men t ; i t ma y be u sed a s a ppr opr i a t e;
1. P osi t i ve pr essu r e, fu l l fa ce-pi ece sel f-
con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s (S CBA), or
posi t i ve pr essu r e su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or wi t h
esca pe S CBA, a ppr oved by t h e Na t i on a l I n -
st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
(NI OS H).
2. Tot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g ch emi ca l -pr ot ec-
t i ve su i t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
396
1
Opt i on a l , a s a ppl i ca bl e.
3. Cover a l l s.
1

4. Lon g u n der wea r .
1

5. Gl oves, ou t er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t .
6. Gl oves, i n n er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t .
7. Boot s, ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t , st eel t oe a n d
sh a n k .
8. Ha r d h a t (u n der su i t ).
1

9. Di sposa bl e pr ot ect i ve su i t , gl oves a n d
boot s (depen di n g on su i t con st r u ct i on , ma y
be wor n over t ot a l l y -en ca psu l a t i n g su i t ).
I I . L evel BTh e h i gh est l evel of r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on i s n ecessa r y bu t a l esser
l evel of sk i n pr ot ect i on i s n eeded.
Th e fol l owi n g con st i t u t e Level B equ i p-
men t ; i t ma y be u sed a s a ppr opr i a t e.
1. P osi t i ve pr essu r e, fu l l -fa cepi ece sel f-con -
t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s (S CBA), or posi -
t i ve pr essu r e su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or wi t h es-
ca pe S CBA (NI OS H a ppr oved).
2. Hooded ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t cl ot h i n g
(over a l l s a n d l on g-sl eeved j a ck et ; cover a l l s;
on e or t wo-pi ece ch emi ca l -spl a sh su i t ; di s-
posa bl e ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t over a l l s).
3. Cover a l l s.
1

6. Boot s, ou t er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t st eel
t oe a n d sh a n k .
7. Boot -cover s, ou t er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t
(di sposa bl e).
1

8. Ha r d h a t .
1

9. [Reser ved]
10. F a ce sh i el d.
1

I I I . L evel CTh e con cen t r a t i on (s) a n d
t y pe(s) of a i r bor n e su bst a n ce(s) i s k n own a n d
t h e cr i t er i a for u si n g a i r pu r i fy i n g r es-
pi r a t or s a r e met .
Th e fol l owi n g con st i t u t e Level C equ i p-
men t ; i t ma y be u sed a s a ppr opr i a t e.
1. F u l l -fa ce or h a l f-ma sk , a i r pu r i fy i n g r es-
pi r a t or s (NI OS H a ppr oved).
2. Hooded ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t cl ot h i n g
(over a l l s; t wo-pi ece ch emi ca l -spl a sh su i t ;
di sposa bl e ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t over a l l s).
3. Cover a l l s.
1

6. Boot s (ou t er ), ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t st eel
t oe a n d sh a n k .
1

7. Boot -cover s, ou t er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t
(di sposa bl e)
1
.
8. Ha r d h a t .
1

9. Esca pe ma sk .
1

1

I V. L evel DA wor k u n i for m a ffor di n g
mi n i ma l pr ot ect i on , u sed for n u i sa n ce con -
t a mi n a t i on on l y .
Th e fol l owi n g con st i t u t e Level D equ i p-
men t ; i t ma y be u sed a s a ppr opr i a t e:
1. Cover a l l s.
2. Gl oves.
1

3. Boot s/sh oes, ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t st eel t oe
a n d sh a n k .
4. Boot s, ou t er , ch emi ca l -r esi st a n t (di spos-
a bl e).
1

5. S a fet y gl a sses or ch emi ca l spl a sh
goggl es*.
6. Ha r d h a t .
1

7. Esca pe ma sk .
1

1

Part B. Th e t y pes of h a za r ds for wh i ch l ev-
el s A, B, C, a n d D pr ot ect i on a r e a ppr opr i a t e
a r e descr i bed bel ow:
I . L evel ALevel A pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be
u sed wh en :
1. Th e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce h a s been i den -
t i fi ed a n d r equ i r es t h e h i gh est l evel of pr o-
t ect i on for sk i n , ey es, a n d t h e r espi r a t or y
sy st em ba sed on ei t h er t h e mea su r ed (or po-
t en t i a l for ) h i gh con cen t r a t i on of a t mos-
ph er i c va por s, ga ses, or pa r t i cu l a t es; or t h e
si t e oper a t i on s a n d wor k fu n ct i on s i n vol ve a
h i gh pot en t i a l for spl a sh , i mmer si on , or ex-
posu r e t o u n expect ed va por s, ga ses, or pa r -
t i cu l a t es of ma t er i a l s t h a t a r e h a r mfu l t o
sk i n or ca pa bl e of bei n g a bsor bed t h r ou gh
t h e sk i n ;
2. S u bst a n ces wi t h a h i gh degr ee of h a za r d
t o t h e sk i n a r e k n own or su spect ed t o be
pr esen t , a n d sk i n con t a ct i s possi bl e; or
3. Oper a t i on s a r e bei n g con du ct ed i n con -
fi n ed, poor l y ven t i l a t ed a r ea s, a n d t h e a b-
sen ce of con di t i on s r equ i r i n g Level A h a ve
n ot y et been det er mi n ed.
I I . L evel BLevel B pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be
u sed wh en :
1. Th e t y pe a n d a t mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on
of su bst a n ces h a ve been i den t i fi ed a n d r e-
qu i r e a h i gh l evel of r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on ,
bu t l ess sk i n pr ot ect i on ;
2. Th e a t mosph er e con t a i n s l ess t h a n 19. 5
per cen t oxy gen ; or
3. Th e pr esen ce of i n compl et el y i den t i fi ed
va por s or ga ses i s i n di ca t ed by a di r ect -r ea d-
i n g or ga n i c va por det ect i on i n st r u men t , bu t
va por s a n d ga ses a r e n ot su spect ed of con -
t a i n i n g h i gh l evel s of ch emi ca l s h a r mfu l t o
sk i n or ca pa bl e of bei n g a bsor bed t h r ou gh
t h e sk i n .
NOTE: Th i s i n vol ves a t mosph er es wi t h
I DLH con cen t r a t i on s of speci fi c su bst a n ces
t h a t pr esen t sever e i n h a l a t i on h a za r ds a n d
t h a t do n ot r epr esen t a sever e sk i n h a za r d;
or t h a t do n ot meet t h e cr i t er i a for u se of
a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or s.
I I I . L evel CLevel C pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be
u sed wh en :
1. Th e a t mosph er i c con t a mi n a n t s, l i qu i d
spl a sh es, or ot h er di r ect con t a ct wi l l n ot a d-
ver sel y a ffect or be a bsor bed t h r ou gh a n y ex-
posed sk i n ;
2. Th e t y pes of a i r con t a mi n a n t s h a ve been
i den t i fi ed, con cen t r a t i on s mea su r ed, a n d a n
a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or i s a va i l a bl e t h a t ca n
r emove t h e con t a mi n a n t s; a n d
3. Al l cr i t er i a for t h e u se of a i r -pu r i fy i n g
r espi r a t or s a r e met .
I V. L evel DLevel D pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be
u sed wh en :
1. Th e a t mosph er e con t a i n s n o k n own h a z-
a r d; a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
397
2. Wor k fu n ct i on s pr ecl u de spl a sh es, i m-
mer si on , or t h e pot en t i a l for u n expect ed i n -
h a l a t i on of or con t a ct wi t h h a za r dou s l evel s
of a n y ch emi ca l s.
NOTE: As st a t ed befor e, combi n a t i on s of
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ot h er t h a n
t h ose descr i bed for Level s A, B, C, a n d D pr o-
t ect i on ma y be mor e a ppr opr i a t e a n d ma y be
u sed t o pr ovi de t h e pr oper l evel of pr ot ec-
t i on .
As a n a i d i n sel ect i n g su i t a bl e ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g, i t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t
t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on
(NF P A) h a s devel oped st a n da r ds on ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g. Th e st a n da r ds t h a t h a ve
been a dopt ed by i n cl u de:
NF P A 1991S t a n da r d on Va por -P r ot ect i ve
S u i t s for Ha za r dou s Ch emi ca l Emer gen ci es
(EP A Level A P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h i n g).
NF P A 1992S t a n da r d on Li qu i d S pl a sh -
P r ot ect i ve S u i t s for Ha za r dou s Ch emi ca l
Emer gen ci es (EP A Level B P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h -
i n g).
NF P A 1993S t a n da r d on Li qu i d S pl a sh -
P r ot ect i ve S u i t s for Non -emer gen cy , Non -
fl a mma bl e Ha za r dou s Ch emi ca l S i t u a t i on s
(EP A Level B P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h i n g).
Th ese st a n da r ds a ppl y docu men t a t i on a n d
per for ma n ce r equ i r emen t s t o t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r e of ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve su i t s. Ch emi ca l
pr ot ect i ve su i t s meet i n g t h ese r equ i r emen t s
a r e l a bel l ed a s compl i a n t wi t h t h e a ppr o-
pr i a t e st a n da r d. I t i s r ecommen ded t h a t
ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve su i t s t h a t meet t h ese
st a n da r ds be u sed.
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 120COMP LI ANCE
GUI DELI NES
1. Occu pat ion al Saf et y an d Healt h Program.
Ea ch h a za r dou s wa st e si t e cl ea n -u p effor t
wi l l r equ i r e a n occu pa t i on a l sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m h ea ded by t h e si t e coor di -
n a t or or t h e empl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve. Th e
pu r pose of t h e pr ogr a m wi l l be t h e pr ot ec-
t i on of empl oy ees a t t h e si t e a n d wi l l be a n
ext en si on of t h e empl oy er s over a l l sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m. Th e pr ogr a m wi l l n eed
t o be devel oped befor e wor k begi n s on t h e
si t e a n d i mpl emen t ed a s wor k pr oceeds a s
st a t ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b). Th e pr ogr a m i s t o fa -
ci l i t a t e coor di n a t i on a n d commu n i ca t i on of
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h i ssu es a mon g per son n el r e-
spon si bl e for t h e va r i ou s a ct i vi t i es wh i ch
wi l l t a k e pl a ce a t t h e si t e. I t wi l l pr ovi de t h e
over a l l mea n s for pl a n n i n g a n d i mpl e-
men t i n g t h e n eeded sa fet y a n d h ea l t h t r a i n -
i n g a n d j ob or i en t a t i on of empl oy ees wh o
wi l l be wor k i n g a t t h e si t e. Th e pr ogr a m wi l l
pr ovi de t h e mea n s for i den t i fy i n g a n d con -
t r ol l i n g wor k si t e h a za r ds a n d t h e mea n s for
mon i t or i n g pr ogr a m effect i ven ess. Th e pr o-
gr a m wi l l n eed t o cover t h e r espon si bi l i t i es
a n d a u t h or i t y of t h e si t e coor di n a t or or t h e
empl oy er s ma n a ger on t h e si t e for t h e sa fe-
t y a n d h ea l t h of empl oy ees a t t h e si t e, a n d
t h e r el a t i on sh i ps wi t h con t r a ct or s or su ppor t
ser vi ces a s t o wh a t ea ch empl oy er s sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h r espon si bi l i t i es a r e for t h ei r em-
pl oy ees on t h e si t e. Ea ch con t r a ct or on t h e
si t e n eeds t o h a ve i t s own sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pr ogr a m so st r u ct u r ed t h a t i t wi l l smoot h l y
i n t er fa ce wi t h t h e pr ogr a m of t h e si t e coor -
di n a t or or pr i n ci pa l con t r a ct or .
Al so t h ose empl oy er s i n vol ved wi t h t r ea t -
i n g, st or i n g or di sposa l of h a za r dou s wa st e a s
cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph (p) mu st h a ve i mpl e-
men t ed a sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m for t h ei r
empl oy ees. Th i s pr ogr a m i s t o i n cl u de t h e
h a za r d commu n i ca t i on pr ogr a m r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (p)(1) a n d t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (p)(7) a n d (p)(8) a s pa r t s of t h e
empl oy er s compr eh en si ve over a l l sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m. Th i s pr ogr a m i s t o be i n
wr i t i n g.
Ea ch si t e or wor k pl a ce sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
pr ogr a m wi l l n eed t o i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) P ol i cy st a t emen t s of t h e l i n e of a u t h or i t y
a n d a ccou n t a bi l i t y for i mpl emen t i n g t h e
pr ogr a m, t h e obj ect i ves of t h e pr ogr a m a n d
t h e r ol e of t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h su per -
vi sor or ma n a ger a n d st a ff; (2) mea n s or
met h ods for t h e devel opmen t of pr ocedu r es
for i den t i fy i n g a n d con t r ol l i n g wor k pl a ce
h a za r ds a t t h e si t e; (3) mea n s or met h ods for
t h e devel opmen t a n d commu n i ca t i on t o em-
pl oy ees of t h e va r i ou s pl a n s, wor k r u l es,
st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d pr a ct i ces
t h a t per t a i n t o i n di vi du a l empl oy ees a n d su -
per vi sor s; (4) mea n s for t h e t r a i n i n g of su per -
vi sor s a n d empl oy ees t o devel op t h e n eeded
sk i l l s a n d k n owl edge t o per for m t h ei r wor k
i n a sa fe a n d h ea l t h fu l ma n n er ; (5) mea n s t o
a n t i ci pa t e a n d pr epa r e for emer gen cy si t u a -
t i on s; a n d (6) mea n s for obt a i n i n g i n for ma -
t i on feedba ck t o a i d i n eva l u a t i n g t h e pr o-
gr a m a n d for i mpr ovi n g t h e effect i ven ess of
t h e pr ogr a m. Th e ma n a gemen t a n d empl oy -
ees sh ou l d be t r y i n g con t i n u a l l y t o i mpr ove
t h e effect i ven ess of t h e pr ogr a m t h er eby en -
h a n ci n g t h e pr ot ect i on bei n g a ffor ded t h ose
wor k i n g on t h e si t e.
Acci den t s on t h e si t e or wor k pl a ce sh ou l d
be i n vest i ga t ed t o pr ovi de i n for ma t i on on
h ow su ch occu r r en ces ca n be a voi ded i n t h e
fu t u r e. Wh en i n j u r i es or i l l n esses occu r on
t h e si t e or wor k pl a ce, t h ey wi l l n eed t o be
i n vest i ga t ed t o det er mi n e wh a t n eeds t o be
don e t o pr even t t h i s i n ci den t fr om occu r r i n g
a ga i n . S u ch i n for ma t i on wi l l n eed t o be u sed
a s feedba ck on t h e effect i ven ess of t h e pr o-
gr a m a n d t h e i n for ma t i on t u r n ed i n t o posi -
t i ve st eps t o pr even t a n y r eoccu r r en ce. Re-
cei pt of empl oy ee su ggest i on s or compl a i n t s
r el a t i n g t o sa fet y a n d h ea l t h i ssu es i n vol ved
wi t h si t e or wor k pl a ce a ct i vi t i es i s a l so a
feedba ck mech a n i sm t h a t ca n be u sed effec-
t i vel y t o i mpr ove t h e pr ogr a m a n d ma y ser ve
i n pa r t a s a n eva l u a t i ve t ool (s).
F or t h e devel opmen t a n d i mpl emen t a t i on
of t h e pr ogr a m t o be t h e most effect i ve, pr o-
fessi on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h per son n el sh ou l d
be u sed. Cer t i fi ed S a fet y P r ofessi on a l s,
Boa r d Cer t i fi ed I n du st r i a l Hy gi en i st s or Reg-
i st er ed P r ofessi on a l S a fet y En gi n eer s a r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
398
good exa mpl es of pr ofessi on a l st a t u r e for
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h ma n a ger s wh o wi l l a dmi n -
i st er t h e empl oy er s pr ogr a m.
2. T rain in g. Th e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms for em-
pl oy ees su bj ect t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (e) of t h i s st a n da r d sh ou l d a ddr ess: t h e
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds empl oy ees sh ou l d
expect t o fi n d on h a za r dou s wa st e cl ea n -u p
si t es; wh a t con t r ol mea su r es or t ech n i qu es
a r e effect i ve for t h ose h a za r ds; wh a t mon i -
t or i n g pr ocedu r es a r e effect i ve i n ch a r a ct er -
i zi n g exposu r e l evel s; wh a t ma k es a n effec-
t i ve empl oy er s sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m;
wh a t a si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n sh ou l d i n -
cl u de; h a n ds on t r a i n i n g wi t h per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t a n d cl ot h i n g t h ey ma y be
expect ed t o u se; t h e con t en t s of t h e OS HA
st a n da r d r el eva n t t o t h e empl oy ees du t i es
a n d fu n ct i on ; a n d, empl oy ees r espon si bi l -
i t i es u n der OS HA a n d ot h er r egu l a t i on s. S u -
per vi sor s wi l l n eed t r a i n i n g i n t h ei r r espon -
si bi l i t i es u n der t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr o-
gr a m a n d i t s su bj ect a r ea s su ch a s t h e spi l l
con t a i n men t pr ogr a m, t h e per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t pr ogr a m, t h e medi ca l su r -
vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m, t h e emer gen cy r espon se
pl a n a n d ot h er a r ea s.
Th e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms for empl oy ees su b-
j ect t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (p) of
t h i s st a n da r d sh ou l d a ddr ess: t h e empl oy er s
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pr ogr a m el emen t s i mpa ct -
i n g empl oy ees; t h e h a za r d commu n i ca t i on
pr ogr a m; t h e medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m;
t h e h a za r ds a n d t h e con t r ol s for su ch h a za r ds
t h a t empl oy ees n eed t o k n ow for t h ei r j ob
du t i es a n d fu n ct i on s. Al l r equ i r e a n n u a l r e-
fr esh er t r a i n i n g.
Th e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms for empl oy ees cov-
er ed by t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (q) of
t h i s st a n da r d sh ou l d a ddr ess t h ose com-
pet en ci es r equ i r ed for t h e va r i ou s l evel s of
r espon se su ch a s: t h e h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces; h a za r d i den t i fi ca t i on
a n d a wa r en ess; n ot i fi ca t i on of a ppr opr i a t e
per son s; t h e n eed for a n d u se of per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g r espi r a t or s; t h e
decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es t o be u sed;
pr epl a n n i n g a ct i vi t i es for h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce i n ci den t s i n cl u di n g t h e emer gen cy
r epon se pl a n ; compa n y st a n da r d oper a t i n g
pr ocedu r es for h a za r dou s su bst a n ce emer -
gen cy r espon ses; t h e u se of t h e i n ci den t com-
ma n d sy st em a n d ot h er su bj ect s. Ha n ds-on
t r a i n i n g sh ou l d be st r essed wh en ever pos-
si bl e. Cr i t i qu es don e a ft er a n i n ci den t wh i ch
i n cl u de a n eva l u a t i on of wh a t wor k ed a n d
wh a t di d n ot a n d h ow cou l d t h e i n ci den t be
bet t er h a n dl ed t h e n ext t i me ma y be cou n t ed
a s t r a i n i n g t i me.
F or h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s speci a l i st s (u su -
a l l y member s of h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s t ea ms),
t h e t r a i n i n g sh ou l d a ddr ess t h e ca r e, u se a n d/
or t est i n g of ch emi ca l pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g i n -
cl u di n g t ot a l l y en ca psu l a t i n g su i t s, t h e med-
i ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m, t h e st a n da r d oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es for t h e h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s
t ea m i n cl u di n g t h e u se of pl u ggi n g a n d
pa t ch i n g equ i pmen t a n d ot h er su bj ect a r ea s.
Offi cer s a n d l ea der s wh o ma y be expect ed
t o be i n ch a r ge a t a n i n ci den t sh ou l d be fu l l y
k n owl edgea bl e of t h ei r compa n y s i n ci den t
comma n d sy st em. Th ey sh ou l d k n ow wh er e
a n d h ow t o obt a i n a ddi t i on a l a ssi st a n ce a n d
be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e l oca l di st r i ct s emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n a n d t h e st a t e emer gen cy
r espon se pl a n .
S peci a l i st empl oy ees su ch a s t ech n i ca l ex-
per t s, medi ca l exper t s or en vi r on men t a l ex-
per t s t h a t wor k wi t h h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s i n
t h ei r r egu l a r j obs, wh o ma y be sen t t o t h e
i n ci den t scen e by t h e sh i pper , ma n u fa ct u r er
or gover n men t a l a gen cy t o a dvi se a n d a ssi st
t h e per son i n ch a r ge of t h e i n ci den t sh ou l d
h a ve t r a i n i n g on a n a n n u a l ba si s. Th ei r
t r a i n i n g sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e ca r e a n d u se of
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g r es-
pi r a t or s; k n owl edge of t h e i n ci den t com-
ma n d sy st em a n d h ow t h ey a r e t o r el a t e t o
i t ; a n d t h ose a r ea s n eeded t o k eep t h em cu r -
r en t i n t h ei r r espect i ve fi el d a s i t r el a t es t o
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h i n vol vi n g speci fi c h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ces.
Th ose sk i l l ed su ppor t per son n el , su ch a s
empl oy ees wh o wor k for pu bl i c wor k s depa r t -
men t s or equ i pmen t oper a t or s wh o oper a t e
bu l l dozer s, sa n d t r u ck s, ba ck h oes, et c. , wh o
ma y be ca l l ed t o t h e i n ci den t scen e t o pr o-
vi de emer gen cy su ppor t a ssi st a n ce, sh ou l d
h a ve a t l ea st a sa fet y a n d h ea l t h br i efi n g be-
for e en t er i n g t h e a r ea of pot en t i a l or a ct u a l
exposu r e. Th ese sk i l l ed su ppor t per son n el ,
wh o h a ve n ot been a pa r t of t h e emer gen cy
r espon se pl a n a n d do n ot meet t h e t r a i n i n g
r equ i r emen t s, sh ou l d be ma de a wa r e of t h e
h a za r ds t h ey fa ce a n d sh ou l d be pr ovi ded a l l
n ecessa r y pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g a n d equ i pmen t
r equ i r ed for t h ei r t a sk s.
Th er e a r e t wo Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on As-
soci a t i on st a n da r ds, NF P A 472S t a n da r d
for P r ofessi on a l Compet en ce of Respon der s
t o Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l I n ci den t s a n d NF P A
471Recommen ded P r a ct i ce for Respon di n g
t o Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l I n ci den t s, wh i ch a r e
excel l en t r esou r ce docu men t s t o a i d fi r e de-
pa r t men t s a n d ot h er emer gen cy r espon se or -
ga n i za t i on s i n devel opi n g t h ei r t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a m ma t er i a l s. NF P A 472 pr ovi des gu i da n ce
on t h e sk i l l s a n d k n owl edge n eeded for fi r st
r espon der a wa r en ess l evel , fi r st r espon der
oper a t i on s l evel , h a zma t t ech n i ci a n s, a n d
h a zma t speci a l i st . I t a l so offer s gu i da n ce for
t h e offi cer cor p wh o wi l l be i n ch a r ge of h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce i n ci den t s.
3. Decon t amin at ion . Decon t a mi n a t i on pr o-
cedu r es sh ou l d be t a i l or ed t o t h e speci fi c
h a za r ds of t h e si t e, a n d ma y va r y i n com-
pl exi t y a n d n u mber of st eps, depen di n g on
t h e l evel of h a za r d a n d t h e empl oy ees expo-
su r e t o t h e h a za r d. Decon t a mi n a t i on pr oce-
du r es a n d P P E decon t a mi n a t i on met h ods
wi l l va r y depen di n g u pon t h e speci fi c su b-
st a n ce, si n ce on e pr ocedu r e or met h od ma y
n ot wor k for a l l su bst a n ces. Eva l u a t i on of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
399
decon t a mi n a t i on met h ods a n d pr ocedu r es
sh ou l d be per for med, a s n ecessa r y , t o a ssu r e
t h a t empl oy ees a r e n ot exposed t o h a za r ds
by r e-u si n g P P E. Refer en ces i n a ppen di x D
ma y be u sed for gu i da n ce i n est a bl i sh i n g a n
effect i ve decon t a mi n a t i on pr ogr a m. I n a ddi -
t i on , t h e U. S . Coa st Gu a r ds Ma n u a l , P ol i cy
Gu i da n ce for Respon se t o Ha za r dou s Ch em-
i ca l Rel ea ses, U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor -
t a t i on , Wa sh i n gt on , DC (COMDTI NS T
M16465. 30) i s a good r efer en ce for est a bl i sh i n g
a n effect i ve decon t a mi n a t i on pr ogr a m.
4. Emergen cy respon se plan s. S t a t es, a l on g
wi t h desi gn a t ed di st r i ct s wi t h i n t h e st a t es,
wi l l be devel opi n g or h a ve devel oped l oca l
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n s. Th ese st a t e a n d
di st r i ct pl a n s sh ou l d be u t i l i zed i n t h e emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n s ca l l ed for i n t h e st a n d-
a r d. Ea ch empl oy er sh ou l d a ssu r e t h a t i t s
emer gen cy r espon se pl a n i s compa t i bl e wi t h
t h e l oca l pl a n . Th e ma j or r efer en ce bei n g
u sed t o a i d i n devel opi n g t h e st a t e a n d l oca l
di st r i ct pl a n s i s t h e Hazardou s Mat erials
Emergen cy Plan n in g Gu ide, NRT1. Th e cu r -
r en t Emer gen cy Respon se Gu i debook fr om
t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on ,
CMAs CHEMTREC a n d t h e F i r e S er vi ce
Emer gen cy Ma n a gemen t Ha n dbook ma y a l so
be u sed a s r esou r ces.
Empl oy er s i n vol ved wi t h t r ea t men t , st or -
a ge, a n d di sposa l fa ci l i t i es for h a za r dou s
wa st e, wh i ch h a ve t h e r equ i r ed con t i n gen cy
pl a n ca l l ed for by t h ei r per mi t , wou l d n ot
n eed t o du pl i ca t e t h e sa me pl a n n i n g el e-
men t s. Th ose i t ems of t h e emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n t h a t a r e pr oper l y a ddr essed i n
t h e con t i n gen cy pl a n ma y be su bst i t u t ed
i n t o t h e emer gen cy r espon se pl a n r equ i r ed i n
1910. 120 or ot h er wi se k ept t oget h er for em-
pl oy er a n d empl oy ee u se.
5. Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t programs.
Th e pu r pose of per son a l pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
a n d equ i pmen t (P P E) i s t o sh i el d or i sol a t e
i n di vi du a l s fr om t h e ch emi ca l , ph y si ca l , a n d
bi ol ogi c h a za r ds t h a t ma y be en cou n t er ed a t
a h a za r dou s su bst a n ce si t e.
As di scu ssed i n a ppen di x B, n o si n gl e com-
bi n a t i on of pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t a n d cl ot h -
i n g i s ca pa bl e of pr ot ect i n g a ga i n st a l l h a z-
a r ds. Th u s P P E sh ou l d be u sed i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h ot h er pr ot ect i ve met h ods a n d i t s
effect i ven ess eva l u a t ed per i odi ca l l y .
Th e u se of P P E ca n i t sel f cr ea t e si gn i fi ca n t
wor k er h a za r ds, su ch a s h ea t st r ess, ph y si ca l
a n d psy ch ol ogi ca l st r ess, a n d i mpa i r ed vi -
si on , mobi l i t y , a n d commu n i ca t i on . F or a n y
gi ven si t u a t i on , equ i pmen t a n d cl ot h i n g
sh ou l d be sel ect ed t h a t pr ovi de a n a dequ a t e
l evel of pr ot ect i on . However , over -pr ot ec-
t i on , a s wel l a s u n der -pr ot ect i on , ca n be h a z-
a r dou s a n d sh ou l d be a voi ded wh er e possi bl e.
Two ba si c obj ect i ves of a n y P P E pr ogr a m
sh ou l d be t o pr ot ect t h e wea r er fr om sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds, a n d t o pr even t i n j u r y t o
t h e wea r er fr om i n cor r ect u se a n d/or ma l -
fu n ct i on of t h e P P E. To a ccompl i sh t h ese
goa l s, a compr eh en si ve P P E pr ogr a m sh ou l d
i n cl u de h a za r d i den t i fi ca t i on , medi ca l mon i -
t or i n g, en vi r on men t a l su r vei l l a n ce, sel ec-
t i on , u se, ma i n t en a n ce, a n d decon t a mi n a t i on
of P P E a n d i t s a ssoci a t ed t r a i n i n g.
Th e wr i t t en P P E pr ogr a m sh ou l d i n cl u de
pol i cy st a t emen t s, pr ocedu r es, a n d gu i de-
l i n es. Copi es sh ou l d be ma de a va i l a bl e t o a l l
empl oy ees, a n d a r efer en ce copy sh ou l d be
ma de a va i l a bl e a t t h e wor k si t e. Tech n i ca l
da t a on equ i pmen t , ma i n t en a n ce ma n u a l s,
r el eva n t r egu l a t i on s, a n d ot h er essen t i a l i n -
for ma t i on sh ou l d a l so be col l ect ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed.
6. I n ciden t comman d sy st em (I CS). P a r a gr a ph
1910. 120(q)(3)(i i ) r equ i r es t h e i mpl emen t a t i on
of a n I CS . Th e I CS i s a n or ga n i zed a ppr oa ch
t o effect i vel y con t r ol a n d man age oper a t i on s
a t a n emer gen cy i n ci den t . Th e i n di vi du a l i n
ch a r ge of t h e I CS i s t h e sen i or offi ci a l r e-
spon di n g t o t h e i n ci den t . Th e I CS i s n ot
mu ch di ffer en t t h a n t h e comma n d post a p-
pr oa ch u sed for ma n y y ea r s by t h e fi r e ser v-
i ce. Du r i n g l a r ge compl ex fi r es i n vol vi n g sev-
er a l compa n i es a n d ma n y pi eces of a ppa -
r a t u s, a comma n d post wou l d be est a bl i sh ed.
Th i s en a bl ed on e i n di vi du a l t o be i n ch a r ge of
ma n a gi n g t h e i n ci den t , r a t h er t h a n h a vi n g
sever a l offi cer s fr om di ffer en t compa n i es
ma k i n g sepa r a t e, a n d somet i mes con fl i ct i n g,
deci si on s. Th e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
comma n d post wou l d del ega t e r espon si bi l i t y
for per for mi n g va r i ou s t a sk s t o su bor di n a t e
offi cer s. Addi t i on a l l y , a l l commu n i ca t i on s
wer e r ou t ed t h r ou gh t h e comma n d post t o
r edu ce t h e n u mber of r a di o t r a n smi ssi on s
a n d el i mi n a t e con fu si on . However , st r a t egy ,
t a ct i cs, a n d a l l deci si on s wer e ma de by on e
i n di vi du a l .
Th e I CS i s a ver y si mi l a r sy st em, except i t
i s i mpl emen t ed for emer gen cy r espon se t o
a l l i n ci den t s, bot h l a r ge a n d sma l l , t h a t i n -
vol ve h a za r dou s su bst a n ces.
F or a sma l l i n ci den t , t h e i n di vi du a l i n
ch a r ge of t h e I CS ma y per for m ma n y t a sk s
of t h e I CS . Th er e ma y n ot be a n y , or l i t t l e,
del ega t i on of t a sk s t o su bor di n a t es. F or ex-
a mpl e, i n r espon se t o a sma l l i n ci den t , t h e
i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e I CS , i n a ddi t i on
t o n or ma l comma n d a ct i vi t i es, ma y become
t h e sa fet y offi cer a n d ma y desi gn a t e on l y
on e empl oy ee (wi t h pr oper equ i pmen t ) a s a
ba ck -u p t o pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce i f n eeded.
OS HA does r ecommen d, h owever , t h a t a t
l ea st t wo empl oy ees be desi gn a t ed a s ba ck -
u p per son n el si n ce t h e a ssi st a n ce n eeded
ma y i n cl u de r escu e.
To i l l u st r a t e t h e oper a t i on of t h e I CS , t h e
fol l owi n g scen a r i o mi gh t devel op du r i n g a
sma l l i n ci den t , su ch a s a n over t u r n ed t a n k
t r u ck wi t h a sma l l l ea k of fl a mma bl e l i qu i d.
Th e fi r st r espon di n g sen i or offi cer wou l d
i mpl emen t a n d t a k e comma n d of t h e I CS .
Th a t per son wou l d si ze-u p t h e i n ci den t a n d
det er mi n e i f a ddi t i on a l per son n el a n d a ppa -
r a t u s wer e n ecessa r y ; wou l d det er mi n e wh a t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
400
a ct i on s t o t a k e t o con t r ol t h e l ea k ; a n d, de-
t er mi n e t h e pr oper l evel of per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t . I f a ddi t i on a l a ssi st a n ce i s
n ot n eeded, t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS wou l d i mpl emen t a ct i on s t o st op a n d
con t r ol t h e l ea k u si n g t h e fewest n u mber of
per son n el t h a t ca n effect i vel y a ccompl i sh
t h e t a sk s. Th e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e
I CS t h en wou l d desi gn a t e h i msel f a s t h e sa fe-
t y offi cer a n d t wo ot h er empl oy ees a s a
ba ck -u p i n ca se r escu e ma y become n ec-
essa r y . I n t h i s scen a r i o, decon t a mi n a t i on
pr ocedu r es wou l d n ot be n ecessa r y .
A l a r ge compl ex i n ci den t ma y r equ i r e
ma n y empl oy ees a n d di ffi cu l t , t i me-con -
su mi n g effor t s t o con t r ol . I n t h ese si t u a -
t i on s, t h e i n di vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e I CS wi l l
wa n t t o del ega t e di ffer en t t a sk s t o su bor di -
n a t es i n or der t o ma i n t a i n a spa n of con t r ol
t h a t wi l l k eep t h e n u mber of su bor di n a t es,
t h a t a r e r epor t i n g, t o a ma n a gea bl e l evel .
Del ega t i on of t a sk a t l a r ge i n ci den t s ma y
be by l oca t i on , wh er e t h e i n ci den t scen e i s
di vi ded i n t o sect or s, a n d su bor di n a t e offi cer s
coor di n a t e a ct i vi t i es wi t h i n t h e sect or t h a t
t h ey h a ve been a ssi gn ed.
Del ega t i on of t a sk s ca n a l so be by fu n c-
t i on . S ome of t h e fu n ct i on s t h a t t h e i n di -
vi du a l i n ch a r ge of t h e I CS ma y wa n t t o del -
ega t e a t a l a r ge i n ci den t a r e: medi ca l ser v-
i ces; eva cu a t i on ; wa t er su ppl y ; r esou r ces
(equ i pmen t , a ppa r a t u s); medi a r el a t i on s;
sa fet y ; a n d, si t e con t r ol (i n t egr a t e a ct i vi t i es
wi t h pol i ce for cr owd a n d t r a ffi c con t r ol ).
Al so for a l a r ge i n ci den t , t h e i n di vi du a l i n
ch a r ge of t h e I CS wi l l desi gn a t e sever a l em-
pl oy ees a s ba ck -u p per son n el ; a n d a n u mber
of sa fet y offi cer s t o mon i t or con di t i on s a n d
r ecommen d sa fet y pr eca u t i on s.
Th er efor e, n o ma t t er wh a t si ze or com-
pl exi t y a n i n ci den t ma y be, by i mpl emen t i n g
a n I CS t h er e wi l l be on e in dividu al in ch arge
wh o ma k es t h e deci si on s a n d gi ves di r ec-
t i on s; a n d, a l l a ct i on s, a n d commu n i ca t i on s
a r e coor di n a t ed t h r ou gh on e cen t r a l poi n t of
comma n d. S u ch a sy st em sh ou l d r edu ce con -
fu si on , i mpr ove sa fet y , or ga n i ze a n d coor di -
n a t e a ct i on s, a n d sh ou l d fa ci l i t a t e effect i ve
ma n a gemen t of t h e i n ci den t .
7. Sit e Saf et y an d Con t rol Plan s. Th e sa fet y
a n d secu r i t y of r espon se per son n el a n d ot h -
er s i n t h e a r ea of a n emer gen y r espon se i n ci -
den t si t e sh ou l d be of pr i ma r y con cer n t o t h e
i n ci den t comma n der . Th e u se of a si t e sa fet y
a n d con t r ol pl a n cou l d gr ea t l y a ssi st t h ose i n
ch a r ge of a ssu r i n g t h e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h of
empl oy ees on t h e si t e.
A compr eh en si ve si t e sa fet y a n d con t r ol
pl a n sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g: su mma r y
a n a l y si s of h a za r ds on t h e si t e a n d a r i sk
a n a l y si s of t h ose h a za r ds; si t e ma p or
sk et ch ; si t e wor k zon es (cl ea n zon e, t r a n si -
t i on or decon t a mi n a t i on zon e, wor k or h ot
zon e); u se of t h e bu ddy sy st em; si t e commu -
n i ca t i on s; comma n d post or comma n d cen -
t er ; st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a n d sa fe
wor k pr a ct i ces; medi ca l a ssi st a n ce a n d
t r i a ge a r ea ; h a za r d mon i t or i n g pl a n (a i r con -
t a mi n a t e mon i t or i n g, et c. ); decon t a mi n a t i on
pr ocedu r es a n d a r ea ; a n d ot h er r el eva n t
a r ea s. Th i s pl a n sh ou l d be a pa r t of t h e em-
pl oy er s emer gen cy r espon se pl a n or a n ex-
t en si on of i t t o t h e speci fi c si t e.
8. Medical su rveillan ce programs. Wor k er s
h a n dl i n g h a za r dou s su bst a n ces ma y be ex-
posed t o t oxi c ch emi ca l s, sa fet y h a za r ds, bi o-
l ogi c h a za r ds, a n d r a di a t i on . Th er efor e, a
medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m i s essen t i a l t o
a ssess a n d mon i t or wor k er s h ea l t h a n d fi t -
n ess for empl oy men t i n h a za r dou s wa st e op-
er a t i on s a n d du r i n g t h e cou r se of wor k ; t o
pr ovi de emer gen cy a n d ot h er t r ea t men t a s
n eeded; a n d t o k eep a ccu r a t e r ecor ds for fu -
t u r e r efer en ce.
Th e Occu pat ion al Saf et y an d Healt h Gu id-
an ce Man u al f or Hazardou s Wast e Sit e Act ivi-
t ies devel oped by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for
Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h (NI OS H),
t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Admi n -
i st r a t i on (OS HA), t h e U. S . Coa st Gu a r d
(US CG), a n d t h e En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on
Agen cy (EP A); Oct ober 1985 pr ovi des a n ex-
cel l en t exa mpl e of t h e t y pes of medi ca l t est -
i n g t h a t sh ou l d be don e a s pa r t of a medi ca l
su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m.
9. New T ech n ology an d Spill Con t ain men t
Programs. Wh er e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces ma y
be r el ea sed by spi l l i n g fr om a con t a i n er t h a t
wi l l expose empl oy ees t o t h e h a za r ds of t h e
ma t er i a l s, t h e empl oy er wi l l n eed t o i mpl e-
men t a pr ogr a m t o con t a i n a n d con t r ol t h e
spi l l ed ma t er i a l . Di k i n g a n d di t ch i n g, a s wel l
a s u se of a bsor ben t s l i k e di a t oma ceou s
ea r t h , a r e t r a di t i on a l t ech n i qu es wh i ch h a ve
pr oven t o be effect i ve over t h e y ea r s. How-
ever , i n r ecen t y ea r s n ew pr odu ct s h a ve come
i n t o t h e ma r k et pl a ce, t h e u se of wh i ch com-
pl emen t a n d i n cr ea se t h e effect i ven ess of
t h ese t r a di t i on a l met h ods. Th ese n ew pr od-
u ct s a l so pr ovi de emer gen cy r espon der s a n d
ot h er s wi t h a ddi t i on a l t ool s or a gen t s t o u se
t o r edu ce t h e h a za r ds of spi l l ed ma t er i a l s.
Th ese a gen t s ca n be r a pi dl y a ppl i ed over a
l a r ge a r ea a n d ca n be u n i for ml y a ppl i ed or
ot h er wi se ca n be u sed t o bu i l d a sma l l da m,
t h u s i mpr ovi n g t h e wor k er s a bi l i t y t o con -
t r ol spi l l ed ma t er i a l . Th ese a ppl i ca t i on t ech -
n i qu es en h a n ce t h e i n t i ma t e con t a ct be-
t ween t h e a gen t a n d t h e spi l l ed ma t er i a l a l -
l owi n g for t h e qu i ck est effect by t h e a gen t or
qu i ck est con t r ol of t h e spi l l ed ma t er i a l .
Agen t s a r e a va i l a bl e t o sol i di fy l i qu i d spi l l ed
ma t er i a l s, t o su ppr ess va por gen er a t i on fr om
spi l l ed ma t er i a l s, a n d t o do bot h . S ome spe-
ci a l a gen t s, wh i ch wh en a ppl i ed a s r ec-
ommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , wi l l r ea ct
i n a con t r ol l ed ma n n er wi t h t h e spi l l ed ma -
t er i a l t o n eu t r a l i ze a ci ds or ca u st i cs, or
gr ea t l y r edu ce t h e l evel of h a za r d of t h e
spi l l ed ma t er i a l .
Th er e a r e sever a l moder n met h ods a n d de-
vi ces for u se by emer gen cy r espon se per -
son n el or ot h er s i n vol ved wi t h spi l l con t r ol
effor t s t o sa fel y a ppl y spi l l con t r ol a gen t s t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
401
con t r ol spi l l ed ma t er i a l h a za r ds. Th ese i n -
cl u de por t a bl e pr essu r i zed a ppl i ca t or s si mi -
l a r t o h a n d-h el d por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh i n g
devi ces, a n d n ozzl e a n d h ose sy st ems si mi l a r
t o por t a bl e fi r e fi gh t i n g foa m sy st ems wh i ch
a l l ow t h e oper a t or t o a ppl y t h e a gen t wi t h -
ou t h a vi n g t o come i n t o con t a ct wi t h t h e
spi l l ed ma t er i a l . Th e oper a t or i s a bl e t o
a ppl y t h e a gen t t o t h e spi l l ed ma t er i a l fr om
a r emot e posi t i on .
Th e sol i di fi ca t i on of l i qu i ds pr ovi des for
r a pi d con t a i n men t a n d i sol a t i on of h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce spi l l s. By di r ect i n g t h e
a gen t a t r u n -off poi n t s or a t t h e edges of t h e
spi l l , t h e r ea ct a n t sol i d wi l l a u t oma t i ca l l y
cr ea t e a ba r r i er t o sl ow or st op t h e spr ea d of
t h e ma t er i a l . Cl ea n -u p of h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces i s gr ea t l y i mpr oved wh en sol i di fy i n g
a gen t s, a ci d or ca u st i c n eu t r a l i zer s, or a ct i -
va t ed ca r bon a dsor ben t s a r e u sed. P r oper l y
a ppl i ed, t h ese a gen t s ca n t ot a l l y sol i di fy l i q-
u i d h a za r dou s su bst a n ces or n eu t r a l i ze or a b-
sor b t h em, wh i ch r esu l t s i n ma t er i a l s wh i ch
a r e l ess h a za r dou s a n d ea si er t o h a n dl e,
t r a n spor t , a n d di spose of. Th e con cept of
spi l l t r ea t men t , t o cr ea t e l ess h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ces, wi l l i mpr ove t h e sa fet y a n d l evel of
pr ot ect i on of empl oy ees wor k i n g a t spi l l
cl ea n -u p oper a t i on s or emer gen cy r espon se
oper a t i on s t o spi l l s of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces.
Th e u se of va por su ppr essi on a gen t s for
vol a t i l e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces, su ch a s fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i ds a n d t h ose su bst a n ces wh i ch
pr esen t a n i n h a l a t i on h a za r d, i s i mpor t a n t
for pr ot ect i n g wor k er s. Th e r a pi d a n d u n i -
for m di st r i bu t i on of t h e a gen t over t h e su r -
fa ce of t h e spi l l ed ma t er i a l ca n pr ovi de qu i ck
va por k n ock down . Th er e a r e t empor a r y a n d
l on g-t er m foa m-t y pe a gen t s wh i ch a r e effec-
t i ve on va por s a n d du st s, a n d a ct i va t ed ca r -
bon a dsor pt i on a gen t s wh i ch a r e effect i ve for
va por con t r ol a n d soa k i n g-u p of t h e l i qu i d.
Th e pr oper u se of h ose l i n es or h a n d-h el d
por t a bl e pr essu r i zed a ppl i ca t or s pr ovi des
good mobi l i t y a n d per mi t s t h e wor k er t o de-
l i ver t h e a gen t fr om a sa fe di st a n ce wi t h ou t
h a vi n g t o st ep i n t o t h e u n t r ea t ed spi l l ed ma -
t er i a l . S ome of t h ese sy st ems ca n be r e-
ch a r ged i n t h e fi el d t o pr ovi de cover a ge of
l a r ger spi l l a r ea s t h a n t h e desi gn l i mi t s of a
si n gl e ch a r ged a ppl i ca t or u n i t . S ome of t h e
mor e effect i ve a gen t s ca n sol i di fy t h e l i qu i d
fl a mma bl e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces a n d a t t h e
sa me t i me el eva t e t h e fl a sh poi n t a bove 140
F so t h e r esu l t i n g su bst a n ce ma y be h a n dl ed
a s a n on h a za r dou s wa st e ma t er i a l i f i t meet s
t h e U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy s
40 CF R pa r t 261 r equ i r emen t s (S ee pa r t i cu -
l a r l y 261. 21).
Al l wor k er s per for mi n g h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce spi l l con t r ol wor k a r e expect ed t o
wea r t h e pr oper pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g a n d
equ i pmen t for t h e ma t er i a l s pr esen t a n d t o
fol l ow t h e empl oy er s est a bl i sh ed st a n da r d
oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es for spi l l con t r ol . Al l i n -
vol ved wor k er s n eed t o be t r a i n ed i n t h e es-
t a bl i sh ed oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es; i n t h e u se
a n d ca r e of spi l l con t r ol equ i pmen t ; a n d i n
t h e a ssoci a t ed h a za r ds a n d con t r ol of su ch
h a za r ds of spi l l con t a i n men t wor k .
Th ese n ew t ool s a n d a gen t s a r e t h e t h i n gs
t h a t empl oy er s wi l l wa n t t o eva l u a t e a s pa r t
of t h ei r n ew t ech n ol ogy pr ogr a m. Th e t r ea t -
men t of spi l l s of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces or
wa st es a t a n emer gen cy i n ci den t a s pa r t of
t h e i mmedi a t e spi l l con t a i n men t a n d con t r ol
effor t s i s somet i mes a ccept a bl e t o EP A a n d a
per mi t except i on i s descr i bed i n 40 CF R
264. 1(g)(8) a n d 265. 1(c)(11).
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 120REF ERENCES
Th e fol l owi n g r efer en ces ma y be con su l t ed
for fu r t h er i n for ma t i on on t h e su bj ect of t h i s
st a n da r d:
1. OS HA I n st r u ct i on DF O CP L 2. 70J a n u -
a r y 29, 1986, Special Emph asis Program: Haz-
ardou s Wast e Sit es.
2. OS HA I n st r u ct i on DF O CP L 22. 37A
J a n u a r y 29, 1986, T ech n ical Assist an ce an d
Gu idelin es f or Su perf u n d an d Ot h er Hazardou s
Wast e Sit e Act ivit ies.
3. OS HA I n st r u ct i on DTS CP L 2. 74J a n u -
a r y 29, 1986, Hazardou s Wast e Act ivit y Form,
OSHA 175.
4. Hazardou s Wast e I n spect ion s Ref eren ce
Man u al, U. S . Depa r t men t of La bor , Occu pa -
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on ,
1986.
5. Memor a n du m of Un der st a n di n g Amon g
t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fe-
t y a n d Hea l t h , t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on , t h e Un i t ed S t a t es
Coa st Gu a r d, a n d t h e Un i t ed S t a t es En vi r on -
men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy , Gu idan ce f or
Work er Prot ect ion Du rin g Hazardou s Wast e Sit e
I n vest igat ion s an d Clean -u p an d Hazardou s
Su bst an ce Emergen cies. December 18, 1980.
6. Nat ion al Priorit ies L ist , 1st Edi t i on , Oct o-
ber 1984; U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on
Agen cy , Revi sed per i odi ca l l y .
7. T h e Decon t amin at ion of Respon se Per-
son n el, F i el d S t a n da r d Oper a t i n g P r ocedu r es
(F . S . O. P . ) 7; U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on
Agen cy , Offi ce of Emer gen cy a n d Remedi a l
Respon se, Ha za r dou s Respon se S u ppor t Di vi -
si on , December 1984.
8. Preparat ion of a Sit e Saf et y Plan , F i el d
S t a n da r d Oper a t i n g P r ocedu r es (F . S . O. P . ) 9;
U. S . En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy , Of-
fi ce of Emer gen cy a n d Remedi a l Respon se,
Ha za r dou s Respon se S u ppor t Di vi si on , Apr i l
1985.
9. St an dard Operat in g Saf et y Gu idelin es; U. S .
En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy , Offi ce of
Emer gen cy a n d Remedi a l Respon se, Ha z-
a r dou s Respon se S u ppor t Di vi si on , En vi r on -
men t a l Respon se Tea m; November 1984.
10. Occu pat ion al Saf et y an d Healt h Gu idan ce
Man u al f or Hazardou s Wast e Sit e Act ivit ies,
Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y
a n d Hea l t h (NI OS H), Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y
a n d Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on (OS HA), U. S .
Coa st Gu a r d (US CG), a n d En vi r on men t a l
P r ot ect i on Agen cy (EP A); Oct ober 1985.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
402
11. Prot ect in g Healt h an d Saf et y at Haz-
ardou s Wast e Sit es: An Overview, U. S . En vi -
r on men t a l P r ot ect i on Agen cy , EP A/625/985/
006; S ept ember 1985.
12. Hazardou s Wast e Sit es an d Hazardou s
Su bst an ce Emergen cies, NI OS H Wor k er Bu l -
l et i n , U. S . Depa r t men t of Hea l t h a n d Hu ma n
S er vi ces, P u bl i c Hea l t h S er vi ce, Cen t er s for
Di sea se Con t r ol , Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu -
pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h ; December 1982.
13. Person al Prot ect ive Equ ipmen t f or Haz-
ardou s Mat erials I n ciden t s: A Select ion Gu ide;
U. S . Depa r t men t of Hea l t h a n d Hu ma n S er v-
i ces, P u bl i c Hea l t h S er vi ce, Cen t er s for Di s-
ea se Con t r ol , Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa -
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h ; Oct ober 1984.
14. Fire Service Emergen cy Man agemen t
Han dbook , I n t er n a t i on a l Associ a t i on of F i r e
Ch i efs F ou n da t i on , 101 Ea st Hol l y Aven u e,
Un i t 10B, S t er l i n g, VA 22170, J a n u a r y 1985.
15. Emergen cy Respon se Gu idebook , U. S De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on , Wa sh i n gt on ,
DC, 1987.
16. Report t o t h e Con gress on Hazardou s Ma-
t erials T rain in g, Plan n in g an d Preparedn ess,
F eder a l Emer gen cy Ma n a gemen t Agen cy ,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC, J u l y 1986.
17. Work book f or Fire Comman d, Al a n V.
Br u n a ci n i a n d J . Da vi d Bea ger on , Na t i on a l
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269, 1985.
18. Fire Comman d, Al a n V. Br u n a ci n i , Na -
t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on ,
Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , , Qu i n cy , MA 02269, 1985.
19. I n ciden t Comman d Sy st em, F i r e P r ot ec-
t i on P u bl i ca t i on s, Ok l a h oma S t a t e Un i ver -
si t y , S t i l l wa t er , OK 74078, 1983.
20. Sit e Emergen cy Respon se Plan n in g, Ch em-
i ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on , Wa sh i n gt on ,
DC 20037, 1986.
21. Hazardou s Mat erials Emergen cy Plan n in g
Gu ide, NRT1, En vi r on men t a l P r ot ect i on
Agen cy , Wa sh i n gt on , DC, Ma r ch 1987.
22. Commu n it y T eamwork : Work in g T oget h er
t o Promot e Hazardou s Mat erials T ran sport at ion
Saf et y . U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on ,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC, Ma y 1983.
23. Disast er Plan n in g Gu ide f or Bu sin ess an d
I n du st ry , F eder a l Emer gen cy Ma n a gemen t
Agen cy , P u bl i ca t i on No. F EMA 141, Au gu st
1987.
(Th e Offi ce of Ma n a gemen t a n d Bu dget h a s
a ppr oved t h e i n for ma t i on col l ect i on r equ i r e-
men t s i n t h i s sect i on u n der con t r ol n u mber
12180139)
AP P ENDI X E TO 1910. 120TRAI NI NG
CURRI CULUM GUI DELI NES
Th e fol l owi n g n on -ma n da t or y gen er a l cr i -
t er i a ma y be u sed for a ssi st a n ce i n devel -
opi n g si t e-speci fi c t r a i n i n g cu r r i cu l u m u sed
t o meet t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 120(e); 29 CF R 1910. 120(p)(7), (p)(8)(i i i );
a n d 29 CF R 1910. 120(q)(6), (q)(7), a n d (q)(8).
Th ese a r e gen er i c gu i del i n es a n d t h ey a r e
n ot pr esen t ed a s a compl et e t r a i n i n g cu r -
r i cu l u m for a n y speci fi c empl oy er . S i t e-spe-
ci fi c t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms mu st be devel oped on
t h e ba si s of a n eeds a ssessmen t of t h e h a z-
a r dou s wa st e si t e, RCRA/TS DF , or emer -
gen cy r espon se oper a t i on i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
29 CF R 1910. 120.
I t i s n ot ed t h a t t h e l ega l r equ i r emen t s a r e
set for t h i n t h e r egu l a t or y t ext of 1910. 120.
Th e gu i da n ce set for t h h er e pr esen t s a h i gh l y
effect i ve pr ogr a m t h a t i n t h e a r ea s cover ed
wou l d meet or exceed t h e r egu l a t or y r equ i r e-
men t s. I n a ddi t i on , ot h er a ppr oa ch es cou l d
meet t h e r egu l a t or y r equ i r emen t s.
Su ggest ed Gen eral Crit eria
Def in it ion s:
Compet en t mea n s possessi n g t h e sk i l l s,
k n owl edge, exper i en ce, a n d j u dgmen t t o per -
for m a ssi gn ed t a sk s or a ct i vi t i es sa t i sfa c-
t or i l y a s det er mi n ed by t h e empl oy er .
Demon st r a t i on mea n s t h e sh owi n g by
a ct u a l u se of equ i pmen t or pr ocedu r es.
Ha n ds-on t r a i n i n g mea n s t r a i n i n g i n a
si mu l a t ed wor k en vi r on men t t h a t per mi t s
ea ch st u den t t o h a ve exper i en ce per for mi n g
t a sk s, ma k i n g deci si on s, or u si n g equ i pmen t
a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e j ob a ssi gn men t for wh i ch
t h e t r a i n i n g i s bei n g con du ct ed.
I n i t i a l t r a i n i n g mea n s t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed
pr i or t o begi n n i n g wor k .
Lect u r e mea n s a n i n t er a ct i ve di scou r se
wi t h a cl a ss l ea d by a n i n st r u ct or .
P r ofi ci en t mea n s meet i n g a st a t ed l evel
of a ch i evemen t .
S i t e-speci fi c mea n s i n di vi du a l t r a i n i n g
di r ect ed t o t h e oper a t i on s of a speci fi c j ob
si t e.
Tr a i n i n g h ou r s mea n s t h e n u mber of
h ou r s devot ed t o l ect u r e, l ea r n i n g a ct i vi t i es,
sma l l gr ou p wor k sessi on s, demon st r a t i on ,
eva l u a t i on s, or h a n ds-on exper i en ce.
Su ggest ed core crit eria:
1. T rain in g f acilit y . Th e t r a i n i n g fa ci l i t y
sh ou l d h a ve a va i l a bl e su ffi ci en t r esou r ces,
equ i pmen t , a n d si t e l oca t i on s t o per for m di -
da ct i c a n d h a n ds-on t r a i n i n g wh en a ppr o-
pr i a t e. Tr a i n i n g fa ci l i t i es sh ou l d h a ve su ffi -
ci en t or ga n i za t i on , su ppor t st a ff, a n d ser v-
i ces t o con du ct t r a i n i n g i n ea ch of t h e
cou r ses offer ed.
2. T rain in g Direct or. Ea ch t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m
sh ou l d be u n der t h e di r ect i on of a t r a i n i n g
di r ect or wh o i s r espon si bl e for t h e pr ogr a m.
Th e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or sh ou l d h a ve a mi n -
i mu m of t wo y ea r s of empl oy ee edu ca t i on ex-
per i en ce.
3. I n st ru ct ors. I n st r u ct or s sh ou l d be deem
compet en t on t h e ba si s of pr evi ou s docu -
men t ed exper i en ce i n t h ei r a r ea of i n st r u c-
t i on , su ccessfu l compl et i on of a t r a i n -t h e-
t r a i n er pr ogr a m speci fi c t o t h e t opi cs t h ey
wi l l t ea ch , a n d a n eva l u a t i on of i n st r u c-
t i on a l compet en ce by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or .
I n st r u ct or s sh ou l d be r equ i r ed t o ma i n t a i n
pr ofessi on a l compet en cy by pa r t i ci pa t i n g i n
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
403
con t i n u i n g edu ca t i on or pr ofessi on a l devel -
opmen t pr ogr a ms or by compl et i n g su ccess-
fu l l y a n a n n u a l r efr esh er cou r se a n d h a vi n g
a n a n n u a l r evi ew by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or .
Th e a n n u a l r evi ew by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ec-
t or sh ou l d i n cl u de obser va t i on of a n i n st r u c-
t or s del i ver y , a r evi ew of t h ose obser va t i on s
wi t h t h e t r a i n er , a n d a n a n a l y si s of a n y i n -
st r u ct or or cl a ss eva l u a t i on s compl et ed by
t h e st u den t s du r i n g t h e pr evi ou s y ea r .
4. Cou rse mat erials. Th e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or
sh ou l d a ppr ove a l l cou r se ma t er i a l s t o be
u sed by t h e t r a i n i n g pr ovi der . Cou r se ma t e-
r i a l s sh ou l d be r evi ewed a n d u pda t ed a t l ea st
a n n u a l l y . Ma t er i a l s a n d equ i pmen t sh ou l d be
i n good wor k i n g or der a n d ma i n t a i n ed pr op-
er l y .
Al l wr i t t en a n d a u di o-vi su a l ma t er i a l s i n
t r a i n i n g cu r r i cu l a sh ou l d be peer r evi ewed by
t ech n i ca l l y compet en t ou t si de r evi ewer s or
by a st a n di n g a dvi sor y commi t t ee.
Revi ews sh ou l d possess exper t i se i n t h e fol -
l owi n g di sci pl i n es wer e a ppl i ca bl e: occu pa -
t i on a l h ea l t h , i n du st r i a l h y gi en e a n d sa fet y ,
ch emi ca l /en vi r on men t a l en gi n eer i n g, em-
pl oy ee edu ca t i on , or emer gen cy r espon se.
On e or mor e of t h e peer r evi ewer s sh ou l d be
a n empl oy ee exper i en ced i n t h e wor k a ct i vi -
t i es t o wh i ch t h e t r a i n i n g i s di r ect ed.
5. St u den t s. Th e pr ogr a m for a ccept i n g st u -
den t s sh ou l d i n cl u de:
a . Assu r a n ce t h a t t h e st u den t i s or wi l l be
i n vol ved i n wor k wh er e ch emi ca l exposu r es
a r e l i k el y a n d t h a t t h e st u den t possesses t h e
sk i l l s n ecessa r y t o per for m t h e wor k .
b. A pol i cy on t h e n ecessa r y medi ca l cl ea r -
a n ce.
6. Rat ios. S t u den t -i n st r u ct or r a t i os sh ou l d
n ot exceed 30 st u den t s per i n st r u ct or . Ha n ds-
on a ct i vi t y r equ i r i n g t h e u se of per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t sh ou l d h a ve t h e fol l owi n g
st u den t -i n st r u ct or r a t i os. F or Level C or
Level D per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t t h e
r a t i o sh ou l d be 10 st u den t s per i n st r u ct or .
F or Level A or Level B per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t t h e r a t i o sh ou l d be 5 st u den t s per
i n st r u ct or .
7. Prof icien cy assessmen t . P r ofi ci en cy sh ou l d
be eva l u a t ed a n d docu men t ed by t h e u se of a
wr i t t en a ssessmen t a n d a sk i l l demon st r a -
t i on sel ect ed a n d devel oped by t h e Tr a i n i n g
Di r ect or a n d t r a i n i n g st a ff. Th e a ssessmen t
a n d demon st r a t i on sh ou l d eva l u a t e t h e
k n owl edge a n d i n di vi du a l sk i l l s devel oped i n
t h e cou r se of t r a i n i n g. Th e l evel of mi n i mu m
a ch i evemen t n ecessa r y for pr ofi ci en cy sh a l l
be speci fi ed i n wr i t i n g by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ec-
t or .
I f a wr i t t en t est i s u sed, t h er e sh ou l d be a
mi n i mu m of 50 qu est i on s. I f a wr i t t en t est i s
u sed i n combi n a t i on wi t h a sk i l l s demon st r a -
t i on , a mi n i mu m of 25 qu est i on s sh ou l d be
u sed. I f a sk i l l s demon st r a t i on i s u sed, t h e
t a sk s ch osen a n d t h e mea n s t o r a t e su ccess-
fu l compl et i on sh ou l d be fu l l y docu men t ed
by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or .
Th e con t en t of t h e wr i t t en t est or of t h e
sk i l l demon st r a t i on sh a l l be r el eva n t t o t h e
obj ect i ves of t h e cou r se. Th e wr i t t en t est
a n d sk i l l demon st r a t i on sh ou l d be u pda t ed a s
n ecessa r y t o r efl ect ch a n ges i n t h e cu r -
r i cu l u m a n d a n y u pda t e sh ou l d be a ppr oved
by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ect or .
Th e pr ofi ci en cy a ssessmen t met h ods, r e-
ga r dl ess of t h e a ppr oa ch or combi n a t i on of
a ppr oa ch es u sed, sh ou l d be j u st i fi ed, docu -
men t ed a n d a ppr oved by t h e Tr a i n i n g Di r ec-
t or .
Th e pr ofi ci en cy of t h ose t a k i n g t h e a ddi -
t i on a l cou r ses for su per vi sor s sh ou l d be eva l -
u a t ed a n d docu men t ed by u si n g pr ofi ci en cy
a ssessmen t met h ods a ccept a bl e t o t h e Tr a i n -
i n g Di r ect or . Th ese pr ofi ci en cy a ssessmen t
met h ods mu st r efl ect t h e a ddi t i on a l r espon -
si bi l i t i es bor n e by su per vi sor y per son n el i n
h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s or emer gen cy r e-
spon se.
8. Cou rse cert if icat e. Wr i t t en docu men t a t i on
sh ou l d be pr ovi ded t o ea ch st u den t wh o sa t -
i sfa ct or i l y compl et es t h e t r a i n i n g cou r se.
Th e docu men t a t i on sh ou l d i n cl u de:
a . S t u den t s n a me.
b. Cou r se t i t l e.
c. Cou r se da t e.
d. S t a t emen t t h a t t h e st u den t h a s su ccess-
fu l l y compl et ed t h e cou r se.
e. Na me a n d a ddr ess of t h e t r a i n i n g pr o-
vi der .
f. An i n di vi du a l i den t i fi ca t i on n u mber for
t h e cer t i fi ca t e.
g. Li st of t h e l evel s of per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t u sed by t h e st u den t t o compl et e
t h e cou r se.
Th i s docu men t a t i on ma y i n cl u de a cer t i fi -
ca t e a n d a n a ppr opr i a t e wa l l et -si zed l a mi -
n a t ed ca r d wi t h a ph ot ogr a ph of t h e st u den t
a n d t h e a bove i n for ma t i on . Wh en su ch
cou r se cer t i fi ca t e ca r ds a r e u sed, t h e i n di -
vi du a l i den t i fi ca t i on n u mber for t h e t r a i n i n g
cer t i fi ca t e sh ou l d be sh own on t h e ca r d.
9. Recordk eepin g. Tr a i n i n g pr ovi der s sh ou l d
ma i n t a i n r ecor ds l i st i n g t h e da t es cou r ses
wer e pr esen t ed, t h e n a mes of t h e i n di vi du a l
cou r se a t t en der s, t h e n a mes of t h ose st u -
den t s su ccessfu l l y compl et i n g ea ch cou r se,
a n d t h e n u mber of t r a i n i n g cer t i fi ca t es
i ssu ed t o ea ch su ccessfu l st u den t . Th ese
r ecor ds sh ou l d be ma i n t a i n ed for a mi n i mu m
of fi ve y ea r s a ft er t h e da t e a n i n di vi du a l pa r -
t i ci pa t ed i n a t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m offer ed by
t h e t r a i n i n g pr ovi der . Th ese r ecor ds sh ou l d
be a va i l a bl e a n d pr ovi ded u pon t h e st u den t s
r equ est or a s ma n da t ed by l a w.
10. Program qu alit y con t rol. Th e Tr a i n i n g
Di r ect or sh ou l d con du ct or di r ect a n a n n u a l
wr i t t en a u di t of t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m. P r o-
gr a m modi fi ca t i on s t o a ddr ess defi ci en ci es, i f
a n y , sh ou l d be docu men t ed, a ppr oved, a n d
i mpl emen t ed by t h e t r a i n i n g pr ovi der . Th e
a u di t a n d t h e pr ogr a m modi fi ca t i on docu -
men t s sh ou l d be ma i n t a i n ed a t t h e t r a i n i n g
fa ci l i t y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
404
Su ggest ed Program Qu alit y Con t rol Crit eria
F a ct or s l i st ed h er e a r e su ggest ed cr i t er i a
for det er mi n i n g t h e qu a l i t y a n d a ppr opr i a t e-
n ess of empl oy ee h ea l t h a n d sa fet y t r a i n i n g
for h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s a n d emer -
gen cy r espon se.
A. T rain in g Plan .
Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e t r a i n -
i n g pr ogr a ms cu r r i cu l u m devel opmen t , i n -
st r u ct or t r a i n i n g, di st r i bu t i on of cou r se ma -
t er i a l s, a n d di r ect st u den t t r a i n i n g sh ou l d be
con si der ed, i n cl u di n g
1. Th e du r a t i on of t r a i n i n g, cou r se con t en t ,
a n d cou r se sch edu l es/a gen da s;
2. Th e di ffer en t t r a i n i n g r equ i r emen t s of
t h e va r i ou s t a r get popu l a t i on s, a s speci fi ed
i n t h e a ppr opr i a t e gen er i c t r a i n i n g cu r -
r i cu l u m;
3. Th e pr ocess for t h e devel opmen t of cu r -
r i cu l u m, wh i ch i n cl u des a ppr opr i a t e t ech -
n i ca l i n pu t , ou t si de r evi ew, eva l u a t i on , pr o-
gr a m pr et est i n g.
4. Th e a dequ a t e a n d a ppr opr i a t e i n cl u si on
of h a n ds-on , demon st r a t i on , a n d i n st r u ct i on
met h ods;
5. Adequ a t e mon i t or i n g of st u den t sa fet y ,
pr ogr ess, a n d per for ma n ce du r i n g t h e t r a i n -
i n g.
B. Program man agemen t , T rain in g Direct or,
st af f , an d con su lt an t s.
Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of st a ff per -
for ma n ce a n d del i ver i n g a n effect i ve t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m sh ou l d be con si der ed, i n cl u di n g
1. Demon st r a t i on of t h e t r a i n i n g di r ect or s
l ea der sh i p i n a ssu r i n g qu a l i t y of h ea l t h a n d
sa fet y t r a i n i n g.
2. Demon st r a t i on of t h e compet en cy of t h e
st a ff t o meet t h e dema n ds of del i ver i n g h i gh
qu a l i t y h a za r dou s wa st e empl oy ee h ea l t h
a n d sa fet y t r a i n i n g.
3. Or ga n i za t i on ch a r t s est a bl i sh i n g cl ea r
l i n es of a u t h or i t y .
4. Cl ea r l y defi n ed st a ff du t i es i n cl u di n g t h e
r el a t i on sh i p of t h e t r a i n i n g st a ff t o t h e over -
a l l pr ogr a m.
5. Evi den ce t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g or ga n i za -
t i on a l st r u ct u r e su i t s t h e n eeds of t h e t r a i n -
i n g pr ogr a m.
6. Appr opr i a t en ess a n d a dequ a cy of t h e
t r a i n i n g met h ods u sed by t h e i n st r u ct or s.
7. S u ffi ci en cy of t h e t i me commi t t ed by
t h e t r a i n i n g di r ect or a n d st a ff t o t h e t r a i n -
i n g pr ogr a m.
8. Adequ a cy of t h e r a t i o of t r a i n i n g st a ff t o
st u den t s.
9. Ava i l a bi l i t y a n d commi t men t of t h e
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m of a dequ a t e h u ma n a n d
equ i pmen t r esou r ces i n t h e a r ea s of
a . Hea l t h effect s,
b. S a fet y ,
c. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t (P P E),
d. Oper a t i on a l pr ocedu r es,
e. Empl oy ee pr ot ect i on pr a ct i ces/pr oce-
du r es.
10. Appr opr i a t en ess of ma n a gemen t con -
t r ol s.
11. Adequ a cy of t h e or ga n i za t i on a n d a p-
pr opr i a t e r esou r ces a ssi gn ed t o a ssu r e a ppr o-
pr i a t e t r a i n i n g.
12. I n t h e ca se of mu l t i pl e-si t e t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a ms, a dequ a cy of sa t el l i t e cen t er s ma n -
a gemen t .
C. T rain in g f acilit ies an d resou rces.
Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e fa ci l i -
t i es a n d r esou r ces for su ppor t i n g t h e t r a i n -
i n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d be con si der ed, i n cl u di n g,
1. S pa ce a n d equ i pmen t t o con du ct t h e
t r a i n i n g.
2. F a ci l i t i es for r epr esen t a t i ve h a n ds-on
t r a i n i n g.
3. I n t h e ca se of mu l t i pl e-si t e pr ogr a ms,
equ i pmen t a n d fa ci l i t i es a t t h e sa t el l i t e cen -
t er s.
4. Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on s pr ogr a m t o
a ccou n t for i n st r u ct or per for ma n ce.
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on pr ogr a m t o
en su r e a ppr opr i a t e cou r se eva l u a t i on , feed-
ba ck , u pda t i n g, a n d cor r ect i ve a ct i on .
6. Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of di s-
ci pl i n es a n d exper t i se bei n g u sed wi t h i n t h e
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on pr ogr a m.
r ol e of st u den t eva l u a t i on s t o pr ovi de feed-
ba ck for t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m i mpr ovemen t .
D. Qu alit y con t rol an d evalu at ion .
Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of qu a l i t y
con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on pl a n s for t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a ms sh ou l d be con si der ed, i n cl u di n g:
1. A ba l a n ced a dvi sor y commi t t ee a n d/or
compet en t ou t si de r evi ewer s t o gi ve over a l l
pol i cy gu i da n ce;
2. Cl ea r a n d a dequ a t e defi n i t i on of t h e
composi t i on a n d a ct i ve pr ogr a mma t i c r ol e of
t h e a dvi sor y commi t t ee or ou t si de r evi ewer s.
3. Adequ a cy of t h e mi n u t es or r epor t s of
t h e a dvi sor y commi t t ee or ou t si de r evi ewer s
meet i n gs or wr i t t en commu n i ca t i on .
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on s pr ogr a m t o
a ccou n t for i n st r u ct or per for ma n ce.
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on pr ogr a m t o
en su r e a ppr opr i a t e cou r se eva l u a t i on , feed-
ba ck , u pda t i n g, a n d cor r ect i ve a ct i on .
6. Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of di s-
ci pl i n es a n d exper t i se bei n g u sed wi t h i n t h e
qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d eva l u a t i on pr ogr a m.
r ol e of st u den t eva l u a t i on s t o pr ovi de feed-
ba ck for t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m i mpr ovemen t .
E. St u den t s
Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e pr o-
gr a m for a ccept i n g st u den t s sh ou l d be con -
si der ed, i n cl u di n g
1. Assu r a n ce t h a t t h e st u den t a l r ea dy pos-
sess t h e n ecessa r y sk i l l s for t h ei r j ob, i n cl u d-
i n g n ecessa r y docu men t a t i on .
2. Appr opr i a t en ess of met h ods t h e pr ogr a m
u ses t o en su r e t h a t r ecr u i t s a r e ca pa bl e of
sa t i sfa ct or i l y compl et i n g t r a i n i n g.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
405
3. Revi ew a n d compl i a n ce wi t h a n y medi ca l
cl ea r a n ce pol i cy .
F. I n st it u t ion al En viron men t an d Admin ist ra-
t ive Su pport
Th e a dequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e
i n st i t u t i on a l en vi r on men t a n d a dmi n i st r a -
t i ve su ppor t sy st em for t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m
sh ou l d be con si der ed, i n cl u di n g
1. Adequ a cy of t h e i n st i t u t i on a l commi t -
men t t o t h e empl oy ee t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m.
2. Adequ a cy a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of t h e a d-
mi n i st r a t i ve st r u ct u r e a n d a dmi n i st r a t i ve
su ppor t .
G. Su mmary of Evalu at ion Qu est ion s
Key qu est i on s for eva l u a t i n g t h e qu a l i t y
a n d a ppr opr i a t en ess of a n over a l l t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g:
1. Ar e t h e pr ogr a m obj ect i ves cl ea r l y st a t -
ed?
2. I s t h e pr ogr a m a ccompl i sh i n g i t s obj ec-
t i ves?
3. Ar e a ppr opr i a t e fa ci l i t i es a n d st a ff a va i l -
a bl e?
4. I s t h er e a n a ppr opr i a t e mi x of cl a ssr oom,
demon st r a t i on , a n d h a n ds-on t r a i n i n g?
5. I s t h e pr ogr a m pr ovi di n g qu a l i t y em-
pl oy ee h ea l t h a n d sa fet y t r a i n i n g t h a t fu l l y
meet s t h e i n t en t of r egu l a t or y r equ i r emen t s?
6. Wh a t a r e t h e pr ogr a ms ma i n st r en gt h s?
7. Wh a t a r e t h e pr ogr a ms ma i n wea k -
n esses?
8. Wh a t i s r ecommen ded t o i mpr ove t h e
pr ogr a m?
9. Ar e i n st r u ct or s i n st r u ct i n g a ccor di n g t o
t h ei r t r a i n i n g ou t l i n es?
10. I s t h e eva l u a t i on t ool cu r r en t a n d a p-
pr opr i a t e for t h e pr ogr a m con t en t ?
11. I s t h e cou r se ma t er i a l cu r r en t a n d r el -
eva n t t o t h e t a r get gr ou p?
Su ggest ed T rain in g Cu rricu lu m Gu idelin es
Th e fol l owi n g t r a i n i n g cu r r i cu l u m gu i de-
l i n es a r e for t h ose oper a t i on s speci fi ca l l y
i den t i fi ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 120 a s r equ i r i n g
t r a i n i n g. I ssu es su ch a s qu a l i fi ca t i on s of i n -
st r u ct or s, t r a i n i n g cer t i fi ca t i on , a n d si mi l a r
cr i t er i a a ppr opr i a t e t o a l l ca t egor i es of oper -
a t i on s a ddr essed i n 1910. 120 h a ve been cov-
er ed i n t h e pr ecedi n g sect i on a n d a r e n ot r e-
a ddr essed i n ea ch of t h e gen er i c gu i del i n es.
Ba si c cor e r equ i r emen t s for t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a ms t h a t a r e a ddr essed i n cl u de
1. Gen er a l Ha za r dou s Wa st e Oper a t i on s
2. RCRA oper a t i on sTr ea t men t , st or a ge,
a n d di sposa l fa ci l i t i es.
3. Emer gen cy Respon se.
A. Gen eral Hazardou s Wast e Operat ion s an d
Sit e-specif ic T rain in g
1. Of f -sit e t rain in g. Tr a i n i n g cou r se con t en t
for h a za r dou s wa st e oper a t i on s, r equ i r ed by
29 CF R 1910. 120(e), sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e fol -
l owi n g t opi cs or pr ocedu r es:
a . Regu lat ory k n owledge.
(1) An r evi ew of 29 CF R 1910. 120 a n d t h e
cor e el emen t s of a n occu pa t i on a l sa fet y a n d
h ea l t h pr ogr a m.
(2) Th e con t en t of a medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce
pr ogr a m a s ou t l i n ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 120(f).
(3) Th e con t en t of a n effect i ve si t e sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h pl a n con si st en t wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 29 CF R 1910. 120(b)(4)(i i ).
(4) Emer gen cy r espon se pl a n a n d pr oce-
du r es a s ou t l i n ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 38 a n d 29
CF R 1910. 120(l ).
(5) Adequ a t e i l l u mi n a t i on .
(6) S a n i t a t i on r ecommen da t i on a n d equ i p-
men t .
(7) Revi ew a n d expl a n a t i on of OS HAs h a z-
a r d-commu n i ca t i on st a n da r d (29 CF R
1910. 1200) a n d l ock -ou t -t a g-ou t st a n da r d (29
CF R 1910. 147).
(8) Revi ew of ot h er a ppl i ca bl e st a n da r ds i n -
cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o t h ose i n t h e con -
st r u ct i on st a n da r ds (29 CF R P a r t 1926).
(9) Ri gh t s a n d r espon si bi l i t i es of empl oy er s
a n d empl oy ees u n der a ppl i ca bl e OS HA a n d
EP A l a ws.
b. T ech n ical k n owledge.
(1) Ty pe of pot en t i a l exposu r es t o ch em-
i ca l , bi ol ogi ca l , a n d r a di ol ogi ca l h a za r ds;
t y pes of h u ma n r espon ses t o t h ese h a za r ds
a n d r ecogn i t i on of t h ose r espon ses; pr i n -
ci pl es of t oxi col ogy a n d i n for ma t i on a bou t
a cu t e a n d ch r on i c h a za r ds; h ea l t h a n d sa fet y
con si der a t i on s of n ew t ech n ol ogy .
(2) F u n da men t a l s of ch emi ca l h a za r ds i n -
cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o va por pr essu r e,
boi l i n g poi n t s, fl a sh poi n t s, ph , ot h er ph y s-
i ca l a n d ch emi ca l pr oper t i es.
(3) F i r e a n d expl osi on h a za r ds of ch emi -
ca l s.
(4) Gen er a l sa fet y h a za r ds su ch a s bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o el ect r i ca l h a za r ds, power ed equ i p-
men t h a za r ds, mot or veh i cl e h a za r ds, wa l k -
i n g-wor k i n g su r fa ce h a za r ds, exca va t i on h a z-
a r ds, a n d h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h wor k i n g i n
h ot a n d col d t emper a t u r e ext r emes.
(5) Revi ew a n d k n owl edge of con fi n ed spa ce
en t r y pr ocedu r es i n 29 CF R 1910. 146.
(6) Wor k pr a ct i ces t o mi n i mi ze empl oy ee
r i sk fr om si t e h a za r ds.
(7) S a fe u se of en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s, equ i p-
men t , a n d a n y n ew r el eva n t sa fet y t ech -
n ol ogy or sa fet y pr ocedu r es.
(8) Revi ew a n d demon st r a t i on of com-
pet en cy wi t h a i r sa mpl i n g a n d mon i t or i n g
equ i pmen t t h a t ma y be u sed i n a si t e mon i -
t or i n g pr ogr a m.
(9) Con t a i n er sa mpl i n g pr ocedu r es a n d
sa fegu a r di n g; gen er a l dr u m a n d con t a i n er
h a n dl i n g pr ocedu r es i n cl u di n g speci a l r e-
qu i r emen t for l a bor a t or y wa st e pa ck s,
sh ock -sen si t i ve wa st es, a n d r a di oa ct i ve
wa st es.
(10) Th e el emen t s of a spi l l con t r ol pr o-
gr a m.
(11) P r oper u se a n d l i mi t a t i on s of ma t er i a l
h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t .
(12) P r ocedu r es for sa fe a n d h ea l t h fu l pr ep-
a r a t i on of con t a i n er s for sh i ppi n g a n d t r a n s-
por t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
406
(13) Met h ods of commu n i ca t i on i n cl u di n g
t h ose u sed wh i l e wea r i n g r espi r a t or y pr ot ec-
t i on .
c. T ech n ical sk ills.
(1) S el ect i on , u se ma i n t en a n ce, a n d l i mi t a -
t i on s of per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t i n -
cl u di n g t h e compon en t s a n d pr ocedu r es for
ca r r y i n g ou t a r espi r a t or pr ogr a m t o compl y
wi t h 29 CF R 1910. 134.
(2) I n st r u ct i on i n decon t a mi n a t i on pr o-
gr a ms i n cl u di n g per son n el , equ i pmen t , a n d
h a r dwa r e; h a n ds-on t r a i n i n g i n cl u di n g l evel
A, B, a n d C en sembl es a n d a ppr opr i a t e de-
con t a mi n a t i on l i n es; fi el d a ct i vi t i es i n cl u d-
i n g t h e don n i n g a n d doffi n g of pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t t o a l evel commen su r a t e wi t h t h e
empl oy ees a n t i ci pa t ed j ob fu n ct i on a n d r e-
spon si bi l i t y a n d t o t h e degr ee r equ i r ed by
pot en t i a l h a za r ds.
(3) S ou r ces for a ddi t i on a l h a za r d i n for ma -
t i on ; exer ci ses u si n g r el eva n t ma n u a l s a n d
h a za r d codi n g sy st ems.
d. Addit ion al su ggest ed it ems.
(1) A l a mi n a t ed, da t ed ca r d or cer t i fi ca t e
wi t h ph ot o, den ot i n g l i mi t a t i on s a n d l evel of
pr ot ect i on for wh i ch t h e empl oy ee i s t r a i n ed
sh ou l d be i ssu ed t o t h ose st u den t s su ccess-
fu l l y compl et i n g a cou r se.
(2) At t en da n ce sh ou l d be r equ i r ed a t a l l
t r a i n i n g modu l es, wi t h su ccessfu l compl e-
t i on of exer ci ses a n d a fi n a l wr i t t en or or a l
exa mi n a t i on wi t h a t l ea st 50 qu est i on s.
(3) A mi n i mu m of on e-t h i r d of t h e pr ogr a m
sh ou l d be devot ed t o h a n ds-on exer ci ses.
(4) A cu r r i cu l u m sh ou l d be est a bl i sh ed for
t h e 8-h ou r r efr esh er t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by 29
CF R 1910. 120(e)(8), wi t h del i ver y of su ch
cou r ses di r ect ed t owa r d t h ose a r ea s of pr e-
vi ou s t r a i n i n g t h a t n eed i mpr ovemen t or r e-
emph a si s.
(5) A cu r r i cu l u m sh ou l d be est a bl i sh ed for
t h e r equ i r ed 8-h ou r t r a i n i n g for su per vi sor s.
Demon st r a t ed compet en cy i n t h e sk i l l s a n d
k n owl edge pr ovi ded i n a 40-h ou r cou r se
sh ou l d be a pr er equ i si t e for su per vi sor t r a i n -
i n g.
2. Ref resh er t rain in g.
Th e 8-h ou r a n n u a l r efr esh er t r a i n i n g r e-
qu i r ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 120(e)(8) sh ou l d be con -
du ct ed by qu a l i fi ed t r a i n i n g pr ovi der s. Re-
fr esh er t r a i n i n g sh ou l d i n cl u de a t a mi n -
i mu m t h e fol l owi n g t opi cs a n d pr ocedu r es:
(a ) Revi ew of a n d r et r a i n i n g on r el eva n t
t opi cs cover ed i n t h e 40-h ou r pr ogr a m, a s a p-
pr opr i a t e, u si n g r epor t s by t h e st u den t s on
t h ei r wor k exper i en ces.
(b) Upda t e on devel opmen t s wi t h r espect t o
ma t er i a l cover ed i n t h e 40-h ou r cou r se.
(c) Revi ew of ch a n ges t o per t i n en t pr ovi -
si on s of EP A or OS HA st a n da r ds or l a ws.
(d) I n t r odu ct i on of a ddi t i on a l su bj ect a r ea s
a s a ppr opr i a t e.
(e) Ha n ds-on r evi ew of n ew or a l t er ed P P E
or decon t a mi n a t i on equ i pmen t or pr oce-
du r es. Revi ew of n ew devel opmen t s i n per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(f) Revi ew of n ewl y devel oped a i r a n d con -
t a mi n a n t mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t .
3. On -sit e t rain in g.
a . Th e empl oy er sh ou l d pr ovi de empl oy ees
en ga ged i n h a za r dou s wa st e si t e a ct i vi t i es
wi t h i n for ma t i on a n d t r a i n i n g pr i or t o i n i -
t i a l a ssi gn men t i n t o t h ei r wor k a r ea , a s fol -
l ows:
(1) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h e h a za r d commu -
n i ca t i on pr ogr a m i n cl u di n g t h e l oca t i on a n d
a va i l a bi l i t y of t h e wr i t t en pr ogr a m, r equ i r ed
l i st s of h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s, a n d ma t er i a l
sa fet y da t a sh eet s.
(2) Act i vi t i es a n d l oca t i on s i n t h ei r wor k
a r ea wh er e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce ma y be
pr esen t .
(3) Met h ods a n d obser va t i on s t h a t ma y be
u sed t o det ect t h e pr esen t or r el ea se of a h a z-
a r dou s ch emi ca l i n t h e wor k a r ea (su ch a s
mon i t or i n g con du ct ed by t h e empl oy er , con -
t i n u ou s mon i t or i n g devi ces, vi su a l a ppea r -
a n ces, or ot h er evi den ce (si gh t , sou n d or
smel l ) of h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s bei n g r el ea sed,
a n d a ppl i ca bl e a l a r ms fr om mon i t or i n g de-
vi ces t h a t r ecor d ch emi ca l r el ea ses.
(4) Th e ph y si ca l a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds of su b-
st a n ces k n own or pot en t i a l l y pr esen t i n t h e
wor k a r ea .
(5) Th e mea su r es empl oy ees ca n t a k e t o
h el p pr ot ect t h emsel ves fr om wor k -si t e h a z-
a r ds, i n cl u di n g speci fi c pr ocedu r es t h e em-
pl oy er h a s i mpl emen t ed.
(6) An expl a n a t i on of t h e l a bel i n g sy st em
a n d ma t er i a l sa fet y da t a sh eet s a n d h ow em-
pl oy ees ca n obt a i n a n d u se a ppr opr i a t e h a z-
a r d i n for ma t i on .
(7) Th e el emen t s of t h e con fi n ed spa ce pr o-
gr a m i n cl u di n g speci a l P P E, per mi t s, mon i -
t or i n g r equ i r emen t s, commu n i ca t i on pr oce-
du r es, emer gen cy r espon se, a n d a ppl i ca bl e
l ock -ou t pr ocedu r es.
b. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d pr ovi de h a za r dou s
wa st e empl oy ees i n for ma t i on a n d t r a i n i n g
a n d sh ou l d pr ovi de a r evi ew a n d a ccess t o
t h e si t e sa fet y a n d pl a n a s fol l ows:
(1) Na mes of per son n el a n d a l t er n a t e r e-
spon si bl e for si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h .
(2) S a fet y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds pr esen t on
t h e si t e.
(3) S el ect i on , u se, ma i n t en a n ce, a n d l i mi -
t a t i on s of per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
speci fi c t o t h e si t e.
(4) Wor k pr a ct i ces by wh i ch t h e empl oy ee
ca n mi n i mi ze r i sk s fr om h a za r ds.
(5) S a fe u se of en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s a n d
equ i pmen t a va i l a bl e on si t e.
(6) S a fe decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es est a b-
l i sh ed t o mi n i mi ze empl oy ee con t a ct wi t h
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces, i n cl u di n g:
(A) Empl oy ee decon t a mi n a t i on ,
(B) Cl ot h i n g decon t a mi n a t i on , a n d
(C) Equ i pmen t decon t a mi n a t i on .
(7) El emen t s of t h e si t e emer gen cy r e-
spon se pl a n , i n cl u di n g:
(A) P r e-emer gen cy pl a n n i n g.
(B) P er son n el r ol es a n d l i n es of a u t h or i t y
a n d commu n i ca t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
407
(C) Emer gen cy r ecogn i t i on a n d pr even t i on .
(D) S a fe di st a n ces a n d pl a ces of r efu ge.
(E) S i t e secu r i t y a n d con t r ol .
(F ) Eva cu a t i on r ou t es a n d pr ocedu r es.
(G) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es n ot cov-
er ed by t h e si t e sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n .
(H) Emer gen cy medi ca l t r ea t men t a n d fi r st
a i d.
(I ) Emer gen cy equ i pmen t a n d pr ocedu r es
for h a n dl i n g emer gen cy i n ci den t s.
c. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d pr ovi de h a za r dou s
wa st e empl oy ees i n for ma t i on a n d t r a i n i n g
on per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t u sed a t t h e
si t e, su ch a s t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) P P E t o be u sed ba sed u pon k n own or a n -
t i ci pa t ed si t e h a za r ds.
(2) P P E l i mi t a t i on s of ma t er i a l s a n d con -
st r u ct i on ; l i mi t a t i on s du r i n g t emper a t u r e
ext r emes, h ea t st r ess, a n d ot h er a ppr opr i a t e
medi ca l con si der a t i on s; u se a n d l i mi t a t i on s
of r espi r a t or equ i pmen t a s wel l a s docu -
men t a t i on pr ocedu r es a s ou t l i n ed i n 29 CF R
1910. 134.
(3) P P E i n spect i on pr ocedu r es pr i or t o,
du r i n g, a n d a ft er u se.
(4) P P E don n i n g a n d doffi n g pr ocedu r es.
(5) P P E decon t a mi n a t i on a n d di sposa l pr o-
cedu r es.
(6) P P E ma i n t en a n ce a n d st or a ge.
(7) Ta sk du r a t i on a s r el a t ed t o P P E l i mi t a -
t i on s.
d. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d i n st r u ct t h e em-
pl oy ee a bou t t h e si t e medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce
pr ogr a m r el a t i ve t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r si t e, i n -
cl u di n g
(1) S peci fi c medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr ogr a ms
t h a t h a ve been a da pt ed for t h e si t e.
(2) S peci fi c si gn s a n d sy mpt oms r el a t ed t o
exposu r e t o h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s on t h e si t e.
(3) Th e fr equ en cy a n d ext en t of per i odi c
medi ca l exa mi n a t i on s t h a t wi l l be u sed on
t h e si t e.
(4) Ma i n t en a n ce a n d a va i l a bi l i t y of
r ecor ds.
(5) P er son n el t o be con t a ct ed a n d pr oce-
du r es t o be fol l owed wh en si gn s a n d sy mp-
t oms of exposu r es a r e r ecogn i zed.
e. Th e empl oy ees wi l l r evi ew a n d di scu ss
t h e si t e sa fet y pl a n a s pa r t of t h e t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m. Th e l oca t i on of t h e si t e sa fet y pl a n
a n d a l l wr i t t en pr ogr a ms sh ou l d be di scu ssed
wi t h empl oy ees i n cl u di n g a di scu ssi on of t h e
mech a n i sms for a ccess, r evi ew, a n d r ef-
er en ces descr i bed.
B. RCRA Operat ion s T rain in g f or T reat men t ,
St orage an d Disposal Facilit ies.
1. As a mi n i mu m, t h e t r a i n i n g cou r se r e-
qu i r ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 120 (p) sh ou l d i n cl u de
t h e fol l owi n g t opi cs:
(a ) Revi ew of t h e a ppl i ca bl e pa r a gr a ph s of
29 CF R 1910. 120 a n d t h e el emen t s of t h e em-
pl oy er s occu pa t i on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h pl a n .
(b) Revi ew of r el eva n t h a za r ds su ch a s, bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o, ch emi ca l , bi ol ogi ca l , a n d r a -
di ol ogi ca l exposu r es; fi r e a n d expl osi on h a z-
a r ds; t h er ma l ext r emes; a n d ph y si ca l h a z-
a r ds.
(c) Gen er a l sa fet y h a za r ds i n cl u di n g t h ose
a ssoci a t ed wi t h el ect r i ca l h a za r ds, power ed
equ i pmen t h a za r ds, l ock -ou t -t a g-ou t pr oce-
du r es, mot or veh i cl e h a za r ds a n d wa l k i n g-
wor k i n g su r fa ce h a za r ds.
(d) Con fi n ed-spa ce h a za r ds a n d pr ocedu r es.
(e) Wor k pr a ct i ces t o mi n i mi ze empl oy ee
r i sk fr om wor k pl a ce h a za r ds.
(f) Emer gen cy r espon se pl a n a n d pr oce-
du r es i n cl u di n g fi r st a i d meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (p)(8).
(g) A r evi ew of pr ocedu r es t o mi n i mi ze ex-
posu r e t o h a za r dou s wa st e a n d va r i ou s t y pe
of wa st e st r ea ms, i n cl u di n g t h e ma t er i a l s
h a n dl i n g pr ogr a m a n d spi l l con t a i n men t pr o-
gr a m.
(h ) A r evi ew of h a za r d commu n i ca t i on pr o-
gr a ms meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 1200.
(i ) A r evi ew of medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce pr o-
gr a ms meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 120(p)(3) i n cl u di n g t h e r ecogn i t i on of
si gn s a n d sy mpt oms of over exposu r e t o h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce i n cl u di n g k n own sy n er -
gi st i c i n t er a ct i on s.
(j ) A r evi ew of decon t a mi n a t i on pr ogr a ms
a n d pr ocedu r es meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
29 CF R 1910. 120(p)(4).
(k ) A r evi ew of a n empl oy er s r equ i r emen t s
t o i mpl emen t a t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m a n d i t s el e-
men t s.
(l ) A r evi ew of t h e cr i t er i a a n d pr ogr a ms
for pr oper sel ect i on a n d u se of per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g r espi r a t or s.
(m) A r evi ew of t h e a ppl i ca bl e a ppen di ces
t o 29 CF R 1910. 120.
(n ) P r i n ci pl es of t oxi col ogy a n d bi ol ogi ca l
mon i t or i n g a s t h ey per t a i n t o occu pa t i on a l
h ea l t h .
(o) Ri gh t s a n d r espon si bi l i t i es of empl oy -
ees a n d empl oy er s u n der a ppl i ca bl e OS HA
a n d EP A l a ws.
(p) Ha n ds-on exer ci ses a n d demon st r a t i on s
of compet en cy wi t h equ i pmen t t o i l l u st r a t e
t h e ba si c equ i pmen t pr i n ci pl es t h a t ma y be
u sed du r i n g t h e per for ma n ce of wor k du t i es,
i n cl u di n g t h e don n i n g a n d doffi n g of P P E.
(q) S ou r ces of r efer en ce, effi ci en t u se of
r el eva n t ma n u a l s, a n d k n owl edge of h a za r d
codi n g sy st ems t o i n cl u de i n for ma t i on con -
t a i n ed i n h a za r dou s wa st e ma n i fest s.
(r ) At l ea st 8 h ou r s of h a n ds-on t r a i n i n g.
(s) Tr a i n i n g i n t h e j ob sk i l l s r equ i r ed for
a n empl oy ees j ob fu n ct i on a n d r espon si -
bi l i t y befor e t h ey a r e per mi t t ed t o pa r t i ci -
pa t e i n or su per vi se fi el d a ct i vi t i es.
2. Th e i n di vi du a l empl oy er sh ou l d pr ovi de
h a za r dou s wa st e empl oy ees wi t h i n for ma t i on
a n d t r a i n i n g pr i or t o a n empl oy ees i n i t i a l
a ssi gn men t i n t o a wor k a r ea . Th e t r a i n i n g
a n d i n for ma t i on sh ou l d cover t h e fol l owi n g
t opi cs:
(a ) Th e Emer gen cy r espon se pl a n a n d pr o-
cedu r es i n cl u di n g fi r st a i d.
(b) A r evi ew of t h e empl oy er s h a za r dou s
wa st e h a n dl i n g pr ocedu r es i n cl u di n g t h e ma -
t er i a l s h a n dl i n g pr ogr a m a n d el emen t s of t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
408
spi l l con t a i n men t pr ogr a m, l oca t i on of spi l l
r espon se k i t s or equ i pmen t , a n d t h e n a mes of
t h ose t r a i n ed t o r espon d t o r el ea ses.
(c) Th e h a za r dou s commu n i ca t i on pr ogr a m
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 1200.
(d) A r evi ew of t h e empl oy er s medi ca l su r -
vei l l a n ce pr ogr a m i n cl u di n g t h e r ecogn i t i on
of si gn s a n d sy mpt oms of exposu r e t o r el -
eva n t h a za r dou s su bst a n ce i n cl u di n g k n own
sy n er gi st i c i n t er a ct i on s.
(e) A r evi ew of t h e empl oy er s decon -
t a mi n a t i on pr ogr a m a n d pr ocedu r es.
(f) An r evi ew of t h e empl oy er s t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m a n d t h e pa r t i es r espon si bl e for t h a t
pr ogr a m.
(g) A r evi ew of t h e empl oy er s per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t pr ogr a m i n cl u di n g t h e
pr oper sel ect i on a n d u se of P P E ba sed u pon
speci fi c si t e h a za r ds.
(h ) Al l r el eva n t si t e-speci fi c pr ocedu r es a d-
dr essi n g pot en t i a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds.
Th i s ma y i n cl u de, a s a ppr opr i a t e, bi ol ogi ca l
a n d r a di ol ogi ca l exposu r es, fi r e a n d expl o-
si on h a za r ds, t h er ma l h a za r ds, a n d ph y si ca l
h a za r ds su ch a s el ect r i ca l h a za r ds, power ed
equ i pmen t h a za r ds, l ock -ou t -t a g-ou t h a z-
a r ds, mot or veh i cl e h a za r ds, a n d wa l k i n g-
wor k i n g su r fa ce h a za r ds.
(i ) S a fe u se en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s a n d equ i p-
men t on si t e.
(j ) Na mes of per son n el a n d a l t er n a t es r e-
spon si bl e for sa fet y a n d h ea l t h .
C. Emergen cy respon se t rain in g.
F eder a l OS HA st a n da r ds i n 29 CF R
1910. 120(q) a r e di r ect ed t owa r d pr i va t e sect or
emer gen cy r espon der s. Th er efor e, t h e gu i de-
l i n es pr ovi ded i n t h i s por t i on of t h e a ppen di x
a r e di r ect ed t owa r d t h a t empl oy ee popu -
l a t i on . However , t h ey a l so i mpa ct i n di r ect l y
t h r ou gh S t a t e OS HA or US EP A r egu l a t i on s
some pu bl i c sect or emer gen cy r espon der s.
Th er efor e, t h e gu i del i n es pr ovi ded i n t h i s
por t i on of t h e a ppen di x ma y be a ppl i ed t o
bot h empl oy ee popu l a t i on s.
S t a t es wi t h OS HA st a t e pl a n s mu st cover
t h ei r empl oy ees wi t h r egu l a t i on s a t l ea st a s
effect i ve a s t h e F eder a l OS HA st a n da r ds.
P u bl i c empl oy ees i n st a t es wi t h ou t a ppr oved
st a t e OS HA pr ogr a ms cover i n g h a za r dou s
wa st e oper a t i on s a n d emer gen cy r espon se
a r e cover ed by t h e U. S . EP A u n der 40 CF R
311, a r egu l a t i on vi r t u a l l y i den t i ca l t o
1910. 120.
S i n ce t h i s i s a n on -ma n da t or y a ppen di x
a n d t h er efor e n ot a n en for cea bl e st a n da r d,
OS HA r ecommen ds t h a t t h ose empl oy er s,
empl oy ees or vol u n t eer s i n pu bl i c sect or
emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s ou t si de
F eder a l OS HA j u r i sdi ct i on con si der t h e fol -
l owi n g cr i t er i a i n devel opi n g t h ei r own
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms. A u n i fi ed a ppr oa ch t o
t r a i n i n g a t t h e commu n i t y l evel bet ween
emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s cover ed
by F eder a l OS HA a n d t h ose n ot cover ed di -
r ect l y by F eder a l OS HA ca n h el p en su r e a n
effect i ve commu n i t y r espon se t o t h e r el ea se
or pot en t i a l r el ea se of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces
i n t h e commu n i t y .
a . Gen eral con siderat ion s.
Emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za t i on s a r e r e-
qu i r ed t o con si der t h e t opi cs l i st ed i n
1910. 120(q)(6). Emer gen cy r espon se or ga n i za -
t i on s ma y u se some or a l l of t h e fol l owi n g
t opi cs t o su ppl emen t t h ose ma n da t or y t opi cs
wh en devel opi n g t h ei r r espon se t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a ms. Ma n y of t h e t opi cs wou l d r equ i r e a n
i n t er a ct i on bet ween t h e r espon se pr ovi der
a n d t h e i n di vi du a l s r espon si bl e for t h e si t e
wh er e t h e r espon se wou l d be expect ed.
(1) Ha za r d r ecogn i t i on , i n cl u di n g:
(A) Na t u r e of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces
pr esen t ,
(B) P r a ct i ca l a ppl i ca t i on s of h a za r d r ec-
ogn i t i on , i n cl u di n g pr esen t a t i on s on bi ol ogy ,
ch emi st r y , a n d ph y si cs.
(2) P r i n ci pl es of t oxi col ogy , bi ol ogi ca l
mon i t or i n g, a n d r i sk a ssessmen t .
(3) S a fe wor k pr a ct i ces a n d gen er a l si t e
sa fet y .
(4) En gi n eer i n g con t r ol s a n d h a za r dou s
wa st e oper a t i on s.
(5) S i t e sa fet y pl a n s a n d st a n da r d oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es.
(6) Decon t a mi n a t i on pr ocedu r es a n d pr a c-
t i ces.
(7) Emer gen cy pr ocedu r es, fi r st a i d, a n d
sel f-r escu e.
(8) S a fe u se of fi el d equ i pmen t .
(9) S t or a ge, h a n dl i n g, u se a n d t r a n spor -
t a t i on of h a za r dou s su bst a n ces.
(10) Use, ca r e, a n d l i mi t a t i on s of per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(11) S a fe sa mpl i n g t ech n i qu es.
(12) Ri gh t s a n d r espon si bi l i t i es of empl oy -
ees u n der OS HA a n d ot h er r el a t ed l a ws con -
cer n i n g r i gh t -t o-k n ow, sa fet y a n d h ea l t h ,
compen sa t i on s a n d l i a bi l i t y .
(13) Medi ca l mon i t or i n g r equ i r emen t s.
(14) Commu n i t y r el a t i on s.
b. Su ggest ed crit eria f or specif ic cou rses.
(1) First respon der awaren ess level.
(A) Revi ew of a n d demon st r a t i on of com-
pet en cy i n per for mi n g t h e a ppl i ca bl e sk i l l s
of 29 CF R 1910. 120(q).
(B) Ha n ds-on exper i en ce wi t h t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on s Emer gen cy Re-
spon se Gu i debook (ERG) a n d fa mi l i a r i za t i on
wi t h OS HA st a n da r d 29 CF R 1910. 1201.
(C) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ces
for a n a l y zi n g a n i n ci den t t o det er mi n e bot h
t h e h a za r dou s su bst a n ces pr esen t a n d t h e
ba si c h a za r d a n d r espon se i n for ma t i on for
ea ch h a za r dou s su bst a n ce pr esen t .
(D) Revi ew of pr ocedu r es for i mpl emen t i n g
a ct i on s con si st en t wi t h t h e l oca l emer gen cy
r espon se pl a n , t h e or ga n i za t i on s st a n da r d
oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es, a n d t h e cu r r en t edi -
t i on of DOTs ERG i n cl u di n g emer gen cy n o-
t i fi ca t i on pr ocedu r es a n d fol l ow-u p commu -
n i ca t i on s.
(E) Revi ew of t h e expect ed h a za r ds i n cl u d-
i n g fi r e a n d expl osi on s h a za r ds, con fi n ed
spa ce h a za r ds, el ect r i ca l h a za r ds, power ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
409
equ i pmen t h a za r ds, mot or veh i cl e h a za r ds,
a n d wa l k i n g-wor k i n g su r fa ce h a za r ds.
(F ) Awa r en ess a n d k n owl edge of t h e com-
pet en ci es for t h e F i r st Respon der a t t h e
Awa r en ess Level cover ed i n t h e Na t i on a l
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s S t a n da r d No.
472, Prof ession al Compet en ce of Respon ders t o
Hazardou s Mat erials I n ciden t s.
(2) First respon der operat ion s level.
of 29 CF R 1910. 120(q).
(B) Ha n ds-on exper i en ce wi t h t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on s Emer gen cy Re-
spon se Gu i debook (ERG), ma n u fa ct u r er ma -
t er i a l sa fet y da t a sh eet s, CHEMTREC/
CANUTEC, sh i pper or ma n u fa ct u r er con -
t a ct s, a n d ot h er r el eva n t sou r ces of i n for ma -
t i on a ddr essi n g h a za r dou s su bst a n ce r e-
l ea ses. F a mi l i a r i za t i on wi t h OS HA st a n da r d
29 CF R 1910. 1201.
for a n a l y zi n g a n i n ci den t t o det er mi n e t h e
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces pr esen t , t h e l i k el y be-
h a vi or of t h e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce a n d i t s
con t a i n er , t h e t y pes of h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
t r a n spor t a t i on con t a i n er s a n d veh i cl es, t h e
t y pes a n d sel ect i on of t h e a ppr opr i a t e defen -
si ve st r a t egy for con t a i n i n g t h e r el ea se.
con t i n u i n g r espon se a ct i on s con si st en t wi t h
t h e l oca l emer gen cy r espon se pl a n , t h e or ga -
n i za t i on s st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es,
a n d t h e cu r r en t edi t i on of DOTs ERG i n -
cl u di n g ext en ded emer gen cy n ot i fi ca t i on
pr ocedu r es a n d fol l ow-u p commu n i ca t i on s.
(E) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ce
t ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(F ) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ce of
per son n el a n d equ i pmen t decon t a mi n a t i on .
(G) Revi ew of t h e expect ed h a za r ds i n cl u d-
(H) Awa r en ess a n d k n owl edge of t h e com-
pet en ci es for t h e F i r st Respon der a t t h e Op-
er a t i on s Level cover ed i n t h e Na t i on a l F i r e
P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s S t a n da r d No. 472,
Prof ession al Compet en ce of Respon ders t o Haz-
ardou s Mat erials I n ciden t s.
(3) Hazardou s mat erials t ech n ician .
of 29 CF R 1910. 120(q).
(B) Ha n ds-on exper i en ce wi t h wr i t t en a n d
el ect r on i c i n for ma t i on r el a t i ve t o r espon se
deci si on ma k i n g i n cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o
t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on s
Emergen cy Respon se Gu idebook (ERG), ma n u -
fa ct u r er ma t er i a l sa fet y da t a sh eet s,
CHEMTREC/CANUTEC, sh i pper or ma n u fa c-
t u r er con t a ct s, compu t er da t a ba ses a n d r e-
spon se model s, a n d ot h er r el eva n t sou r ces of
i n for ma t i on a ddr essi n g h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
r el ea ses. F a mi l i a r i za t i on wi t h OS HA st a n d-
a r d 29 CF R 1910. 1201.
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces pr esen t , t h ei r ph y si ca l
a n d ch emi ca l pr oper t i es, t h e l i k el y beh a vi or
of t h e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce a n d i t s con t a i n er ,
t h e t y pes of h a za r dou s su bst a n ce t r a n spor -
t a t i on con t a i n er s a n d veh i cl es i n vol ved i n
t h e r el ea se, t h e a ppr opr i a t e st r a t egy for a p-
pr oa ch i n g r el ea se si t es a n d con t a i n i n g t h e
r el ea se.
n i za t i on s st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es,
a n d t h e cu r r en t edi t i on of DOTs ERG i n -
cl u di n g ext en ded emer gen cy n ot i fi ca t i on
pr ocedu r es a n d fol l ow-u p commu n i ca t i on s.
(E) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ce
(F ) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ces
of est a bl i sh i n g exposu r e zon es, pr oper decon -
t a mi n a t i on a n d medi ca l su r vei l l a n ce st a -
t i on s a n d pr ocedu r es.
(G) Revi ew of t h e expect ed h a za r ds i n cl u d-
(H) Awa r en ess a n d k n owl edge of t h e com-
pet en ci es for t h e Ha za r dou s Ma t er i a l s Tech -
n i ci a n cover ed i n t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
t i on Associ a t i on s S t a n da r d No. 472, Prof es-
sion al Compet en ce of Respon ders t o Hazardou s
Mat erials I n ciden t s.
(4) Hazardou s mat erials specialist .
of 29 CF R 1910. 120(q).
(B) Ha n ds-on exper i en ce wi t h r et r i eva l a n d
u se of wr i t t en a n d el ect r on i c i n for ma t i on
r el a t i ve t o r espon se deci si on ma k i n g i n cl u d-
i n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o t h e U. S . Depa r t men t
of Tr a n spor t a t i on s Emergen cy Respon se
Gu idebook (ERG), ma n u fa ct u r er ma t er i a l
sa fet y da t a sh eet s, CHEMTREC/CANUTEC,
sh i pper or ma n u fa ct u r er con t a ct s, compu t er
da t a ba ses a n d r espon se model s, a n d ot h er
r el eva n t sou r ces of i n for ma t i on a ddr essi n g
h a za r dou s su bst a n ce r el ea ses. F a mi l i a r i za -
t i on wi t h OS HA st a n da r d 29 CF R 1910. 1201.
h a za r dou s su bst a n ces pr esen t , t h ei r ph y si ca l
a n d ch emi ca l pr oper t i es, a n d t h e l i k el y be-
h a vi or of t h e h a za r dou s su bst a n ce a n d i t s
con t a i n er , vessel , or veh i cl e.
(D) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ces
for i den t i fi ca t i on of t h e t y pes of h a za r dou s
su bst a n ce t r a n spor t a t i on con t a i n er s, vessel s
a n d veh i cl es i n vol ved i n t h e r el ea se; sel ect -
i n g a n d u si n g t h e va r i ou s t y pes of equ i pmen t
a va i l a bl e for pl u ggi n g or pa t ch i n g t r a n spor -
t a t i on con t a i n er s, vessel s or veh i cl es; or ga -
n i zi n g a n d di r ect i n g t h e u se of mu l t i pl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
410
t ea ms of h a za r dou s ma t er i a l t ech n i ci a n s a n d
sel ect i n g t h e a ppr opr i a t e st r a t egy for a p-
pr oa ch i n g r el ea se si t es a n d con t a i n i n g or
st oppi n g t h e r el ea se.
(E) Revi ew of pr ocedu r es for i mpl emen t i n g
n i za t i on s st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es, i n -
cl u di n g k n owl edge of t h e a va i l a bl e pu bl i c
a n d pr i va t e r espon se r esou r ces, est a bl i sh -
men t of a n i n ci den t comma n d post , di r ect i on
of h a za r dou s ma t er i a l t ech n i ci a n t ea ms, a n d
ext en ded emer gen cy n ot i fi ca t i on pr ocedu r es
a n d fol l ow-u p commu n i ca t i on s.
(F ) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ce
(G) Revi ew of t h e pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a ct i ces
of est a bl i sh i n g exposu r e zon es a n d pr oper de-
con t a mi n a t i on , mon i t or i n g a n d medi ca l su r -
vei l l a n ce st a t i on s a n d pr ocedu r es.
(H) Revi ew of t h e expect ed h a za r ds i n cl u d-
(I ) Awa r en ess a n d k n owl edge of t h e com-
pet en ci es for t h e Off-si t e S peci a l i st Em-
pl oy ee cover ed i n t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
t i on Associ a t i on s S t a n da r d No. 472, Prof es-
sion al Compet en ce of Respon ders t o Hazardou s
Mat erials I n ciden t s.
(5) I n ciden t comman der.
Th e i n ci den t comma n der i s t h e i n di vi du a l
wh o, a t a n y on e t i me, i s r espon si bl e for a n d
i n con t r ol of t h e r espon se effor t . Th i s i n di -
vi du a l i s t h e per son r espon si bl e for t h e di r ec-
t i on a n d coor di n a t i on of t h e r espon se effor t .
An i n ci den t comma n der s posi t i on sh ou l d be
occu pi ed by t h e most sen i or , a ppr opr i a t el y
t r a i n ed i n di vi du a l pr esen t a t t h e r espon se
si t e. Yet , a s n ecessa r y a n d a ppr opr i a t e by
t h e l evel of r espon se pr ovi ded, t h e posi t i on
ma y be occu pi ed by ma n y i n di vi du a l s du r i n g
a pa r t i cu l a r r espon se a s t h e n eed for gr ea t er
a u t h or i t y , r espon si bi l i t y , or t r a i n i n g i n -
cr ea ses. I t i s possi bl e for t h e fi r st r espon der
a t t h e a wa r en ess l evel t o a ssu me t h e du t i es
of i n ci den t comma n der u n t i l a mor e sen i or
a n d a ppr opr i a t el y t r a i n ed i n di vi du a l a r r i ves
a t t h e r espon se si t e.
Th er efor e, a n y emer gen cy r espon der ex-
pect ed t o per for m a s a n i n ci den t comma n der
sh ou l d be t r a i n ed t o fu l fi l l t h e obl i ga t i on s of
t h e posi t i on a t t h e l evel of r espon se t h ey wi l l
be pr ovi di n g i n cl u di n g t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Abi l i t y t o a n a l y ze a h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce i n ci den t t o det er mi n e t h e ma gn i t u de
of t h e r espon se pr obl em.
(B) Abi l i t y t o pl a n a n d i mpl emen t a n a p-
pr opr i a t e r espon se pl a n wi t h i n t h e ca pa bi l i -
t i es of a va i l a bl e per son n el a n d equ i pmen t .
(C) Abi l i t y t o i mpl emen t a r espon se t o fa -
vor a bl y ch a n ge t h e ou t come of t h e i n ci den t
i n a ma n n er con si st en t wi t h t h e l oca l emer -
gen cy r espon se pl a n a n d t h e or ga n i za t i on s
st a n da r d oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es.
(D) Abi l i t y t o eva l u a t e t h e pr ogr ess of t h e
emer gen cy r espon se t o en su r e t h a t t h e r e-
spon se obj ect i ves a r e bei n g met sa fel y , effec-
t i vel y , a n d effi ci en t l y .
(E) Abi l i t y t o a dj u st t h e r espon se pl a n t o
t h e con di t i on s of t h e r espon se a n d t o n ot i fy
h i gh er l evel s of r espon se wh en r equ i r ed by
t h e ch a n ges t o t h e r espon se pl a n .
[54 F R 9317, Ma r . 6, 1989, a s a men ded a t 55 F R
14073, Apr . 13, 1990; 56 F R 15832, Apr . 18, 1991;
59 F R 43270, Au g. 22, 1994; 61 F R 9238, Ma r . 7,
1996; 67 F R 67964, Nov. 7, 2002; 71 F R 16672,
Apr . 3, 2006]
1910.121 [Reserved]
DI P P I NG AND COATI NG OP ERATI ONS
S OURCE: 64 F R 13909, Ma r . 23, 1999, u n l ess
1910.122 Table of contents.
Th i s sect i on l i st s t h e pa r a gr a ph
h ea di n gs con t a i n ed i n 1910. 123
t h r ou gh 1910. 126.
1910. 123 Dippin g an d coat in g operat ion s:
Coverage an d def in it ion s.
(a ) Does t h i s r u l e a ppl y t o me?
(b) Wh a t oper a t i on s a r e cover ed?
(c) Wh a t oper a t i on s a r e n ot cover ed?
(d) How a r e t er ms u sed i n 1910. 123
t h r ou gh 1910. 126 defi n ed?
1910. 124 Gen eral requ iremen t s f or dippin g an d
coat in g operat ion s.
(a ) Wh a t con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o di p t a n k s?
(b) Wh a t ven t i l a t i on r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
va por a r ea s?
(c) Wh a t r equ i r emen t s mu st I fol l ow t o r e-
ci r cu l a t e exh a u st a i r i n t o t h e wor k pl a ce?
(d) Wh a t mu st I do wh en I u se a n exh a u st
h ood?
(e) Wh a t r equ i r emen t s mu st I fol l ow wh en
a n empl oy ee en t er s a di p t a n k ?
(f) Wh a t fi r st -a i d pr ocedu r es mu st my em-
pl oy ees k n ow?
(g) Wh a t h y gi en e fa ci l i t i es mu st I pr ovi de?
(h ) Wh a t t r ea t men t a n d fi r st a i d mu st I
pr ovi de?
(i ) Wh a t mu st I do befor e a n empl oy ee
cl ea n s a di p t a n k ?
(j ) Wh a t mu st I do t o i n spect a n d ma i n t a i n
my di ppi n g or coa t i n g oper a t i on ?
1910. 125 Addit ion al requ iremen t s f or dippin g
an d coat in g operat ion s t h at u se f lammable or
combu st ible liqu ids.
(a ) Wh a t t y pe of con st r u ct i on ma t er i a l
mu st be u sed i n ma k i n g my di p t a n k ?
(b) Wh en mu st I pr ovi de over fl ow pi pi n g?
(c) Wh en mu st I pr ovi de a bot t om dr a i n ?
(d) Wh en mu st my con vey er sy st em sh u t
down a u t oma t i ca l l y ?
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
411
(e) Wh a t i gn i t i on a n d fu el sou r ces mu st be
con t r ol l ed?
(f) Wh a t fi r e pr ot ect i on mu st I pr ovi de?
(g) To wh a t t emper a t u r e ma y I h ea t a l i q-
u i d i n a di p t a n k ?
1910. 126 Addit ion al requ iremen t s f or special
dippin g an d coat in g operat ion s.
(a ) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
h a r den i n g or t emper i n g t a n k s?
(b) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
fl ow coa t i n g?
(c) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
r ol l coa t i n g, r ol l spr ea di n g, or r ol l i mpr eg-
n a t i n g?
(d) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
va por degr ea si n g t a n k s?
(e) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
cy a n i de t a n k s?
(f) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
spr a y cl ea n i n g t a n k s a n d spr a y degr ea si n g
t a n k s?
(g) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
el ect r ost a t i c pa i n t det ea r i n g?
1910.123 Dipping and coating oper-
ations: Coverage and definitions.
(a ) Does t h i s r u l e a ppl y t o me? (1)
Th i s r u l e (1910. 123 t h r ou gh 1910. 126)
a ppl i es wh en y ou u se a di p t a n k con -
t a i n i n g a l i qu i d ot h er t h a n wa t er . I t
a ppl i es wh en y ou u se t h e l i qu i d i n t h e
t a n k or i t s va por t o:
(i ) Cl ea n a n obj ect ;
(i i ) Coa t a n obj ect ;
(i i i ) Al t er t h e su r fa ce of a n obj ect ; or
(i v) Ch a n ge t h e ch a r a ct er of a n ob-
j ect .
(2) Th i s r u l e a l so a ppl i es t o t h e dr a i n -
i n g or dr y i n g of a n obj ect y ou h a ve
di pped or coa t ed.
(b) Wh a t oper a t i on s a r e cover ed? Ex-
a mpl es of cover ed oper a t i on s a r e pa i n t
di ppi n g, el ect r opl a t i n g, pi ck l i n g,
qu en ch i n g, t a n n i n g, degr ea si n g, st r i p-
pi n g, cl ea n i n g, r ol l coa t i n g, fl ow coa t -
i n g, a n d cu r t a i n coa t i n g.
(c) Wh a t oper a t i on s a r e n ot cover ed?
You a r e n ot cover ed by t h i s r u l e i f y ou r
di p-t a n k oper a t i on on l y u ses a mol t en
ma t er i a l (a mol t en met a l , a l l oy , or
sa l t , for exa mpl e).
(d) How a r e t er ms u sed i n 1910. 123
t h r ou gh 1910. 126 defi n ed?
Adjacen t area mea n s a n y a r ea wi t h i n
20 feet (6. 1 m) of a va por a r ea t h a t i s
n ot sepa r a t ed fr om t h e va por a r ea by
t i gh t pa r t i t i on s.
Approved mea n s t h a t t h e equ i pmen t
so desi gn a t ed i s l i st ed or a ppr oved by a
t or y , a s defi n ed by 1910. 7.
Au t oign it ion t emperat u re mea n s t h e
mi n i mu m t emper a t u r e r equ i r ed t o
ca u se sel f-su st a i n ed combu st i on , i n de-
pen den t of a n y ot h er sou r ce of h ea t .
Combu st ible liqu id mea n s a l i qu i d h a v-
i n g a fl a sh poi n t of 100 F (37. 8 C) or
a bove.
Dip t an k mea n s a con t a i n er h ol di n g a
l i qu i d ot h er t h a n wa t er a n d t h a t i s
u sed for di ppi n g or coa t i n g. An obj ect
ma y be i mmer sed (or pa r t i a l l y i m-
mer sed) i n a di p t a n k or i t ma y be su s-
pen ded i n a va por comi n g fr om t h e
t a n k .
Flammable liqu id mea n s a l i qu i d h a v-
i n g a fl a sh poi n t bel ow 100 F (37. 8 C).
Flash poin t mea n s t h e mi n i mu m t em-
per a t u r e a t wh i ch a l i qu i d gi ves off a
va por i n su ffi ci en t con cen t r a t i on t o i g-
n i t e i f t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
defi n i t i on of fl a sh poi n t i n
1910. 1200(c).
L ower f lammable limit (L FL ) mea n s
t h e l owest con cen t r a t i on of a ma t er i a l
t h a t wi l l pr opa ga t e a fl a me. Th e LF L
i s u su a l l y expr essed a s a per cen t by
vol u me of t h e ma t er i a l i n a i r (or ot h er
oxi da n t ).
Vapor area mea n s a n y spa ce con -
t a i n i n g a di p t a n k , i n cl u di n g i t s dr a i n
boa r ds, a ssoci a t ed dr y i n g or con vey i n g
equ i pmen t , a n d a n y su r r ou n di n g a r ea
wh er e t h e va por con cen t r a t i on exceeds
25% of t h e LF L of t h e l i qu i d i n t h e
t a n k .
Y ou mea n s t h e empl oy er , a s defi n ed
by t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Act of 1970 (29 U. S . C. 651 et seq. ).
1910.124 General requirements for
dipping and coating operations.
(a ) Wh a t con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o di p t a n k s? An y con t a i n er t h a t
y ou u se a s a di p t a n k mu st be st r on g
en ou gh t o wi t h st a n d a n y expect ed l oa d.
(b) Wh a t ven t i l a t i on r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o va por a r ea s? (1) Th e ven t i l a -
t i on t h a t y ou pr ovi de t o a va por a r ea
mu st k eep t h e a i r bor n e con cen t r a t i on
of a n y su bst a n ce bel ow 25% of i t s LF L.
(2) Wh en a l i qu i d i n a di p t a n k cr e-
a t es a n exposu r e h a za r d cover ed by a
st a n da r d l i st ed i n su bpa r t Z of t h i s
pa r t , y ou mu st con t r ol wor k er expo-
su r e a s r equ i r ed by t h a t st a n da r d.
(3) You ma y u se a t a n k cover or ma -
t er i a l t h a t fl oa t s on t h e su r fa ce of t h e
l i qu i d i n a di p t a n k t o r epl a ce or su p-
pl emen t ven t i l a t i on . Th e met h od or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
412
combi n a t i on of met h ods y ou ch oose
mu st ma i n t a i n t h e a i r bor n e con cen t r a -
t i on of t h e h a za r dou s ma t er i a l a n d t h e
wor k er s exposu r e wi t h i n t h e l i mi t s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(1) a n d (b)(2)
(4) Wh en y ou u se mech a n i ca l ven t i l a -
t i on , i t mu st con for m t o t h e fol l owi n g
st a n da r ds t h a t a r e i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6:
(i ) ANS I Z9. 21979, F u n da men t a l s
Gover n i n g t h e Desi gn a n d Oper a t i on of
Loca l Exh a u st S y st ems;
(i i ) NF P A 341995, S t a n da r d for Di p
bu st i bl e Li qu i ds;
(i i i ) ACGI Hs I n du st r i a l Ven t i l a t i on :
A Ma n u a l of Recommen ded P r a ct i ce
(22n d ed. , 1995); or
(i v) ANS I Z9. 11971, P r a ct i ces for
Ven t i l a t i on a n d Oper a t i on of Open -S u r -
fa ce Ta n k s, a n d NF P A 341966, S t a n d-
a r d for Di p Ta n k s Con t a i n i n g F l a m-
ma bl e or Combu st i bl e Li qu i ds.
t i on , i t mu st dr a w t h e fl ow of a i r i n t o
a h ood or exh a u st du ct .
t i on , ea ch di p t a n k mu st h a ve a n i n de-
pen den t exh a u st sy st em u n l ess t h e
combi n a t i on of su bst a n ces bei n g r e-
moved wi l l n ot ca u se a :
(i ) F i r e;
(i i ) Expl osi on ; or
(i i i ) Ch emi ca l r ea ct i on .
(c) Wh a t r equ i r emen t s mu st I fol l ow
t o r eci r cu l a t e exh a u st a i r i n t o t h e
wor k pl a ce? (1) You ma y n ot r eci r cu l a t e
exh a u st a i r wh en a n y su bst a n ce i n t h a t
a i r poses a h ea l t h h a za r d t o empl oy ees
or exceeds 25% of i t s LF L.
(2) You mu st en su r e t h a t a n y exh a u st
a i r r eci r cu l a t ed fr om a di ppi n g or coa t -
i n g oper a t i on u si n g fl a mma bl e or com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds i s:
(i ) F r ee of a n y sol i d pa r t i cu l a t e t h a t
poses a h ea l t h or sa fet y h a za r d for em-
pl oy ees; a n d
(i i ) Mon i t or ed by a ppr oved equ i p-
men t .
(3) You mu st h a ve a sy st em t h a t
sou n ds a n a l a r m a n d a u t oma t i ca l l y
sh u t s down t h e oper a t i on wh en t h e
va por con cen t r a t i on for a n y su bst a n ce
i n t h e exh a u st a i r st r ea m exceeds 25%
of i t s LF L.
(d) Wh a t mu st I do wh en I u se a n ex-
h a u st h ood? You mu st :
(1) P r ovi de ea ch r oom h a vi n g exh a u st
h oods wi t h a vol u me of ou t si de a i r t h a t
i s a t l ea st 90 per cen t of t h e vol u me of
t h e exh a u st a i r ; a n d
(2) En su r e t h a t t h e ou t si de a i r su ppl y
does n ot da ma ge exh a u st h oods.
(e) Wh a t r equ i r emen t s mu st I fol l ow
wh en a n empl oy ee en t er s a di p t a n k ?
Wh en a n empl oy ee en t er s a di p t a n k ,
y ou mu st meet t h e en t r y r equ i r emen t s
of 1910. 146, OS HAs st a n da r d for P er -
mi t -Requ i r ed Con fi n ed S pa ces, a s a p-
pl i ca bl e.
(f) Wh a t fi r st -a i d pr ocedu r es mu st my
empl oy ees k n ow? You r empl oy ees mu st
k n ow t h e fi r st -a i d pr ocedu r es t h a t a r e
a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e di ppi n g or coa t i n g
h a za r ds t o wh i ch t h ey a r e exposed.
(g) Wh a t h y gi en e fa ci l i t i es mu st I
pr ovi de? Wh en y ou r empl oy ees wor k
wi t h l i qu i ds t h a t ma y bu r n , i r r i t a t e, or
ot h er wi se h a r m t h ei r sk i n , y ou mu st
pr ovi de:
(1) Lock er spa ce or ot h er st or a ge
spa ce t o pr even t con t a mi n a t i on of t h e
empl oy ees st r eet cl ot h es;
(2) An emer gen cy sh ower a n d ey e-
wa sh st a t i on cl ose t o t h e di ppi n g or
coa t i n g oper a t i on . I n pl a ce of t h i s
equ i pmen t , y ou ma y u se a wa t er h ose
t h a t i s a t l ea st 4 feet (1. 22 m) l on g a n d
a t l ea st
3
4 of a n i n ch (18 mm) t h i ck
wi t h a qu i ck -open i n g va l ve a n d ca r -
r y i n g a pr essu r e of 25 pou n ds per
squ a r e i n ch (1. 62 k /cm
2
) or l ess; a n d
(3) At l ea st on e ba si n wi t h a h ot -
wa t er fa u cet for ever y 10 empl oy ees
wh o wor k wi t h su ch l i qu i ds. (S ee pa r a -
gr a ph (d) of 1910. 141. )
(h ) Wh a t t r ea t men t a n d fi r st a i d
mu st I pr ovi de? Wh en y ou r empl oy ees
wor k wi t h l i qu i ds t h a t ma y bu r n , i r r i -
t a t e, or ot h er wi se h a r m t h ei r sk i n , y ou
mu st pr ovi de:
(1) A ph y si ci a n s a ppr ova l befor e a n
empl oy ee wi t h a sor e, bu r n , or ot h er
sk i n l esi on t h a t r equ i r es medi ca l t r ea t -
men t wor k s i n a va por a r ea ;
(2) Tr ea t men t by a pr oper l y des-
i gn a t ed per son of a n y sma l l sk i n a br a -
si on , cu t , r a sh , or open sor e;
(3) Appr opr i a t e fi r st -a i d su ppl i es t h a t
a r e l oca t ed n ea r t h e di ppi n g or coa t i n g
oper a t i on ; a n d
(4) F or empl oy ees wh o wor k wi t h
ch r omi c a ci d, per i odi c exa mi n a t i on s of
t h ei r exposed body pa r t s, especi a l l y
t h ei r n ost r i l s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
413
(i ) Wh a t mu st I do befor e a n em-
pl oy ee cl ea n s a di p t a n k ? Befor e per -
mi t t i n g a n empl oy ee t o cl ea n t h e i n t e-
r i or of a di p t a n k , y ou mu st :
(1) Dr a i n t h e con t en t s of t h e t a n k
a n d open t h e cl ea n ou t door s; a n d
(2) Ven t i l a t e a n d cl ea r a n y pock et s
wh er e h a za r dou s va por s ma y h a ve a c-
cu mu l a t ed.
(j ) Wh a t mu st I do t o i n spect a n d
ma i n t a i n my di ppi n g or coa t i n g oper -
a t i on ? You mu st :
(1) I n spect t h e h oods a n d du ct wor k of
t h e ven t i l a t i on sy st em for cor r osi on or
da ma ge:
(i ) At l ea st qu a r t er l y du r i n g oper -
a t i on ; a n d
(i i ) P r i or t o oper a t i on a ft er a pr o-
l on ged sh u t down .
(2) En su r e t h a t t h e a i r fl ow i s a de-
qu a t e:
(i ) At l ea st qu a r t er l y du r i n g oper -
a t i on ; a n d
(i i ) P r i or t o oper a t i on a ft er a pr o-
l on ged sh u t down .
(3) P er i odi ca l l y i n spect a l l di ppi n g
a n d coa t i n g equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g cov-
er s, dr a i n s, over fl ow pi pi n g, a n d el ec-
t r i ca l a n d fi r e-ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems,
a n d pr ompt l y cor r ect a n y defi ci en ci es;
(4) P r ovi de mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on or
r espi r a t or s (sel ect ed a n d u sed a s speci -
fi ed i n 1910. 134, OS HAs Respi r a t or y
P r ot ect i on st a n da r d) t o pr ot ect em-
pl oy ees i n t h e va por a r ea fr om expo-
su r e t o t oxi c su bst a n ces r el ea sed du r -
i n g wel di n g, bu r n i n g, or open -fl a me
wor k ; a n d
(5) Ha ve di p t a n k s t h or ou gh l y
cl ea n ed of sol ven t s a n d va por s befor e
per mi t t i n g wel di n g, bu r n i n g, or open -
fl a me wor k on t h em.
1910.125 Additional requirements for
dipping and coating operations that
use flammable or combustible liq-
uids.
I f y ou u se fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i ds, y ou mu st compl y wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on a s wel l a s
t h e r equ i r emen t s of sect i on s 1910. 123,
1910. 124, a n d 1910. 126, a s a ppl i ca bl e.
You must comply with this section if: And:
The flashpoint of the flammable or combustible liq-
uid is 200 F (93.3 C) or above.
The liquid is heated as part of the operation; or
A heated object is placed in the liquid.
(a ) Wh a t t y pe of con st r u ct i on ma t e-
r i a l mu st be u sed i n ma k i n g my di p
t a n k ? You r di p t a n k mu st be ma de of
n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l .
(b) Wh en mu st I pr ovi de over fl ow pi p-
i n g? (1) You mu st pr ovi de pr oper l y
t r a pped over fl ow pi pi n g t h a t di sch a r ges
t o a sa fe l oca t i on for a n y di p t a n k h a v-
i n g:
(i ) A ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n 150 ga l -
l on s (568 L); or
(i i ) A l i qu i d su r fa ce a r ea gr ea t er t h a n
10 feet
2
(0. 95 m
2
).
(2) You mu st a l so en su r e t h a t :
(i ) An y over fl ow pi pi n g i s a t l ea st 3
i n ch es (7. 6 cm) i n di a met er a n d h a s su f-
fi ci en t ca pa ci t y t o pr even t t h e di p t a n k
fr om over fl owi n g;
(i i ) P i pi n g con n ect i on s on dr a i n s a n d
over fl ow pi pes a l l ow r ea dy a ccess t o
t h e i n t er i or of t h e pi pe for i n spect i on
a n d cl ea n i n g; a n d
(i i i ) Th e bot t om of t h e over fl ow con -
n ect i on i s a t l ea st 6 i n ch es (15. 2 cm)
bel ow t h e t op of t h e di p t a n k .
(c) Wh en mu st I pr ovi de a bot t om
dr a i n ? (1) You mu st pr ovi de a bot t om
dr a i n for di p t a n k s t h a t con t a i n mor e
t h a n 500 ga l l on s (1893 L) of l i qu i d, u n -
l ess:
(i ) Th e di p t a n k i s equ i pped wi t h a n
a u t oma t i c cl osi n g cover meet i n g t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (f)(3) of t h i s
sect i on ; or
(i i ) Th e vi scosi t y of t h e l i qu i d a t n or -
ma l a t mosph er i c t emper a t u r e does n ot
a l l ow t h e l i qu i d t o fl ow or be pu mped
ea si l y .
(2) You mu st en su r e t h a t t h e bot t om
dr a i n r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on :
(i ) Wi l l empt y t h e di p t a n k du r i n g a
fi r e;
(i i ) I s pr oper l y t r a pped;
(i i i ) Ha s pi pes t h a t per mi t t h e di p
t a n k s con t en t s t o be r emoved wi t h i n
fi ve mi n u t es a ft er a fi r e begi n s; a n d
(i v) Di sch a r ges t o a sa fe l oca t i on .
(3) An y bot t om dr a i n y ou pr ovi de
mu st be ca pa bl e of ma n u a l a n d a u t o-
ma t i c oper a t i on , a n d ma n u a l oper a t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
414
mu st be fr om a sa fe a n d a ccessi bl e l o-
ca t i on .
(4) You mu st en su r e t h a t a u t oma t i c
pu mps a r e u sed wh en gr a vi t y fl ow fr om
t h e bot t om dr a i n i s i mpr a ct i ca l .
(d) Wh en mu st my con vey or sy st em
sh u t down a u t oma t i ca l l y ? I f y ou r con -
vey or sy st em i s u sed wi t h a di p t a n k ,
t h e sy st em mu st sh u t down a u t oma t i -
ca l l y :
(1) I f t h er e i s a fi r e; or
(2) I f t h e ven t i l a t i on r a t e dr ops bel ow
wh a t i s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (b) of
1910. 124.
(e) Wh a t i gn i t i on a n d fu el sou r ces
mu st be con t r ol l ed? (1) I n ea ch va por
a r ea a n d a n y a dj a cen t a r ea , y ou mu st
en su r e t h a t :
(i ) Al l el ect r i ca l wi r i n g a n d equ i p-
men t con for m t o t h e a ppl i ca bl e h a z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed)-a r ea r equ i r emen t s of
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t (except a s spe-
ci fi ca l l y per mi t t ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g) of
1910. 126); a n d
(i i ) Th er e a r e n o fl a mes, spa r k -pr o-
du ci n g devi ces, or ot h er su r fa ces t h a t
a r e h ot en ou gh t o i gn i t e va por s.
(2) You mu st en su r e t h a t a n y por t -
a bl e con t a i n er u sed t o a dd l i qu i d t o t h e
t a n k i s el ect r i ca l l y bon ded t o t h e di p
t a n k a n d posi t i vel y gr ou n ded t o pr e-
ven t st a t i c el ect r i ca l spa r k s or a r cs.
(3) You mu st en su r e t h a t a h ea t i n g
sy st em t h a t i s u sed i n a dr y i n g oper -
a t i on a n d cou l d ca u se i gn i t i on :
(i ) I s i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
NF P A 86A1969, S t a n da r d for Oven s a n d
F u r n a ces (wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce i n 1910. 6 of t h i s pa r t );
(i i ) Ha s a dequ a t e mech a n i ca l ven t i l a -
t i on t h a t oper a t es befor e a n d du r i n g
t h e dr y i n g oper a t i on ; a n d
(i i i ) S h u t s down a u t oma t i ca l l y i f a n y
ven t i l a t i n g fa n fa i l s t o ma i n t a i n a de-
qu a t e ven t i l a t i on .
(4) You a l so mu st en su r e t h a t :
(i ) Al l va por a r ea s a r e fr ee of combu s-
t i bl e debr i s a n d a s fr ee a s pr a ct i ca bl e
of combu st i bl e st ock ;
(i i ) Ra gs a n d ot h er ma t er i a l con t a mi -
n a t ed wi t h l i qu i ds fr om di ppi n g or
coa t i n g oper a t i on s a r e pl a ced i n a p-
pr oved wa st e ca n s i mmedi a t el y a ft er
u se; a n d
(i i i ) Wa st e ca n con t en t s a r e pr oper l y
di sposed of a t t h e en d of ea ch sh i ft .
(5) You mu st pr oh i bi t smok i n g i n a
va por a r ea a n d mu st post a r ea di l y
vi si bl e No S mok i n g si gn n ea r ea ch
di p t a n k .
(f) Wh a t fi r e pr ot ect i on mu st I pr o-
vi de? (1) You mu st pr ovi de t h e fi r e pr o-
t ect i on r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph (f)
for :
(i ) An y di p t a n k h a vi n g a ca pa ci t y of
a t l ea st 150 ga l l on s (568 L) or a l i qu i d
su r fa ce a r ea of a t l ea st 4 feet
2
(0. 38
m
1
); a n d
(i i ) An y h a r den i n g or t emper i n g t a n k
h a vi n g a ca pa ci t y of a t l ea st 500 ga l -
l on s (1893 L) or a l i qu i d su r fa ce a r ea of
a t l ea st 25 feet
2
(2. 37 m
2
).
(2) F or ever y va por a r ea , y ou mu st
pr ovi de:
(i ) Ma n u a l fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s t h a t a r e
su i t a bl e for fl a mma bl e a n d combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i d fi r es a n d t h a t con for m t o
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 157; a n d
(i i ) An a u t oma t i c fi r e-ext i n gu i sh i n g
sy st em t h a t con for ms t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t L of t h i s pa r t .
(3) You ma y su bst i t u t e a cover t h a t
i s cl osed by a n a ppr oved a u t oma t i c de-
vi ce for t h e a u t oma t i c fi r e-ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st em i f t h e cover :
(i ) Ca n a l so be a ct i va t ed ma n u a l l y ;
(i i ) I s n on combu st i bl e or t i n -cl a d,
wi t h t h e en cl osi n g met a l a ppl i ed wi t h
l ock ed j oi n t s; a n d
(i i i ) I s k ept cl osed wh en t h e di p t a n k
i s n ot i n u se.
(g) To wh a t t emper a t u r e ma y I h ea t
a l i qu i d i n a di p t a n k ? You mu st ma i n -
t a i n t h e t emper a t u r e of t h e l i qu i d i n a
di p t a n k :
(1) Bel ow t h e l i qu i ds boi l i n g poi n t ;
a n d
(2) At l ea st 100 F (37. 8 C) bel ow t h e
l i qu i ds a u t oi gn i t i on t emper a t u r e.
1910.126 Additional requirements for
special dipping and coating oper-
ations.
I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r emen t s i n
1910. 123 t h r ou gh 1910. 125, y ou mu st
compl y wi t h a n y r equ i r emen t i n t h i s
sect i on t h a t a ppl i es t o y ou r oper a t i on .
(a ) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o h a r den i n g or t emper i n g
t a n k s?
(1) You mu st en su r e t h a t h a r den i n g
or t emper i n g t a n k s:
(i ) Ar e l oca t ed a s fa r a s pr a ct i ca bl e
fr om fu r n a ces;
(i i ) Ar e on n on combu st i bl e fl oor i n g;
a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
415
(i i i ) Ha ve n on combu st i bl e h oods a n d
ven t s (or equ i va l en t devi ces) for ven t -
i n g t o t h e ou t si de. F or t h i s pu r pose,
ven t du ct s mu st be t r ea t ed a s fl u es a n d
k ept a wa y fr om combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s,
pa r t i cu l a r l y r oofs.
(2) You mu st equ i p ea ch t a n k wi t h a n
a l a r m t h a t wi l l sou n d i f t h e t emper a -
t u r e of t h e l i qu i d comes wi t h i n 50 F (10
C) of i t s fl a sh poi n t (t h e a l a r m set
poi n t ).
(3) Wh en pr a ct i ca bl e, y ou mu st a l so
pr ovi de ea ch t a n k wi t h a l i mi t swi t ch
t o sh u t down t h e con vey or su ppl y i n g
wor k t o t h e t a n k .
(4) I f t h e t emper a t u r e of t h e l i qu i d
ca n exceed t h e a l a r m set poi n t , y ou
mu st equ i p t h e t a n k wi t h a ci r cu l a t i n g
cool i n g sy st em.
(5) I f t h e t a n k h a s a bot t om dr a i n ,
t h e bot t om dr a i n ma y be combi n ed
wi t h t h e oi l -ci r cu l a t i n g sy st em.
(6) You mu st n ot u se a i r u n der pr es-
su r e wh en y ou fi l l t h e di p t a n k or a gi -
t a t e t h e l i qu i d i n t h e di p t a n k .
(b) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o fl ow coa t i n g? (1) You mu st u se
a di r ect l ow-pr essu r e pu mpi n g sy st em
or a 10-ga l l on (38 L) or sma l l er gr a vi t y
t a n k t o su ppl y t h e pa i n t for fl ow coa t -
i n g. I n ca se of fi r e, a n a ppr oved h ea t -
a ct u a t ed devi ce mu st sh u t down t h e
pu mpi n g sy st em.
(2) You mu st en su r e t h a t t h e pi pi n g
i s su bst a n t i a l a n d r i gi dl y su ppor t ed.
(c) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o r ol l coa t i n g, r ol l spr ea di n g, or
r ol l i mpr egn a t i n g? Wh en t h ese oper -
a t i on s u se a fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e
l i qu i d t h a t h a s a fl a sh poi n t bel ow 140
F (60 C), y ou mu st pr even t spa r k i n g
of st a t i c el ect r i ci t y by :
(1) Bon di n g a n d gr ou n di n g a l l met a l -
l i c pa r t s (i n cl u di n g r ot a t i n g pa r t s) a n d
i n st a l l i n g st a t i c col l ect or s; or
(2) Ma i n t a i n i n g a con du ct i ve a t mos-
ph er e (for exa mpl e, on e wi t h a h i gh r el -
a t i ve h u mi di t y ) i n t h e va por a r ea .
(d) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o va por degr ea si n g t a n k s? (1)
You mu st en su r e t h a t t h e con den ser or
va por -l evel t h er most a t k eeps t h e va por
l evel a t l ea st 36 i n ch es (91 cm) or on e-
h a l f t h e t a n k wi dt h , wh i ch ever i s l ess,
bel ow t h e t op of t h e va por degr ea si n g
t a n k .
(2) Wh en y ou u se ga s a s a fu el t o h ea t
t h e t a n k l i qu i d, y ou mu st pr even t sol -
ven t va por s fr om en t er i n g t h e a i r -fu el
mi xt u r e. To do t h i s, y ou mu st ma k e
t h e combu st i on ch a mber a i r t i gh t (ex-
cept for t h e fl u e open i n g).
(3) Th e fl u e mu st be ma de of cor r o-
si on -r esi st a n t ma t er i a l , a n d i t mu st ex-
t en d t o t h e ou t si de. You mu st i n st a l l a
dr a ft di ver t er i f mech a n i ca l exh a u st i s
u sed on t h e fl u e.
(4) You mu st n ot a l l ow t h e t emper a -
t u r e of t h e h ea t i n g el emen t t o ca u se a
sol ven t or mi xt u r e t o decompose or t o
gen er a t e a n excessi ve a mou n t of va por .
(e) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o cy a n i de t a n k s? You mu st en -
su r e t h a t cy a n i de t a n k s h a ve a di k e or
ot h er sa fegu a r d t o pr even t cy a n i de
fr om mi xi n g wi t h a n a ci d i f a di p t a n k
fa i l s.
(f) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o spr a y cl ea n i n g t a n k s a n d
spr a y degr ea si n g t a n k s? I f y ou spr a y a
l i qu i d i n t h e a i r over a n open -su r fa ce
cl ea n i n g or degr ea si n g t a n k , y ou mu st
con t r ol t h e spr a y i n g t o t h e ext en t fea -
si bl e by :
(1) En cl osi n g t h e spr a y i n g oper a t i on ;
a n d
(2) Usi n g mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on t o
pr ovi de en ou gh i n wa r d a i r vel oci t y t o
pr even t t h e spr a y fr om l ea vi n g t h e
va por a r ea .
(g) Wh a t a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o el ect r ost a t i c pa i n t det ea r i n g?
(1) You mu st u se on l y a ppr oved el ect r o-
st a t i c equ i pmen t i n pa i n t -det ea r i n g op-
er a t i on s. El ect r odes i n su ch equ i pmen t
mu st be su bst a n t i a l , r i gi dl y su ppor t ed,
per ma n en t l y l oca t ed, a n d effect i vel y
i n su l a t ed fr om gr ou n d by n on por ou s,
n on combu st i bl e, cl ea n , dr y i n su l a t or s.
(2) You mu st u se con vey or s t o su p-
por t a n y goods bei n g pa i n t det ea r ed.
(3) You mu st en su r e t h a t goods bei n g
el ect r ost a t i ca l l y det ea r ed a r e n ot
ma n u a l l y h a n dl ed.
(4) Bet ween goods bei n g el ect r o-
st a t i ca l l y det ea r ed a n d t h e el ect r odes
or con du ct or s of t h e el ect r ost a t i c
equ i pmen t , y ou mu st ma i n t a i n a mi n -
i mu m di st a n ce of t wi ce t h e spa r k i n g
di st a n ce. Th i s mi n i mu m di st a n ce mu st
be di spl a y ed con spi cu ou sl y on a si gn
l oca t ed n ea r t h e equ i pmen t .
(5) You mu st en su r e t h a t t h e el ect r o-
st a t i c equ i pmen t h a s a u t oma t i c con -
t r ol s t h a t i mmedi a t el y di scon n ect t h e
power su ppl y t o t h e h i gh -vol t a ge t r a n s-
for mer a n d si gn a l t h e oper a t or i f:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
416
(i ) Ven t i l a t i on or t h e con vey or s fa i l
t o oper a t e;
(i i ) A gr ou n d (or i mmi n en t gr ou n d)
occu r s a n y wh er e i n t h e h i gh -vol t a ge
sy st em; or
(i i i ) Goods bei n g el ect r ost a t i ca l l y
det ea r ed come wi t h i n t wi ce t h e spa r k -
i n g di st a n ce of t h e el ect r odes or con -
du ct or s of t h e equ i pmen t .
(6) You mu st u se fen ces, r a i l s, or
gu a r ds, ma de of con du ct i n g ma t er i a l
a n d a dequ a t el y gr ou n ded, t o sepa r a t e
pa i n t -det ea r i n g oper a t i on s fr om st or -
a ge a r ea s a n d fr om per son n el .
(7) To pr ot ect pa i n t -det ea r i n g oper -
a t i on s fr om fi r e, y ou mu st h a ve i n
pl a ce:
(i ) Au t oma t i c spr i n k l er s; or
(i i ) An a u t oma t i c fi r e-ext i n gu i sh i n g
sy st em con for mi n g t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
of su bpa r t L of t h i s pa r t .
(8) To col l ect pa i n t deposi t s, y ou
mu st :
(i ) P r ovi de dr i p pl a t es a n d scr een s;
a n d
(i i ) Cl ea n t h ese pl a t es a n d scr een s i n
a sa fe l oca t i on .
Subpart IPersonal Protective
Equipment
U. S . C. 653, 655, a n d 657); a n d S ecr et a r y of La -
bor s Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), 32000 (62 F R 50017), or 52002
(67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e.
S ect i on s 1910. 132, 1910. 134, a n d 1910. 138 of 29
CF R a l so i ssu ed u n der 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
S ect i on s 1910. 133, 1910. 135, a n d 1910. 136 of 29
CF R a l so i ssu ed u n der 29 CF R pa r t 1911 a n d
5 U. S . C. 553.
(a ) Applicat ion . P r ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ,
i n cl u di n g per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t for ey es, fa ce, h ea d, a n d ext r em-
i t i es, pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g, r espi r a t or y
devi ces, a n d pr ot ect i ve sh i el ds a n d ba r -
r i er s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded, u sed, a n d
ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa n i t a r y a n d r el i a bl e
con di t i on wh er ever i t i s n ecessa r y by
r ea son of h a za r ds of pr ocesses or en vi -
r on men t , ch emi ca l h a za r ds, r a di o-
l ogi ca l h a za r ds, or mech a n i ca l i r r i -
t a n t s en cou n t er ed i n a ma n n er ca pa bl e
of ca u si n g i n j u r y or i mpa i r men t i n t h e
fu n ct i on of a n y pa r t of t h e body
t h r ou gh a bsor pt i on , i n h a l a t i on or
ph y si ca l con t a ct .
(b) Employ ee-own ed equ ipmen t . Wh er e
empl oy ees pr ovi de t h ei r own pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t , t h e empl oy er sh a l l be r e-
spon si bl e t o a ssu r e i t s a dequ a cy , i n -
cl u di n g pr oper ma i n t en a n ce, a n d sa n i -
t a t i on of su ch equ i pmen t .
(c) Design . Al l per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t sh a l l be of sa fe desi gn a n d
con st r u ct i on for t h e wor k t o be per -
for med.
(d) Hazard assessmen t an d equ ipmen t
select ion . (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssess
t h e wor k pl a ce t o det er mi n e i f h a za r ds
a r e pr esen t , or a r e l i k el y t o be pr esen t ,
wh i ch n ecessi t a t e t h e u se of per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t (P P E). I f su ch
h a za r ds a r e pr esen t , or l i k el y t o be
pr esen t , t h e empl oy er sh a l l :
(i ) S el ect , a n d h a ve ea ch a ffect ed em-
pl oy ee u se, t h e t y pes of P P E t h a t wi l l
pr ot ect t h e a ffect ed empl oy ee fr om t h e
h a za r ds i den t i fi ed i n t h e h a za r d a ssess-
men t ;
(i i ) Commu n i ca t e sel ect i on deci si on s
t o ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee; a n d,
(i i i ) S el ect P P E t h a t pr oper l y fi t s
ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee.
NOTE: Non -ma n da t or y Appen di x B con t a i n s
a n exa mpl e of pr ocedu r es t h a t wou l d compl y
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t for a h a za r d a ssess-
men t .
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ver i fy t h a t t h e
r equ i r ed wor k pl a ce h a za r d a ssessmen t
h a s been per for med t h r ou gh a wr i t t en
cer t i fi ca t i on t h a t i den t i fi es t h e wor k -
pl a ce eva l u a t ed; t h e per son cer t i fy i n g
t h a t t h e eva l u a t i on h a s been per -
for med; t h e da t e(s) of t h e h a za r d a s-
sessmen t ; a n d, wh i ch i den t i fi es t h e
docu men t a s a cer t i fi ca t i on of h a za r d
a ssessmen t .
(e) Def ect ive an d damaged equ ipmen t .
Defect i ve or da ma ged per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(f) T rain in g. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de t r a i n i n g t o ea ch empl oy ee wh o
i s r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on t o u se P P E.
Ea ch su ch empl oy ee sh a l l be t r a i n ed t o
k n ow a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Wh en P P E i s n ecessa r y ;
(i i ) Wh a t P P E i s n ecessa r y ;
(i i i ) How t o pr oper l y don , doff, a d-
j u st , a n d wea r P P E;
(i v) Th e l i mi t a t i on s of t h e P P E; a n d,
(v) Th e pr oper ca r e, ma i n t en a n ce,
u sefu l l i fe a n d di sposa l of t h e P P E.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
417
(2) Ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee sh a l l dem-
on st r a t e a n u n der st a n di n g of t h e t r a i n -
i n g speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(1) of t h i s
sect i on , a n d t h e a bi l i t y t o u se P P E
pr oper l y , befor e bei n g a l l owed t o per -
for m wor k r equ i r i n g t h e u se of P P E.
(3) Wh en t h e empl oy er h a s r ea son t o
bel i eve t h a t a n y a ffect ed empl oy ee wh o
h a s a l r ea dy been t r a i n ed does n ot h a ve
t h e u n der st a n di n g a n d sk i l l r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (f)(2) of t h i s sect i on , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l r et r a i n ea ch su ch em-
pl oy ee. Ci r cu mst a n ces wh er e r et r a i n -
i n g i s r equ i r ed i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, si t u a t i on s wh er e:
(i ) Ch a n ges i n t h e wor k pl a ce r en der
pr evi ou s t r a i n i n g obsol et e; or
(i i ) Ch a n ges i n t h e t y pes of P P E t o be
u sed r en der pr evi ou s t r a i n i n g obsol et e;
or
(i i i ) I n a dequ a ci es i n a n a ffect ed em-
pl oy ees k n owl edge or u se of a ssi gn ed
P P E i n di ca t e t h a t t h e empl oy ee h a s
n ot r et a i n ed t h e r equ i si t e u n der -
st a n di n g or sk i l l .
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ver i fy t h a t
ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee h a s r ecei ved
a n d u n der st ood t h e r equ i r ed t r a i n i n g
t h r ou gh a wr i t t en cer t i fi ca t i on t h a t
con t a i n s t h e n a me of ea ch empl oy ee
t r a i n ed, t h e da t e(s) of t r a i n i n g, a n d
t h a t i den t i fi es t h e su bj ect of t h e cer -
t i fi ca t i on .
(g) P a r a gr a ph s (d) a n d (f) of t h i s sec-
t i on a ppl y on l y t o 1910. 133, 1910. 135,
1919. 136, a n d 1910. 138. P a r pa gr a ph s (d)
a n d (f) of t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o
1910. 134 a n d 1910. 137.
F R 16334, Apr . 6, 1994; 59 F R 33910, J u l y 1,
1994]
1910.133 Eye and face protection.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch a ffect ed
empl oy ee u ses a ppr opr i a t e ey e or fa ce
pr ot ect i on wh en exposed t o ey e or fa ce
h a za r ds fr om fl y i n g pa r t i cl es, mol t en
met a l , l i qu i d ch emi ca l s, a ci ds or ca u s-
t i c l i qu i ds, ch emi ca l ga ses or va por s, or
pot en t i a l l y i n j u r i ou s l i gh t r a di a t i on .
ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee u ses ey e pr o-
t ect i on t h a t pr ovi des si de pr ot ect i on
wh en t h er e i s a h a za r d fr om fl y i n g ob-
j ect s. Det a ch a bl e si de pr ot ect or s (e. g.
cl i p-on or sl i de-on si de sh i el ds) meet i n g
t h e per t i n en t r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on a r e a ccept a bl e.
ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee wh o wea r s pr e-
scr i pt i on l en ses wh i l e en ga ged i n oper -
a t i on s t h a t i n vol ve ey e h a za r ds wea r s
ey e pr ot ect i on t h a t i n cor por a t es t h e
pr escr i pt i on i n i t s desi gn , or wea r s ey e
pr ot ect i on t h a t ca n be wor n over t h e
pr escr i pt i on l en ses wi t h ou t di st u r bi n g
t h e pr oper posi t i on of t h e pr escr i pt i on
l en ses or t h e pr ot ect i ve l en ses.
(4) Ey e a n d fa ce P P E sh a l l be di s-
t i n ct l y ma r k ed t o fa ci l i t a t e i den t i fi ca -
t i on of t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee u ses equ i pmen t
wi t h fi l t er l en ses t h a t h a ve a sh a de
n u mber a ppr opr i a t e for t h e wor k bei n g
per for med for pr ot ect i on fr om i n j u -
r i ou s l i gh t r a di a t i on . Th e fol l owi n g i s a
l i st i n g of a ppr opr i a t e sh a de n u mber s
for va r i ou s oper a t i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
418
Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Operations
Electrode Size 1/32
in.
Arc Current
Minimum* Pro-
tective Shade
Shielded metal arc welding Less than 3 ............... Less than 60 ............. 7
3-5 ............................. 60-160 ....................... 8
5-8 ............................. 160-250 ..................... 10
More than 8 ............... 250-550 ..................... 11
Gas metal arc welding and
flux cored arc welding
less than 60 ............... 7
60-160 ....................... 10
160-250 ..................... 10
250-500 ..................... 10
Gas Tungsten arc welding less than 50 ............... 8
50-150 ....................... 8
150-500 ..................... 10
Air carbon (Light) ........................ less than 500 ............. 10
Arc cutting (Heavy) ...................... 500-1000 ................... 11
Plasma arc welding less than 20 ............... 6
20-100 ....................... 8
100-400 ..................... 10
400-800 ..................... 11
Plasma arc cutting (light)** ....................... less than 300 ............. 8
(medium)** ................ 300-400 ..................... 9
(heavy)** .................... 400-800 ..................... 10
Torch brazing .................................... 3
Torch soldering .................................... 2
Carbon arc welding .................................... 14
Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Operations
Plate thickness
inches
Plate thicknessmm
Minimum* Pro-
tective Shade
Gas Welding:
Light Under 1/8 .................. Under 3.2 .................. 4
Medium 1/8 to 1/2 ................... 3.2 to 12.7 ................. 5
Heavy Over 1/2 .................... Over 12.7 .................. 6
Oxygen cutting:
Light Under 1 ..................... Under 25 ................... 3
Medium 1 to 6 ......................... 25 to 150 ................... 4
Heavy Over 6 ....................... Over 150 ................... 5
* As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a
lighter shade which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In
oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use
a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation.
** These values apply where the actual arc is clearly seen. Experience has shown that lighter
filters may be used when the arc is hidden by the workpiece.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
419
(b) Crit eria f or prot ect ive ey e an d f ace
devices. (1) P r ot ect i ve ey e a n d fa ce de-
vi ces pu r ch a sed a ft er J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l
compl y wi t h ANS I Z87. 11989, Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d P r a ct i ce for
Occu pa t i on a l a n d Edu ca t i on a l Ey e a n d
F a ce P r ot ect i on , wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6, or sh a l l be demon st r a t ed by t h e
empl oy er t o be equ a l l y effect i ve.
(2) Ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i ve devi ces
pu r ch a sed befor e J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h t h e ANS I US A st a n da r d for
Occu pa t i on a l a n d Edu ca t i on a l Ey e a n d
F a ce P r ot ect i on , Z87. 11968, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6, or sh a l l be demon st r a t ed by
t h e empl oy er t o be equ a l l y effect i ve.
[59 F R 16360, Apr . 6, 1994; 59 F R 33911, J u l y 1,
61 F R 19548, Ma y 2, 1996]
1910.134 Respiratory protection.
Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o Gen er a l I n -
du st r y (pa r t 1910), S h i py a r ds (pa r t
1915), Ma r i n e Ter mi n a l s (pa r t 1917),
Lon gsh or i n g (pa r t 1918), a n d Con st r u c-
t i on (pa r t 1926).
(a ) Permissible pract ice. (1) I n t h e con -
t r ol of t h ose occu pa t i on a l di sea ses
ca u sed by br ea t h i n g a i r con t a mi n a t ed
wi t h h a r mfu l du st s, fogs, fu mes, mi st s,
ga ses, smok es, spr a y s, or va por s, t h e
pr i ma r y obj ect i ve sh a l l be t o pr even t
a t mosph er i c con t a mi n a t i on . Th i s sh a l l
be a ccompl i sh ed a s fa r a s fea si bl e by
a ccept ed en gi n eer i n g con t r ol mea su r es
(for exa mpl e, en cl osu r e or con fi n emen t
of t h e oper a t i on , gen er a l a n d l oca l ven -
t i l a t i on , a n d su bst i t u t i on of l ess t oxi c
ma t er i a l s). Wh en effect i ve en gi n eer i n g
con t r ol s a r e n ot fea si bl e, or wh i l e t h ey
a r e bei n g i n st i t u t ed, a ppr opr i a t e r es-
pi r a t or s sh a l l be u sed pu r su a n t t o t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Respi r a t or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded by
t h e empl oy er wh en su ch equ i pmen t i s
n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect t h e h ea l t h of t h e
empl oy ee. Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de
t h e r espi r a t or s wh i ch a r e a ppl i ca bl e
a n d su i t a bl e for t h e pu r pose i n t en ded.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l be r espon si bl e for
t h e est a bl i sh men t a n d ma i n t en a n ce of
a r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m
wh i ch sh a l l i n cl u de t h e r equ i r emen t s
ou t l i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(b) Def in it ion s. Th e fol l owi n g defi n i -
t i on s a r e i mpor t a n t t er ms u sed i n t h e
r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on st a n da r d i n t h i s
sect i on .
Air-pu rif y in g respirat or mea n s a r es-
pi r a t or wi t h a n a i r -pu r i fy i n g fi l t er ,
ca r t r i dge, or ca n i st er t h a t r emoves spe-
ci fi c a i r con t a mi n a n t s by pa ssi n g a m-
bi en t a i r t h r ou gh t h e a i r -pu r i fy i n g el e-
men t .
Assign ed prot ect ion f act or (APF) mea n s
t h e wor k pl a ce l evel of r espi r a t or y pr o-
t ect i on t h a t a r espi r a t or or cl a ss of r es-
pi r a t or s i s expect ed t o pr ovi de t o em-
pl oy ees wh en t h e empl oy er i mpl emen t s
a con t i n u i n g, effect i ve r espi r a t or y pr o-
t ect i on pr ogr a m a s speci fi ed by t h i s
sect i on .
At mosph ere-su pply in g respirat or mea n s
a r espi r a t or t h a t su ppl i es t h e r es-
pi r a t or u ser wi t h br ea t h i n g a i r fr om a
sou r ce i n depen den t of t h e a mbi en t a t -
mosph er e, a n d i n cl u des su ppl i ed-a i r
r espi r a t or s (S ARs) a n d sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s (S CBA) u n i t s.
Can ist er or cart ridge mea n s a con -
t a i n er wi t h a fi l t er , sor ben t , or ca t a -
l y st , or combi n a t i on of t h ese i t ems,
wh i ch r emoves speci fi c con t a mi n a n t s
fr om t h e a i r pa ssed t h r ou gh t h e con -
t a i n er .
Deman d respirat or mea n s a n a t mos-
ph er e-su ppl y i n g r espi r a t or t h a t a dmi t s
br ea t h i n g a i r t o t h e fa cepi ece on l y
wh en a n ega t i ve pr essu r e i s cr ea t ed i n -
si de t h e fa cepi ece by i n h a l a t i on .
Emergen cy sit u at ion mea n s a n y occu r -
r en ce su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
equ i pmen t fa i l u r e, r u pt u r e of con -
t a i n er s, or fa i l u r e of con t r ol equ i pmen t
t h a t ma y or does r esu l t i n a n u n con -
t r ol l ed si gn i fi ca n t r el ea se of a n a i r -
bor n e con t a mi n a n t .
Employ ee exposu re mea n s exposu r e t o
a con cen t r a t i on of a n a i r bor n e con -
t a mi n a n t t h a t wou l d occu r i f t h e em-
pl oy ee wer e n ot u si n g r espi r a t or y pr o-
t ect i on .
En d-of -service-lif e in dicat or (ESL I )
mea n s a sy st em t h a t wa r n s t h e r es-
pi r a t or u ser of t h e a ppr oa ch of t h e en d
of a dequ a t e r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on , for
exa mpl e, t h a t t h e sor ben t i s a ppr oa ch -
i n g sa t u r a t i on or i s n o l on ger effect i ve.
Escape-on ly respirat or mea n s a r es-
pi r a t or i n t en ded t o be u sed on l y for
emer gen cy exi t .
Filt er or air pu rif y in g elemen t mea n s a
compon en t u sed i n r espi r a t or s t o r e-
move sol i d or l i qu i d a er osol s fr om t h e
i n spi r ed a i r .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
420
Filt erin g f acepiece (du st ma sk ) mea n s
a n ega t i ve pr essu r e pa r t i cu l a t e r es-
pi r a t or wi t h a fi l t er a s a n i n t egr a l pa r t
of t h e fa cepi ece or wi t h t h e en t i r e fa ce-
pi ece composed of t h e fi l t er i n g me-
di u m.
Fit f act or mea n s a qu a n t i t a t i ve est i -
ma t e of t h e fi t of a pa r t i cu l a r r es-
pi r a t or t o a speci fi c i n di vi du a l , a n d
t y pi ca l l y est i ma t es t h e r a t i o of t h e
con cen t r a t i on of a su bst a n ce i n a mbi -
en t a i r t o i t s con cen t r a t i on i n si de t h e
r espi r a t or wh en wor n .
Fit t est mea n s t h e u se of a pr ot ocol t o
qu a l i t a t i vel y or qu a n t i t a t i vel y eva l u -
a t e t h e fi t of a r espi r a t or on a n i n di -
vi du a l . (S ee a l so Qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est
QLF T a n d Qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est QNF T. )
Helmet mea n s a r i gi d r espi r a t or y
i n l et cover i n g t h a t a l so pr ovi des h ea d
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st i mpa ct a n d pen et r a -
t i on .
High ef f icien cy part icu lat e air (HEPA)
f ilt er mea n s a fi l t er t h a t i s a t l ea st
99. 97% effi ci en t i n r emovi n g
mon odi sper se pa r t i cl es of 0. 3 mi cr om-
et er s i n di a met er . Th e equ i va l en t
NI OS H 42 CF R 84 pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er s a r e
t h e N100, R100, a n d P 100 fi l t er s.
Hood mea n s a r espi r a t or y i n l et cov-
er i n g t h a t compl et el y cover s t h e h ea d
a n d n eck a n d ma y a l so cover por t i on s
of t h e sh ou l der s a n d t or so.
I mmediat ely dan gerou s t o lif e or h ealt h
(I DL H) mea n s a n a t mosph er e t h a t
poses a n i mmedi a t e t h r ea t t o l i fe,
wou l d ca u se i r r ever si bl e a dver se h ea l t h
effect s, or wou l d i mpa i r a n i n di vi du a l s
a bi l i t y t o esca pe fr om a da n ger ou s a t -
mosph er e.
I n t erior st ru ct u ral f iref igh t in g mea n s
t h e ph y si ca l a ct i vi t y of fi r e su ppr es-
si on , r escu e or bot h , i n si de of bu i l di n gs
or en cl osed st r u ct u r es wh i ch a r e i n -
vol ved i n a fi r e si t u a t i on bey on d t h e
i n ci pi en t st a ge. (S ee 29 CF R 1910. 155)
L oose-f it t in g f acepiece mea n s a r es-
pi r a t or y i n l et cover i n g t h a t i s desi gn ed
t o for m a pa r t i a l sea l wi t h t h e fa ce.
Maximu m u se con cen t rat ion (MUC)
mea n s t h e ma xi mu m a t mosph er i c con -
cen t r a t i on of a h a za r dou s su bst a n ce
fr om wh i ch a n empl oy ee ca n be ex-
pect ed t o be pr ot ect ed wh en wea r i n g a
r espi r a t or , a n d i s det er mi n ed by t h e a s-
si gn ed pr ot ect i on fa ct or of t h e r es-
pi r a t or or cl a ss of r espi r a t or s a n d t h e
exposu r e l i mi t of t h e h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce. Th e MUC ca n be det er mi n ed
ma t h ema t i ca l l y by mu l t i pl y i n g t h e a s-
si gn ed pr ot ect i on fa ct or speci fi ed for a
r espi r a t or by t h e r equ i r ed OS HA per -
mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t , sh or t -t er m ex-
posu r e l i mi t , or cei l i n g l i mi t . Wh en n o
OS HA exposu r e l i mi t i s a va i l a bl e for a
h a za r dou s su bst a n ce, a n empl oy er
mu st det er mi n e a n MUC on t h e ba si s of
r el eva n t a va i l a bl e i n for ma t i on a n d i n -
for med pr ofessi on a l j u dgmen t .
Negat ive pressu re respirat or (t igh t f it -
t in g) mea n s a r espi r a t or i n wh i ch t h e
a i r pr essu r e i n si de t h e fa cepi ece i s n eg-
a t i ve du r i n g i n h a l a t i on wi t h r espect t o
t h e a mbi en t a i r pr essu r e ou t si de t h e
r espi r a t or .
Oxy gen def icien t at mosph ere mea n s a n
a t mosph er e wi t h a n oxy gen con t en t
bel ow 19. 5% by vol u me.
Ph y sician or ot h er licen sed h ealt h care
prof ession al (PL HCP) mea n s a n i n di -
vi du a l wh ose l ega l l y per mi t t ed scope of
pr a ct i ce (i. e. , l i cen se, r egi st r a t i on , or
cer t i fi ca t i on ) a l l ows h i m or h er t o
i n depen den t l y pr ovi de, or be del ega t ed
t h e r espon si bi l i t y t o pr ovi de, some or
a l l of t h e h ea l t h ca r e ser vi ces r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on .
Posit ive pressu re respirat or mea n s a
r espi r a t or i n wh i ch t h e pr essu r e i n si de
t h e r espi r a t or y i n l et cover i n g exceeds
t h e a mbi en t a i r pr essu r e ou t si de t h e
r espi r a t or .
Powered air-pu rif y in g respirat or
(PAPR) mea n s a n a i r -pu r i fy i n g r es-
pi r a t or t h a t u ses a bl ower t o for ce t h e
a mbi en t a i r t h r ou gh a i r -pu r i fy i n g el e-
men t s t o t h e i n l et cover i n g.
Pressu re deman d respirat or mea n s a
posi t i ve pr essu r e a t mosph er e-su ppl y i n g
r espi r a t or t h a t a dmi t s br ea t h i n g a i r t o
t h e fa cepi ece wh en t h e posi t i ve pr es-
su r e i s r edu ced i n si de t h e fa cepi ece by
i n h a l a t i on .
Qu alit at ive f it t est (QL FT ) mea n s a
pa ss/fa i l fi t t est t o a ssess t h e a dequ a cy
of r espi r a t or fi t t h a t r el i es on t h e i n di -
vi du a l s r espon se t o t h e t est a gen t .
Qu an t it at ive f it t est (QNFT ) mea n s a n
a ssessmen t of t h e a dequ a cy of r es-
pi r a t or fi t by n u mer i ca l l y mea su r i n g
t h e a mou n t of l ea k a ge i n t o t h e r es-
pi r a t or .
Respirat ory in let coverin g mea n s t h a t
por t i on of a r espi r a t or t h a t for ms t h e
pr ot ect i ve ba r r i er bet ween t h e u ser s
r espi r a t or y t r a ct a n d a n a i r -pu r i fy i n g
devi ce or br ea t h i n g a i r sou r ce, or bot h .
I t ma y be a fa cepi ece, h el met , h ood,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
421
su i t , or a mou t h pi ece r espi r a t or wi t h
n ose cl a mp.
Self -con t ain ed breat h in g apparat u s
(SCBA) mea n s a n a t mosph er e-su p-
pl y i n g r espi r a t or for wh i ch t h e br ea t h -
i n g a i r sou r ce i s desi gn ed t o be ca r r i ed
by t h e u ser .
Service lif e mea n s t h e per i od of t i me
t h a t a r espi r a t or , fi l t er or sor ben t , or
ot h er r espi r a t or y equ i pmen t pr ovi des
a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on t o t h e wea r er .
Su pplied-air respirat or (SAR) or airlin e
respirat or mea n s a n a t mosph er e-su p-
pl y i n g r espi r a t or for wh i ch t h e sou r ce
of br ea t h i n g a i r i s n ot desi gn ed t o be
ca r r i ed by t h e u ser .
T h is sect ion mea n s t h i s r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on st a n da r d.
T igh t -f it t in g f acepiece mea n s a r es-
pi r a t or y i n l et cover i n g t h a t for ms a
compl et e sea l wi t h t h e fa ce.
User seal ch eck mea n s a n a ct i on con -
du ct ed by t h e r espi r a t or u ser t o det er -
mi n e i f t h e r espi r a t or i s pr oper l y sea t -
ed t o t h e fa ce.
(c) Respirat ory prot ect ion program.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph r equ i r es t h e empl oy er
t o devel op a n d i mpl emen t a wr i t t en
r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m wi t h
r equ i r ed wor k si t e-speci fi c pr ocedu r es
a n d el emen t s for r equ i r ed r espi r a t or
u se. Th e pr ogr a m mu st be a dmi n i st er ed
by a su i t a bl y t r a i n ed pr ogr a m a dmi n i s-
t r a t or . I n a ddi t i on , cer t a i n pr ogr a m
el emen t s ma y be r equ i r ed for vol -
u n t a r y u se t o pr even t pot en t i a l h a z-
a r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e u se of t h e r es-
pi r a t or . Th e S ma l l En t i t y Compl i a n ce
Gu i de con t a i n s cr i t er i a for t h e sel ec-
t i on of a pr ogr a m a dmi n i st r a t or a n d a
sa mpl e pr ogr a m t h a t meet s t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph . Copi es of
t h e S ma l l En t i t y Compl i a n ce Gu i de
wi l l be a va i l a bl e on or a bou t Apr i l 8,
1998 fr om t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h Admi n i st r a t i on s Offi ce of P u b-
l i ca t i on s, Room N 3101, 200 Con st i t u -
t i on Aven u e, NW, Wa sh i n gt on , DC,
20210 (2022194667).
(1) I n a n y wor k pl a ce wh er e r es-
pi r a t or s a r e n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect t h e
h ea l t h of t h e empl oy ee or wh en ever
r espi r a t or s a r e r equ i r ed by t h e em-
pl oy er , t h e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh
a n d i mpl emen t a wr i t t en r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m wi t h wor k si t e-spe-
ci fi c pr ocedu r es. Th e pr ogr a m sh a l l be
u pda t ed a s n ecessa r y t o r efl ect t h ose
ch a n ges i n wor k pl a ce con di t i on s t h a t
a ffect r espi r a t or u se. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l i n cl u de i n t h e pr ogr a m t h e fol -
l owi n g pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on , a s a p-
pl i ca bl e:
(i ) P r ocedu r es for sel ect i n g r es-
pi r a t or s for u se i n t h e wor k pl a ce;
(i i ) Medi ca l eva l u a t i on s of empl oy ees
r equ i r ed t o u se r espi r a t or s;
(i i i ) F i t t est i n g pr ocedu r es for t i gh t -
fi t t i n g r espi r a t or s;
(i v) P r ocedu r es for pr oper u se of r es-
pi r a t or s i n r ou t i n e a n d r ea son a bl y for e-
seea bl e emer gen cy si t u a t i on s;
(v) P r ocedu r es a n d sch edu l es for
cl ea n i n g, di si n fect i n g, st or i n g, i n spect -
i n g, r epa i r i n g, di sca r di n g, a n d ot h er -
wi se ma i n t a i n i n g r espi r a t or s;
(vi ) P r ocedu r es t o en su r e a dequ a t e
a i r qu a l i t y , qu a n t i t y , a n d fl ow of
br ea t h i n g a i r for a t mosph er e-su ppl y i n g
r espi r a t or s;
(vi i ) Tr a i n i n g of empl oy ees i n t h e
r espi r a t or y h a za r ds t o wh i ch t h ey a r e
pot en t i a l l y exposed du r i n g r ou t i n e a n d
emer gen cy si t u a t i on s;
(vi i i ) Tr a i n i n g of empl oy ees i n t h e
pr oper u se of r espi r a t or s, i n cl u di n g
pu t t i n g on a n d r emovi n g t h em, a n y
l i mi t a t i on s on t h ei r u se, a n d t h ei r
ma i n t en a n ce; a n d
(i x) P r ocedu r es for r egu l a r l y eva l u -
a t i n g t h e effect i ven ess of t h e pr ogr a m.
(2) Wh er e r espi r a t or u se i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed:
(i ) An empl oy er ma y pr ovi de r es-
pi r a t or s a t t h e r equ est of empl oy ees or
per mi t empl oy ees t o u se t h ei r own r es-
pi r a t or s, i f t h e empl oy er det er mi n es
t h a t su ch r espi r a t or u se wi l l n ot i n
i t sel f cr ea t e a h a za r d. I f t h e empl oy er
det er mi n es t h a t a n y vol u n t a r y r es-
pi r a t or u se i s per mi ssi bl e, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t h e r espi r a t or
u ser s wi t h t h e i n for ma t i on con t a i n ed
i n Appen di x D t o t h i s sect i on (I n for -
ma t i on for Empl oy ees Usi n g Res-
pi r a t or s Wh en Not Requ i r ed Un der t h e
S t a n da r d); a n d
(i i ) I n a ddi t i on , t h e empl oy er mu st
est a bl i sh a n d i mpl emen t t h ose el e-
men t s of a wr i t t en r espi r a t or y pr ot ec-
t i on pr ogr a m n ecessa r y t o en su r e t h a t
a n y empl oy ee u si n g a r espi r a t or vol u n -
t a r i l y i s medi ca l l y a bl e t o u se t h a t r es-
pi r a t or , a n d t h a t t h e r espi r a t or i s
cl ea n ed, st or ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed so t h a t
i t s u se does n ot pr esen t a h ea l t h h a za r d
t o t h e u ser . Except i on : Empl oy er s a r e
n ot r equ i r ed t o i n cl u de i n a wr i t t en
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
422
r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m t h ose
empl oy ees wh ose on l y u se of r es-
pi r a t or s i n vol ves t h e vol u n t a r y u se of
fi l t er i n g fa cepi eces (du st ma sk s).
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l desi gn a t e a
pr ogr a m a dmi n i st r a t or wh o i s qu a l i fi ed
by a ppr opr i a t e t r a i n i n g or exper i en ce
t h a t i s commen su r a t e wi t h t h e com-
pl exi t y of t h e pr ogr a m t o a dmi n i st er or
over see t h e r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr o-
gr a m a n d con du ct t h e r equ i r ed eva l u a -
t i on s of pr ogr a m effect i ven ess.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de r es-
pi r a t or s, t r a i n i n g, a n d medi ca l eva l u a -
t i on s a t n o cost t o t h e empl oy ee.
(d) Select ion of respirat ors. Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o eva l u -
a t e r espi r a t or y h a za r d(s) i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce, i den t i fy r el eva n t wor k pl a ce a n d
u ser fa ct or s, a n d ba se r espi r a t or sel ec-
t i on on t h ese fa ct or s. Th e pa r a gr a ph
a l so speci fi es a ppr opr i a t el y pr ot ect i ve
r espi r a t or s for u se i n I DLH
a t mosph er es, a n d l i mi t s t h e sel ect i on
a n d u se of a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or s.
(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l sel ect a n d pr ovi de a n a p-
pr opr i a t e r espi r a t or ba sed on t h e r es-
pi r a t or y h a za r d(s) t o wh i ch t h e wor k er
i s exposed a n d wor k pl a ce a n d u ser fa c-
t or s t h a t a ffect r espi r a t or per for ma n ce
a n d r el i a bi l i t y .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l sel ect a
NI OS H-cer t i fi ed r espi r a t or . Th e r es-
pi r a t or sh a l l be u sed i n compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e con di t i on s of i t s cer t i fi ca t i on .
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i den t i fy a n d
eva l u a t e t h e r espi r a t or y h a za r d(s) i n
t h e wor k pl a ce; t h i s eva l u a t i on sh a l l i n -
cl u de a r ea son a bl e est i ma t e of em-
pl oy ee exposu r es t o r espi r a t or y h a z-
a r d(s) a n d a n i den t i fi ca t i on of t h e con -
t a mi n a n t s ch emi ca l st a t e a n d ph y si ca l
for m. Wh er e t h e empl oy er ca n n ot i den -
t i fy or r ea son a bl y est i ma t e t h e em-
pl oy ee exposu r e, t h e empl oy er sh a l l
con si der t h e a t mosph er e t o be I DLH.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l sel ect r es-
pi r a t or s fr om a su ffi ci en t n u mber of
r espi r a t or model s a n d si zes so t h a t t h e
r espi r a t or i s a ccept a bl e t o, a n d cor -
r ect l y fi t s, t h e u ser .
(2) Respirat ors f or I DL H at mosph eres.
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t h e fol -
l owi n g r espi r a t or s for empl oy ee u se i n
I DLH a t mosph er es:
(A) A fu l l fa cepi ece pr essu r e dema n d
S CBA cer t i fi ed by NI OS H for a mi n -
i mu m ser vi ce l i fe of t h i r t y mi n u t es, or
(B) A combi n a t i on fu l l fa cepi ece pr es-
su r e dema n d su ppl i ed-a i r r espi r a t or
(S AR) wi t h a u xi l i a r y sel f-con t a i n ed a i r
su ppl y .
(i i ) Respi r a t or s pr ovi ded on l y for es-
ca pe fr om I DLH a t mosph er es sh a l l be
NI OS H-cer t i fi ed for esca pe fr om t h e a t -
mosph er e i n wh i ch t h ey wi l l be u sed.
(i i i ) Al l oxy gen -defi ci en t
a t mosph er es sh a l l be con si der ed I DLH.
Except i on : I f t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es t h a t , u n der a l l for eseea bl e
con di t i on s, t h e oxy gen con cen t r a t i on
ca n be ma i n t a i n ed wi t h i n t h e r a n ges
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e I I of t h i s sect i on
(i . e. , for t h e a l t i t u des set ou t i n t h e
t a bl e), t h en a n y a t mosph er e-su ppl y i n g
r espi r a t or ma y be u sed.
(3) Respirat ors f or at mosph eres t h at are
n ot I DL H. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr o-
vi de a r espi r a t or t h a t i s a dequ a t e t o
pr ot ect t h e h ea l t h of t h e empl oy ee a n d
en su r e compl i a n ce wi t h a l l ot h er OS HA
st a t u t or y a n d r egu l a t or y r equ i r emen t s,
u n der r ou t i n e a n d r ea son a bl y for esee-
a bl e emer gen cy si t u a t i on s.
(A) Assign ed Prot ect ion Fact ors (APFs).
Empl oy er s mu st u se t h e a ssi gn ed pr o-
t ect i on fa ct or s l i st ed i n Ta bl e 1 t o se-
l ect a r espi r a t or t h a t meet s or exceeds
t h e r equ i r ed l evel of empl oy ee pr ot ec-
t i on . Wh en u si n g a combi n a t i on r es-
pi r a t or (e. g. , a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s wi t h a n
a i r -pu r i fy i n g fi l t er ), empl oy er s mu st
en su r e t h a t t h e a ssi gn ed pr ot ect i on
fa ct or i s a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e mode of op-
er a t i on i n wh i ch t h e r espi r a t or i s bei n g
u sed.
TABLE 1ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS
5

Type of respirator
1,2

Quarter
mask
Half mask
Full face-
piece
Helmet/
hood
Loose-fitting
facepiece
1. Air-Purifying Respirator ............................................. 5
3
10 50 .................... ....................
2. Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) ................ .................... 50 1,000
4
25/1,000 25
3. Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline Respirator.
Demand mode ............................................. .................... 10 50 .................... ....................
Continuous flow mode ................................ .................... 50 1,000
4
25/1,000 25
Pressure-demand or other positive-pres-
sure mode ................................................... .................... 50 1,000 .................... ....................
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
423
TABLE 1ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS
5
Continued
Type of respirator
1,2

Quarter
mask
Half mask
Full face-
piece
Helmet/
hood
Loose-fitting
facepiece
4. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
Demand mode ............................................. .................... 10 50 50 ....................
Pressure-demand or other positive-pres-
sure mode (e.g., open/closed circuit) ......... .................... .................... 10,000 10,000 ....................
Notes:
1
Employers may select respirators assigned for use in higher workplace concentrations of a hazardous substance for use at
lower concentrations of that substance, or when required respirator use is independent of concentration.
2
The assigned protection factors in Table 1 are only effective when the employer implements a continuing, effective respirator
program as required by this section (29 CFR 1910.134), including training, fit testing, maintenance, and use requirements.
3
This APF category includes filtering facepieces, and half masks with elastomeric facepieces.
4
The employer must have evidence provided by the respirator manufacturer that testing of these respirators demonstrates per-
formance at a level of protection of 1,000 or greater to receive an APF of 1,000. This level of performance can best be dem-
onstrated by performing a WPF or SWPF study or equivalent testing. Absent such testing, all other PAPRs and SARs with hel-
mets/hoods are to be treated as loose-fitting facepiece respirators, and receive an APF of 25.
5
These APFs do not apply to respirators used solely for escape. For escape respirators used in association with specific sub-
stances covered by 29 CFR 1910 subpart Z, employers must refer to the appropriate substance-specific standards in that sub-
part. Escape respirators for other IDLH atmospheres are specified by 29 CFR 1910.134 (d)(2)(ii).
(B) Maximu m Use Con cen t rat ion
(MUC). (1) Th e empl oy er mu st sel ect a
r espi r a t or for empl oy ee u se t h a t ma i n -
t a i n s t h e empl oy ees exposu r e t o t h e
h a za r dou s su bst a n ce, wh en mea su r ed
ou t si de t h e r espi r a t or , a t or bel ow t h e
MUC.
(2) Empl oy er s mu st n ot a ppl y MUCs
t o con di t i on s t h a t a r e i mmedi a t el y
da n ger ou s t o l i fe or h ea l t h (I DLH); i n -
st ea d, t h ey mu st u se r espi r a t or s l i st ed
for I DLH con di t i on s i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)
of t h i s st a n da r d.
(3) Wh en t h e ca l cu l a t ed MUC exceeds
t h e I DLH l evel for a h a za r dou s su b-
st a n ce, or t h e per for ma n ce l i mi t s of
t h e ca r t r i dge or ca n i st er , t h en empl oy -
er s mu st set t h e ma xi mu m MUC a t
t h a t l ower l i mi t .
(i i ) Th e r espi r a t or sel ect ed sh a l l be
a ppr opr i a t e for t h e ch emi ca l st a t e a n d
ph y si ca l for m of t h e con t a mi n a n t .
(i i i ) F or pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ga ses a n d
va por s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de:
(A) An a t mosph er e-su ppl y i n g r es-
pi r a t or , or
(B) An a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or , pr o-
vi ded t h a t :
(1) Th e r espi r a t or i s equ i pped wi t h a n
en d-of-ser vi ce-l i fe i n di ca t or (ES LI ) cer -
t i fi ed by NI OS H for t h e con t a mi n a n t ;
or
(2) I f t h er e i s n o ES LI a ppr opr i a t e for
con di t i on s i n t h e empl oy er s wor k -
pl a ce, t h e empl oy er i mpl emen t s a
ch a n ge sch edu l e for ca n i st er s a n d ca r -
t r i dges t h a t i s ba sed on obj ect i ve i n for -
ma t i on or da t a t h a t wi l l en su r e t h a t
ca n i st er s a n d ca r t r i dges a r e ch a n ged
befor e t h e en d of t h ei r ser vi ce l i fe. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l descr i be i n t h e r es-
pi r a t or pr ogr a m t h e i n for ma t i on a n d
da t a r el i ed u pon a n d t h e ba si s for t h e
ca n i st er a n d ca r t r i dge ch a n ge sch edu l e
a n d t h e ba si s for r el i a n ce on t h e da t a .
(i v) F or pr ot ect i on a ga i n st pa r t i cu -
l a t es, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de:
(A) An a t mosph er e-su ppl y i n g r es-
pi r a t or ; or
(B) An a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or
equ i pped wi t h a fi l t er cer t i fi ed by
NI OS H u n der 30 CF R pa r t 11 a s a h i gh
effi ci en cy pa r t i cu l a t e a i r (HEP A) fi l -
t er , or a n a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or
equ i pped wi t h a fi l t er cer t i fi ed for pa r -
t i cu l a t es by NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t
84; or
(C) F or con t a mi n a n t s con si st i n g pr i -
ma r i l y of pa r t i cl es wi t h ma ss medi a n
a er ody n a mi c di a met er s (MMAD) of a t
l ea st 2 mi cr omet er s, a n a i r -pu r i fy i n g
r espi r a t or equ i pped wi t h a n y fi l t er cer -
t i fi ed for pa r t i cu l a t es by NI OS H.
TABLE I AS S I GNED P ROTECTI ON
F ACTORS [RES ERVED]
TABLE II
Altitude (ft.)
Oxygen deficient
Atmospheres (% 02) for
which the employer may rely
on atmosphere-supplying res-
pirators
Less than 3,001 ..................... 16.019.5
3,0014,000 ........................... 16.419.5
4,0015,000 ........................... 17.119.5
5,0016,000 ........................... 17.819.5
6,0017,000 ........................... 18.519.5
7,0018,000
1
......................... 19.319.5.
1
Above 8,000 feet the exception does not apply. Oxygen-
enriched breathing air must be supplied above 14,000 feet.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
424
(e) Medical evalu at ion . Usi n g a r es-
pi r a t or ma y pl a ce a ph y si ol ogi ca l bu r -
den on empl oy ees t h a t va r i es wi t h t h e
t y pe of r espi r a t or wor n , t h e j ob a n d
wor k pl a ce con di t i on s i n wh i ch t h e r es-
pi r a t or i s u sed, a n d t h e medi ca l st a t u s
of t h e empl oy ee. Accor di n gl y , t h i s
pa r a gr a ph speci fi es t h e mi n i mu m r e-
qu i r emen t s for medi ca l eva l u a t i on t h a t
empl oy er s mu st i mpl emen t t o det er -
mi n e t h e empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o u se a
r espi r a t or .
(1) Gen eral. Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr o-
vi de a medi ca l eva l u a t i on t o det er mi n e
t h e empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o u se a r es-
pi r a t or , befor e t h e empl oy ee i s fi t t est -
ed or r equ i r ed t o u se t h e r espi r a t or i n
t h e wor k pl a ce. Th e empl oy er ma y di s-
con t i n u e a n empl oy ees medi ca l eva l -
u a t i on s wh en t h e empl oy ee i s n o l on ger
r equ i r ed t o u se a r espi r a t or .
(2) Medical evalu at ion procedu res. (i )
Th e empl oy er sh a l l i den t i fy a ph y si -
ci a n or ot h er l i cen sed h ea l t h ca r e pr o-
fessi on a l (P LHCP ) t o per for m medi ca l
eva l u a t i on s u si n g a medi ca l qu est i on -
n a i r e or a n i n i t i a l medi ca l exa mi n a t i on
t h a t obt a i n s t h e sa me i n for ma t i on a s
t h e medi ca l qu est i on n a i r e.
(i i ) Th e medi ca l eva l u a t i on sh a l l ob-
t a i n t h e i n for ma t i on r equ est ed by t h e
qu est i on n a i r e i n S ect i on s 1 a n d 2, P a r t
A of Appen di x C of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Follow-u p medical examin at ion . (i )
Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t a fol -
l ow-u p medi ca l exa mi n a t i on i s pr o-
vi ded for a n empl oy ee wh o gi ves a posi -
t i ve r espon se t o a n y qu est i on a mon g
qu est i on s 1 t h r ou gh 8 i n S ect i on 2, P a r t
A of Appen di x C or wh ose i n i t i a l med-
i ca l exa mi n a t i on demon st r a t es t h e
n eed for a fol l ow-u p medi ca l exa mi n a -
t i on .
(i i ) Th e fol l ow-u p medi ca l exa mi n a -
t i on sh a l l i n cl u de a n y medi ca l t est s,
con su l t a t i on s, or di a gn ost i c pr ocedu r es
t h a t t h e P LHCP deems n ecessa r y t o
ma k e a fi n a l det er mi n a t i on .
(4) Admin ist rat ion of t h e medical qu es-
t ion n aire an d examin at ion s. (i ) Th e med-
i ca l qu est i on n a i r e a n d exa mi n a t i on s
sh a l l be a dmi n i st er ed con fi den t i a l l y
du r i n g t h e empl oy ees n or ma l wor k i n g
h ou r s or a t a t i me a n d pl a ce con ven -
i en t t o t h e empl oy ee. Th e medi ca l
qu est i on n a i r e sh a l l be a dmi n i st er ed i n
a ma n n er t h a t en su r es t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ee u n der st a n ds i t s con t en t .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t h e
empl oy ee wi t h a n oppor t u n i t y t o di s-
cu ss t h e qu est i on n a i r e a n d exa mi n a -
t i on r esu l t s wi t h t h e P LHCP .
(5) Su pplemen t al in f ormat ion f or t h e
PL HCP. (i ) Th e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on
mu st be pr ovi ded t o t h e P LHCP befor e
t h e P LHCP ma k es a r ecommen da t i on
con cer n i n g a n empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o u se
a r espi r a t or :
(A) Th e t y pe a n d wei gh t of t h e r es-
pi r a t or t o be u sed by t h e empl oy ee;
(B) Th e du r a t i on a n d fr equ en cy of
r espi r a t or u se (i n cl u di n g u se for r escu e
a n d esca pe);
(C) Th e expect ed ph y si ca l wor k ef-
for t ;
(D) Addi t i on a l pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
a n d equ i pmen t t o be wor n ; a n d
(E) Temper a t u r e a n d h u mi di t y ex-
t r emes t h a t ma y be en cou n t er ed.
(i i ) An y su ppl emen t a l i n for ma t i on
pr ovi ded pr evi ou sl y t o t h e P LHCP r e-
ga r di n g a n empl oy ee n eed n ot be pr o-
vi ded for a su bsequ en t medi ca l eva l u a -
t i on i f t h e i n for ma t i on a n d t h e P LHCP
r ema i n t h e sa me.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t h e
P LHCP wi t h a copy of t h e wr i t t en r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m a n d a
copy of t h i s sect i on .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (e)(5)(i i i ): Wh en t h e
empl oy er r epl a ces a P LHCP , t h e empl oy er
mu st en su r e t h a t t h e n ew P LHCP obt a i n s
t h i s i n for ma t i on , ei t h er by pr ovi di n g t h e
docu men t s di r ect l y t o t h e P LHCP or h a vi n g
t h e docu men t s t r a n sfer r ed fr om t h e for mer
P LHCP t o t h e n ew P LHCP . However , OS HA
does n ot expect empl oy er s t o h a ve empl oy ees
medi ca l l y r eeva l u a t ed sol el y beca u se a n ew
P LHCP h a s been sel ect ed.
(6) Medical det ermin at ion . I n det er -
mi n i n g t h e empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o u se a
r espi r a t or , t h e empl oy er sh a l l :
(i ) Obt a i n a wr i t t en r ecommen da t i on
r ega r di n g t h e empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o u se
t h e r espi r a t or fr om t h e P LHCP . Th e
r ecommen da t i on sh a l l pr ovi de on l y t h e
fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on :
(A) An y l i mi t a t i on s on r espi r a t or u se
r el a t ed t o t h e medi ca l con di t i on of t h e
empl oy ee, or r el a t i n g t o t h e wor k pl a ce
con di t i on s i n wh i ch t h e r espi r a t or wi l l
be u sed, i n cl u di n g wh et h er or n ot t h e
empl oy ee i s medi ca l l y a bl e t o u se t h e
r espi r a t or ;
(B) Th e n eed, i f a n y , for fol l ow-u p
medi ca l eva l u a t i on s; a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
425
(C) A st a t emen t t h a t t h e P LHCP h a s
pr ovi ded t h e empl oy ee wi t h a copy of
t h e P LHCP s wr i t t en r ecommen da t i on .
(i i ) I f t h e r espi r a t or i s a n ega t i ve
pr essu r e r espi r a t or a n d t h e P LHCP
fi n ds a medi ca l con di t i on t h a t ma y
pl a ce t h e empl oy ees h ea l t h a t i n -
cr ea sed r i sk i f t h e r espi r a t or i s u sed,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a P AP R i f
t h e P LHCP s medi ca l eva l u a t i on fi n ds
t h a t t h e empl oy ee ca n u se su ch a r es-
pi r a t or ; i f a su bsequ en t medi ca l eva l -
u a t i on fi n ds t h a t t h e empl oy ee i s medi -
ca l l y a bl e t o u se a n ega t i ve pr essu r e
r espi r a t or , t h en t h e empl oy er i s n o
l on ger r equ i r ed t o pr ovi de a P AP R.
(7) Addit ion al medical evalu at ion s. At a
mi n i mu m, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de
a ddi t i on a l medi ca l eva l u a t i on s t h a t
compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on i f:
(i ) An empl oy ee r epor t s medi ca l si gn s
or sy mpt oms t h a t a r e r el a t ed t o a bi l i t y
t o u se a r espi r a t or ;
(i i ) A P LHCP , su per vi sor , or t h e r es-
pi r a t or pr ogr a m a dmi n i st r a t or i n for ms
t h e empl oy er t h a t a n empl oy ee n eeds
t o be r eeva l u a t ed;
(i i i ) I n for ma t i on fr om t h e r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on pr ogr a m, i n cl u di n g obser va -
t i on s ma de du r i n g fi t t est i n g a n d pr o-
gr a m eva l u a t i on , i n di ca t es a n eed for
empl oy ee r eeva l u a t i on ; or
(i v) A ch a n ge occu r s i n wor k pl a ce
con di t i on s (e. g. , ph y si ca l wor k effor t ,
pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g, t emper a t u r e) t h a t
ma y r esu l t i n a su bst a n t i a l i n cr ea se i n
t h e ph y si ol ogi ca l bu r den pl a ced on a n
empl oy ee.
(f) Fit t est in g. Th i s pa r a gr a ph r equ i r es
t h a t , befor e a n empl oy ee ma y be r e-
qu i r ed t o u se a n y r espi r a t or wi t h a
n ega t i ve or posi t i ve pr essu r e t i gh t -fi t -
t i n g fa cepi ece, t h e empl oy ee mu st be
fi t t est ed wi t h t h e sa me ma k e, model ,
st y l e, a n d si ze of r espi r a t or t h a t wi l l be
u sed. Th i s pa r a gr a ph speci fi es t h e
k i n ds of fi t t est s a l l owed, t h e pr oce-
du r es for con du ct i n g t h em, a n d h ow
t h e r esu l t s of t h e fi t t est s mu st be
u sed.
empl oy ees u si n g a t i gh t -fi t t i n g fa ce-
pi ece r espi r a t or pa ss a n a ppr opr i a t e
qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est (QLF T) or qu a n -
t i t a t i ve fi t t est (QNF T) a s st a t ed i n
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t a n
empl oy ee u si n g a t i gh t -fi t t i n g fa ce-
pi ece r espi r a t or i s fi t t est ed pr i or t o
i n i t i a l u se of t h e r espi r a t or , wh en ever
a di ffer en t r espi r a t or fa cepi ece (si ze,
st y l e, model or ma k e) i s u sed, a n d a t
l ea st a n n u a l l y t h er ea ft er .
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l con du ct a n a d-
di t i on a l fi t t est wh en ever t h e empl oy ee
r epor t s, or t h e empl oy er , P LHCP , su -
per vi sor , or pr ogr a m a dmi n i st r a t or
ma k es vi su a l obser va t i on s of, ch a n ges
i n t h e empl oy ees ph y si ca l con di t i on
t h a t cou l d a ffect r espi r a t or fi t . S u ch
con di t i on s i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed
t o, fa ci a l sca r r i n g, den t a l ch a n ges, cos-
met i c su r ger y , or a n obvi ou s ch a n ge i n
body wei gh t .
(4) I f a ft er pa ssi n g a QLF T or QNF T,
t h e empl oy ee su bsequ en t l y n ot i fi es t h e
empl oy er , pr ogr a m a dmi n i st r a t or , su -
per vi sor , or P LHCP t h a t t h e fi t of t h e
r espi r a t or i s u n a ccept a bl e, t h e em-
pl oy ee sh a l l be gi ven a r ea son a bl e op-
por t u n i t y t o sel ect a di ffer en t r es-
pi r a t or fa cepi ece a n d t o be r et est ed.
(5) Th e fi t t est sh a l l be a dmi n i st er ed
u si n g a n OS HA-a ccept ed QLF T or
QNF T pr ot ocol . Th e OS HA-a ccept ed
QLF T a n d QNF T pr ot ocol s a n d pr oce-
du r es a r e con t a i n ed i n Appen di x A of
t h i s sect i on .
(6) QLF T ma y on l y be u sed t o fi t t est
n ega t i ve pr essu r e a i r -pu r i fy i n g r es-
pi r a t or s t h a t mu st a ch i eve a fi t fa ct or
of 100 or l ess.
(7) I f t h e fi t fa ct or , a s det er mi n ed
t h r ou gh a n OS HA-a ccept ed QNF T pr o-
t ocol , i s equ a l t o or gr ea t er t h a n 100 for
t i gh t -fi t t i n g h a l f fa cepi eces, or equ a l
t o or gr ea t er t h a n 500 for t i gh t -fi t t i n g
fu l l fa cepi eces, t h e QNF T h a s been
pa ssed wi t h t h a t r espi r a t or .
(8) F i t t est i n g of t i gh t -fi t t i n g a t mos-
ph er e-su ppl y i n g r espi r a t or s a n d t i gh t -
fi t t i n g power ed a i r -pu r i fy i n g r es-
pi r a t or s sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed by per -
for mi n g qu a n t i t a t i ve or qu a l i t a t i ve fi t
t est i n g i n t h e n ega t i ve pr essu r e mode,
r ega r dl ess of t h e mode of oper a t i on
(n ega t i ve or posi t i ve pr essu r e) t h a t i s
u sed for r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on .
(i ) Qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g of t h ese r es-
pi r a t or s sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed by t em-
por a r i l y con ver t i n g t h e r espi r a t or
u ser s a ct u a l fa cepi ece i n t o a n ega t i ve
pr essu r e r espi r a t or wi t h a ppr opr i a t e
fi l t er s, or by u si n g a n i den t i ca l n ega -
t i ve pr essu r e a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
426
fa cepi ece wi t h t h e sa me sea l i n g su r -
fa ces a s a su r r oga t e for t h e a t mos-
ph er e-su ppl y i n g or power ed a i r -pu r i -
fy i n g r espi r a t or fa cepi ece.
(i i ) Qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g of t h ese
r espi r a t or s sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed by
modi fy i n g t h e fa cepi ece t o a l l ow sa m-
pl i n g i n si de t h e fa cepi ece i n t h e
br ea t h i n g zon e of t h e u ser , mi dwa y be-
t ween t h e n ose a n d mou t h . Th i s r e-
qu i r emen t sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed by i n -
st a l l i n g a per ma n en t sa mpl i n g pr obe
on t o a su r r oga t e fa cepi ece, or by u si n g
a sa mpl i n g a da pt er desi gn ed t o t empo-
r a r i l y pr ovi de a mea n s of sa mpl i n g a i r
fr om i n si de t h e fa cepi ece.
(i i i ) An y modi fi ca t i on s t o t h e r es-
pi r a t or fa cepi ece for fi t t est i n g sh a l l be
compl et el y r emoved, a n d t h e fa cepi ece
r est or ed t o NI OS H-a ppr oved con fi gu r a -
t i on , befor e t h a t fa cepi ece ca n be u sed
i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(g) Use of respirat ors. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
r equ i r es empl oy er s t o est a bl i sh a n d i m-
pl emen t pr ocedu r es for t h e pr oper u se
of r espi r a t or s. Th ese r equ i r emen t s i n -
cl u de pr oh i bi t i n g con di t i on s t h a t ma y
r esu l t i n fa cepi ece sea l l ea k a ge, pr e-
ven t i n g empl oy ees fr om r emovi n g r es-
pi r a t or s i n h a za r dou s en vi r on men t s,
t a k i n g a ct i on s t o en su r e con t i n u ed ef-
fect i ve r espi r a t or oper a t i on t h r ou gh ou t
t h e wor k sh i ft , a n d est a bl i sh i n g pr oce-
du r es for t h e u se of r espi r a t or s i n I DLH
a t mosph er es or i n i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l
fi r efi gh t i n g si t u a t i on s.
(1) Facepiece seal prot ect ion . (i ) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l n ot per mi t r espi r a t or s
wi t h t i gh t -fi t t i n g fa cepi eces t o be wor n
by empl oy ees wh o h a ve:
(A) F a ci a l h a i r t h a t comes bet ween
t h e sea l i n g su r fa ce of t h e fa cepi ece a n d
t h e fa ce or t h a t i n t er fer es wi t h va l ve
fu n ct i on ; or
(B) An y con di t i on t h a t i n t er fer es
wi t h t h e fa ce-t o-fa cepi ece sea l or va l ve
fu n ct i on .
(i i ) I f a n empl oy ee wea r s cor r ect i ve
gl a sses or goggl es or ot h er per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t , t h e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t su ch equ i pmen t i s
wor n i n a ma n n er t h a t does n ot i n t er -
fer e wi t h t h e sea l of t h e fa cepi ece t o
t h e fa ce of t h e u ser .
(i i i ) F or a l l t i gh t -fi t t i n g r espi r a t or s,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t empl oy -
ees per for m a u ser sea l ch eck ea ch
t i me t h ey pu t on t h e r espi r a t or u si n g
t h e pr ocedu r es i n Appen di x B1 or pr o-
cedu r es r ecommen ded by t h e r espi r a t or
ma n u fa ct u r er t h a t t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es a r e a s effect i ve a s t h ose i n
Appen di x B1 of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Con t in u in g respirat or ef f ect iven ess.
(i ) Appr opr i a t e su r vei l l a n ce sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed of wor k a r ea con di t i on s
a n d degr ee of empl oy ee exposu r e or
st r ess. Wh en t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n wor k
a r ea con di t i on s or degr ee of empl oy ee
exposu r e or st r ess t h a t ma y a ffect r es-
pi r a t or effect i ven ess, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l r eeva l u a t e t h e con t i n u ed effec-
t i ven ess of t h e r espi r a t or .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
empl oy ees l ea ve t h e r espi r a t or u se
a r ea :
(A) To wa sh t h ei r fa ces a n d r es-
pi r a t or fa cepi eces a s n ecessa r y t o pr e-
ven t ey e or sk i n i r r i t a t i on a ssoci a t ed
wi t h r espi r a t or u se; or
(B) I f t h ey det ect va por or ga s br ea k -
t h r ou gh , ch a n ges i n br ea t h i n g r esi st -
a n ce, or l ea k a ge of t h e fa cepi ece; or
(C) To r epl a ce t h e r espi r a t or or t h e
fi l t er , ca r t r i dge, or ca n i st er el emen t s.
(i i i ) I f t h e empl oy ee det ect s va por or
ga s br ea k t h r ou gh , ch a n ges i n br ea t h -
i n g r esi st a n ce, or l ea k a ge of t h e fa ce-
pi ece, t h e empl oy er mu st r epl a ce or r e-
pa i r t h e r espi r a t or befor e a l l owi n g t h e
empl oy ee t o r et u r n t o t h e wor k a r ea .
(3) Procedu res f or I DL H at mosph eres.
F or a l l I DLH a t mosph er es, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t :
(i ) On e empl oy ee or , wh en n eeded,
mor e t h a n on e empl oy ee i s l oca t ed ou t -
si de t h e I DLH a t mosph er e;
(i i ) Vi su a l , voi ce, or si gn a l l i n e com-
mu n i ca t i on i s ma i n t a i n ed bet ween t h e
empl oy ee(s) i n t h e I DLH a t mosph er e
a n d t h e empl oy ee(s) l oca t ed ou t si de
t h e I DLH a t mosph er e;
(i i i ) Th e empl oy ee(s) l oca t ed ou t si de
t h e I DLH a t mosph er e a r e t r a i n ed a n d
equ i pped t o pr ovi de effect i ve emer -
gen cy r escu e;
(i v) Th e empl oy er or desi gn ee i s n ot i -
fi ed befor e t h e empl oy ee(s) l oca t ed ou t -
si de t h e I DLH a t mosph er e en t er t h e
I DLH a t mosph er e t o pr ovi de emer -
gen cy r escu e;
(v) Th e empl oy er or desi gn ee a u t h or -
i zed t o do so by t h e empl oy er , on ce n o-
t i fi ed, pr ovi des n ecessa r y a ssi st a n ce
a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e si t u a t i on ;
(vi ) Empl oy ee(s) l oca t ed ou t si de t h e
I DLH a t mosph er es a r e equ i pped wi t h :
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
427
(A) P r essu r e dema n d or ot h er posi -
t i ve pr essu r e S CBAs, or a pr essu r e de-
ma n d or ot h er posi t i ve pr essu r e su p-
pl i ed-a i r r espi r a t or wi t h a u xi l i a r y
S CBA; a n d ei t h er
(B) Appr opr i a t e r et r i eva l equ i pmen t
for r emovi n g t h e empl oy ee(s) wh o
en t er (s) t h ese h a za r dou s a t mosph er es
wh er e r et r i eva l equ i pmen t wou l d con -
t r i bu t e t o t h e r escu e of t h e empl oy ee(s)
a n d wou l d n ot i n cr ea se t h e over a l l r i sk
r esu l t i n g fr om en t r y ; or
(C) Equ i va l en t mea n s for r escu e
wh er e r et r i eva l equ i pmen t i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (g)(3)(vi )(B).
(4) Procedu res f or in t erior st ru ct u ral
f iref igh t in g. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s set for t h u n der pa r a gr a ph (g)(3),
i n i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r es, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t :
(i ) At l ea st t wo empl oy ees en t er t h e
I DLH a t mosph er e a n d r ema i n i n vi su a l
or voi ce con t a ct wi t h on e a n ot h er a t
a l l t i mes;
(i i ) At l ea st t wo empl oy ees a r e l o-
ca t ed ou t si de t h e I DLH a t mosph er e;
a n d
(i i i ) Al l empl oy ees en ga ged i n i n t e-
r i or st r u ct u r a l fi r efi gh t i n g u se S CBAs.
NOTE 1 TO P ARAGRAP H (g): On e of t h e t wo
i n di vi du a l s l oca t ed ou t si de t h e I DLH a t mos-
ph er e ma y be a ssi gn ed t o a n a ddi t i on a l r ol e,
su ch a s i n ci den t comma n der i n ch a r ge of t h e
emer gen cy or sa fet y offi cer , so l on g a s t h i s
i n di vi du a l i s a bl e t o per for m a ssi st a n ce or
r escu e a ct i vi t i es wi t h ou t j eopa r di zi n g t h e
sa fet y or h ea l t h of a n y fi r efi gh t er wor k i n g a t
t h e i n ci den t .
NOTE 2 TO P ARAGRAP H (g): Not h i n g i n t h i s
sect i on i s mea n t t o pr ecl u de fi r efi gh t er s
fr om per for mi n g emer gen cy r escu e a ct i vi t i es
befor e a n en t i r e t ea m h a s a ssembl ed.
(h ) Main t en an ce an d care of res-
pirat ors. Th i s pa r a gr a ph r equ i r es t h e
empl oy er t o pr ovi de for t h e cl ea n i n g
a n d di si n fect i n g, st or a ge, i n spect i on ,
a n d r epa i r of r espi r a t or s u sed by em-
pl oy ees.
(1) Clean in g an d disin f ect in g. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de ea ch r espi r a t or
u ser wi t h a r espi r a t or t h a t i s cl ea n ,
sa n i t a r y , a n d i n good wor k i n g or der .
Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t r es-
pi r a t or s a r e cl ea n ed a n d di si n fect ed
u si n g t h e pr ocedu r es i n Appen di x B2
of t h i s sect i on , or pr ocedu r es r ec-
ommen ded by t h e r espi r a t or ma n u fa c-
t u r er , pr ovi ded t h a t su ch pr ocedu r es
a r e of equ i va l en t effect i ven ess. Th e
r espi r a t or s sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d di s-
i n fect ed a t t h e fol l owi n g i n t er va l s:
(i ) Respi r a t or s i ssu ed for t h e excl u -
si ve u se of a n empl oy ee sh a l l be
cl ea n ed a n d di si n fect ed a s oft en a s n ec-
essa r y t o be ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa n i t a r y
con di t i on ;
(i i ) Respi r a t or s i ssu ed t o mor e t h a n
on e empl oy ee sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d di s-
i n fect ed befor e bei n g wor n by di ffer en t
i n di vi du a l s;
(i i i ) Respi r a t or s ma i n t a i n ed for
emer gen cy u se sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d di s-
i n fect ed a ft er ea ch u se; a n d
(i v) Respi r a t or s u sed i n fi t t est i n g
a n d t r a i n i n g sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d di s-
i n fect ed a ft er ea ch u se.
(2) St orage. Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t r espi r a t or s a r e st or ed a s fol l ows:
(i ) Al l r espi r a t or s sh a l l be st or ed t o
pr ot ect t h em fr om da ma ge, con t a mi n a -
t i on , du st , su n l i gh t , ext r eme t emper a -
t u r es, excessi ve moi st u r e, a n d da m-
a gi n g ch emi ca l s, a n d t h ey sh a l l be
pa ck ed or st or ed t o pr even t defor ma -
t i on of t h e fa cepi ece a n d exh a l a t i on
va l ve.
(i i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ,
emer gen cy r espi r a t or s sh a l l be:
(A) Kept a ccessi bl e t o t h e wor k a r ea ;
(B) S t or ed i n compa r t men t s or i n
cover s t h a t a r e cl ea r l y ma r k ed a s con -
t a i n i n g emer gen cy r espi r a t or s; a n d
(C) S t or ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a n y a p-
pl i ca bl e ma n u fa ct u r er i n st r u ct i on s.
(3) I n spect ion . (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t r espi r a t or s a r e i n spect ed a s
fol l ows:
(A) Al l r espi r a t or s u sed i n r ou t i n e
si t u a t i on s sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e
ea ch u se a n d du r i n g cl ea n i n g;
(B) Al l r espi r a t or s ma i n t a i n ed for u se
i n emer gen cy si t u a t i on s sh a l l be i n -
spect ed a t l ea st mon t h l y a n d i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s, a n d sh a l l be ch eck ed
for pr oper fu n ct i on befor e a n d a ft er
ea ch u se; a n d
(C) Emer gen cy esca pe-on l y r es-
pi r a t or s sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e bei n g
ca r r i ed i n t o t h e wor k pl a ce for u se.
r espi r a t or i n spect i on s i n cl u de t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(A) A ch eck of r espi r a t or fu n ct i on ,
t i gh t n ess of con n ect i on s, a n d t h e con -
di t i on of t h e va r i ou s pa r t s i n cl u di n g,
bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e fa cepi ece, h ea d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
428
st r a ps, va l ves, con n ect i n g t u be, a n d
ca r t r i dges, ca n i st er s or fi l t er s; a n d
(B) A ch eck of el a st omer i c pa r t s for
pl i a bi l i t y a n d si gn s of det er i or a t i on .
(i i i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph s (h )(3)(i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s
sect i on , sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s sh a l l be i n spect ed mon t h l y . Ai r
a n d oxy gen cy l i n der s sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a fu l l y ch a r ged st a t e a n d
sh a l l be r ech a r ged wh en t h e pr essu r e
fa l l s t o 90% of t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen ded pr essu r e l evel . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l det er mi n e t h a t t h e r egu -
l a t or a n d wa r n i n g devi ces fu n ct i on
pr oper l y .
(i v) F or r espi r a t or s ma i n t a i n ed for
emer gen cy u se, t h e empl oy er sh a l l :
(A) Cer t i fy t h e r espi r a t or by docu -
men t i n g t h e da t e t h e i n spect i on wa s
per for med, t h e n a me (or si gn a t u r e) of
t h e per son wh o ma de t h e i n spect i on ,
t h e fi n di n gs, r equ i r ed r emedi a l a ct i on ,
a n d a ser i a l n u mber or ot h er mea n s of
i den t i fy i n g t h e i n spect ed r espi r a t or ;
a n d
(B) P r ovi de t h i s i n for ma t i on on a t a g
or l a bel t h a t i s a t t a ch ed t o t h e st or a ge
compa r t men t for t h e r espi r a t or , i s k ept
wi t h t h e r espi r a t or , or i s i n cl u ded i n
i n spect i on r epor t s st or ed a s pa per or
el ect r on i c fi l es. Th i s i n for ma t i on sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed u n t i l r epl a ced fol l owi n g
a su bsequ en t cer t i fi ca t i on .
(4) Repairs. Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t r espi r a t or s t h a t fa i l a n i n spect i on
or a r e ot h er wi se fou n d t o be defect i ve
a r e r emoved fr om ser vi ce, a n d a r e di s-
ca r ded or r epa i r ed or a dj u st ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g pr oce-
du r es:
(i ) Repa i r s or a dj u st men t s t o r es-
pi r a t or s a r e t o be ma de on l y by per son s
a ppr opr i a t el y t r a i n ed t o per for m su ch
oper a t i on s a n d sh a l l u se on l y t h e r es-
pi r a t or ma n u fa ct u r er s NI OS H-a p-
pr oved pa r t s desi gn ed for t h e r es-
pi r a t or ;
(i i ) Repa i r s sh a l l be ma de a ccor di n g
t o t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da -
t i on s a n d speci fi ca t i on s for t h e t y pe
a n d ext en t of r epa i r s t o be per for med;
a n d
(i i i ) Redu ci n g a n d a dmi ssi on va l ves,
r egu l a t or s, a n d a l a r ms sh a l l be a d-
j u st ed or r epa i r ed on l y by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er or a t ech n i ci a n t r a i n ed by t h e
(i ) Breat h in g air qu alit y an d u se. Th i s
pa r a gr a ph r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o
pr ovi de empl oy ees u si n g a t mosph er e-
su ppl y i n g r espi r a t or s (su ppl i ed-a i r a n d
S CBA) wi t h br ea t h i n g ga ses of h i gh pu -
r i t y .
compr essed a i r , compr essed oxy gen ,
l i qu i d a i r , a n d l i qu i d oxy gen u sed for
r espi r a t i on a ccor ds wi t h t h e fol l owi n g
speci fi ca t i on s:
(i ) Compr essed a n d l i qu i d oxy gen
sh a l l meet t h e Un i t ed S t a t es P h a r ma -
copoei a r equ i r emen t s for medi ca l or
br ea t h i n g oxy gen ; a n d
(i i ) Compr essed br ea t h i n g a i r sh a l l
meet a t l ea st t h e r equ i r emen t s for
Gr a de D br ea t h i n g a i r descr i bed i n
ANS I /Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on
Commodi t y S peci fi ca t i on for Ai r , G
7. 11989, t o i n cl u de:
(A) Oxy gen con t en t (v/v) of 19. 5
23. 5%;
(B) Hy dr oca r bon (con den sed) con t en t
of 5 mi l l i gr a ms per cu bi c met er of a i r
or l ess;
(C) Ca r bon mon oxi de (CO) con t en t of
10 ppm or l ess;
(D) Ca r bon di oxi de con t en t of 1, 000
ppm or l ess; a n d
(E) La ck of n ot i cea bl e odor .
compr essed oxy gen i s n ot u sed i n a t -
mosph er e-su ppl y i n g r espi r a t or s t h a t
h a ve pr evi ou sl y u sed compr essed a i r .
oxy gen con cen t r a t i on s gr ea t er t h a n
23. 5% a r e u sed on l y i n equ i pmen t de-
si gn ed for oxy gen ser vi ce or di st r i bu -
t i on .
cy l i n der s u sed t o su ppl y br ea t h i n g a i r
t o r espi r a t or s meet t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s:
(i ) Cy l i n der s a r e t est ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed a s pr escr i bed i n t h e S h i ppi n g
Con t a i n er S peci fi ca t i on Regu l a t i on s of
t h e Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on (49
CF R pa r t 173 a n d pa r t 178);
(i i ) Cy l i n der s of pu r ch a sed br ea t h i n g
a i r h a ve a cer t i fi ca t e of a n a l y si s fr om
t h e su ppl i er t h a t t h e br ea t h i n g a i r
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s for Gr a de D
br ea t h i n g a i r ; a n d
(i i i ) Th e moi st u r e con t en t i n t h e cy l -
i n der does n ot exceed a dew poi n t of
50 F (45. 6 C) a t 1 a t mosph er e pr es-
su r e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
429
compr essor s u sed t o su ppl y br ea t h i n g
a i r t o r espi r a t or s a r e con st r u ct ed a n d
si t u a t ed so a s t o:
(i ) P r even t en t r y of con t a mi n a t ed a i r
i n t o t h e a i r -su ppl y sy st em;
(i i ) Mi n i mi ze moi st u r e con t en t so
t h a t t h e dew poi n t a t 1 a t mosph er e
pr essu r e i s 10 degr ees F (5. 56 C) bel ow
t h e a mbi en t t emper a t u r e;
(i i i ) Ha ve su i t a bl e i n -l i n e a i r -pu r i -
fy i n g sor ben t beds a n d fi l t er s t o fu r -
t h er en su r e br ea t h i n g a i r qu a l i t y . S or -
ben t beds a n d fi l t er s sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed a n d r epl a ced or r efu r bi sh ed per i -
odi ca l l y fol l owi n g t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s
i n st r u ct i on s.
(i v) Ha ve a t a g con t a i n i n g t h e most
r ecen t ch a n ge da t e a n d t h e si gn a t u r e of
t h e per son a u t h or i zed by t h e empl oy er
t o per for m t h e ch a n ge. Th e t a g sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed a t t h e compr essor .
(6) F or compr essor s t h a t a r e n ot oi l -
l u br i ca t ed, t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t ca r bon mon oxi de l evel s i n t h e
br ea t h i n g a i r do n ot exceed 10 ppm.
(7) F or oi l -l u br i ca t ed compr essor s,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l u se a h i gh -t emper a -
t u r e or ca r bon mon oxi de a l a r m, or
bot h , t o mon i t or ca r bon mon oxi de l ev-
el s. I f on l y h i gh -t emper a t u r e a l a r ms
a r e u sed, t h e a i r su ppl y sh a l l be mon -
i t or ed a t i n t er va l s su ffi ci en t t o pr even t
ca r bon mon oxi de i n t h e br ea t h i n g a i r
fr om exceedi n g 10 ppm.
br ea t h i n g a i r cou pl i n gs a r e i n compa t -
i bl e wi t h ou t l et s for n on r espi r a bl e
wor k si t e a i r or ot h er ga s sy st ems. No
a sph y xi a t i n g su bst a n ce sh a l l be i n t r o-
du ced i n t o br ea t h i n g a i r l i n es.
(9) Th e empl oy er sh a l l u se br ea t h i n g
ga s con t a i n er s ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e NI OS H r espi r a t or cer t i fi -
ca t i on st a n da r d, 42 CF R pa r t 84.
(j ) I den t if icat ion of f ilt ers, cart ridges,
an d can ist ers. Th e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h a t a l l fi l t er s, ca r t r i dges a n d ca n -
i st er s u sed i n t h e wor k pl a ce a r e l a bel ed
a n d col or coded wi t h t h e NI OS H a p-
pr ova l l a bel a n d t h a t t h e l a bel i s n ot
r emoved a n d r ema i n s l egi bl e.
(k ) T rain in g an d in f ormat ion . Th i s
pa r a gr a ph r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o
pr ovi de effect i ve t r a i n i n g t o empl oy ees
wh o a r e r equ i r ed t o u se r espi r a t or s.
Th e t r a i n i n g mu st be compr eh en si ve,
u n der st a n da bl e, a n d r ecu r a n n u a l l y ,
a n d mor e oft en i f n ecessa r y . Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a l so r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o
pr ovi de t h e ba si c i n for ma t i on on r es-
pi r a t or s i n Appen di x D of t h i s sect i on
t o empl oy ees wh o wea r r espi r a t or s
wh en n ot r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on or by
t h e empl oy er t o do so.
ea ch empl oy ee ca n demon st r a t e k n owl -
edge of a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Wh y t h e r espi r a t or i s n ecessa r y
a n d h ow i mpr oper fi t , u sa ge, or ma i n t e-
n a n ce ca n compr omi se t h e pr ot ect i ve
effect of t h e r espi r a t or ;
(i i ) Wh a t t h e l i mi t a t i on s a n d ca pa -
bi l i t i es of t h e r espi r a t or a r e;
(i i i ) How t o u se t h e r espi r a t or effec-
t i vel y i n emer gen cy si t u a t i on s, i n cl u d-
i n g si t u a t i on s i n wh i ch t h e r espi r a t or
ma l fu n ct i on s;
(i v) How t o i n spect , pu t on a n d r e-
move, u se, a n d ch eck t h e sea l s of t h e
r espi r a t or ;
(v) Wh a t t h e pr ocedu r es a r e for ma i n -
t en a n ce a n d st or a ge of t h e r espi r a t or ;
(vi ) How t o r ecogn i ze medi ca l si gn s
a n d sy mpt oms t h a t ma y l i mi t or pr e-
ven t t h e effect i ve u se of r espi r a t or s;
a n d
(vi i ) Th e gen er a l r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed i n
a ma n n er t h a t i s u n der st a n da bl e t o t h e
empl oy ee.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t h e
t r a i n i n g pr i or t o r equ i r i n g t h e em-
pl oy ee t o u se a r espi r a t or i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce.
(4) An empl oy er wh o i s a bl e t o dem-
on st r a t e t h a t a n ew empl oy ee h a s r e-
cei ved t r a i n i n g wi t h i n t h e l a st 12
mon t h s t h a t a ddr esses t h e el emen t s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (k )(1)(i ) t h r ou gh
(vi i ) i s n ot r equ i r ed t o r epea t su ch
t r a i n i n g pr ovi ded t h a t , a s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (k )(1), t h e empl oy ee ca n
demon st r a t e k n owl edge of t h ose el e-
men t (s). P r evi ou s t r a i n i n g n ot r epea t ed
i n i t i a l l y by t h e empl oy er mu st be pr o-
vi ded n o l a t er t h a n 12 mon t h s fr om t h e
da t e of t h e pr evi ou s t r a i n i n g.
(5) Ret r a i n i n g sh a l l be a dmi n i st er ed
a n n u a l l y , a n d wh en t h e fol l owi n g si t u -
a t i on s occu r :
(i ) Ch a n ges i n t h e wor k pl a ce or t h e
t y pe of r espi r a t or r en der pr evi ou s
t r a i n i n g obsol et e;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
430
(i i ) I n a dequ a ci es i n t h e empl oy ees
k n owl edge or u se of t h e r espi r a t or i n di -
ca t e t h a t t h e empl oy ee h a s n ot r e-
t a i n ed t h e r equ i si t e u n der st a n di n g or
sk i l l ; or
(i i i ) An y ot h er si t u a t i on a r i ses i n
wh i ch r et r a i n i n g a ppea r s n ecessa r y t o
en su r e sa fe r espi r a t or u se.
(6) Th e ba si c a dvi sor y i n for ma t i on on
r espi r a t or s, a s pr esen t ed i n Appen di x D
of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded by t h e
empl oy er i n a n y wr i t t en or or a l for -
ma t , t o empl oy ees wh o wea r r es-
pi r a t or s wh en su ch u se i s n ot r equ i r ed
by t h i s sect i on or by t h e empl oy er .
(l ) Program evalu at ion . Th i s sect i on
r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o con du ct eva l -
u a t i on s of t h e wor k pl a ce t o en su r e t h a t
t h e wr i t t en r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on pr o-
gr a m i s bei n g pr oper l y i mpl emen t ed,
a n d t o con su l t empl oy ees t o en su r e
t h a t t h ey a r e u si n g t h e r espi r a t or s
pr oper l y .
(1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l con du ct eva l -
u a t i on s of t h e wor k pl a ce a s n ecessa r y
t o en su r e t h a t t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e
cu r r en t wr i t t en pr ogr a m a r e bei n g ef-
fect i vel y i mpl emen t ed a n d t h a t i t con -
t i n u es t o be effect i ve.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r egu l a r l y con -
su l t empl oy ees r equ i r ed t o u se r es-
pi r a t or s t o a ssess t h e empl oy ees vi ews
on pr ogr a m effect i ven ess a n d t o i den -
t i fy a n y pr obl ems. An y pr obl ems t h a t
a r e i den t i fi ed du r i n g t h i s a ssessmen t
sh a l l be cor r ect ed. F a ct or s t o be a s-
sessed i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o:
(i ) Respi r a t or fi t (i n cl u di n g t h e a bi l -
i t y t o u se t h e r espi r a t or wi t h ou t i n t er -
fer i n g wi t h effect i ve wor k pl a ce per -
for ma n ce);
(i i ) Appr opr i a t e r espi r a t or sel ect i on
for t h e h a za r ds t o wh i ch t h e empl oy ee
i s exposed;
(i i i ) P r oper r espi r a t or u se u n der t h e
wor k pl a ce con di t i on s t h e empl oy ee en -
cou n t er s; a n d
(i v) P r oper r espi r a t or ma i n t en a n ce.
(m) Recordk eepin g. Th i s sect i on r e-
qu i r es t h e empl oy er t o est a bl i sh a n d
r et a i n wr i t t en i n for ma t i on r ega r di n g
medi ca l eva l u a t i on s, fi t t est i n g, a n d
t h e r espi r a t or pr ogr a m. Th i s i n for ma -
t i on wi l l fa ci l i t a t e empl oy ee i n vol ve-
men t i n t h e r espi r a t or pr ogr a m, a ssi st
t h e empl oy er i n a u di t i n g t h e a dequ a cy
of t h e pr ogr a m, a n d pr ovi de a r ecor d
for compl i a n ce det er mi n a t i on s by
OS HA.
(1) Medical evalu at ion . Recor ds of
medi ca l eva l u a t i on s r equ i r ed by t h i s
sect i on mu st be r et a i n ed a n d ma de
a va i l a bl e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 29 CF R
1910. 1020.
(2) Fit t est in g. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
est a bl i sh a r ecor d of t h e qu a l i t a t i ve
a n d qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est s a dmi n i st er ed
t o a n empl oy ee i n cl u di n g:
(A) Th e n a me or i den t i fi ca t i on of t h e
empl oy ee t est ed;
(B) Ty pe of fi t t est per for med;
(C) S peci fi c ma k e, model , st y l e, a n d
si ze of r espi r a t or t est ed;
(D) Da t e of t est ; a n d
(E) Th e pa ss/fa i l r esu l t s for QLF Ts or
t h e fi t fa ct or a n d st r i p ch a r t r ecor di n g
or ot h er r ecor di n g of t h e t est r esu l t s
for QNF Ts.
(i i ) F i t t est r ecor ds sh a l l be r et a i n ed
for r espi r a t or u ser s u n t i l t h e n ext fi t
t est i s a dmi n i st er ed.
(3) A wr i t t en copy of t h e cu r r en t r es-
pi r a t or pr ogr a m sh a l l be r et a i n ed by
t h e empl oy er .
(4) Wr i t t en ma t er i a l s r equ i r ed t o be
r et a i n ed u n der t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l be
ma de a va i l a bl e u pon r equ est t o a f-
fect ed empl oy ees a n d t o t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y or desi gn ee for exa mi n a t i on
a n d copy i n g.
(n ) Ef f ect ive dat e. P a r a gr a ph s
(d)(3)(i )(A) a n d (d)(3)(i )(B) of t h i s sec-
t i on become effect i ve November 22,
2006.
(o) Appen dices. (1) Compl i a n ce wi t h
Appen di x A, Appen di x B1, Appen di x B
2, a n d Appen di x C of t h i s sect i on i s
ma n da t or y .
(2) Appen di x D of t h i s sect i on i s n on -
ma n da t or y a n d i s n ot i n t en ded t o cr e-
a t e a n y a ddi t i on a l obl i ga t i on s n ot ot h -
er wi se i mposed or t o det r a ct fr om a n y
exi st i n g obl i ga t i on s.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 134F I T TES TI NG
P ROCEDURES (MANDATORY)
P ART I . OS HA-ACCEP TED F I T TES T
P ROTOCOLS
A. Fit T est in g Procedu resGen eral
Requ iremen t s
Th e empl oy er sh a l l con du ct fi t t est i n g
u si n g t h e fol l owi n g pr ocedu r es. Th e r equ i r e-
men t s i n t h i s a ppen di x a ppl y t o a l l OS HA-a c-
cept ed fi t t est met h ods, bot h QLF T a n d
QNF T.
1. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be a l l owed t o pi ck
t h e most a ccept a bl e r espi r a t or fr om a su ffi -
ci en t n u mber of r espi r a t or model s a n d si zes
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
431
so t h a t t h e r espi r a t or i s a ccept a bl e t o, a n d
cor r ect l y fi t s, t h e u ser .
2. P r i or t o t h e sel ect i on pr ocess, t h e t est
su bj ect sh a l l be sh own h ow t o pu t on a r es-
pi r a t or , h ow i t sh ou l d be posi t i on ed on t h e
fa ce, h ow t o set st r a p t en si on a n d h ow t o de-
t er mi n e a n a ccept a bl e fi t . A mi r r or sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e t o a ssi st t h e su bj ect i n eva l u a t i n g
t h e fi t a n d posi t i on i n g of t h e r espi r a t or . Th i s
i n st r u ct i on ma y n ot con st i t u t e t h e su bj ect s
for ma l t r a i n i n g on r espi r a t or u se, beca u se i t
i s on l y a r evi ew.
3. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be i n for med t h a t
h e/sh e i s bei n g a sk ed t o sel ect t h e r espi r a t or
t h a t pr ovi des t h e most a ccept a bl e fi t . Ea ch
r espi r a t or r epr esen t s a di ffer en t si ze a n d
sh a pe, a n d i f fi t t ed a n d u sed pr oper l y , wi l l
pr ovi de a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on .
4. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o
h ol d ea ch ch osen fa cepi ece u p t o t h e fa ce a n d
el i mi n a t e t h ose t h a t obvi ou sl y do n ot gi ve
a n a ccept a bl e fi t .
5. Th e mor e a ccept a bl e fa cepi eces a r e
n ot ed i n ca se t h e on e sel ect ed pr oves u n a c-
cept a bl e; t h e most comfor t a bl e ma sk i s
don n ed a n d wor n a t l ea st fi ve mi n u t es t o a s-
sess comfor t . Assi st a n ce i n a ssessi n g comfor t
ca n be gi ven by di scu ssi n g t h e poi n t s i n t h e
fol l owi n g i t em A. 6. I f t h e t est su bj ect i s n ot
fa mi l i a r wi t h u si n g a pa r t i cu l a r r espi r a t or ,
t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l be di r ect ed t o don t h e
ma sk sever a l t i mes a n d t o a dj u st t h e st r a ps
ea ch t i me t o become a dept a t set t i n g pr oper
t en si on on t h e st r a ps.
6. Assessmen t of comfor t sh a l l i n cl u de a r e-
vi ew of t h e fol l owi n g poi n t s wi t h t h e t est
su bj ect a n d a l l owi n g t h e t est su bj ect a de-
qu a t e t i me t o det er mi n e t h e comfor t of t h e
r espi r a t or :
(a ) P osi t i on of t h e ma sk on t h e n ose
(b) Room for ey e pr ot ect i on
(c) Room t o t a l k
(d) P osi t i on of ma sk on fa ce a n d ch eek s
7. Th e fol l owi n g cr i t er i a sh a l l be u sed t o
h el p det er mi n e t h e a dequ a cy of t h e r es-
pi r a t or fi t :
(a ) Ch i n pr oper l y pl a ced;
(b) Adequ a t e st r a p t en si on , n ot over l y
t i gh t en ed;
(c) F i t a cr oss n ose br i dge;
(d) Respi r a t or of pr oper si ze t o spa n di s-
t a n ce fr om n ose t o ch i n ;
(e) Ten den cy of r espi r a t or t o sl i p;
(f) S el f-obser va t i on i n mi r r or t o eva l u a t e
fi t a n d r espi r a t or posi t i on .
8. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l con du ct a u ser
sea l ch eck , ei t h er t h e n ega t i ve a n d posi t i ve
pr essu r e sea l ch eck s descr i bed i n Appen di x
B1 of t h i s sect i on or t h ose r ecommen ded by
t h e r espi r a t or ma n u fa ct u r er wh i ch pr ovi de
equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on t o t h e pr ocedu r es i n
Appen di x B1. Befor e con du ct i n g t h e n ega -
t i ve a n d posi t i ve pr essu r e ch eck s, t h e su bj ect
sh a l l be t ol d t o sea t t h e ma sk on t h e fa ce by
movi n g t h e h ea d fr om si de-t o-si de a n d u p
a n d down sl owl y wh i l e t a k i n g i n a few sl ow
deep br ea t h s. An ot h er fa cepi ece sh a l l be se-
l ect ed a n d r et est ed i f t h e t est su bj ect fa i l s
t h e u ser sea l ch eck t est s.
9. Th e t est sh a l l n ot be con du ct ed i f t h er e
i s a n y h a i r gr owt h bet ween t h e sk i n a n d t h e
fa cepi ece sea l i n g su r fa ce, su ch a s st u bbl e
bea r d gr owt h , bea r d, mu st a ch e or si debu r n s
wh i ch cr oss t h e r espi r a t or sea l i n g su r fa ce.
An y t y pe of a ppa r el wh i ch i n t er fer es wi t h a
sa t i sfa ct or y fi t sh a l l be a l t er ed or r emoved.
10. I f a t est su bj ect exh i bi t s di ffi cu l t y i n
br ea t h i n g du r i n g t h e t est s, sh e or h e sh a l l be
r efer r ed t o a ph y si ci a n or ot h er l i cen sed
h ea l t h ca r e pr ofessi on a l , a s a ppr opr i a t e, t o
det er mi n e wh et h er t h e t est su bj ect ca n wea r
a r espi r a t or wh i l e per for mi n g h er or h i s du -
t i es.
11. I f t h e empl oy ee fi n ds t h e fi t of t h e r es-
pi r a t or u n a ccept a bl e, t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l
be gi ven t h e oppor t u n i t y t o sel ect a di ffer en t
r espi r a t or a n d t o be r et est ed.
12. Exer ci se r egi men . P r i or t o t h e com-
men cemen t of t h e fi t t est , t h e t est su bj ect
sh a l l be gi ven a descr i pt i on of t h e fi t t est
a n d t h e t est su bj ect s r espon si bi l i t i es du r i n g
t h e t est pr ocedu r e. Th e descr i pt i on of t h e
pr ocess sh a l l i n cl u de a descr i pt i on of t h e t est
exer ci ses t h a t t h e su bj ect wi l l be per for mi n g.
Th e r espi r a t or t o be t est ed sh a l l be wor n for
a t l ea st 5 mi n u t es befor e t h e st a r t of t h e fi t
t est .
13. Th e fi t t est sh a l l be per for med wh i l e
t h e t est su bj ect i s wea r i n g a n y a ppl i ca bl e
sa fet y equ i pmen t t h a t ma y be wor n du r i n g
a ct u a l r espi r a t or u se wh i ch cou l d i n t er fer e
wi t h r espi r a t or fi t .
14. Test Exer ci ses. (a ) Empl oy er s mu st per -
for m t h e fol l owi n g t est exer ci ses for a l l fi t
t est i n g met h ods pr escr i bed i n t h i s a ppen di x,
except for t h e CNP qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g
pr ot ocol a n d t h e CNP REDON qu a n t i t a t i ve
fi t t est i n g pr ot ocol . F or t h ese t wo pr ot ocol s,
empl oy er s mu st en su r e t h a t t h e t est su bj ect s
(i. e. , empl oy ees) per for m t h e exer ci se pr oce-
du r e speci fi ed i n P a r t I . C. 4(b) of t h i s a ppen -
di x for t h e CNP qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g pr o-
t ocol , or t h e exer ci se pr ocedu r e descr i bed i n
P a r t I . C. 5(b) of t h i s a ppen di x for t h e CNP
REDON qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t -t est i n g pr ot ocol .
F or t h e r ema i n i n g fi t t est i n g met h ods, em-
pl oy er s mu st en su r e t h a t empl oy ees per for m
t h e t est exer ci ses i n t h e a ppr opr i a t e t est en -
vi r on men t i n t h e fol l owi n g ma n n er :
(1) Nor ma l br ea t h i n g. I n a n or ma l st a n di n g
posi t i on , wi t h ou t t a l k i n g, t h e su bj ect sh a l l
br ea t h e n or ma l l y .
(2) Deep br ea t h i n g. I n a n or ma l st a n di n g
posi t i on , t h e su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e sl owl y
a n d deepl y , t a k i n g ca u t i on so a s n ot t o
h y per ven t i l a t e.
(3) Tu r n i n g h ea d si de t o si de. S t a n di n g i n
pl a ce, t h e su bj ect sh a l l sl owl y t u r n h i s/h er
h ea d fr om si de t o si de bet ween t h e ext r eme
posi t i on s on ea ch si de. Th e h ea d sh a l l be h el d
a t ea ch ext r eme momen t a r i l y so t h e su bj ect
ca n i n h a l e a t ea ch si de.
(4) Movi n g h ea d u p a n d down . S t a n di n g i n
pl a ce, t h e su bj ect sh a l l sl owl y move h i s/h er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
432
h ea d u p a n d down . Th e su bj ect sh a l l be i n -
st r u ct ed t o i n h a l e i n t h e u p posi t i on (i . e. ,
wh en l ook i n g t owa r d t h e cei l i n g).
(5) Ta l k i n g. Th e su bj ect sh a l l t a l k ou t l ou d
sl owl y a n d l ou d en ou gh so a s t o be h ea r d
cl ea r l y by t h e t est con du ct or . Th e su bj ect
ca n r ea d fr om a pr epa r ed t ext su ch a s t h e
Ra i n bow P a ssa ge, cou n t ba ck wa r d fr om 100,
or r eci t e a memor i zed poem or son g.
Rain bow Passage
Wh en t h e su n l i gh t st r i k es r a i n dr ops i n t h e
a i r , t h ey a ct l i k e a pr i sm a n d for m a r a i n -
bow. Th e r a i n bow i s a di vi si on of wh i t e l i gh t
i n t o ma n y bea u t i fu l col or s. Th ese t a k e t h e
sh a pe of a l on g r ou n d a r ch , wi t h i t s pa t h
h i gh a bove, a n d i t s t wo en ds a ppa r en t l y be-
y on d t h e h or i zon . Th er e i s, a ccor di n g t o l eg-
en d, a boi l i n g pot of gol d a t on e en d. P eopl e
l ook , bu t n o on e ever fi n ds i t . Wh en a ma n
l ook s for somet h i n g bey on d r ea ch , h i s
fr i en ds sa y h e i s l ook i n g for t h e pot of gol d
a t t h e en d of t h e r a i n bow.
(6) Gr i ma ce. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l gr i ma ce
by smi l i n g or fr own i n g. (Th i s a ppl i es on l y t o
QNF T t est i n g; i t i s n ot per for med for QLF T)
(7) Ben di n g over . Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l
ben d a t t h e wa i st a s i f h e/sh e wer e t o t ou ch
h i s/h er t oes. J oggi n g i n pl a ce sh a l l be su b-
st i t u t ed for t h i s exer ci se i n t h ose t est en vi -
r on men t s su ch a s sh r ou d t y pe QNF T or
QLF T u n i t s t h a t do n ot per mi t ben di n g over
a t t h e wa i st .
(8) Nor ma l br ea t h i n g. S a me a s exer ci se (1).
(b) Ea ch t est exer ci se sh a l l be per for med
for on e mi n u t e except for t h e gr i ma ce exer -
ci se wh i ch sh a l l be per for med for 15 secon ds.
Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be qu est i on ed by t h e
t est con du ct or r ega r di n g t h e comfor t of t h e
r espi r a t or u pon compl et i on of t h e pr ot ocol .
I f i t h a s become u n a ccept a bl e, a n ot h er
model of r espi r a t or sh a l l be t r i ed. Th e r es-
pi r a t or sh a l l n ot be a dj u st ed on ce t h e fi t t est
exer ci ses begi n . An y a dj u st men t voi ds t h e
t est , a n d t h e fi t t est mu st be r epea t ed.
B. Qu alit at ive Fit T est (QL FT ) Prot ocols
1. Gen er a l
(a ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t per son s
a dmi n i st er i n g QLF T a r e a bl e t o pr epa r e t est
sol u t i on s, ca l i br a t e equ i pmen t a n d per for m
t est s pr oper l y , r ecogn i ze i n va l i d t est s, a n d
en su r e t h a t t est equ i pmen t i s i n pr oper
wor k i n g or der .
(b) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t QLF T
equ i pmen t i s k ept cl ea n a n d wel l ma i n t a i n ed
so a s t o oper a t e wi t h i n t h e pa r a met er s for
wh i ch i t wa s desi gn ed.
2. I soa my l Acet a t e P r ot ocol
NOTE: Th i s pr ot ocol i s n ot a ppr opr i a t e t o
u se for t h e fi t t est i n g of pa r t i cu l a t e r es-
pi r a t or s. I f u sed t o fi t t est pa r t i cu l a t e r es-
pi r a t or s, t h e r espi r a t or mu st be equ i pped
wi t h a n or ga n i c va por fi l t er .
(a ) Odor Th r esh ol d S cr een i n g
Odor t h r esh ol d scr een i n g, per for med wi t h -
ou t wea r i n g a r espi r a t or , i s i n t en ded t o de-
t er mi n e i f t h e i n di vi du a l t est ed ca n det ect
t h e odor of i soa my l a cet a t e a t l ow l evel s.
(1) Th r ee 1 l i t er gl a ss j a r s wi t h met a l l i ds
a r e r equ i r ed.
(2) Odor -fr ee wa t er (e. g. , di st i l l ed or spr i n g
wa t er ) a t a ppr oxi ma t el y 25 C (77 F ) sh a l l be
u sed for t h e sol u t i on s.
(3) Th e i soa my l a cet a t e (I AA) (a l so k n own
a t i sopen t y l a cet a t e) st ock sol u t i on i s pr e-
pa r ed by a ddi n g 1 ml of pu r e I AA t o 800 ml
of odor -fr ee wa t er i n a 1 l i t er j a r , cl osi n g t h e
l i d a n d sh a k i n g for 30 secon ds. A n ew sol u -
t i on sh a l l be pr epa r ed a t l ea st week l y .
(4) Th e scr een i n g t est sh a l l be con du ct ed i n
a r oom sepa r a t e fr om t h e r oom u sed for a c-
t u a l fi t t est i n g. Th e t wo r ooms sh a l l be wel l -
ven t i l a t ed t o pr even t t h e odor of I AA fr om
becomi n g evi den t i n t h e gen er a l r oom a i r
wh er e t est i n g t a k es pl a ce.
(5) Th e odor t est sol u t i on i s pr epa r ed i n a
secon d j a r by pl a ci n g 0. 4 ml of t h e st ock so-
l u t i on i n t o 500 ml of odor -fr ee wa t er u si n g a
cl ea n dr opper or pi pet t e. Th e sol u t i on sh a l l
be sh a k en for 30 secon ds a n d a l l owed t o
st a n d for t wo t o t h r ee mi n u t es so t h a t t h e
I AA con cen t r a t i on a bove t h e l i qu i d ma y
r ea ch equ i l i br i u m. Th i s sol u t i on sh a l l be
u sed for on l y on e da y .
(6) A t est bl a n k sh a l l be pr epa r ed i n a t h i r d
j a r by a ddi n g 500 cc of odor -fr ee wa t er .
(7) Th e odor t est a n d t est bl a n k j a r l i ds
sh a l l be l a bel ed (e. g. , 1 a n d 2) for j a r i den t i -
fi ca t i on . La bel s sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e l i ds so
t h a t t h ey ca n be peel ed off per i odi ca l l y a n d
swi t ch ed t o ma i n t a i n t h e i n t egr i t y of t h e
t est .
(8) Th e fol l owi n g i n st r u ct i on sh a l l be t y ped
on a ca r d a n d pl a ced on t h e t a bl e i n fr on t of
t h e t wo t est j a r s (i . e. , 1 a n d 2): Th e pu r pose
of t h i s t est i s t o det er mi n e i f y ou ca n smel l
ba n a n a oi l a t a l ow con cen t r a t i on . Th e t wo
bot t l es i n fr on t of y ou con t a i n wa t er . On e of
t h ese bot t l es a l so con t a i n s a sma l l a mou n t
of ba n a n a oi l . Be su r e t h e cover s a r e on
t i gh t , t h en sh a k e ea ch bot t l e for t wo sec-
on ds. Un scr ew t h e l i d of ea ch bot t l e, on e a t
a t i me, a n d sn i ff a t t h e mou t h of t h e bot t l e.
I n di ca t e t o t h e t est con du ct or wh i ch bot t l e
con t a i n s ba n a n a oi l .
(9) Th e mi xt u r es u sed i n t h e I AA odor de-
t ect i on t est sh a l l be pr epa r ed i n a n a r ea sep-
a r a t e fr om wh er e t h e t est i s per for med, i n
or der t o pr even t ol fa ct or y fa t i gu e i n t h e su b-
j ect .
(10) I f t h e t est su bj ect i s u n a bl e t o cor -
r ect l y i den t i fy t h e j a r con t a i n i n g t h e odor
t est sol u t i on , t h e I AA qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est
sh a l l n ot be per for med.
(11) I f t h e t est su bj ect cor r ect l y i den t i fi es
t h e j a r con t a i n i n g t h e odor t est sol u t i on , t h e
t est su bj ect ma y pr oceed t o r espi r a t or sel ec-
t i on a n d fi t t est i n g.
(b) I soa my l Acet a t e F i t Test
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
433
(1) Th e fi t t est ch a mber sh a l l be a cl ea r 55-
ga l l on dr u m l i n er su spen ded i n ver t ed over a
2-foot di a met er fr a me so t h a t t h e t op of t h e
ch a mber i s a bou t 6 i n ch es a bove t h e t est su b-
j ect s h ea d. I f n o dr u m l i n er i s a va i l a bl e, a
si mi l a r ch a mber sh a l l be con st r u ct ed u si n g
pl a st i c sh eet i n g. Th e i n si de t op cen t er of t h e
ch a mber sh a l l h a ve a sma l l h ook a t t a ch ed.
(2) Ea ch r espi r a t or u sed for t h e fi t t i n g a n d
fi t t est i n g sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h or ga n i c
va por ca r t r i dges or offer pr ot ect i on a ga i n st
or ga n i c va por s.
(3) Aft er sel ect i n g, don n i n g, a n d pr oper l y
a dj u st i n g a r espi r a t or , t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l
wea r i t t o t h e fi t t est i n g r oom. Th i s r oom
sh a l l be sepa r a t e fr om t h e r oom u sed for
odor t h r esh ol d scr een i n g a n d r espi r a t or se-
l ect i on , a n d sh a l l be wel l -ven t i l a t ed, a s by a n
exh a u st fa n or l a b h ood, t o pr even t gen er a l
r oom con t a mi n a t i on .
(4) A copy of t h e t est exer ci ses a n d a n y
pr epa r ed t ext fr om wh i ch t h e su bj ect i s t o
r ea d sh a l l be t a ped t o t h e i n si de of t h e t est
ch a mber .
(5) Upon en t er i n g t h e t est ch a mber , t h e
t est su bj ect sh a l l be gi ven a 6-i n ch by 5-i n ch
pi ece of pa per t owel , or ot h er por ou s, a bsor b-
en t , si n gl e-pl y ma t er i a l , fol ded i n h a l f a n d
wet t ed wi t h 0. 75 ml of pu r e I AA. Th e t est
su bj ect sh a l l h a n g t h e wet t owel on t h e h ook
a t t h e t op of t h e ch a mber . An I AA t est swa b
or a mpu l e ma y be su bst i t u t ed for t h e I AA
wet t ed pa per t owel pr ovi ded i t h a s been dem-
on st r a t ed t h a t t h e a l t er n a t i ve I AA sou r ce
wi l l gen er a t e a n I AA t est a t mosph er e wi t h a
con cen t r a t i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t gen er a t ed
by t h e pa per t owel met h od.
(6) Al l ow t wo mi n u t es for t h e I AA t est con -
cen t r a t i on t o st a bi l i ze befor e st a r t i n g t h e fi t
t est exer ci ses. Th i s wou l d be a n a ppr opr i a t e
t i me t o t a l k wi t h t h e t est su bj ect ; t o expl a i n
t h e fi t t est , t h e i mpor t a n ce of h i s/h er co-
oper a t i on , a n d t h e pu r pose for t h e t est exer -
ci ses; or t o demon st r a t e some of t h e exer -
ci ses.
(7) I f a t a n y t i me du r i n g t h e t est , t h e su b-
j ect det ect s t h e ba n a n a -l i k e odor of I AA, t h e
t est i s fa i l ed. Th e su bj ect sh a l l qu i ck l y exi t
fr om t h e t est ch a mber a n d l ea ve t h e t est
a r ea t o a voi d ol fa ct or y fa t i gu e.
(8) I f t h e t est i s fa i l ed, t h e su bj ect sh a l l r e-
t u r n t o t h e sel ect i on r oom a n d r emove t h e
r espi r a t or . Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l r epea t t h e
odor sen si t i vi t y t est , sel ect a n d pu t on a n -
ot h er r espi r a t or , r et u r n t o t h e t est a r ea a n d
a ga i n begi n t h e fi t t est pr ocedu r e descr i bed
i n (b) (1) t h r ou gh (7) a bove. Th e pr ocess con -
t i n u es u n t i l a r espi r a t or t h a t fi t s wel l h a s
been fou n d. S h ou l d t h e odor sen si t i vi t y t est
be fa i l ed, t h e su bj ect sh a l l wa i t a t l ea st 5
mi n u t es befor e r et est i n g. Odor sen si t i vi t y
wi l l u su a l l y h a ve r et u r n ed by t h i s t i me.
(9) I f t h e su bj ect pa sses t h e t est , t h e effi -
ci en cy of t h e t est pr ocedu r e sh a l l be dem-
on st r a t ed by h a vi n g t h e su bj ect br ea k t h e
r espi r a t or fa ce sea l a n d t a k e a br ea t h befor e
exi t i n g t h e ch a mber .
(10) Wh en t h e t est su bj ect l ea ves t h e ch a m-
ber , t h e su bj ect sh a l l r emove t h e sa t u r a t ed
t owel a n d r et u r n i t t o t h e per son con du ct i n g
t h e t est , so t h a t t h er e i s n o si gn i fi ca n t I AA
con cen t r a t i on bu i l du p i n t h e ch a mber du r i n g
su bsequ en t t est s. Th e u sed t owel s sh a l l be
k ept i n a sel f-sea l i n g pl a st i c ba g t o k eep t h e
t est a r ea fr om bei n g con t a mi n a t ed.
3. S a cch a r i n S ol u t i on Aer osol P r ot ocol
Th e en t i r e scr een i n g a n d t est i n g pr ocedu r e
sh a l l be expl a i n ed t o t h e t est su bj ect pr i or t o
t h e con du ct of t h e scr een i n g t est .
(a ) Ta st e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g. Th e sa c-
ch a r i n t a st e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g, per for med
wi t h ou t wea r i n g a r espi r a t or , i s i n t en ded t o
det er mi n e wh et h er t h e i n di vi du a l bei n g t est -
ed ca n det ect t h e t a st e of sa cch a r i n .
(1) Du r i n g t h r esh ol d scr een i n g a s wel l a s
du r i n g fi t t est i n g, su bj ect s sh a l l wea r a n en -
cl osu r e a bou t t h e h ea d a n d sh ou l der s t h a t i s
a ppr oxi ma t el y 12 i n ch es i n di a met er by 14
i n ch es t a l l wi t h a t l ea st t h e fr on t por t i on
cl ea r a n d t h a t a l l ows fr ee movemen t s of t h e
h ea d wh en a r espi r a t or i s wor n . An en cl osu r e
su bst a n t i a l l y si mi l a r t o t h e 3M h ood a ssem-
bl y , pa r t s # F T 14 a n d # F T 15 combi n ed, i s
a dequ a t e.
(2) Th e t est en cl osu r e sh a l l h a ve a
3
4-i n ch
(1. 9 cm) h ol e i n fr on t of t h e t est su bj ect s
n ose a n d mou t h a r ea t o a ccommoda t e t h e
n ebu l i zer n ozzl e.
(3) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l don t h e t est en -
cl osu r e. Th r ou gh ou t t h e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g
t est , t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e t h r ou gh
h i s/h er sl i gh t l y open mou t h wi t h t on gu e ex-
t en ded. Th e su bj ect i s i n st r u ct ed t o r epor t
wh en h e/sh e det ect s a sweet t a st e.
(4) Usi n g a DeVi l bi ss Model 40 I n h a l a t i on
Medi ca t i on Nebu l i zer or equ i va l en t , t h e t est
con du ct or sh a l l spr a y t h e t h r esh ol d ch eck
sol u t i on i n t o t h e en cl osu r e. Th e n ozzl e i s di -
r ect ed a wa y fr om t h e n ose a n d mou t h of t h e
per son . Th i s n ebu l i zer sh a l l be cl ea r l y
ma r k ed t o di st i n gu i sh i t fr om t h e fi t t est so-
l u t i on n ebu l i zer .
(5) Th e t h r esh ol d ch eck sol u t i on i s pr e-
pa r ed by di ssol vi n g 0. 83 gr a m of sodi u m sa c-
ch a r i n US P i n 100 ml of wa r m wa t er . I t ca n
be pr epa r ed by pu t t i n g 1 ml of t h e fi t t est so-
l u t i on (see (b)(5) bel ow) i n 100 ml of di st i l l ed
wa t er .
(6) To pr odu ce t h e a er osol , t h e n ebu l i zer
bu l b i s fi r ml y squ eezed so t h a t i t col l a pses
compl et el y , t h en r el ea sed a n d a l l owed t o
fu l l y expa n d.
(7) Ten squ eezes a r e r epea t ed r a pi dl y a n d
t h en t h e t est su bj ect i s a sk ed wh et h er t h e
sa cch a r i n ca n be t a st ed. I f t h e t est su bj ect
r epor t s t a st i n g t h e sweet t a st e du r i n g t h e
t en squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s compl et ed.
Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s t en r ega r d-
l ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a ct u a l l y com-
pl et ed.
(8) I f t h e fi r st r espon se i s n ega t i ve, t en
mor e squ eezes a r e r epea t ed r a pi dl y a n d t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
434
t est su bj ect i s a ga i n a sk ed wh et h er t h e sa c-
ch a r i n i s t a st ed. I f t h e t est su bj ect r epor t s
t a st i n g t h e sweet t a st e du r i n g t h e secon d t en
squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s compl et ed.
Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s t wen t y r e-
ga r dl ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a ct u a l l y
compl et ed.
(9) I f t h e secon d r espon se i s n ega t i ve, t en
t est su bj ect i s a ga i n a sk ed wh et h er t h e sa c-
ch a r i n i s t a st ed. I f t h e t est su bj ect r epor t s
t a st i n g t h e sweet t a st e du r i n g t h e t h i r d set
of t en squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s com-
pl et ed. Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s t h i r t y
r ega r dl ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a ct u a l l y
compl et ed.
(10) Th e t est con du ct or wi l l t a k e n ot e of
t h e n u mber of squ eezes r equ i r ed t o sol i ci t a
t a st e r espon se.
(11) I f t h e sa cch a r i n i s n ot t a st ed a ft er 30
squ eezes (st ep 10), t h e t est su bj ect i s u n a bl e
t o t a st e sa cch a r i n a n d ma y n ot per for m t h e
sa cch a r i n fi t t est .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H 3(a ): I f t h e t est su bj ect
ea t s or dr i n k s somet h i n g sweet befor e t h e
scr een i n g t est , h e/sh e ma y be u n a bl e t o t a st e
t h e wea k sa cch a r i n sol u t i on .
(12) I f a t a st e r espon se i s el i ci t ed, t h e t est
su bj ect sh a l l be a sk ed t o t a k e n ot e of t h e
t a st e for r efer en ce i n t h e fi t t est .
(13) Cor r ect u se of t h e n ebu l i zer mea n s
t h a t a ppr oxi ma t el y 1 ml of l i qu i d i s u sed a t
a t i me i n t h e n ebu l i zer body .
(14) Th e n ebu l i zer sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y
r i n sed i n wa t er , sh a k en dr y , a n d r efi l l ed a t
l ea st ea ch mor n i n g a n d a ft er n oon or a t l ea st
ever y fou r h ou r s.
(b) S a cch a r i n sol u t i on a er osol fi t t est pr o-
cedu r e.
(1) Th e t est su bj ect ma y n ot ea t , dr i n k (ex-
cept pl a i n wa t er ), smok e, or ch ew gu m for 15
mi n u t es befor e t h e t est .
(2) Th e fi t t est u ses t h e sa me en cl osu r e de-
scr i bed i n 3. (a ) a bove.
(3) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l don t h e en cl osu r e
wh i l e wea r i n g t h e r espi r a t or sel ect ed i n sec-
t i on I . A. of t h i s a ppen di x. Th e r espi r a t or
sh a l l be pr oper l y a dj u st ed a n d equ i pped wi t h
a pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er (s).
(4) A secon d DeVi l bi ss Model 40 I n h a l a t i on
Medi ca t i on Nebu l i zer or equ i va l en t i s u sed
t o spr a y t h e fi t t est sol u t i on i n t o t h e en cl o-
su r e. Th i s n ebu l i zer sh a l l be cl ea r l y ma r k ed
t o di st i n gu i sh i t fr om t h e scr een i n g t est so-
(5) Th e fi t t est sol u t i on i s pr epa r ed by a dd-
i n g 83 gr a ms of sodi u m sa cch a r i n t o 100 ml of
wa r m wa t er .
(6) As befor e, t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e
t h r ou gh t h e sl i gh t l y open mou t h wi t h t on gu e
ext en ded, a n d r epor t i f h e/sh e t a st es t h e
sweet t a st e of sa cch a r i n .
(7) Th e n ebu l i zer i s i n ser t ed i n t o t h e h ol e
i n t h e fr on t of t h e en cl osu r e a n d a n i n i t i a l
con cen t r a t i on of sa cch a r i n fi t t est sol u t i on
i s spr a y ed i n t o t h e en cl osu r e u si n g t h e sa me
n u mber of squ eezes (ei t h er 10, 20 or 30 squ eez-
es) ba sed on t h e n u mber of squ eezes r equ i r ed
t o el i ci t a t a st e r espon se a s n ot ed du r i n g t h e
scr een i n g t est . A mi n i mu m of 10 squ eezes i s
r equ i r ed.
(8) Aft er gen er a t i n g t h e a er osol , t h e t est
su bj ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o per for m t h e ex-
er ci ses i n sect i on I . A. 14. of t h i s a ppen di x.
(9) Ever y 30 secon ds t h e a er osol con cen t r a -
t i on sh a l l be r epl en i sh ed u si n g on e h a l f t h e
or i gi n a l n u mber of squ eezes u sed i n i t i a l l y
(e. g. , 5, 10 or 15).
(10) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l i n di ca t e t o t h e
t est con du ct or i f a t a n y t i me du r i n g t h e fi t
t est t h e t a st e of sa cch a r i n i s det ect ed. I f t h e
t est su bj ect does n ot r epor t t a st i n g t h e sa c-
ch a r i n , t h e t est i s pa ssed.
(11) I f t h e t a st e of sa cch a r i n i s det ect ed,
t h e fi t i s deemed u n sa t i sfa ct or y a n d t h e t est
i s fa i l ed. A di ffer en t r espi r a t or sh a l l be t r i ed
a n d t h e en t i r e t est pr ocedu r e i s r epea t ed
(t a st e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g a n d fi t t est i n g).
(12) S i n ce t h e n ebu l i zer h a s a t en den cy t o
cl og du r i n g u se, t h e t est oper a t or mu st ma k e
per i odi c ch eck s of t h e n ebu l i zer t o en su r e
t h a t i t i s n ot cl ogged. I f cl oggi n g i s fou n d a t
t h e en d of t h e t est sessi on , t h e t est i s i n -
va l i d.
4. Bi t r ex
TM
(Den a t on i u m Ben zoa t e) S ol u t i on
Aer osol Qu a l i t a t i ve F i t Test P r ot ocol
Th e Bi t r ex
TM
(Den a t on i u m ben zoa t e) sol u -
t i on a er osol QLF T pr ot ocol u ses t h e pu b-
l i sh ed sa cch a r i n t est pr ot ocol beca u se t h a t
pr ot ocol i s wi del y a ccept ed. Bi t r ex i s r ou -
t i n el y u sed a s a t a st e a ver si on a gen t i n
h ou seh ol d l i qu i ds wh i ch ch i l dr en sh ou l d n ot
be dr i n k i n g a n d i s en dor sed by t h e Amer i ca n
Medi ca l Associ a t i on , t h e Na t i on a l S a fet y
Cou n ci l , a n d t h e Amer i ca n Associ a t i on of
P oi son Con t r ol Cen t er s. Th e en t i r e scr een i n g
a n d t est i n g pr ocedu r e sh a l l be expl a i n ed t o
t h e t est su bj ect pr i or t o t h e con du ct of t h e
scr een i n g t est .
(a ) Ta st e Th r esh ol d S cr een i n g.
Th e Bi t r ex t a st e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g, per -
for med wi t h ou t wea r i n g a r espi r a t or , i s i n -
t en ded t o det er mi n e wh et h er t h e i n di vi du a l
bei n g t est ed ca n det ect t h e t a st e of Bi t r ex.
(1) Du r i n g t h r esh ol d scr een i n g a s wel l a s
du r i n g fi t t est i n g, su bj ect s sh a l l wea r a n en -
cl osu r e a bou t t h e h ea d a n d sh ou l der s t h a t i s
a ppr oxi ma t el y 12 i n ch es (30. 5 cm) i n di a me-
t er by 14 i n ch es (35. 6 cm) t a l l . Th e fr on t por -
t i on of t h e en cl osu r e sh a l l be cl ea r fr om t h e
r espi r a t or a n d a l l ow fr ee movemen t of t h e
h ea d wh en a r espi r a t or i s wor n . An en cl osu r e
su bst a n t i a l l y si mi l a r t o t h e 3M h ood a ssem-
bl y , pa r t s # F T 14 a n d # F T 15 combi n ed, i s
a dequ a t e.
(2) Th e t est en cl osu r e sh a l l h a ve a
3
4 i n ch
(1. 9 cm) h ol e i n fr on t of t h e t est su bj ect s
n ose a n d mou t h a r ea t o a ccommoda t e t h e
n ebu l i zer n ozzl e.
(3) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l don t h e t est en -
cl osu r e. Th r ou gh ou t t h e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g
t est , t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e t h r ou gh
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
435
h i s or h er sl i gh t l y open mou t h wi t h t on gu e
ext en ded. Th e su bj ect i s i n st r u ct ed t o r epor t
wh en h e/sh e det ect s a bi t t er t a st e.
(4) Usi n g a DeVi l bi ss Model 40 I n h a l a t i on
Medi ca t i on Nebu l i zer or equ i va l en t , t h e t est
con du ct or sh a l l spr a y t h e Th r esh ol d Ch eck
S ol u t i on i n t o t h e en cl osu r e. Th i s Nebu l i zer
sh a l l be cl ea r l y ma r k ed t o di st i n gu i sh i t
fr om t h e fi t t est sol u t i on n ebu l i zer .
(5) Th e Th r esh ol d Ch eck S ol u t i on i s pr e-
pa r ed by a ddi n g 13. 5 mi l l i gr a ms of Bi t r ex t o
100 ml of 5% sa l t (Na Cl ) sol u t i on i n di st i l l ed
wa t er .
(6) To pr odu ce t h e a er osol , t h e n ebu l i zer
bu l b i s fi r ml y squ eezed so t h a t t h e bu l b col -
l a pses compl et el y , a n d i s t h en r el ea sed a n d
a l l owed t o fu l l y expa n d.
(7) An i n i t i a l t en squ eezes a r e r epea t ed r a p-
i dl y a n d t h en t h e t est su bj ect i s a sk ed
wh et h er t h e Bi t r ex ca n be t a st ed. I f t h e t est
su bj ect r epor t s t a st i n g t h e bi t t er t a st e du r -
i n g t h e t en squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s
compl et ed. Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s
t en r ega r dl ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a c-
t u a l l y compl et ed.
(8) I f t h e fi r st r espon se i s n ega t i ve, t en
t est su bj ect i s a ga i n a sk ed wh et h er t h e
Bi t r ex i s t a st ed. I f t h e t est su bj ect r epor t s
t a st i n g t h e bi t t er t a st e du r i n g t h e secon d
t en squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s compl et ed.
Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s t wen t y r e-
ga r dl ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a ct u a l l y
compl et ed.
(9) I f t h e secon d r espon se i s n ega t i ve, t en
t est su bj ect i s a ga i n a sk ed wh et h er t h e
Bi t r ex i s t a st ed. I f t h e t est su bj ect r epor t s
t a st i n g t h e bi t t er t a st e du r i n g t h e t h i r d set
of t en squ eezes, t h e scr een i n g t est i s com-
pl et ed. Th e t a st e t h r esh ol d i s n ot ed a s t h i r t y
r ega r dl ess of t h e n u mber of squ eezes a ct u a l l y
compl et ed.
(10) Th e t est con du ct or wi l l t a k e n ot e of
t h e n u mber of squ eezes r equ i r ed t o sol i ci t a
t a st e r espon se.
(11) I f t h e Bi t r ex i s n ot t a st ed a ft er 30
squ eezes (st ep 10), t h e t est su bj ect i s u n a bl e
t o t a st e Bi t r ex a n d ma y n ot per for m t h e
Bi t r ex fi t t est .
(12) I f a t a st e r espon se i s el i ci t ed, t h e t est
su bj ect sh a l l be a sk ed t o t a k e n ot e of t h e
t a st e for r efer en ce i n t h e fi t t est .
(13) Cor r ect u se of t h e n ebu l i zer mea n s
t h a t a ppr oxi ma t el y 1 ml of l i qu i d i s u sed a t
a t i me i n t h e n ebu l i zer body .
(14) Th e n ebu l i zer sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y
r i n sed i n wa t er , sh a k en t o dr y , a n d r efi l l ed
a t l ea st ea ch mor n i n g a n d a ft er n oon or a t
l ea st ever y fou r h ou r s.
(b) Bi t r ex S ol u t i on Aer osol F i t Test P r oce-
du r e.
(1) Th e t est su bj ect ma y n ot ea t , dr i n k (ex-
cept pl a i n wa t er ), smok e, or ch ew gu m for 15
mi n u t es befor e t h e t est .
(2) Th e fi t t est u ses t h e sa me en cl osu r e a s
t h a t descr i bed i n 4. (a ) a bove.
(3) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l don t h e en cl osu r e
wh i l e wea r i n g t h e r espi r a t or sel ect ed a ccor d-
i n g t o sect i on I . A. of t h i s a ppen di x. Th e r es-
pi r a t or sh a l l be pr oper l y a dj u st ed a n d
equ i pped wi t h a n y t y pe pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er (s).
(4) A secon d DeVi l bi ss Model 40 I n h a l a t i on
Medi ca t i on Nebu l i zer or equ i va l en t i s u sed
t o spr a y t h e fi t t est sol u t i on i n t o t h e en cl o-
su r e. Th i s n ebu l i zer sh a l l be cl ea r l y ma r k ed
t o di st i n gu i sh i t fr om t h e scr een i n g t est so-
(5) Th e fi t t est sol u t i on i s pr epa r ed by a dd-
i n g 337. 5 mg of Bi t r ex t o 200 ml of a 5% sa l t
(Na Cl ) sol u t i on i n wa r m wa t er .
(6) As befor e, t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e
t h r ou gh h i s or h er sl i gh t l y open mou t h wi t h
t on gu e ext en ded, a n d be i n st r u ct ed t o r epor t
i f h e/sh e t a st es t h e bi t t er t a st e of Bi t r ex.
(7) Th e n ebu l i zer i s i n ser t ed i n t o t h e h ol e
i n t h e fr on t of t h e en cl osu r e a n d a n i n i t i a l
con cen t r a t i on of t h e fi t t est sol u t i on i s
spr a y ed i n t o t h e en cl osu r e u si n g t h e sa me
n u mber of squ eezes (ei t h er 10, 20 or 30 squ eez-
es) ba sed on t h e n u mber of squ eezes r equ i r ed
t o el i ci t a t a st e r espon se a s n ot ed du r i n g t h e
scr een i n g t est .
(8) Aft er gen er a t i n g t h e a er osol , t h e t est
su bj ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o per for m t h e ex-
er ci ses i n sect i on I . A. 14. of t h i s a ppen di x.
(9) Ever y 30 secon ds t h e a er osol con cen t r a -
t i on sh a l l be r epl en i sh ed u si n g on e h a l f t h e
n u mber of squ eezes u sed i n i t i a l l y (e. g. , 5, 10
or 15).
(10) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l i n di ca t e t o t h e
t est con du ct or i f a t a n y t i me du r i n g t h e fi t
t est t h e t a st e of Bi t r ex i s det ect ed. I f t h e
t est su bj ect does n ot r epor t t a st i n g t h e
Bi t r ex, t h e t est i s pa ssed.
(11) I f t h e t a st e of Bi t r ex i s det ect ed, t h e
fi t i s deemed u n sa t i sfa ct or y a n d t h e t est i s
fa i l ed. A di ffer en t r espi r a t or sh a l l be t r i ed
a n d t h e en t i r e t est pr ocedu r e i s r epea t ed
(t a st e t h r esh ol d scr een i n g a n d fi t t est i n g).
5. I r r i t a n t S mok e (S t a n n i c Ch l or i de)
P r ot ocol
Th i s qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est u ses a per son s r e-
spon se t o t h e i r r i t a t i n g ch emi ca l s r el ea sed
i n t h e smok e pr odu ced by a st a n n i c ch l o-
r i de ven t i l a t i on smok e t u be t o det ect l ea k -
a ge i n t o t h e r espi r a t or .
(a ) Gen er a l Requ i r emen t s a n d P r eca u t i on s
(1) Th e r espi r a t or t o be t est ed sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h h i gh effi ci en cy pa r t i cu l a t e a i r
(HEP A) or P 100 ser i es fi l t er (s).
(2) On l y st a n n i c ch l or i de smok e t u bes sh a l l
be u sed for t h i s pr ot ocol .
(3) No for m of t est en cl osu r e or h ood for
t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l be u sed.
(4) Th e smok e ca n be i r r i t a t i n g t o t h e ey es,
l u n gs, a n d n a sa l pa ssa ges. Th e t est con -
du ct or sh a l l t a k e pr eca u t i on s t o mi n i mi ze
t h e t est su bj ect s exposu r e t o i r r i t a n t smok e.
S en si t i vi t y va r i es, a n d cer t a i n i n di vi du a l s
ma y r espon d t o a gr ea t er degr ee t o i r r i t a n t
smok e. Ca r e sh a l l be t a k en wh en per for mi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
436
t h e sen si t i vi t y scr een i n g ch eck s t h a t det er -
mi n e wh et h er t h e t est su bj ect ca n det ect i r -
r i t a n t smok e t o u se on l y t h e mi n i mu m
a mou n t of smok e n ecessa r y t o el i ci t a r e-
spon se fr om t h e t est su bj ect .
(5) Th e fi t t est sh a l l be per for med i n a n
a r ea wi t h a dequ a t e ven t i l a t i on t o pr even t
exposu r e of t h e per son con du ct i n g t h e fi t
t est or t h e bu i l d-u p of i r r i t a n t smok e i n t h e
gen er a l a t mosph er e.
(b) S en si t i vi t y S cr een i n g Ch eck
Th e per son t o be t est ed mu st demon st r a t e
h i s or h er a bi l i t y t o det ect a wea k con -
cen t r a t i on of t h e i r r i t a n t smok e.
(1) Th e t est oper a t or sh a l l br ea k bot h en ds
of a ven t i l a t i on smok e t u be con t a i n i n g
st a n n i c ch l or i de, a n d a t t a ch on e en d of t h e
smok e t u be t o a l ow fl ow a i r pu mp set t o de-
l i ver 200 mi l l i l i t er s per mi n u t e, or a n a spi -
r a t or squ eeze bu l b. Th e t est oper a t or sh a l l
cover t h e ot h er en d of t h e smok e t u be wi t h
a sh or t pi ece of t u bi n g t o pr even t pot en t i a l
i n j u r y fr om t h e j a gged en d of t h e smok e
t u be.
(2) Th e t est oper a t or sh a l l a dvi se t h e t est
su bj ect t h a t t h e smok e ca n be i r r i t a t i n g t o
t h e ey es, l u n gs, a n d n a sa l pa ssa ges a n d i n -
st r u ct t h e su bj ect t o k eep h i s/h er ey es cl osed
wh i l e t h e t est i s per for med.
(3) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be a l l owed t o
smel l a wea k con cen t r a t i on of t h e i r r i t a n t
smok e befor e t h e r espi r a t or i s don n ed t o be-
come fa mi l i a r wi t h i t s i r r i t a t i n g pr oper t i es
a n d t o det er mi n e i f h e/sh e ca n det ect t h e i r -
r i t a t i n g pr oper t i es of t h e smok e. Th e t est
oper a t or sh a l l ca r efu l l y di r ect a sma l l
a mou n t of t h e i r r i t a n t smok e i n t h e t est su b-
j ect s di r ect i on t o det er mi n e t h a t h e/sh e ca n
det ect i t .
(c) I r r i t a n t S mok e F i t Test P r ocedu r e
(1) Th e per son bei n g fi t t est ed sh a l l don t h e
r espi r a t or wi t h ou t a ssi st a n ce, a n d per for m
t h e r equ i r ed u ser sea l ch eck (s).
(2) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o
k eep h i s/h er ey es cl osed.
(3) Th e t est oper a t or sh a l l di r ect t h e
st r ea m of i r r i t a n t smok e fr om t h e smok e
t u be t owa r d t h e fa cesea l a r ea of t h e t est su b-
j ect , u si n g t h e l ow fl ow pu mp or t h e squ eeze
bu l b. Th e t est oper a t or sh a l l begi n a t l ea st 12
i n ch es fr om t h e fa cepi ece a n d move t h e
smok e st r ea m a r ou n d t h e wh ol e per i met er of
t h e ma sk . Th e oper a t or sh a l l gr a du a l l y ma k e
t wo mor e pa sses a r ou n d t h e per i met er of t h e
ma sk , movi n g t o wi t h i n si x i n ch es of t h e r es-
pi r a t or .
(4) I f t h e per son bei n g t est ed h a s n ot h a d
a n i n vol u n t a r y r espon se a n d/or det ect ed t h e
i r r i t a n t smok e, pr oceed wi t h t h e t est exer -
ci ses.
(5) Th e exer ci ses i den t i fi ed i n sect i on I . A.
14. of t h i s a ppen di x sh a l l be per for med by t h e
t est su bj ect wh i l e t h e r espi r a t or sea l i s bei n g
con t i n u a l l y ch a l l en ged by t h e smok e, di -
r ect ed a r ou n d t h e per i met er of t h e r espi r a t or
a t a di st a n ce of si x i n ch es.
(6) I f t h e per son bei n g fi t t est ed r epor t s de-
t ect i n g t h e i r r i t a n t smok e a t a n y t i me, t h e
t est i s fa i l ed. Th e per son bei n g r et est ed mu st
r epea t t h e en t i r e sen si t i vi t y ch eck a n d fi t
t est pr ocedu r e.
(7) Ea ch t est su bj ect pa ssi n g t h e i r r i t a n t
smok e t est wi t h ou t evi den ce of a r espon se
(i n vol u n t a r y cou gh , i r r i t a t i on ) sh a l l be gi ven
a secon d sen si t i vi t y scr een i n g ch eck , wi t h
t h e smok e fr om t h e sa me smok e t u be u sed
du r i n g t h e fi t t est , on ce t h e r espi r a t or h a s
been r emoved, t o det er mi n e wh et h er h e/sh e
st i l l r ea ct s t o t h e smok e. F a i l u r e t o evok e a
r espon se sh a l l voi d t h e fi t t est .
(8) I f a r espon se i s pr odu ced du r i n g t h i s
secon d sen si t i vi t y ch eck , t h en t h e fi t t est i s
pa ssed.
C. Qu an t it at ive Fit T est (QNFT ) Prot ocols
Th e fol l owi n g qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g pr o-
cedu r es h a ve been demon st r a t ed t o be a c-
cept a bl e: Qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g u si n g a
n on -h a za r dou s t est a er osol (su ch a s cor n oi l ,
pol y et h y l en e gl y col 400 [P EG 400], di -2-et h y l
h exy l seba ca t e [DEHS ], or sodi u m ch l or i de)
gen er a t ed i n a t est ch a mber , a n d empl oy i n g
i n st r u men t a t i on t o qu a n t i fy t h e fi t of t h e
r espi r a t or ; Qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g u si n g a m-
bi en t a er osol a s t h e t est a gen t a n d a ppr o-
pr i a t e i n st r u men t a t i on (con den sa t i on n u cl ei
cou n t er ) t o qu a n t i fy t h e r espi r a t or fi t ; Qu a n -
t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g u si n g con t r ol l ed n ega t i ve
pr essu r e a n d a ppr opr i a t e i n st r u men t a t i on t o
mea su r e t h e vol u met r i c l ea k r a t e of a fa ce-
pi ece t o qu a n t i fy t h e r espi r a t or fi t .
1. Gen er a l
(a ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t per son s
a dmi n i st er i n g QNF T a r e a bl e t o ca l i br a t e
equ i pmen t a n d per for m t est s pr oper l y , r ecog-
n i ze i n va l i d t est s, ca l cu l a t e fi t fa ct or s pr op-
er l y a n d en su r e t h a t t est equ i pmen t i s i n
pr oper wor k i n g or der .
(b) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t QNF T
equ i pmen t i s k ept cl ea n , a n d i s ma i n t a i n ed
a n d ca l i br a t ed a ccor di n g t o t h e ma n u fa ct u r -
er s i n st r u ct i on s so a s t o oper a t e a t t h e pa -
r a met er s for wh i ch i t wa s desi gn ed.
2. Gen er a t ed Aer osol Qu a n t i t a t i ve F i t
Test i n g P r ot ocol
(a ) Appa r a t u s.
(1) I n st r u men t a t i on . Aer osol gen er a t i on ,
di l u t i on , a n d mea su r emen t sy st ems u si n g
pa r t i cu l a t es (cor n oi l , pol y et h y l en e gl y col
400 [P EG 400], di -2-et h y l h exy l seba ca t e
[DEHS ] or sodi u m ch l or i de) a s t est a er osol s
sh a l l be u sed for qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g.
(2) Test ch a mber . Th e t est ch a mber sh a l l
be l a r ge en ou gh t o per mi t a l l t est su bj ect s t o
per for m fr eel y a l l r equ i r ed exer ci ses wi t h ou t
di st u r bi n g t h e t est a gen t con cen t r a t i on or
t h e mea su r emen t a ppa r a t u s. Th e t est ch a m-
ber sh a l l be equ i pped a n d con st r u ct ed so t h a t
t h e t est a gen t i s effect i vel y i sol a t ed fr om
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
437
t h e a mbi en t a i r , y et u n i for m i n con cen t r a -
t i on t h r ou gh ou t t h e ch a mber .
(3) Wh en t est i n g a i r -pu r i fy i n g r espi r a t or s,
t h e n or ma l fi l t er or ca r t r i dge el emen t sh a l l
be r epl a ced wi t h a h i gh effi ci en cy pa r t i cu -
l a t e a i r (HEP A) or P 100 ser i es fi l t er su ppl i ed
by t h e sa me ma n u fa ct u r er .
(4) Th e sa mpl i n g i n st r u men t sh a l l be se-
l ect ed so t h a t a compu t er r ecor d or st r i p
ch a r t r ecor d ma y be ma de of t h e t est sh ow-
i n g t h e r i se a n d fa l l of t h e t est a gen t con -
cen t r a t i on wi t h ea ch i n spi r a t i on a n d expi r a -
t i on a t fi t fa ct or s of a t l ea st 2, 000. I n t egr a -
t or s or compu t er s t h a t i n t egr a t e t h e a mou n t
of t est a gen t pen et r a t i on l ea k a ge i n t o t h e
r espi r a t or for ea ch exer ci se ma y be u sed pr o-
vi ded a r ecor d of t h e r ea di n gs i s ma de.
(5) Th e combi n a t i on of su bst i t u t e a i r -pu r i -
fy i n g el emen t s, t est a gen t a n d t est a gen t
con cen t r a t i on sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e t est
su bj ect i s n ot exposed i n excess of a n est a b-
l i sh ed exposu r e l i mi t for t h e t est a gen t a t
a n y t i me du r i n g t h e t est i n g pr ocess, ba sed
u pon t h e l en gt h of t h e exposu r e a n d t h e ex-
posu r e l i mi t du r a t i on .
(6) Th e sa mpl i n g por t on t h e t est speci men
r espi r a t or sh a l l be pl a ced a n d con st r u ct ed so
t h a t n o l ea k a ge occu r s a r ou n d t h e por t (e. g. ,
wh er e t h e r espi r a t or i s pr obed), a fr ee a i r
fl ow i s a l l owed i n t o t h e sa mpl i n g l i n e a t a l l
t i mes, a n d t h er e i s n o i n t er fer en ce wi t h t h e
fi t or per for ma n ce of t h e r espi r a t or . Th e i n -
ma sk sa mpl i n g devi ce (pr obe) sh a l l be de-
si gn ed a n d u sed so t h a t t h e a i r sa mpl e i s
dr a wn fr om t h e br ea t h i n g zon e of t h e t est
su bj ect , mi dwa y bet ween t h e n ose a n d mou t h
a n d wi t h t h e pr obe ext en di n g i n t o t h e fa ce-
pi ece ca vi t y a t l ea st 1/4 i n ch .
(7) Th e t est set u p sh a l l per mi t t h e per son
a dmi n i st er i n g t h e t est t o obser ve t h e t est
su bj ect i n si de t h e ch a mber du r i n g t h e t est .
(8) Th e equ i pmen t gen er a t i n g t h e t est a t -
mosph er e sh a l l ma i n t a i n t h e con cen t r a t i on
of t est a gen t con st a n t t o wi t h i n a 10 per cen t
va r i a t i on for t h e du r a t i on of t h e t est .
(9) Th e t i me l a g (i n t er va l bet ween a n even t
a n d t h e r ecor di n g of t h e even t on t h e st r i p
ch a r t or compu t er or i n t egr a t or ) sh a l l be
k ept t o a mi n i mu m. Th er e sh a l l be a cl ea r
a ssoci a t i on bet ween t h e occu r r en ce of a n
even t a n d i t s bei n g r ecor ded.
(10) Th e sa mpl i n g l i n e t u bi n g for t h e t est
ch a mber a t mosph er e a n d for t h e r espi r a t or
sa mpl i n g por t sh a l l be of equ a l di a met er a n d
of t h e sa me ma t er i a l . Th e l en gt h of t h e t wo
l i n es sh a l l be equ a l .
(11) Th e exh a u st fl ow fr om t h e t est ch a m-
ber sh a l l pa ss t h r ou gh a n a ppr opr i a t e fi l t er
(i . e. , h i gh effi ci en cy pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er ) befor e
r el ea se.
(12) Wh en sodi u m ch l or i de a er osol i s u sed,
t h e r el a t i ve h u mi di t y i n si de t h e t est ch a m-
ber sh a l l n ot exceed 50 per cen t .
(13) Th e l i mi t a t i on s of i n st r u men t det ec-
t i on sh a l l be t a k en i n t o a ccou n t wh en det er -
mi n i n g t h e fi t fa ct or .
(14) Test r espi r a t or s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n
pr oper wor k i n g or der a n d be i n spect ed r egu -
l a r l y for defi ci en ci es su ch a s cr a ck s or mi ss-
i n g va l ves a n d ga sk et s.
(b) P r ocedu r a l Requ i r emen t s.
(1) Wh en per for mi n g t h e i n i t i a l u ser sea l
ch eck u si n g a posi t i ve or n ega t i ve pr essu r e
ch eck , t h e sa mpl i n g l i n e sh a l l be cr i mped
cl osed i n or der t o a voi d a i r pr essu r e l ea k a ge
du r i n g ei t h er of t h ese pr essu r e ch eck s.
(2) Th e u se of a n a bbr evi a t ed scr een i n g
QLF T t est i s opt i on a l . S u ch a t est ma y be
u t i l i zed i n or der t o qu i ck l y i den t i fy poor fi t -
t i n g r espi r a t or s t h a t pa ssed t h e posi t i ve a n d/
or n ega t i ve pr essu r e t est a n d r edu ce t h e
a mou n t of QNF T t i me. Th e u se of t h e CNC
QNF T i n st r u men t i n t h e cou n t mode i s a n -
ot h er opt i on a l met h od t o obt a i n a qu i ck est i -
ma t e of fi t a n d el i mi n a t e poor fi t t i n g r es-
pi r a t or s befor e goi n g on t o per for m a fu l l
QNF T.
(3) A r ea son a bl y st a bl e t est a gen t con -
cen t r a t i on sh a l l be mea su r ed i n t h e t est
ch a mber pr i or t o t est i n g. F or ca n opy or
sh ower cu r t a i n t y pes of t est u n i t s, t h e det er -
mi n a t i on of t h e t est a gen t s st a bi l i t y ma y be
est a bl i sh ed a ft er t h e t est su bj ect h a s en t er ed
t h e t est en vi r on men t .
(4) I mmedi a t el y a ft er t h e su bj ect en t er s
t h e t est ch a mber , t h e t est a gen t con cen t r a -
t i on i n si de t h e r espi r a t or sh a l l be mea su r ed
t o en su r e t h a t t h e pea k pen et r a t i on does n ot
exceed 5 per cen t for a h a l f ma sk or 1 per cen t
for a fu l l fa cepi ece r espi r a t or .
(5) A st a bl e t est a gen t con cen t r a t i on sh a l l
be obt a i n ed pr i or t o t h e a ct u a l st a r t of t est -
i n g.
(6) Respi r a t or r est r a i n i n g st r a ps sh a l l n ot
be over -t i gh t en ed for t est i n g. Th e st r a ps
sh a l l be a dj u st ed by t h e wea r er wi t h ou t a s-
si st a n ce fr om ot h er per son s t o gi ve a r ea son -
a bl y comfor t a bl e fi t t y pi ca l of n or ma l u se.
Th e r espi r a t or sh a l l n ot be a dj u st ed on ce t h e
fi t t est exer ci ses begi n .
(7) Th e t est sh a l l be t er mi n a t ed wh en ever
a n y si n gl e pea k pen et r a t i on exceeds 5 per -
cen t for h a l f ma sk s a n d 1 per cen t for fu l l
fa cepi ece r espi r a t or s. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l
be r efi t t ed a n d r et est ed.
(8) Ca l cu l a t i on of fi t fa ct or s.
(i ) Th e fi t fa ct or sh a l l be det er mi n ed for
t h e qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est by t a k i n g t h e r a t i o
of t h e a ver a ge ch a mber con cen t r a t i on t o t h e
con cen t r a t i on mea su r ed i n si de t h e r espi r a t or
for ea ch t est exer ci se except t h e gr i ma ce ex-
er ci se.
(i i ) Th e a ver a ge t est ch a mber con cen t r a -
t i on sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed a s t h e a r i t h met i c a v-
er a ge of t h e con cen t r a t i on mea su r ed befor e
a n d a ft er ea ch t est (i . e. , 7 exer ci ses) or t h e
a r i t h met i c a ver a ge of t h e con cen t r a t i on
mea su r ed befor e a n d a ft er ea ch exer ci se or
t h e t r u e a ver a ge mea su r ed con t i n u ou sl y du r -
i n g t h e r espi r a t or sa mpl e.
(i i i ) Th e con cen t r a t i on of t h e ch a l l en ge
a gen t i n si de t h e r espi r a t or sh a l l be det er -
mi n ed by on e of t h e fol l owi n g met h ods:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
438
(A) Aver a ge pea k pen et r a t i on met h od
mea n s t h e met h od of det er mi n i n g t est a gen t
pen et r a t i on i n t o t h e r espi r a t or u t i l i zi n g a
st r i p ch a r t r ecor der , i n t egr a t or , or com-
pu t er . Th e a gen t pen et r a t i on i s det er mi n ed
by a n a ver a ge of t h e pea k h ei gh t s on t h e
gr a ph or by compu t er i n t egr a t i on , for ea ch
exer ci se except t h e gr i ma ce exer ci se. I n t e-
gr a t or s or compu t er s t h a t ca l cu l a t e t h e a c-
t u a l t est a gen t pen et r a t i on i n t o t h e r es-
pi r a t or for ea ch exer ci se wi l l a l so be con si d-
er ed t o meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e a ver a ge
pea k pen et r a t i on met h od.
(B) Ma xi mu m pea k pen et r a t i on met h od
mea n s t h e met h od of det er mi n i n g t est a gen t
pen et r a t i on i n t h e r espi r a t or a s det er mi n ed
by st r i p ch a r t r ecor di n gs of t h e t est . Th e
h i gh est pea k pen et r a t i on for a gi ven exer ci se
i s t a k en t o be r epr esen t a t i ve of a ver a ge pen -
et r a t i on i n t o t h e r espi r a t or for t h a t exer ci se.
(C) I n t egr a t i on by ca l cu l a t i on of t h e a r ea
u n der t h e i n di vi du a l pea k for ea ch exer ci se
except t h e gr i ma ce exer ci se. Th i s i n cl u des
compu t er i zed i n t egr a t i on .
(D) Th e ca l cu l a t i on of t h e over a l l fi t fa ct or
u si n g i n di vi du a l exer ci se fi t fa ct or s i n vol ves
fi r st con ver t i n g t h e exer ci se fi t fa ct or s t o
pen et r a t i on va l u es, det er mi n i n g t h e a ver a ge,
a n d t h en con ver t i n g t h a t r esu l t ba ck t o a fi t
fa ct or . Th i s pr ocedu r e i s descr i bed i n t h e fol -
l owi n g equ a t i on :
Overall Fit Factor
Number of exercises
+ + + + + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Wh er e ff1, ff2, ff3, et c. a r e t h e fi t fa ct or s for
exer ci ses 1, 2, 3, et c.
(9) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed
t o wea r a h a l f ma sk or qu a r t er fa cepi ece r es-
pi r a t or u n l ess a mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or of 100 i s
obt a i n ed, or a fu l l fa cepi ece r espi r a t or u n l ess
a mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or of 500 i s obt a i n ed.
(10) F i l t er s u sed for qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g
sh a l l be r epl a ced wh en ever i n cr ea sed br ea t h -
i n g r esi st a n ce i s en cou n t er ed, or wh en t h e
t est a gen t h a s a l t er ed t h e i n t egr i t y of t h e
fi l t er medi a .
3. Ambi en t a er osol con den sa t i on n u cl ei
cou n t er (CNC) qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g pr o-
t ocol .
Th e a mbi en t a er osol con den sa t i on n u cl ei
cou n t er (CNC) qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g
(P or t a cou n t
TM
) pr ot ocol qu a n t i t a t i vel y fi t
t est s r espi r a t or s wi t h t h e u se of a pr obe. Th e
pr obed r espi r a t or i s on l y u sed for qu a n -
t i t a t i ve fi t t est s. A pr obed r espi r a t or h a s a
speci a l sa mpl i n g devi ce, i n st a l l ed on t h e r es-
pi r a t or , t h a t a l l ows t h e pr obe t o sa mpl e t h e
a i r fr om i n si de t h e ma sk . A pr obed r es-
pi r a t or i s r equ i r ed for ea ch ma k e, st y l e,
model , a n d si ze t h a t t h e empl oy er u ses a n d
ca n be obt a i n ed fr om t h e r espi r a t or ma n u -
fa ct u r er or di st r i bu t or . Th e CNC i n st r u men t
ma n u fa ct u r er , TS I I n c. , a l so pr ovi des pr obe
a t t a ch men t s (TS I sa mpl i n g a da pt er s) t h a t
per mi t fi t t est i n g i n a n empl oy ees own r es-
pi r a t or . A mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or pa ss l evel of
a t l ea st 100 i s n ecessa r y for a h a l f-ma sk r es-
pi r a t or a n d a mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or pa ss l evel
of a t l ea st 500 i s r equ i r ed for a fu l l fa cepi ece
n ega t i ve pr essu r e r espi r a t or . Th e en t i r e
scr een i n g a n d t est i n g pr ocedu r e sh a l l be ex-
pl a i n ed t o t h e t est su bj ect pr i or t o t h e con -
du ct of t h e scr een i n g t est .
(a ) P or t a cou n t F i t Test Requ i r emen t s. (1)
Ch eck t h e r espi r a t or t o ma k e su r e t h e sa m-
pl i n g pr obe a n d l i n e a r e pr oper l y a t t a ch ed t o
t h e fa cepi ece a n d t h a t t h e r espi r a t or i s fi t t ed
wi t h a pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er ca pa bl e of pr e-
ven t i n g si gn i fi ca n t pen et r a t i on by t h e a mbi -
en t pa r t i cl es u sed for t h e fi t t est (e. g. ,
NI OS H 42 CF R 84 ser i es 100, ser i es 99, or se-
r i es 95 pa r t i cu l a t e fi l t er ) per ma n u fa ct u r er s
i n st r u ct i on .
(2) I n st r u ct t h e per son t o be t est ed t o don
t h e r espi r a t or for fi ve mi n u t es befor e t h e fi t
t est st a r t s. Th i s pu r ges t h e a mbi en t pa r -
t i cl es t r a pped i n si de t h e r espi r a t or a n d per -
mi t s t h e wea r er t o ma k e cer t a i n t h e r es-
pi r a t or i s comfor t a bl e. Th i s i n di vi du a l sh a l l
a l r ea dy h a ve been t r a i n ed on h ow t o wea r
t h e r espi r a t or pr oper l y .
(3) Ch eck t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s for t h e
a dequ a cy of t h e r espi r a t or fi t : Ch i n pr oper l y
pl a ced; Adequ a t e st r a p t en si on , n ot over l y
t i gh t en ed; F i t a cr oss n ose br i dge; Respi r a t or
of pr oper si ze t o spa n di st a n ce fr om n ose t o
ch i n ; Ten den cy of t h e r espi r a t or t o sl i p; S el f-
obser va t i on i n a mi r r or t o eva l u a t e fi t a n d
r espi r a t or posi t i on .
(4) Ha ve t h e per son wea r i n g t h e r espi r a t or
do a u ser sea l ch eck . I f l ea k a ge i s det ect ed,
det er mi n e t h e ca u se. I f l ea k a ge i s fr om a
poor l y fi t t i n g fa cepi ece, t r y a n ot h er si ze of
t h e sa me model r espi r a t or , or a n ot h er model
of r espi r a t or .
(5) F ol l ow t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s
for oper a t i n g t h e P or t a cou n t a n d pr oceed
wi t h t h e t est .
(6) Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o
per for m t h e exer ci ses i n sect i on I . A. 14. of
t h i s a ppen di x.
(7) Aft er t h e t est exer ci ses, t h e t est su bj ect
sh a l l be qu est i on ed by t h e t est con du ct or r e-
ga r di n g t h e comfor t of t h e r espi r a t or u pon
compl et i on of t h e pr ot ocol . I f i t h a s become
u n a ccept a bl e, a n ot h er model of r espi r a t or
sh a l l be t r i ed.
E
R
0
8
J
A
9
8
.
0
0
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
439
(b) P or t a cou n t Test I n st r u men t .
(1) Th e P or t a cou n t wi l l a u t oma t i ca l l y st op
a n d ca l cu l a t e t h e over a l l fi t fa ct or for t h e
en t i r e set of exer ci ses. Th e over a l l fi t fa ct or
i s wh a t cou n t s. Th e P a ss or F a i l messa ge
wi l l i n di ca t e wh et h er or n ot t h e t est wa s
su ccessfu l . I f t h e t est wa s a P a ss, t h e fi t t est
i s over .
(2) S i n ce t h e pa ss or fa i l cr i t er i on of t h e
P or t a cou n t i s u ser pr ogr a mma bl e, t h e t est
oper a t or sh a l l en su r e t h a t t h e pa ss or fa i l
cr i t er i on meet t h e r equ i r emen t s for mi n -
i mu m r espi r a t or per for ma n ce i n t h i s Appen -
di x.
(3) A r ecor d of t h e t est n eeds t o be k ept on
fi l e, a ssu mi n g t h e fi t t est wa s su ccessfu l .
Th e r ecor d mu st con t a i n t h e t est su bj ect s
n a me; over a l l fi t fa ct or ; ma k e, model , st y l e,
a n d si ze of r espi r a t or u sed; a n d da t e t est ed.
4. Con t r ol l ed n ega t i ve pr essu r e (CNP )
qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g pr ot ocol .
Th e CNP pr ot ocol pr ovi des a n a l t er n a t i ve
t o a er osol fi t t est met h ods. Th e CNP fi t t est
met h od t ech n ol ogy i s ba sed on exh a u st i n g
a i r fr om a t empor a r i l y sea l ed r espi r a t or
fa cepi ece t o gen er a t e a n d t h en ma i n t a i n a
con st a n t n ega t i ve pr essu r e i n si de t h e fa ce-
pi ece. Th e r a t e of a i r exh a u st i s con t r ol l ed so
t h a t a con st a n t n ega t i ve pr essu r e i s ma i n -
t a i n ed i n t h e r espi r a t or du r i n g t h e fi t t est .
Th e l evel of pr essu r e i s sel ect ed t o r epl i ca t e
t h e mea n i n spi r a t or y pr essu r e t h a t ca u ses
l ea k a ge i n t o t h e r espi r a t or u n der n or ma l u se
con di t i on s. Wi t h pr essu r e h el d con st a n t , a i r
fl ow ou t of t h e r espi r a t or i s equ a l t o a i r fl ow
i n t o t h e r espi r a t or . Th er efor e, mea su r emen t
of t h e exh a u st st r ea m t h a t i s r equ i r ed t o
h ol d t h e pr essu r e i n t h e t empor a r i l y sea l ed
r espi r a t or con st a n t y i el ds a di r ect mea su r e
of l ea k a ge a i r fl ow i n t o t h e r espi r a t or . Th e
CNP fi t t est met h od mea su r es l ea k r a t es
t h r ou gh t h e fa cepi ece a s a met h od for det er -
mi n i n g t h e fa cepi ece fi t for n ega t i ve pr es-
su r e r espi r a t or s. Th e CNP i n st r u men t ma n u -
fa ct u r er Occu pa t i on a l Hea l t h Dy n a mi cs of
Bi r mi n gh a m, Al a ba ma a l so pr ovi des a t t a ch -
men t s (sa mpl i n g ma n i fol ds) t h a t r epl a ce t h e
fi l t er ca r t r i dges t o per mi t fi t t est i n g i n a n
empl oy ees own r espi r a t or . To per for m t h e
t est , t h e t est su bj ect cl oses h i s or h er mou t h
a n d h ol ds h i s/h er br ea t h , a ft er wh i ch a n a i r
pu mp r emoves a i r fr om t h e r espi r a t or fa ce-
pi ece a t a pr e-sel ect ed con st a n t pr essu r e.
Th e fa cepi ece fi t i s expr essed a s t h e l ea k
r a t e t h r ou gh t h e fa cepi ece, expr essed a s mi l -
l i l i t er s per mi n u t e. Th e qu a l i t y a n d va l i di t y
of t h e CNP fi t t est s a r e det er mi n ed by t h e
degr ee t o wh i ch t h e i n -ma sk pr essu r e t r a ck s
t h e t est pr essu r e du r i n g t h e sy st em mea su r e-
men t t i me of a ppr oxi ma t el y fi ve secon ds. I n -
st a n t a n eou s feedba ck i n t h e for m of a r ea l -
t i me pr essu r e t r a ce of t h e i n -ma sk pr essu r e
i s pr ovi ded a n d u sed t o det er mi n e t est va l i d-
i t y a n d qu a l i t y . A mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or pa ss
l evel of 100 i s n ecessa r y for a h a l f-ma sk r es-
pi r a t or a n d a mi n i mu m fi t fa ct or of a t l ea st
500 i s r equ i r ed for a fu l l fa cepi ece r espi r a t or .
Th e en t i r e scr een i n g a n d t est i n g pr ocedu r e
sh a l l be expl a i n ed t o t h e t est su bj ect pr i or t o
t h e con du ct of t h e scr een i n g t est .
(a ) CNP F i t Test Requ i r emen t s.
(1) Th e i n st r u men t sh a l l h a ve a n on -a dj u st -
a bl e t est pr essu r e of 15. 0 mm wa t er pr essu r e.
(2) Th e CNP sy st em defa u l t s sel ect ed for
t est pr essu r e sh a l l be set a t 15 mm of wa t er
(-0. 58 i n ch es of wa t er ) a n d t h e model ed i n -
spi r a t or y fl ow r a t e sh a l l be 53. 8 l i t er s per
mi n u t e for per for mi n g fi t t est s.
NOTE: CNP sy st ems h a ve bu i l t -i n ca pa -
bi l i t y t o con du ct fi t t est i n g t h a t i s speci fi c
t o u n i qu e wor k r a t e, ma sk , a n d gen der si t u a -
t i on s t h a t mi gh t a ppl y i n a speci fi c wor k -
pl a ce. Use of sy st em defa u l t va l u es, wh i ch
wer e sel ect ed t o r epr esen t r espi r a t or wea r
wi t h medi u m ca r t r i dge r esi st a n ce a t a l ow-
moder a t e wor k r a t e, wi l l a l l ow i n t er -t est
compa r i son of t h e r espi r a t or fi t . )
(3) Th e i n di vi du a l wh o con du ct s t h e CNP
fi t t est i n g sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y t r a i n ed t o
per for m t h e t est .
(4) Th e r espi r a t or fi l t er or ca r t r i dge n eeds
t o be r epl a ced wi t h t h e CNP t est ma n i fol d.
Th e i n h a l a t i on va l ve down st r ea m fr om t h e
ma n i fol d ei t h er n eeds t o be t empor a r i l y r e-
moved or pr opped open .
(5) Th e empl oy er mu st t r a i n t h e t est su b-
j ect t o h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h for a t l ea st 10
secon ds.
(6) Th e t est su bj ect mu st don t h e t est r es-
pi r a t or wi t h ou t a n y a ssi st a n ce fr om t h e t est
a dmi n i st r a t or wh o i s con du ct i n g t h e CNP fi t
t est . Th e r espi r a t or mu st n ot be a dj u st ed
on ce t h e fi t -t est exer ci ses begi n . An y a dj u st -
men t voi ds t h e t est , a n d t h e t est su bj ect
mu st r epea t t h e fi t t est .
(7) Th e QNF T pr ot ocol sh a l l be fol l owed a c-
cor di n g t o sect i on I . C. 1. of t h i s a ppen di x
wi t h a n except i on for t h e CNP t est exer ci ses.
(b) CNP Test Exer ci ses.
(1) Nor ma l br ea t h i n g. I n a n or ma l st a n di n g
posi t i on , wi t h ou t t a l k i n g, t h e su bj ect sh a l l
br ea t h e n or ma l l y for 1 mi n u t e. Aft er t h e
n or ma l br ea t h i n g exer ci se, t h e su bj ect n eeds
t o h ol d h ea d st r a i gh t a h ea d a n d h ol d h i s or
h er br ea t h for 10 secon ds du r i n g t h e t est
mea su r emen t .
(2) Deep br ea t h i n g. I n a n or ma l st a n di n g
posi t i on , t h e su bj ect sh a l l br ea t h e sl owl y
a n d deepl y for 1 mi n u t e, bei n g ca r efu l n ot t o
h y per ven t i l a t e. Aft er t h e deep br ea t h i n g ex-
er ci se, t h e su bj ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d
st r a i gh t a h ea d a n d h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h for
10 secon ds du r i n g t est mea su r emen t .
(3)Tu r n i n g h ea d si de t o si de. S t a n di n g i n
pl a ce, t h e su bj ect sh a l l sl owl y t u r n h i s or h er
h ea d fr om si de t o si de bet ween t h e ext r eme
posi t i on s on ea ch si de for 1 mi n u t e. Th e h ea d
sh a l l be h el d a t ea ch ext r eme momen t a r i l y
so t h e su bj ect ca n i n h a l e a t ea ch si de. Aft er
t h e t u r n i n g h ea d si de t o si de exer ci se, t h e
su bj ect n eeds t o h ol d h ea d fu l l l eft a n d h ol d
h i s or h er br ea t h for 10 secon ds du r i n g t est
mea su r emen t . Next , t h e su bj ect n eeds t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
440
h ol d h ea d fu l l r i gh t a n d h ol d h i s or h er
br ea t h for 10 secon ds du r i n g t est mea su r e-
men t .
(4) Movi n g h ea d u p a n d down . S t a n di n g i n
pl a ce, t h e su bj ect sh a l l sl owl y move h i s or
h er h ea d u p a n d down for 1 mi n u t e. Th e su b-
j ect sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t o i n h a l e i n t h e u p
posi t i on (i . e. , wh en l ook i n g t owa r d t h e cei l -
i n g). Aft er t h e movi n g h ea d u p a n d down ex-
er ci se, t h e su bj ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d
fu l l u p a n d h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h for 10 sec-
on ds du r i n g t est mea su r emen t . Next , t h e
su bj ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d fu l l down
a n d h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h for 10 secon ds du r -
i n g t est mea su r emen t .
(5) Ta l k i n g. Th e su bj ect sh a l l t a l k ou t l ou d
sl owl y a n d l ou d en ou gh so a s t o be h ea r d
cl ea r l y by t h e t est con du ct or . Th e su bj ect
ca n r ea d fr om a pr epa r ed t ext su ch a s t h e
Ra i n bow P a ssa ge, cou n t ba ck wa r d fr om 100,
or r eci t e a memor i zed poem or son g for 1
mi n u t e. Aft er t h e t a l k i n g exer ci se, t h e su b-
j ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d st r a i gh t a h ea d
i n g t h e t est mea su r emen t .
(6) Gr i ma ce. Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l gr i ma ce
by smi l i n g or fr own i n g for 15 secon ds.
(7) Ben di n g Over . Th e t est su bj ect sh a l l
ben d a t t h e wa i st a s i f h e or sh e wer e t o
t ou ch h i s or h er t oes for 1 mi n u t e. J oggi n g i n
pl a ce sh a l l be su bst i t u t ed for t h i s exer ci se i n
t h ose t est en vi r on men t s su ch a s sh r ou d-t y pe
QNF T u n i t s t h a t pr oh i bi t ben di n g a t t h e
wa i st . Aft er t h e ben di n g over exer ci se, t h e
su bj ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d st r a i gh t
a h ea d a n d h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h for 10 sec-
on ds du r i n g t h e t est mea su r emen t .
(8) Nor ma l Br ea t h i n g. Th e t est su bj ect
sh a l l r emove a n d r e-don t h e r espi r a t or wi t h -
i n a on e-mi n u t e per i od. Th en , i n a n or ma l
st a n di n g posi t i on , wi t h ou t t a l k i n g, t h e su b-
j ect sh a l l br ea t h e n or ma l l y for 1 mi n u t e.
Aft er t h e n or ma l br ea t h i n g exer ci se, t h e su b-
j ect sh a l l h ol d h i s or h er h ea d st r a i gh t a h ea d
i n g t h e t est mea su r emen t . Aft er t h e t est ex-
er ci ses, t h e t est su bj ect sh a l l be qu est i on ed
by t h e t est con du ct or r ega r di n g t h e comfor t
of t h e r espi r a t or u pon compl et i on of t h e pr o-
t ocol . I f i t h a s become u n a ccept a bl e, a n ot h er
model of a r espi r a t or sh a l l be t r i ed.
(c) CNP Test I n st r u men t .
(1) Th e t est i n st r u men t mu st h a ve a n effec-
t i ve a u di o-wa r n i n g devi ce, or a vi su a l -wa r n -
i n g devi ce i n t h e for m of a scr een t r a ci n g,
t h a t i n di ca t es wh en t h e t est su bj ect fa i l s t o
h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h du r i n g t h e t est . Th e
t est mu st be t er mi n a t ed a n d r est a r t ed fr om
t h e begi n n i n g wh en t h e t est su bj ect fa i l s t o
h ol d h i s or h er br ea t h du r i n g t h e t est . Th e
t est su bj ect t h en ma y be r efi t t ed a n d r e-
t est ed.
(2) A r ecor d of t h e t est sh a l l be k ept on
fi l e, a ssu mi n g t h e fi t t est wa s su ccessfu l .
Th e r ecor d mu st con t a i n t h e t est su bj ect s
n a me; over a l l fi t fa ct or ; ma k e, model , st y l e
a n d si ze of r espi r a t or u sed; a n d da t e t est ed.
5. Con t r ol l ed n ega t i ve pr essu r e (CNP )
REDON qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est i n g pr ot ocol .
(a ) Wh en a dmi n i st er i n g t h i s pr ot ocol t o
t est su bj ect s, empl oy er s mu st compl y wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (a )
a n d (c) of P a r t I . C. 4 of t h i s a ppen di x (Con -
t r ol l ed n ega t i ve pr essu r e (CNP ) qu a n t i t a t i ve
fi t t est i n g pr ot ocol ), a s wel l a s u se t h e t est
exer ci ses descr i bed bel ow i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of
t h i s pr ot ocol i n st ea d of t h e t est exer ci ses
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of P a r t I . C. 4 of t h i s
a ppen di x.
(b) Empl oy er s mu st en su r e t h a t ea ch t est
su bj ect bei n g fi t t est ed u si n g t h i s pr ot ocol
fol l ows t h e exer ci se a n d mea su r emen t pr oce-
du r es, i n cl u di n g t h e or der of a dmi n i st r a t i on ,
descr i bed bel ow i n Ta bl e A1 of t h i s a ppen -
di x.
TABLE A1CNP REDON QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING PROTOCOL
Exercises
1
Exercise procedure Measurement procedure
Facing Forward ............................... Stand and breathe normally, without talking, for 30
seconds.
Face forward, while holding breath
for 10 seconds.
Bending Over .................................. Bend at the waist, as if going to touch his or her
toes, for 30 seconds.
Face parallel to the floor, while
holding breath for 10 seconds
Head Shaking ................................. For about three seconds, shake head back and forth
vigorously several times while shouting.
for 10 seconds
REDON 1 ........................................ Remove the respirator mask, loosen all facepiece
straps, and then redon the respirator mask.
for 10 seconds.
REDON 2 ........................................ Remove the respirator mask, loosen all facepiece
straps, and then redon the respirator mask again.
for 10 seconds.
1
Exercises are listed in the order in which they are to be administered.
(c) Aft er compl et i n g t h e t est exer ci ses, t h e
t est a dmi n i st r a t or mu st qu est i on ea ch t est
su bj ect r ega r di n g t h e comfor t of t h e r es-
pi r a t or . Wh en a t est su bj ect st a t es t h a t t h e
r espi r a t or i s u n a ccept a bl e, t h e empl oy er
mu st en su r e t h a t t h e t est a dmi n i st r a t or r e-
pea t s t h e pr ot ocol u si n g a n ot h er r espi r a t or
model .
(d) Empl oy er s mu st det er mi n e t h e over a l l
fi t fa ct or for ea ch t est su bj ect by ca l cu l a t i n g
t h e h a r mon i c mea n of t h e fi t t est i n g exer -
ci ses a s fol l ows:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
441
Overall Fit Factor =
N
1/FF ...
1
+ +
[ ]
1 1
2
/ / FF FF
N
Wh er e:
N = Th e n u mber of exer ci ses;
F F 1 = Th e fi t fa ct or for t h e fi r st exer ci se;
F F 2 = Th e fi t fa ct or for t h e secon d exer ci se;
a n d
F F N = Th e fi t fa ct or for t h e n t h exer ci se.
P ART I I . NEW F I T TES T P ROTOCOLS
A. An y per son ma y su bmi t t o OS HA a n a p-
pl i ca t i on for a ppr ova l of a n ew fi t t est pr o-
t ocol . I f t h e a ppl i ca t i on meet s t h e fol l owi n g
cr i t er i a , OS HA wi l l i n i t i a t e a r u l ema k i n g
pr oceedi n g u n der sect i on 6(b)(7) of t h e OS H
Act t o det er mi n e wh et h er t o l i st t h e n ew
pr ot ocol a s a n a ppr oved pr ot ocol i n t h i s Ap-
pen di x A.
B. Th e a ppl i ca t i on mu st i n cl u de a det a i l ed
descr i pt i on of t h e pr oposed n ew fi t t est pr o-
t ocol . Th i s a ppl i ca t i on mu st be su ppor t ed by
ei t h er :
1. A t est r epor t pr epa r ed by a n i n depen den t
gover n men t r esea r ch l a bor a t or y (e. g. , La w-
r en ce Li ver mor e Na t i on a l La bor a t or y , Los
Al a mos Na t i on a l La bor a t or y , t h e Na t i on a l
I n st i t u t e for S t a n da r ds a n d Tech n ol ogy )
st a t i n g t h a t t h e l a bor a t or y h a s t est ed t h e
pr ot ocol a n d h a d fou n d i t t o be a ccu r a t e a n d
r el i a bl e; or
2. An a r t i cl e t h a t h a s been pu bl i sh ed i n a
peer -r evi ewed i n du st r i a l h y gi en e j ou r n a l de-
scr i bi n g t h e pr ot ocol a n d expl a i n i n g h ow t est
da t a su ppor t t h e pr ot ocol s a ccu r a cy a n d r e-
l i a bi l i t y .
C. I f OS HA det er mi n es t h a t a ddi t i on a l i n -
for ma t i on i s r equ i r ed befor e t h e Agen cy
commen ces a r u l ema k i n g pr oceedi n g u n der
t h i s sect i on , OS HA wi l l so n ot i fy t h e a ppl i -
ca n t a n d a ffor d t h e a ppl i ca n t t h e oppor -
t u n i t y t o su bmi t t h e su ppl emen t a l i n for ma -
t i on . I n i t i a t i on of a r u l ema k i n g pr oceedi n g
wi l l be defer r ed u n t i l OS HA h a s r ecei ved a n d
eva l u a t ed t h e su ppl emen t a l i n for ma t i on .
AP P ENDI X B1 TO 1910. 134: US ER S EAL CHECK
P ROCEDURES (MANDATORY)
Th e i n di vi du a l wh o u ses a t i gh t -fi t t i n g r es-
pi r a t or i s t o per for m a u ser sea l ch eck t o en -
su r e t h a t a n a dequ a t e sea l i s a ch i eved ea ch
t i me t h e r espi r a t or i s pu t on . Ei t h er t h e
posi t i ve a n d n ega t i ve pr essu r e ch eck s l i st ed
i n t h i s a ppen di x, or t h e r espi r a t or ma n u fa c-
t u r er s r ecommen ded u ser sea l ch eck met h od
sh a l l be u sed. User sea l ch eck s a r e n ot su b-
st i t u t es for qu a l i t a t i ve or qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t
t est s.
I . Facepiece Posit ive an d/or Negat ive Pressu re
Ch eck s
A. Posit ive pressu re ch eck . Cl ose off t h e ex-
h a l a t i on va l ve a n d exh a l e gen t l y i n t o t h e
fa cepi ece. Th e fa ce fi t i s con si der ed sa t i sfa c-
t or y i f a sl i gh t posi t i ve pr essu r e ca n be bu i l t
u p i n si de t h e fa cepi ece wi t h ou t a n y evi den ce
of ou t wa r d l ea k a ge of a i r a t t h e sea l . F or
most r espi r a t or s t h i s met h od of l ea k t est i n g
r equ i r es t h e wea r er t o fi r st r emove t h e exh a -
l a t i on va l ve cover befor e cl osi n g off t h e ex-
h a l a t i on va l ve a n d t h en ca r efu l l y r epl a ci n g
i t a ft er t h e t est .
B. Negat ive pressu re ch eck . Cl ose off t h e
i n l et open i n g of t h e ca n i st er or ca r t r i dge(s)
by cover i n g wi t h t h e pa l m of t h e h a n d(s) or
by r epl a ci n g t h e fi l t er sea l (s), i n h a l e gen t l y
so t h a t t h e fa cepi ece col l a pses sl i gh t l y , a n d
h ol d t h e br ea t h for t en secon ds. Th e desi gn
of t h e i n l et open i n g of some ca r t r i dges ca n -
n ot be effect i vel y cover ed wi t h t h e pa l m of
t h e h a n d. Th e t est ca n be per for med by cov-
er i n g t h e i n l et open i n g of t h e ca r t r i dge wi t h
a t h i n l a t ex or n i t r i l e gl ove. I f t h e fa cepi ece
r ema i n s i n i t s sl i gh t l y col l a psed con di t i on
a n d n o i n wa r d l ea k a ge of a i r i s det ect ed, t h e
t i gh t n ess of t h e r espi r a t or i s con si der ed sa t -
i sfa ct or y .
I I . Man u f act u rers Recommen ded User Seal
Ch eck Procedu res
Th e r espi r a t or ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen ded pr ocedu r es for per for mi n g a u ser
sea l ch eck ma y be u sed i n st ea d of t h e posi -
t i ve a n d/or n ega t i ve pr essu r e ch eck pr oce-
du r es pr ovi ded t h a t t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es t h a t t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s pr oce-
du r es a r e equ a l l y effect i ve.
AP P ENDI X B2 TO 1910. 134: RES P I RATOR
CLEANI NG P ROCEDURES (MANDATORY)
Th ese pr ocedu r es a r e pr ovi ded for em-
pl oy er u se wh en cl ea n i n g r espi r a t or s. Th ey
a r e gen er a l i n n a t u r e, a n d t h e empl oy er a s
a n a l t er n a t i ve ma y u se t h e cl ea n i n g r ec-
ommen da t i on s pr ovi ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
of t h e r espi r a t or s u sed by t h ei r empl oy ees,
pr ovi ded su ch pr ocedu r es a r e a s effect i ve a s
t h ose l i st ed h er e i n Appen di x B2. Equ i va l en t
effect i ven ess si mpl y mea n s t h a t t h e pr oce-
du r es u sed mu st a ccompl i sh t h e obj ect i ves
set for t h i n Appen di x B2, i . e. , mu st en su r e
t h a t t h e r espi r a t or i s pr oper l y cl ea n ed a n d
di si n fect ed i n a ma n n er t h a t pr even t s da m-
a ge t o t h e r espi r a t or a n d does n ot ca u se
h a r m t o t h e u ser .
I . Procedu res f or Clean in g Respirat ors
A. Remove fi l t er s, ca r t r i dges, or ca n i st er s.
Di sa ssembl e fa cepi eces by r emovi n g spea k -
i n g di a ph r a gms, dema n d a n d pr essu r e-de-
ma n d va l ve a ssembl i es, h oses, or a n y compo-
n en t s r ecommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
Di sca r d or r epa i r a n y defect i ve pa r t s.
B. Wa sh compon en t s i n wa r m (43 C [110 F ]
ma xi mu m) wa t er wi t h a mi l d det er gen t or
wi t h a cl ea n er r ecommen ded by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er . A st i ff br i st l e (n ot wi r e) br u sh ma y
be u sed t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e r emova l of di r t .
C. Ri n se compon en t s t h or ou gh l y i n cl ea n ,
wa r m (43 C [110 F ] ma xi mu m), pr efer a bl y
r u n n i n g wa t er . Dr a i n .
E
R
0
4
A
U
0
4
.
0
0
1
<
/
M
A
T
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
442
D. Wh en t h e cl ea n er u sed does n ot con t a i n
a di si n fect i n g a gen t , r espi r a t or compon en t s
sh ou l d be i mmer sed for t wo mi n u t es i n on e
of t h e fol l owi n g:
1. Hy poch l or i t e sol u t i on (50 ppm of ch l o-
r i n e) ma de by a ddi n g a ppr oxi ma t el y on e mi l -
l i l i t er of l a u n dr y bl ea ch t o on e l i t er of wa t er
a t 43 C (110 F ); or ,
2. Aqu eou s sol u t i on of i odi n e (50 ppm i o-
di n e) ma de by a ddi n g a ppr oxi ma t el y 0. 8 mi l -
l i l i t er s of t i n ct u r e of i odi n e (68 gr a ms a m-
mon i u m a n d/or pot a ssi u m i odi de/100 cc of
45% a l coh ol ) t o on e l i t er of wa t er a t 43 C
(110 F ); or ,
3. Ot h er commer ci a l l y a va i l a bl e cl ea n ser s
of equ i va l en t di si n fect a n t qu a l i t y wh en u sed
a s di r ect ed, i f t h ei r u se i s r ecommen ded or
a ppr oved by t h e r espi r a t or ma n u fa ct u r er .
E. Ri n se compon en t s t h or ou gh l y i n cl ea n ,
wa r m (43 C [110 F ] ma xi mu m), pr efer a bl y
r u n n i n g wa t er . Dr a i n . Th e i mpor t a n ce of
t h or ou gh r i n si n g ca n n ot be over emph a si zed.
Det er gen t s or di si n fect a n t s t h a t dr y on
fa cepi eces ma y r esu l t i n der ma t i t i s. I n a ddi -
t i on , some di si n fect a n t s ma y ca u se det er i o-
r a t i on of r u bber or cor r osi on of met a l pa r t s
i f n ot compl et el y r emoved.
F . Compon en t s sh ou l d be h a n d-dr i ed wi t h a
cl ea n l i n t -fr ee cl ot h or a i r -dr i ed.
G. Rea ssembl e fa cepi ece, r epl a ci n g fi l t er s,
ca r t r i dges, a n d ca n i st er s wh er e n ecessa r y .
H. Test t h e r espi r a t or t o en su r e t h a t a l l
compon en t s wor k pr oper l y .
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 134: OS HA RES P I RATOR
MEDI CAL EVALUATI ON QUES TI ONNAI RE (MAN-
DATORY)
To t h e empl oy er : An swer s t o qu est i on s i n
S ect i on 1, a n d t o qu est i on 9 i n S ect i on 2 of
P a r t A, do n ot r equ i r e a medi ca l exa mi n a -
t i on .
To t h e empl oy ee:
Ca n y ou r ea d (ci r cl e on e): Yes/No
You r empl oy er mu st a l l ow y ou t o a n swer
t h i s qu est i on n a i r e du r i n g n or ma l wor k i n g
h ou r s, or a t a t i me a n d pl a ce t h a t i s con ven -
i en t t o y ou . To ma i n t a i n y ou r con fi den -
t i a l i t y , y ou r empl oy er or su per vi sor mu st
n ot l ook a t or r evi ew y ou r a n swer s, a n d y ou r
empl oy er mu st t el l y ou h ow t o del i ver or
sen d t h i s qu est i on n a i r e t o t h e h ea l t h ca r e
pr ofessi on a l wh o wi l l r evi ew i t .
P a r t A. S ect i on 1. (Ma n da t or y ) Th e fol -
l owi n g i n for ma t i on mu st be pr ovi ded by
ever y empl oy ee wh o h a s been sel ect ed t o u se
a n y t y pe of r espi r a t or (pl ea se pr i n t ).
1. Toda y s da t e: lllllllllllllll
2. You r n a me: llllllllllllllll
3. You r a ge (t o n ea r est y ea r ): llllllll
4. S ex (ci r cl e on e): Ma l e/F ema l e
5. You r h ei gh t : llft . lli n .
6. You r wei gh t : ll l bs.
7. You r j ob t i t l e: llllllllllllll
8. A ph on e n u mber wh er e y ou ca n be r ea ch ed
by t h e h ea l t h ca r e pr ofessi on a l wh o r e-
vi ews t h i s qu est i on n a i r e (i n cl u de t h e Ar ea
Code): lll
9. Th e best t i me t o ph on e y ou a t t h i s n u m-
ber : ll
10. Ha s y ou r empl oy er t ol d y ou h ow t o con -
t a ct t h e h ea l t h ca r e pr ofessi on a l wh o wi l l
r evi ew t h i s qu est i on n a i r e (ci r cl e on e): Yes/
No
11. Ch eck t h e t y pe of r espi r a t or y ou wi l l u se
(y ou ca n ch eck mor e t h a n on e ca t egor y ):
a . ll N, R, or P di sposa bl e r espi r a t or (fi l -
t er -ma sk , n on -ca r t r i dge t y pe on l y ).
b. ll Ot h er t y pe (for exa mpl e, h a l f- or
fu l l -fa cepi ece t y pe, power ed-a i r pu r i -
fy i n g, su ppl i ed-a i r , sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h -
i n g a ppa r a t u s).
12. Ha ve y ou wor n a r espi r a t or (ci r cl e on e):
Yes/No
7 I f y es, wh a t t y pe(s): llllllllll
llllllllllllllllllllllll
P a r t A. S ect i on 2. (Ma n da t or y ) Qu est i on s 1
t h r ou gh 9 bel ow mu st be a n swer ed by ever y
empl oy ee wh o h a s been sel ect ed t o u se a n y
t y pe of r espi r a t or (pl ea se ci r cl e y es or
n o).
1. Do y ou cu rren t ly smok e t oba cco, or h a ve
y ou smok ed t oba cco i n t h e l a st mon t h :
Yes/No
2. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s?
a . S ei zu r es (fi t s): Yes/No
b. Di a bet es (su ga r di sea se): Yes/No
c. Al l er gi c r ea ct i on s t h a t i n t er fer e wi t h
y ou r br ea t h i n g: Yes/No
d. Cl a u st r oph obi a (fea r of cl osed-i n pl a ces):
Yes/No
e. Tr ou bl e smel l i n g odor s: Yes/No
3. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a n y of t h e fol l owi n g pu l -
mon a r y or l u n g pr obl ems?
a . Asbest osi s: Yes/No
b. Ast h ma : Yes/No
c. Ch r on i c br on ch i t i s: Yes/No
d. Emph y sema : Yes/No
e. P n eu mon i a : Yes/No
f. Tu ber cu l osi s: Yes/No
g. S i l i cosi s: Yes/No
h . P n eu mot h or a x (col l a psed l u n g): Yes/No
i . Lu n g ca n cer : Yes/No
j . Br ok en r i bs: Yes/No
k . An y ch est i n j u r i es or su r ger i es: Yes/No
l . An y ot h er l u n g pr obl em t h a t y ou ve been
t ol d a bou t : Yes/No
4. Do y ou cu rren t ly h a ve a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
sy mpt oms of pu l mon a r y or l u n g i l l n ess?
a . S h or t n ess of br ea t h : Yes/No
b. S h or t n ess of br ea t h wh en wa l k i n g fa st
on l evel gr ou n d or wa l k i n g u p a sl i gh t
h i l l or i n cl i n e: Yes/No
c. S h or t n ess of br ea t h wh en wa l k i n g wi t h
ot h er peopl e a t a n or di n a r y pa ce on l evel
gr ou n d: Yes/No
d. Ha ve t o st op for br ea t h wh en wa l k i n g a t
y ou r own pa ce on l evel gr ou n d: Yes/No
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
443
e. S h or t n ess of br ea t h wh en wa sh i n g or
dr essi n g y ou r sel f: Yes/No
f. S h or t n ess of br ea t h t h a t i n t er fer es wi t h
y ou r j ob: Yes/No
g. Cou gh i n g t h a t pr odu ces ph l egm (t h i ck
spu t u m): Yes/No
h . Cou gh i n g t h a t wa k es y ou ea r l y i n t h e
mor n i n g: Yes/No
i . Cou gh i n g t h a t occu r s most l y wh en y ou
a r e l y i n g down : Yes/No
j . Cou gh i n g u p bl ood i n t h e l a st mon t h :
Yes/No
k . Wh eezi n g: Yes/No
l . Wh eezi n g t h a t i n t er fer es wi t h y ou r j ob:
Yes/No
m. Ch est pa i n wh en y ou br ea t h e deepl y :
Yes/No
n . An y ot h er sy mpt oms t h a t y ou t h i n k
ma y be r el a t ed t o l u n g pr obl ems: Yes/No
5. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a n y of t h e fol l owi n g ca r -
di ova scu l a r or h ea r t pr obl ems?
a . Hea r t a t t a ck : Yes/No
b. S t r ok e: Yes/No
c. An gi n a : Yes/No
d. Hea r t fa i l u r e: Yes/No
e. S wel l i n g i n y ou r l egs or feet (n ot ca u sed
by wa l k i n g): Yes/No
f. Hea r t a r r h y t h mi a (h ea r t bea t i n g i r r egu -
l a r l y ): Yes/No
g. Hi gh bl ood pr essu r e: Yes/No
h . An y ot h er h ea r t pr obl em t h a t y ou ve
been t ol d a bou t : Yes/No
6. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a n y of t h e fol l owi n g ca r -
di ova scu l a r or h ea r t sy mpt oms?
a . F r equ en t pa i n or t i gh t n ess i n y ou r
ch est : Yes/No
b. P a i n or t i gh t n ess i n y ou r ch est du r i n g
ph y si ca l a ct i vi t y : Yes/No
c. P a i n or t i gh t n ess i n y ou r ch est t h a t
i n t er fer es wi t h y ou r j ob: Yes/No
d. I n t h e pa st t wo y ea r s, h a ve y ou n ot i ced
y ou r h ea r t sk i ppi n g or mi ssi n g a bea t :
Yes/No
e. Hea r t bu r n or i n di gest i on t h a t i s n ot r e-
l a t ed t o ea t i n g: Yes/No
f. An y ot h er sy mpt oms t h a t y ou t h i n k ma y
be r el a t ed t o h ea r t or ci r cu l a t i on pr ob-
l ems: Yes/No
7. Do y ou cu rren t ly t a k e medi ca t i on for a n y
of t h e fol l owi n g pr obl ems?
a . Br ea t h i n g or l u n g pr obl ems: Yes/No
b. Hea r t t r ou bl e: Yes/No
c. Bl ood pr essu r e: Yes/No
d. S ei zu r es (fi t s): Yes/No
8. I f y ou ve u sed a r espi r a t or , h a ve y ou ever
h ad a n y of t h e fol l owi n g pr obl ems? (I f
y ou ve n ever u sed a r espi r a t or , ch eck t h e
fol l owi n g spa ce a n d go t o qu est i on 9:)
a . Ey e i r r i t a t i on : Yes/No
b. S k i n a l l er gi es or r a sh es: Yes/No
c. An xi et y : Yes/No
d. Gen er a l wea k n ess or fa t i gu e: Yes/No
e. An y ot h er pr obl em t h a t i n t er fer es wi t h
y ou r u se of a r espi r a t or : Yes/No
9. Wou l d y ou l i k e t o t a l k t o t h e h ea l t h ca r e
pr ofessi on a l wh o wi l l r evi ew t h i s qu es-
t i on n a i r e a bou t y ou r a n swer s t o t h i s
qu est i on n a i r e: Yes/No
Qu est i on s 10 t o 15 bel ow mu st be a n swer ed
by ever y empl oy ee wh o h a s been sel ect ed t o
u se ei t h er a fu l l -fa cepi ece r espi r a t or or a
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s (S CBA).
F or empl oy ees wh o h a ve been sel ect ed t o u se
ot h er t y pes of r espi r a t or s, a n swer i n g t h ese
qu est i on s i s vol u n t a r y .
10. Ha ve y ou ever lost vi si on i n ei t h er ey e
(t empor a r i l y or per ma n en t l y ): Yes/No
vi si on pr obl ems?
a . Wea r con t a ct l en ses: Yes/No
b. Wea r gl a sses: Yes/No
c. Col or bl i n d: Yes/No
d. An y ot h er ey e or vi si on pr obl em: Yes/No
12. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a n i n j u r y t o y ou r ea r s,
i n cl u di n g a br ok en ea r dr u m: Yes/No
h ea r i n g pr obl ems?
a . Di ffi cu l t y h ea r i n g: Yes/No
b. Wea r a h ea r i n g a i d: Yes/No
c. An y ot h er h ea r i n g or ea r pr obl em: Yes/
No
14. Ha ve y ou ever h ad a ba ck i n j u r y : Yes/No
mu scu l osk el et a l pr obl ems?
a . Wea k n ess i n a n y of y ou r a r ms, h a n ds,
l egs, or feet : Yes/No
b. Ba ck pa i n : Yes/No
c. Di ffi cu l t y fu l l y movi n g y ou r a r ms a n d
l egs: Yes/No
d. P a i n or st i ffn ess wh en y ou l ea n for wa r d
or ba ck wa r d a t t h e wa i st : Yes/No
e. Di ffi cu l t y fu l l y movi n g y ou r h ea d u p or
down : Yes/No
f. Di ffi cu l t y fu l l y movi n g y ou r h ea d si de t o
si de: Yes/No
g. Di ffi cu l t y ben di n g a t y ou r k n ees: Yes/No
h . Di ffi cu l t y squ a t t i n g t o t h e gr ou n d: Yes/
No
i . Cl i mbi n g a fl i gh t of st a i r s or a l a dder
ca r r y i n g mor e t h a n 25 l bs: Yes/No
j . An y ot h er mu scl e or sk el et a l pr obl em
t h a t i n t er fer es wi t h u si n g a r espi r a t or :
Yes/No
P a r t B An y of t h e fol l owi n g qu est i on s,
a n d ot h er qu est i on s n ot l i st ed, ma y be a dded
t o t h e qu est i on n a i r e a t t h e di scr et i on of t h e
h ea l t h ca r e pr ofessi on a l wh o wi l l r evi ew t h e
qu est i on n a i r e.
1. I n y ou r pr esen t j ob, a r e y ou wor k i n g a t
h i gh a l t i t u des (over 5, 000 feet ) or i n a
pl a ce t h a t h a s l ower t h a n n or ma l
a mou n t s of oxy gen : Yes/No
I f y es, do y ou h a ve feel i n gs of di zzi n ess,
sh or t n ess of br ea t h , pou n di n g i n y ou r
ch est , or ot h er sy mpt oms wh en y ou r e
wor k i n g u n der t h ese con di t i on s: Yes/No
2. At wor k or a t h ome, h a ve y ou ever been
exposed t o h a za r dou s sol ven t s, h a za r dou s
a i r bor n e ch emi ca l s (e. g. , ga ses, fu mes, or
du st ), or h a ve y ou come i n t o sk i n con -
t a ct wi t h h a za r dou s ch emi ca l s: Yes/No
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
444
I f y es, n a me t h e ch emi ca l s i f y ou k n ow
t h em: lllllllllllllllllll
3. Ha ve y ou ever wor k ed wi t h a n y of t h e ma -
t er i a l s, or u n der a n y of t h e con di t i on s,
l i st ed bel ow:
a . Asbest os: Yes/No
b. S i l i ca (e. g. , i n sa n dbl a st i n g): Yes/No
c. Tu n gst en /coba l t (e. g. , gr i n di n g or wel d-
i n g t h i s ma t er i a l ): Yes/No
d. Ber y l l i u m: Yes/No
e. Al u mi n u m: Yes/No
f. Coa l (for exa mpl e, mi n i n g): Yes/No
g. I r on : Yes/No
h . Ti n : Yes/No
i . Du st y en vi r on men t s: Yes/No
j . An y ot h er h a za r dou s exposu r es: Yes/No
I f y es, descr i be t h ese exposu r es: llll
4. Li st a n y secon d j obs or si de bu si n esses y ou
h a ve: lllllllllllllllllll
5. Li st y ou r pr evi ou s occu pa t i on s: lllll
6. Li st y ou r cu r r en t a n d pr evi ou s h obbi es: l
7. Ha ve y ou been i n t h e mi l i t a r y ser vi ces?
Yes/No
I f y es, wer e y ou exposed t o bi ol ogi ca l or
ch emi ca l a gen t s (ei t h er i n t r a i n i n g or
comba t ): Yes/No
8. Ha ve y ou ever wor k ed on a HAZMAT
t ea m? Yes/No
9. Ot h er t h a n medi ca t i on s for br ea t h i n g a n d
l u n g pr obl ems, h ea r t t r ou bl e, bl ood pr es-
su r e, a n d sei zu r es men t i on ed ea r l i er i n
t h i s qu est i on n a i r e, a r e y ou t a k i n g a n y
ot h er medi ca t i on s for a n y r ea son (i n cl u d-
i n g over -t h e-cou n t er medi ca t i on s): Yes/
No
I f y es, n a me t h e medi ca t i on s i f y ou
k n ow t h em: llllllllllllllll
10. Wi l l y ou be u si n g a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
i t ems wi t h y ou r r espi r a t or (s)?
a . HEP A F i l t er s: Yes/No
b. Ca n i st er s (for exa mpl e, ga s ma sk s): Yes/
No
c. Ca r t r i dges: Yes/No
11. How oft en a r e y ou expect ed t o u se t h e
r espi r a t or (s) (ci r cl e y es or n o for a l l
a n swer s t h a t a ppl y t o y ou )?:
a . Esca pe on l y (n o r escu e): Yes/No
b. Emer gen cy r escu e on l y : Yes/No
c. Less t h a n 5 h ou r s per week : Yes/No
d. Less t h a n 2 h ou r s per day : Yes/No
e. 2 t o 4 h ou r s per day : Yes/No
f. Over 4 h ou r s per day : Yes/No
12. Du r i n g t h e per i od y ou a r e u si n g t h e r es-
pi r a t or (s), i s y ou r wor k effor t :
a . L igh t (l ess t h a n 200 k ca l per h ou r ): Yes/
No
I f y es, h ow l on g does t h i s per i od l a st du r -
i n g t h e a ver a ge
sh i ft :llllllh r s. llllllmi n s.
Exa mpl es of a l i gh t wor k effor t a r e sit t in g
wh i l e wr i t i n g, t y pi n g, dr a ft i n g, or per -
for mi n g l i gh t a ssembl y wor k ; or st an din g
wh i l e oper a t i n g a dr i l l pr ess (13 l bs. ) or con -
t r ol l i n g ma ch i n es.
b. Moderat e (200 t o 350 k ca l per h ou r ): Yes/
No
I f y es, h ow l on g does t h i s per i od l a st
du r i n g t h e a ver a ge
Exa mpl es of moder a t e wor k effor t a r e sit -
t in g wh i l e n a i l i n g or fi l i n g; drivin g a t r u ck or
bu s i n u r ba n t r a ffi c; st an din g wh i l e dr i l l i n g,
n a i l i n g, per for mi n g a ssembl y wor k , or t r a n s-
fer r i n g a moder a t e l oa d (a bou t 35 l bs. ) a t
t r u n k l evel ; walk in g on a l evel su r fa ce a bou t
2 mph or down a 5-degr ee gr a de a bou t 3 mph ;
or pu sh in g a wh eel ba r r ow wi t h a h ea vy l oa d
(a bou t 100 l bs. ) on a l evel su r fa ce.
c. Heavy (a bove 350 k ca l per h ou r ): Yes/No
I f y es, h ow l on g does t h i s per i od l a st
du r i n g t h e a ver a ge
Exa mpl es of h ea vy wor k a r e lif t in g a h ea vy
l oa d (a bou t 50 l bs. ) fr om t h e fl oor t o y ou r
wa i st or sh ou l der ; work in g on a l oa di n g dock ;
sh ovelin g; st an din g wh i l e br i ck l a y i n g or ch i p-
pi n g ca st i n gs; walk in g u p a n 8-degr ee gr a de
a bou t 2 mph ; climbin g st a i r s wi t h a h ea vy
l oa d (a bou t 50 l bs. ).
13. Wi l l y ou be wea r i n g pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
a n d/or equ i pmen t (ot h er t h a n t h e r es-
pi r a t or ) wh en y ou r e u si n g y ou r r es-
pi r a t or : Yes/No
I f y es, descr i be t h i s pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
a n d/or equ i pmen t : lllllllllllll
14. Wi l l y ou be wor k i n g u n der h ot con di t i on s
(t emper a t u r e exceedi n g 77 F ): Yes/No
15. Wi l l y ou be wor k i n g u n der h u mi d con di -
t i on s: Yes/No
16. Descr i be t h e wor k y ou l l be doi n g wh i l e
y ou r e u si n g y ou r r espi r a t or (s):
17. Descr i be a n y speci a l or h a za r dou s con di -
t i on s y ou mi gh t en cou n t er wh en y ou r e
u si n g y ou r r espi r a t or (s) (for exa mpl e,
con fi n ed spa ces, l i fe-t h r ea t en i n g ga ses):
18. P r ovi de t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on , i f y ou
k n ow i t , for ea ch t oxi c su bst a n ce t h a t
y ou l l be exposed t o wh en y ou r e u si n g
y ou r r espi r a t or (s):
Na me of t h e fi r st t oxi c su bst a n ce: llll
Est i ma t ed ma xi mu m exposu r e l evel per
sh i ft : lllllllllllllllllll
Du r a t i on of exposu r e per sh i ft llllll
Na me of t h e secon d t oxi c su bst a n ce: lll
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
445
Du r a t i on of exposu r e per sh i ft : llllll
Na me of t h e t h i r d t oxi c su bst a n ce: llll
Du r a t i on of exposu r e per sh i ft : llllll
Th e n a me of a n y ot h er t oxi c su bst a n ces
t h a t y ou l l be exposed t o wh i l e u si n g
y ou r r espi r a t or :
19. Descr i be a n y speci a l r espon si bi l i t i es
y ou l l h a ve wh i l e u si n g y ou r r espi r a t or (s)
t h a t ma y a ffect t h e sa fet y a n d wel l -bei n g
of ot h er s (for exa mpl e, r escu e, secu r i t y ):
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 134 (MANDATORY) I NF OR-
MATI ON F OR EMP LOYEES US I NG RES P I RATORS
WHEN NOT REQUI RED UNDER THE S TAND-
ARD
Respi r a t or s a r e a n effect i ve met h od of pr o-
t ect i on a ga i n st desi gn a t ed h a za r ds wh en
pr oper l y sel ect ed a n d wor n . Respi r a t or u se i s
en cou r a ged, even wh en exposu r es a r e bel ow
t h e exposu r e l i mi t , t o pr ovi de a n a ddi t i on a l
l evel of comfor t a n d pr ot ect i on for wor k er s.
However , i f a r espi r a t or i s u sed i mpr oper l y
or n ot k ept cl ea n , t h e r espi r a t or i t sel f ca n
become a h a za r d t o t h e wor k er . S omet i mes,
wor k er s ma y wea r r espi r a t or s t o a voi d expo-
su r es t o h a za r ds, even i f t h e a mou n t of h a z-
a r dou s su bst a n ce does n ot exceed t h e l i mi t s
set by OS HA st a n da r ds. I f y ou r empl oy er
pr ovi des r espi r a t or s for y ou r vol u n t a r y u se,
or i f y ou pr ovi de y ou r own r espi r a t or , y ou
n eed t o t a k e cer t a i n pr eca u t i on s t o be su r e
t h a t t h e r espi r a t or i t sel f does n ot pr esen t a
h a za r d.
You sh ou l d do t h e fol l owi n g:
1. Rea d a n d h eed a l l i n st r u ct i on s pr ovi ded
by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er on u se, ma i n t en a n ce,
cl ea n i n g a n d ca r e, a n d wa r n i n gs r ega r di n g
t h e r espi r a t or s l i mi t a t i on s.
2. Ch oose r espi r a t or s cer t i fi ed for u se t o
pr ot ect a ga i n st t h e con t a mi n a n t of con cer n .
NI OS H, t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa -
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h of t h e U. S . Depa r t -
men t of Hea l t h a n d Hu ma n S er vi ces, cer -
t i fi es r espi r a t or s. A l a bel or st a t emen t of
cer t i fi ca t i on sh ou l d a ppea r on t h e r espi r a t or
or r espi r a t or pa ck a gi n g. I t wi l l t el l y ou wh a t
t h e r espi r a t or i s desi gn ed for a n d h ow mu ch
i t wi l l pr ot ect y ou .
3. Do n ot wea r y ou r r espi r a t or i n t o
a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g con t a mi n a n t s for
wh i ch y ou r r espi r a t or i s n ot desi gn ed t o pr o-
t ect a ga i n st . F or exa mpl e, a r espi r a t or de-
si gn ed t o fi l t er du st pa r t i cl es wi l l n ot pr o-
t ect y ou a ga i n st ga ses, va por s, or ver y sma l l
sol i d pa r t i cl es of fu mes or smok e.
4. Keep t r a ck of y ou r r espi r a t or so t h a t
y ou do n ot mi st a k en l y u se someon e el ses
r espi r a t or .
[63 F R 1270, J a n . 8, 1998; 63 F R 20098, 20099,
Apr . 23, 1998, a s a men ded a t 69 F R 46993, Au g.
4, 2004; 71 F R 16672, Apr . 3, 2006; 71 F R 50187,
Au g. 24, 2006]
1910.135 Head protection.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
empl oy ee wea r s a pr ot ect i ve h el met
wh en wor k i n g i n a r ea s wh er e t h er e i s a
pot en t i a l for i n j u r y t o t h e h ea d fr om
fa l l i n g obj ect s.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t a
pr ot ect i ve h el met desi gn ed t o r edu ce
el ect r i ca l sh ock h a za r d i s wor n by ea ch
su ch a ffect ed empl oy ee wh en n ea r ex-
posed el ect r i ca l con du ct or s wh i ch
cou l d con t a ct t h e h ea d.
(b) Crit eria f or prot ect ive h elmet s. (1)
P r ot ect i ve h el met s pu r ch a sed a ft er
J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l compl y wi t h ANS I
Z89. 11986, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r d for P er son n el P r ot ect i on P r ot ec-
t i ve Hea dwea r for I n du st r i a l Wor k er s-
Requ i r emen t s, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, or
sh a l l be demon st r a t ed t o be equ a l l y ef-
fect i ve.
(2) P r ot ect i ve h el met s pu r ch a sed be-
for e J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
ANS I st a n da r d Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for I n -
du st r i a l Hea d P r ot ect i on , ANS I Z89. 1
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, or sh a l l be dem-
on st r a t ed by t h e empl oy er t o be equ a l -
l y effect i ve.
[59 F R 16362, Apr . 6, 1994, a s a men ded a t 61
F R 9238, Ma r . 7, 1996; 61 F R 19548, Ma y 2, 1996]
1910.136 Foot protection.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. Th e em-
empl oy ee u ses pr ot ect i ve foot wea r
wh en wor k i n g i n a r ea s wh er e t h er e i s a
da n ger of foot i n j u r i es du e t o fa l l i n g or
r ol l i n g obj ect s, or obj ect s pi er ci n g t h e
sol e, a n d wh er e su ch empl oy ees feet
a r e exposed t o el ect r i ca l h a za r ds.
(b) Crit eria f or prot ect ive f oot wear. (1)
P r ot ect i ve foot wea r pu r ch a sed a ft er
J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l compl y wi t h ANS I
Z411991, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
for P er son a l P r ot ect i on P r ot ect i ve
F oot wea r , wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
446
sh a l l be demon st r a t ed by t h e empl oy er
t o be equ a l l y effect i ve.
(2) P r ot ect i ve foot wea r pu r ch a sed be-
for e J u l y 5, 1994 sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
ANS I st a n da r d US A S t a n da r d for
Men s S a fet y -Toe F oot wea r , Z41. 1
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, or sh a l l be dem-
on st r a t ed by t h e empl oy er t o be equ a l -
l y effect i ve.
[59 F R 16362, Apr . 6, 1994; 59 F R 33911, J u l y 1,
61 F R 19548, Ma y 2, 1996; 61 F R 21228, Ma y 9,
1996]
1910.137 Electrical protective equip-
ment.
(a ) Design requ iremen t s. I n su l a t i n g
bl a n k et s, ma t t i n g, cover s, l i n e h ose,
gl oves, a n d sl eeves ma de of r u bber
(1) Man u f act u re an d mark in g. (i ) Bl a n -
k et s, gl oves, a n d sl eeves sh a l l be pr o-
du ced by a sea ml ess pr ocess.
(i i ) Ea ch i t em sh a l l be cl ea r l y
ma r k ed a s fol l ows:
(A) Cl a ss 0 equ i pmen t sh a l l be
ma r k ed Cl a ss 0.
(B) Cl a ss 1 equ i pmen t sh a l l be
(C) Cl a ss 2 equ i pmen t sh a l l be
(D) Cl a ss 3 equ i pmen t sh a l l be
(E) Cl a ss 4 equ i pmen t sh a l l be
(F ) Non -ozon e-r esi st a n t equ i pmen t
ot h er t h a n ma t t i n g sh a l l be ma r k ed
Ty pe I .
(G) Ozon e-r esi st a n t equ i pmen t ot h er
t h a n ma t t i n g sh a l l be ma r k ed Ty pe I I .
(H) Ot h er r el eva n t ma r k i n gs, su ch a s
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s i den t i fi ca t i on a n d
t h e si ze of t h e equ i pmen t , ma y a l so be
pr ovi ded.
(i i i ) Ma r k i n gs sh a l l be n on con du ct i n g
a n d sh a l l be a ppl i ed i n su ch a ma n n er
a s n ot t o i mpa i r t h e i n su l a t i n g qu a l i -
t i es of t h e equ i pmen t .
(i v) Ma r k i n gs on gl oves sh a l l be con -
fi n ed t o t h e cu ff por t i on of t h e gl ove.
(2) Elect rical requ iremen t s. (i ) Equ i p-
men t sh a l l be ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g
t h e a -c pr oof-t est vol t a ge speci fi ed i n
Ta bl e I 2 or t h e d-c pr oof-t est vol t a ge
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e I 3.
(A) Th e pr oof t est sh a l l r el i a bl y i n di -
ca t e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t ca n wi t h st a n d
t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved.
(B) Th e t est vol t a ge sh a l l be a ppl i ed
con t i n u ou sl y for 3 mi n u t es for equ i p-
men t ot h er t h a n ma t t i n g a n d sh a l l be
a ppl i ed con t i n u ou sl y for 1 mi n u t e for
ma t t i n g.
(C) Gl oves sh a l l a l so be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g t h e a -c pr oof-t est vol t a ge
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e I 2 a ft er a 16-h ou r
wa t er soa k . (S ee t h e n ot e fol l owi n g
pa r a gr a ph (a )(3)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on . )
(i i ) Wh en t h e a -c pr oof t est i s u sed on
gl oves, t h e 60-h er t z pr oof-t est cu r r en t
ma y n ot exceed t h e va l u es speci fi ed i n
Ta bl e I 2 a t a n y t i me du r i n g t h e t est
per i od.
(A) I f t h e a -c pr oof t est i s ma de a t a
fr equ en cy ot h er t h a n 60 h er t z, t h e per -
mi ssi bl e pr oof-t est cu r r en t sh a l l be
compu t ed fr om t h e di r ect r a t i o of t h e
fr equ en ci es.
(B) F or t h e t est , gl oves (r i gh t si de
ou t ) sh a l l be fi l l ed wi t h t a p wa t er a n d
i mmer sed i n wa t er t o a dept h t h a t i s i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e I 4. Wa t er sh a l l
be a dded t o or r emoved fr om t h e gl ove,
a s n ecessa r y , so t h a t t h e wa t er l evel i s
t h e sa me i n si de a n d ou t si de t h e gl ove.
(C) Aft er t h e 16-h ou r wa t er soa k spec-
i fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (a )(2)(i )(C) of t h i s
sect i on , t h e 60-h er t z pr oof-t est cu r r en t
ma y exceed t h e va l u es gi ven i n Ta bl e I
2 by n ot mor e t h a n 2 mi l l i a mper es.
(i i i ) Equ i pmen t t h a t h a s been su b-
j ect ed t o a mi n i mu m br ea k down vol t -
a ge t est ma y n ot be u sed for el ect r i ca l
pr ot ect i on . (S ee t h e n ot e fol l owi n g
pa r a gr a ph (a )(3)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on . )
(i v) Ma t er i a l u sed for Ty pe I I i n su -
l a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
wi t h st a n di n g a n ozon e t est , wi t h n o
vi si bl e effect s. Th e ozon e t est sh a l l r e-
l i a bl y i n di ca t e t h a t t h e ma t er i a l wi l l
r esi st ozon e exposu r e i n a ct u a l u se.
An y vi si bl e si gn s of ozon e det er i or a t i on
of t h e ma t er i a l , su ch a s ch eck i n g,
cr a ck i n g, br ea k s, or pi t t i n g, i s evi -
den ce of fa i l u r e t o meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for ozon e-r esi st a n t ma t er i a l .
(S ee t h e n ot e fol l owi n g pa r a gr a ph
(a )(3)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on . )
(3) Work man sh ip an d f in ish . (i ) Equ i p-
men t sh a l l be fr ee of h a r mfu l ph y si ca l
i r r egu l a r i t i es t h a t ca n be det ect ed by
t h e t est s or i n spect i on s r equ i r ed u n der
t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) S u r fa ce i r r egu l a r i t i es t h a t ma y
be pr esen t on a l l r u bber goods beca u se
of i mper fect i on s on for ms or mol ds or
beca u se of i n h er en t di ffi cu l t i es i n t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
447
ma n u fa ct u r i n g pr ocess a n d t h a t ma y
a ppea r a s i n den t a t i on s, pr ot u ber a n ces,
or i mbedded for ei gn ma t er i a l a r e a c-
cept a bl e u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s:
(A) Th e i n den t a t i on or pr ot u ber a n ce
bl en ds i n t o a smoot h sl ope wh en t h e
ma t er i a l i s st r et ch ed.
(B) F or ei gn ma t er i a l r ema i n s i n
pl a ce wh en t h e i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l i s
fol ded a n d st r et ch es wi t h t h e i n su -
l a t i n g ma t er i a l su r r ou n di n g i t .
NOTE: Ru bber i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t meet -
i n g t h e fol l owi n g n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n d-
a r ds i s deemed t o be i n compl i a n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on :
Amer i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t e-
r i a l s (AS TM) D 12087, S peci fi ca t i on for Ru b-
ber I n su l a t i n g Gl oves.
AS TM D 17893 (or D 17888) S peci fi ca t i on
for Ru bber I n su l a t i n g Ma t t i n g.
AS TM D 104893 (or D 104888a ) S peci fi ca -
t i on for Ru bber I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s.
AS TM D 104993 (or D 104988) S peci fi ca t i on
for Ru bber I n su l a t i n g Cover s.
AS TM D 105090, S peci fi ca t i on for Ru bber
I n su l a t i n g Li n e Hose.
I n su l a t i n g S l eeves.
Th ese st a n da r ds con t a i n speci fi ca t i on s for
con du ct i n g t h e va r i ou s t est s r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on . F or exa mpl e,
t h e a -c a n d d-c pr oof t est s, t h e br ea k down
t est , t h e wa t er soa k pr ocedu r e, a n d t h e
ozon e t est men t i on ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph a r e
descr i bed i n det a i l i n t h e AS TM st a n da r ds.
(b) I n -service care an d u se. (1) El ec-
t r i ca l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa fe, r el i a bl e con di -
t i on .
(2) Th e fol l owi n g speci fi c r equ i r e-
men t s a ppl y t o i n su l a t i n g bl a n k et s,
cover s, l i n e h ose, gl oves, a n d sl eeves
ma de of r u bber :
(i ) Ma xi mu m u se vol t a ges sh a l l con -
for m t o t h ose l i st ed i n Ta bl e I 5.
(i i ) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n -
spect ed for da ma ge befor e ea ch da y s
u se a n d i mmedi a t el y fol l owi n g a n y i n -
ci den t t h a t ca n r ea son a bl y be su s-
pect ed of h a vi n g ca u sed da ma ge. I n su -
l a t i n g gl oves sh a l l be gi ven a n a i r t est ,
a l on g wi t h t h e i n spect i on .
(i i i ) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t wi t h a n y
of t h e fol l owi n g defect s ma y n ot be
u sed:
(A) A h ol e, t ea r , pu n ct u r e, or cu t ;
(B) Ozon e cu t t i n g or ozon e ch eck i n g
(t h e cu t t i n g a ct i on pr odu ced by ozon e
on r u bber u n der mech a n i ca l st r ess i n t o
a ser i es of i n t er l a ci n g cr a ck s);
(C) An embedded for ei gn obj ect ;
(D) An y of t h e fol l owi n g t ext u r e
ch a n ges: swel l i n g, soft en i n g, h a r d-
en i n g, or becomi n g st i ck y or i n el a st i c.
(E) An y ot h er defect t h a t da ma ges
t h e i n su l a t i n g pr oper t i es.
(i v) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t fou n d t o
h a ve ot h er defect s t h a t mi gh t a ffect i t s
i n su l a t i n g pr oper t i es sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce a n d r et u r n ed for t est i n g
u n der pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(vi i i ) a n d
(b)(2)(i x) of t h i s sect i on .
(v) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be
cl ea n ed a s n eeded t o r emove for ei gn
su bst a n ces.
(vi ) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be
st or ed i n su ch a l oca t i on a n d i n su ch a
ma n n er a s t o pr ot ect i t fr om l i gh t ,
t emper a t u r e ext r emes, excessi ve h u -
mi di t y , ozon e, a n d ot h er i n j u r i ou s su b-
st a n ces a n d con di t i on s.
(vi i ) P r ot ect or gl oves sh a l l be wor n
over i n su l a t i n g gl oves, except a s fol -
l ows:
(A) P r ot ect or gl oves n eed n ot be u sed
wi t h Cl a ss 0 gl oves, u n der l i mi t ed-u se
con di t i on s, wh er e sma l l equ i pmen t a n d
pa r t s ma n i pu l a t i on n ecessi t a t e u n u su -
a l l y h i gh fi n ger dext er i t y .
NOTE: Ext r a ca r e i s n eeded i n t h e vi su a l ex-
a mi n a t i on of t h e gl ove a n d i n t h e a voi da n ce
of h a n dl i n g sh a r p obj ect s.
(B) An y ot h er cl a ss of gl ove ma y be
u sed for si mi l a r wor k wi t h ou t pr o-
t ect or gl oves i f t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e possi bi l i t y of ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge t o t h e gl oves i s sma l l a n d
i f t h e cl a ss of gl ove i s on e cl a ss h i gh er
t h a n t h a t r equ i r ed for t h e vol t a ge i n -
vol ved. I n su l a t i n g gl oves t h a t h a ve
been u sed wi t h ou t pr ot ect or gl oves
ma y n ot be u sed a t a h i gh er vol t a ge
u n t i l t h ey h a ve been t est ed u n der t h e
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(vi i i ) a n d
(b)(2)(i x) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi i i ) El ect r i ca l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sh a l l be su bj ect ed t o per i odi c el ect r i ca l
t est s. Test vol t a ges a n d t h e ma xi mu m
i n t er va l s bet ween t est s sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Ta bl e I 5 a n d Ta bl e I 6.
(i x) Th e t est met h od u sed u n der pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(2)(vi i i ) a n d (b)(2)(i x) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l r el i a bl y i n di ca t e wh et h er
t h e i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t ca n wi t h -
st a n d t h e vol t a ges i n vol ved.
NOTE: S t a n da r d el ect r i ca l t est met h ods
con si der ed a s meet i n g t h i s r equ i r emen t a r e
gi ven i n t h e fol l owi n g n a t i on a l con sen su s
st a n da r ds:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
448
Amer i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t e-
r i a l s (AS TM) D 12087, S peci fi ca t i on for Ru b-
ber I n su l a t i n g Gl oves.
I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s.
I n su l a t i n g Cover s.
AS TM F 47892, S peci fi ca t i on for I n -S er v-
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Li n e Hose a n d Cover s.
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s.
AS TM F 49693b S peci fi ca t i on for I n -S er v-
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Gl oves a n d S l eeves.
(x) I n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t fa i l i n g t o
pa ss i n spect i on s or el ect r i ca l t est s ma y
n ot be u sed by empl oy ees, except a s
fol l ows:
(A) Ru bber i n su l a t i n g l i n e h ose ma y
be u sed i n sh or t er l en gt h s wi t h t h e de-
fect i ve por t i on cu t off.
(B) Ru bber i n su l a t i n g bl a n k et s ma y
be r epa i r ed u si n g a compa t i bl e pa t ch
t h a t r esu l t s i n ph y si ca l a n d el ect r i ca l
pr oper t i es equ a l t o t h ose of t h e bl a n -
k et .
(C) Ru bber i n su l a t i n g bl a n k et s ma y
be sa l va ged by sever i n g t h e defect i ve
a r ea fr om t h e u n da ma ged por t i on of
t h e bl a n k et . Th e r esu l t i n g u n da ma ged
a r ea ma y n ot be sma l l er t h a n 22 i n ch es
by 22 i n ch es (560 mm by 560 mm) for
Cl a ss 1, 2, 3, a n d 4 bl a n k et s.
(D) Ru bber i n su l a t i n g gl oves a n d
sl eeves wi t h mi n or ph y si ca l defect s,
su ch a s sma l l cu t s, t ea r s, or pu n ct u r es,
ma y be r epa i r ed by t h e a ppl i ca t i on of a
compa t i bl e pa t ch . Al so, r u bber i n su -
l a t i n g gl oves a n d sl eeves wi t h mi n or
su r fa ce bl emi sh es ma y be r epa i r ed wi t h
a compa t i bl e l i qu i d compou n d. Th e
pa t ch ed a r ea sh a l l h a ve el ect r i ca l a n d
ph y si ca l pr oper t i es equ a l t o t h ose of
t h e su r r ou n di n g ma t er i a l . Repa i r s t o
gl oves a r e per mi t t ed on l y i n t h e a r ea
bet ween t h e wr i st a n d t h e r ei n for ced
edge of t h e open i n g.
(xi ) Repa i r ed i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be r et est ed befor e i t ma y be u sed
by empl oy ees.
(xi i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
equ i pmen t h a s been t est ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(2)(vi i i ), (b)(2)(i x), a n d
(b)(2)(xi ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e cer t i fi -
ca t i on sh a l l i den t i fy t h e equ i pmen t
t h a t pa ssed t h e t est a n d t h e da t e i t wa s
t est ed.
NOTE: Ma r k i n g of equ i pmen t a n d en t er i n g
t h e r esu l t s of t h e t est s a n d t h e da t es of t est -
i n g on t o l ogs a r e t wo a ccept a bl e mea n s of
meet i n g t h i s r equ i r emen t .
TABLE I-2A-C PROOF-TEST REQUIREMENTS
Class of equipment
Proof-test
voltage
rms V
Maximum proof-test current, mA (gloves only)
267-mm
(10.5-in)
glove
356-mm
(14-in)
glove
406-mm
(16-in)
glove
457-mm
(18-in)
glove
0 .............................................................................................. 5,000 8 12 14 16
1 .............................................................................................. 10,000 .................. 14 16 18
2 .............................................................................................. 20,000 .................. 16 18 20
3 .............................................................................................. 30,000 .................. 18 20 22
4 .............................................................................................. 40,000 .................. .................. 22 24
TABLE I-3D-C PROOF-TEST REQUIREMENTS
Class of equipment
Proof-test
voltage
0 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20,000
1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 40,000
2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 50,000
3 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 60,000
4 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 70,000
NOTE: Th e d-c vol t a ges l i st ed i n t h i s t a bl e
a r e n ot a ppr opr i a t e for pr oof t est i n g r u bber
i n su l a t i n g l i n e h ose or cover s. F or t h i s
equ i pmen t , d-c pr oof t est s sh a l l u se a vol t a ge
h i gh en ou gh t o i n di ca t e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t
ca n be sa fel y u sed a t t h e vol t a ges l i st ed i n
Ta bl e I 4. S ee AS TM D 105090 a n d AS TM D
104988 for fu r t h er i n for ma t i on on pr oof t est s
for r u bber i n su l a t i n g l i n e h ose a n d cover s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
449
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. I, App. A
TABLE I4GLOVE TESTSWATER LEVEL
1,2

Class of glove
AC proof test DC proof test
mm. in. mm. in.
0 .................................................................................................................................................... 38 1.5 38 1.5
1 .................................................................................................................................................... 38 1.5 51 2.0
2 .................................................................................................................................................... 64 2.5 76 3.0
3 .................................................................................................................................................... 89 3.5 102 4.0
4 .................................................................................................................................................... 127 5.0 153 6.0
1
The water level is given as the clearance from the cuff of the glove to the water line, with a tolerance of t13 mm. (t0.5 in.).
2
If atmospheric conditions make the specified clearances impractical, the clearances may be increased by a maximum of 25
mm. (1 in.).
TABLE I5RUBBER INSULATING EQUIPMENT VOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
Class of equipment
Maximum use
voltage
1
a-c
rms
Retest volt-
age
2
a-crms
Retest volt-
age
2
d-cavg
0 ......................................................................................................................... 1,000 5,000 20,000
1 ......................................................................................................................... 7,500 10,000 40,000
2 ......................................................................................................................... 17,000 20,000 50,000
3 ......................................................................................................................... 26,500 30,000 60,000
4 ......................................................................................................................... 36,000 40,000 70,000
1
The maximum use voltage is the a-c voltage (rms) classification of the protective equipment that designates the maximum
nominal design voltage of the energized system that may be safely worked. The nominal design voltage is equal to the phase-to-
phase voltage on multiphase circuits. However, the phase-to-ground potential is considered to be the nominal design voltage:
(1) If there is no multiphase exposure in a system area and if the voltage exposure is limited to the phase-to-ground potential,
or
(2) If the electrical equipment and devices are insulated or isolated or both so that the multiphase exposure on a grounded
wye circuit is removed.
2
The proof-test voltage shall be applied continuously for at least 1 minute, but no more than 3 minutes.
TABLE I6RUBBER INSULATING EQUIPMENT TEST INTERVALS
Type of equipment When to test
Rubber insulating line hose ......................................................... Upon indication that insulating value is suspect.
Rubber insulating covers ............................................................. Upon indication that insulating value is suspect.
Rubber insulating blankets .......................................................... Before first issue and every 12 months thereafter.
1

Rubber insulating gloves ............................................................. Before first issue and every 6 months thereafter.
1

Rubber insulating sleeves ........................................................... Before first issue and every 12 months thereafter.
1

1
If the insulating equipment has been electrically tested but not issued for service, it may not be placed into service unless it
has been electrically tested within the previous 12 months.
[59 F R 4435, J a n . 31, 1994; 59 F R 33662, J u n e 30, 1994]
1910.138 Hand protection.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. Empl oy er s
sh a l l sel ect a n d r equ i r e empl oy ees t o
u se a ppr opr i a t e h a n d pr ot ect i on wh en
empl oy ees h a n ds a r e exposed t o h a z-
a r ds su ch a s t h ose fr om sk i n a bsor p-
t i on of h a r mfu l su bst a n ces; sever e cu t s
or l a cer a t i on s; sever e a br a si on s; pu n c-
t u r es; ch emi ca l bu r n s; t h er ma l bu r n s;
a n d h a r mfu l t emper a t u r e ext r emes.
(b) Select ion . Empl oy er s sh a l l ba se
t h e sel ect i on of t h e a ppr opr i a t e h a n d
pr ot ect i on on a n eva l u a t i on of t h e per -
for ma n ce ch a r a ct er i st i cs of t h e h a n d
pr ot ect i on r el a t i ve t o t h e t a sk (s) t o be
per for med, con di t i on s pr esen t , du r a -
t i on of u se, a n d t h e h a za r ds a n d pot en -
t i a l h a za r ds i den t i fi ed.
[59 F R 16362, Apr . 6, 1994; 59 F R 33911, J u l y 1,
1994]
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART I OF P ART
1910REF ERENCES F OR F URTHER I N-
F ORMATI ON (NON-MANDATORY)
Th e docu men t s i n a ppen di x A pr ovi de i n -
for ma t i on wh i ch ma y be h el pfu l i n u n der -
st a n di n g a n d i mpl emen t i n g t h e st a n da r ds i n
S u bpa r t I .
1. Bu r ea u of La bor S t a t i st i cs (BLS ). Ac-
ci den t s I n vol vi n g Ey e I n j u r i es. Repor t 597,
Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. : BLS , 1980.
ci den t s I n vol vi n g F a ce I n j u r i es. Repor t 604,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
450
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. I, App. B
ci den t s I n vol vi n g Hea d I n j u r i es. Repor t 605,
ci den t s I n vol vi n g F oot I n j u r i es. Repor t 626,
5. Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l . Acci den t
F a ct s, An n u a l edi t i on , Ch i ca go, I L: 1981.
6. Bu r ea u of La bor S t a t i st i cs (BLS ). Oc-
cu pa t i on a l I n j u r i es a n d I l l n esses i n t h e
Un i t ed S t a t es by I n du st r y , An n u a l edi t i on ,
Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. : BLS .
7. Na t i on a l S oci et y t o P r even t Bl i n dn ess.
A Gu i de for Con t r ol l i n g Ey e I n j u r i es i n I n -
du st r y , Ch i ca go, I l : 1982.
[59 F R 16362, Apr . 6, 1994]
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART I TO P ART
1910NON-MANDATORY COMP LI ANCE
GUI DELI NES F OR HAZARD AS S ES S -
MENT AND P ERS ONAL P ROTECTI VE
EQUI P MENT S ELECTI ON
Th i s a ppen di x i s i n t en ded t o pr ovi de com-
pl i a n ce a ssi st a n ce for empl oy er s a n d empl oy -
ees i n i mpl emen t i n g r equ i r emen t s for a h a z-
a r d a ssessmen t a n d t h e sel ect i on of per son a l
1. Con t rollin g h azards. P P E devi ces a l on e
sh ou l d n ot be r el i ed on t o pr ovi de pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st h a za r ds, bu t sh ou l d be u sed i n con -
j u n ct i on wi t h gu a r ds, en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s,
a n d sou n d ma n u fa ct u r i n g pr a ct i ces.
2. Assessmen t an d select ion . I t i s n ecessa r y
t o con si der cer t a i n gen er a l gu i del i n es for a s-
sessi n g t h e foot , h ea d, ey e a n d fa ce, a n d h a n d
h a za r d si t u a t i on s t h a t exi st i n a n occu pa -
t i on a l or edu ca t i on a l oper a t i on or pr ocess,
a n d t o ma t ch t h e pr ot ect i ve devi ces t o t h e
pa r t i cu l a r h a za r d. I t sh ou l d be t h e r espon si -
bi l i t y of t h e sa fet y offi cer t o exer ci se com-
mon sen se a n d a ppr opr i a t e exper t i se t o a c-
compl i sh t h ese t a sk s.
3. Assessmen t gu idelin es. I n or der t o a ssess
t h e n eed for P P E t h e fol l owi n g st eps sh ou l d
be t a k en :
a . Su rvey . Con du ct a wa l k -t h r ou gh su r vey
of t h e a r ea s i n qu est i on . Th e pu r pose of t h e
su r vey i s t o i den t i fy sou r ces of h a za r ds t o
wor k er s a n d co-wor k er s. Con si der a t i on
sh ou l d be gi ven t o t h e ba si c h a za r d ca t -
egor i es:
(a ) I mpa ct
(b) P en et r a t i on
(c) Compr essi on (r ol l -over )
(d) Ch emi ca l
(e) Hea t
(f) Ha r mfu l du st
(g) Li gh t (opt i ca l ) r a di a t i on
b. Sou rces. Du r i n g t h e wa l k -t h r ou gh su r vey
t h e sa fet y offi cer sh ou l d obser ve: (a ) sou r ces
of mot i on ; i . e. , ma ch i n er y or pr ocesses wh er e
a n y movemen t of t ool s, ma ch i n e el emen t s or
pa r t i cl es cou l d exi st , or movemen t of per -
son n el t h a t cou l d r esu l t i n col l i si on wi t h st a -
t i on a r y obj ect s; (b) sou r ces of h i gh t emper a -
t u r es t h a t cou l d r esu l t i n bu r n s, ey e i n j u r y
or i gn i t i on of pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t , et c. ; (c)
t y pes of ch emi ca l exposu r es; (d) sou r ces of
h a r mfu l du st ; (e) sou r ces of l i gh t r a di a t i on ,
i . e. , wel di n g, br a zi n g, cu t t i n g, fu r n a ces, h ea t
t r ea t i n g, h i gh i n t en si t y l i gh t s, et c. ; (f)
sou r ces of fa l l i n g obj ect s or pot en t i a l for
dr oppi n g obj ect s; (g) sou r ces of sh a r p obj ect s
wh i ch mi gh t pi er ce t h e feet or cu t t h e h a n ds;
(h ) sou r ces of r ol l i n g or pi n ch i n g obj ect s
wh i ch cou l d cr u sh t h e feet ; (i ) l a y ou t of
wor k pl a ce a n d l oca t i on of co-wor k er s; a n d (j )
a n y el ect r i ca l h a za r ds. I n a ddi t i on , i n j u r y /a c-
ci den t da t a sh ou l d be r evi ewed t o h el p i den -
t i fy pr obl em a r ea s.
c. Organ ize dat a. F ol l owi n g t h e wa l k -
t h r ou gh su r vey , i t i s n ecessa r y t o or ga n i ze
t h e da t a a n d i n for ma t i on for u se i n t h e a s-
sessmen t of h a za r ds. Th e obj ect i ve i s t o pr e-
pa r e for a n a n a l y si s of t h e h a za r ds i n t h e en -
vi r on men t t o en a bl e pr oper sel ect i on of pr o-
d. An aly ze dat a. Ha vi n g ga t h er ed a n d or ga -
n i zed da t a on a wor k pl a ce, a n est i ma t e of
t h e pot en t i a l for i n j u r i es sh ou l d be ma de.
Ea ch of t h e ba si c h a za r ds (pa r a gr a ph 3. a . )
sh ou l d be r evi ewed a n d a det er mi n a t i on
ma de a s t o t h e t y pe, l evel of r i sk , a n d ser i -
ou sn ess of pot en t i a l i n j u r y fr om ea ch of t h e
h a za r ds fou n d i n t h e a r ea . Th e possi bi l i t y of
exposu r e t o sever a l h a za r ds si mu l t a n eou sl y
sh ou l d be con si der ed.
4. Select ion gu idelin es. Aft er compl et i on of
t h e pr ocedu r es i n pa r a gr a ph 3, t h e gen er a l
pr ocedu r e for sel ect i on of pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t i s t o: a ) Become fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e po-
t en t i a l h a za r ds a n d t h e t y pe of pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t t h a t i s a va i l a bl e, a n d wh a t i t ca n
do; i . e. , spl a sh pr ot ect i on , i mpa ct pr ot ect i on ,
et c. ; b) compa r e t h e h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
t h e en vi r on men t ; i . e. , i mpa ct vel oci t i es,
ma sses, pr oj ect i l e sh a pe, r a di a t i on i n t en -
si t i es, wi t h t h e ca pa bi l i t i es of t h e a va i l a bl e
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ; c) sel ect t h e pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t wh i ch en su r es a l evel of pr o-
t ect i on gr ea t er t h a n t h e mi n i mu m r equ i r ed
t o pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om t h e h a za r ds; a n d
d) fi t t h e u ser wi t h t h e pr ot ect i ve devi ce a n d
gi ve i n st r u ct i on s on ca r e a n d u se of t h e P P E.
I t i s ver y i mpor t a n t t h a t en d u ser s be ma de
a wa r e of a l l wa r n i n g l a bel s for a n d l i mi t a -
t i on s of t h ei r P P E.
5. Fit t in g t h e device. Ca r efu l con si der a t i on
mu st be gi ven t o comfor t a n d fi t . P P E t h a t
fi t s poor l y wi l l n ot a ffor d t h e n ecessa r y pr o-
t ect i on . Con t i n u ed wea r i n g of t h e devi ce i s
mor e l i k el y i f i t fi t s t h e wea r er comfor t a bl y .
P r ot ect i ve devi ces a r e gen er a l l y a va i l a bl e i n
a va r i et y of si zes. Ca r e sh ou l d be t a k en t o
en su r e t h a t t h e r i gh t si ze i s sel ect ed.
6. Devices wit h adju st able f eat u res. Adj u st -
men t s sh ou l d be ma de on a n i n di vi du a l ba si s
for a comfor t a bl e fi t t h a t wi l l ma i n t a i n t h e
pr ot ect i ve devi ce i n t h e pr oper posi t i on . P a r -
t i cu l a r ca r e sh ou l d be t a k en i n fi t t i n g de-
vi ces for ey e pr ot ect i on a ga i n st du st a n d
ch emi ca l spl a sh t o en su r e t h a t t h e devi ces
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
451
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. I, App. B
a r e sea l ed t o t h e fa ce. I n a ddi t i on , pr oper fi t -
t i n g of h el met s i s i mpor t a n t t o en su r e t h a t
i t wi l l n ot fa l l off du r i n g wor k oper a t i on s. I n
some ca ses a ch i n st r a p ma y be n ecessa r y t o
k eep t h e h el met on a n empl oy ees h ea d.
(Ch i n st r a ps sh ou l d br ea k a t a r ea son a bl y
l ow for ce, h owever , so a s t o pr even t a st r a n -
gu l a t i on h a za r d). Wh er e ma n u fa ct u r er s i n -
st r u ct i on s a r e a va i l a bl e, t h ey sh ou l d be fol -
l owed ca r efu l l y .
7. Reassessmen t of h azards. I t i s t h e r espon -
si bi l i t y of t h e sa fet y offi cer t o r ea ssess t h e
wor k pl a ce h a za r d si t u a t i on a s n ecessa r y , by
i den t i fy i n g a n d eva l u a t i n g n ew equ i pmen t
a n d pr ocesses, r evi ewi n g a cci den t r ecor ds,
a n d r eeva l u a t i n g t h e su i t a bi l i t y of pr e-
vi ou sl y sel ect ed P P E.
8. Select ion ch art gu idelin es f or ey e an d f ace
prot ect ion . S ome occu pa t i on s (n ot a compl et e
l i st ) for wh i ch ey e pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be r ou -
t i n el y con si der ed a r e: ca r pen t er s, el ec-
t r i ci a n s, ma ch i n i st s, mech a n i cs a n d r epa i r -
er s, mi l l wr i gh t s, pl u mber s a n d pi pe fi t t er s,
sh eet met a l wor k er s a n d t i n smi t h s, a ssem-
bl er s, sa n der s, gr i n di n g ma ch i n e oper a t or s,
l a t h e a n d mi l l i n g ma ch i n e oper a t or s, sa w-
y er s, wel der s, l a bor er s, ch emi ca l pr ocess op-
er a t or s a n d h a n dl er s, a n d t i mber cu t t i n g a n d
l oggi n g wor k er s. Th e fol l owi n g ch a r t pr o-
vi des gen er a l gu i da n ce for t h e pr oper sel ec-
t i on of ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on t o pr ot ect
a ga i n st h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e l i st ed
h a za r d sou r ce oper a t i on s.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION SELECTION CHART
Source Assessment of Hazard Protection
IMPACTChipping, grinding machining, masonry
work, woodworking, sawing, drilling, chiseling,
powered fastening, riveting, and sanding.
Flying fragments, objects,
large chips, particles sand,
dirt, etc.
Spectacles with side protection, goggles,
face shields. See notes (1), (3), (5), (6),
(10). For severe exposure, use
faceshield.
HEATFurnace operations, pouring, casting, hot
dipping, and welding.
Hot sparks ............................... Faceshields, goggles, spectacles with side
protection. For severe exposure use
faceshield. See notes (1), (2), (3).
Splash from molten metals ..... Faceshields worn over goggles. See notes
(1), (2), (3).
High temperature exposure .... Screen face shields, reflective face
shields. See notes (1), (2), (3).
CHEMICALSAcid and chemicals handling,
degreasing plating.
Splash ..................................... Goggles, eyecup and cover types. For se-
vere exposure, use face shield. See
notes (3), (11).
Irritating mists .......................... Special-purpose goggles.
DUSTWoodworking, buffing, general dusty con-
ditions.
Nuisance dust ......................... Goggles, eyecup and cover types. See
note (8).
LIGHT and/or RADIATION.
Welding: Electric arc Optical radiation ...................... Welding helmets or welding shields. Typ-
ical shades: 10-14. See notes (9), (12)
Welding: Gas Optical radiation ...................... Welding goggles or welding face shield.
Typical shades: gas welding 4-8, cutting
3-6, brazing 3-4. See note (9)
Cutting, Torch brazing, Torch soldering Optical radiation ...................... Spectacles or welding face-shield. Typical
shades, 1.5-3. See notes (3), (9)
Glare Poor vision .............................. Spectacles with shaded or special-purpose
lenses, as suitable. See notes (9), (10).
Notes to Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart:
(1) Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate
protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited pro-
tection.
(2) Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection from both hazards must
be provided.
(3) Faceshields should only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
(4) As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in 1910.133(a)(5). Tinted
and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such.
(5) As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (Rx) lenses must wear either protective
devices fitted with prescription (Rx) lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription (Rx) eyewear.
(6) Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It
should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.
(7) Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas.
(8) Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog. Frequent cleansing may be
necessary.
(9) Welding helmets or faceshields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
(10) Non-sideshield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources
and operations listed for impact.
(11) Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection should be designed and
used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry.
(12) Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. See note (4) . Select the darkest shade that allows
task performance.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
452
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. I, App. B
9. Select ion gu idelin es f or h ead prot ect ion . Al l
h ea d pr ot ect i on (h el met s) i s desi gn ed t o pr o-
vi de pr ot ect i on fr om i mpa ct a n d pen et r a t i on
h a za r ds ca u sed by fa l l i n g obj ect s. Hea d pr o-
t ect i on i s a l so a va i l a bl e wh i ch pr ovi des pr o-
t ect i on fr om el ect r i c sh ock a n d bu r n . Wh en
sel ect i n g h ea d pr ot ect i on , k n owl edge of po-
t en t i a l el ect r i ca l h a za r ds i s i mpor t a n t . Cl a ss
A h el met s, i n a ddi t i on t o i mpa ct a n d pen e-
t r a t i on r esi st a n ce, pr ovi de el ect r i ca l pr ot ec-
t i on fr om l ow-vol t a ge con du ct or s (t h ey a r e
pr oof t est ed t o 2, 200 vol t s). Cl a ss B h el met s,
i n a ddi t i on t o i mpa ct a n d pen et r a t i on r esi st -
a n ce, pr ovi de el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i on fr om
h i gh -vol t a ge con du ct or s (t h ey a r e pr oof t est -
ed t o 20, 000 vol t s). Cl a ss C h el met s pr ovi de
i mpa ct a n d pen et r a t i on r esi st a n ce (t h ey a r e
u su a l l y ma de of a l u mi n u m wh i ch con du ct s
el ect r i ci t y ), a n d sh ou l d n ot be u sed a r ou n d
el ect r i ca l h a za r ds.
Wh er e fa l l i n g obj ect h a za r ds a r e pr esen t ,
h el met s mu st be wor n . S ome exa mpl es i n -
cl u de: wor k i n g bel ow ot h er wor k er s wh o a r e
u si n g t ool s a n d ma t er i a l s wh i ch cou l d fa l l ;
wor k i n g a r ou n d or u n der con vey or bel t s
wh i ch a r e ca r r y i n g pa r t s or ma t er i a l s; wor k -
i n g bel ow ma ch i n er y or pr ocesses wh i ch
mi gh t ca u se ma t er i a l or obj ect s t o fa l l ; a n d
wor k i n g on exposed en er gi zed con du ct or s.
S ome exa mpl es of occu pa t i on s for wh i ch
h ea d pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be r ou t i n el y con si d-
er ed a r e: ca r pen t er s, el ect r i ci a n s, l i n emen ,
mech a n i cs a n d r epa i r er s, pl u mber s a n d pi pe
fi t t er s, a ssembl er s, pa ck er s, wr a pper s, sa w-
y er s, wel der s, l a bor er s, fr ei gh t h a n dl er s, t i m-
ber cu t t i n g a n d l oggi n g, st ock h a n dl er s, a n d
wa r eh ou se l a bor er s.
10. Select ion gu idelin es f or f oot prot ect ion .
S a fet y sh oes a n d boot s wh i ch meet t h e ANS I
Z411991 S t a n da r d pr ovi de bot h i mpa ct a n d
compr essi on pr ot ect i on . Wh er e n ecessa r y ,
sa fet y sh oes ca n be obt a i n ed wh i ch pr ovi de
pu n ct u r e pr ot ect i on . I n some wor k si t u a -
t i on s, met a t a r sa l pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be pr o-
vi ded, a n d i n ot h er speci a l si t u a t i on s el ec-
t r i ca l con du ct i ve or i n su l a t i n g sa fet y sh oes
wou l d be a ppr opr i a t e.
S a fet y sh oes or boot s wi t h i mpa ct pr ot ec-
t i on wou l d be r equ i r ed for ca r r y i n g or h a n -
dl i n g ma t er i a l s su ch a s pa ck a ges, obj ect s,
pa r t s or h ea vy t ool s, wh i ch cou l d be dr opped;
a n d, for ot h er a ct i vi t i es wh er e obj ect s mi gh t
fa l l on t o t h e feet . S a fet y sh oes or boot s wi t h
compr essi on pr ot ect i on wou l d be r equ i r ed for
wor k a ct i vi t i es i n vol vi n g sk i d t r u ck s (ma n -
u a l ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g ca r t s) a r ou n d bu l k
r ol l s (su ch a s pa per r ol l s) a n d a r ou n d h ea vy
pi pes, a l l of wh i ch cou l d pot en t i a l l y r ol l over
a n empl oy ees feet . S a fet y sh oes or boot s
wi t h pu n ct u r e pr ot ect i on wou l d be r equ i r ed
wh er e sh a r p obj ect s su ch a s n a i l s, wi r e,
t a ck s, scr ews, l a r ge st a pl es, scr a p met a l et c. ,
cou l d be st epped on by empl oy ees ca u si n g a
foot i n j u r y .
S ome occu pa t i on s (n ot a compl et e l i st ) for
wh i ch foot pr ot ect i on sh ou l d be r ou t i n el y
con si der ed a r e: sh i ppi n g a n d r ecei vi n g
cl er k s, st ock cl er k s, ca r pen t er s, el ect r i ci a n s,
ma ch i n i st s, mech a n i cs a n d r epa i r er s, pl u mb-
er s a n d pi pe fi t t er s, st r u ct u r a l met a l wor k -
er s, a ssembl er s, dr y wa l l i n st a l l er s a n d l a t h -
er s, pa ck er s, wr a pper s, cr a t er s, pu n ch a n d
st a mpi n g pr ess oper a t or s, sa wy er s, wel der s,
l a bor er s, fr ei gh t h a n dl er s, ga r den er s a n d
gr ou n ds-k eeper s, t i mber cu t t i n g a n d l oggi n g
wor k er s, st ock h a n dl er s a n d wa r eh ou se l a -
bor er s.
11. Select ion gu idelin es f or h an d prot ect ion .
Gl oves a r e oft en r el i ed u pon t o pr even t cu t s,
a br a si on s, bu r n s, a n d sk i n con t a ct wi t h
ch emi ca l s t h a t a r e ca pa bl e of ca u si n g l oca l
or sy st emi c effect s fol l owi n g der ma l expo-
su r e. OS HA i s u n a wa r e of a n y gl oves t h a t
pr ovi de pr ot ect i on a ga i n st all pot en t i a l h a n d
h a za r ds, a n d common l y a va i l a bl e gl ove ma -
t er i a l s pr ovi de on l y l i mi t ed pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st ma n y ch emi ca l s. Th er efor e, i t i s i m-
por t a n t t o sel ect t h e most a ppr opr i a t e gl ove
for a pa r t i cu l a r a ppl i ca t i on a n d t o det er mi n e
h ow l on g i t ca n be wor n , a n d wh et h er i t ca n
be r eu sed.
I t i s a l so i mpor t a n t t o k n ow t h e per for m-
a n ce ch a r a ct er i st i cs of gl oves r el a t i ve t o t h e
speci fi c h a za r d a n t i ci pa t ed; e. g. , ch emi ca l
h a za r ds, cu t h a za r ds, fl a me h a za r ds, et c.
Th ese per for ma n ce ch a r a ct er i st i cs sh ou l d be
a ssessed by u si n g st a n da r d t est pr ocedu r es.
Befor e pu r ch a si n g gl oves, t h e empl oy er
sh ou l d r equ est docu men t a t i on fr om t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er t h a t t h e gl oves meet t h e a ppr o-
pr i a t e t est st a n da r d(s) for t h e h a za r d(s) a n -
t i ci pa t ed.
Ot h er fa ct or s t o be con si der ed for gl ove se-
l ect i on i n gen er a l i n cl u de:
(A) As l on g a s t h e per for ma n ce ch a r a ct er -
i st i cs a r e a ccept a bl e, i n cer t a i n ci r -
cu mst a n ces, i t ma y be mor e cost effect i ve t o
r egu l a r l y ch a n ge ch ea per gl oves t h a n t o
r eu se mor e expen si ve t y pes; a n d,
(B) Th e wor k a ct i vi t i es of t h e empl oy ee
sh ou l d be st u di ed t o det er mi n e t h e degr ee of
dext er i t y r equ i r ed, t h e du r a t i on , fr equ en cy ,
a n d degr ee of exposu r e of t h e h a za r d, a n d t h e
ph y si ca l st r esses t h a t wi l l be a ppl i ed.
Wi t h r espect t o sel ect i on of gl oves for pr o-
t ect i on a ga i n st ch emi ca l h a za r ds:
(A) Th e t oxi c pr oper t i es of t h e ch emi ca l (s)
mu st be det er mi n ed; i n pa r t i cu l a r , t h e a bi l -
i t y of t h e ch emi ca l t o ca u se l oca l effect s on
t h e sk i n a n d /or t o pa ss t h r ou gh t h e sk i n a n d
ca u se sy st emi c effect s;
(B) Gen er a l l y , a n y ch emi ca l r esi st a n t
gl ove ca n be u sed for dr y powder s;
(C) F or mi xt u r es a n d for mu l a t ed pr odu ct s
(u n l ess speci fi c t est da t a a r e a va i l a bl e), a
gl ove sh ou l d be sel ect ed on t h e ba si s of t h e
ch emi ca l compon en t wi t h t h e sh or t est
br ea k t h r ou gh t i me, si n ce i t i s possi bl e for
sol ven t s t o ca r r y a ct i ve i n gr edi en t s t h r ou gh
pol y mer i c ma t er i a l s; a n d,
(D) Empl oy ees mu st be a bl e t o r emove t h e
gl oves i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o pr even t sk i n
con t a mi n a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
453
12. Clean in g an d main t en an ce. I t i s i mpor -
t a n t t h a t a l l P P E be k ept cl ea n a n d pr oper l y
ma i n t a i n ed. Cl ea n i n g i s pa r t i cu l a r l y i mpor -
t a n t for ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on wh er e di r t y
or fogged l en ses cou l d i mpa i r vi si on .
F or t h e pu r poses of compl i a n ce wi t h
1910. 132 (a ) a n d (b), P P E sh ou l d be i n -
spect ed, cl ea n ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed a t r egu l a r
i n t er va l s so t h a t t h e P P E pr ovi des t h e r eq-
u i si t e pr ot ect i on .
I t i s a l so i mpor t a n t t o en su r e t h a t con -
t a mi n a t ed P P E wh i ch ca n n ot be decon t a mi -
n a t ed i s di sposed of i n a ma n n er t h a t pr o-
t ect s empl oy ees fr om exposu r e t o h a za r ds.
[59 F R 16362, Apr . 6, 1994]
Subpart JGeneral Environmental
Controls
AUTHORI TY: S ecs. 4, 6, a n d 8, Occu pa t i on a l
S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act of 1970 (29 U. S . C. 653,
655, 657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or der No. 1271
(36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R 25059), 983 (48 F R
35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 696 (62 F R 111), 3
2000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002 (67 F R 65008), a s
a ppl i ca bl e.
S ect i on s 1910. 141, 1910. 142, 1910. 145, 1910. 146,
a n d 1910. 147 a l so i ssu ed u n der 29 CF R pa r t
1911.
1910.141 Sanitation.
(a ) Gen eral(1) Scope. Th i s sect i on
a ppl i es t o per ma n en t pl a ces of empl oy -
men t .
(2) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is sect ion .
Non wat er carriage t oilet f acilit y , mea n s
a t oi l et fa ci l i t y n ot con n ect ed t o a
sewer .
Nu mber of employ ees mea n s, u n l ess
ot h er wi se speci fi ed, t h e ma xi mu m
n u mber of empl oy ees pr esen t a t a n y
on e t i me on a r egu l a r sh i ft .
Person al service room, mea n s a r oom
u sed for a ct i vi t i es n ot di r ect l y con -
n ect ed wi t h t h e pr odu ct i on or ser vi ce
fu n ct i on per for med by t h e est a bl i sh -
men t . S u ch a ct i vi t i es i n cl u de, bu t a r e
n ot l i mi t ed t o, fi r st -a i d, medi ca l ser v-
i ces, dr essi n g, sh ower i n g, t oi l et u se,
wa sh i n g, a n d ea t i n g.
Pot able wat er mea n s wa t er wh i ch
meet s t h e qu a l i t y st a n da r ds pr escr i bed
i n t h e U. S . P u bl i c Hea l t h S er vi ce
Dr i n k i n g Wa t er S t a n da r ds, pu bl i sh ed
i n 42 CF R pa r t 72, or wa t er wh i ch i s a p-
pr oved for dr i n k i n g pu r poses by t h e
S t a t e or l oca l a u t h or i t y h a vi n g j u r i s-
di ct i on .
T oilet f acilit y , mea n s a fi xt u r e ma i n -
t a i n ed wi t h i n a t oi l et r oom for t h e pu r -
pose of defeca t i on or u r i n a t i on , or
bot h .
T oilet room, mea n s a r oom ma i n t a i n ed
wi t h i n or on t h e pr emi ses of a n y pl a ce
of empl oy men t , con t a i n i n g t oi l et fa -
ci l i t i es for u se by empl oy ees.
T oxic mat erial mea n s a ma t er i a l i n
con cen t r a t i on or a mou n t wh i ch ex-
ceeds t h e a ppl i ca bl e l i mi t est a bl i sh ed
by a st a n da r d, su ch a s 1910. 1000 a n d
1910. 1001 or , i n t h e a bsen ce of a n a ppl i -
ca bl e st a n da r d, wh i ch i s of su ch t ox-
i ci t y so a s t o con st i t u t e a r ecogn i zed
h a za r d t h a t i s ca u si n g or i s l i k el y t o
ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s ph y si ca l h a r m.
Urin al mea n s a t oi l et fa ci l i t y ma i n -
t a i n ed wi t h i n a t oi l et r oom for t h e sol e
pu r pose of u r i n a t i on .
Wat er closet mea n s a t oi l et fa ci l i t y
ma i n t a i n ed wi t h i n a t oi l et r oom for
t h e pu r pose of bot h defeca t i on a n d u r i -
n a t i on a n d wh i ch i s fl u sh ed wi t h wa t er .
Wet process mea n s a n y pr ocess or op-
er a t i on i n a wor k r oom wh i ch n or ma l l y
r esu l t s i n su r fa ces u pon wh i ch empl oy -
ees ma y wa l k or st a n d becomi n g wet .
(3) Hou sek eepin g. (i ) Al l pl a ces of em-
pl oy men t sh a l l be k ept cl ea n t o t h e ex-
t en t t h a t t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k a l -
l ows.
(i i ) Th e fl oor of ever y wor k r oom sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed, so fa r a s pr a ct i ca bl e, i n
a dr y con di t i on . Wh er e wet pr ocesses
a r e u sed, dr a i n a ge sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
a n d fa l se fl oor s, pl a t for ms, ma t s, or
ot h er dr y st a n di n g pl a ces sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded, wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e, or a ppr o-
pr i a t e wa t er pr oof foot gea r sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i i i ) To fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n i n g, ever y
fl oor , wor k i n g pl a ce, a n d pa ssa gewa y
sh a l l be k ept fr ee fr om pr ot r u di n g
n a i l s, spl i n t er s, l oose boa r ds, a n d u n -
n ecessa r y h ol es a n d open i n gs.
(4) Wast e disposal. (i ) An y r ecept a cl e
u sed for pu t r esci bl e sol i d or l i qu i d
wa st e or r efu se sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed
t h a t i t does n ot l ea k a n d ma y be t h or -
ou gh l y cl ea n ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a
sa n i t a r y con di t i on . S u ch a r ecept a cl e
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a sol i d t i gh t -fi t -
t i n g cover , u n l ess i t ca n be ma i n t a i n ed
i n a sa n i t a r y con di t i on wi t h ou t a
cover . Th i s r equ i r emen t does n ot pr o-
h i bi t t h e u se of r ecept a cl es wh i ch a r e
desi gn ed t o per mi t t h e ma i n t en a n ce of
a sa n i t a r y con di t i on wi t h ou t r ega r d t o
t h e a for emen t i on ed r equ i r emen t s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
454
(i i ) Al l sweepi n gs, sol i d or l i qu i d
wa st es, r efu se, a n d ga r ba ge sh a l l be r e-
moved i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o a voi d
cr ea t i n g a men a ce t o h ea l t h a n d a s
oft en a s n ecessa r y or a ppr opr i a t e t o
ma i n t a i n t h e pl a ce of empl oy men t i n a
sa n i t a r y con di t i on .
(5) Vermin con t rol. Ever y en cl osed
wor k pl a ce sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed,
equ i pped, a n d ma i n t a i n ed, so fa r a s
r ea son a bl y pr a ct i ca bl e, a s t o pr even t
t h e en t r a n ce or h a r bor a ge of r oden t s,
i n sect s, a n d ot h er ver mi n . A con -
t i n u i n g a n d effect i ve ext er mi n a t i on
pr ogr a m sh a l l be i n st i t u t ed wh er e t h ei r
pr esen ce i s det ect ed.
(b) Wat er su pply (1) Pot able wat er. (i )
P ot a bl e wa t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a l l
pl a ces of empl oy men t , for dr i n k i n g,
wa sh i n g of t h e per son , cook i n g, wa sh -
i n g of foods, wa sh i n g of cook i n g or ea t -
i n g u t en si l s, wa sh i n g of food pr epa r a -
t i on or pr ocessi n g pr emi ses, a n d per -
son a l ser vi ce r ooms.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) P or t a bl e dr i n k i n g wa t er di s-
pen ser s sh a l l be desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed,
a n d ser vi ced so t h a t sa n i t a r y con di -
t i on s a r e ma i n t a i n ed, sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of bei n g cl osed, a n d sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a t a p.
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Open con t a i n er s su ch a s ba r r el s,
pa i l s, or t a n k s for dr i n k i n g wa t er fr om
wh i ch t h e wa t er mu st be di pped or
pou r ed, wh et h er or n ot t h ey a r e fi t t ed
wi t h a cover , a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(vi ) A common dr i n k i n g cu p a n d
ot h er common u t en si l s a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(2) Non pot able wat er. (i ) Ou t l et s for
n on pot a bl e wa t er , su ch a s wa t er for i n -
du st r i a l or fi r efi gh t i n g pu r poses, sh a l l
be post ed or ot h er wi se ma r k ed i n a
ma n n er t h a t wi l l i n di ca t e cl ea r l y t h a t
t h e wa t er i s u n sa fe a n d i s n ot t o be
u sed for dr i n k i n g, wa sh i n g of t h e per -
son , cook i n g, wa sh i n g of food, wa sh i n g
of cook i n g or ea t i n g u t en si l s, wa sh i n g
of food pr epa r a t i on or pr ocessi n g pr em-
i ses, or per son a l ser vi ce r ooms, or for
wa sh i n g cl ot h es.
(i i ) Con st r u ct i on of n on pot a bl e wa t er
sy st ems or sy st ems ca r r y i n g a n y ot h er
n on pot a bl e su bst a n ce sh a l l be su ch a s
t o pr even t ba ck fl ow or ba ck si ph on a ge
i n t o a pot a bl e wa t er sy st em.
(i i i ) Non pot a bl e wa t er sh a l l n ot be
u sed for wa sh i n g a n y por t i on of t h e
per son , cook i n g or ea t i n g u t en si l s, or
cl ot h i n g. Non pot a bl e wa t er ma y be
u sed for cl ea n i n g wor k pr emi ses, ot h er
t h a n food pr ocessi n g a n d pr epa r a t i on
pr emi ses a n d per son a l ser vi ce r ooms:
Provided, Th a t t h i s n on pot a bl e wa t er
does n ot con t a i n con cen t r a t i on s of
ch emi ca l s, feca l col i for m, or ot h er su b-
st a n ces wh i ch cou l d cr ea t e i n sa n i t a r y
con di t i on s or be h a r mfu l t o empl oy ees.
(c) T oilet f acilit ies(1) Gen eral. (i ) Ex-
cept a s ot h er wi se i n di ca t ed i n t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i ), t oi l et fa ci l i t i es, i n
t oi l et r ooms sepa r a t e for ea ch sex,
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a l l pl a ces of em-
pl oy men t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t a bl e J 1
of t h i s sect i on . Th e n u mber of fa ci l i t i es
t o be pr ovi ded for ea ch sex sh a l l be
ba sed on t h e n u mber of empl oy ees of
t h a t sex for wh om t h e fa ci l i t i es a r e fu r -
n i sh ed. Wh er e t oi l et r ooms wi l l be oc-
cu pi ed by n o mor e t h a n on e per son a t a
t i me, ca n be l ock ed fr om t h e i n si de,
a n d con t a i n a t l ea st on e wa t er cl oset ,
sepa r a t e t oi l et r ooms for ea ch sex n eed
n ot be pr ovi ded. Wh er e su ch si n gl e-oc-
cu pa n cy r ooms h a ve mor e t h a n on e t oi -
l et fa ci l i t y , on l y on e su ch fa ci l i t y i n
ea ch t oi l et r oom sh a l l be cou n t ed for
t h e pu r pose of t a bl e J 1.
TABLE J1
Number of employees
Minimum
number of
water clos-
ets
1

1 to 15 ................................................................. 1
16 to 35 ............................................................... 2
36 to 55 ............................................................... 3
56 to 80 ............................................................... 4
81 to 110 ............................................................. 5.
111 to 150 ........................................................... 6
Over 150 .............................................................. (
2
)
1
Where toilet facilities will not be used by women, urinals
may be provided instead of water closets, except that the
number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to
less than
2
3 of the minimum specified.
2
1 additional fixture for each additional 40 employees.
(i i ) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o
mobi l e cr ews or t o n or ma l l y u n a t -
t en ded wor k l oca t i on s so l on g a s em-
pl oy ees wor k i n g a t t h ese l oca t i on s
h a ve t r a n spor t a t i on i mmedi a t el y
a va i l a bl e t o n ea r by t oi l et fa ci l i t i es
wh i ch meet t h e ot h er r equ i r emen t s of
(i i i ) Th e sewa ge di sposa l met h od
sh a l l n ot en da n ger t h e h ea l t h of em-
pl oy ees.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
455
(2) Con st ru ct ion of t oilet rooms. (i )
Ea ch wa t er cl oset sh a l l occu py a sepa -
r a t e compa r t men t wi t h a door a n d
wa l l s or pa r t i t i on s bet ween fi xt u r es
su ffi ci en t l y h i gh t o a ssu r e pr i va cy .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(d) Wash in g f acilit ies(1) Gen eral.
Wa sh i n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
i n a sa n i t a r y con di t i on .
(2) L avat ories. (i ) La va t or i es sh a l l be
ma de a va i l a bl e i n a l l pl a ces of empl oy -
men t . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su b-
di vi si on do n ot a ppl y t o mobi l e cr ews
or t o n or ma l l y u n a t t en ded wor k l oca -
t i on s i f empl oy ees wor k i n g a t t h ese l o-
ca t i on s h a ve t r a n spor t a t i on r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e t o n ea r by wa sh i n g fa ci l i t i es
wh i ch meet t h e ot h er r equ i r emen t s of
(i i ) Ea ch l a va t or y sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h h ot a n d col d r u n n i n g wa t er , or
t epi d r u n n i n g wa t er .
(i i i ) Ha n d soa p or si mi l a r cl ea n si n g
a gen t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i v) I n di vi du a l h a n d t owel s or sec-
t i on s t h er eof, of cl ot h or pa per , wa r m
a i r bl ower s or cl ea n i n di vi du a l sect i on s
of con t i n u ou s cl ot h t owel i n g, con ven -
i en t t o t h e l a va t or i es, sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(3) Sh owers. (i ) Wh en ever sh ower s a r e
r equ i r ed by a pa r t i cu l a r st a n da r d, t h e
sh ower s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)(3) (i i ) t h r ou gh
(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) On e sh ower sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
ea ch 10 empl oy ees of ea ch sex, or n u -
mer i ca l fr a ct i on t h er eof, wh o a r e r e-
qu i r ed t o sh ower du r i n g t h e sa me sh i ft .
(i i i ) Body soa p or ot h er a ppr opr i a t e
cl ea n si n g a gen t s con ven i en t t o t h e
sh ower s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) S h ower s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
h ot a n d col d wa t er feedi n g a common
di sch a r ge l i n e.
(v) Empl oy ees wh o u se sh ower s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h i n di vi du a l cl ea n t ow-
el s.
(e) Ch an ge rooms. Wh en ever empl oy -
ees a r e r equ i r ed by a pa r t i cu l a r st a n d-
a r d t o wea r pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g beca u se
of t h e possi bi l i t y of con t a mi n a t i on
wi t h t oxi c ma t er i a l s, ch a n ge r ooms
equ i pped wi t h st or a ge fa ci l i t i es for
st r eet cl ot h es a n d sepa r a t e st or a ge fa -
ci l i t i es for t h e pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(f) Clot h es dry in g f acilit ies. Wh er e
wor k i n g cl ot h es a r e pr ovi ded by t h e
empl oy er a n d become wet or a r e
wa sh ed bet ween sh i ft s, pr ovi si on sh a l l
be ma de t o i n su r e t h a t su ch cl ot h i n g i s
dr y befor e r eu se.
(g) Con su mpt ion of f ood an d beverages
on t h e premises(1) Applicat ion . Th i s
pa r a gr a ph sh a l l a ppl y on l y wh er e em-
pl oy ees a r e per mi t t ed t o con su me food
or bever a ges, or bot h , on t h e pr emi ses.
(2) Eat in g an d drin k in g areas. No em-
pl oy ee sh a l l be a l l owed t o con su me
food or bever a ges i n a t oi l et r oom n or
i n a n y a r ea exposed t o a t oxi c ma t e-
r i a l .
(3) Wast e disposal con t ain ers. Recep-
t a cl es con st r u ct ed of smoot h , cor r osi on
r esi st a n t , ea si l y cl ea n a bl e, or di spos-
a bl e ma t er i a l s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
u sed for t h e di sposa l of wa st e food. Th e
n u mber , si ze, a n d l oca t i on of su ch r e-
cept a cl es sh a l l en cou r a ge t h ei r u se a n d
n ot r esu l t i n over fi l l i n g. Th ey sh a l l be
empt i ed n ot l ess fr equ en t l y t h a n on ce
ea ch wor k i n g da y , u n l ess u n u sed, a n d
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a cl ea n a n d sa n -
i t a r y con di t i on . Recept a cl es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a sol i d t i gh t -fi t t i n g
cover u n l ess sa n i t a r y con di t i on s ca n be
ma i n t a i n ed wi t h ou t u se of a cover .
(4) San it ary st orage. No food or bev-
er a ges sh a l l be st or ed i n t oi l et r ooms
or i n a n a r ea exposed t o a t oxi c ma t e-
r i a l .
(h ) Food h an dlin g. Al l empl oy ee food
ser vi ce fa ci l i t i es a n d oper a t i on s sh a l l
be ca r r i ed ou t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
sou n d h y gi en i c pr i n ci pl es. I n a l l pl a ces
of empl oy men t wh er e a l l or pa r t of t h e
food ser vi ce i s pr ovi ded, t h e food di s-
pen sed sh a l l be wh ol esome, fr ee fr om
spoi l a ge, a n d sh a l l be pr ocessed, pr e-
pa r ed, h a n dl ed, a n d st or ed i n su ch a
ma n n er a s t o be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st con -
t a mi n a t i on .
F R 18446, Apr i l 28, 1975; 40 F R 23073, Ma y 28,
1975; 43 F R 49748, Oct . 24, 1978; 63 F R 33466,
J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.142 Temporary labor camps.
(a ) Sit e. (1) Al l si t es u sed for ca mps
sh a l l be a dequ a t el y dr a i n ed. Th ey sh a l l
n ot be su bj ect t o per i odi c fl oodi n g, n or
l oca t ed wi t h i n 200 feet of swa mps,
pool s, si n k h ol es, or ot h er su r fa ce col -
l ect i on s of wa t er u n l ess su ch qu i escen t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
456
wa t er su r fa ces ca n be su bj ect ed t o mos-
qu i t o con t r ol mea su r es. Th e ca mp sh a l l
be l oca t ed so t h e dr a i n a ge fr om a n d
t h r ou gh t h e ca mp wi l l n ot en da n ger
a n y domest i c or pu bl i c wa t er su ppl y .
Al l si t es sh a l l be gr a ded, di t ch ed, a n d
r en der ed fr ee fr om depr essi on s i n wh i ch
wa t er ma y become a n u i sa n ce.
(2) Al l si t es sh a l l be a dequ a t e i n si ze
t o pr even t over cr owdi n g of n ecessa r y
st r u ct u r es. Th e pr i n ci pa l ca mp a r ea i n
wh i ch food i s pr epa r ed a n d ser ved a n d
wh er e sl eepi n g qu a r t er s a r e l oca t ed
sh a l l be a t l ea st 500 feet fr om a n y a r ea
i n wh i ch l i vest ock i s k ept .
(3) Th e gr ou n ds a n d open a r ea s su r -
r ou n di n g t h e sh el t er s sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a cl ea n a n d sa n i t a r y con di -
t i on fr ee fr om r u bbi sh , debr i s, wa st e
pa per , ga r ba ge, or ot h er r efu se.
(b) Sh elt er. (1) Ever y sh el t er i n t h e
ca mp sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n a ma n n er
wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on a ga i n st
t h e el emen t s.
(2) Ea ch r oom u sed for sl eepi n g pu r -
poses sh a l l con t a i n a t l ea st 50 squ a r e
feet of fl oor spa ce for ea ch occu pa n t .
At l ea st a 7foot cei l i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(3) Beds, cot s, or bu n k s, a n d su i t a bl e
st or a ge fa ci l i t i es su ch a s wa l l l ock er s
for cl ot h i n g a n d per son a l a r t i cl es sh a l l
be pr ovi ded i n ever y r oom u sed for
sl eepi n g pu r poses. S u ch beds or si mi l a r
fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be spa ced n ot cl oser
t h a n 36 i n ch es bot h l a t er a l l y a n d en d
t o en d, a n d sh a l l be el eva t ed a t l ea st 12
i n ch es fr om t h e fl oor . I f dou bl e-deck
bu n k s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l be spa ced
n ot l ess t h a n 48 i n ch es bot h l a t er a l l y
a n d en d t o en d. Th e mi n i mu m cl ea r
spa ce bet ween t h e l ower a n d u pper
bu n k sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n 27 i n ch es.
Tr i pl e-deck bu n k s a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(4) Th e fl oor s of ea ch sh el t er sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed of wood, a sph a l t , or con -
cr et e. Wooden fl oor s sh a l l be of smoot h
a n d t i gh t con st r u ct i on . Th e fl oor s sh a l l
be k ept i n good r epa i r .
(5) Al l wooden fl oor s sh a l l be el e-
va t ed n ot l ess t h a n 1 foot a bove t h e
gr ou n d l evel a t a l l poi n t s t o pr even t
da mpn ess a n d t o per mi t fr ee ci r cu l a -
t i on of a i r ben ea t h .
(6) Not h i n g i n t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
con st r u ed t o pr oh i bi t ba n k i n g wi t h
ea r t h or ot h er su i t a bl e ma t er i a l a r ou n d
t h e ou t si de wa l l s i n a r ea s su bj ect t o ex-
t r eme l ow t emper a t u r es.
(7) Al l l i vi n g qu a r t er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h wi n dows t h e t ot a l of wh i ch
sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n on e-t en t h of t h e
fl oor a r ea . At l ea st on e-h a l f of ea ch
wi n dow sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed t h a t i t
ca n be open ed for pu r poses of ven t i l a -
t i on .
(8) Al l ext er i or open i n gs sh a l l be ef-
fect i vel y scr een ed wi t h 16mesh ma t e-
r i a l . Al l scr een door s sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h sel f-cl osi n g devi ces.
(9) I n a r oom wh er e wor k er s cook ,
l i ve, a n d sl eep a mi n i mu m of 100 squ a r e
feet per per son sh a l l be pr ovi ded. S a n i -
t a r y fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
st or i n g a n d pr epa r i n g food.
(10) I n ca mps wh er e cook i n g fa ci l i t i es
a r e u sed i n common , st oves (i n r a t i o of
on e st ove t o 10 per son s or on e st ove t o
t wo fa mi l i es) sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a n
en cl osed a n d scr een ed sh el t er . S a n i t a r y
fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be pr ovi ded for st or i n g
a n d pr epa r i n g food.
(11) Al l h ea t i n g, cook i n g, a n d wa t er
h ea t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h S t a t e a n d l oca l or di -
n a n ces, codes, a n d r egu l a t i on s gov-
er n i n g su ch i n st a l l a t i on s. I f a ca mp i s
u sed du r i n g col d wea t h er , a dequ a t e
h ea t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(c) Wat er su pply . (1) An a dequ a t e a n d
con ven i en t wa t er su ppl y , a ppr oved by
t h e a ppr opr i a t e h ea l t h a u t h or i t y , sh a l l
be pr ovi ded i n ea ch ca mp for dr i n k i n g,
cook i n g, ba t h i n g, a n d l a u n dr y pu r -
poses.
(2) A wa t er su ppl y sh a l l be deemed
a dequ a t e i f i t i s ca pa bl e of del i ver i n g 35
ga l l on s per per son per da y t o t h e ca mp-
si t e a t a pea k r a t e of 2
1
2 t i mes t h e a v-
er a ge h ou r l y dema n d.
(3) Th e di st r i bu t i on l i n es sh a l l be ca -
pa bl e of su ppl y i n g wa t er a t n or ma l op-
er a t i n g pr essu r es t o a l l fi xt u r es for si -
mu l t a n eou s oper a t i on . Wa t er ou t l et s
sh a l l be di st r i bu t ed t h r ou gh ou t t h e
ca mp i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t n o sh el t er
i s mor e t h a n 100 feet fr om a y a r d h y -
dr a n t i f wa t er i s n ot pi ped t o t h e sh el -
t er s.
(4) Wh er e wa t er u n der pr essu r e i s
a va i l a bl e, on e or mor e dr i n k i n g fou n -
t a i n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch 100 oc-
cu pa n t s or fr a ct i on t h er eof. Common
dr i n k i n g cu ps a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(d) T oilet f acilit ies. (1) Toi l et fa ci l i t i es
a dequ a t e for t h e ca pa ci t y of t h e ca mp
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
457
(2) Ea ch t oi l et r oom sh a l l be l oca t ed
so a s t o be a ccessi bl e wi t h ou t a n y i n di -
vi du a l pa ssi n g t h r ou gh a n y sl eepi n g
r oom. Toi l et r ooms sh a l l h a ve a wi n -
dow n ot l ess t h a n 6 squ a r e feet i n a r ea
open i n g di r ect l y t o t h e ou t si de a r ea or
ot h er wi se be sa t i sfa ct or i l y ven t i l a t ed.
Al l ou t si de open i n gs sh a l l be scr een ed
wi t h 16mesh ma t er i a l . No fi xt u r e,
wa t er cl oset , ch emi ca l t oi l et , or u r i n a l
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a r oom u sed for
ot h er t h a n t oi l et pu r poses.
(3) A t oi l et r oom sh a l l be l oca t ed
wi t h i n 200 feet of t h e door of ea ch
sl eepi n g r oom. No pr i vy sh a l l be cl oser
t h a n 100 feet t o a n y sl eepi n g r oom, di n -
i n g r oom, l u n ch a r ea , or k i t ch en .
(4) Wh er e t h e t oi l et r ooms a r e sh a r ed,
su ch a s i n mu l t i fa mi l y sh el t er s a n d i n
ba r r a ck s t y pe fa ci l i t i es, sepa r a t e t oi l et
r ooms sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch sex.
Th ese r ooms sh a l l be di st i n ct l y ma r k ed
for men a n d for women by si gn s
pr i n t ed i n En gl i sh a n d i n t h e n a t i ve
l a n gu a ge of t h e per son s occu py i n g t h e
ca mp, or ma r k ed wi t h ea si l y u n der -
st ood pi ct u r es or sy mbol s. I f t h e fa ci l i -
t i es for ea ch sex a r e i n t h e sa me bu i l d-
i n g, t h ey sh a l l be sepa r a t ed by sol i d
wa l l s or pa r t i t i on s ext en di n g fr om t h e
fl oor t o t h e r oof or cei l i n g.
(5) Wh er e t oi l et fa ci l i t i es a r e sh a r ed,
t h e n u mber of wa t er cl oset s or pr i vy
sea t s pr ovi ded for ea ch sex sh a l l be
ba sed on t h e ma xi mu m n u mber of per -
son s of t h a t sex wh i ch t h e ca mp i s de-
si gn ed t o h ou se a t a n y on e t i me, i n t h e
r a t i o of on e su ch u n i t t o ea ch 15 per -
son s, wi t h a mi n i mu m of t wo u n i t s for
a n y sh a r ed fa ci l i t y .
(6) Ur i n a l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e
ba si s of on e u n i t or 2 l i n ea r feet of u r i -
n a l t r ou gh for ea ch 25 men . Th e fl oor
fr om t h e wa l l a n d for a di st a n ce n ot
l ess t h a n 15 i n ch es mea su r ed fr om t h e
ou t wa r d edge of t h e u r i n a l s sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed of ma t er i a l s i mper vi ou s t o
moi st u r e. Wh er e wa t er u n der pr essu r e
i s a va i l a bl e, u r i n a l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a n a dequ a t e wa t er fl u sh . Ur i n a l
t r ou gh s i n pr i vi es sh a l l dr a i n fr eel y
i n t o t h e pi t or va u l t a n d t h e con st r u c-
t i on of t h i s dr a i n sh a l l be su ch a s t o ex-
cl u de fl i es a n d r oden t s fr om t h e pi t .
(7) Ever y wa t er cl oset i n st a l l ed on or
a ft er Au gu st 31, 1971, sh a l l be l oca t ed
i n a t oi l et r oom.
(8) Ea ch t oi l et r oom sh a l l be l i gh t ed
n a t u r a l l y , or a r t i fi ci a l l y by a sa fe t y pe
of l i gh t i n g a t a l l h ou r s of t h e da y a n d
n i gh t .
(9) An a dequ a t e su ppl y of t oi l et pa per
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n ea ch pr i vy , wa t er
cl oset , or ch emi ca l t oi l et compa r t -
men t .
(10) P r i vi es a n d t oi l et r ooms sh a l l be
k ept i n a sa n i t a r y con di t i on . Th ey
sh a l l be cl ea n ed a t l ea st da i l y .
(e) Sewage disposal f acilit ies. I n ca mps
wh er e pu bl i c sewer s a r e a va i l a bl e, a l l
sewer l i n es a n d fl oor dr a i n s fr om bu i l d-
i n gs sh a l l be con n ect ed t h er et o.
(f) L au n dry , h an dwash in g, an d bat h in g
f acilit ies. (1) La u n dr y , h a n dwa sh i n g,
a n d ba t h i n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
i n t h e fol l owi n g r a t i o:
(i ) Ha n dwa sh ba si n per fa mi l y sh el t er
or per si x per son s i n sh a r ed fa ci l i t i es.
(i i ) S h ower h ea d for ever y 10 per son s.
(i i i ) La u n dr y t r a y or t u b for ever y 30
per son s.
(i v) S l op si n k i n ea ch bu i l di n g u sed
for l a u n dr y , h a n d wa sh i n g, a n d ba t h -
i n g.
(2) F l oor s sh a l l be of smoot h fi n i sh
bu t n ot sl i pper y ma t er i a l s; t h ey sh a l l
be i mper vi ou s t o moi st u r e. F l oor
dr a i n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a l l sh ower
ba t h s, sh ower r ooms, or l a u n dr y r ooms
t o r emove wa st e wa t er a n d fa ci l i t a t e
cl ea n i n g. Al l j u n ct i on s of t h e cu r bi n g
a n d t h e fl oor sh a l l be coved. Th e wa l l s
a n d pa r t i t i on s of sh ower r ooms sh a l l be
smoot h a n d i mper vi ou s t o t h e h ei gh t of
spl a sh .
(3) An a dequ a t e su ppl y of h ot a n d
col d r u n n i n g wa t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for ba t h i n g a n d l a u n dr y pu r poses. F a -
ci l i t i es for h ea t i n g wa t er sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(4) Ever y ser vi ce bu i l di n g sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h equ i pmen t ca pa bl e of
ma i n t a i n i n g a t emper a t u r e of a t l ea st
70 F . du r i n g col d wea t h er .
(5) F a ci l i t i es for dr y i n g cl ot h es sh a l l
be pr ovi ded.
(6) Al l ser vi ce bu i l di n gs sh a l l be k ept
cl ea n .
(g) L igh t in g. Wh er e el ect r i c ser vi ce i s
a va i l a bl e, ea ch h a bi t a bl e r oom i n a
ca mp sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st
on e cei l i n g-t y pe l i gh t fi xt u r e a n d a t
l ea st on e sepa r a t e fl oor - or wa l l -t y pe
con ven i en ce ou t l et . La u n dr y a n d t oi l et
r ooms a n d r ooms wh er e peopl e con -
gr ega t e sh a l l con t a i n a t l ea st on e
cei l i n g- or wa l l -t y pe fi xt u r e. Li gh t l ev-
el s i n t oi l et a n d st or a ge r ooms sh a l l be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
458
a t l ea st 20 foot -ca n dl es 30 i n ch es fr om
t h e fl oor . Ot h er r ooms, i n cl u di n g
k i t ch en s a n d l i vi n g qu a r t er s, sh a l l be
a t l ea st 30 foot -ca n dl es 30 i n ch es fr om
t h e fl oor .
(h ) Ref u se disposal. (1) F l y -t i gh t , r o-
den t -t i gh t , i mper vi ou s, cl ea n a bl e or
si n gl e ser vi ce con t a i n er s, a ppr oved by
t h e a ppr opr i a t e h ea l t h a u t h or i t y sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for t h e st or a ge of ga r ba ge.
At l ea st on e su ch con t a i n er sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for ea ch fa mi l y sh el t er a n d
sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n 100 feet of ea ch
sh el t er on a wooden , met a l , or con cr et e
st a n d.
(2) Ga r ba ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be k ept
cl ea n .
(3) Ga r ba ge con t a i n er s sh a l l be
empt i ed wh en fu l l , bu t n ot l ess t h a n
t wi ce a week .
(i ) Con st ru ct ion an d operat ion of k it ch -
en s, din in g h all, an d f eedin g f acilit ies. (1)
I n a l l ca mps wh er e cen t r a l di n i n g or
mu l t i pl e fa mi l y feedi n g oper a t i on s a r e
per mi t t ed or pr ovi ded, t h e food h a n -
dl i n g fa ci l i t i es sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of t h e F ood S er vi ce
S a n i t a t i on Or di n a n ce a n d Code, P a r t
V of t h e F ood S er vi ce S a n i t a t i on
Ma n u a l , U. S . P u bl i c Hea l t h S er vi ce
P u bl i ca t i on 934 (1965), wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) A pr oper l y con st r u ct ed k i t ch en
a n d di n i n g h a l l a dequ a t e i n si ze, sepa -
r a t e fr om t h e sl eepi n g qu a r t er s of a n y
of t h e wor k er s or t h ei r fa mi l i es, sh a l l
be pr ovi ded i n con n ect i on wi t h a l l food
h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t i es. Th er e sh a l l be n o
di r ect open i n g fr om l i vi n g or sl eepi n g
qu a r t er s i n t o a k i t ch en or di n i n g h a l l .
(3) No per son wi t h a n y commu n i ca bl e
di sea se sh a l l be empl oy ed or per mi t t ed
t o wor k i n t h e pr epa r a t i on , cook i n g,
ser vi n g, or ot h er h a n dl i n g of food, food-
st u ffs, or ma t er i a l s u sed t h er ei n , i n
a n y k i t ch en or di n i n g r oom oper a t ed i n
con n ect i on wi t h a ca mp or r egu l a r l y
u sed by per son s l i vi n g i n a ca mp.
(j ) I n sect an d roden t con t rol. Effect i ve
mea su r es sh a l l be t a k en t o pr even t i n -
fest a t i on by a n d h a r bor a ge of a n i ma l
or i n sect vect or s or pest s.
(k ) First aid. (1) Adequ a t e fi r st a i d fa -
ci l i t i es a ppr oved by a h ea l t h a u t h or i t y
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a n d ma de a va i l a bl e
i n ever y l a bor ca mp for t h e emer gen cy
t r ea t men t of i n j u r ed per son s.
(2) S u ch fa ci l i t i es sh a l l be i n ch a r ge
of a per son t r a i n ed t o a dmi n i st er fi r st
a i d a n d sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e for
u se a t a l l t i mes.
(l ) Report in g commu n icable disease. (1)
I t sh a l l be t h e du t y of t h e ca mp su per -
i n t en den t t o r epor t i mmedi a t el y t o t h e
l oca l h ea l t h offi cer t h e n a me a n d a d-
dr ess of a n y i n di vi du a l i n t h e ca mp
k n own t o h a ve or su spect ed of h a vi n g a
commu n i ca bl e di sea se.
(2) Wh en ever t h er e sh a l l occu r i n a n y
ca mp a ca se of su spect ed food poi -
son i n g or a n u n u su a l pr eva l en ce of a n y
i l l n ess i n wh i ch fever , di a r r h ea , sor e
t h r oa t , vomi t i n g, or j a u n di ce i s a
pr omi n en t sy mpt om, i t sh a l l be t h e
du t y of t h e ca mp su per i n t en den t t o r e-
por t i mmedi a t el y t h e exi st en ce of t h e
ou t br ea k t o t h e h ea l t h a u t h or i t y by
t el egr a m, t el eph on e, el ect r on i c ma i l or
a n y ot h er met h od t h a t i s equ a l l y fa st .
F R 14696, Apr . 6, 1982; 49 F R 18295, Apr . 30,
1984; 61 F R 9238, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 33466,
J u n e 18, 1998; 70 F R 1141, J a n . 5, 2005; 70 F R
53929, S ept . 13, 2005]
1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal
systems. [Reserved]
1910.144 Safety color code for mark-
ing physical hazards.
(a ) Color iden t if icat ion (1) Red. Red
sh a l l be t h e ba si c col or for t h e i den t i -
fi ca t i on of:
(i ) Fire prot ect ion equ ipmen t an d appa-
rat u s. [Reser ved]
(i i ) Dan ger. S a fet y ca n s or ot h er por t -
a bl e con t a i n er s of fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds
h a vi n g a fl a sh poi n t a t or bel ow 80 F ,
t a bl e con t a i n er s of fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds
(open cu p t est er ), excl u di n g sh i ppi n g
con t a i n er s, sh a l l be pa i n t ed r ed wi t h
some a ddi t i on a l cl ea r l y vi si bl e i den t i -
fi ca t i on ei t h er i n t h e for m of a y el l ow
ba n d a r ou n d t h e ca n or t h e n a me of t h e
con t en t s con spi cu ou sl y st en ci l ed or
pa i n t ed on t h e ca n i n y el l ow. Red
l i gh t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ba r r i ca des
a n d a t t empor a r y obst r u ct i on s, a s spec-
i fi ed i n ANS I S a fet y Code for Bu i l di n g
Con st r u ct i on , A10. 21944, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6. Da n ger si gn s sh a l l be pa i n t ed
r ed.
(i i i ) St op. Emer gen cy st op ba r s on
h a za r dou s ma ch i n es su ch a s r u bber
mi l l s, wi r e bl ock s, fl a t wor k i r on er s,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
459
et c. , sh a l l be r ed. S t op bu t t on s or el ec-
t r i ca l swi t ch es wh i ch l et t er s or ot h er
ma r k i n gs a ppea r , u sed for emer gen cy
st oppi n g of ma ch i n er y sh a l l be r ed.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Y ellow. Yel l ow sh a l l be t h e ba si c
col or for desi gn a t i n g ca u t i on a n d for
ma r k i n g ph y si ca l h a za r ds su ch a s:
S t r i k i n g a ga i n st , st u mbl i n g, fa l l i n g,
t r i ppi n g, a n d ca u gh t i n bet ween .
(b) [Reser ved]
F R 49748, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10,
1984; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.145 Specifications for accident
prevention signs and tags.
(a ) Scope. (1) Th ese speci fi ca t i on s
a ppl y t o t h e desi gn , a ppl i ca t i on , a n d
u se of si gn s or sy mbol s (a s i n cl u ded i n
pa r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (e) of t h i s sec-
t i on ) i n t en ded t o i n di ca t e a n d, i n sofa r
a s possi bl e, t o defi n e speci fi c h a za r ds of
a n a t u r e su ch t h a t fa i l u r e t o desi gn a t e
t h em ma y l ea d t o a cci den t a l i n j u r y t o
wor k er s or t h e pu bl i c, or bot h , or t o
pr oper t y da ma ge. Th ese speci fi ca t i on s
a r e i n t en ded t o cover a l l sa fet y si gn s
except t h ose desi gn ed for st r eet s, h i gh -
wa y s, r a i l r oa ds, a n d ma r i n e r egu l a -
t i on s. Th ese speci fi ca t i on s do n ot a ppl y
t o pl a n t bu l l et i n boa r ds or t o sa fet y
post er s.
(2) Al l n ew si gn s a n d r epl a cemen t s of
ol d si gn s sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h ese speci fi ca t i on s.
(b) Def in it ion s. As u sed i n t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e wor d sign r efer s t o a su r fa ce
on pr epa r ed for t h e wa r n i n g of, or sa fe-
t y i n st r u ct i on s of, i n du st r i a l wor k er s
or member s of t h e pu bl i c wh o ma y be
exposed t o h a za r ds. Excl u ded fr om t h i s
defi n i t i on , h owever , a r e n ews r el ea ses,
di spl a y s common l y k n own a s sa fet y
post er s, a n d bu l l et i n s u sed for em-
pl oy ee edu ca t i on .
(c) Classif icat ion of sign s accordin g t o
u se(1) Dan ger sign s. (i ) Th er e sh a l l be
n o va r i a t i on i n t h e t y pe of desi gn of
si gn s post ed t o wa r n of speci fi c da n ger s
a n d r a di a t i on h a za r ds.
(i i ) Al l empl oy ees sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed
t h a t da n ger si gn s i n di ca t e i mmedi a t e
da n ger a n d t h a t speci a l pr eca u t i on s a r e
n ecessa r y .
(2) Cau t ion sign s. (i ) Ca u t i on si gn s
sh a l l be u sed on l y t o wa r n a ga i n st po-
t en t i a l h a za r ds or t o ca u t i on a ga i n st
u n sa fe pr a ct i ces.
(i i ) Al l empl oy ees sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed
t h a t ca u t i on si gn s i n di ca t e a possi bl e
h a za r d a ga i n st wh i ch pr oper pr eca u t i on
sh ou l d be t a k en .
(3) Saf et y in st ru ct ion sign s. S a fet y i n -
st r u ct i on si gn s sh a l l be u sed wh er e
t h er e i s a n eed for gen er a l i n st r u ct i on s
a n d su ggest i on s r el a t i ve t o sa fet y
mea su r es.
(d) Sign design (1) Design f eat u res. Al l
si gn s sh a l l be fu r n i sh ed wi t h r ou n ded
or bl u n t cor n er s a n d sh a l l be fr ee fr om
sh a r p edges, bu r r s, spl i n t er s, or ot h er
sh a r p pr oj ect i on s. Th e en ds or h ea ds of
bol t s or ot h er fa st en i n g devi ces sh a l l
be l oca t ed i n su ch a wa y t h a t t h ey do
n ot con st i t u t e a h a za r d.
(2) Dan ger sign s. Th e col or s r ed,
bl a ck , a n d wh i t e sh a l l be t h ose of
opa qu e gl ossy sa mpl es a s speci fi ed i n
Ta bl e 1 of F u n da men t a l S peci fi ca t i on
of S a fet y Col or s for CI E S t a n da r d
S ou r ce C, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r d Z53. 11967, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Cau t ion sign s. S t a n da r d col or of
t h e ba ck gr ou n d sh a l l be y el l ow; a n d
t h e pa n el , bl a ck wi t h y el l ow l et t er s.
An y l et t er s u sed a ga i n st t h e y el l ow
ba ck gr ou n d sh a l l be bl a ck . Th e col or s
sh a l l be t h ose of opa qu e gl ossy sa mpl es
a s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e 1 of Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d Z53. 11967.
(5) [Reser ved]
(6) Saf et y in st ru ct ion sign s. S t a n da r d
col or of t h e ba ck gr ou n d sh a l l be wh i t e;
a n d t h e pa n el , gr een wi t h wh i t e l et t er s.
An y l et t er s u sed a ga i n st t h e wh i t e
ba ck gr ou n d sh a l l be bl a ck . Th e col or s
sh a l l be t h ose of opa qu e gl ossy sa mpl es
a s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e 1 of Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d, Z53. 11967.
(7)(9) [Reser ved]
(10) Slow-movin g veh icle emblem. Th i s
embl em (see fi g. J 7) con si st s of a fl u o-
r escen t y el l ow-or a n ge t r i a n gl e wi t h a
da r k r ed r efl ect i ve bor der . Th e y el l ow-
or a n ge fl u or escen t t r i a n gl e i s a h i gh l y
vi si bl e col or for da y l i gh t exposu r e. Th e
r efl ect i ve bor der defi n es t h e sh a pe of
t h e fl u or escen t col or i n da y l i gh t a n d
cr ea t es a h ol l ow r ed t r i a n gl e i n t h e
pa t h of mot or veh i cl e h ea dl i gh t s a t
n i gh t . Th e embl em i s i n t en ded a s a
u n i qu e i den t i fi ca t i on for , a n d i t sh a l l
be u sed on l y on , veh i cl es wh i ch by de-
si gn move sl owl y (25 m. p. h . or l ess) on
t h e pu bl i c r oa ds. Th e embl em i s n ot a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
460
cl ea r a n ce ma r k er for wi de ma ch i n er y
n or i s i t i n t en ded t o r epl a ce r equ i r ed
l i gh t i n g or ma r k i n g of sl ow-movi n g ve-
h i cl es. Nei t h er t h e col or fi l m pa t t er n
a n d i t s di men si on s n or t h e ba ck i n g
sh a l l be a l t er ed t o per mi t u se of a dver -
t i si n g or ot h er ma r k i n gs. Th e ma t er i a l ,
l oca t i on , mou n t i n g, et c. , of t h e em-
bl em sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
Amer i ca n S oci et y of Agr i cu l t u r a l En -
gi n eer s Embl em for I den t i fy i n g S l ow-
Movi n g Veh i cl es, AS AE R276, 1967, or
AS AE S 276. 2 (ANS I B114. 11971), wh i ch
a r e i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s speci -
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
F I GURE J 7S LOW-MOVI NG VEHI CLE EMBLEM
NOTE: Al l di men si on s a r e i n i n ch es.
(e) Sign wordin gs.
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Nat u re of wordin g. Th e wor di n g of
a n y si gn sh ou l d be ea si l y r ea d a n d con -
ci se. Th e si gn sh ou l d con t a i n su ffi ci en t
i n for ma t i on t o be ea si l y u n der st ood.
Th e wor di n g sh ou l d ma k e a posi t i ve,
r a t h er t h a n n ega t i ve su ggest i on a n d
sh ou l d be a ccu r a t e i n fa ct .
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Biological h azard sign s. Th e bi o-
l ogi ca l h a za r d wa r n i n g sh a l l be u sed t o
si gn i fy t h e a ct u a l or pot en t i a l pr esen ce
of a bi oh a za r d a n d t o i den t i fy equ i p-
men t , con t a i n er s, r ooms, ma t er i a l s, ex-
per i men t a l a n i ma l s, or combi n a t i on s
t h er eof, wh i ch con t a i n , or a r e con t a mi -
n a t ed wi t h , vi a bl e h a za r dou s a gen t s.
F or t h e pu r pose of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph
t h e t er m bi ol ogi ca l h a za r d, or bi o-
h a za r d, sh a l l i n cl u de on l y t h ose i n fec-
t i ou s a gen t s pr esen t i n g a r i sk or pot en -
t i a l r i sk t o t h e wel l -bei n g of ma n .
(f) Acciden t preven t ion t ags(1) Scope
an d applicat ion . (i ) Th i s pa r a gr a ph (f)
a ppl i es t o a l l a cci den t pr even t i on t a gs
u sed t o i den t i fy h a za r dou s con di t i on s
a n d pr ovi de a messa ge t o empl oy ees
wi t h r espect t o h a za r dou s con di t i on s a s
set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on , or t o meet t h e speci fi c t a ggi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s of ot h er OS HA st a n da r ds.
(i i ) Th i s pa r a gr a ph (f) does n ot a ppl y
t o con st r u ct i on , ma r i t i me or a gr i -
cu l t u r e.
(2) Def in it ion s. Biological h azard or
BI OHAZ ARD mea n s t h ose i n fect i ou s
a gen t s pr esen t i n g a r i sk of dea t h , i n -
j u r y or i l l n ess t o empl oy ees.
Major message mea n s t h a t por t i on of
a t a gs i n scr i pt i on t h a t i s mor e speci fi c
t h a n t h e si gn a l wor d a n d t h a t i n di ca t es
t h e speci fi c h a za r dou s con di t i on or t h e
i n st r u ct i on t o be commu n i ca t ed t o t h e
empl oy ee. Exa mpl es i n cl u de: Hi gh
Vol t a ge, Cl ose Cl ea r a n ce, Do Not
S t a r t , or Do Not Use or a cor -
r espon di n g pi ct ogr a ph u sed wi t h a
wr i t t en t ext or a l on e.
Pict ograph mea n s a pi ct or i a l r ep-
r esen t a t i on u sed t o i den t i fy a h a z-
a r dou s con di t i on or t o con vey a sa fet y
i n st r u ct i on .
Sign al word mea n s t h a t por t i on of a
t a gs i n scr i pt i on t h a t con t a i n s t h e
wor d or wor ds t h a t a r e i n t en ded t o ca p-
t u r e t h e empl oy ees i mmedi a t e a t t en -
t i on .
T ag mea n s a devi ce u su a l l y ma de of
ca r d, pa per , pa st eboa r d, pl a st i c or
ot h er ma t er i a l u sed t o i den t i fy a h a z-
a r dou s con di t i on .
(3) Use. Ta gs sh a l l be u sed a s a mea n s
t o pr even t a cci den t a l i n j u r y or i l l n ess
t o empl oy ees wh o a r e exposed t o h a z-
a r dou s or pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s con di -
t i on s, equ i pmen t or oper a t i on s wh i ch
a r e ou t of t h e or di n a r y , u n expect ed or
n ot r ea di l y a ppa r en t . Ta gs sh a l l be
u sed u n t i l su ch t i me a s t h e i den t i fi ed
h a za r d i s el i mi n a t ed or t h e h a za r dou s
oper a t i on i s compl et ed. Ta gs n eed n ot
be u sed wh er e si gn s, gu a r di n g or ot h er
posi t i ve mea n s of pr ot ect i on a r e bei n g
u sed.
(4) Gen eral t ag crit eria. Al l r equ i r ed
t a gs sh a l l meet t h e fol l owi n g cr i t er i a :
(i ) Ta gs sh a l l con t a i n a si gn a l wor d
a n d a ma j or messa ge.
(A) Th e si gn a l wor d sh a l l be ei t h er
Da n ger , Ca u t i on , or Bi ol ogi ca l
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
461
Ha za r d, BI OHAZARD, or t h e bi o-
l ogi ca l h a za r d sy mbol .
(B) Th e ma j or messa ge sh a l l i n di ca t e
t h e speci fi c h a za r dou s con di t i on or t h e
i n st r u ct i on t o be commu n i ca t ed t o t h e
empl oy ee.
(i i ) Th e si gn a l wor d sh a l l be r ea da bl e
a t a mi n i mu m di st a n ce of fi ve feet (1. 52
m) or su ch gr ea t er di st a n ce a s wa r -
r a n t ed by t h e h a za r d.
(i i i ) Th e t a gs ma j or messa ge sh a l l be
pr esen t ed i n ei t h er pi ct ogr a ph s, wr i t -
t en t ext or bot h .
(i v) Th e si gn a l wor d a n d t h e ma j or
messa ge sh a l l be u n der st a n da bl e t o a l l
empl oy ees wh o ma y be exposed t o t h e
i den t i fi ed h a za r d.
(v) Al l empl oy ees sh a l l be i n for med
a s t o t h e mea n i n g of t h e va r i ou s t a gs
u sed t h r ou gh ou t t h e wor k pl a ce a n d
wh a t speci a l pr eca u t i on s a r e n ecessa r y .
(vi ) Ta gs sh a l l be a ffi xed a s cl ose a s
sa fel y possi bl e t o t h ei r r espect i ve h a z-
a r ds by a posi t i ve mea n s su ch a s
st r i n g, wi r e, or a dh esi ve t h a t pr even t s
t h ei r l oss or u n i n t en t i on a l r emova l .
(5) Dan ger t ags. Da n ger t a gs sh a l l be
u sed i n ma j or h a za r d si t u a t i on s wh er e
a n i mmedi a t e h a za r d pr esen t s a t h r ea t
of dea t h or ser i ou s i n j u r y t o empl oy -
ees. Da n ger t a gs sh a l l be u sed on l y i n
t h ese si t u a t i on s.
(6) Cau t ion t ags. Ca u t i on t a gs sh a l l be
u sed i n mi n or h a za r d si t u a t i on s wh er e
a n on -i mmedi a t e or pot en t i a l h a za r d or
u n sa fe pr a ct i ce pr esen t s a l esser t h r ea t
of empl oy ee i n j u r y . Ca u t i on t a gs sh a l l
be u sed on l y i n t h ese si t u a t i on s.
(7) Warn in g t ags. Wa r n i n g t a gs ma y
be u sed t o r epr esen t a h a za r d l evel be-
t ween Ca u t i on a n d Da n ger , i n -
st ea d of t h e r equ i r ed Ca u t i on t a g,
pr ovi ded t h a t t h ey h a ve a si gn a l wor d
of Wa r n i n g, a n a ppr opr i a t e ma j or
messa ge, a n d ot h er wi se meet t h e gen -
er a l t a g cr i t er i a of pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of
t h i s sect i on .
(8) Biological h azard t ags. (i ) Bi ol ogi -
ca l h a za r d t a gs sh a l l be u sed t o i den -
t i fy t h e a ct u a l or pot en t i a l pr esen ce of
a bi ol ogi ca l h a za r d a n d t o i den t i fy
equ i pmen t , con t a i n er s, r ooms, exper i -
men t a l a n i ma l s, or combi n a t i on s
t h er eof, t h a t con t a i n or a r e con t a mi -
n a t ed wi t h h a za r dou s bi ol ogi ca l a gen t s.
(i i ) Th e sy mbol desi gn for bi ol ogi ca l
h a za r d t a gs sh a l l con for m t o t h e desi gn
sh own bel ow:
BI OLOGI CAL HAZARD S YMBOL CONF I GURATI ON
(9) Ot h er t ags. Ot h er t a gs ma y be u sed
i n a ddi t i on t o t h ose r equ i r ed by t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (f), or i n ot h er si t u a t i on s
wh er e t h i s pa r a gr a ph (f) does n ot r e-
qu i r e t a gs, pr ovi ded t h a t t h ey do n ot
det r a ct fr om t h e i mpa ct or vi si bi l i t y of
t h e si gn a l wor d a n d ma j or messa ge of
a n y r equ i r ed t a g.
AP P ENDI XES TO 1910. 145(f), ACCI DENT
P REVENTI ON TAGS
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 145(f)RECOMMENDED
COLOR CODI NG
Wh i l e t h e st a n da r d does n ot speci fi ca l l y
ma n da t e col or s t o be u sed on a cci den t pr e-
ven t i on t a gs, t h e fol l owi n g col or sch eme i s
r ecommen ded by OS HA for meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on :
DANGERRed, or pr edomi n a n t l y r ed,
wi t h l et t er i n g or sy mbol s i n a con t r a st i n g
col or .
CAUTI ONYel l ow, or pr edomi n a n t l y
y el l ow, wi t h l et t er i n g or sy mbol s i n a con -
t r a st i n g col or .
WARNI NGOr a n ge, or pr edomi n a n t l y
or a n ge, wi t h l et t er i n g or sy mbol s i n a con -
t r a st i n g col or .
BI OLOGI CAL HAZARDF l u or escen t or -
a n ge or or a n ge-r ed, or pr edomi n a n t l y so,
wi t h l et t er i n g or sy mbol s i n a con t r a st i n g
col or .
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 145(f)REF ERENCES F OR
F URTHER I NF ORMATI ON
Th e fol l owi n g r efer en ces pr ovi de i n for ma -
t i on wh i ch ca n be h el pfu l i n u n der st a n di n g
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
6
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
462
t h e r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n va r i ou s sec-
t i on s of t h e st a n da r d:
1. Br esn a h a n , Th oma s F . , a n d Br y k , J o-
seph , Th e Ha za r d Associ a t i on Va l u es of Ac-
ci den t P r even t i on S i gn s, Jou rn al of Amer-
ican Societ y of Saf et y En gin eers; J a n u a r y 1975.
2. Dr ey fu ss, H. , Sy mbol Sou rcebook , McGr a w
Hi l l ; New Yor k , NY, 1972.
3. Gl a ss, R. A. a n d ot h er s, Some Crit eria f or
Colors an d Sign s in Work places, Na t i on a l Bu -
r ea u of S t a n da r ds, Wa sh i n gt on DC, 1983.
4. Graph ic Sy mbols f or Pu blic Areas an d Oc-
cu pat ion al En viron men t s, Tr ea su r y Boa r d of
Ca n a da , Ot t a wa , Ca n a da , J u l y 1980.
5. Howet t , G. L. , Size of L et t ers Requ ired f or
Visibilit y as a Fu n ct ion of Viewin g Dist an ce
an d Observer Acu it y , Na t i on a l Bu r ea u of
S t a n da r ds, Wa sh i n gt on DC, J u l y 1983.
6. Ler n er , N. D. a n d Col l i n s, B. L. , T h e As-
sessmen t of Saf et y Sy mbol Un derst an dabilit y by
Dif f eren t T est in g Met h ods, Na t i on a l Bu r ea u of
S t a n da r ds, Wa sh i n gt on DC, 1980.
7. Ler n er , N. D. a n d Col l i n s, B. L. , Work place
Saf et y Sy mbols, Na t i on a l Bu r ea u of S t a n d-
a r ds, Wa sh i n gt on DC, 1980.
8. Modl ey , R. a n d Mey er s, W. R. , Han dbook
of Pict orial Sy mbols, Dover P u bl i ca t i on , New
Yor k , NY, 1976.
9. Produ ct Saf et y Sign s an d L abels, F MC Cor -
por a t i on , S a n t a Cl a r a , CA, 1978.
10. Saf et y Color Codin g f or Mark in g Ph y sical
Hazards, Z53. 1, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds
I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY, 1979.
11. Sign s an d Sy mbols f or t h e Occu pat ion al
En viron men t , Can . 3Z 32177, Ca n a di a n
S t a n da r ds Associ a t i on , Ot t a wa , S ept ember
1977.
12. Sy mbols f or I n du st rial Saf et y , Na t i on a l
Bu r ea u of S t a n da r ds, Wa sh i n gt on DC, Apr i l
1982.
13. Sy mbol Sign s, U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n s-
por t a t i on , Wa sh i n gt on DC, November 1974.
F R 49749, Oct . 24, 1978; 43 F R 51759, Nov. 7,
1978; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10, 1984; 51 F R 33260,
S ept . 19, 1986; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.146 Permit-required confined
spaces.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on
con t a i n s r equ i r emen t s for pr a ct i ces
a n d pr ocedu r es t o pr ot ect empl oy ees i n
gen er a l i n du st r y fr om t h e h a za r ds of
en t r y i n t o per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed
spa ces. Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o
a gr i cu l t u r e, t o con st r u ct i on , or t o sh i p-
y a r d empl oy men t (P a r t s 1928, 1926, a n d
1915 of t h i s ch a pt er , r espect i vel y ).
(b) Def in it ion s.
Accept able en t ry con dit ion s mea n s t h e
con di t i on s t h a t mu st exi st i n a per mi t
spa ce t o a l l ow en t r y a n d t o en su r e t h a t
empl oy ees i n vol ved wi t h a per mi t -r e-
qu i r ed con fi n ed spa ce en t r y ca n sa fel y
en t er i n t o a n d wor k wi t h i n t h e spa ce.
At t en dan t mea n s a n i n di vi du a l st a -
t i on ed ou t si de on e or mor e per mi t
spa ces wh o mon i t or s t h e a u t h or i zed en -
t r a n t s a n d wh o per for ms a l l a t t en d-
a n t s du t i es a ssi gn ed i n t h e empl oy er s
per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m.
Au t h orized en t ran t mea n s a n em-
pl oy ee wh o i s a u t h or i zed by t h e em-
pl oy er t o en t er a per mi t spa ce.
Blan k in g or blin din g mea n s t h e a bso-
l u t e cl osu r e of a pi pe, l i n e, or du ct by
t h e fa st en i n g of a sol i d pl a t e (su ch a s a
spect a cl e bl i n d or a sk i l l et bl i n d) t h a t
compl et el y cover s t h e bor e a n d t h a t i s
ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g t h e ma xi mu m
pr essu r e of t h e pi pe, l i n e, or du ct wi t h
n o l ea k a ge bey on d t h e pl a t e.
Con f in ed space mea n s a spa ce t h a t :
(1) I s l a r ge en ou gh a n d so con fi gu r ed
t h a t a n empl oy ee ca n bodi l y en t er a n d
per for m a ssi gn ed wor k ; a n d
(2) Ha s l i mi t ed or r est r i ct ed mea n s
for en t r y or exi t (for exa mpl e, t a n k s,
vessel s, si l os, st or a ge bi n s, h opper s,
va u l t s, a n d pi t s a r e spa ces t h a t ma y
h a ve l i mi t ed mea n s of en t r y . ); a n d
(3) I s n ot desi gn ed for con t i n u ou s em-
pl oy ee occu pa n cy .
Dou ble block an d bleed mea n s t h e cl o-
su r e of a l i n e, du ct , or pi pe by cl osi n g
a n d l ock i n g or t a ggi n g t wo i n -l i n e
va l ves a n d by open i n g a n d l ock i n g or
t a ggi n g a dr a i n or ven t va l ve i n t h e
l i n e bet ween t h e t wo cl osed va l ves.
Emergen cy mea n s a n y occu r r en ce (i n -
cl u di n g a n y fa i l u r e of h a za r d con t r ol or
mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t ) or even t i n t er -
n a l or ext er n a l t o t h e per mi t spa ce
t h a t cou l d en da n ger en t r a n t s.
En gu lf men t mea n s t h e su r r ou n di n g
a n d effect i ve ca pt u r e of a per son by a
l i qu i d or fi n el y di vi ded (fl owa bl e) sol i d
su bst a n ce t h a t ca n be a spi r a t ed t o
ca u se dea t h by fi l l i n g or pl u ggi n g t h e
r espi r a t or y sy st em or t h a t ca n exer t
en ou gh for ce on t h e body t o ca u se
dea t h by st r a n gu l a t i on , con st r i ct i on ,
or cr u sh i n g.
En t ry mea n s t h e a ct i on by wh i ch a
per son pa sses t h r ou gh a n open i n g i n t o
a per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ce.
En t r y i n cl u des en su i n g wor k a ct i vi t i es
i n t h a t spa ce a n d i s con si der ed t o h a ve
occu r r ed a s soon a s a n y pa r t of t h e en -
t r a n t s body br ea k s t h e pl a n e of a n
open i n g i n t o t h e spa ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
463
En t ry permit (per mi t ) mea n s t h e wr i t -
t en or pr i n t ed docu men t t h a t i s pr o-
vi ded by t h e empl oy er t o a l l ow a n d
con t r ol en t r y i n t o a per mi t spa ce a n d
t h a t con t a i n s t h e i n for ma t i on speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on .
En t ry su pervisor mea n s t h e per son
(su ch a s t h e empl oy er , for ema n , or
cr ew ch i ef) r espon si bl e for det er mi n i n g
i f a ccept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s a r e
pr esen t a t a per mi t spa ce wh er e en t r y
i s pl a n n ed, for a u t h or i zi n g en t r y a n d
over seei n g en t r y oper a t i on s, a n d for
t er mi n a t i n g en t r y a s r equ i r ed by t h i s
sect i on .
NOTE: An en t r y su per vi sor a l so ma y ser ve
a s a n a t t en da n t or a s a n a u t h or i zed en t r a n t ,
a s l on g a s t h a t per son i s t r a i n ed a n d
equ i pped a s r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on for ea ch
r ol e h e or sh e fi l l s. Al so, t h e du t i es of en t r y
su per vi sor ma y be pa ssed fr om on e i n di -
vi du a l t o a n ot h er du r i n g t h e cou r se of a n
en t r y oper a t i on .
Hazardou s at mosph ere mea n s a n a t -
mosph er e t h a t ma y expose empl oy ees
t o t h e r i sk of dea t h , i n ca pa ci t a t i on ,
i mpa i r men t of a bi l i t y t o sel f-r escu e
(t h a t i s, esca pe u n a i ded fr om a per mi t
spa ce), i n j u r y , or a cu t e i l l n ess fr om on e
or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g ca u ses:
(1) F l a mma bl e ga s, va por , or mi st i n
excess of 10 per cen t of i t s l ower fl a m-
ma bl e l i mi t (LF L);
(2) Ai r bor n e combu st i bl e du st a t a
con cen t r a t i on t h a t meet s or exceeds i t s
LF L;
NOTE: Th i s con cen t r a t i on ma y be a ppr oxi -
ma t ed a s a con di t i on i n wh i ch t h e du st ob-
scu r es vi si on a t a di st a n ce of 5 feet (1. 52 m)
or l ess.
(3) At mosph er i c oxy gen con cen t r a -
t i on bel ow 19. 5 per cen t or a bove 23. 5
per cen t ;
(4) At mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on of a n y
su bst a n ce for wh i ch a dose or a per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t i s pu bl i sh ed i n
S u bpa r t G, Occu pat ion al Healt h an d En -
viron men t al Con t rol, or i n S u bpa r t Z,
T oxic an d Hazardou s Su bst an ces, of t h i s
pa r t a n d wh i ch cou l d r esu l t i n em-
pl oy ee exposu r e i n excess of i t s dose or
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t ;
NOTE: An a t mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on of
a n y su bst a n ce t h a t i s n ot ca pa bl e of ca u si n g
dea t h , i n ca pa ci t a t i on , i mpa i r men t of a bi l i t y
t o sel f-r escu e, i n j u r y , or a cu t e i l l n ess du e t o
i t s h ea l t h effect s i s n ot cover ed by t h i s pr o-
vi si on .
(5) An y ot h er a t mosph er i c con di t i on
t h a t i s i mmedi a t el y da n ger ou s t o l i fe
or h ea l t h .
NOTE: F or a i r con t a mi n a n t s for wh i ch
OS HA h a s n ot det er mi n ed a dose or per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t , ot h er sou r ces of i n for -
ma t i on , su ch a s Ma t er i a l S a fet y Da t a S h eet s
t h a t compl y wi t h t h e Ha za r d Commu n i ca -
t i on S t a n da r d, 1910. 1200 of t h i s pa r t , pu b-
l i sh ed i n for ma t i on , a n d i n t er n a l docu men t s
ca n pr ovi de gu i da n ce i n est a bl i sh i n g a ccept -
a bl e a t mosph er i c con di t i on s.
Hot work permit mea n s t h e empl oy er s
wr i t t en a u t h or i za t i on t o per for m oper -
a t i on s (for exa mpl e, r i vet i n g, wel di n g,
cu t t i n g, bu r n i n g, a n d h ea t i n g) ca pa bl e
of pr ovi di n g a sou r ce of i gn i t i on .
(I DLH) mea n s a n y con di t i on t h a t poses
a n i mmedi a t e or del a y ed t h r ea t t o l i fe
or t h a t wou l d ca u se i r r ever si bl e a d-
ver se h ea l t h effect s or t h a t wou l d
i n t er fer e wi t h a n i n di vi du a l s a bi l i t y t o
esca pe u n a i ded fr om a per mi t spa ce.
NOTE: S ome ma t er i a l sh y dr ogen fl u or i de
ga s a n d ca dmi u m va por , for exa mpl ema y
pr odu ce i mmedi a t e t r a n si en t effect s t h a t ,
even i f sever e, ma y pa ss wi t h ou t medi ca l a t -
t en t i on , bu t a r e fol l owed by su dden , possi bl y
fa t a l col l a pse 1272 h ou r s a ft er exposu r e. Th e
vi ct i m feel s n or ma l fr om r ecover y fr om
t r a n si en t effect s u n t i l col l a pse. S u ch ma t e-
r i a l s i n h a za r dou s qu a n t i t i es a r e con si der ed
t o be i mmedi a t el y da n ger ou s t o l i fe or
h ea l t h .
I n ert in g mea n s t h e di spl a cemen t of
t h e a t mosph er e i n a per mi t spa ce by a
n on combu st i bl e ga s (su ch a s n i t r ogen )
t o su ch a n ext en t t h a t t h e r esu l t i n g a t -
mosph er e i s n on combu st i bl e.
NOTE: Th i s pr ocedu r e pr odu ces a n I DLH ox-
y gen -defi ci en t a t mosph er e.
I solat ion mea n s t h e pr ocess by wh i ch
a per mi t spa ce i s r emoved fr om ser vi ce
a n d compl et el y pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t h e
r el ea se of en er gy a n d ma t er i a l i n t o t h e
spa ce by su ch mea n s a s: bl a n k i n g or
bl i n di n g; mi sa l i gn i n g or r emovi n g sec-
t i on s of l i n es, pi pes, or du ct s; a dou bl e
bl ock a n d bl eed sy st em; l ock ou t or
t a gou t of a l l sou r ces of en er gy ; or
bl ock i n g or di scon n ect i n g a l l mech a n -
i ca l l i n k a ges.
L in e break in g mea n s t h e i n t en t i on a l
open i n g of a pi pe, l i n e, or du ct t h a t i s
or h a s been ca r r y i n g fl a mma bl e, cor r o-
si ve, or t oxi c ma t er i a l , a n i n er t ga s, or
a n y fl u i d a t a vol u me, pr essu r e, or t em-
per a t u r e ca pa bl e of ca u si n g i n j u r y .
Non -permit con f in ed space mea n s a
con fi n ed spa ce t h a t does n ot con t a i n
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
464
or , wi t h r espect t o a t mosph er i c h a z-
a r ds, h a ve t h e pot en t i a l t o con t a i n a n y
h a za r d ca pa bl e of ca u si n g dea t h or ser i -
ou s ph y si ca l h a r m.
Oxy gen def icien t at mosph ere mea n s a n
a t mosph er e con t a i n i n g l ess t h a n 19. 5
per cen t oxy gen by vol u me.
Oxy gen en rich ed at mosph ere mea n s a n
a t mosph er e con t a i n i n g mor e t h a n 23. 5
per cen t oxy gen by vol u me.
Permit -requ ired con f in ed space (per mi t
spa ce) mea n s a con fi n ed spa ce t h a t h a s
on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g ch a r a ct er -
i st i cs:
(1) Con t a i n s or h a s a pot en t i a l t o
con t a i n a h a za r dou s a t mosph er e;
(2) Con t a i n s a ma t er i a l t h a t h a s t h e
pot en t i a l for en gu l fi n g a n en t r a n t ;
(3) Ha s a n i n t er n a l con fi gu r a t i on
su ch t h a t a n en t r a n t cou l d be t r a pped
or a sph y xi a t ed by i n wa r dl y con ver gi n g
wa l l s or by a fl oor wh i ch sl opes down -
wa r d a n d t a per s t o a sma l l er cr oss- sec-
t i on ; or
(4) Con t a i n s a n y ot h er r ecogn i zed se-
r i ou s sa fet y or h ea l t h h a za r d.
Permit -requ ired con f in ed space program
(per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m) mea n s t h e em-
pl oy er s over a l l pr ogr a m for con t r ol -
l i n g, a n d, wh er e a ppr opr i a t e, for pr o-
t ect i n g empl oy ees fr om, per mi t spa ce
h a za r ds a n d for r egu l a t i n g empl oy ee
en t r y i n t o per mi t spa ces.
Permit sy st em mea n s t h e empl oy er s
wr i t t en pr ocedu r e for pr epa r i n g a n d
i ssu i n g per mi t s for en t r y a n d for r e-
t u r n i n g t h e per mi t spa ce t o ser vi ce fol -
l owi n g t er mi n a t i on of en t r y .
Proh ibit ed con dit ion mea n s a n y con di -
t i on i n a per mi t spa ce t h a t i s n ot a l -
l owed by t h e per mi t du r i n g t h e per i od
wh en en t r y i s a u t h or i zed.
Rescu e service mea n s t h e per son n el
desi gn a t ed t o r escu e empl oy ees fr om
per mi t spa ces.
Ret rieval sy st em mea n s t h e equ i pmen t
(i n cl u di n g a r et r i eva l l i n e, ch est or
fu l l -body h a r n ess, wr i st l et s, i f a ppr o-
pr i a t e, a n d a l i ft i n g devi ce or a n ch or )
u sed for n on -en t r y r escu e of per son s
fr om per mi t spa ces.
T est in g mea n s t h e pr ocess by wh i ch
t h e h a za r ds t h a t ma y con fr on t en t r a n t s
of a per mi t spa ce a r e i den t i fi ed a n d
eva l u a t ed. Test i n g i n cl u des speci fy i n g
t h e t est s t h a t a r e t o be per for med i n
t h e per mi t spa ce.
NOTE: Test i n g en a bl es empl oy er s bot h t o
devi se a n d i mpl emen t a dequ a t e con t r ol
mea su r es for t h e pr ot ect i on of a u t h or i zed en -
t r a n t s a n d t o det er mi n e i f a ccept a bl e en t r y
con di t i on s a r e pr esen t i mmedi a t el y pr i or t o,
a n d du r i n g, en t r y .
(c) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e t h e wor k pl a ce t o
det er mi n e i f a n y spa ces a r e per mi t - r e-
qu i r ed con fi n ed spa ces.
NOTE: P r oper a ppl i ca t i on of t h e deci si on
fl ow ch a r t i n a ppen di x A t o 1910. 146 wou l d
fa ci l i t a t e compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s r equ i r emen t .
(2) I f t h e wor k pl a ce con t a i n s per mi t
spa ces, t h e empl oy er sh a l l i n for m ex-
posed empl oy ees, by post i n g da n ger
si gn s or by a n y ot h er equ a l l y effect i ve
mea n s, of t h e exi st en ce a n d l oca t i on of
a n d t h e da n ger posed by t h e per mi t
spa ces.
NOTE: A si gn r ea di n g DANGERP ERMI T-
REQUI RED CONF I NED S P ACE, DO NOT
ENTER or u si n g ot h er si mi l a r l a n gu a ge
wou l d sa t i sfy t h e r equ i r emen t for a si gn .
(3) I f t h e empl oy er deci des t h a t i t s
empl oy ees wi l l n ot en t er per mi t
spa ces, t h e empl oy er sh a l l t a k e effec-
t i ve mea su r es t o pr even t i t s empl oy ees
fr om en t er i n g t h e per mi t spa ces a n d
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1),
(c)(2), (c)(6), a n d (c)(8) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) I f t h e empl oy er deci des t h a t i t s
empl oy ees wi l l en t er per mi t spa ces, t h e
a wr i t t en per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m t h a t
compl i es wi t h t h i s sect i on . Th e wr i t t en
pr ogr a m sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for i n spec-
t i on by empl oy ees a n d t h ei r a u t h or i zed
r epr esen t a t i ves.
(5) An empl oy er ma y u se t h e a l t er -
n a t e pr ocedu r es speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(5)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on for en t er i n g a
per mi t spa ce u n der t h e con di t i on s set
for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i ) An empl oy er wh ose empl oy ees
en t er a per mi t spa ce n eed n ot compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d) t h r ou gh (f) a n d (h )
t h r ou gh (k ) of t h i s sect i on , pr ovi ded
t h a t :
(A) Th e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e on l y h a za r d posed by t h e per -
mi t spa ce i s a n a ct u a l or pot en t i a l h a z-
a r dou s a t mosph er e;
(B) Th e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t con t i n u ou s for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on
a l on e i s su ffi ci en t t o ma i n t a i n t h a t
per mi t spa ce sa fe for en t r y ;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
465
(C) Th e empl oy er devel ops mon i -
t or i n g a n d i n spect i on da t a t h a t su p-
por t s t h e demon st r a t i on s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph s (c)(5)(i )(A) a n d (c)(5)(i )(B) of
t h i s sect i on ;
(D) I f a n i n i t i a l en t r y of t h e per mi t
spa ce i s n ecessa r y t o obt a i n t h e da t a
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(i )(C) of
t h i s sect i on , t h e en t r y i s per for med i n
compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)
t h r ou gh (k ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(E) Th e det er mi n a t i on s a n d su p-
por t i n g da t a r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph s
(c)(5)(i )(A), (c)(5)(i )(B), a n d (c)(5)(i )(C)
of t h i s sect i on a r e docu men t ed by t h e
empl oy er a n d a r e ma de a va i l a bl e t o
ea ch empl oy ee wh o en t er s t h e per mi t
spa ce u n der t h e t er ms of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(5) of t h i s sect i on or t o t h a t empl oy -
ees a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a t i ve; a n d
(F ) En t r y i n t o t h e per mi t spa ce
u n der t h e t er ms of pa r a gr a ph (c)(5)(i )
of t h i s sect i on i s per for med i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(5)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
NOTE: S ee pa r a gr a ph (c)(7) of t h i s sect i on
for r ecl a ssi fi ca t i on of a per mi t spa ce a ft er
a l l h a za r ds wi t h i n t h e spa ce h a ve been el i mi -
n a t ed.
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o en t r y i n t o per mi t spa ces t h a t meet
t h e con di t i on s set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(A) An y con di t i on s ma k i n g i t u n sa fe
t o r emove a n en t r a n ce cover sh a l l be
el i mi n a t ed befor e t h e cover i s r emoved.
(B) Wh en en t r a n ce cover s a r e r e-
moved, t h e open i n g sh a l l be pr ompt l y
gu a r ded by a r a i l i n g, t empor a r y cover ,
or ot h er t empor a r y ba r r i er t h a t wi l l
pr even t a n a cci den t a l fa l l t h r ou gh t h e
open i n g a n d t h a t wi l l pr ot ect ea ch em-
pl oy ee wor k i n g i n t h e spa ce fr om for -
ei gn obj ect s en t er i n g t h e spa ce.
(C) Befor e a n empl oy ee en t er s t h e
spa ce, t h e i n t er n a l a t mosph er e sh a l l be
t est ed, wi t h a ca l i br a t ed di r ect -r ea di n g
i n st r u men t , for oxy gen con t en t , for
fl a mma bl e ga ses a n d va por s, a n d for
pot en t i a l t oxi c a i r con t a mi n a n t s, i n
t h a t or der . An y empl oy ee wh o en t er s
t h e spa ce, or t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or -
i zed r epr esen t a t i ve, sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n oppor t u n i t y t o obser ve t h e pr e-
en t r y t est i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(D) Th er e ma y be n o h a za r dou s a t -
mosph er e wi t h i n t h e spa ce wh en ever
a n y empl oy ee i s i n si de t h e spa ce.
(E) Con t i n u ou s for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on
sh a l l be u sed, a s fol l ows:
(1) An empl oy ee ma y n ot en t er t h e
spa ce u n t i l t h e for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on
h a s el i mi n a t ed a n y h a za r dou s a t mos-
ph er e;
(2) Th e for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be
so di r ect ed a s t o ven t i l a t e t h e i mme-
di a t e a r ea s wh er e a n empl oy ee i s or
wi l l be pr esen t wi t h i n t h e spa ce a n d
sh a l l con t i n u e u n t i l a l l empl oy ees h a ve
l eft t h e spa ce;
(3) Th e a i r su ppl y for t h e for ced a i r
ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be fr om a cl ea n
sou r ce a n d ma y n ot i n cr ea se t h e h a z-
a r ds i n t h e spa ce.
(F ) Th e a t mosph er e wi t h i n t h e spa ce
sh a l l be per i odi ca l l y t est ed a s n ec-
essa r y t o en su r e t h a t t h e con t i n u ou s
for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on i s pr even t i n g t h e
a ccu mu l a t i on of a h a za r dou s a t mos-
ph er e. An y empl oy ee wh o en t er s t h e
spa ce, or t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or i zed
r epr esen t a t i ve, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
a n oppor t u n i t y t o obser ve t h e per i odi c
t est i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(G) I f a h a za r dou s a t mosph er e i s de-
t ect ed du r i n g en t r y :
(1) Ea ch empl oy ee sh a l l l ea ve t h e
spa ce i mmedi a t el y ;
(2) Th e spa ce sh a l l be eva l u a t ed t o
det er mi n e h ow t h e h a za r dou s a t mos-
ph er e devel oped; a n d
(3) Mea su r es sh a l l be i mpl emen t ed t o
pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om t h e h a za r dou s
a t mosph er e befor e a n y su bsequ en t
en t r y t a k es pl a ce.
(H) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ver i fy t h a t
t h e spa ce i s sa fe for en t r y a n d t h a t t h e
pr e-en t r y mea su r es r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(5)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on h a ve been
t a k en , t h r ou gh a wr i t t en cer t i fi ca t i on
t h a t con t a i n s t h e da t e, t h e l oca t i on of
t h e spa ce, a n d t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per -
son pr ovi di n g t h e cer t i fi ca t i on . Th e
cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l be ma de befor e
en t r y a n d sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e t o
ea ch empl oy ee en t er i n g t h e spa ce or t o
t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a -
t i ve .
(6) Wh en t h er e a r e ch a n ges i n t h e u se
or con fi gu r a t i on of a n on -per mi t con -
fi n ed spa ce t h a t mi gh t i n cr ea se t h e
h a za r ds t o en t r a n t s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l
r eeva l u a t e t h a t spa ce a n d, i f n ecessa r y ,
r ecl a ssi fy i t a s a per mi t -r equ i r ed con -
fi n ed spa ce.
(7) A spa ce cl a ssi fi ed by t h e empl oy er
a s a per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
466
ma y be r ecl a ssi fi ed a s a n on -per mi t
con fi n ed spa ce u n der t h e fol l owi n g pr o-
cedu r es:
(i ) I f t h e per mi t spa ce poses n o a ct u a l
or pot en t i a l a t mosph er i c h a za r ds a n d i f
a l l h a za r ds wi t h i n t h e spa ce a r e el i mi -
n a t ed wi t h ou t en t r y i n t o t h e spa ce, t h e
per mi t spa ce ma y be r ecl a ssi fi ed a s a
n on -per mi t con fi n ed spa ce for a s l on g
a s t h e n on -a t mosph er i c h a za r ds r ema i n
el i mi n a t ed.
(i i ) I f i t i s n ecessa r y t o en t er t h e per -
mi t spa ce t o el i mi n a t e h a za r ds, su ch
en t r y sh a l l be per for med u n der pa r a -
gr a ph s (d) t h r ou gh (k ) of t h i s sect i on .
I f t est i n g a n d i n spect i on du r i n g t h a t
en t r y demon st r a t e t h a t t h e h a za r ds
wi t h i n t h e per mi t spa ce h a ve been
el i mi n a t ed, t h e per mi t spa ce ma y be
r ecl a ssi fi ed a s a n on -per mi t con fi n ed
spa ce for a s l on g a s t h e h a za r ds r ema i n
el i mi n a t ed.
NOTE: Con t r ol of a t mosph er i c h a za r ds
t h r ou gh for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on does n ot con -
st i t u t e el i mi n a t i on of t h e h a za r ds. P a r a -
gr a ph (c)(5) cover s per mi t spa ce en t r y wh er e
t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t for ced
a i r ven t i l a t i on a l on e wi l l con t r ol a l l h a za r ds
i n t h e spa ce.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l docu men t
t h e ba si s for det er mi n i n g t h a t a l l h a z-
a r ds i n a per mi t spa ce h a ve been el i mi -
n a t ed, t h r ou gh a cer t i fi ca t i on t h a t con -
t a i n s t h e da t e, t h e l oca t i on of t h e
spa ce, a n d t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per son
ma k i n g t h e det er mi n a t i on . Th e cer t i fi -
ca t i on sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e t o ea ch
empl oy ee en t er i n g t h e spa ce or t o t h a t
empl oy ees a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a t i ve.
(i v) I f h a za r ds a r i se wi t h i n a per mi t
spa ce t h a t h a s been decl a ssi fi ed t o a
n on -per mi t spa ce u n der pa r a gr a ph
(c)(7) of t h i s sect i on , ea ch empl oy ee i n
t h e spa ce sh a l l exi t t h e spa ce. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l t h en r eeva l u a t e t h e spa ce
a n d det er mi n e wh et h er i t mu st be r e-
cl a ssi fi ed a s a per mi t spa ce, i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h ot h er a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s
(8) Wh en a n empl oy er (h ost em-
pl oy er ) a r r a n ges t o h a ve empl oy ees of
a n ot h er empl oy er (con t r a ct or ) per for m
wor k t h a t i n vol ves per mi t spa ce en t r y ,
t h e h ost empl oy er sh a l l :
(i ) I n for m t h e con t r a ct or t h a t t h e
wor k pl a ce con t a i n s per mi t spa ces a n d
t h a t per mi t spa ce en t r y i s a l l owed on l y
t h r ou gh compl i a n ce wi t h a per mi t
spa ce pr ogr a m meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Appr i se t h e con t r a ct or of t h e el e-
men t s, i n cl u di n g t h e h a za r ds i den t i fi ed
a n d t h e h ost empl oy er s exper i en ce
wi t h t h e spa ce, t h a t ma k e t h e spa ce i n
qu est i on a per mi t spa ce;
(i i i ) Appr i se t h e con t r a ct or of a n y
pr eca u t i on s or pr ocedu r es t h a t t h e h ost
empl oy er h a s i mpl emen t ed for t h e pr o-
t ect i on of empl oy ees i n or n ea r per mi t
spa ces wh er e con t r a ct or per son n el wi l l
be wor k i n g;
(i v) Coor di n a t e en t r y oper a t i on s wi t h
t h e con t r a ct or , wh en bot h h ost em-
pl oy er per son n el a n d con t r a ct or per -
son n el wi l l be wor k i n g i n or n ea r per -
mi t spa ces, a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(d)(11) of t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(v) Debr i ef t h e con t r a ct or a t t h e con -
cl u si on of t h e en t r y oper a t i on s r ega r d-
i n g t h e per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m fol l owed
a n d r ega r di n g a n y h a za r ds con fr on t ed
or cr ea t ed i n per mi t spa ces du r i n g
en t r y oper a t i on s.
(9) I n a ddi t i on t o compl y i n g wi t h t h e
per mi t spa ce r equ i r emen t s t h a t a ppl y
t o a l l empl oy er s, ea ch con t r a ct or wh o
i s r et a i n ed t o per for m per mi t spa ce
en t r y oper a t i on s sh a l l :
(i ) Obt a i n a n y a va i l a bl e i n for ma t i on
r ega r di n g per mi t spa ce h a za r ds a n d
en t r y oper a t i on s fr om t h e h ost em-
pl oy er ;
(i i ) Coor di n a t e en t r y oper a t i on s wi t h
t h e h ost empl oy er , wh en bot h h ost em-
pl oy er per son n el a n d con t r a ct or per -
son n el wi l l be wor k i n g i n or n ea r per -
mi t spa ces, a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(d)(11) of t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(i i i ) I n for m t h e h ost empl oy er of t h e
per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m t h a t t h e con -
t r a ct or wi l l fol l ow a n d of a n y h a za r ds
con fr on t ed or cr ea t ed i n per mi t spa ces,
ei t h er t h r ou gh a debr i efi n g or du r i n g
t h e en t r y oper a t i on .
(d) Permit -requ ired con f in ed space pro-
gram (per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m). Un der
t h e per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (c)(4) of t h i s sect i on , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l :
(1) I mpl emen t t h e mea su r es n ec-
essa r y t o pr even t u n a u t h or i zed en t r y ;
(2) I den t i fy a n d eva l u a t e t h e h a za r ds
of per mi t spa ces befor e empl oy ees
en t er t h em;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
467
(3) Devel op a n d i mpl emen t t h e
mea n s, pr ocedu r es, a n d pr a ct i ces n ec-
essa r y for sa fe per mi t spa ce en t r y oper -
a t i on s, i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
(i ) S peci fy i n g a ccept a bl e en t r y con di -
t i on s;
(i i ) P r ovi di n g ea ch a u t h or i zed en -
t r a n t or t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or i zed
r epr esen t a t i ve wi t h t h e oppor t u n i t y t o
obser ve a n y mon i t or i n g or t est i n g of
per mi t spa ces;
(i i i ) I sol a t i n g t h e per mi t spa ce;
(i v) P u r gi n g, i n er t i n g, fl u sh i n g, or
ven t i l a t i n g t h e per mi t spa ce a s n ec-
essa r y t o el i mi n a t e or con t r ol a t mos-
ph er i c h a za r ds;
(v) P r ovi di n g pedest r i a n , veh i cl e, or
ot h er ba r r i er s a s n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect
en t r a n t s fr om ext er n a l h a za r ds; a n d
(vi ) Ver i fy i n g t h a t con di t i on s i n t h e
per mi t spa ce a r e a ccept a bl e for en t r y
t h r ou gh ou t t h e du r a t i on of a n a u t h or -
i zed en t r y .
(4) P r ovi de t h e fol l owi n g equ i pmen t
(speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (d)(4)(i )
t h r ou gh (d)(4)(i x) of t h i s sect i on ) a t n o
cost t o empl oy ees, ma i n t a i n t h a t
equ i pmen t pr oper l y , a n d en su r e t h a t
empl oy ees u se t h a t equ i pmen t pr op-
er l y :
(i ) Test i n g a n d mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t
n eeded t o compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d)(5)
of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Ven t i l a t i n g equ i pmen t n eeded t o
obt a i n a ccept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s;
(i i i ) Commu n i ca t i on s equ i pmen t n ec-
essa r y for compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(h )(3) a n d (i )(5) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i v) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
i n sofa r a s fea si bl e en gi n eer i n g a n d
wor k pr a ct i ce con t r ol s do n ot a de-
qu a t el y pr ot ect empl oy ees;
(v) Li gh t i n g equ i pmen t n eeded t o en -
a bl e empl oy ees t o see wel l en ou gh t o
wor k sa fel y a n d t o exi t t h e spa ce
qu i ck l y i n a n emer gen cy ;
(vi ) Ba r r i er s a n d sh i el ds a s r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (d)(3)(i v) of t h i s sect i on ;
(vi i ) Equ i pmen t , su ch a s l a dder s,
n eeded for sa fe i n gr ess a n d egr ess by
a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s;
(vi i i ) Rescu e a n d emer gen cy equ i p-
men t n eeded t o compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(d)(9) of t h i s sect i on , except t o t h e ex-
t en t t h a t t h e equ i pmen t i s pr ovi ded by
r escu e ser vi ces; a n d
(i x) An y ot h er equ i pmen t n ecessa r y
for sa fe en t r y i n t o a n d r escu e fr om per -
mi t spa ces.
(5) Eva l u a t e per mi t spa ce con di t i on s
a s fol l ows wh en en t r y oper a t i on s a r e
con du ct ed:
(i ) Test con di t i on s i n t h e per mi t
spa ce t o det er mi n e i f a ccept a bl e en t r y
con di t i on s exi st befor e en t r y i s a u t h or -
i zed t o begi n , except t h a t , i f i sol a t i on
of t h e spa ce i s i n fea si bl e beca u se t h e
spa ce i s l a r ge or i s pa r t of a con t i n u ou s
sy st em (su ch a s a sewer ), pr e-en t r y
t est i n g sh a l l be per for med t o t h e ex-
t en t fea si bl e befor e en t r y i s a u t h or i zed
a n d, i f en t r y i s a u t h or i zed, en t r y con di -
t i on s sh a l l be con t i n u ou sl y mon i t or ed
i n t h e a r ea s wh er e a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s
a r e wor k i n g;
(i i ) Test or mon i t or t h e per mi t spa ce
a s n ecessa r y t o det er mi n e i f a ccept a bl e
en t r y con di t i on s a r e bei n g ma i n t a i n ed
du r i n g t h e cou r se of en t r y oper a t i on s;
a n d
(i i i ) Wh en t est i n g for a t mosph er i c
h a za r ds, t est fi r st for oxy gen , t h en for
combu st i bl e ga ses a n d va por s, a n d t h en
for t oxi c ga ses a n d va por s.
(i v) P r ovi de ea ch a u t h or i zed en t r a n t
or t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or i zed r ep-
r esen t a t i ve a n oppor t u n i t y t o obser ve
t h e pr e-en t r y a n d a n y su bsequ en t t est -
i n g or mon i t or i n g of per mi t spa ces;
(v) Reeva l u a t e t h e per mi t spa ce i n
t h e pr esen ce of a n y a u t h or i zed en t r a n t
or t h a t empl oy ees a u t h or i zed r ep-
r esen t a t i ve wh o r equ est s t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er con du ct su ch r eeva l u a t i on be-
ca u se t h e en t r a n t or r epr esen t a t i ve h a s
r ea son t o bel i eve t h a t t h e eva l u a t i on of
t h a t spa ce ma y n ot h a ve been a de-
qu a t e;
(vi ) I mmedi a t el y pr ovi de ea ch a u -
t h or i zed en t r a n t or t h a t empl oy ees a u -
t h or i zed r epr esen t a t i ve wi t h t h e r e-
su l t s of a n y t est i n g con du ct ed i n a c-
cor d wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
NOTE: At mosph er i c t est i n g con du ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppen di x B t o 1910. 146
wou l d be con si der ed a s sa t i sfy i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph . F or per mi t
spa ce oper a t i on s i n sewer s, a t mosph er i c t est -
i n g con du ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppen di x
B, a s su ppl emen t ed by a ppen di x E t o
1910. 146, wou l d be con si der ed a s sa t i sfy i n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(6) P r ovi de a t l ea st on e a t t en da n t
ou t si de t h e per mi t spa ce i n t o wh i ch
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
468
en t r y i s a u t h or i zed for t h e du r a t i on of
en t r y oper a t i on s;
NOTE: At t en da n t s ma y be a ssi gn ed t o mon -
i t or mor e t h a n on e per mi t spa ce pr ovi ded t h e
du t i es descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on ca n be effect i vel y per for med for ea ch
per mi t spa ce t h a t i s mon i t or ed. Li k ewi se, a t -
t en da n t s ma y be st a t i on ed a t a n y l oca t i on
ou t si de t h e per mi t spa ce t o be mon i t or ed a s
l on g a s t h e du t i es descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (i )
of t h i s sect i on ca n be effect i vel y per for med
for ea ch per mi t spa ce t h a t i s mon i t or ed.
(7) I f mu l t i pl e spa ces a r e t o be mon -
i t or ed by a si n gl e a t t en da n t , i n cl u de i n
t h e per mi t pr ogr a m t h e mea n s a n d pr o-
cedu r es t o en a bl e t h e a t t en da n t t o r e-
spon d t o a n emer gen cy a ffect i n g on e or
mor e of t h e per mi t spa ces bei n g mon -
i t or ed wi t h ou t di st r a ct i on fr om t h e a t -
t en da n t s r espon si bi l i t i es u n der pa r a -
gr a ph (i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(8) Desi gn a t e t h e per son s wh o a r e t o
h a ve a ct i ve r ol es (a s, for exa mpl e, a u -
t h or i zed en t r a n t s, a t t en da n t s, en t r y
su per vi sor s, or per son s wh o t est or
mon i t or t h e a t mosph er e i n a per mi t
spa ce) i n en t r y oper a t i on s, i den t i fy t h e
du t i es of ea ch su ch empl oy ee, a n d pr o-
vi de ea ch su ch empl oy ee wi t h t h e
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (g) of
t h i s sect i on ;
(9) Devel op a n d i mpl emen t pr oce-
du r es for su mmon i n g r escu e a n d emer -
gen cy ser vi ces, for r escu i n g en t r a n t s
fr om per mi t spa ces, for pr ovi di n g n ec-
essa r y emer gen cy ser vi ces t o r escu ed
empl oy ees, a n d for pr even t i n g u n a u -
t h or i zed per son n el fr om a t t empt i n g a
r escu e;
(10) Devel op a n d i mpl emen t a sy st em
for t h e pr epa r a t i on , i ssu a n ce, u se, a n d
ca n cel l a t i on of en t r y per mi t s a s r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on ;
du r es t o coor di n a t e en t r y oper a t i on s
wh en empl oy ees of mor e t h a n on e em-
pl oy er a r e wor k i n g si mu l t a n eou sl y a s
a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s i n a per mi t spa ce,
so t h a t empl oy ees of on e empl oy er do
n ot en da n ger t h e empl oy ees of a n y
ot h er empl oy er ;
du r es (su ch a s cl osi n g off a per mi t
spa ce a n d ca n cel i n g t h e per mi t ) n ec-
essa r y for con cl u di n g t h e en t r y a ft er
en t r y oper a t i on s h a ve been compl et ed;
(13) Revi ew en t r y oper a t i on s wh en
t h e empl oy er h a s r ea son t o bel i eve t h a t
t h e mea su r es t a k en u n der t h e per mi t
spa ce pr ogr a m ma y n ot pr ot ect em-
pl oy ees a n d r evi se t h e pr ogr a m t o cor -
r ect defi ci en ci es fou n d t o exi st befor e
su bsequ en t en t r i es a r e a u t h or i zed; a n d
NOTE: Exa mpl es of ci r cu mst a n ces r equ i r i n g
t h e r evi ew of t h e per mi t spa ce pr ogr a m a r e:
a n y u n a u t h or i zed en t r y of a per mi t spa ce,
t h e det ect i on of a per mi t spa ce h a za r d n ot
cover ed by t h e per mi t , t h e det ect i on of a
con di t i on pr oh i bi t ed by t h e per mi t , t h e oc-
cu r r en ce of a n i n j u r y or n ea r -mi ss du r i n g
en t r y , a ch a n ge i n t h e u se or con fi gu r a t i on
of a per mi t spa ce, a n d empl oy ee compl a i n t s
a bou t t h e effect i ven ess of t h e pr ogr a m.
(14) Revi ew t h e per mi t spa ce pr o-
gr a m, u si n g t h e ca n cel ed per mi t s r e-
t a i n ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (e)(6) of t h i s
sect i on wi t h i n 1 y ea r a ft er ea ch en t r y
a n d r evi se t h e pr ogr a m a s n ecessa r y , t o
en su r e t h a t empl oy ees pa r t i ci pa t i n g i n
en t r y oper a t i on s a r e pr ot ect ed fr om
per mi t spa ce h a za r ds.
NOTE: Empl oy er s ma y per for m a si n gl e a n -
n u a l r evi ew cover i n g a l l en t r i es per for med
du r i n g a 12-mon t h per i od. I f n o en t r y i s per -
for med du r i n g a 12-mon t h per i od, n o r evi ew
i s n ecessa r y .
Appen di x C t o 1910. 146 pr esen t s exa m-
pl es of per mi t spa ce pr ogr a ms t h a t a r e
con si der ed t o compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(e) Permit sy st em. (1) Befor e en t r y i s
a u t h or i zed, t h e empl oy er sh a l l docu -
men t t h e compl et i on of mea su r es r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on by pr epa r i n g a n en t r y per mi t .
NOTE: Appen di x D t o 1910. 146 pr esen t s ex-
a mpl es of per mi t s wh ose el emen t s a r e con -
si der ed t o compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s sect i on .
(2) Befor e en t r y begi n s, t h e en t r y su -
per vi sor i den t i fi ed on t h e per mi t sh a l l
si gn t h e en t r y per mi t t o a u t h or i ze
en t r y .
(3) Th e compl et ed per mi t sh a l l be
ma de a va i l a bl e a t t h e t i me of en t r y t o
a l l a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s or t h ei r a u t h or -
i zed r epr esen t a t i ves, by post i n g i t a t
t h e en t r y por t a l or by a n y ot h er equ a l -
l y effect i ve mea n s, so t h a t t h e en t r a n t s
ca n con fi r m t h a t pr e-en t r y pr epa r a -
t i on s h a ve been compl et ed.
(4) Th e du r a t i on of t h e per mi t ma y
n ot exceed t h e t i me r equ i r ed t o com-
pl et e t h e a ssi gn ed t a sk or j ob i den t i -
fi ed on t h e per mi t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (f)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
469
(5) Th e en t r y su per vi sor sh a l l t er mi -
n a t e en t r y a n d ca n cel t h e en t r y per mi t
wh en :
(i ) Th e en t r y oper a t i on s cover ed by
t h e en t r y per mi t h a ve been compl et ed;
or
(i i ) A con di t i on t h a t i s n ot a l l owed
u n der t h e en t r y per mi t a r i ses i n or
n ea r t h e per mi t spa ce.
(6) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r et a i n ea ch
ca n cel ed en t r y per mi t for a t l ea st 1
y ea r t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e r evi ew of t h e per -
mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ce pr ogr a m
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d)(14) of t h i s
sect i on . An y pr obl ems en cou n t er ed
du r i n g a n en t r y oper a t i on sh a l l be
n ot ed on t h e per t i n en t per mi t so t h a t
a ppr opr i a t e r evi si on s t o t h e per mi t
spa ce pr ogr a m ca n be ma de.
(f) En t ry permit . Th e en t r y per mi t
t h a t docu men t s compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s
sect i on a n d a u t h or i zes en t r y t o a per -
mi t spa ce sh a l l i den t i fy :
(1) Th e per mi t spa ce t o be en t er ed;
(2) Th e pu r pose of t h e en t r y ;
(3) Th e da t e a n d t h e a u t h or i zed du r a -
t i on of t h e en t r y per mi t ;
(4) Th e a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s wi t h i n
t h e per mi t spa ce, by n a me or by su ch
ot h er mea n s (for exa mpl e, t h r ou gh t h e
u se of r ost er s or t r a ck i n g sy st ems) a s
wi l l en a bl e t h e a t t en da n t t o det er mi n e
qu i ck l y a n d a ccu r a t el y , for t h e du r a -
t i on of t h e per mi t , wh i ch a u t h or i zed
en t r a n t s a r e i n si de t h e per mi t spa ce;
NOTE: Th i s r equ i r emen t ma y be met by i n -
ser t i n g a r efer en ce on t h e en t r y per mi t a s t o
t h e mea n s u sed, su ch a s a r ost er or t r a ck i n g
sy st em, t o k eep t r a ck of t h e a u t h or i zed en -
t r a n t s wi t h i n t h e per mi t spa ce.
(5) Th e per son n el , by n a me, cu r r en t l y
ser vi n g a s a t t en da n t s;
(6) Th e i n di vi du a l , by n a me, cu r -
r en t l y ser vi n g a s en t r y su per vi sor ,
wi t h a spa ce for t h e si gn a t u r e or i n i -
t i a l s of t h e en t r y su per vi sor wh o or i gi -
n a l l y a u t h or i zed en t r y ;
(7) Th e h a za r ds of t h e per mi t spa ce t o
be en t er ed;
(8) Th e mea su r es u sed t o i sol a t e t h e
per mi t spa ce a n d t o el i mi n a t e or con -
t r ol per mi t spa ce h a za r ds befor e en t r y ;
NOTE: Th ose mea su r es ca n i n cl u de t h e
l ock ou t or t a ggi n g of equ i pmen t a n d pr oce-
du r es for pu r gi n g, i n er t i n g, ven t i l a t i n g, a n d
fl u sh i n g per mi t spa ces.
(9) Th e a ccept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s;
(10) Th e r esu l t s of i n i t i a l a n d per i odi c
t est s per for med u n der pa r a gr a ph (d)(5)
of t h i s sect i on , a ccompa n i ed by t h e
n a mes or i n i t i a l s of t h e t est er s a n d by
a n i n di ca t i on of wh en t h e t est s wer e
per for med;
(11) Th e r escu e a n d emer gen cy ser v-
i ces t h a t ca n be su mmon ed a n d t h e
mea n s (su ch a s t h e equ i pmen t t o u se
a n d t h e n u mber s t o ca l l ) for su m-
mon i n g t h ose ser vi ces;
(12) Th e commu n i ca t i on pr ocedu r es
u sed by a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s a n d a t -
t en da n t s t o ma i n t a i n con t a ct du r i n g
t h e en t r y ;
(13) Equ i pmen t , su ch a s per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t , t est i n g equ i pmen t ,
commu n i ca t i on s equ i pmen t , a l a r m sy s-
t ems, a n d r escu e equ i pmen t , t o be pr o-
vi ded for compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on ;
(14) An y ot h er i n for ma t i on wh ose i n -
cl u si on i s n ecessa r y , gi ven t h e ci r -
cu mst a n ces of t h e pa r t i cu l a r con fi n ed
spa ce, i n or der t o en su r e empl oy ee
sa fet y ; a n d
(15) An y a ddi t i on a l per mi t s, su ch a s
for h ot wor k , t h a t h a ve been i ssu ed t o
a u t h or i ze wor k i n t h e per mi t spa ce.
(g) T rain in g. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de t r a i n i n g so t h a t a l l empl oy ees
wh ose wor k i s r egu l a t ed by t h i s sect i on
a cqu i r e t h e u n der st a n di n g, k n owl edge,
a n d sk i l l s n ecessa r y for t h e sa fe per -
for ma n ce of t h e du t i es a ssi gn ed u n der
t h i s sect i on .
(2) Tr a i n i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o ea ch
a ffect ed empl oy ee:
(i ) Befor e t h e empl oy ee i s fi r st a s-
si gn ed du t i es u n der t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Befor e t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n a s-
si gn ed du t i es;
(i i i ) Wh en ever t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n
per mi t spa ce oper a t i on s t h a t pr esen t s a
h a za r d a bou t wh i ch a n empl oy ee h a s
n ot pr evi ou sl y been t r a i n ed;
(i v) Wh en ever t h e empl oy er h a s r ea -
son t o bel i eve ei t h er t h a t t h er e a r e de-
vi a t i on s fr om t h e per mi t spa ce en t r y
pr ocedu r es r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d)(3)
of t h i s sect i on or t h a t t h er e a r e i n a d-
equ a ci es i n t h e empl oy ees k n owl edge
or u se of t h ese pr ocedu r es.
(3) Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l est a bl i sh em-
pl oy ee pr ofi ci en cy i n t h e du t i es r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on a n d sh a l l i n t r o-
du ce n ew or r evi sed pr ocedu r es, a s n ec-
essa r y , for compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s sec-
t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
470
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
t h e t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph s
(g)(1) t h r ou gh (g)(3) of t h i s sect i on h a s
been a ccompl i sh ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on
sh a l l con t a i n ea ch empl oy ees n a me,
t h e si gn a t u r es or i n i t i a l s of t h e t r a i n -
er s, a n d t h e da t es of t r a i n i n g. Th e cer -
t i fi ca t i on sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for i n spec-
t i on by empl oy ees a n d t h ei r a u t h or i zed
r epr esen t a t i ves.
(h ) Du t ies of au t h orized en t ran t s. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t a l l a u t h or -
i zed en t r a n t s:
(1) Kn ow t h e h a za r ds t h a t ma y be
fa ced du r i n g en t r y , i n cl u di n g i n for ma -
t i on on t h e mode, si gn s or sy mpt oms,
a n d con sequ en ces of t h e exposu r e;
(2) P r oper l y u se equ i pmen t a s r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on ;
(3) Commu n i ca t e wi t h t h e a t t en da n t
a s n ecessa r y t o en a bl e t h e a t t en da n t t o
mon i t or en t r a n t st a t u s a n d t o en a bl e
t h e a t t en da n t t o a l er t en t r a n t s of t h e
n eed t o eva cu a t e t h e spa ce a s r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (i )(6) of t h i s sect i on ;
(4) Al er t t h e a t t en da n t wh en ever :
(i ) Th e en t r a n t r ecogn i zes a n y wa r n -
i n g si gn or sy mpt om of exposu r e t o a
da n ger ou s si t u a t i on , or
(i i ) Th e en t r a n t det ect s a pr oh i bi t ed
con di t i on ; a n d
(5) Exi t fr om t h e per mi t spa ce a s
qu i ck l y a s possi bl e wh en ever :
(i ) An or der t o eva cu a t e i s gi ven by
t h e a t t en da n t or t h e en t r y su per vi sor ,
(i i ) Th e en t r a n t r ecogn i zes a n y wa r n -
i n g si gn or sy mpt om of exposu r e t o a
da n ger ou s si t u a t i on ,
(i i i ) Th e en t r a n t det ect s a pr oh i bi t ed
con di t i on , or
(i v) An eva cu a t i on a l a r m i s a ct i -
va t ed.
(i ) Du t ies of at t en dan t s. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch a t t en da n t :
(1) Kn ows t h e h a za r ds t h a t ma y be
(2) I s a wa r e of possi bl e beh a vi or a l ef-
fect s of h a za r d exposu r e i n a u t h or i zed
en t r a n t s;
(3) Con t i n u ou sl y ma i n t a i n s a n a ccu -
r a t e cou n t of a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s i n
t h e per mi t spa ce a n d en su r es t h a t t h e
mea n s u sed t o i den t i fy a u t h or i zed en -
t r a n t s u n der pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of t h i s
sect i on a ccu r a t el y i den t i fi es wh o i s i n
t h e per mi t spa ce;
(4) Rema i n s ou t si de t h e per mi t spa ce
du r i n g en t r y oper a t i on s u n t i l r el i eved
by a n ot h er a t t en da n t ;
NOTE: Wh en t h e empl oy er s per mi t en t r y
pr ogr a m a l l ows a t t en da n t en t r y for r escu e,
a t t en da n t s ma y en t er a per mi t spa ce t o a t -
t empt a r escu e i f t h ey h a ve been t r a i n ed a n d
equ i pped for r escu e oper a t i on s a s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (k )(1) of t h i s sect i on a n d i f t h ey
h a ve been r el i eved a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(i )(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(5) Commu n i ca t es wi t h a u t h or i zed
en t r a n t s a s n ecessa r y t o mon i t or en -
t r a n t st a t u s a n d t o a l er t en t r a n t s of
t h e n eed t o eva cu a t e t h e spa ce u n der
pa r a gr a ph (i )(6) of t h i s sect i on ;
(6) Mon i t or s a ct i vi t i es i n si de a n d ou t -
si de t h e spa ce t o det er mi n e i f i t i s sa fe
for en t r a n t s t o r ema i n i n t h e spa ce a n d
or der s t h e a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s t o eva c-
u a t e t h e per mi t spa ce i mmedi a t el y
u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s;
(i ) I f t h e a t t en da n t det ect s a pr oh i b-
i t ed con di t i on ;
(i i ) I f t h e a t t en da n t det ect s t h e be-
h a vi or a l effect s of h a za r d exposu r e i n
a n a u t h or i zed en t r a n t ;
(i i i ) I f t h e a t t en da n t det ect s a si t u a -
t i on ou t si de t h e spa ce t h a t cou l d en -
da n ger t h e a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s; or
(i v) I f t h e a t t en da n t ca n n ot effec-
t i vel y a n d sa fel y per for m a l l t h e du t i es
r equ i r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (i ) of t h i s
sect i on ;
(7) S u mmon r escu e a n d ot h er emer -
gen cy ser vi ces a s soon a s t h e a t t en da n t
det er mi n es t h a t a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s
ma y n eed a ssi st a n ce t o esca pe fr om
per mi t spa ce h a za r ds;
(8) Ta k es t h e fol l owi n g a ct i on s wh en
u n a u t h or i zed per son s a ppr oa ch or en t er
a per mi t spa ce wh i l e en t r y i s u n der -
wa y :
(i ) Wa r n t h e u n a u t h or i zed per son s
t h a t t h ey mu st st a y a wa y fr om t h e per -
mi t spa ce;
(i i ) Advi se t h e u n a u t h or i zed per son s
t h a t t h ey mu st exi t i mmedi a t el y i f
t h ey h a ve en t er ed t h e per mi t spa ce;
a n d
(i i i ) I n for m t h e a u t h or i zed en t r a n t s
a n d t h e en t r y su per vi sor i f u n a u t h or -
i zed per son s h a ve en t er ed t h e per mi t
spa ce;
(9) P er for ms n on -en t r y r escu es a s
speci fi ed by t h e empl oy er s r escu e pr o-
cedu r e; a n d
(10) P er for ms n o du t i es t h a t mi gh t
i n t er fer e wi t h t h e a t t en da n t s pr i ma r y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
471
du t y t o mon i t or a n d pr ot ect t h e a u -
t h or i zed en t r a n t s.
(j ) Du t ies of en t ry su pervisors. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch en t r y su -
per vi sor :
(1) Kn ows t h e h a za r ds t h a t ma y be
(2) Ver i fi es, by ch eck i n g t h a t t h e a p-
pr opr i a t e en t r i es h a ve been ma de on
t h e per mi t , t h a t a l l t est s speci fi ed by
t h e per mi t h a ve been con du ct ed a n d
t h a t a l l pr ocedu r es a n d equ i pmen t
speci fi ed by t h e per mi t a r e i n pl a ce be-
for e en dor si n g t h e per mi t a n d a l l owi n g
en t r y t o begi n ;
(3) Ter mi n a t es t h e en t r y a n d ca n cel s
t h e per mi t a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(e)(5) of t h i s sect i on ;
(4) Ver i fi es t h a t r escu e ser vi ces a r e
a va i l a bl e a n d t h a t t h e mea n s for su m-
mon i n g t h em a r e oper a bl e;
(5) Removes u n a u t h or i zed i n di vi du a l s
wh o en t er or wh o a t t empt t o en t er t h e
per mi t spa ce du r i n g en t r y oper a t i on s;
a n d
(6) Det er mi n es, wh en ever r espon si -
bi l i t y for a per mi t spa ce en t r y oper -
a t i on i s t r a n sfer r ed a n d a t i n t er va l s
di ct a t ed by t h e h a za r ds a n d oper a t i on s
per for med wi t h i n t h e spa ce, t h a t en t r y
oper a t i on s r ema i n con si st en t wi t h
t er ms of t h e en t r y per mi t a n d t h a t a c-
cept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s a r e ma i n -
t a i n ed.
(k ) Rescu e an d emergen cy services. (1)
An empl oy er wh o desi gn a t es r escu e a n d
emer gen cy ser vi ces, pu r su a n t t o pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(9) of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l :
(i ) Eva l u a t e a pr ospect i ve r escu er s
a bi l i t y t o r espon d t o a r escu e su mmon s
i n a t i mel y ma n n er , con si der i n g t h e
h a za r d(s) i den t i fi ed;
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (k )(1)(i ): Wh a t wi l l be
con si der ed t i mel y wi l l va r y a ccor di n g t o t h e
speci fi c h a za r ds i n vol ved i n ea ch en t r y . F or
exa mpl e, 1910. 134, Respi r a t or y P r ot ect i on ,
r equ i r es t h a t empl oy er s pr ovi de a st a n dby
per son or per son s ca pa bl e of i mmedi a t e a c-
t i on t o r escu e empl oy ee(s) wea r i n g r es-
pi r a t or y pr ot ect i on wh i l e i n wor k a r ea s de-
fi n ed a s I DLH a t mosph er es.
(i i ) Eva l u a t e a pr ospect i ve r escu e
ser vi ces a bi l i t y , i n t er ms of pr o-
fi ci en cy wi t h r escu e-r el a t ed t a sk s a n d
equ i pmen t , t o fu n ct i on a ppr opr i a t el y
wh i l e r escu i n g en t r a n t s fr om t h e pa r -
t i cu l a r per mi t spa ce or t y pes of per mi t
spa ces i den t i fi ed;
(i i i ) S el ect a r escu e t ea m or ser vi ce
fr om t h ose eva l u a t ed t h a t :
(A) Ha s t h e ca pa bi l i t y t o r ea ch t h e
vi ct i m(s) wi t h i n a t i me fr a me t h a t i s
a ppr opr i a t e for t h e per mi t spa ce h a z-
a r d(s) i den t i fi ed;
(B) I s equ i pped for a n d pr ofi ci en t i n
per for mi n g t h e n eeded r escu e ser vi ces;
(i v) I n for m ea ch r escu e t ea m or ser v-
i ce of t h e h a za r ds t h ey ma y con fr on t
wh en ca l l ed on t o per for m r escu e a t t h e
si t e; a n d
(v) P r ovi de t h e r escu e t ea m or ser v-
i ce sel ect ed wi t h a ccess t o a l l per mi t
spa ces fr om wh i ch r escu e ma y be n ec-
essa r y so t h a t t h e r escu e ser vi ce ca n
devel op a ppr opr i a t e r escu e pl a n s a n d
pr a ct i ce r escu e oper a t i on s.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (k )(1): Non -ma n da t or y
a ppen di x F con t a i n s exa mpl es of cr i t er i a
wh i ch empl oy er s ca n u se i n eva l u a t i n g pr o-
spect i ve r escu er s a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(k )(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) An empl oy er wh ose empl oy ees
h a ve been desi gn a t ed t o pr ovi de per mi t
spa ce r escu e a n d emer gen cy ser vi ces
sh a l l t a k e t h e fol l owi n g mea su r es:
(i ) P r ovi de a ffect ed empl oy ees wi t h
t h e per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
(P P E) n eeded t o con du ct per mi t spa ce
r escu es sa fel y a n d t r a i n a ffect ed em-
pl oy ees so t h ey a r e pr ofi ci en t i n t h e
u se of t h a t P P E, a t n o cost t o t h ose
empl oy ees;
(i i ) Tr a i n a ffect ed empl oy ees t o per -
for m a ssi gn ed r escu e du t i es. Th e em-
pl oy er mu st en su r e t h a t su ch empl oy -
ees su ccessfu l l y compl et e t h e t r a i n i n g
r equ i r ed t o est a bl i sh pr ofi ci en cy a s a n
a u t h or i zed en t r a n t , a s pr ovi ded by
pa r a gr a ph s (g) a n d (h ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i i ) Tr a i n a ffect ed empl oy ees i n
ba si c fi r st -a i d a n d ca r di opu l mon a r y r e-
su sci t a t i on (CP R). Th e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t a t l ea st on e member of t h e
r escu e t ea m or ser vi ce h ol di n g a cu r -
r en t cer t i fi ca t i on i n fi r st a i d a n d CP R
i s a va i l a bl e; a n d
(i v) En su r e t h a t a ffect ed empl oy ees
pr a ct i ce ma k i n g per mi t spa ce r escu es
a t l ea st on ce ever y 12 mon t h s, by
mea n s of si mu l a t ed r escu e oper a t i on s
i n wh i ch t h ey r emove du mmi es, ma n i -
k i n s, or a ct u a l per son s fr om t h e a ct u a l
per mi t spa ces or fr om r epr esen t a t i ve
per mi t spa ces. Repr esen t a t i ve per mi t
spa ces sh a l l , wi t h r espect t o open i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
472
si ze, con fi gu r a t i on , a n d a ccessi bi l i t y ,
si mu l a t e t h e t y pes of per mi t spa ces
fr om wh i ch r escu e i s t o be per for med.
(3) To fa ci l i t a t e n on -en t r y r escu e, r e-
t r i eva l sy st ems or met h ods sh a l l be
u sed wh en ever a n a u t h or i zed en t r a n t
en t er s a per mi t spa ce, u n l ess t h e r e-
t r i eva l equ i pmen t wou l d i n cr ea se t h e
over a l l r i sk of en t r y or wou l d n ot con -
t r i bu t e t o t h e r escu e of t h e en t r a n t .
Ret r i eva l sy st ems sh a l l meet t h e fol -
l owi n g r equ i r emen t s.
(i ) Ea ch a u t h or i zed en t r a n t sh a l l u se
a ch est or fu l l body h a r n ess, wi t h a r e-
t r i eva l l i n e a t t a ch ed a t t h e cen t er of
t h e en t r a n t s ba ck n ea r sh ou l der l evel ,
a bove t h e en t r a n t s h ea d, or a t a n ot h er
poi n t wh i ch t h e empl oy er ca n est a bl i sh
pr esen t s a pr ofi l e sma l l en ou gh for t h e
su ccessfu l r emova l of t h e en t r a n t .
Wr i st l et s ma y be u sed i n l i eu of t h e
ch est or fu l l body h a r n ess i f t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e u se of
a ch est or fu l l body h a r n ess i s i n fea si -
bl e or cr ea t es a gr ea t er h a za r d a n d t h a t
t h e u se of wr i st l et s i s t h e sa fest a n d
most effect i ve a l t er n a t i ve.
(i i ) Th e ot h er en d of t h e r et r i eva l l i n e
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o a mech a n i ca l de-
vi ce or fi xed poi n t ou t si de t h e per mi t
spa ce i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t r escu e ca n
begi n a s soon a s t h e r escu er becomes
a wa r e t h a t r escu e i s n ecessa r y . A me-
ch a n i ca l devi ce sh a l l be a va i l a bl e t o r e-
t r i eve per son n el fr om ver t i ca l t y pe per -
mi t spa ces mor e t h a n 5 feet (1. 52 m)
deep.
(4) I f a n i n j u r ed en t r a n t i s exposed t o
a su bst a n ce for wh i ch a Ma t er i a l S a fe-
t y Da t a S h eet (MS DS ) or ot h er si mi l a r
wr i t t en i n for ma t i on i s r equ i r ed t o be
k ept a t t h e wor k si t e, t h a t MS DS or
wr i t t en i n for ma t i on sh a l l be ma de
a va i l a bl e t o t h e medi ca l fa ci l i t y t r ea t -
i n g t h e exposed en t r a n t .
(l ) Employ ee part icipat ion . (1) Empl oy -
er s sh a l l con su l t wi t h a ffect ed empl oy -
ees a n d t h ei r a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a -
t i ves on t h e devel opmen t a n d i mpl e-
men t a t i on of a l l a spect s of t h e per mi t
spa ce pr ogr a m r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(2) Empl oy er s sh a l l ma k e a va i l a bl e
t o a ffect ed empl oy ees a n d t h ei r a u t h or -
i zed r epr esen t a t i ves a l l i n for ma t i on r e-
qu i r ed t o be devel oped by t h i s sect i on .
AP P ENDI XES TO 1910. 146P ERMI T-REQUI RED
CONF I NED S P ACES
NOTE: Appen di xes A t h r ou gh F ser ve t o
pr ovi de i n for ma t i on a n d n on -ma n da t or y
gu i del i n es t o a ssi st empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees
i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r e-
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
473
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 146P ERMI T-REQUI RED CONF I NED S P ACE DECI S I ON
F LOW CHART
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 146P ROCEDURES F OR
ATMOS P HERI C TES TI NG
At mosph er i c t est i n g i s r equ i r ed for t wo
di st i n ct pu r poses: eva l u a t i on of t h e h a za r ds
of t h e per mi t spa ce a n d ver i fi ca t i on t h a t a c-
cept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s for en t r y i n t o t h a t
spa ce exi st .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
2
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
474
(1) Evalu at ion t est in g. Th e a t mosph er e of a
con fi n ed spa ce sh ou l d be a n a l y zed u si n g
equ i pmen t of su ffi ci en t sen si t i vi t y a n d speci -
fi ci t y t o i den t i fy a n d eva l u a t e a n y h a za r dou s
a t mosph er es t h a t ma y exi st or a r i se, so t h a t
a ppr opr i a t e per mi t en t r y pr ocedu r es ca n be
devel oped a n d a ccept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s
st i pu l a t ed for t h a t spa ce. Eva l u a t i on a n d i n -
t er pr et a t i on of t h ese da t a , a n d devel opmen t
of t h e en t r y pr ocedu r e, sh ou l d be don e by , or
r evi ewed by , a t ech n i ca l l y qu a l i fi ed pr ofes-
si on a l (e. g. , OS HA con su l t a t i on ser vi ce, or
cer t i fi ed i n du st r i a l h y gi en i st , r egi st er ed
sa fet y en gi n eer , cer t i fi ed sa fet y pr ofessi on a l ,
cer t i fi ed ma r i n e ch emi st , et c. ) ba sed on eva l -
u a t i on of a l l ser i ou s h a za r ds.
(2) Verif icat ion t est in g. Th e a t mosph er e of a
per mi t spa ce wh i ch ma y con t a i n a h a za r dou s
a t mosph er e sh ou l d be t est ed for r esi du es of
a l l con t a mi n a n t s i den t i fi ed by eva l u a t i on
t est i n g u si n g per mi t speci fi ed equ i pmen t t o
det er mi n e t h a t r esi du a l con cen t r a t i on s a t
t h e t i me of t est i n g a n d en t r y a r e wi t h i n t h e
r a n ge of a ccept a bl e en t r y con di t i on s. Resu l t s
of t est i n g (i . e. , a ct u a l con cen t r a t i on , et c. )
sh ou l d be r ecor ded on t h e per mi t i n t h e
spa ce pr ovi ded a dj a cen t t o t h e st i pu l a t ed a c-
cept a bl e en t r y con di t i on .
(3) Du rat ion of t est in g. Mea su r emen t of va l -
u es for ea ch a t mosph er i c pa r a met er sh ou l d
be ma de for a t l ea st t h e mi n i mu m r espon se
t i me of t h e t est i n st r u men t speci fi ed by t h e
(4) T est in g st rat if ied at mosph eres. Wh en
mon i t or i n g for en t r i es i n vol vi n g a descen t
i n t o a t mosph er es t h a t ma y be st r a t i fi ed, t h e
a t mosph er i c en vel ope sh ou l d be t est ed a di s-
t a n ce of a ppr oxi ma t el y 4 feet (1. 22 m) i n t h e
di r ect i on of t r a vel a n d t o ea ch si de. I f a sa m-
pl i n g pr obe i s u sed, t h e en t r a n t s r a t e of
pr ogr ess sh ou l d be sl owed t o a ccommoda t e
t h e sa mpl i n g speed a n d det ect or r espon se.
(5) Order of t est in g. A t est for oxy gen i s per -
for med fi r st beca u se most combu st i bl e ga s
met er s a r e oxy gen depen den t a n d wi l l n ot
pr ovi de r el i a bl e r ea di n gs i n a n oxy gen defi -
ci en t a t mosph er e. Combu st i bl e ga sses a r e
t est ed for n ext beca u se t h e t h r ea t of fi r e or
expl osi on i s bot h mor e i mmedi a t e a n d mor e
l i fe t h r ea t en i n g, i n most ca ses, t h a n expo-
su r e t o t oxi c ga sses a n d va por s. I f t est s for
t oxi c ga sses a n d va por s a r e n ecessa r y , t h ey
a r e per for med l a st .
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 146EXAMP LES OF
P ERMI T-REQUI RED CONF I NED S P ACE P ROGRAMS
Example 1.
Work place. S ewer en t r y .
Pot en t ial h azards. Th e empl oy ees cou l d be ex-
posed t o t h e fol l owi n g:
En gu lf men t .
Presen ce of t oxic gases. Equ a l t o or mor e t h a n
10 ppm h y dr ogen su l fi de mea su r ed a s a n 8-
h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge. I f t h e pr esen ce
of ot h er t oxi c con t a mi n a n t s i s su spect ed,
speci fi c mon i t or i n g pr ogr a ms wi l l be devel -
oped.
Presen ce of explosive/f lammable gases. Equ a l t o
or gr ea t er t h a n 10% of t h e l ower fl a mma bl e
l i mi t (LF L).
Oxy gen Def icien cy . A con cen t r a t i on of oxy gen
i n t h e a t mosph er e equ a l t o or l ess t h a n 19. 5%
by vol u me.
A. En t ry Wit h ou t Permit /At t en dan t
Cert if icat ion . Con fi n ed spa ces ma y be en t er ed
wi t h ou t t h e n eed for a wr i t t en per mi t or a t -
t en da n t pr ovi ded t h a t t h e spa ce ca n be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a sa fe con di t i on for en t r y by me-
ch a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on a l on e, a s pr ovi ded i n
1910. 146(c)(5). Al l spa ces sh a l l be con si der ed
per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ces u n t i l t h e
pr e-en t r y pr ocedu r es demon st r a t e ot h er wi se.
An y empl oy ee r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed t o pr e-
ch eck or en t er a n en cl osed/con fi n ed spa ce
sh a l l h a ve su ccessfu l l y compl et ed, -a s a mi n -
i mu m, t h e t r a i n i n g a s r equ i r ed by t h e fol -
l owi n g sect i on s of t h ese pr ocedu r es. A writ t en
copy of operat in g an d rescu e procedu res as re-
qu ired by t h ese procedu res sh all be at t h e work
sit e f or t h e du rat ion of t h e job. Th e Con fi n ed
S pa ce P r e-En t r y Ch eck Li st mu st be com-
pl et ed by t h e LEAD WORKER befor e en t r y
i n t o a con fi n ed spa ce. Th i s l i st ver i fi es com-
pl et i on of i t ems l i st ed bel ow. Th i s ch eck l i st
sh a l l be k ept a t t h e j ob si t e for du r a t i on of
t h e j ob. I f ci r cu mst a n ces di ct a t e a n i n t er r u p-
t i on i n t h e wor k , t h e per mi t spa ce mu st be
r e-eva l u a t ed a n d a n ew ch eck l i st mu st be
compl et ed.
Con t rol of at mosph eric an d en gu lf men t h azards.
Pu mps an d L in es. Al l pu mps a n d l i n es wh i ch
ma y r ea son a bl y ca u se con t a mi n a n t s t o fl ow
i n t o t h e spa ce sh a l l be di scon n ect ed, bl i n ded
a n d l ock ed ou t , or effect i vel y i sol a t ed by
ot h er mea n s t o pr even t devel opmen t of da n -
ger ou s a i r con t a mi n a t i on or en gu l fmen t . Not
a l l l a t er a l s t o sewer s or st or m dr a i n s r equ i r e
bl ock i n g. However , wh er e exper i en ce or
k n owl edge of i n du st r i a l u se i n di ca t es t h er e
i s a r ea son a bl e pot en t i a l for con t a mi n a t i on
of a i r or en gu l fmen t i n t o a n occu pi ed sewer ,
t h en a l l a ffect ed l a t er a l s sh a l l be bl ock ed. I f
bl ock i n g a n d/or i sol a t i on r equ i r es en t r y i n t o
t h e spa ce t h e pr ovi si on s for en t r y i n t o a
per mi t - r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ce mu st be i m-
pl emen t ed.
Su rveillan ce. Th e su r r ou n di n g a r ea sh a l l be
su r vey ed t o a voi d h a za r ds su ch a s dr i ft i n g
va por s fr om t h e t a n k s, pi pi n g, or sewer s.
T est in g. Th e a t mosph er e wi t h i n t h e spa ce
wi l l be t est ed t o det er mi n e wh et h er da n -
ger ou s a i r con t a mi n a t i on a n d/or oxy gen defi -
ci en cy exi st s. Det ect or t u bes, a l a r m on l y ga s
mon i t or s a n d expl osi on met er s a r e exa mpl es
of mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t t h a t ma y be u sed
t o t est per mi t spa ce a t mosph er es. Test i n g
sh a l l be per for med by t h e LEAD WORKER
wh o h a s su ccessfu l l y compl et ed t h e Ga s De-
t ect or t r a i n i n g for t h e mon i t or h e wi l l u se.
Th e mi n i mu m pa r a met er s t o be mon i t or ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
475
a r e oxy gen defi ci en cy , LF L, a n d h y dr ogen
su l fi de con cen t r a t i on . A wr i t t en r ecor d of
t h e pr e-en t r y t est r esu l t s sh a l l be ma de a n d
k ept a t t h e wor k si t e for t h e du r a t i on of t h e
j ob. Th e su per vi sor wi l l cer t i fy i n wr i t i n g,
ba sed u pon t h e r esu l t s of t h e pr e-en t r y t est -
i n g, t h a t a l l h a za r ds h a ve been el i mi n a t ed.
Affect ed empl oy ees sh a l l be a bl e t o r evi ew
t h e t est i n g r esu l t s. Th e most h a za r dou s con -
di t i on s sh a l l gover n wh en wor k i s bei n g per -
for med i n t wo a dj oi n i n g, con n ect i n g spa ces.
En t ry Procedu res. I f t h er e a r e n o n on -a t mos-
ph er i c h a za r ds pr esen t a n d i f t h e pr e-en t r y
t est s sh ow t h er e i s n o da n ger ou s a i r con -
t a mi n a t i on a n d/or oxy gen defi ci en cy wi t h i n
t h e spa ce a n d t h er e i s n o r ea son t o bel i eve
t h a t a n y i s l i k el y t o devel op, en t r y i n t o a n d
wor k wi t h i n ma y pr oceed. Con t i n u ou s t est -
i n g of t h e a t mosph er e i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi -
ci n i t y of t h e wor k er s wi t h i n t h e spa ce sh a l l
be a ccompl i sh ed. Th e wor k er s wi l l i mme-
di a t el y l ea ve t h e per mi t spa ce wh en a n y of
t h e ga s mon i t or a l a r m set poi n t s a r e r ea ch ed
a s defi n ed. Wor k er s wi l l n ot r et u r n t o t h e
a r ea u n t i l a S UP ERVI S OR wh o h a s com-
pl et ed t h e ga s det ect or t r a i n i n g h a s u sed a
di r ect r ea di n g ga s det ect or t o eva l u a t e t h e
si t u a t i on a n d h a s det er mi n ed t h a t i t i s sa fe
t o en t er .
Rescu e. Ar r a n gemen t s for r escu e ser vi ces a r e
n ot r equ i r ed wh er e t h er e i s n o a t t en da n t .
S ee t h e r escu e por t i on of sect i on B. , bel ow,
for i n st r u ct i on s r ega r di n g r escu e pl a n n i n g
wh er e a n en t r y per mi t i s r equ i r ed.
B. En t ry Permit Requ ired
Permit s. Con fi n ed S pa ce En t r y P er mi t . Al l
spa ces sh a l l be con si der ed per mi t -r equ i r ed
con fi n ed spa ces u n t i l t h e pr e-en t r y pr oce-
du r es demon st r a t e ot h er wi se. An y empl oy ee
r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed t o pr e-ch eck or en t er a
per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ce sh a l l h a ve
su ccessfu l l y compl et ed, a s a mi n i mu m, t h e
t r a i n i n g a s r equ i r ed by t h e fol l owi n g sec-
t i on s of t h ese pr ocedu r es. A writ t en copy of
operat in g an d rescu e procedu res as requ ired by
t h ese procedu res sh all be at t h e work sit e f or t h e
du rat ion of t h e job. Th e Con fi n ed S pa ce En t r y
P er mi t mu st be compl et ed befor e a ppr ova l
ca n be gi ven t o en t er a per mi t -r equ i r ed con -
fi n ed spa ce. Th i s per mi t ver i fi es compl et i on
of i t ems l i st ed bel ow. Th i s per mi t sh a l l be
k ept a t t h e j ob si t e for t h e du r a t i on of t h e
j ob. I f ci r cu mst a n ces ca u se a n i n t er r u pt i on
i n t h e wor k or a ch a n ge i n t h e a l a r m con di -
t i on s for wh i ch en t r y wa s a ppr oved, a n ew
Con fi n ed S pa ce En t r y P er mi t mu st be com-
pl et ed.
Con t rol of at mosph eric an d en gu lf men t h azards.
Su rveillan ce. Th e su r r ou n di n g a r ea sh a l l be
su r vey ed t o a voi d h a za r ds su ch a s dr i ft i n g
va por s fr om t a n k s, pi pi n g or sewer s.
T est in g. Th e con fi n ed spa ce a t mosph er e sh a l l
be t est ed t o det er mi n e wh et h er da n ger ou s
a i r con t a mi n a t i on a n d/or oxy gen defi ci en cy
exi st s. A di r ect r ea di n g ga s mon i t or sh a l l be
u sed. Test i n g sh a l l be per for med by t h e S U-
P ERVI S OR wh o h a s su ccessfu l l y compl et ed
t h e ga s det ect or t r a i n i n g for t h e mon i t or h e
wi l l u se. Th e mi n i mu m pa r a met er s t o be
mon i t or ed a r e oxy gen defi ci en cy , LF L a n d
h y dr ogen su l fi de con cen t r a t i on . A wr i t t en
r ecor d of t h e pr e- en t r y t est r esu l t s sh a l l be
ma de a n d k ept a t t h e wor k si t e for t h e du r a -
t i on of t h e j ob. Affect ed empl oy ees sh a l l be
a bl e t o r evi ew t h e t est i n g r esu l t s. Th e most
h a za r dou s con di t i on s sh a l l gover n wh en
wor k i s bei n g per for med i n t wo a dj oi n i n g,
con n ect ed spa ces.
Space Ven t ilat ion . Mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on
sy st ems, wh er e a ppl i ca bl e, sh a l l be set a t
100% ou t si de a i r . Wh er e possi bl e, open a ddi -
t i on a l ma n h ol es t o i n cr ea se a i r ci r cu l a t i on .
Use por t a bl e bl ower s t o a u gmen t n a t u r a l ci r -
cu l a t i on i f n eeded. Aft er a su i t a bl e ven -
t i l a t i n g per i od, r epea t t h e t est i n g. En t r y
ma y n ot begi n u n t i l t est i n g h a s dem-
on st r a t ed t h a t t h e h a za r dou s a t mosph er e h a s
been el i mi n a t ed.
En t ry Procedu res. Th e fol l owi n g pr ocedu r e
sh a l l be obser ved u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s: 1. ) Test i n g demon st r a t es t h e ex-
i st en ce of da n ger ou s or defi ci en t con di t i on s
a n d a ddi t i on a l ven t i l a t i on ca n n ot r edu ce
con cen t r a t i on s t o sa fe l evel s; 2. ) Th e a t mos-
ph er e t est s a s sa fe bu t u n sa fe con di t i on s ca n
r ea son a bl y be expect ed t o devel op; 3. ) I t i s
n ot fea si bl e t o pr ovi de for r ea dy exi t fr om
spa ces equ i pped wi t h a u t oma t i c fi r e su ppr es-
si on sy st ems a n d i t i s n ot pr a ct i ca l or sa fe t o
dea ct i va t e su ch sy st ems; or 4. ) An emer -
gen cy exi st s a n d i t i s n ot fea si bl e t o wa i t for
pr e-en t r y pr ocedu r es t o t a k e effect .
Al l per son n el mu st be t r a i n ed. A sel f con -
t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be wor n by
a n y per son en t er i n g t h e spa ce. At l ea st on e
wor k er sh a l l st a n d by t h e ou t si de of t h e
spa ce r ea dy t o gi ve a ssi st a n ce i n ca se of
emer gen cy . Th e st a n dby wor k er sh a l l h a ve a
sel f con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s a va i l a bl e
for i mmedi a t e u se. Th er e sh a l l be a t l ea st
on e a ddi t i on a l wor k er wi t h i n si gh t or ca l l of
t h e st a n dby wor k er . Con t i n u ou s power ed
commu n i ca t i on s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed be-
t ween t h e wor k er wi t h i n t h e con fi n ed spa ce
a n d st a n dby per son n el .
I f a t a n y t i me t h er e i s a n y qu est i on a bl e a c-
t i on or n on - movemen t by t h e wor k er i n si de,
a ver ba l ch eck wi l l be ma de. I f t h er e i s n o r e-
spon se, t h e wor k er wi l l be moved i mme-
di a t el y . Except ion : I f t h e wor k er i s di sa bl ed
du e t o fa l l i n g or i mpa ct , h e/sh e sh a l l n ot be
r emoved fr om t h e con fi n ed spa ce u n l ess
t h er e i s i mmedi a t e da n ger t o h i s/h er l i fe.
Loca l fi r e depa r t men t r escu e per son n el sh a l l
be n ot i fi ed i mmedi a t el y . Th e st a n dby wor k er
ma y on l y en t er t h e con fi n ed spa ce i n ca se of
a n emer gen cy (wea r i n g t h e sel f con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s) a n d on l y a ft er bei n g r e-
l i eved by a n ot h er wor k er . S a fet y bel t or h a r -
n ess wi t h a t t a ch ed l i fel i n e sh a l l be u sed by
a l l wor k er s en t er i n g t h e spa ce wi t h t h e fr ee
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
476
en d of t h e l i n e secu r ed ou t si de t h e en t r y
open i n g. Th e st a n dby wor k er sh a l l a t t empt
t o r emove a di sa bl ed wor k er vi a h i s l i fel i n e
befor e en t er i n g t h e spa ce.
Wh en pr a ct i ca l , t h ese spa ces sh a l l be en -
t er ed t h r ou gh si de open i n gst h ose wi t h i n 3
1/2 feet (1. 07 m) of t h e bot t om. Wh en en t r y
mu st be t h r ou gh a t op open i n g, t h e sa fet y
bel t sh a l l be of t h e h a r n ess t y pe t h a t su s-
pen ds a per son u pr i gh t a n d a h oi st i n g devi ce
or si mi l a r a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for
l i ft i n g wor k er s ou t of t h e spa ce.
I n a n y si t u a t i on wh er e t h ei r u se ma y en -
da n ger t h e wor k er , u se of a h oi st i n g devi ce
or sa fet y bel t a n d a t t a ch ed l i fel i n e ma y be
di scon t i n u ed.
Wh en da n ger ou s a i r con t a mi n a t i on i s a t -
t r i bu t a bl e t o fl a mma bl e a n d/or expl osi ve
su bst a n ces, l i gh t i n g a n d el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t sh a l l be Cl a ss 1, Di vi si on 1 r a t ed per
Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code a n d n o i gn i t i on
sou r ces sh a l l be i n t r odu ced i n t o t h e a r ea .
Con t i n u ou s ga s mon i t or i n g sh a l l be per -
for med du r i n g a l l con fi n ed spa ce oper a t i on s.
I f a l a r m con di t i on s ch a n ge a dver sel y , en t r y
per son n el sh a l l exi t t h e con fi n ed spa ce a n d a
n ew con fi n ed spa ce per mi t i ssu ed.
Rescu e. Ca l l t h e fi r e depa r t men t ser vi ces for
r escu e. Wh er e i mmedi a t e h a za r ds t o i n j u r ed
per son n el a r e pr esen t , wor k er s a t t h e si t e
sh a l l i mpl emen t emer gen cy pr ocedu r es t o fi t
t h e si t u a t i on .
Example 2.
Work place. Mea t a n d pou l t r y r en der i n g
pl a n t s.
Cook er s a n d dr y er s a r e ei t h er ba t ch or con -
t i n u ou s i n t h ei r oper a t i on . Mu l t i pl e ba t ch
cook er s a r e oper a t ed i n pa r a l l el . Wh en on e
u n i t of a mu l t i pl e set i s sh u t down for r e-
pa i r s, mea n s a r e a va i l a bl e t o i sol a t e t h a t
u n i t fr om t h e ot h er s wh i ch r ema i n i n oper -
a t i on .
Cook er s a n d dr y er s a r e h or i zon t a l , cy l i n -
dr i ca l vessel s equ i pped wi t h a cen t er , r ot a t -
i n g sh a ft a n d a gi t a t or pa ddl es or di scs. I f t h e
i n n er sh el l i s j a ck et ed, i t i s u su a l l y h ea t ed
wi t h st ea m a t pr essu r es u p t o 150 psi g (1034. 25
k P a ). Th e r ot a t i n g sh a ft a ssembl y of t h e
con t i n u ou s cook er or dr y er i s a l so st ea m
h ea t ed.
Pot en t ial Hazards. Th e r ecogn i zed h a za r ds a s-
soci a t ed wi t h cook er s a n d dr y er s a r e t h e r i sk
t h a t empl oy ees cou l d be:
1. S t r u ck or ca u gh t by r ot a t i n g a gi t a t or ;
2. En gu l fed i n r a w ma t er i a l or h ot , r ecy cl ed
fa t ;
3. Bu r n ed by st ea m fr om l ea k s i n t o t h e cook -
er /dr y er st ea m j a ck et or t h e con den ser du ct
sy st em i f st ea m va l ves a r e n ot pr oper l y
cl osed a n d l ock ed ou t ;
4. Bu r n ed by con t a ct wi t h h ot met a l su r -
fa ces, su ch a s t h e a gi t a t or sh a ft a ssembl y , or
i n n er sh el l of t h e cook er /dr y er ;
5. Hea t st r ess ca u sed by wa r m a t mosph er e
i n si de cook er /dr y er ;
6. S l i ppi n g a n d fa l l i n g on gr ea se i n t h e cook -
er /dr y er ;
7. El ect r i ca l l y sh ock ed by fa u l t y equ i pmen t
t a k en i n t o t h e cook er /dr y er ;
8. Bu r n ed or over come by fi r e or pr odu ct s of
combu st i on ; or
9. Over come by fu mes gen er a t ed by wel di n g
or cu t t i n g don e on gr ea se cover ed su r fa ces.
Permit s. Th e su per vi sor i n t h i s ca se i s a l wa y s
pr esen t a t t h e cook er /dr y er or ot h er per mi t
en t r y con fi n ed spa ce wh en en t r y i s ma de.
Th e su per vi sor mu st fol l ow t h e pr e-en t r y i so-
l a t i on pr ocedu r es descr i bed i n t h e en t r y per -
mi t i n pr epa r i n g for en t r y , a n d en su r e t h a t
t h e pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g, ven t i l a t i n g equ i p-
men t a n d a n y ot h er equ i pmen t r equ i r ed by
t h e per mi t a r e a t t h e en t r y si t e.
Con t rol of h azards. Mech a n i ca l . Lock ou t
ma i n power swi t ch t o a gi t a t or mot or a t
ma i n power pa n el . Affi x t a g t o t h e l ock t o
i n for m ot h er s t h a t a per mi t en t r y con fi n ed
spa ce en t r y i s i n pr ogr ess.
En gu lf men t . Cl ose a l l va l ves i n t h e r a w ma t e-
r i a l bl ow l i n e. S ecu r e ea ch va l ve i n i t s cl osed
posi t i on u si n g ch a i n a n d l ock . At t a ch a t a g
t o t h e va l ve a n d ch a i n wa r n i n g t h a t a per mi t
en t r y con fi n ed spa ce en t r y i s i n pr ogr ess.
Th e sa me pr ocedu r e sh a l l be u sed for secu r -
i n g t h e fa t r ecy cl e va l ve.
Bu rn s an d h eat st ress. Cl ose st ea m su ppl y
va l ves t o j a ck et a n d secu r e wi t h ch a i n s a n d
t a gs. I n ser t sol i d bl a n k a t fl a n ge i n cook er
ven t l i n e t o con den ser ma n i fol d du ct sy st em.
Ven t cook er /dr y er by open i n g a ccess door a t
di sch a r ge en d a n d t op cen t er door t o a l l ow
n a t u r a l ven t i l a t i on t h r ou gh ou t t h e en t r y . I f
fa st er cool i n g i s n eeded, u se a por t a bl e ven -
t i l a t i on fa n t o i n cr ea se ven t i l a t i on . Cool i n g
wa t er ma y be ci r cu l a t ed t h r ou gh t h e j a ck et
t o r edu ce bot h ou t er a n d i n n er su r fa ce t em-
per a t u r es of cook er /dr y er s fa st er . Ch eck a i r
a n d i n n er su r fa ce t emper a t u r es i n cook er /
dr y er t o a ssu r e t h ey a r e wi t h i n a ccept a bl e
l i mi t s befor e en t er i n g, or u se pr oper pr ot ec-
t i ve cl ot h i n g.
Fire an d f u me h azards. Ca r efu l si t e pr epa r a -
t i on , su ch a s cl ea n i n g t h e a r ea wi t h i n 4
i n ch es (10. 16 cm) of a l l wel di n g or t or ch cu t -
t i n g oper a t i on s, a n d pr oper ven t i l a t i on a r e
t h e pr efer r ed con t r ol s. Al l wel di n g a n d cu t -
t i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R P a r t 1910,
S u bpa r t Q, OS HAs wel di n g st a n da r d. P r oper
ven t i l a t i on ma y be a ch i eved by l oca l exh a u st
ven t i l a t i on , or t h e u se of por t a bl e ven t i l a -
t i on fa n s, or a combi n a t i on of t h e t wo pr a c-
t i ces.
Elect rical sh ock . El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t u sed i n
cook er /dr y er s sh a l l be i n ser vi cea bl e con di -
t i on .
Slips an d f alls. Remove r esi du a l gr ea se befor e
en t er i n g cook er /dr y er .
At t en dan t . Th e su per vi sor sh a l l be t h e a t -
t en da n t for empl oy ees en t er i n g cook er /dr y -
er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
477
Permit . Th e per mi t sh a l l speci fy h ow i sol a -
t i on sh a l l be don e a n d a n y ot h er pr epa r a -
t i on s n eeded befor e ma k i n g en t r y . Th i s i s es-
peci a l l y i mpor t a n t i n pa r a l l el a r r a n gemen t s
of cook er /dr y er s so t h a t t h e en t i r e oper a t i on
n eed n ot be sh u t down t o a l l ow sa fe en t r y
i n t o on e u n i t .
Rescu e. Wh en n ecessa r y , t h e a t t en da n t sh a l l
ca l l t h e fi r e depa r t men t a s pr evi ou sl y a r -
r a n ged.
Example 3.
Work place. Wor k pl a ces wh er e t a n k ca r s,
t r u ck s, a n d t r a i l er s, dr y bu l k t a n k s a n d
t r a i l er s, r a i l r oa d t a n k ca r s, a n d si mi l a r por t -
a bl e t a n k s a r e fa br i ca t ed or ser vi ced.
A. Du rin g f abricat ion . Th ese t a n k s a n d dr y -
bu l k ca r r i er s a r e en t er ed r epea t edl y
t h r ou gh ou t t h e fa br i ca t i on pr ocess. Th ese
pr odu ct s a r e n ot con fi gu r ed i den t i ca l l y , bu t
t h e ma n u fa ct u r i n g pr ocesses by wh i ch t h ey
a r e ma de a r e ver y si mi l a r .
Sou rces of h azards. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e me-
ch a n i ca l h a za r ds a r i si n g fr om t h e r i sk s t h a t
a n en t r a n t wou l d be i n j u r ed du e t o con t a ct
wi t h compon en t s of t h e t a n k or t h e t ool s
bei n g u sed, t h er e i s a l so t h e r i sk t h a t a
wor k er cou l d be i n j u r ed by br ea t h i n g fu mes
fr om wel di n g ma t er i a l s or mi st s or va por s
fr om ma t er i a l s u sed t o coa t t h e t a n k i n t e-
r i or . I n a ddi t i on , ma n y of t h ese va por s a n d
mi st s a r e fl a mma bl e, so t h e fa i l u r e t o pr op-
er l y ven t i l a t e a t a n k cou l d l ea d t o a fi r e or
expl osi on .
Con t rol of h azards.
Weldin g. Loca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be
u sed t o r emove wel di n g fu mes on ce t h e t a n k
or ca r r i er i s compl et ed t o t h e poi n t t h a t
wor k er s ma y en t er a n d exi t on l y t h r ou gh a
ma n h ol e. (F ol l ow t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910, S u bpa r t Q, OS HAs wel di n g st a n da r d, a t
a l l t i mes. ) Wel di n g ga s t a n k s ma y n ever be
br ou gh t i n t o a t a n k or ca r r i er t h a t i s a per -
mi t en t r y con fi n ed spa ce.
Applicat ion of in t erior coat in gs/lin in gs. At -
mosph er i c h a za r ds sh a l l be con t r ol l ed by
for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on su ffi ci en t t o k eep t h e
a t mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on of fl a mma bl e ma -
t er i a l s bel ow 10% of t h e l ower fl a mma bl e
l i mi t (LF L) (or l ower expl osi ve l i mi t (LEL),
wh i ch ever t er m i s u sed l oca l l y ). Th e a ppr o-
pr i a t e r espi r a t or s a r e pr ovi ded a n d sh a l l be
u sed i n a ddi t i on t o pr ovi di n g for ced ven t i l a -
t i on i f t h e for ced ven t i l a t i on does n ot ma i n -
t a i n a ccept a bl e r espi r a t or y con di t i on s.
Permit s. Beca u se of t h e r epet i t i ve n a t u r e of
t h e en t r i es i n t h ese oper a t i on s, a n Ar ea
En t r y P er mi t wi l l be i ssu ed for a 1 mon t h
per i od t o cover t h ose pr odu ct i on a r ea s wh er e
t a n k s a r e fa br i ca t ed t o t h e poi n t t h a t en t r y
a n d exi t a r e ma de u si n g ma n h ol es.
Au t h orizat ion . On l y t h e a r ea su per vi sor ma y
a u t h or i ze a n empl oy ee t o en t er a t a n k wi t h -
i n t h e per mi t a r ea . Th e a r ea su per vi sor mu st
det er mi n e t h a t con di t i on s i n t h e t a n k t r a i l -
er , dr y bu l k t r a i l er or t r u ck , et c. meet per -
mi t r equ i r emen t s befor e a u t h or i zi n g en t r y .
At t en dan t . Th e a r ea su per vi sor sh a l l des-
i gn a t e a n empl oy ee t o ma i n t a i n commu n i ca -
t i on by empl oy er speci fi ed mea n s wi t h em-
pl oy ees wor k i n g i n t a n k s t o en su r e t h ei r
sa fet y . Th e a t t en da n t ma y n ot en t er a n y
per mi t en t r y con fi n ed spa ce t o r escu e a n en -
t r a n t or for a n y ot h er r ea son , u n l ess a u t h or -
i zed by t h e r escu e pr ocedu r e a n d, a n d even
t h en , on l y a ft er ca l l i n g t h e r escu e t ea m a n d
bei n g r el i eved by a s a t t en da n t by a n ot h er
wor k er .
Commu n icat ion s an d observat ion . Commu n i ca -
t i on s bet ween a t t en da n t a n d en t r a n t (s) sh a l l
be ma i n t a i n ed t h r ou gh ou t en t r y . Met h ods of
commu n i ca t i on t h a t ma y be speci fi ed by t h e
per mi t i n cl u de voi ce, voi ce power ed r a di o,
t a ppi n g or r a ppi n g codes on t a n k wa l l s, si g-
n a l l i n g t u gs on a r ope, a n d t h e a t t en da n t s
obser va t i on t h a t wor k a ct i vi t i es su ch a s
ch i ppi n g, gr i n di n g, wel di n g, spr a y i n g, et c. ,
wh i ch r equ i r e del i ber a t e oper a t or con t r ol
con t i n u e n or ma l l y . Th ese a ct i vi t i es oft en
gen er a t e so mu ch n oi se t h a t t h e n ecessa r y
h ea r i n g pr ot ect i on ma k es commu n i ca t i on by
voi ce di ffi cu l t .
Rescu e procedu res. Accept a bl e r escu e pr oce-
du r es i n cl u de en t r y by a t ea m of empl oy ee-
r escu er s, u se of pu bl i c emer gen cy ser vi ces,
a n d pr ocedu r es for br ea ch i n g t h e t a n k . Th e
a r ea per mi t speci fi es wh i ch pr ocedu r es a r e
a va i l a bl e, bu t t h e a r ea su per vi sor ma k es t h e
fi n a l deci si on ba sed on ci r cu mst a n ces. (Cer -
t a i n i n j u r i es ma y ma k e i t n ecessa r y t o
br ea ch t h e t a n k t o r emove a per son r a t h er
t h a n r i sk a ddi t i on a l i n j u r y by r emova l
t h r ou gh a n exi st i n g ma n h ol e. However , t h e
su per vi sor mu st en su r e t h a t n o br ea ch i n g
pr ocedu r e u sed for r escu e wou l d vi ol a t e
t er ms of t h e en t r y per mi t . F or i n st a n ce, i f
t h e t a n k mu st be br ea ch ed by cu t t i n g wi t h a
t or ch , t h e t a n k su r fa ces t o be cu t mu st be
fr ee of vol a t i l e or combu st i bl e coa t i n gs wi t h -
i n 4 i n ch es (10. 16 cm) of t h e cu t t i n g l i n e a n d
t h e a t mosph er e wi t h i n t h e t a n k mu st be
bel ow t h e LF L.
Ret rieval lin e an d h arn esses. Th e r et r i eva l
l i n es a n d h a r n esses gen er a l l y r equ i r ed u n der
t h i s st a n da r d a r e u su a l l y i mpr a ct i ca l for u se
i n t a n k s beca u se t h e i n t er n a l con fi gu r a t i on
of t h e t a n k s a n d t h ei r i n t er i or ba ffl es a n d
ot h er st r u ct u r es wou l d pr even t r escu er s fr om
h a u l i n g ou t i n j u r ed en t r a n t s. However , u n -
l ess t h e r escu e pr ocedu r e ca l l s for br ea ch i n g
t h e t a n k for r escu e, t h e r escu e t ea m sh a l l be
t r a i n ed i n t h e u se of r et r i eva l l i n es a n d h a r -
n esses for r emovi n g i n j u r ed empl oy ees
t h r ou gh ma n h ol es.
B. Repair or service of u sed t an k s an d bu lk
t railers.
Sou rces of h azards. I n a ddi t i on t o fa ci n g t h e
pot en t i a l h a za r ds en cou n t er ed i n fa br i ca t i on
or ma n u fa ct u r i n g, t a n k s or t r a i l er s wh i ch
h a ve been i n ser vi ce ma y con t a i n r esi du es of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
478
da n ger ou s ma t er i a l s, wh et h er l eft over fr om
t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of h a za r dou s ca r goes or
gen er a t ed by ch emi ca l or ba ct er i a l a ct i on on
r esi du es of n on -h a za r dou s ca r goes.
Con t rol of at mosph eric h azards. A u sed t a n k
sh a l l be br ou gh t i n t o a r ea s wh er e t a n k en t r y
i s a u t h or i zed on l y a ft er t h e t a n k h a s been
empt i ed, cl ea n sed (wi t h ou t empl oy ee en t r y )
of a n y r esi du es, a n d pu r ged of a n y pot en t i a l
a t mosph er i c h a za r ds.
Weldin g. I n a ddi t i on t o t a n k cl ea n i n g for
con t r ol of a t mosph er i c h a za r ds, coa t i n g a n d
su r fa ce ma t er i a l s sh a l l be r emoved 4 i n ch es
(10. 16 cm) or mor e fr om a n y su r fa ce a r ea
wh er e wel di n g or ot h er t or ch wor k wi l l be
don e a n d ca r e t a k en t h a t t h e a t mosph er e
wi t h i n t h e t a n k r ema i n s wel l bel ow t h e LF L.
(F ol l ow t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910,
S u bpa r t Q, OS HAs wel di n g st a n da r d, a t a l l
t i mes. )
Permit s. An en t r y per mi t va l i d for u p t o 1
y ea r sh a l l be i ssu ed pr i or t o a u t h or i za t i on of
en t r y i n t o u sed t a n k t r a i l er s, dr y bu l k t r a i l -
er s or t r u ck s. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e pr e-en t r y
cl ea n i n g r equ i r emen t , t h i s per mi t sh a l l r e-
qu i r e t h e empl oy ee sa fegu a r ds speci fi ed for
n ew t a n k fa br i ca t i on or con st r u ct i on per mi t
a r ea s.
Au t h orizat ion . On l y t h e a r ea su per vi sor ma y
a u t h or i ze a n empl oy ee t o en t er a t a n k t r a i l -
er , dr y bu l k t r a i l er or t r u ck wi t h i n t h e per -
mi t a r ea . Th e a r ea su per vi sor mu st det er -
mi n e t h a t t h e en t r y per mi t r equ i r emen t s
h a ve been met befor e a u t h or i zi n g en t r y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
479
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 146S AMP LE P ERMI TS
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
480
AP P ENDI X E TO 1910. 146S EWER S YS TEM
ENTRY
S ewer en t r y di ffer s i n t h r ee vi t a l r espect s
fr om ot h er per mi t en t r i es; fi r st , t h er e r a r el y
exi st s a n y wa y t o compl et el y i sol a t e t h e
spa ce (a sect i on of a con t i n u ou s sy st em) t o
be en t er ed; secon d, beca u se i sol a t i on i s n ot
compl et e, t h e a t mosph er e ma y su dden l y a n d
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
1
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
481
u n pr edi ct a bl y become l et h a l l y h a za r dou s
(t oxi c, fl a mma bl e or expl osi ve) fr om ca u ses
bey on d t h e con t r ol of t h e en t r a n t or em-
pl oy er , a n d t h i r d, exper i en ced sewer wor k er s
a r e especi a l l y k n owl edgea bl e i n en t r y a n d
wor k i n t h ei r per mi t spa ces beca u se of t h ei r
fr equ en t en t r i es. Un l i k e ot h er empl oy men t s
wh er e per mi t spa ce en t r y i s a r a r e a n d excep-
t i on a l even t , sewer wor k er s u su a l wor k en -
vi r on men t i s a per mi t spa ce.
(1) Adh eren ce t o procedu re. Th e empl oy er
sh ou l d desi gn a t e a s en t r a n t s on l y empl oy ees
wh o a r e t h or ou gh l y t r a i n ed i n t h e empl oy -
er s sewer en t r y pr ocedu r es a n d wh o dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h ey fol l ow t h ese en t r y pr oce-
du r es exa ct l y a s pr escr i bed wh en per for mi n g
sewer en t r i es.
(2) At mosph eric mon it orin g. En t r a n t s sh ou l d
be t r a i n ed i n t h e u se of, a n d be equ i pped
wi t h , a t mosph er i c mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t
wh i ch sou n ds a n a u di bl e a l a r m, i n a ddi t i on
t o i t s vi su a l r ea dou t , wh en ever on e of t h e
fol l owi n g con di t i on s a r e en cou n t er ed: Oxy -
gen con cen t r a t i on l ess t h a n 19. 5 per cen t ;
fl a mma bl e ga s or va por a t 10 per cen t or mor e
of t h e l ower fl a mma bl e l i mi t (LF L); or h y -
dr ogen su l fi de or ca r bon mon oxi de a t or
a bove 10 ppm or 35 ppm, r espect i vel y , mea s-
u r ed a s a n 8-h ou r t i me-wei gh t ed a ver a ge. At -
mosph er i c mon i t or i n g equ i pmen t n eeds t o be
ca l i br a t ed a ccor di n g t o t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s
i n st r u ct i on s. Th e oxy gen sen sor /br oa d r a n ge
sen sor i s best su i t ed for i n i t i a l u se i n si t u a -
t i on s wh er e t h e a ct u a l or pot en t i a l con t a mi -
n a n t s h a ve n ot been i den t i fi ed, beca u se
br oa d r a n ge sen sor s, u n l i k e su bst a n ce-spe-
ci fi c sen sor s, en a bl e empl oy er s t o obt a i n a n
over a l l r ea di n g of t h e h y dr oca r bon s
(fl a mma bl es) pr esen t i n t h e spa ce. However ,
su ch sen sor s on l y i n di ca t e t h a t a h a za r dou s
t h r esh ol d of a cl a ss of ch emi ca l s h a s been ex-
ceeded. Th ey do n ot mea su r e t h e l evel s of
con t a mi n a t i on of speci fi c su bst a n ces. Th er e-
for e, su bst a n ce-speci fi c devi ces, wh i ch mea s-
u r e t h e a ct u a l l evel s of speci fi c su bst a n ces,
a r e best su i t ed for u se wh er e a ct u a l a n d po-
t en t i a l con t a mi n a n t s h a ve been i den t i fi ed.
Th e mea su r emen t s obt a i n ed wi t h su bst a n ce-
speci fi c devi ces a r e of vi t a l i mpor t a n ce t o
t h e empl oy er wh en deci si on s a r e ma de con -
cer n i n g t h e mea su r es n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect
en t r a n t s (su ch a s ven t i l a t i on or per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ) a n d t h e set t i n g a n d
a t t a i n men t of a ppr opr i a t e en t r y con di t i on s.
However , t h e sewer en vi r on men t ma y su d-
den l y a n d u n pr edi ct a bl y ch a n ge, a n d t h e su b-
st a n ce-speci fi c devi ces ma y n ot det ect t h e
pot en t i a l l y l et h a l a t mosph er i c h a za r ds
wh i ch ma y en t er t h e sewer en vi r on men t .
Al t h ou gh OS HA con si der s t h e i n for ma t i on
a n d gu i da n ce pr ovi ded a bove t o be a ppr o-
pr i a t e a n d u sefu l i n most sewer en t r y si t u a -
t i on s, t h e Agen cy emph a si zes t h a t ea ch em-
pl oy er mu st con si der t h e u n i qu e ci r -
cu mst a n ces, i n cl u di n g t h e pr edi ct a bi l i t y of
t h e a t mosph er e, of t h e sewer per mi t spa ces
i n t h e empl oy er s wor k pl a ce i n pr epa r i n g for
en t r y . On l y t h e empl oy er ca n deci de, ba sed
u pon h i s or h er k n owl edge of, a n d exper i en ce
wi t h per mi t spa ces i n sewer sy st ems, wh a t
t h e best t y pe of t est i n g i n st r u men t ma y be
for a n y speci fi c en t r y oper a t i on .
Th e sel ect ed t est i n g i n st r u men t sh ou l d be
ca r r i ed a n d u sed by t h e en t r a n t i n sewer l i n e
wor k t o mon i t or t h e a t mosph er e i n t h e en -
t r a n t s en vi r on men t , a n d i n a dva n ce of t h e
en t r a n t s di r ect i on of movemen t , t o wa r n t h e
en t r a n t of a n y det er i or a t i on i n a t mosph er i c
con di t i on s. Wh er e sever a l en t r a n t s a r e wor k -
i n g t oget h er i n t h e sa me i mmedi a t e l oca -
t i on , on e i n st r u men t , u sed by t h e l ea d en -
t r a n t , i s a ccept a bl e.
(3) Su rge f low an d f loodin g. S ewer cr ews
sh ou l d devel op a n d ma i n t a i n l i a i son , t o t h e
ext en t possi bl e, wi t h t h e l oca l wea t h er bu -
r ea u a n d fi r e a n d emer gen cy ser vi ces i n t h ei r
a r ea so t h a t sewer wor k ma y be del a y ed or
i n t er r u pt ed a n d en t r a n t s wi t h dr a wn wh en -
ever sewer l i n es mi gh t be su dden l y fl ooded
by r a i n or fi r e su ppr essi on a ct i vi t i es, or
wh en ever fl a mma bl e or ot h er h a za r dou s ma -
t er i a l s a r e r el ea sed i n t o sewer s du r i n g emer -
gen ci es by i n du st r i a l or t r a n spor t a t i on a cci -
den t s.
(4) Special Equ ipmen t . En t r y i n t o l a r ge bor e
sewer s ma y r equ i r e t h e u se of speci a l equ i p-
men t . S u ch equ i pmen t mi gh t i n cl u de su ch
i t ems a s a t mosph er e mon i t or i n g devi ces
wi t h a u t oma t i c a u di bl e a l a r ms, esca pe sel f-
con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s (ES CBA) wi t h
a t l ea st 10 mi n u t e a i r su ppl y (or ot h er
NI OS H a ppr oved sel f-r escu er ), a n d wa t er -
pr oof fl a sh l i gh t s, a n d ma y a l so i n cl u de boa t s
a n d r a ft s, r a di os a n d r ope st a n d-offs for pu l l -
i n g a r ou n d ben ds a n d cor n er s a s n eeded.
AP P ENDI X F TO 1910. 146RES CUE TEAM OR
RES CUE S ERVI CE EVALUATI ON CRI TERI A
(NON-MANDATORY)
(1) Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des gu i da n ce t o em-
pl oy er s i n ch oosi n g a n a ppr opr i a t e r escu e
ser vi ce. I t con t a i n s cr i t er i a t h a t ma y be u sed
t o eva l u a t e t h e ca pa bi l i t i es bot h of pr ospec-
t i ve a n d cu r r en t r escu e t ea ms. Befor e a r es-
cu e t ea m ca n be t r a i n ed or ch osen , h owever ,
a sa t i sfa ct or y per mi t pr ogr a m, i n cl u di n g a n
a n a l y si s of a l l per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed
spa ces t o i den t i fy a l l pot en t i a l h a za r ds i n
t h ose spa ces, mu st be compl et ed. OS HA be-
l i eves t h a t compl i a n ce wi t h a l l t h e pr ovi -
si on s of 1910. 146 wi l l en a bl e empl oy er s t o
con du ct per mi t spa ce oper a t i on s wi t h ou t r e-
cou r se t o r escu e ser vi ces i n n ea r l y a l l ca ses.
However , exper i en ce i n di ca t es t h a t ci r -
cu mst a n ces wi l l a r i se wh er e en t r a n t s wi l l
n eed t o be r escu ed fr om per mi t spa ces. I t i s
t h er efor e i mpor t a n t for empl oy er s t o sel ect
r escu e ser vi ces or t ea ms, ei t h er on -si t e or
off-si t e, t h a t a r e equ i pped a n d ca pa bl e of
mi n i mi zi n g h a r m t o bot h en t r a n t s a n d r es-
cu er s i f t h e n eed a r i ses.
(2) F or a l l r escu e t ea ms or ser vi ces, t h e
empl oy er s eva l u a t i on sh ou l d con si st of t wo
compon en t s: a n i n i t i a l eva l u a t i on , i n wh i ch
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
482
empl oy er s deci de wh et h er a pot en t i a l r escu e
ser vi ce or t ea m i s a dequ a t el y t r a i n ed a n d
equ i pped t o per for m per mi t spa ce r escu es of
t h e k i n d n eeded a t t h e fa ci l i t y a n d wh et h er
su ch r escu er s ca n r espon d i n a t i mel y ma n -
n er , a n d a per for ma n ce eva l u a t i on , i n wh i ch
empl oy er s mea su r e t h e per for ma n ce of t h e
t ea m or ser vi ce du r i n g a n a ct u a l or pr a ct i ce
r escu e. F or exa mpl e, ba sed on t h e i n i t i a l
eva l u a t i on , a n empl oy er ma y det er mi n e t h a t
ma i n t a i n i n g a n on -si t e r escu e t ea m wi l l be
mor e expen si ve t h a n obt a i n i n g t h e ser vi ces
of a n off-si t e t ea m, wi t h ou t bei n g si gn i fi -
ca n t l y mor e effect i ve, a n d deci de t o h i r e a
r escu e ser vi ce. Du r i n g a per for ma n ce eva l u a -
t i on , t h e empl oy er cou l d deci de, a ft er ob-
ser vi n g t h e r escu e ser vi ce per for m a pr a ct i ce
r escu e, t h a t t h e ser vi ces t r a i n i n g or pr e-
pa r edn ess wa s n ot a dequ a t e t o effect a t i me-
l y or effect i ve r escu e a t h i s or h er fa ci l i t y
a n d deci de t o sel ect a n ot h er r escu e ser vi ce,
or t o for m a n i n t er n a l r escu e t ea m.
A. I n it ial Evalu at ion
I . Th e empl oy er sh ou l d meet wi t h t h e pr o-
spect i ve r escu e ser vi ce t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e eva l -
u a t i on s r equ i r ed by 1910. 146(k )(1)(i ) a n d
1910. 146(k )(1)(i i ). At a mi n i mu m, i f a n off-
si t e r escu e ser vi ce i s bei n g con si der ed, t h e
empl oy er mu st con t a ct t h e ser vi ce t o pl a n
a n d coor di n a t e t h e eva l u a t i on s r equ i r ed by
t h e st a n da r d. Mer el y post i n g t h e ser vi ces
n u mber or pl a n n i n g t o r el y on t h e 911 emer -
gen cy ph on e n u mber t o obt a i n t h ese ser vi ces
a t t h e t i me of a per mi t spa ce emer gen cy
wou l d n ot compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (k )(1) of
I I . Th e ca pa bi l i t i es r equ i r ed of a r escu e
ser vi ce va r y wi t h t h e t y pe of per mi t spa ces
fr om wh i ch r escu e ma y be n ecessa r y a n d t h e
h a za r ds l i k el y t o be en cou n t er ed i n t h ose
spa ces. An swer i n g t h e qu est i on s bel ow wi l l
a ssi st empl oy er s i n det er mi n i n g wh et h er t h e
r escu e ser vi ce i s ca pa bl e of per for mi n g r es-
cu es i n t h e per mi t spa ces pr esen t a t t h e em-
pl oy er s wor k pl a ce.
1. Wh a t a r e t h e n eeds of t h e empl oy er wi t h
r ega r d t o r espon se t i me (t i me for t h e r escu e
ser vi ce t o r ecei ve n ot i fi ca t i on , a r r i ve a t t h e
scen e, a n d set u p a n d be r ea dy for en t r y )?
F or exa mpl e, i f en t r y i s t o be ma de i n t o a n
I DLH a t mosph er e, or i n t o a spa ce t h a t ca n
qu i ck l y devel op a n I DLH a t mosph er e (i f ven -
t i l a t i on fa i l s or for ot h er r ea son s), t h e r escu e
t ea m or ser vi ce wou l d n eed t o be st a n di n g by
a t t h e per mi t spa ce. On t h e ot h er h a n d, i f
t h e da n ger t o en t r a n t s i s r est r i ct ed t o me-
ch a n i ca l h a za r ds t h a t wou l d ca u se i n j u r i es
(e. g. , br ok en bon es, a br a si on s) a r espon se
t i me of 10 or 15 mi n u t es mi gh t be a dequ a t e.
2. How qu i ck l y ca n t h e r escu e t ea m or
ser vi ce get fr om i t s l oca t i on t o t h e per mi t
spa ces fr om wh i ch r escu e ma y be n ecessa r y ?
Rel eva n t fa ct or s t o con si der wou l d i n cl u de:
t h e l oca t i on of t h e r escu e t ea m or ser vi ce
r el a t i ve t o t h e empl oy er s wor k pl a ce, t h e
qu a l i t y of r oa ds a n d h i gh wa y s t o be t r a vel ed,
pot en t i a l bot t l en eck s or t r a ffi c con gest i on
t h a t mi gh t be en cou n t er ed i n t r a n si t , t h e r e-
l i a bi l i t y of t h e r escu er s veh i cl es, a n d t h e
t r a i n i n g a n d sk i l l of i t s dr i ver s.
3. Wh a t i s t h e a va i l a bi l i t y of t h e r escu e
ser vi ce? I s i t u n a va i l a bl e a t cer t a i n t i mes of
t h e da y or i n cer t a i n si t u a t i on s? Wh a t i s t h e
l i k el i h ood t h a t k ey per son n el of t h e r escu e
ser vi ce mi gh t be u n a va i l a bl e a t t i mes? I f t h e
r escu e ser vi ce becomes u n a va i l a bl e wh i l e a n
en t r y i s u n der wa y , does i t h a ve t h e ca pa -
bi l i t y of n ot i fy i n g t h e empl oy er so t h a t t h e
empl oy er ca n i n st r u ct t h e a t t en da n t t o a bor t
t h e en t r y i mmedi a t el y ?
4. Does t h e r escu e ser vi ce meet a l l t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (k )(2) of t h e st a n d-
a r d? I f n ot , h a s i t devel oped a pl a n t h a t wi l l
en a bl e i t t o meet t h ose r equ i r emen t s i n t h e
fu t u r e? I f so, h ow soon ca n t h e pl a n be i mpl e-
men t ed?
5. F or off-si t e ser vi ces, i s t h e ser vi ce wi l l -
i n g t o per for m r escu es a t t h e empl oy er s
wor k pl a ce? (An empl oy er ma y n ot r el y on a
r escu er wh o decl i n es, for wh a t ever r ea son , t o
pr ovi de r escu e ser vi ces. )
6. I s a n a dequ a t e met h od for commu n i ca -
t i on s bet ween t h e a t t en da n t , empl oy er a n d
pr ospect i ve r escu er a va i l a bl e so t h a t a r es-
cu e r equ est ca n be t r a n smi t t ed t o t h e r es-
cu er wi t h ou t del a y ? How soon a ft er n ot i fi ca -
t i on ca n a pr ospect i ve r escu er di spa t ch a r es-
cu e t ea m t o t h e en t r y si t e?
7. F or r escu es i n t o spa ces t h a t ma y pose
si gn i fi ca n t a t mosph er i c h a za r ds a n d fr om
wh i ch r escu e en t r y , pa t i en t pa ck a gi n g a n d
r et r i eva l ca n n ot be sa fel y a ccompl i sh ed i n a
r el a t i vel y sh or t t i me (1520 mi n u t es), em-
pl oy er s sh ou l d con si der u si n g a i r l i n e r es-
pi r a t or s (wi t h esca pe bot t l es) for t h e r es-
cu er s a n d t o su ppl y r escu e a i r t o t h e pa t i en t .
I f t h e empl oy er deci des t o u se S CBA, does
t h e pr ospect i ve r escu e ser vi ce h a ve a n a mpl e
su ppl y of r epl a cemen t cy l i n der s a n d pr oce-
du r es for r escu er s t o en t er a n d exi t (or be r e-
t r i eved) wel l wi t h i n t h e S CBAs a i r su ppl y
l i mi t s?
8. I f t h e spa ce h a s a ver t i ca l en t r y over 5
feet i n dept h , ca n t h e pr ospect i ve r escu e
ser vi ce pr oper l y per for m en t r y r escu es? Does
t h e ser vi ce h a ve t h e t ech n i ca l k n owl edge
a n d equ i pmen t t o per for m r ope wor k or el e-
va t ed r escu e, i f n eeded?
9. Does t h e r escu e ser vi ce h a ve t h e n ec-
essa r y sk i l l s i n medi ca l eva l u a t i on , pa t i en t
pa ck a gi n g a n d emer gen cy r espon se?
10. Does t h e r escu e ser vi ce h a ve t h e n ec-
essa r y equ i pmen t t o per for m r escu es, or
mu st t h e equ i pmen t be pr ovi ded by t h e em-
pl oy er or a n ot h er sou r ce?
B. Perf orman ce Evalu at ion
Rescu e ser vi ces a r e r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(k )(2)(i v) of t h e st a n da r d t o pr a ct i ce r escu es
a t l ea st on ce ever y 12 mon t h s, pr ovi ded t h a t
t h e t ea m or ser vi ce h a s n ot su ccessfu l l y per -
for med a per mi t spa ce r escu e wi t h i n t h a t
t i me. As pa r t of ea ch pr a ct i ce sessi on , t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
483
ser vi ce sh ou l d per for m a cr i t i qu e of t h e pr a c-
t i ce r escu e, or h a ve a n ot h er qu a l i fi ed pa r t y
per for m t h e cr i t i qu e, so t h a t defi ci en ci es i n
pr ocedu r es, equ i pmen t , t r a i n i n g, or n u mber
of per son n el ca n be i den t i fi ed a n d cor r ect ed.
Th e r esu l t s of t h e cr i t i qu e, a n d t h e cor r ec-
t i on s ma de t o r espon d t o t h e defi ci en ci es
i den t i fi ed, sh ou l d be gi ven t o t h e empl oy er
t o en a bl e i t t o det er mi n e wh et h er t h e r escu e
ser vi ce ca n qu i ck l y be u pgr a ded t o meet t h e
empl oy er s r escu e n eeds or wh et h er a n ot h er
ser vi ce mu st be sel ect ed. Th e fol l owi n g qu es-
t i on s wi l l a ssi st empl oy er s a n d r escu e t ea ms
a n d ser vi ces eva l u a t e t h ei r per for ma n ce.
1. Ha ve a l l member s of t h e ser vi ce been
t r a i n ed a s per mi t spa ce en t r a n t s, a t a mi n -
i mu m, i n cl u di n g t r a i n i n g i n t h e pot en t i a l
h a za r ds of a l l per mi t spa ces, or of r epr esen t -
a t i ve per mi t spa ces, fr om wh i ch r escu e ma y
be n eeded? Ca n t ea m member s r ecogn i ze t h e
si gn s, sy mpt oms, a n d con sequ en ces of expo-
su r e t o a n y h a za r dou s a t mosph er es t h a t ma y
be pr esen t i n t h ose per mi t spa ces?
2. I s ever y t ea m member pr ovi ded wi t h ,
a n d pr oper l y t r a i n ed i n , t h e u se a n d n eed for
P P E, su ch a s S CBA or fa l l a r r est equ i pmen t ,
wh i ch ma y be r equ i r ed t o per for m per mi t
spa ce r escu es i n t h e fa ci l i t y ? I s ever y t ea m
member pr oper l y t r a i n ed t o per for m h i s or
h er fu n ct i on s a n d ma k e r escu es, a n d t o u se
a n y r escu e equ i pmen t , su ch a s r opes a n d
ba ck boa r ds, t h a t ma y be n eeded i n a r escu e
a t t empt ?
3. Ar e t ea m member s t r a i n ed i n t h e fi r st
a i d a n d medi ca l sk i l l s n eeded t o t r ea t vi c-
t i ms over come or i n j u r ed by t h e t y pes of
h a za r ds t h a t ma y be en cou n t er ed i n t h e per -
mi t spa ces a t t h e fa ci l i t y ?
4. Do a l l t ea m member s per for m t h ei r fu n c-
t i on s sa fel y a n d effi ci en t l y ? Do r escu e ser v-
i ce per son n el focu s on t h ei r own sa fet y be-
for e con si der i n g t h e sa fet y of t h e vi ct i m?
5. I f n ecessa r y , ca n t h e r escu e ser vi ce pr op-
er l y t est t h e a t mosph er e t o det er mi n e i f i t i s
I DLH?
6. Ca n t h e r escu e per son n el i den t i fy i n for -
ma t i on per t i n en t t o t h e r escu e fr om en t r y
per mi t s, h ot wor k per mi t s, a n d MS DS s?
7. Ha s t h e r escu e ser vi ce been i n for med of
a n y h a za r ds t o per son n el t h a t ma y a r i se
fr om ou t si de t h e spa ce, su ch a s t h ose t h a t
ma y be ca u sed by fu t u r e wor k n ea r t h e
spa ce?
8. I f n ecessa r y , ca n t h e r escu e ser vi ce pr op-
er l y pa ck a ge a n d r et r i eve vi ct i ms fr om a
per mi t spa ce t h a t h a s a l i mi t ed si ze open i n g
(l ess t h a n 24 i n ch es (60. 9 cm) i n di a met er ),
l i mi t ed i n t er n a l spa ce, or i n t er n a l obst a cl es
or h a za r ds?
9. I f n ecessa r y , ca n t h e r escu e ser vi ce sa fe-
l y per for m a n el eva t ed (h i gh a n gl e) r escu e?
10. Does t h e r escu e ser vi ce h a ve a pl a n for
ea ch of t h e k i n ds of per mi t spa ce r escu e op-
er a t i on s a t t h e fa ci l i t y ? I s t h e pl a n a dequ a t e
for a l l t y pes of r escu e oper a t i on s t h a t ma y
be n eeded a t t h e fa ci l i t y ? Tea ms ma y pr a c-
t i ce i n r epr esen t a t i ve spa ces, or i n spa ces
t h a t a r e wor st -ca se or most r est r i ct i ve
wi t h r espect t o i n t er n a l con fi gu r a t i on , el e-
va t i on , a n d por t a l si ze. Th e fol l owi n g ch a r a c-
t er i st i cs of a pr a ct i ce spa ce sh ou l d be con si d-
er ed wh en deci di n g wh et h er a spa ce i s t r u l y
r epr esen t a t i ve of a n a ct u a l per mi t spa ce:
(1) I n t er n a l con fi gu r a t i on .
(a ) Open t h er e a r e n o obst a cl es, ba r r i er s,
or obst r u ct i on s wi t h i n t h e spa ce. On e exa m-
pl e i s a wa t er t a n k .
(b) Obst r u ct edt h e per mi t spa ce con t a i n s
some t y pe of obst r u ct i on t h a t a r escu er
wou l d n eed t o ma n eu ver a r ou n d. An exa mpl e
wou l d be a ba ffl e or mi xi n g bl a de. La r ge
equ i pmen t , su ch a s a l a dder or sca ffol d,
br ou gh t i n t o a spa ce for wor k pu r poses
wou l d be con si der ed a n obst r u ct i on i f t h e po-
si t i on i n g or si ze of t h e equ i pmen t wou l d
ma k e r escu e mor e di ffi cu l t .
(2) El eva t i on .
(a ) El eva t eda per mi t spa ce wh er e t h e en -
t r a n ce por t a l or open i n g i s a bove gr a de by 4
feet or mor e. Th i s t y pe of spa ce u su a l l y r e-
qu i r es k n owl edge of h i gh a n gl e r escu e pr oce-
du r es beca u se of t h e di ffi cu l t y i n pa ck a gi n g
a n d t r a n spor t i n g a pa t i en t t o t h e gr ou n d
fr om t h e por t a l .
(b) Non -el eva t eda per mi t spa ce wi t h t h e
en t r a n ce por t a l l oca t ed l ess t h a n 4 feet a bove
gr a de. Th i s t y pe of spa ce wi l l a l l ow t h e r es-
cu e t ea m t o t r a n spor t a n i n j u r ed empl oy ee
n or ma l l y .
(3) P or t a l si ze.
(a ) Rest r i ct edA por t a l of 24 i n ch es or l ess
i n t h e l ea st di men si on . P or t a l s of t h i s si ze
a r e t oo sma l l t o a l l ow a r escu er t o si mpl y
en t er t h e spa ce wh i l e u si n g S CBA. Th e por -
t a l si ze i s a l so t oo sma l l t o a l l ow n or ma l spi -
n a l i mmobi l i za t i on of a n i n j u r ed empl oy ee.
(b) Un r est r i ct edA por t a l of gr ea t er t h a n
24 i n ch es i n t h e l ea st di men si on . Th ese por -
t a l s a l l ow r el a t i vel y fr ee movemen t i n t o a n d
ou t of t h e per mi t spa ce.
(4) S pa ce a ccess.
(a ) Hor i zon t a l Th e por t a l i s l oca t ed on
t h e si de of t h e per mi t spa ce. Use of r et r i eva l
l i n es cou l d be di ffi cu l t .
(b) Ver t i ca l Th e por t a l i s l oca t ed on t h e
t op of t h e per mi t spa ce, so t h a t r escu er s
mu st cl i mb down , or t h e bot t om of t h e per -
mi t spa ce, so t h a t r escu er s mu st cl i mb u p t o
en t er t h e spa ce. Ver t i ca l por t a l s ma y r equ i r e
k n owl edge of r ope t ech n i qu es, or speci a l pa -
t i en t pa ck a gi n g t o sa fel y r et r i eve a down ed
en t r a n t .
[58 F R 4549, J a n . 14, 1993; 58 F R 34845, 34846,
J u n e 29, 1993, a s a men ded a t 59 F R 26114, Ma y
19, 1994; 63 F R 66038, 66039, Dec. 1, 1998]
1910.147 The control of hazardous
energy (lockout/tagout).
(a ) Scope, applicat ion an d pu rpose(1)
Scope. (i ) Th i s st a n da r d cover s t h e ser v-
i ci n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce of ma ch i n es a n d
equ i pmen t i n wh i ch t h e u n expect ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
484
en er gi za t i on or st a r t u p of t h e ma -
ch i n es or equ i pmen t , or r el ea se of
st or ed en er gy cou l d ca u se i n j u r y t o em-
pl oy ees. Th i s st a n da r d est a bl i sh es mi n -
i mu m per for ma n ce r equ i r emen t s for
t h e con t r ol of su ch h a za r dou s en er gy .
(i i ) Th i s st a n da r d does n ot cover t h e
fol l owi n g:
(A) Con st r u ct i on , a gr i cu l t u r e a n d
ma r i t i me empl oy men t ;
(B) I n st a l l a t i on s u n der t h e excl u si ve
con t r ol of el ect r i c u t i l i t i es for t h e pu r -
pose of power gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on
a n d di st r i bu t i on , i n cl u di n g r el a t ed
equ i pmen t for commu n i ca t i on or me-
t er i n g; a n d
(C) Exposu r e t o el ect r i ca l h a za r ds
fr om wor k on , n ea r , or wi t h con du ct or s
or equ i pmen t i n el ect r i c u t i l i za t i on i n -
st a l l a t i on s, wh i ch i s cover ed by su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t ; a n d
(D) Oi l a n d ga s wel l dr i l l i n g a n d ser v-
i ci n g.
(2) Applicat ion . (i ) Th i s st a n da r d a p-
pl i es t o t h e con t r ol of en er gy du r i n g
ser vi ci n g a n d/or ma i n t en a n ce of ma -
ch i n es a n d equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Nor ma l pr odu ct i on oper a t i on s a r e
n ot cover ed by t h i s st a n da r d (S ee su b-
pa r t 0 of t h i s pa r t ). S er vi ci n g a n d/or
ma i n t en a n ce wh i ch t a k es pl a ce du r i n g
n or ma l pr odu ct i on oper a t i on s i s cov-
er ed by t h i s st a n da r d on l y i f;:
(A) An empl oy ee i s r equ i r ed t o r e-
move or by pa ss a gu a r d or ot h er sa fet y
devi ce; or
(B) An empl oy ee i s r equ i r ed t o pl a ce
a n y pa r t of h i s or h er body i n t o a n a r ea
on a ma ch i n e or pi ece of equ i pmen t
wh er e wor k i s a ct u a l l y per for med u pon
t h e ma t er i a l bei n g pr ocessed (poi n t of
oper a t i on ) or wh er e a n a ssoci a t ed da n -
ger zon e exi st s du r i n g a ma ch i n e oper -
a t i n g cy cl e.
NOTE: Except ion t o paragraph (a)(2)(ii):
Mi n or t ool ch a n ges a n d a dj u st men t s, a n d
ot h er mi n or ser vi ci n g a ct i vi t i es, wh i ch t a k e
pl a ce du r i n g n or ma l pr odu ct i on oper a t i on s,
a r e n ot cover ed by t h i s st a n da r d i f t h ey a r e
r ou t i n e, r epet i t i ve, a n d i n t egr a l t o t h e u se of
t h e equ i pmen t for pr odu ct i on , pr ovi ded t h a t
t h e wor k i s per for med u si n g a l t er n a t i ve
mea su r es wh i ch pr ovi de effect i ve pr ot ect i on
(S ee su bpa r t 0 of t h i s pa r t ).
(i i i ) Th i s st a n da r d does n ot a ppl y t o
t h e fol l owi n g.
(A) Wor k on cor d a n d pl u g con n ect ed
el ect r i c equ i pmen t for wh i ch exposu r e
t o t h e h a za r ds of u n expect ed
en er gi za t i on or st a r t u p of t h e equ i p-
men t i s con t r ol l ed by t h e u n pl u ggi n g of
t h e equ i pmen t fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce
a n d by t h e pl u g bei n g u n der t h e excl u -
si ve con t r ol of t h e empl oy ee per -
for mi n g t h e ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce.
(B) Hot t a p oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g
t r a n smi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on sy st ems
for su bst a n ces su ch a s ga s, st ea m,
wa t er or pet r ol eu m pr odu ct s wh en t h ey
a r e per for med on pr essu r i zed pi pel i n es,
pr ovi ded t h a t t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es t h a t (1) con t i n u i t y of ser vi ce
i s essen t i a l ; (2) sh u t down of t h e sy st em
i s i mpr a ct i ca l ; a n d (3) docu men t ed pr o-
cedu r es a r e fol l owed, a n d speci a l equ i p-
men t i s u sed wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de pr oven
effect i ve pr ot ect i on for empl oy ees.
(3) Pu rpose. (i ) Th i s sect i on r equ i r es
empl oy er s t o est a bl i sh a pr ogr a m a n d
u t i l i ze pr ocedu r es for a ffi xi n g a ppr o-
pr i a t e l ock ou t devi ces or t a gou t de-
vi ces t o en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces, a n d
t o ot h er wi se di sa bl e ma ch i n es or equ i p-
men t t o pr even t u n expect ed
en er gi za t i on , st a r t -u p or r el ea se of
st or ed en er gy i n or der t o pr even t i n -
j u r y t o empl oy ees.
(i i ) Wh en ot h er st a n da r ds i n t h i s pa r t
r equ i r e t h e u se of l ock ou t or t a gou t ,
t h ey sh a l l be u sed a n d su ppl emen t ed by
t h e pr ocedu r a l a n d t r a i n i n g r equ i r e-
(b) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is sec-
t ion .
Af f ect ed employ ee. An empl oy ee wh ose
j ob r equ i r es h i m/h er t o oper a t e or u se a
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t on wh i ch ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s bei n g per -
for med u n der l ock ou t or t a gou t , or
wh ose j ob r equ i r es h i m/h er t o wor k i n
a n a r ea i n wh i ch su ch ser vi ci n g or
ma i n t en a n ce i s bei n g per for med.
Au t h orized employ ee. A per son wh o
l ock s ou t or t a gs ou t ma ch i n es or
equ i pmen t i n or der t o per for m ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce on t h a t ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t . An a ffect ed empl oy ee be-
comes a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee wh en
t h a t empl oy ees du t i es i n cl u de per -
for mi n g ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce cov-
er ed u n der t h i s sect i on .
Capable of bein g lock ed ou t . An en er gy
i sol a t i n g devi ce i s ca pa bl e of bei n g
l ock ed ou t i f i t h a s a h a sp or ot h er
mea n s of a t t a ch men t t o wh i ch , or
t h r ou gh wh i ch , a l ock ca n be a ffi xed, or
i t h a s a l ock i n g mech a n i sm bu i l t i n t o
i t . Ot h er en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces a r e
ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed ou t , i f l ock ou t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
485
ca n be a ch i eved wi t h ou t t h e n eed t o
di sma n t l e, r ebu i l d, or r epl a ce t h e en -
er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce or per ma n en t l y
a l t er i t s en er gy con t r ol ca pa bi l i t y .
En ergized. Con n ect ed t o a n en er gy
sou r ce or con t a i n i n g r esi du a l or st or ed
en er gy .
En ergy isolat in g device. A mech a n i ca l
devi ce t h a t ph y si ca l l y pr even t s t h e
t r a n smi ssi on or r el ea se of en er gy , i n -
cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o t h e fol -
l owi n g: A ma n u a l l y oper a t ed el ect r i ca l
ci r cu i t br ea k er ; a di scon n ect swi t ch ; a
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed swi t ch by wh i ch t h e
con du ct or s of a ci r cu i t ca n be di scon -
n ect ed fr om a l l u n gr ou n ded su ppl y con -
du ct or s, a n d, i n a ddi t i on , n o pol e ca n
be oper a t ed i n depen den t l y ; a l i n e
va l ve; a bl ock ; a n d a n y si mi l a r devi ce
u sed t o bl ock or i sol a t e en er gy . P u sh
bu t t on s, sel ect or swi t ch es a n d ot h er
con t r ol ci r cu i t t y pe devi ces a r e n ot en -
er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces.
En ergy sou rce. An y sou r ce of el ec-
t r i ca l , mech a n i ca l , h y dr a u l i c, pn eu -
ma t i c, ch emi ca l , t h er ma l , or ot h er en -
er gy .
Hot t ap. A pr ocedu r e u sed i n t h e r e-
pa i r , ma i n t en a n ce a n d ser vi ces a ct i vi -
t i es wh i ch i n vol ves wel di n g on a pi ece
of equ i pmen t (pi pel i n es, vessel s or
t a n k s) u n der pr essu r e, i n or der t o i n -
st a l l con n ect i on s or a ppu r t en a n ces. I t
i s common l y u sed t o r epl a ce or a dd
sect i on s of pi pel i n e wi t h ou t t h e i n t er -
r u pt i on of ser vi ce for a i r , ga s, wa t er ,
st ea m, a n d pet r och emi ca l di st r i bu t i on
sy st ems.
L ock ou t . Th e pl a cemen t of a l ock ou t
devi ce on a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce, i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h a n est a bl i sh ed pr oce-
du r e, en su r i n g t h a t t h e en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ce a n d t h e equ i pmen t bei n g
con t r ol l ed ca n n ot be oper a t ed u n t i l t h e
l ock ou t devi ce i s r emoved.
L ock ou t device. A devi ce t h a t u t i l i zes
a posi t i ve mea n s su ch a s a l ock , ei t h er
k ey or combi n a t i on t y pe, t o h ol d a n
en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce i n a sa fe posi -
t i on a n d pr even t t h e en er gi zi n g of a
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t . I n cl u ded a r e
bl a n k fl a n ges a n d bol t ed sl i p bl i n ds.
Normal produ ct ion operat ion s. Th e u t i -
l i za t i on of a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t t o
per for m i t s i n t en ded pr odu ct i on fu n c-
t i on .
Servicin g an d/or main t en an ce. Wor k -
pl a ce a ct i vi t i es su ch a s con st r u ct i n g,
i n st a l l i n g, set t i n g u p, a dj u st i n g, i n -
spect i n g, modi fy i n g, a n d ma i n t a i n i n g
a n d/or ser vi ci n g ma ch i n es or equ i p-
men t . Th ese a ct i vi t i es i n cl u de l u br i ca -
t i on , cl ea n i n g or u n j a mmi n g of ma -
ch i n es or equ i pmen t a n d ma k i n g a d-
j u st men t s or t ool ch a n ges, wh er e t h e
empl oy ee ma y be exposed t o t h e u n ex-
pect ed en er gi za t i on or st a r t u p of t h e
equ i pmen t or r el ea se of h a za r dou s en -
er gy .
Set t in g u p. An y wor k per for med t o
pr epa r e a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t t o per -
for m i t s n or ma l pr odu ct i on oper a t i on .
T agou t . Th e pl a cemen t of a t a gou t
devi ce on a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce, i n
du r e, t o i n di ca t e t h a t t h e en er gy i so-
con t r ol l ed ma y n ot be oper a t ed u n t i l
t h e t a gou t devi ce i s r emoved.
T agou t device. A pr omi n en t wa r n i n g
devi ce, su ch a s a t a g a n d a mea n s of a t -
t a ch men t , wh i ch ca n be secu r el y fa s-
t en ed t o a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce i n
du r e, t o i n di ca t e t h a t t h e en er gy i so-
con t r ol l ed ma y n ot be oper a t ed u n t i l
t h e t a gou t devi ce i s r emoved.
(c) Gen eral(1) En ergy con t rol pro-
gram. Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a
pr ogr a m con si st i n g of en er gy con t r ol
pr ocedu r es, empl oy ee t r a i n i n g a n d
per i odi c i n spect i on s t o en su r e t h a t be-
for e a n y empl oy ee per for ms a n y ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce on a ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t wh er e t h e u n expect ed en er -
gi zi n g, st a r t u p or r el ea se of st or ed en -
er gy cou l d occu r a n d ca u se i n j u r y , t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l be i sol a t ed
fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce, a n d r en der ed
i n oper a t i ve.
(2) L ock ou t /t agou t . (i ) I f a n en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ce i s n ot ca pa bl e of bei n g
l ock ed ou t , t h e empl oy er s en er gy con -
t r ol pr ogr a m u n der pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l u t i l i ze a t a gou t sy s-
t em.
(i i ) I f a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce i s
ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed ou t , t h e em-
pl oy er s en er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m u n der
pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
u t i l i ze l ock ou t , u n l ess t h e empl oy er
ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e u t i l i za t i on of
a t a gou t sy st em wi l l pr ovi de fu l l em-
pl oy ee pr ot ect i on a s set for t h i n pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
486
(i i i ) Aft er J a n u a r y 2, 1990, wh en ever
r epl a cemen t or ma j or r epa i r , r en ova -
t i on or modi fi ca t i on of a ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t i s per for med, a n d wh en ever
n ew ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t a r e i n -
st a l l ed, en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces for
su ch ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o a ccept a l ock ou t devi ce.
(3) Fu ll employ ee prot ect ion . (i ) Wh en a
t a gou t devi ce i s u sed on a n en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ce wh i ch i s ca pa bl e of bei n g
l ock ed ou t , t h e t a gou t devi ce sh a l l be
a t t a ch ed a t t h e sa me l oca t i on t h a t t h e
l ock ou t devi ce wou l d h a ve been a t -
t a ch ed, a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e t a gou t pr ogr a m wi l l
pr ovi de a l evel of sa fet y equ i va l en t t o
t h a t obt a i n ed by u si n g a l ock ou t pr o-
gr a m.
(i i ) I n demon st r a t i n g t h a t a l evel of
sa fet y i s a ch i eved i n t h e t a gou t pr o-
gr a m wh i ch i s equ i va l en t t o t h e l evel
of sa fet y obt a i n ed by u si n g a l ock ou t
pr ogr a m, t h e empl oy er sh a l l dem-
on st r a t e fu l l compl i a n ce wi t h a l l
t a gou t -r el a t ed pr ovi si on s of t h i s st a n d-
a r d t oget h er wi t h su ch a ddi t i on a l el e-
men t s a s a r e n ecessa r y t o pr ovi de t h e
equ i va l en t sa fet y a va i l a bl e fr om t h e
u se of a l ock ou t devi ce. Addi t i on a l
mea n s t o be con si der ed a s pa r t of t h e
demon st r a t i on of fu l l empl oy ee pr ot ec-
t i on sh a l l i n cl u de t h e i mpl emen t a t i on
of a ddi t i on a l sa fet y mea su r es su ch a s
t h e r emova l of a n i sol a t i n g ci r cu i t el e-
men t , bl ock i n g of a con t r ol l i n g swi t ch ,
open i n g of a n ext r a di scon n ect i n g de-
vi ce, or t h e r emova l of a va l ve h a n dl e
t o r edu ce t h e l i k el i h ood of i n a dver t en t
en er gi za t i on .
(4) En ergy con t rol procedu re. (i ) P r oce-
du r es sh a l l be devel oped, docu men t ed
a n d u t i l i zed for t h e con t r ol of pot en -
t i a l l y h a za r dou s en er gy wh en empl oy -
ees a r e en ga ged i n t h e a ct i vi t i es cov-
er ed by t h i s sect i on .
NOTE: Except ion : Th e empl oy er n eed n ot
docu men t t h e r equ i r ed pr ocedu r e for a pa r -
t i cu l a r ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t , wh en a l l of
t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s exi st : (1) Th e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t h a s n o pot en t i a l for
st or ed or r esi du a l en er gy or r ea ccu mu l a t i on
of st or ed en er gy a ft er sh u t down wh i ch cou l d
en da n ger empl oy ees; (2) t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t h a s a si n gl e en er gy sou r ce wh i ch
ca n be r ea di l y i den t i fi ed a n d i sol a t ed; (3) t h e
i sol a t i on a n d l ock i n g ou t of t h a t en er gy
sou r ce wi l l compl et el y deen er gi ze a n d de-
a ct i va t e t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t ; (4) t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s i sol a t ed fr om t h a t
en er gy sou r ce a n d l ock ed ou t du r i n g ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce; (5) a si n gl e l ock ou t de-
vi ce wi l l a ch i eve a l ock ed-ou t con di t i on ; (6)
t h e l ock ou t devi ce i s u n der t h e excl u si ve
con t r ol of t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee per -
for mi n g t h e ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce; (7)
t h e ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce does n ot cr ea t e
h a za r ds for ot h er empl oy ees; a n d (8) t h e em-
pl oy er , i n u t i l i zi n g t h i s except i on , h a s h a d
n o a cci den t s i n vol vi n g t h e u n expect ed a ct i -
va t i on or r een er gi za t i on of t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t du r i n g ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce.
(i i ) Th e pr ocedu r es sh a l l cl ea r l y a n d
speci fi ca l l y ou t l i n e t h e scope, pu r pose,
a u t h or i za t i on , r u l es, a n d t ech n i qu es t o
be u t i l i zed for t h e con t r ol of h a za r dou s
en er gy , a n d t h e mea n s t o en for ce com-
pl i a n ce i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
(A) A speci fi c st a t emen t of t h e i n -
t en ded u se of t h e pr ocedu r e;
(B) S peci fi c pr ocedu r a l st eps for
sh u t t i n g down , i sol a t i n g, bl ock i n g a n d
secu r i n g ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t t o
con t r ol h a za r dou s en er gy ;
(C) S peci fi c pr ocedu r a l st eps for t h e
pl a cemen t , r emova l a n d t r a n sfer of
l ock ou t devi ces or t a gou t devi ces a n d
t h e r espon si bi l i t y for t h em; a n d
(D) S peci fi c r equ i r emen t s for t est i n g
a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t t o det er mi n e
a n d ver i fy t h e effect i ven ess of l ock ou t
devi ces, t a gou t devi ces, a n d ot h er en -
er gy con t r ol mea su r es.
(5) Prot ect ive mat erials an d h ardware.
(i ) Lock s, t a gs, ch a i n s, wedges, k ey
bl ock s, a da pt er pi n s, sel f-l ock i n g fa s-
t en er s, or ot h er h a r dwa r e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded by t h e empl oy er for i sol a t i n g, se-
cu r i n g or bl ock i n g of ma ch i n es or
equ i pmen t fr om en er gy sou r ces.
(i i ) Lock ou t devi ces a n d t a gou t de-
vi ces sh a l l be si n gu l a r l y i den t i fi ed;
sh a l l be t h e on l y devi ces(s) u sed for
con t r ol l i n g en er gy ; sh a l l n ot be u sed
for ot h er pu r poses; a n d sh a l l meet t h e
fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Du rable. (1) Lock ou t a n d t a gou t
devi ces sh a l l be ca pa bl e of wi t h -
st a n di n g t h e en vi r on men t t o wh i ch
t h ey a r e exposed for t h e ma xi mu m pe-
r i od of t i me t h a t exposu r e i s expect ed.
(2) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d pr i n t ed so t h a t exposu r e
t o wea t h er con di t i on s or wet a n d da mp
l oca t i on s wi l l n ot ca u se t h e t a g t o de-
t er i or a t e or t h e messa ge on t h e t a g t o
become i l l egi bl e.
(3) Ta gs sh a l l n ot det er i or a t e wh en
u sed i n cor r osi ve en vi r on men t s su ch a s
a r ea s wh er e a ci d a n d a l k a l i ch emi ca l s
a r e h a n dl ed a n d st or ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
487
(B) St an dardized. Lock ou t a n d t a gou t
devi ces sh a l l be st a n da r di zed wi t h i n
t h e fa ci l i t y i n a t l ea st on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g cr i t er i a : Col or ; sh a pe; or si ze;
a n d a ddi t i on a l l y , i n t h e ca se of t a gou t
devi ces, pr i n t a n d for ma t sh a l l be
st a n da r di zed.
(C) Su bst an t ial(1) L ock ou t devices.
Lock ou t devi ces sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l
en ou gh t o pr even t r emova l wi t h ou t t h e
u se of excessi ve for ce or u n u su a l t ech -
n i qu es, su ch a s wi t h t h e u se of bol t
cu t t er s or ot h er met a l cu t t i n g t ool s.
(2) T agou t devices. Ta gou t devi ces, i n -
cl u di n g a n d t h ei r mea n s of a t t a ch men t ,
sh a l l be su bst a n t i a l en ou gh t o pr even t
i n a dver t en t or a cci den t a l r emova l .
Ta gou t devi ce a t t a ch men t mea n s sh a l l
be of a n on -r eu sa bl e t y pe, a t t a ch a bl e
by h a n d, sel f-l ock i n g, a n d n on -r el ea s-
a bl e wi t h a mi n i mu m u n l ock i n g
st r en gt h of n o l ess t h a n 50 pou n ds a n d
h a vi n g t h e gen er a l desi gn a n d ba si c
ch a r a ct er i st i cs of bei n g a t l ea st equ i v-
a l en t t o a on e-pi ece, a l l -en vi r on men t -
t ol er a n t n y l on ca bl e t i e.
(D) I den t if iable. Lock ou t devi ces a n d
t a gou t devi ces sh a l l i n di ca t e t h e i den -
t i t y of t h e empl oy ee a ppl y i n g t h e de-
vi ce(s).
(i i i ) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l wa r n
a ga i n st h a za r dou s con di t i on s i f t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s en er gi zed a n d
sh a l l i n cl u de a l egen d su ch a s t h e fol -
l owi n g: Do Not St art , Do Not Open , Do
Not Close, Do Not En ergize, Do Not Oper-
at e.
(6) Periodic in spect ion . (i ) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l con du ct a per i odi c i n spec-
t i on of t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e a t
l ea st a n n u a l l y t o en su r e t h a t t h e pr o-
cedu r e a n d t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
st a n da r d a r e bei n g fol l owed.
(A) Th e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l be
per fomed by a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee
ot h er t h a n t h e on es(s) u t i l i zi n g t h e en -
er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e bei n g i n spect ed.
(B) Th e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l be
con du ct ed t o cor r ect a n y devi a t i on s or
i n a dequ a ci es i den t i fi ed.
(C) Wh er e l ock ou t i s u sed for en er gy
con t r ol , t h e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l
i n cl u de a r evi ew, bet ween t h e i n spect or
a n d ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee, of t h a t
empl oy ees r espon si bi l i t i es u n der t h e
en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e bei n g i n -
spect ed.
(D) Wh er e t a gou t i s u sed for en er gy
a n d ea ch a u t h or i zed a n d a ffect ed em-
pl oy ee, of t h a t empl oy ees r espon si bi l -
i t i es u n der t h e en er gy con t r ol pr oce-
du r e bei n g i n spect ed, a n d t h e el emen t s
set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(7)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
t h e per i odi c i n spect i on s h a ve been per -
for med. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l i den t i fy
t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t on wh i ch
t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e wa s bei n g
u t i l i zed, t h e da t e of t h e i n spect i on , t h e
empl oy ees i n cl u ded i n t h e i n spect i on ,
a n d t h e per son per for mi n g t h e i n spec-
t i on .
(7) T rain in g an d commu n icat ion . (i )
Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t r a i n i n g t o
en su r e t h a t t h e pu r pose a n d fu n ct i on of
t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m a r e u n der -
st ood by empl oy ees a n d t h a t t h e
k n owl edge a n d sk i l l s r equ i r ed for t h e
sa fe a ppl i ca t i on , u sa ge, a n d r emova l of
t h e en er gy con t r ol s a r e a cqu i r ed by
empl oy ees. Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l i n cl u de
(A) Ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l
r ecei ve t r a i n i n g i n t h e r ecogn i t i on of
a ppl i ca bl e h a za r dou s en er gy sou r ces,
t h e t y pe a n d ma gn i t u de of t h e en er gy
a va i l a bl e i n t h e wor k pl a ce, a n d t h e
met h ods a n d mea n s n ecessa r y for en -
er gy i sol a t i on a n d con t r ol .
(B) Ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee sh a l l be
i n st r u ct ed i n t h e pu r pose a n d u se of
t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e.
(C) Al l ot h er empl oy ees wh ose wor k
oper a t i on s a r e or ma y be i n a n a r ea
wh er e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r es ma y
be u t i l i zed, sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed a bou t
t h e pr ocedu r e, a n d a bou t t h e pr oh i bi -
t i on r el a t i n g t o a t t empt s t o r est a r t or
r een er gi ze ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t
wh i ch a r e l ock ed ou t or t a gged ou t .
(i i ) Wh en t a gou t sy st ems a r e u sed,
empl oy ees sh a l l a l so be t r a i n ed i n t h e
fol l owi n g l i mi t a t i on s of t a gs:
(A) Ta gs a r e essen t i a l l y wa r n i n g de-
vi ces a ffi xed t o en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ces, a n d do n ot pr ovi de t h e ph y si ca l
r est r a i n t on t h ose devi ces t h a t i s pr o-
vi ded by a l ock .
(B) Wh en a t a g i s a t t a ch ed t o a n en -
er gy i sol a t i n g mea n s, i t i s n ot t o be r e-
moved wi t h ou t a u t h or i za t i on of t h e a u -
t h or i zed per son r espon si bl e for i t , a n d
i t i s n ever t o be by pa ssed, i gn or ed, or
ot h er wi se defea t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
488
(C) Ta gs mu st be l egi bl e a n d u n der -
st a n da bl e by a l l a u t h or i zed empl oy ees,
a ffect ed empl oy ees, a n d a l l ot h er em-
pl oy ees wh ose wor k oper a t i on s a r e or
ma y be i n t h e a r ea , i n or der t o be effec-
t i ve.
(D) Ta gs a n d t h ei r mea n s of a t t a ch -
men t mu st be ma de of ma t er i a l s wh i ch
wi l l wi t h st a n d t h e en vi r on men t a l con -
di t i on s en cou n t er ed i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(E) Ta gs ma y evok e a fa l se sen se of
secu r i t y , a n d t h ei r mea n i n g n eeds t o be
u n der st ood a s pa r t of t h e over a l l en -
er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m.
(F ) Ta gs mu st be secu r el y a t t a ch ed
t o en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces so t h a t t h ey
ca n n ot be i n a dver t en t l y or a cci den -
t a l l y det a ch ed du r i n g u se.
(i i i ) Empl oy ee r et r a i n i n g.
(A) Ret r a i n i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
a l l a u t h or i zed a n d a ffect ed empl oy ees
wh en ever t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n t h ei r j ob
a ssi gn men t s, a ch a n ge i n ma ch i n es,
equ i pmen t or pr ocesses t h a t pr esen t a
n ew h a za r d, or wh en t h er e i s a ch a n ge
i n t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r es.
(B) Addi t i on a l r et r a i n i n g sh a l l a l so
be con du ct ed wh en ever a per i odi c i n -
spect i on u n der pa r a gr a ph (c)(6) of t h i s
sect i on r evea l s, or wh en ever t h e em-
pl oy er h a s r ea son t o bel i eve, t h a t t h er e
a r e devi a t i on s fr om or i n a dequ a ci es i n
t h e empl oy ees k n owl edge or u se of t h e
en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r es.
(C) Th e r et r a i n i n g sh a l l r eest a bl i sh
empl oy ee pr ofi ci en cy a n d i n t r odu ce
n ew or r evi sed con t r ol met h ods a n d
pr ocedu r es, a s n ecessa r y .
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
empl oy ee t r a i n i n g h a s been a ccom-
pl i sh ed a n d i s bei n g k ept u p t o da t e.
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l con t a i n ea ch
empl oy ees n a me a n d da t es of t r a i n i n g.
(8) En ergy isolat ion . Lock ou t or
t a gou t sh a l l be per for med on l y by t h e
a u t h or i zed empl oy ees wh o a r e per -
for mi n g t h e ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce.
(9) Not if icat ion of employ ees. Affect ed
empl oy ees sh a l l be n ot i fi ed by t h e em-
pl oy er or a u t h or i zed empl oy ee of t h e
a ppl i ca t i on a n d r emova l of l ock ou t de-
vi ces or t a gou t devi ces. Not i fi ca t i on
sh a l l be gi ven befor e t h e con t r ol s a r e
a ppl i ed, a n d a ft er t h ey a r e r emoved
fr om t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t .
(d) Applicat ion of con t rol. Th e est a b-
l i sh ed pr ocedu r es for t h e a ppl i ca t i on of
en er gy con t r ol (t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t
pr ocedu r es) sh a l l cover t h e fol l owi n g
el emen t s a n d a ct i on s a n d sh a l l be don e
i n t h e fol l owi n g sequ en ce:
(1) Preparat ion f or sh u t down . Befor e
a n a u t h or i zed or a ffect ed empl oy ee
t u r n s off a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t , t h e
a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l h a ve k n owl -
edge of t h e t y pe a n d ma gn i t u de of t h e
en er gy , t h e h a za r ds of t h e en er gy t o be
con t r ol l ed, a n d t h e met h od or mea n s t o
con t r ol t h e en er gy .
(2) Mach in e or equ ipmen t sh u t down .
Th e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l be
t u r n ed off or sh u t down u si n g t h e pr o-
cedu r es est a bl i sh ed for t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t . An or der l y sh u t down mu st
be u t i l i zed t o a voi d a n y a ddi t i on a l or
i n cr ea sed h a za r d(s) t o empl oy ees a s a
r esu l t of t h e equ i pmen t st oppa ge.
(3) Mach in e or equ ipmen t isolat ion . Al l
en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces t h a t a r e n eed-
ed t o con t r ol t h e en er gy t o t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l be ph y si ca l l y
l oca t ed a n d oper a t ed i n su ch a ma n n er
a s t o i sol a t e t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t
fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce(s).
(4) L ock ou t or t agou t device applica-
t ion . (i ) Lock ou t or t a gou t devi ces sh a l l
be a ffi xed t o ea ch en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ce by a u t h or i zed empl oy ees.
(i i ) Lock ou t devi ces, wh er e u sed,
sh a l l be a ffi xed i n a ma n n er t o t h a t
wi l l h ol d t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces
i n a sa fe or off posi t i on .
(i i i ) Ta gou t devi ces, wh er e u sed, sh a l l
be a ffi xed i n su ch a ma n n er a s wi l l
cl ea r l y i n di ca t e t h a t t h e oper a t i on or
movemen t of en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces
fr om t h e sa fe or off posi t i on i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
(A) Wh er e t a gou t devi ces a r e u sed
wi t h en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces desi gn ed
wi t h t h e ca pa bi l i t y of bei n g l ock ed, t h e
t a g a t t a ch men t sh a l l be fa st en ed a t t h e
sa me poi n t a t wh i ch t h e l ock wou l d
h a ve been a t t a ch ed.
(B) Wh er e a t a g ca n n ot be a ffi xed di -
r ect l y t o t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce,
t h e t a g sh a l l be l oca t ed a s cl ose a s
sa fel y possi bl e t o t h e devi ce, i n a posi -
t i on t h a t wi l l be i mmedi a t el y obvi ou s
t o a n y on e a t t empt i n g t o oper a t e t h e
devi ce.
(5) St ored en ergy . (i ) F ol l owi n g t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on of l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces
t o en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces, a l l pot en -
t i a l l y h a za r dou s st or ed or r esi du a l en -
er gy sh a l l be r el i eved, di scon n ect ed, r e-
st r a i n ed, a n d ot h er wi se r en der ed sa fe.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
489
(i i ) I f t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y of r e-
a ccu mu l a t i on of st or ed en er gy t o a
h a za r dou s l evel , ver i fi ca t i on of i sol a -
t i on sh a l l be con t i n u ed u n t i l t h e ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s compl et ed, or
u n t i l t h e possi bi l i t y of su ch a ccu mu l a -
t i on n o l on ger exi st s.
(6) Verif icat ion of isolat ion . P r i or t o
st a r t i n g wor k on ma ch i n es or equ i p-
men t t h a t h a ve been l ock ed ou t or
t a gged ou t , t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee
sh a l l ver i fy t h a t i sol a t i on a n d
deen er gi za t i on of t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t h a ve been a ccompl i sh ed.
(e) Release f rom lock ou t or t agou t . Be-
for e l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces a r e r e-
moved a n d en er gy i s r est or ed t o t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t , pr ocedu r es
sh a l l be fol l owed a n d a ct i on s t a k en by
t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee(s) t o en su r e
(1) T h e mach in e or equ ipmen t . Th e
wor k a r ea sh a l l be i n spect ed t o en su r e
t h a t n on essen t i a l i t ems h a ve been r e-
moved a n d t o en su r e t h a t ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t compon en t s a r e oper a t i on -
a l l y i n t a ct .
(2) Employ ees. (i ) Th e wor k a r ea sh a l l
be ch eck ed t o en su r e t h a t a l l empl oy -
ees h a ve been sa fel y posi t i on ed or r e-
moved.
(i i ) Aft er l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces
h a ve been r emoved a n d befor e a ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s st a r t ed, a ffect ed
empl oy ees sh a l l be n ot i fi ed t h a t t h e
l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce(s) h a ve been
r emoved.
(3) L ock ou t or t agou t devices removal.
Ea ch l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce sh a l l be
r emoved fr om ea ch en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ce by t h e empl oy ee wh o a ppl i ed t h e
devi ce. Except ion t o paragraph (e)(3):
Wh en t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee wh o a p-
pl i ed t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce i s
n ot a va i l a bl e t o r emove i t , t h a t devi ce
ma y be r emoved u n der t h e di r ect i on of
t h e empl oy er , pr ovi ded t h a t speci fi c
pr ocedu r es a n d t r a i n i n g for su ch r e-
mova l h a ve been devel oped, docu -
men t ed a n d i n cor por a t ed i n t o t h e em-
pl oy er s en er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l demon st r a t e t h a t t h e
speci fi c pr ocedu r e pr ovi des equ i va l en t
sa fet y t o t h e r emova l of t h e devi ce by
t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee wh o a ppl i ed
i t . Th e speci fi c pr ocedu r e sh a l l i n cl u de
a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s:
(i ) Ver fi ca t i on by t h e empl oy er t h a t
t h e devi ce i s n ot a t t h e fa ci l i t y ;
(i i ) Ma k i n g a l l r ea son a bl e effor t s t o
con t a ct t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee t o i n -
for m h i m/h er t h a t h i s/h er l ock ou t or
t a gou t devi ce h a s been r emoved; a n d
(i i i ) En su r i n g t h a t t h e a u t h or i zed
empl oy ee h a s t h i s k n owl edge befor e h e/
sh e r esu mes wor k a t t h a t fa ci l i t y .
(f) Addit ion al requ iremen t s(1) T est in g
or posit ion in g of mach in es, equ ipmen t or
compon en t s t h ereof . I n si t u a t i on s i n
wh i ch l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces mu st
be t empor a r i l y r emoved fr om t h e en -
er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce a n d t h e ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t en er gi zed t o t est or posi -
t i on t h e ma ch i n e, equ i pmen t or compo-
n en t t h er eof, t h e fol l owi n g sequ en ce of
a ct i on s sh a l l be fol l owed:
(i ) Cl ea r t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t of
t ool s a n d ma t er i a l s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (e)(1) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i ) Remove empl oy ees fr om t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t a r ea i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(2) of t h i s sect i on ;
(i i i ) Remove t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t
devi ces a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (e)(3)
(i v) En er gi ze a n d pr oceed wi t h t est -
i n g or posi t i on i n g;
(v) Deen er gi ze a l l sy st ems a n d r e-
a ppl y en er gy con t r ol mea su r es i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on t o con t i n u e t h e ser vi ci n g a n d/or
ma i n t en a n ce.
(2) Ou t side person n el (con t ract ors, et c. ).
(i ) Wh en ever ou t si de ser vi ci n g per -
son n el a r e t o be en ga ged i n a ct i vi t i es
cover ed by t h e scope a n d a ppl i ca t i on of
t h i s st a n da r d, t h e on -si t e empl oy er a n d
t h e ou t si de empl oy er sh a l l i n for m ea ch
ot h er of t h ei r r espect i ve l ock ou t or
t a gou t pr ocedu r es.
(i i ) Th e on -si t e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t h i s/h er empl oy ees u n der st a n d a n d
compl y wi t h t h e r est r i ct i on s a n d pr oh i -
bi t i on s of t h e ou t si de empl oy er s en -
(3) Grou p lock ou t or t agou t . (i ) Wh en
ser vi ci n g a n d/or ma i n t en a n ce i s per -
for med by a cr ew, cr a ft , depa r t men t or
ot h er gr ou p, t h ey sh a l l u t i l i ze a pr oce-
du r e wh i ch a ffor ds t h e empl oy ees a
l evel of pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t
pr ovi ded by t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of a
per son a l l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce.
(i i ) Gr ou p l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces
sh a l l be u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
490
pr ocedu r es r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (c)(4)
of t h i s sect i on i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot n ec-
essa r i l y l i mi t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g spe-
ci fi c r equ i r emen t s:
(A) P r i ma r y r espon si bi l i t y i s vest ed
i n a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee for a set
n u mber of empl oy ees wor k i n g u n der
t h e pr ot ect i on of a gr ou p l ock ou t or
t a gou t devi ce (su ch a s a n oper a t i on s
l ock );
(B) P r ovi si on for t h e a u t h or i zed em-
pl oy ee t o a scer t a i n t h e exposu r e st a t u s
of i n di vi du a l gr ou p member s wi t h r e-
ga r d t o t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t of t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t a n d
(C) Wh en mor e t h a n on e cr ew, cr a ft ,
depa r t men t , et c. i s i n vol ved, a ssi gn -
men t of over a l l j ob-a ssoci a t ed l ock ou t
or t a gou t con t r ol r espon si bi l i t y t o a n
a u t h or i zed empl oy ee desi gn a t ed t o co-
or di n a t e a ffect ed wor k for ces a n d en -
su r e con t i n u i t y of pr ot ect i on ; a n d
(D) Ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l
a ffi x a per son a l l ock ou t or t a gou t de-
vi ce t o t h e gr ou p l ock ou t devi ce, gr ou p
l ock box, or compa r a bl e mech a n i sm
wh en h e or sh e begi n s wor k , a n d sh a l l
r emove t h ose devi ces wh en h e or sh e
st ops wor k i n g on t h e ma ch i n e or equ i p-
men t bei n g ser vi ced or ma i n t a i n ed.
(4) Sh if t or person n el ch an ges. S peci fi c
pr ocedu r es sh a l l be u t i l i zed du r i n g
sh i ft or per son n el ch a n ges t o en su r e
t h e con t i n u i t y of l ock ou t or t a gou t
pr ot ect i on , i n cl u di n g pr ovi si on for t h e
or der l y t r a n sfer of l ock ou t or t a gou t
devi ce pr ot ect i on bet ween off-goi n g
a n d on comi n g empl oy ees, t o mi n i mi ze
exposu r e t o h a za r ds fr om t h e u n ex-
pect ed en er gi za t i on or st a r t -u p of t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t , or t h e r el ea se
of st or ed en er gy .
NOTE: Th e fol l owi n g a ppen di x t o 1910. 147
ser vi ces a s a n on -ma n da t or y gu i del i n e t o a s-
si st empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees i n compl y i n g
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on , a s wel l
a s t o pr ovi de ot h er h el pfu l i n for ma t i on .
Not h i n g i n t h e a ppen di x a dds t o or det r a ct s
fr om a n y of t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on .
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 147TYP I CAL MI NI MAL
LOCKOUT P ROCEDURE
Gen eral
Th e fol l owi n g si mpl e l ock ou t pr ocedu r e i s
pr ovi ded t o a ssi st empl oy er s i n devel opi n g
t h ei r pr ocedu r es so t h ey meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s st a n da r d. Wh en t h e en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ces a r e n ot l ock a bl e, t a gou t ma y
be u sed, pr ovi ded t h e empl oy er compl i es
wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h e st a n da r d wh i ch r e-
qu i r e a ddi t i on a l t r a i n i n g a n d mor e r i gor ou s
per i odi c i n spect i on s. Wh en t a gou t i s u sed
a n d t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces a r e l ock -
a bl e, t h e empl oy er mu st pr ovi de fu l l em-
pl oy ee pr ot ect i on (see pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)) a n d
a ddi t i on a l t r a i n i n g a n d mor e r i gor ou s per i -
odi c i n spect i on s a r e r equ i r ed. F or mor e com-
pl ex sy st ems, mor e compr eh en si ve pr oce-
du r es ma y n eed t o be devel oped, docu men t ed
a n d u t i l i zed.
Lock ou t P r ocedu r e
Lock ou t pr ocedu r e for
(Na me of Compa n y for si n gl e pr ocedu r e or
i den t i fi ca t i on of equ i pmen t i f mu l t i pl e pr o-
cedu r es a r e u sed)
Pu rpose
Th i s pr ocedu r e est a bl i sh es t h e mi n i mu m
r equ i r emen t s for t h e l ock ou t of en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ces wh en ever ma i n t en a n ce or
ser vi ci n g i s don e on ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t .
I t sh a l l be u sed t o en su r e t h a t t h e ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t i s st opped, i sol a t ed fr om a l l
pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s en er gy sou r ces a n d
l ock ed ou t befor e empl oy ees per for m a n y
ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce wh er e t h e u n ex-
pect ed en er gi za t i on or st a r t -u p of t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t or r el ea se of st or ed en -
er gy cou l d ca u se i n j u r y .
Complian ce Wit h T h is Program
Al l empl oy ees a r e r equ i r ed t o compl y wi t h
t h e r est r i ct i on s a n d l i mi t a t i on s i mposed
u pon t h em du r i n g t h e u se of l ock ou t . Th e a u -
t h or i zed empl oy ees a r e r equ i r ed t o per for m
t h e l ock ou t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s pr oce-
du r e. Al l empl oy ees, u pon obser vi n g a ma -
ch i n e or pi ece of equ i pmen t wh i ch i s l ock ed
ou t t o per for m ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce
sh a l l n ot a t t empt t o st a r t , en er gi ze or u se
t h a t ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t .
Ty pe of compl i a n ce en for cemen t t o be t a k en
for vi ol a t i on of t h e a bove.
Sequ en ce of L ock ou t
(1) Not i fy a l l a ffect ed empl oy ees t h a t ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s r equ i r ed on a ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t a n d t h a t t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t mu st be sh u t down a n d l ock ed ou t
t o per for m t h e ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce.
Na me(s)/J ob Ti t l e(s) of a ffect ed empl oy ees
a n d h ow t o n ot i fy .
(2) Th e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l r efer t o
t h e compa n y pr ocedu r e t o i den t i fy t h e t y pe
a n d ma gn i t u de of t h e en er gy t h a t t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t u t i l i zes, sh a l l u n der st a n d
t h e h a za r ds of t h e en er gy , a n d sh a l l k n ow
t h e met h ods t o con t r ol t h e en er gy .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
491
Ty pe(s) a n d ma gn i t u de(s) of en er gy , i t s h a z-
a r ds a n d t h e met h ods t o con t r ol t h e en er gy .
(3) I f t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s oper -
a t i n g, sh u t i t down by t h e n or ma l st oppi n g
pr ocedu r e (depr ess st op bu t t on , open swi t ch ,
cl ose va l ve, et c. ).
Ty pe(s) a n d l oca t i on (s) of ma ch i n e or equ i p-
men t oper a t i n g con t r ol s.
(4) De-a ct i va t e t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ce(s) so t h a t t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s
i sol a t ed fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce(s).
Ty pe(s) a n d l oca t i on (s) of en er gy i sol a t i n g
devi ces.
(5) Lock ou t t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce(s)
wi t h a ssi gn ed i n di vi du a l l ock (s).
(6) S t or ed or r esi du a l en er gy (su ch a s t h a t
i n ca pa ci t or s, spr i n gs, el eva t ed ma ch i n e
member s, r ot a t i n g fl y wh eel s, h y dr a u l i c sy s-
t ems, a n d a i r , ga s, st ea m, or wa t er pr essu r e,
et c. ) mu st be di ssi pa t ed or r est r a i n ed by
met h ods su ch a s gr ou n di n g, r eposi t i on i n g,
bl ock i n g, bl eedi n g down , et c.
Ty pe(s) of st or ed en er gy met h ods t o di s-
si pa t e or r est r a i n .
(7) En su r e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t i s di scon -
n ect ed fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce(s) by fi r st
ch eck i n g t h a t n o per son n el a r e exposed, t h en
ver i fy t h e i sol a t i on of t h e equ i pmen t by op-
er a t i n g t h e pu sh bu t t on or ot h er n or ma l op-
er a t i n g con t r ol (s) or by t est i n g t o ma k e cer -
t a i n t h e equ i pmen t wi l l n ot oper a t e.
CAUTI ON: Ret u r n oper a t i n g con t r ol (s) t o
n eu t r a l or off posi t i on a ft er ver i fy i n g t h e
i sol a t i on of t h e equ i pmen t .
Met h od of ver i fy i n g t h e i sol a t i on of t h e
equ i pmen t .
(8) Th e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s n ow
l ock ed ou t .
Rest orin g Equ ipmen t t o Service. Wh en t h e
ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s compl et ed a n d
t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s r ea dy t o r et u r n
t o n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on , t h e fol l owi n g
st eps sh a l l be t a k en .
(1) Ch eck t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t a n d
t h e i mmedi a t e a r ea a r ou n d t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t t o en su r e t h a t n on essen t i a l i t ems
h a ve been r emoved a n d t h a t t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t compon en t s a r e oper a t i on a l l y i n -
t a ct .
(2) Ch eck t h e wor k a r ea t o en su r e t h a t a l l
empl oy ees h a ve been sa fel y posi t i on ed or r e-
moved fr om t h e a r ea .
(3) Ver i fy t h a t t h e con t r ol s a r e i n n eu t r a l .
(4) Remove t h e l ock ou t devi ces a n d r een er -
gi ze t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t .
NOTE: Th e r emova l of some for ms of bl ock -
i n g ma y r equ i r e r een er gi za t i on of t h e ma -
ch i n e befor e sa fe r emova l .
(5) Not i fy a ffect ed empl oy ees t h a t t h e ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s compl et ed a n d t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s r ea dy for u se.
[54 F R 36687, S ept . 1, 1989, a s a men ded a t 54
F R 42498, Oct . 17, 1989; 55 F R 38685, 38686,
S ept . 20, 1990]
Subpart KMedical and First Aid
pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Act of 1970, 29
U. S . C. 653, 655, a n d 657; S ecr et a r y of La bor s
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), or 32000 (65 F R 50017), a s a p-
pl i ca bl e, a n d 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
1910.151 Medical services and first
aid.
(a ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h e
r ea dy a va i l a bi l i t y of medi ca l per son n el
for a dvi ce a n d con su l t a t i on on ma t t er s
of pl a n t h ea l t h .
(b) I n t h e a bsen ce of a n i n fi r ma r y ,
cl i n i c, or h ospi t a l i n n ea r pr oxi mi t y t o
t h e wor k pl a ce wh i ch i s u sed for t h e
t r ea t men t of a l l i n j u r ed empl oy ees, a
per son or per son s sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
t r a i n ed t o r en der fi r st a i d. Adequ a t e
fi r st a i d su ppl i es sh a l l be r ea di l y a va i l -
a bl e.
(c) Wh er e t h e ey es or body of a n y per -
son ma y be exposed t o i n j u r i ou s cor r o-
si ve ma t er i a l s, su i t a bl e fa ci l i t i es for
qu i ck dr en ch i n g or fl u sh i n g of t h e ey es
a n d body sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h i n t h e
wor k a r ea for i mmedi a t e emer gen cy
u se.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 151F I RS T AI D KI TS
(NON-MANDATORY)
F i r st a i d su ppl i es a r e r equ i r ed t o be r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e u n der pa r a gr a ph 1910. 151(b). An
exa mpl e of t h e mi n i ma l con t en t s of a gen er i c
fi r st a i d k i t i s descr i bed i n Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d (ANS I ) Z308. 11998 Mi n -
i mu m Requ i r emen t s for Wor k pl a ce F i r st -a i d
Ki t s. Th e con t en t s of t h e k i t l i st ed i n t h e
ANS I st a n da r d sh ou l d be a dequ a t e for sma l l
wor k si t es. Wh en l a r ger oper a t i on s or mu l -
t i pl e oper a t i on s a r e bei n g con du ct ed a t t h e
sa me l oca t i on , empl oy er s sh ou l d det er mi n e
t h e n eed for a ddi t i on a l fi r st a i d k i t s a t t h e
wor k si t e, a ddi t i on a l t y pes of fi r st a i d equ i p-
men t a n d su ppl i es a n d a ddi t i on a l qu a n t i t i es
a n d t y pes of su ppl i es a n d equ i pmen t i n t h e
fi r st a i d k i t s.
I n a si mi l a r fa sh i on , empl oy er s wh o h a ve
u n i qu e or ch a n gi n g fi r st -a i d n eeds i n t h ei r
wor k pl a ce ma y n eed t o en h a n ce t h ei r fi r st -
a i d k i t s. Th e empl oy er ca n u se t h e OS HA 200
l og, OS HA 101s or ot h er r epor t s t o i den t i fy
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
492
t h ese u n i qu e pr obl ems. Con su l t a t i on fr om
t h e l oca l fi r e/r escu e depa r t men t , a ppr opr i a t e
medi ca l pr ofessi on a l , or l oca l emer gen cy
r oom ma y be h el pfu l t o empl oy er s i n t h ese
ci r cu mst a n ces. By a ssessi n g t h e speci fi c
n eeds of t h ei r wor k pl a ce, empl oy er s ca n en -
su r e t h a t r ea son a bl y a n t i ci pa t ed su ppl i es a r e
a va i l a bl e. Empl oy er s sh ou l d a ssess t h e spe-
ci fi c n eeds of t h ei r wor k si t e per i odi ca l l y a n d
a u gmen t t h e fi r st a i d k i t a ppr opr i a t el y .
I f i t i s r ea son a bl y a n t i ci pa t ed t h a t empl oy -
ees wi l l be exposed t o bl ood or ot h er pot en -
t i a l l y i n fect i ou s ma t er i a l s wh i l e u si n g fi r st
a i d su ppl i es, empl oy er s a r e r equ i r ed t o pr o-
vi de a ppr opr i a t e per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t (P P E) i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of t h e Occu pa t i on a l Exposu r e t o Bl ood
bor n e P a t h ogen s st a n da r d, 1910. 1030(d)(3) (56
F R 64175). Th i s st a n da r d l i st s a ppr opr i a t e
P P E for t h i s t y pe of exposu r e, su ch a s
gl oves, gown s, fa ce sh i el ds, ma sk s, a n d ey e
pr ot ect i on .
F R 33466, J u n e 18, 1998; 70 F R 1141, J a n . 5,
2005]
1910.152 [Reserved]
Subpart LFire Protection
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F 35736), 696 (62 F R 111), or 3
2000 (65 F R 50017), a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R
pa r t 1911.
1910.155 Scope, application and defi-
nitions applicable to this subpart.
(a ) Scope. Th i s su bpa r t con t a i n s r e-
qu i r emen t s for fi r e br i ga des, a n d a l l
por t a bl e a n d fi xed fi r e su ppr essi on
equ i pmen t , fi r e det ect i on sy st ems, a n d
fi r e or empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems i n -
st a l l ed t o meet t h e fi r e pr ot ect i on r e-
qu i r emen t s of 29 CF R pa r t 1910.
(b) Applicat ion . Th i s su bpa r t a ppl i es
t o a l l empl oy men t s except for ma r i -
t i me, con st r u ct i on , a n d a gr i cu l t u r e.
(c) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is su b-
part . (1) Af t er-f lame mea n s t h e t i me a
t est speci men con t i n u es t o fl a me a ft er
t h e fl a me sou r ce h a s been r emoved.
(2) Aqu eou s f ilm f ormin g f oam (AFFF)
mea n s a fl u or i n a t ed su r fa ct a n t wi t h a
foa m st a bi l i zer wh i ch i s di l u t ed wi t h
wa t er t o a ct a s a t empor a r y ba r r i er t o
excl u de a i r fr om mi xi n g wi t h t h e fu el
va por by devel opi n g a n a qu eou s fi l m on
t h e fu el su r fa ce of some h y dr oca r bon s
wh i ch i s ca pa bl e of su ppr essi n g t h e
gen er a t i on of fu el va por s.
(3) Approved mea n s a ccept a bl e t o t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y u n der t h e fol -
l owi n g cr i t er i a :
(i ) I f i t i s a ccept ed, or cer t i fi ed, or
l i st ed, or l a bel ed or ot h er wi se det er -
mi n ed t o be sa fe by a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
n i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y ; or
(i i ) Wi t h r espect t o a n i n st a l l a t i on or
equ i pmen t of a k i n d wh i ch n o n a t i on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y a c-
cept s, cer t i fi es, l i st s, l a bel s, or det er -
mi n es t o be sa fe, i f i t i s i n spect ed or
t est ed by a n ot h er F eder a l a gen cy a n d
fou n d i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of t h e a ppl i ca bl e Na t i on a l F i r e
P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on F i r e Code; or
(i i i ) Wi t h r espect t o cu st om-ma de
equ i pmen t or r el a t ed i n st a l l a t i on s
wh i ch a r e desi gn ed, fa br i ca t ed for , a n d
i n t en ded for u se by i t s ma n u fa ct u r er
on t h e ba si s of t est da t a wh i ch t h e em-
pl oy er k eeps a n d ma k es a va i l a bl e for
i n spect i on t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y .
(i v) F or t h e pu r poses of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3) of t h i s sect i on :
(A) Equ i pmen t i s l i st ed i f i t i s of a
k i n d men t i on ed i n a l i st wh i ch i s pu b-
l i sh ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est -
i n g l a bor a t or y wh i ch ma k es per i odi c
i n spect i on s of t h e pr odu ct i on of su ch
equ i pmen t a n d wh i ch st a t es t h a t su ch
equ i pmen t meet s n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
st a n da r ds or h a s been t est ed a n d fou n d
sa fe for u se i n a speci fi ed ma n n er ;
(B) Equ i pmen t i s l a bel ed i f t h er e i s
a t t a ch ed t o i t a l a bel , sy mbol , or ot h er
i den t i fy i n g ma r k of a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
n i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y wh i ch ma k es
per i odi c i n spect i on s of t h e pr odu ct i on
of su ch equ i pmen t , a n d wh ose l a bel i n g
i n di ca t es compl i a n ce wi t h n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed st a n da r ds or t est s t o det er -
mi n e sa fe u se i n a speci fi ed ma n n er ;
(C) Equ i pmen t i s a ccept ed i f i t h a s
been i n spect ed a n d fou n d by a n a t i on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y t o
con for m t o speci fi ed pl a n s or t o pr oce-
du r es of a ppl i ca bl e codes; a n d
(D) Equ i pmen t i s cer t i fi ed i f i t h a s
been t est ed a n d fou n d by a n a t i on a l l y
r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y t o meet
n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed st a n da r ds or t o
be sa fe for u se i n a speci fi ed ma n n er or
i s of a k i n d wh ose pr odu ct i on i s per i -
odi ca l l y i n spect ed by a n a t i on a l l y r ec-
ogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y , a n d i f i t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
493
bea r s a l a bel , t a g, or ot h er r ecor d of
cer t i fi ca t i on .
(E) Refer t o 1910. 7 for defi n i t i on of
t or y .
(4) Assist an t Secret ary mea n s t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor for Occu pa -
t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h or desi gn ee.
(5) Au t omat ic f ire det ect ion device
mea n s a devi ce desi gn ed t o a u t oma t i -
ca l l y det ect t h e pr esen ce of fi r e by
h ea t , fl a me, l i gh t , smok e or ot h er pr od-
u ct s of combu st i on .
(6) Bu ddy -breat h in g device mea n s a n
a ccessor y t o sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u s wh i ch per mi t s a secon d per -
son t o sh a r e t h e sa me a i r su ppl y a s
t h a t of t h e wea r er of t h e a ppa r a t u s.
(7) Carbon dioxide mea n s a col or l ess,
odor l ess, el ect r i ca l l y n on con du ct i ve
i n er t ga s (ch emi ca l for mu l a CO2) t h a t
i s a medi u m for ext i n gu i sh i n g fi r es by
r edu ci n g t h e con cen t r a t i on of oxy gen
or fu el va por i n t h e a i r t o t h e poi n t
wh er e con bu st i on i s i mpossi bl e.
(8) Class A f ire mea n s a fi r e i n vol vi n g
or di n a r y combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s su ch a s
pa per , wood, cl ot h , a n d some r u bber
a n d pl a st i c ma t er i a l s.
(9) Class B f ire mea n s a fi r e i n vol vi n g
fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e l i qu i ds,
fl a mma bl e ga ses, gr ea ses a n d si mi l a r
ma t er i a l s, a n d some r u bber a n d pl a st i c
ma t er i a l s.
(10) Class C f ire mea n s a fi r e i n vol vi n g
en er gi zed el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t wh er e
sa fet y t o t h e empl oy ee r equ i r es t h e u se
of el ect r i ca l l y n on con du ct i ve ext i n -
gu i sh i n g medi a .
(11) Class D f ire mea n s a fi r e i n vol vi n g
combu st i bl e met a l s su ch a s ma gn e-
si u m, t i t a n i u m, zi r con i u m, sodi u m,
l i t h i u m a n d pot a ssi u m.
(12) Dry ch emical mea n s a n ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t composed of ver y sma l l
pa r t i cl es of ch emi ca l s su ch a s, bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, sodi u m bi ca r bon a t e, pot a s-
si u m bi ca r bon a t e, u r ea -ba sed pot a s-
si u m bi ca r bon a t e, pot a ssi u m ch l or i de,
or mon oa mmon i u m ph osph a t e su ppl e-
men t ed by speci a l t r ea t men t t o pr ovi de
r esi st a n ce t o pa ck i n g a n d moi st u r e a b-
sor pt i on (ca k i n g) a s wel l a s t o pr ovi de
pr oper fl ow ca pa bi l i t i es. Dr y ch emi ca l
does n ot i n cl u de dr y powder s.
(13) Dry powder mea n s a compou n d
u sed t o ext i n gu i sh or con t r ol Cl a ss D
fi r es.
(14) Edu cat ion mea n s t h e pr ocess of
i mpa r t i n g k n owl edge or sk i l l t h r ou gh
sy st ema t i c i n st r u ct i on . I t does n ot r e-
qu i r e for ma l cl a ssr oom i n st r u ct i on .
(15) En closed st ru ct u re mea n s a st r u c-
t u r e wi t h a r oof or cei l i n g a n d a t l ea st
t wo wa l l s wh i ch ma y pr esen t fi r e h a z-
a r ds t o empl oy ees, su ch a s a ccu mu l a -
t i on s of smok e, t oxi c ga ses a n d h ea t ,
si mi l a r t o t h ose fou n d i n bu i l di n gs.
(16) Ext in gu ish er classif icat ion mea n s
t h e l et t er cl a ssi fi ca t i on gi ven a n ext i n -
gu i sh er t o desi gn a t e t h e cl a ss or cl a ss-
es of fi r e on wh i ch a n ext i n gu i sh er wi l l
be effect i ve.
(17) Ext in gu ish er rat in g mea n s t h e n u -
mer i ca l r a t i n g gi ven t o a n ext i n gu i sh er
wh i ch i n di ca t es t h e ext i n gu i sh i n g po-
t en t i a l of t h e u n i t ba sed on st a n da r d-
i zed t est s devel oped by Un der wr i t er s
La bor a t or i es, I n c.
(18) Fire brigade (pr i va t e fi r e depa r t -
men t , i n du st r i a l fi r e depa r t men t )
mea n s a n or ga n i zed gr ou p of empl oy ees
wh o a r e k n owl edgea bl e, t r a i n ed, a n d
sk i l l ed i n a t l ea st ba si c fi r e fi gh t i n g
oper a t i on s.
(19) Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st em mea n s
a per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed sy st em t h a t
ei t h er ext i n gu i sh es or con t r ol s a fi r e a t
t h e l oca t i on of t h e sy st em.
(20) Flame resist an ce i s t h e pr oper t y of
ma t er i a l s, or combi n a t i on s of compo-
n en t ma t er i a l s, t o r et a r d i gn i t i on a n d
r est r i ct t h e spr ea d of fl a me.
(21) Foam mea n s a st a bl e a ggr ega t i on
of sma l l bu bbl es wh i ch fl ow fr eel y over
a bu r n i n g l i qu i d su r fa ce a n d for m a co-
h er en t bl a n k et wh i ch sea l s combu s-
t i bl e va por s a n d t h er eby ext i n gu i sh es
t h e fi r e.
(22) Gaseou s agen t i s a fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t wh i ch i s i n t h e ga seou s
st a t e a t n or ma l r oom t emper a t u r e a n d
pr essu r e. I t h a s l ow vi scosi t y , ca n ex-
pa n d or con t r a ct wi t h ch a n ges i n pr es-
su r e a n d t emper a t u r e, a n d h a s t h e a bi l -
i t y t o di ffu se r ea di l y a n d t o di st r i bu t e
i t sel f u n i for ml y t h r ou gh ou t a n en cl o-
su r e.
(23) Halon 1211 mea n s a col or l ess,
fa i n t l y sweet smel l i n g, el ect r i ca l l y
n on con du ct i ve l i qu efi ed ga s (ch emi ca l
for mu l a CBr C1F 2) wh i ch i s a medi u m
for ext i n gu i sh i n g fi r es by i n h i bi t i n g
t h e ch emi ca l ch a i n r ea ct i on of fu el a n d
oxy gen . I t i s a l so k n own a s
br omoch l or odi fl u or omet h a n e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
494
(24) Halon 1301 mea n s a col or l ess,
odor l ess, el ect r i ca l l y n on con du ct i ve
ga s (ch emi ca l for mu l a CBr F 3) wh i ch i s
a medi u m for ext i n gu i sh i n g fi r es by i n -
h i bi t i n g t h e ch emi ca l ch a i n r ea ct i on of
fu el a n d oxy gen . I t i s a l so k n own a s
br omot r i fl u or omet h a n e.
(25) Helmet i s a h ea d pr ot ect i ve devi ce
con si st i n g of a r i gi d sh el l , en er gy a b-
sor pt i on sy st em, a n d ch i n st r a p i n -
t en ded t o be wor n t o pr ovi de pr ot ect i on
for t h e h ea d or por t i on s t h er eof,
a ga i n st i mpa ct , fl y i n g or fa l l i n g ob-
j ect s, el ect r i c sh ock , pen et r a t i on , h ea t
a n d fl a me.
(26) I n cipien t st age f ire mea n s a fi r e
wh i ch i s i n t h e i n i t i a l or begi n n i n g
st a ge a n d wh i ch ca n be con t r ol l ed or
ext i n gu i sh ed by por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s, Cl a ss I I st a n dpi pe or sma l l
h ose sy st ems wi t h ou t t h e n eed for pr o-
t ect i ve cl ot h i n g or br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s.
(27) I n spect ion mea n s a vi su a l ch eck
of fi r e pr ot ect i on sy st ems a n d equ i p-
men t t o en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e i n pl a ce,
ch a r ged, a n d r ea dy for u se i n t h e even t
of a fi r e.
(28) I n t erior st ru ct u ral f ire f igh t in g
mea n s t h e ph y si ca l a ct i vi t y of fi r e su p-
pr essi on , r escu e or bot h , i n si de of
bu i l di n gs or en cl osed st r u ct u r es wh i ch
a r e i n vol ved i n a fi r e si t u a t i on bey on d
t h e i n ci pi en t st a ge.
(29) L in in g mea n s a ma t er i a l per ma -
n en t l y a t t a ch ed t o t h e i n si de of t h e
ou t er sh el l of a ga r men t for t h e pu r -
pose of t h er ma l pr ot ect i on a n d pa d-
di n g.
(30) L ocal applicat ion sy st em mea n s a
fi xed fi r e su ppr essi on sy st em wh i ch h a s
a su ppl y of ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t , wi t h
n ozzl es a r r a n ged t o a u t oma t i ca l l y di s-
ch a r ge ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t di r ect l y on
t h e bu r n i n g ma t er i a l t o ext i n gu i sh or
con t r ol a fi r e.
(31) Main t en an ce mea n s t h e per for m-
a n ce of ser vi ces on fi r e pr ot ect i on
equ i pmen t a n d sy st ems t o a ssu r e t h a t
t h ey wi l l per for m a s expect ed i n t h e
even t of a fi r e. Ma i n t en a n ce di ffer s
fr om i n spect i on i n t h a t ma i n t en a n ce
r equ i r es t h e ch eck i n g of i n t er n a l fi t -
t i n gs, devi ces a n d a gen t su ppl i es.
(32) Mu lt ipu rpose dry ch emical mea n s a
dr y ch emi ca l wh i ch i s a ppr oved for u se
on Cl a ss A, Cl a ss B a n d Cl a ss C fi r es.
(33) Ou t er sh ell i s t h e ext er i or l a y er of
ma t er i a l on t h e fi r e coa t a n d pr ot ec-
t i ve t r ou ser s wh i ch for ms t h e ou t er -
most ba r r i er bet ween t h e fi r e fi gh t er
a n d t h e en vi r on men t . I t i s a t t a ch ed t o
t h e va por ba r r i er a n d l i n er a n d i s u su -
a l l y con st r u ct ed wi t h a st or m fl a p,
su i t a bl e cl osu r es, a n d pock et s.
(34) Posit ive-pressu re breat h in g appa-
rat u s mea n s sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u s i n wh i ch t h e pr essu r e i n t h e
br ea t h i n g zon e i s posi t i ve i n r el a t i on t o
t h e i mmedi a t e en vi r on men t du r i n g i n -
h a l a t i on a n d exh a l a t i on .
(35) Pre-disch arge employ ee alarm
mea n s a n a l a r m wh i ch wi l l sou n d a t a
set t i me pr i or t o a ct u a l di sch a r ge of a n
ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st em so t h a t empl oy -
ees ma y eva cu a t e t h e di sch a r ge a r ea
pr i or t o sy st em di sch a r ge.
(36) Qu ick discon n ect valve mea n s a
devi ce wh i ch st a r t s t h e fl ow of a i r by
i n ser t i n g of t h e h ose (wh i ch l ea ds fr om
t h e fa cepi ece) i n t o t h e r egu l a t or of
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s,
a n d st ops t h e fl ow of a i r by di scon n ec-
t i on of t h e h ose fr om t h e r egu l a t or .
(37) Sprin k ler alarm mea n s a n a p-
pr oved devi ce i n st a l l ed so t h a t a n y wa -
t er fl ow fr om a spr i n k l er sy st em equ a l
t o or gr ea t er t h a n t h a t fr om si n gl e
a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er wi l l r esu l t i n a n
a u di bl e a l a r m si gn a l on t h e pr emi ses.
(38) Sprin k ler sy st em mea n s a sy st em
of pi pi n g desi gn ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
fi r e pr ot ect i on en gi n eer i n g st a n da r ds
a n d i n st a l l ed t o con t r ol or ext i n gu i sh
fi r es. Th e sy st em i n cl u des a n a dequ a t e
a n d r el i a bl e wa t er su ppl y , a n d a n et -
wor k of speci a l l y si zed pi pi n g a n d
spr i n k l er s wh i ch a r e i n t er con n ect ed.
Th e sy st em a l so i n cl u des a con t r ol
va l ve a n d a devi ce for a ct u a t i n g a n
a l a r m wh en t h e sy st em i s i n oper a t i on .
(39) St an dpipe sy st ems. (i ) Class I
st an dpipe sy st em mea n s a 2
1
2 (6. 3 cm)
h ose con n ect i on for u se by fi r e depa r t -
men t s a n d t h ose t r a i n ed i n h a n dl i n g
h ea vy fi r e st r ea ms.
(i i ) Class I I st an dpipe sy st em mea n s a
1
1
2 (3. 8 cm) h ose sy st em wh i ch pr o-
vi des a mea n s for t h e con t r ol or ext i n -
gu i sh men t of i n ci pi en t st a ge fi r es.
(i i i ) Class I I I st an dpipe sy st em mea n s a
combi n ed sy st em of h ose wh i ch i s for
t h e u se of empl oy ees t r a i n ed i n t h e u se
of h ose oper a t i on s a n d wh i ch i s ca pa bl e
of fu r n i sh i n g effect i ve wa t er di sch a r ge
du r i n g t h e mor e a dva n ced st a ges of fi r e
(bey on d t h e i n ci pi en t st a ge) i n t h e i n -
t er i or of wor k pl a ces. Hose ou t l et s a r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
495
a va i l a bl e for bot h 1
1
2 (3. 8 cm) a n d 2
1
2
(6. 3 cm) h ose.
(i v) Small h ose sy st em mea n s a sy st em
of h ose r a n gi n g i n di a met er fr om
5
8
(1. 6 cm u p t o 1
1
2 (3. 8 cm) wh i ch i s for
t h e u se of empl oy ees a n d wh i ch pr o-
vi des a mea n s for t h e con t r ol a n d ex-
t i n gu i sh men t of i n ci pi en t st a ge fi r es.
(40) T ot al f loodin g sy st em mea n s a
fi xed su ppr essi on sy st em wh i ch i s a r -
r a n ged t o a u t oma t i ca l l y di sch a r ge a
pr edet er mi n ed con cen t r a t i on of a gen t
i n t o a n en cl osed spa ce for t h e pu r pose
of fi r e ext i n gu i sh men t or con t r ol .
(41) T rain in g mea n s t h e pr ocess of
ma k i n g pr ofi ci en t t h r ou gh i n st r u ct i on
a n d h a n ds-on pr a ct i ce i n t h e oper a t i on
of equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on equ i pmen t , t h a t i s expect ed
t o be u sed a n d i n t h e per for ma n ce of
a ssi gn ed du t i es.
(42) Vapor barrier mea n s t h a t ma t e-
r i a l u sed t o pr even t or su bst a n t i a l l y i n -
h i bi t t h e t r a n sfer of wa t er , cor r osi ve
l i qu i ds a n d st ea m or ot h er h ot va por s
fr om t h e ou t si de of a ga r men t t o t h e
wea r er s body .
F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988]
1910.156 Fire brigades.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion (1) Scope.
Th i s sect i on con t a i n s r equ i r emen t s for
t h e or ga n i za t i on , t r a i n i n g, a n d per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t of fi r e br i -
ga des wh en ever t h ey a r e est a bl i sh ed by
a n empl oy er .
(2) Applicat ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o fi r e br i ga des, i n -
du st r i a l fi r e depa r t men t s a n d pr i va t e
or con t r a ct u a l t y pe fi r e depa r t men t s.
P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t r equ i r e-
men t s a ppl y on l y t o member s of fi r e
br i ga des per for mi n g i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l
fi r e fi gh t i n g. Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o a i r por t cr a sh
r escu e or for est fi r e fi gh t i n g oper -
a t i on s.
(b) Organ izat ion (1) Organ izat ion al
st at emen t . Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr epa r e
a n d ma i n t a i n a st a t emen t or wr i t t en
pol i cy wh i ch est a bl i sh es t h e exi st en ce
of a fi r e br i ga de; t h e ba si c or ga n i za -
t i on a l st r u ct u r e; t h e t y pe, a mou n t , a n d
fr equ en cy of t r a i n i n g t o be pr ovi ded t o
fi r e br i ga de member s; t h e expect ed
n u mber of member s i n t h e fi r e br i ga de;
a n d t h e fu n ct i on s t h a t t h e fi r e br i ga de
i s t o per for m a t t h e wor k pl a ce. Th e or -
ga n i za t i on a l st a t emen t sh a l l be a va i l -
a bl e for i n spect i on by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y a n d by empl oy ees or t h ei r
desi gn a t ed r epr esen t a t i ves.
(2) Person n el. Th e empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t empl oy ees wh o a r e expect ed
t o do i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g
a r e ph y si ca l l y ca pa bl e of per for mi n g
du t i es wh i ch ma y be a ssi gn ed t o t h em
du r i n g emer gen ci es. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l n ot per mi t empl oy ees wi t h k n own
h ea r t di sea se, epi l epsy , or emph y sema ,
t o pa r t i ci pa t e i n fi r e br i ga de emer -
gen cy a ct i vi t i es u n l ess a ph y si ci a n s
cer t i fi ca t e of t h e empl oy ees fi t n ess t o
pa r t i ci pa t e i n su ch a ct i vi t i es i s pr o-
vi ded. F or empl oy ees a ssi gn ed t o fi r e
br i ga des befor e S ept ember 15, 1980, t h i s
pa r a gr a ph i s effect i ve on S ept ember 15,
1990. F or empl oy ees a ssi gn ed t o fi r e
br i ga des on or a ft er S ept ember 15, 1980,
t h i s pa r a gr a ph i s effect i ve December
15, 1980.
(c) T rain in g an d edu cat ion . (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t r a i n i n g a n d
edu ca t i on for a l l fi r e br i ga de member s
commen su r a t e wi t h t h ose du t i es a n d
fu n ct i on s t h a t fi r e br i ga de member s
a r e expect ed t o per for m. S u ch t r a i n i n g
a n d edu ca t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o fi r e
br i ga de member s befor e t h ey per for m
fi r e br i ga de emer gen cy a ct i vi t i es. F i r e
br i ga de l ea der s a n d t r a i n i n g i n st r u c-
t or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h t r a i n i n g
a n d edu ca t i on wh i ch i s mor e com-
pr eh en si ve t h a n t h a t pr ovi ded t o t h e
gen er a l member sh i p of t h e fi r e br i ga de.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on i s con du ct ed
fr equ en t l y en ou gh t o a ssu r e t h a t ea ch
member of t h e fi r e br i ga de i s a bl e t o
per for m t h e member s a ssi gn ed du t i es
a n d fu n ct i on s sa t i sfa ct or i l y a n d i n a
sa fe ma n n er so a s n ot t o en da n ger fi r e
br i ga de member s or ot h er empl oy ees.
Al l fi r e br i ga de member s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h t r a i n i n g a t l ea st a n n u a l l y .
I n a ddi t i on , fi r e br i ga de member s wh o
a r e expect ed t o per for m i n t er i or st r u c-
t u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a n edu ca t i on sessi on or t r a i n i n g
a t l ea st qu a r t er l y .
(3) Th e qu a l i t y of t h e t r a i n i n g a n d
edu ca t i on pr ogr a m for fi r e br i ga de
member s sh a l l be si mi l a r t o t h ose con -
du ct ed by su ch fi r e t r a i n i n g sch ool s a s
t h e Ma r y l a n d F i r e a n d Rescu e I n st i -
t u t e; I owa F i r e S er vi ce Ext en si on ;
West Vi r gi n i a F i r e S er vi ce Ext en si on ;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
496
Geor gi a F i r e Aca demy , New Yor k
S t a t e Depa r t men t , F i r e P r even t i on a n d
Con t r ol ; Lou i si a n a S t a t e Un i ver si t y
F i r emen Tr a i n i n g P r ogr a m, or Wa sh -
i n gt on S t a t es F i r e S er vi ce Tr a i n i n g
Commi ssi on for Voca t i on a l Edu ca t i on .
(F or exa mpl e, for t h e oi l r efi n er y i n -
du st r y , wi t h i t s u n i qu e h a za r ds, t h e
t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on pr ogr a m for
t h ose fi r e br i ga de member s sh a l l be
si mi l a r t o t h ose con du ct ed by Texa s A
& M Un i ver si t y , La ma r Un i ver si t y ,
Ren o F i r e S ch ool , or t h e Del a wa r e
S t a t e F i r e S ch ool . )
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n for m fi r e
br i ga de member s a bou t speci a l h a za r ds
su ch a s st or a ge a n d u se of fl a mma bl e
l i qu i ds a n d ga ses, t oxi c ch emi ca l s, r a -
di oa ct i ve sou r ces, a n d wa t er r ea ct i ve
su bst a n ces, t o wh i ch t h ey ma y be ex-
posed du r i n g fi r e a n d ot h er emer -
gen ci es. Th e fi r e br i ga de member s sh a l l
a l so be a dvi sed of a n y ch a n ges t h a t
occu r i n r el a t i on t o t h e speci a l h a z-
a r ds. Th e empl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d
ma k e a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on by fi r e
br i ga de member s, wr i t t en pr ocedu r es
t h a t descr i be t h e a ct i on s t o be t a k en i n
si t u a t i on s i n vol vi n g t h e speci a l h a z-
a r ds a n d sh a l l i n cl u de t h ese i n t h e
t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on pr ogr a m.
(d) Fire f igh t in g equ ipmen t . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n a n d i n spect , a t
l ea st a n n u a l l y , fi r e fi gh t i n g equ i pmen t
t o a ssu r e t h e sa fe oper a t i on a l con di -
t i on of t h e equ i pmen t . P or t a bl e fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s a n d r espi r a t or s sh a l l be i n -
spect ed a t l ea st mon t h l y . F i r e fi gh t i n g
equ i pmen t t h a t i s i n da ma ged or u n -
ser vi cea bl e con di t i on sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce a n d r epl a ced.
(e) Prot ect ive clot h in g. Th e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o t h ose empl oy ees
wh o per for m i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e
fi gh t i n g. Th e r equ i r emen t s do n ot
a ppl y t o empl oy ees wh o u se fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s or st a n dpi pe sy st ems t o con -
t r ol or ext i n gu i sh fi r es on l y i n t h e i n -
ci pi en t st a ge.
(1) Gen eral. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de a t n o cost t o t h e empl oy ee a n d
a ssu r e t h e u se of pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
wh i ch compl i es wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s pa r a gr a ph . Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g or der ed
or pu r ch a sed a ft er J u l y 1, 1981, meet s
t h e r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n t h i s
pa r a gr a ph . As t h e n ew equ i pmen t i s
pr ovi ded, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t a l l fi r e br i ga de member s wea r t h e
equ i pmen t wh en per for mi n g i n t er i or
st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g. Aft er J u l y 1,
1985, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l
fi r e br i ga de member s wea r pr ot ect i ve
cl ot h i n g meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s pa r a gr a ph wh en per for mi n g i n t e-
r i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g pr ot ect s t h e h ea d,
body , a n d ext r emi t i es, a n d con si st s of
a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g compon en t s: foot
a n d l eg pr ot ect i on ; h a n d pr ot ect i on ;
body pr ot ect i on ; ey e, fa ce a n d h ea d
pr ot ect i on .
(2) Foot an d leg prot ect ion . (i ) F oot
a n d l eg pr ot ect i on sh a l l meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (e)(2)(i i ) a n d
(e)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on , a n d ma y be
a ch i eved by ei t h er of t h e fol l owi n g
met h ods:
(A) F u l l y ext en ded boot s wh i ch pr o-
vi de pr ot ect i on for t h e l egs; or
(B) P r ot ect i ve sh oes or boot s wor n i n
combi n a t i on wi t h pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s
t h a t meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (e)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) P r ot ect i ve foot wea r sh a l l meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 136 for Cl a ss
75 foot wea r . I n a ddi t i on , pr ot ect i ve
foot wea r sh a l l be wa t er -r esi st a n t for a t
l ea st 5 i n ch es (12. 7 cm) a bove t h e bot -
t om of t h e h eel a n d sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h sl i p-r esi st a n t ou t er sol es.
(i i i ) P r ot ect i ve foot wea r sh a l l be
t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (1)
of a ppen di x E, a n d sh a l l pr ovi de pr ot ec-
t i on a ga i n st pen et r a t i on of t h e mi dsol e
by a si ze 8D common n a i l wh en a t l ea st
300 pou n ds (1330 N) of st a t i c for ce i s a p-
pl i ed t o t h e n a i l .
(3) Body prot ect ion . (i ) Body pr ot ec-
t i on sh a l l be coor di n a t ed wi t h foot a n d
l eg pr ot ect i on t o en su r e fu l l body pr o-
t ect i on for t h e wea r er . Th i s sh a l l be
a ch i eved by on e of t h e fol l owi n g met h -
ods:
(A) Wea r i n g of a fi r e-r esi st i ve coa t
(e)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on i n combi n a t i on
wi t h fu l l y ext en ded boot s meet i n g t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (e)(2)(i i )
a n d (e)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on ; or
(B) Wea r i n g of a fi r e-r esi st i ve coa t i n
combi n a t i on wi t h pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s
bot h of wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (e)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Th e per for ma n ce, con st r u ct i on ,
a n d t est i n g of fi r e-r esi st i ve coa t s a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
497
pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s sh a l l be a t l ea st
equ i va l en t t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e
Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on
(NF P A) st a n da r d NF P A No. 19711975,
P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h i n g for S t r u ct u r a l
F i r e F i gh t i n g, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, (S ee
a ppen di x D t o su bpa r t L) wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g per mi ssi bl e va r i a t i on s fr om
t h ose r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Tea r i n g st r en gt h of t h e ou t er
sh el l sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of 8 pou n ds
(35. 6 N) i n a n y di r ect i on wh en t est ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (2) of a p-
pen di x E; a n d
(B) Th e ou t er sh el l ma y di scol or bu t
sh a l l n ot sepa r a t e or mel t wh en pl a ced
i n a for ced a i r l a bor a t or y oven a t a
t emper a t u r e of 500 F (260 C) for a pe-
r i od of fi ve mi n u t es. Aft er cool i n g t o
a mbi en t t emper a t u r e a n d u si n g t h e
t est met h od speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (3)
of a ppen di x E, ch a r l en gt h sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 4. 0 i n ch es (10. 2 cm) a n d a ft er -
fl a me sh a l l n ot exceed 2. 0 secon ds.
(4) Han d prot ect ion . (i ) Ha n d pr ot ec-
t i on sh a l l con si st of pr ot ect i ve gl oves
or gl ove sy st em wh i ch wi l l pr ovi de pr o-
t ect i on a ga i n st cu t , pu n ct u r e, a n d h ea t
pen et r a t i on . Gl oves or gl ove sy st em
sh a l l be t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
t est met h ods con t a i n ed i n t h e Na t i on a l
I n st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h (NI OS H) 1976 pu bl i ca t i on , Th e
Devel opmen t of Cr i t er i a for F i r e F i gh t -
er s Gl oves; Vol . I I , P a r t I I : Test Met h -
ods, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, (S ee a p-
pen di x D t o su bpa r t L) a n d sh a l l meet
t h e fol l owi n g cr i t er i a for cu t , pu n ct u r e,
a n d h ea t pen et r a t i on :
(A) Ma t er i a l s u sed for gl oves sh a l l r e-
si st su r fa ce cu t by a bl a de wi t h a n edge
h a vi n g a 60 i n cl u ded a n gl e a n d a . 001
i n ch (. 0025 cm. ) r a di u s, u n der a n a p-
pl i ed for ce of 16 l bf (72N), a n d a t a sl i c-
i n g vel oci t y of gr ea t er or equ a l t o 60 i n /
mi n (2. 5 cm. /sec);
(B) Ma t er i a l s u sed for t h e pa l m a n d
pa l m si de of t h e fi n ger s sh a l l r esi st
pu n ct u r e by a pen et r omet er (si mu -
l a t i n g a 4d l a t h n a i l ), u n der a n a ppl i ed
for ce of 13. 2 l bf (60N), a n d a t a vel oci t y
gr ea t er or equ a l t o 20 i n /mi n (. 85 cm. /
sec); a n d
(C) Th e t emper a t u r e i n si de t h e pa l m
a n d gr i ppi n g su r fa ce of t h e fi n ger s of
gl oves sh a l l n ot exceed 135 F (57 C)
wh en gl oves or gl ove sy st em a r e ex-
posed t o 932 F (500 C) for fi ve secon ds
a t 4 psi (28 k P a ) pr essu r e.
(i i ) Ext er i or ma t er i a l s of gl oves sh a l l
be fl a me r esi st a n t a n d sh a l l be t est ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (3) of a p-
pen di x E. Ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e
a ft er fl a me sh a l l be 2. 0 secon ds, a n d t h e
ma xi mu m ch a r l en gt h sh a l l be 4. 0
i n ch es (10. 2 cm).
(i i i ) Wh en desi gn of t h e fi r e-r esi st i ve
coa t does n ot ot h er wi se pr ovi de pr ot ec-
t i on for t h e wr i st s, pr ot ect i ve gl oves
sh a l l h a ve wr i st l et s of a t l ea st 4. 0
i n ch es (10. 2 cm) i n l en gt h t o pr ot ect
t h e wr i st a r ea wh en t h e a r ms a r e ex-
t en ded u pwa r d a n d ou t wa r d fr om t h e
body .
(5) Head, ey e an d f ace prot ect ion . (i )
Hea d pr ot ect i on sh a l l con si st of a pr o-
t ect i ve h ea d devi ce wi t h ea r fl a ps a n d
ch i n st r a p wh i ch meet t h e per for m-
a n ce, con st r u ct i on , a n d t est i n g r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e Na t i on a l F i r e S a fet y a n d
Resea r ch Offi ce of t h e Na t i on a l F i r e
P r even t i on a n d Con t r ol Admi n i st r a -
t i on , U. S . Depa r t men t of Commer ce
(n ow k n own a s t h e U. S . F i r e Admi n i s-
t r a t i on ), wh i ch a r e con t a i n ed i n
Model P er for ma n ce Cr i t er i a for
S t r u ct u r a l F i r efi gh t er s Hel met s (Au -
gu st 1977) wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, (S ee a p-
pen di x D t o su bpa r t L).
(i i ) P r ot ect i ve ey e a n d fa ce devi ces
wh i ch compl y wi t h 1910. 133 sh a l l be
u sed by fi r e br i ga de member s wh en per -
for mi n g oper a t i on s wh er e t h e h a za r ds
of fl y i n g or fa l l i n g ma t er i a l s wh i ch
ma y ca u se ey e a n d fa ce i n j u r i es a r e
pr esen t . P r ot ect i ve ey e a n d fa ce de-
vi ces pr ovi ded a s a ccessor i es t o pr ot ec-
t i ve h ea d devi ces (fa ce sh i el ds) a r e per -
mi t t ed wh en su ch devi ces meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 133.
(i i i ) F u l l fa cepi eces, h el met s, or
h oods of br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s wh i ch
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 134 a n d
pa r a gr a ph (f) of t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be
a ccept a bl e a s meet i n g t h e ey e a n d fa ce
pr ot ect i on r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(e)(5)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(f) Respirat ory prot ect ion devices(1)
Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) Th e empl oy er
mu st en su r e t h a t r espi r a t or s a r e pr o-
vi ded t o, a n d u sed by , fi r e br i ga de
member s, a n d t h a t t h e r espi r a t or s
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 134 a n d t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
498
(i i ) Appr oved sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h -
i n g a ppa r a t u s wi t h fu l l -fa cepi ece, or
wi t h a ppr oved h el met or h ood con fi gu -
r a t i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o a n d wor n
by fi r e br i ga de member s wh i l e wor k i n g
i n si de bu i l di n gs or con fi n ed spa ces
wh er e t oxi c pr odu ct s of combu st i on or
a n oxy gen defi ci en cy ma y be pr esen t .
S u ch a ppa r a t u s sh a l l a l so be wor n du r -
i n g emer gen cy si t u a t i on s i n vol vi n g
t oxi c su bst a n ces.
(i i i ) Appr oved sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h -
i n g a ppa r a t u s ma y be equ i pped wi t h ei -
t h er a bu ddy -br ea t h i n g devi ce or a
qu i ck di scon n ect va l ve, even i f t h ese
devi ces a r e n ot cer t i fi ed by NI OS H. I f
t h ese a ccessor i es a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l
n ot ca u se da ma ge t o t h e a ppa r a t u s, or
r est r i ct t h e a i r fl ow of t h e a ppa r a t u s,
or obst r u ct t h e n or ma l oper a t i on of t h e
a ppa r a t u s.
(i v) Appr oved sel f-con t a i n ed com-
pr essed a i r br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s ma y be
u sed wi t h a ppr oved cy l i n der s fr om
ot h er a ppr oved sel f-con t a i n ed com-
pr essed a i r br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s pr o-
vi ded t h a t su ch cy l i n der s a r e of t h e
sa me ca pa ci t y a n d pr essu r e r a t i n g. Al l
compr essed a i r cy l i n der s u sed wi t h
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s
sh a l l meet DOT a n d NI OS H cr i t er i a .
(v) S el f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u ses mu st h a ve a mi n i mu m
ser vi ce-l i fe r a t i n g of 30 mi n u t es i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e met h ods a n d r e-
qu i r emen t s speci fi ed by NI OS H u n der
42 CF R pa r t 84, except for esca pe sel f-
con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s
(ES CBAs) u sed on l y for emer gen cy es-
ca pe pu r poses.
(vi ) S el f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n i n di -
ca t or wh i ch a u t oma t i ca l l y sou n ds a n
a u di bl e a l a r m wh en t h e r ema i n i n g
ser vi ce l i fe of t h e a ppa r a t u s i s r edu ced
t o wi t h i n a r a n ge of 20 t o 25 per cen t of
i t s r a t ed ser vi ce t i me.
(2) Posit ive-pressu re breat h in g appa-
rat u s. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s or der ed or pu r ch a sed a ft er J u l y 1,
1981, for u se by fi r e br i ga de member s
per for mi n g i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e
fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s, a r e of t h e pr es-
su r e-dema n d or ot h er posi t i ve-pr essu r e
t y pe. Effect i ve J u l y 1, 1983, on l y pr es-
su r e-dema n d or ot h er posi t i ve-pr essu r e
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s
sh a l l be wor n by fi r e br i ga de member s
fi gh t i n g.
(i i ) Th i s pa r a gr a ph does n ot pr oh i bi t
t h e u se of a sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u s wh er e t h e a ppa r a t u s ca n be
swi t ch ed fr om a dema n d t o a posi t i ve-
pr essu r e mode. However , su ch a ppa -
r a t u s sh a l l be i n t h e posi t i ve-pr essu r e
mode wh en fi r e br i ga de member s a r e
fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s.
[45 F R 60706, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y
1, 1981; 49 F R 18295, Apr . 30, 1984; 61 F R 9239,
Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 1284, J a n . 8, 1998; 63 F R
33467, J u n e 18, 1998]
P ORTABLE F I RE S UP P RES S I ON
EQUI P MENT
1910.157 Portable fire extinguishers.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion . Th e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o t h e
pl a cemen t , u se, ma i n t en a n ce, a n d t est -
i n g of por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s pr o-
vi ded for t h e u se of empl oy ees. P a r a -
gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y
t o ext i n gu i sh er s pr ovi ded for empl oy ee
u se on t h e ou t si de of wor k pl a ce bu i l d-
i n gs or st r u ct u r es. Wh er e ext i n gu i sh er s
a r e pr ovi ded bu t a r e n ot i n t en ded for
empl oy ee u se a n d t h e empl oy er h a s a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n a n d a fi r e pr e-
ven t i on pl a n t h a t meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 29 CF R 1910. 38 a n d 29 CF R
1910. 39 r espect i vel y , t h en on l y t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (e) a n d (f) of
t h i s sect i on a ppl y .
(b) Exempt ion s. (1) Wh er e t h e em-
pl oy er h a s est a bl i sh ed a n d i mpl e-
men t ed a wr i t t en fi r e sa fet y pol i cy
wh i ch r equ i r es t h e i mmedi a t e a n d t ot a l
eva cu a t i on of empl oy ees fr om t h e
wor k pl a ce u pon t h e sou n di n g of a fi r e
a l a r m si gn a l a n d wh i ch i n cl u des a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n a n d a fi r e pr e-
ven t i on pl a n wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 29 CF R 1910. 38 a n d 29 CF R
1910. 39 r espect i vel y , a n d wh en ext i n -
gu i sh er s a r e n ot a va i l a bl e i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce, t h e empl oy er i s exempt fr om a l l
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on u n l ess a
speci fi c st a n da r d i n pa r t 1910 r equ i r es
t h a t a por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er be
pr ovi ded.
(2) Wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s a n emer -
gen cy a ct i on pl a n meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 1910. 38 wh i ch desi gn a t es cer -
t a i n empl oy ees t o be t h e on l y empl oy -
ees a u t h or i zed t o u se t h e a va i l a bl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
499
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s, a n d wh i ch
r equ i r es a l l ot h er empl oy ees i n t h e fi r e
a r ea t o i mmedi a t el y eva cu a t e t h e a f-
fect ed wor k a r ea u pon t h e sou n di n g of
t h e fi r e a l a r m, t h e empl oy er i s exempt
fr om t h e di st r i bu t i on r equ i r emen t s i n
pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s a n d sh a l l mou n t , l oca t e a n d
i den t i fy t h em so t h a t t h ey a r e r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e t o empl oy ees wi t h ou t su b-
j ect i n g t h e empl oy ees t o possi bl e i n -
j u r y .
(2) On l y a ppr oved por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s sh a l l be u sed t o meet t h e r e-
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot pr ovi de or
ma k e a va i l a bl e i n t h e wor k pl a ce por t -
a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s u si n g ca r bon
t et r a ch l or i de or ch l or obr omomet h a n e
ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t s.
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a fu l l y ch a r ged a n d oper a bl e
con di t i on a n d k ept i n t h ei r desi gn a t ed
pl a ces a t a l l t i mes except du r i n g u se.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r emove fr om
ser vi ce a l l sol der ed or r i vet ed sh el l
sel f-gen er a t i n g soda a ci d or sel f-gen er -
a t i n g foa m or ga s ca r t r i dge wa t er t y pe
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s wh i ch a r e
oper a t ed by i n ver t i n g t h e ext i n gu i sh er
t o r u pt u r e t h e ca r t r i dge or t o i n i t i a t e
a n u n con t r ol l a bl e pr essu r e gen er a t i n g
ch emi ca l r ea ct i on t o expel t h e a gen t .
(d) Select ion an d dist ribu t ion . (1) P or t -
a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for empl oy ee u se a n d sel ect ed
a n d di st r i bu t ed ba sed on t h e cl a sses of
a n t i ci pa t ed wor k pl a ce fi r es a n d on t h e
si ze a n d degr ee of h a za r d wh i ch wou l d
a ffect t h ei r u se.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l di st r i bu t e
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s for u se by
empl oy ees on Cl a ss A fi r es so t h a t t h e
t r a vel di st a n ce for empl oy ees t o a n y
ext i n gu i sh er i s 75 feet (22. 9 m) or l ess.
(3) Th e empl oy er ma y u se u n i for ml y
spa ced st a n dpi pe sy st ems or h ose st a -
t i on s con n ect ed t o a spr i n k l er sy st em
i n st a l l ed for emer gen cy u se by empl oy -
ees i n st ea d of Cl a ss A por t a bl e fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s, pr ovi ded t h a t su ch sy s-
t ems meet t h e r espect i ve r equ i r emen t s
of 1910. 158 or 1910. 159, t h a t t h ey pr o-
vi de t ot a l cover a ge of t h e a r ea t o be
pr ot ect ed, a n d t h a t empl oy ees a r e
t r a i n ed a t l ea st a n n u a l l y i n t h ei r u se.
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s for u se by
empl oy ees on Cl a ss B fi r es so t h a t t h e
t r a vel di st a n ce fr om t h e Cl a ss B h a za r d
a r ea t o a n y ext i n gu i sh er i s 50 feet (15. 2
m) or l ess.
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s u sed for
Cl a ss C h a za r ds on t h e ba si s of t h e a p-
pr opr i a t e pa t t er n for t h e exi st i n g Cl a ss
A or Cl a ss B h a za r ds.
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s or ot h er
con t a i n er s of Cl a ss D ext i n gu i sh i n g
a gen t for u se by empl oy ees so t h a t t h e
t r a vel di st a n ce fr om t h e combu st i bl e
met a l wor k i n g a r ea t o a n y ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t i s 75 feet (22. 9 m) or
l ess. P or t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s for
Cl a ss D h a za r ds a r e r equ i r ed i n t h ose
combu st i bl e met a l wor k i n g a r ea s
wh er e combu st i bl e met a l powder s,
fl a k es, sh a vi n gs, or si mi l a r l y si zed
pr odu ct s a r e gen er a t ed a t l ea st on ce
ever y t wo week s.
(e) I n spect ion , main t en an ce an d t est in g.
(1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l be r espon si bl e
for t h e i n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce a n d
t est i n g of a l l por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(2) P or t a bl e ext i n gu i sh er s or h ose
u sed i n l i eu t h er eof u n der pa r a gr a ph
(d)(3) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be vi su a l l y
i n spect ed mon t h l y .
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e su b-
j ect ed t o a n a n n u a l ma i n t en a n ce
ch eck . S t or ed pr essu r e ext i n gu i sh er s
do n ot r equ i r e a n i n t er n a l exa mi n a -
t i on . Th e empl oy er sh a l l r ecor d t h e a n -
n u a l ma i n t en a n ce da t e a n d r et a i n t h i s
r ecor d for on e y ea r a ft er t h e l a st en t r y
or t h e l i fe of t h e sh el l , wh i ch ever i s
l ess. Th e r ecor d sh a l l be a va i l a bl e t o
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y u pon r equ est .
st or ed pr essu r e dr y ch emi ca l ext i n -
gu i sh er s t h a t r equ i r e a 12-y ea r h y dr o-
st a t i c t est a r e empt i ed a n d su bj ect ed
t o a ppl i ca bl e ma i n t en a n ce pr ocedu r es
ever y 6 y ea r s. Dr y ch emi ca l ext i n -
gu i sh er s h a vi n g n on -r efi l l a bl e di spos-
a bl e con t a i n er s a r e exempt fr om t h i s
r equ i r emen t . Wh en r ech a r gi n g or h y -
dr ost a t i c t est i n g i s per for med, t h e 6-
y ea r r equ i r emen t begi n s fr om t h a t
da t e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
500
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l -
t er n a t e equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on i s pr o-
vi ded wh en por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s
a r e r emoved fr om ser vi ce for ma i n t e-
n a n ce a n d r ech a r gi n g.
(f) Hy drost at ic t est in g. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t h y dr ost a t i c
t est i n g i s per for med by t r a i n ed per son s
wi t h su i t a bl e t est i n g equ i pmen t a n d fa -
ci l i t i es.
por t a bl e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed a t t h e i n t er va l s
l i st ed i n Ta bl e L1 of t h i s sect i on , ex-
cept u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s:
(i ) Wh en t h e u n i t h a s been r epa i r ed
by sol der i n g, wel di n g, br a zi n g, or u se of
pa t ch i n g compou n ds;
(i i ) Wh en t h e cy l i n der or sh el l
t h r ea ds a r e da ma ged;
(i i i ) Wh en t h er e i s cor r osi on t h a t h a s
ca u sed pi t t i n g, i n cl u di n g cor r osi on
u n der r emova bl e n a me pl a t e a ssem-
bl i es;
(i v) Wh en t h e ext i n gu i sh er h a s been
bu r n ed i n a fi r e; or
(v) Wh en a ca l ci u m ch l or i de ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t h a s been u sed i n a
st a i n l ess st eel sh el l .
(3) I n a ddi t i on t o a n ext er n a l vi su a l
exa mi n a t i on , t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t a n i n t er n a l exa mi n a t i on of cy l -
i n der s a n d sh el l s t o be t est ed i s ma de
pr i or t o t h e h y dr ost a t i c t est s.
TABLE L1
Type of extinguishers
Test
inter-
val
(years)
Soda acid (soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) ........ (
1
)
Soda acid (stainless steel shell) ................................ 5
Cartridge operated water and/or antifreeze ............... 5
Stored pressure water and/or antifreeze ................... 5
Wetting agent ............................................................. 5
Foam (soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) ............... (
1
)
Foam (stainless steel shell) ....................................... 5
Aqueous Film Forming foam (AFFF) ......................... 5
Loaded stream ........................................................... 5
Dry chemical with stainless steel ............................... 5
Carbon dioxide ........................................................... 5
Dry chemical, stored pressure, with mild steel,
brazed brass or aluminum shells ........................... 12
Dry chemical, cartridge or cylinder operated, with
mild steel shells ...................................................... 12
Halon 1211 ................................................................. 12
Halon 1301 ................................................................. 12
Dry powder, cartridge or cylinder operated with mild
steel shells .............................................................. 12
1
Extinguishers having shells constructed of copper or brass
joined by soft solder or rivets shall not be hydrostatically test-
ed and shall be removed from service by January 1, 1982.
(Not permitted)
por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed wh en ever t h ey
sh ow n ew evi den ce of cor r osi on or me-
ch a n i ca l i n j u r y , except u n der t h e con -
di t i on s l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (f)(2)(i )(v)
h y dr ost a t i c t est s a r e per for med on ex-
t i n gu i sh er h ose a ssembl i es wh i ch a r e
equ i pped wi t h a sh u t -off n ozzl e a t t h e
di sch a r ge en d of t h e h ose. Th e t est i n -
t er va l sh a l l be t h e sa me a s speci fi ed for
t h e ext i n gu i sh er on wh i ch t h e h ose i s
i n st a l l ed.
ca r bon di oxi de h ose a ssembl i es wi t h a
sh u t -off n ozzl e a r e h y dr ost a t i ca l l y
t est ed a t 1, 250 psi (8, 620 k P a ).
dr y ch emi ca l a n d dr y powder h ose a s-
sembl i es wi t h a sh u t -off n ozzl e a r e
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed a t 300 psi (2, 070
k P a ).
(8) Hose a ssembl i es pa ssi n g a h y dr o-
st a t i c t est do n ot r equ i r e a n y t y pe of
r ecor di n g or st a mpi n g.
h ose a ssembl i es for ca r bon di oxi de ex-
t i n gu i sh er s t h a t r equ i r e a h y dr ost a t i c
t est a r e t est ed wi t h i n a pr ot ect i ve ca ge
devi ce.
ca r bon di oxi de ext i n gu i sh er s a n d n i t r o-
gen or ca r bon di oxi de cy l i n der s u sed
wi t h wh eel ed ext i n gu i sh er s a r e t est ed
ever y 5 y ea r s a t 5/3 of t h e ser vi ce pr es-
su r e a s st a mped i n t o t h e cy l i n der . Ni -
t r ogen cy l i n der s wh i ch compl y wi t h 49
CF R 173. 34(e)(15) ma y be
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed ever y 10 y ea r s.
a l l st or ed pr essu r e a n d Ha l on 1211 t y pes
of ext i n gu i sh er s a r e h y dr ost a t i ca l l y
t est ed a t t h e fa ct or y t est pr essu r e n ot
t o exceed t wo t i mes t h e ser vi ce pr es-
su r e.
a ccept a bl e sel f-gen er a t i n g t y pe soda
a ci d a n d foa m ext i n gu i sh er s a r e t est ed
a t 350 psi (2, 410 k P a ).
(13) Ai r or ga s pr essu r e ma y n ot be
u sed for h y dr ost a t i c t est i n g.
(14) Ext i n gu i sh er sh el l s, cy l i n der s, or
ca r t r i dges wh i ch fa i l a h y dr ost a t i c
pr essu r e t est , or wh i ch a r e n ot fi t for
t est i n g sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce
a n d fr om t h e wor k pl a ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
501
(15)(i ) Th e equ i pmen t for t est i n g
compr essed ga s t y pe cy l i n der s sh a l l be
of t h e wa t er j a ck et t y pe. Th e equ i p-
men t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n expa n -
si on i n di ca t or wh i ch oper a t es wi t h a n
a ccu r a cy wi t h i n on e per cen t of t h e
t ot a l expa n si on or . 1cc (. 1mL) of l i qu i d.
(i i ) Th e equ i pmen t for t est i n g n on -
compr essed ga s t y pe cy l i n der s sh a l l
con si st of t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) A h y dr ost a t i c t est pu mp, h a n d or
power oper a t ed, ca pa bl e of pr odu ci n g
n ot l ess t h a n 150 per cen t of t h e t est
pr essu r e, wh i ch sh a l l i n cl u de a ppr o-
pr i a t e ch eck va l ves a n d fi t t i n gs;
(B) A fl exi bl e con n ect i on for a t t a ch -
men t t o fi t t i n gs t o t est t h r ou gh t h e ex-
t i n gu i sh er n ozzl e, t est bon n et , or h ose
ou t l et , a s i s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d
(C) A pr ot ect i ve ca ge or ba r r i er for
per son a l pr ot ect i on of t h e t est er , de-
si gn ed t o pr ovi de vi su a l obser va t i on of
t h e ext i n gu i sh er u n der t est .
(16) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n a n d
pr ovi de u pon r equ est t o t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y evi den ce t h a t t h e r equ i r ed
h y dr ost a t i c t est i n g of fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s h a s been per for med a t t h e
t i me i n t er va l s sh own i n Ta bl e L1.
S u ch evi den ce sh a l l be i n t h e for m of a
cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d wh i ch i n cl u des t h e
da t e of t h e t est , t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e
per son wh o per for med t h e t est a n d t h e
ser i a l n u mber , or ot h er i den t i fi er , of
t h e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er t h a t wa s t est ed.
S u ch r ecor ds sh a l l be k ept u n t i l t h e ex-
t i n gu i sh er i s h y dr ost a t i ca l l y r et est ed
a t t h e t i me i n t er va l speci fi ed i n Ta bl e
L1 or u n t i l t h e ext i n gu i sh er i s t a k en
ou t of ser vi ce, wh i ch ever comes fi r st .
(g) T rain in g an d edu cat ion . (1) Wh er e
t h e empl oy er h a s pr ovi ded por t a bl e fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er s for empl oy ee u se i n t h e
wor k pl a ce, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a l so pr o-
vi de a n edu ca t i on a l pr ogr a m t o fa mi l -
i a r i ze empl oy ees wi t h t h e gen er a l pr i n -
ci pl es of fi r e ext i n gu i sh er u se a n d t h e
h a za r ds i n vol ved wi t h i n ci pi en t st a ge
fi r e fi gh t i n g.
edu ca t i on r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)
of t h i s sect i on u pon i n i t i a l empl oy -
men t a n d a t l ea st a n n u a l l y t h er ea ft er .
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de em-
pl oy ees wh o h a ve been desi gn a t ed t o
u se fi r e fi gh t i n g equ i pmen t a s pa r t of
a n emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n wi t h t r a i n -
i n g i n t h e u se of t h e a ppr opr i a t e equ i p-
men t .
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(3) of
t h i s sect i on u pon i n i t i a l a ssi gn men t t o
t h e desi gn a t ed gr ou p of empl oy ees a n d
a t l ea st a n n u a l l y t h er ea ft er .
[45 F R 60708, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y
1, 1981, a s a men ded a t 51 F R 34560, S ept . 29,
1986; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996; 67 F R 67964,
Nov. 7, 2002]
1910.158 Standpipe and hose systems.
Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o a l l sma l l h ose,
Cl a ss I I , a n d Cl a ss I I I st a n dpi pe sy s-
t ems i n st a l l ed t o meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d.
(2) Except ion . Th i s sect i on does n ot
a ppl y t o Cl a ss I st a n dpi pe sy st ems.
(b) Prot ect ion of st an dpipes. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t st a n dpi pes a r e
l oca t ed or ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
mech a n i ca l da ma ge. Da ma ged
st a n dpi pes sh a l l be r epa i r ed pr ompt l y .
(c) Equ ipmen t (1) Reels an d cabin et s.
Wh er e r eel s or ca bi n et s a r e pr ovi ded t o
con t a i n fi r e h ose, t h e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t t h ey a r e desi gn ed t o fa ci l i -
t a t e pr ompt u se of t h e h ose va l ves, t h e
h ose, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t a t t h e t i me
of a fi r e or ot h er emer gen cy . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t t h e r eel s a n d
ca bi n et s a r e con spi cu ou sl y i den t i fi ed
a n d u sed on l y for fi r e equ i pmen t .
(2) Hose ou t let s an d con n ect ion s. (i )
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t h ose
ou t l et s a n d con n ect i on s a r e l oca t ed
h i gh en ou gh a bove t h e fl oor t o a voi d
bei n g obst r u ct ed a n d t o be a ccessi bl e
t o empl oy ees.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l st a n da r di ze
scr ew t h r ea ds or pr ovi de a ppr opr i a t e
a da pt er s t h r ou gh ou t t h e sy st em a n d
a ssu r e t h a t t h e h ose con n ect i on s a r e
compa t i bl e wi t h t h ose u sed on t h e su p-
por t i n g fi r e equ i pmen t .
(3) Hose. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t ever y 1
1
2 (3. 8 cm) or sma l l er h ose
ou t l et u sed t o meet t h i s st a n da r d i s
equ i pped wi t h h ose con n ect ed a n d
r ea dy for u se. I n ext r emel y col d cl i -
ma t es wh er e su ch i n st a l l a t i on ma y r e-
su l t i n da ma ged equ i pmen t , t h e h ose
ma y be st or ed i n a n ot h er l oca t i on pr o-
vi ded i t i s r ea di l y a va i l a bl e a n d ca n be
con n ect ed wh en n eeded.
(i i ) S t a n dpi pe sy st ems i n st a l l ed a ft er
J a n u a r y 1, 1981, for u se by empl oy ees,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
502
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h l i n ed h ose. Un -
l i n ed h ose ma y r ema i n i n u se on exi st -
i n g sy st ems. However , a ft er t h e effec-
t i ve da t e of t h i s st a n da r d, u n l i n ed h ose
wh i ch becomes u n ser vi cea bl e sh a l l be
r epl a ced wi t h l i n ed h ose.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de h ose
of su ch l en gt h t h a t fr i ct i on l oss r esu l t -
i n g fr om wa t er fl owi n g t h r ou gh t h e
h ose wi l l n ot decr ea se t h e pr essu r e a t
t h e n ozzl e bel ow 30 psi (210 k P a ). Th e
dy n a mi c pr essu r e a t t h e n ozzl e sh a l l be
wi t h i n t h e r a n ge of 30 psi (210 k P a ) t o
125 psi (860 k P a ).
(4) Nozzles. Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t st a n dpi pe h ose i s equ i pped wi t h
sh u t -off t y pe n ozzl es.
(d) Wat er su pply . Th e mi n i mu m wa t er
su ppl y for st a n dpi pe a n d h ose sy st ems,
wh i ch a r e pr ovi ded for t h e u se of em-
pl oy ees, sh a l l be su ffi ci en t t o pr ovi de
100 ga l l on s per mi n u t e (6. 3 l /s) for a pe-
r i od of a t l ea st t h i r t y mi n u t es.
(e) T est s an d main t en an ce(1) Accept -
an ce t est s. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t t h e pi pi n g of Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I
sy st ems i n st a l l ed a ft er J a n u a r y 1, 1981,
i n cl u di n g y a r d pi pi n g, i s
h y dr ost a t i ca l l y t est ed for a per i od of a t
l ea st 2 h ou r s a t n ot l ess t h a n 200 psi
(1380 k P a ), or a t l ea st 50 psi (340 k P a )
i n excess of n or ma l pr essu r e wh en su ch
pr essu r e i s gr ea t er t h a n 150 psi (1030
k P a ).
h ose on a l l st a n dpi pe sy st ems i n st a l l ed
a ft er J a n u a r y 1, 1981, i s h y dr ost a t i ca l l y
t est ed wi t h cou pl i n gs i n pl a ce, a t a
pr essu r e of n ot l ess t h a n 200 psi (1380
k P a ), befor e i t i s pl a ced i n ser vi ce.
Th i s pr essu r e sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed for
a t l ea st 15 secon ds a n d n ot mor e t h a n
on e mi n u t e du r i n g wh i ch t i me t h e h ose
sh a l l n ot l ea k n or sh a l l a n y j a ck et
t h r ea d br ea k du r i n g t h e t est .
(2) Main t en an ce. (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t wa t er su ppl y t a n k s
a r e k ept fi l l ed t o t h e pr oper l evel ex-
cept du r i n g r epa i r s. Wh en pr essu r e
t a n k s a r e u sed, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t pr oper pr essu r e i s ma i n t a i n ed
a t a l l t i mes except du r i n g r epa i r s.
va l ves i n t h e ma i n pi pi n g con n ect i on s
t o t h e a u t oma t i c sou r ces of wa t er su p-
pl y a r e k ept fu l l y open a t a l l t i mes ex-
cept du r i n g r epa i r .
h ose sy st ems a r e i n spect ed a t l ea st a n -
n u a l l y a n d a ft er ea ch u se t o a ssu r e
t h a t a l l of t h e equ i pmen t a n d h ose a r e
i n pl a ce, a va i l a bl e for u se, a n d i n ser v-
i cea bl e con di t i on .
(i v) Wh en t h e sy st em or a n y por t i on
t h er eof i s fou n d n ot t o be ser vi cea bl e,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l r emove i t fr om
ser vi ce i mmedi a t el y a n d r epl a ce i t
wi t h equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on su ch a s ex-
t i n gu i sh er s a n d fi r e wa t ch es.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
h emp or l i n en h ose on exi st i n g sy st ems
i s u n r a ck ed, ph y si ca l l y i n spect ed for
det er i or a t i on , a n d r er a ck ed u si n g a di f-
fer en t fol d pa t t er n a t l ea st a n n u a l l y .
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t defec-
t i ve h ose i s r epl a ced i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l desi gn a t e
t r a i n ed per son s t o con du ct a l l i n spec-
t i on s r equ i r ed u n der t h i s sect i on .
F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
F I XED F I RE S UP P RES S I ON EQUI P MENT
1910.159 Automatic sprinkler sys-
tems.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion . (1) Th e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o a l l
a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st ems i n st a l l ed
t o meet a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d.
(2) F or a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st ems
u sed t o meet OS HA r equ i r emen t s a n d
i n st a l l ed pr i or t o t h e effect i ve da t e of
t h i s st a n da r d, compl i a n ce wi t h t h e Na -
(NF P A) or t h e Na t i on a l Boa r d of F i r e
Un der wr i t er s (NBF U) st a n da r d i n effect
a t t h e t i me of t h e sy st ems i n st a l l a t i on
wi l l be a ccept a bl e a s compl i a n ce wi t h
t h i s sect i on .
(b) Exempt ion s. Au t oma t i c spr i n k l er
sy st ems i n st a l l ed i n wor k pl a ces, bu t
n ot r equ i r ed by OS HA, a r e exempt
fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Design . (i )
Al l a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er desi gn s u sed t o
compl y wi t h t h i s st a n da r d sh a l l pr o-
vi de t h e n ecessa r y di sch a r ge pa t t er n s,
den si t i es, a n d wa t er fl ow ch a r a ct er i s-
t i cs for compl et e cover a ge i n a pa r -
t i cu l a r wor k pl a ce or zon ed su bdi vi si on
of t h e wor k pl a ce.
on l y a ppr oved equ i pmen t a n d devi ces
a r e u sed i n t h e desi gn a n d i n st a l l a t i on
of a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st ems u sed t o
compl y wi t h t h i s st a n da r d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
503
(2) Main t en an ce. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr oper l y ma i n t a i n a n a u t oma t i c spr i n -
k l er sy st em i n st a l l ed t o compl y wi t h
t h i s sect i on . Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t a ma i n dr a i n fl ow t est i s per -
for med on ea ch sy st em a n n u a l l y . Th e
i n spect or s t est va l ve sh a l l be open ed
a t l ea st ever y t wo y ea r s t o a ssu r e t h a t
t h e spr i n k l er sy st em oper a t es pr oper l y .
(3) Accept an ce t est s. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l con du ct pr oper a ccept a n ce t est s
on spr i n k l er sy st ems i n st a l l ed for em-
pl oy ee pr ot ect i on a ft er J a n u a r y 1, 1981,
a n d r ecor d t h e da t es of su ch t est s.
P r oper a ccept a n ce t est s i n cl u de t h e
fol l owi n g:
(i ) F l u sh i n g of u n der gr ou n d con n ec-
t i on s;
(i i ) Hy dr ost a t i c t est s of pi pi n g i n sy s-
t em;
(i i i ) Ai r t est s i n dr y -pi pe sy st ems;
(i v) Dr y -pi pe va l ve oper a t i on ; a n d
(v) Test of dr a i n a ge fa ci l i t i es.
(4) Wat er su pplies. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t ever y a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er
sy st em i s pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st on e
a u t oma t i c wa t er su ppl y ca pa bl e of pr o-
vi di n g desi gn wa t er fl ow for a t l ea st 30
mi n u t es. An a u xi l i a r y wa t er su ppl y or
equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wh en t h e a u t oma t i c wa t er su ppl y i s
ou t of ser vi ce, except for sy st ems of 20
or fewer spr i n k l er s.
(5) Hose con n ect ion s f or f ire f igh t in g
u se. Th e empl oy er ma y a t t a ch h ose
con n ect i on s for fi r e fi gh t i n g u se t o wet
pi pe spr i n k l er sy st ems pr ovi ded t h a t
t h e wa t er su ppl y sa t i sfi es t h e combi n ed
desi gn dema n d for spr i n k l er s a n d
st a n dpi pes.
(6) Prot ect ion of pipin g. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er
sy st em pi pi n g i s pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
fr eezi n g a n d ext er i or su r fa ce cor r osi on .
(7) Drain age. Th e empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t a l l dr y spr i n k l er pi pes a n d
fi t t i n gs a r e i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h e sy s-
t em ma y be t ot a l l y dr a i n ed.
(8) Sprin k lers. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t on l y a ppr oved spr i n k l er s
a r e u sed on sy st ems.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er ma y n ot u se ol der
st y l e spr i n k l er s t o r epl a ce st a n da r d
spr i n k l er s wi t h ou t a compl et e en gi -
n eer i n g r evi ew of t h e a l t er ed pa r t of
t h e sy st em.
spr i n k l er s a r e pr ot ect ed fr om mech a n -
i ca l da ma ge.
(9) Sprin k ler alarms. On a l l spr i n k l er
sy st ems h a vi n g mor e t h a n t wen t y (20)
spr i n k l er s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e
t h a t a l oca l wa t er fl ow a l a r m i s pr o-
vi ded wh i ch sou n ds a n a u di bl e si gn a l
on t h e pr emi ses u pon wa t er fl ow
t h r ou gh t h e sy st em equ a l t o t h e fl ow
fr om a si n gl e spr i n k l er .
(10) Sprin k ler spacin g. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t spr i n k l er s a r e spa ced
t o pr ovi de a ma xi mu m pr ot ect i on a r ea
per spr i n k l er , a mi n i mu m of i n t er -
fer en ce t o t h e di sch a r ge pa t t er n by
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r a l member s or
bu i l di n g con t en t s a n d su i t a bl e sen si -
t i vi t y t o possi bl e fi r e h a za r ds. Th e
mi n i mu m ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce bet ween
spr i n k l er s a n d ma t er i a l bel ow sh a l l be
18 i n ch es (45. 7 cm).
(11) Hy drau lically design ed sy st ems.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t h y dr a u -
l i ca l l y desi gn ed a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er
sy st ems or por t i on s t h er eof a r e i den t i -
fi ed a n d t h a t t h e l oca t i on , n u mber of
spr i n k l er s i n t h e h y dr a u l i ca l l y de-
si gn ed sect i on , a n d t h e ba si s of t h e de-
si gn i s i n di ca t ed. Cen t r a l r ecor ds ma y
be u sed i n l i eu of si gn s a t spr i n k l er
va l ves pr ovi ded t h e r ecor ds a r e a va i l -
a bl e for i n spect i on a n d copy i n g by t h e
Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y .
[45 F R 60710, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y
1, 1981]
1910.160 Fixed extinguishing sys-
tems, general.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion . (1) Th i s sec-
t i on a ppl i es t o a l l fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g
sy st ems i n st a l l ed t o meet a pa r t i cu l a r
OS HA st a n da r d except for a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er sy st ems wh i ch a r e cover ed by
1910. 159.
(2) Th i s sect i on a l so a ppl i es t o fi xed
sy st ems n ot i n st a l l ed t o meet a pa r -
t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d, bu t wh i ch , by
mea n s of t h ei r oper a t i on , ma y expose
empl oy ees t o possi bl e i n j u r y , dea t h , or
a dver se h ea l t h con sequ en ces ca u sed by
t h e ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t . S u ch sy st ems
a r e on l y su bj ect t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (b)(4) t h r ou gh (b)(7) a n d (c)
(3) S y st ems ot h er wi se cover ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sect i on wh i ch
a r e i n st a l l ed i n a r ea s wi t h n o empl oy ee
exposu r e a r e exempt ed fr om t h e r e-
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) F i xed ex-
t i n gu i sh i n g sy st em compon en t s a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
504
a gen t s sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d a ppr oved
for u se on t h e speci fi c fi r e h a za r ds t h ey
a r e expect ed t o con t r ol or ext i n gu i sh .
(2) I f for a n y r ea son a fi xed ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st em becomes i n oper a bl e,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy empl oy ees
a n d t a k e t h e n ecessa r y t empor a r y pr e-
ca u t i on s t o a ssu r e t h ei r sa fet y u n t i l
t h e sy st em i s r est or ed t o oper a t i n g
or der . An y defect s or i mpa i r men t s
sh a l l be pr oper l y cor r ect ed by t r a i n ed
per son n el .
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a di s-
t i n ct i ve a l a r m or si gn a l i n g sy st em
wh i ch compl i es wi t h 1910. 165 a n d i s ca -
pa bl e of bei n g per cei ved a bove a mbi en t
n oi se or l i gh t l evel s, on a l l ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st ems i n t h ose por t i on s of
t h e wor k pl a ce cover ed by t h e ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st em t o i n di ca t e wh en t h e
ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st em i s di sch a r gi n g.
Di sch a r ge a l a r ms a r e n ot r equ i r ed on
sy st ems wh er e di sch a r ge i s i mme-
di a t el y r ecogn i za bl e.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de effec-
t i ve sa fegu a r ds t o wa r n empl oy ees
a ga i n st en t r y i n t o di sch a r ge a r ea s
wh er e t h e a t mosph er e r ema i n s h a z-
a r dou s t o empl oy ee sa fet y or h ea l t h .
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l post h a za r d
wa r n i n g or ca u t i on si gn s a t t h e en -
t r a n ce t o, a n d i n si de of, a r ea s pr o-
t ect ed by fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems
wh i ch u se a gen t s i n con cen t r a t i on s
k n own t o be h a za r dou s t o empl oy ee
sa fet y a n d h ea l t h .
fi xed sy st ems a r e i n spect ed a n n u a l l y
by a per son k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e de-
si gn a n d fu n ct i on of t h e sy st em t o a s-
su r e t h a t t h e sy st em i s ma i n t a i n ed i n
good oper a t i n g con di t i on .
t h e wei gh t a n d pr essu r e of r efi l l a bl e
con t a i n er s i s ch eck ed a t l ea st semi -a n -
n u a l l y . I f t h e con t a i n er sh ows a l oss i n
n et con t en t or wei gh t of mor e t h a n 5
per cen t , or a l oss i n pr essu r e of mor e
t h a n 10 per cen t , i t sh a l l be su bj ect ed t o
ma i n t en a n ce.
fa ct or y ch a r ged n on r efi l l a bl e con -
t a i n er s wh i ch h a ve n o mea n s of pr es-
su r e i n di ca t i on a r e wei gh ed a t l ea st
semi -a n n u a l l y . I f a con t a i n er sh ows a
l oss i n n et wei gh t or mor e t h a n 5 per -
cen t i t sh a l l be r epl a ced.
(9) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t i n -
spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce da t es a r e r e-
cor ded on t h e con t a i n er , on a t a g a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e con t a i n er , or i n a cen t r a l
l oca t i on . A r ecor d of t h e l a st semi -a n -
n u a l ch eck sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed u n t i l
t h e con t a i n er i s ch eck ed a ga i n or for
t h e l i fe of t h e con t a i n er , wh i ch ever i s
l ess.
(10) Th e empl oy er sh a l l t r a i n empl oy -
ees desi gn a t ed t o i n spect , ma i n t a i n , op-
er a t e, or r epa i r fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy s-
t ems a n d a n n u a l l y r evi ew t h ei r t r a i n -
i n g t o k eep t h em u p-t o-da t e i n t h e
fu n ct i on s t h ey a r e t o per for m.
(11) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot u se
ch l or obr omomet h a n e or ca r bon t et r a -
ch l or i de a s a n ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t
wh er e empl oy ees ma y be exposed.
sy st ems i n st a l l ed i n t h e pr esen ce of
cor r osi ve a t mosph er es a r e con st r u ct ed
of n on -cor r osi ve ma t er i a l or ot h er wi se
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st cor r osi on .
(13) Au t oma t i c det ect i on equ i pmen t
sh a l l be a ppr oved, i n st a l l ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 1910. 164.
a l l sy st ems desi gn ed for a n d i n st a l l ed
i n a r ea s wi t h cl i ma t i c ext r emes sh a l l
oper a t e effect i vel y a t t h e expect ed ex-
t r eme t emper a t u r es.
a t l ea st on e ma n u a l st a t i on i s pr ovi ded
for di sch a r ge a ct i va t i on of ea ch fi xed
ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st em.
ma n u a l oper a t i n g devi ces a r e i den t i fi ed
a s t o t h e h a za r d a ga i n st wh i ch t h ey
wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on .
(17) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a n d
a ssu r e t h e u se of t h e per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t n eeded for i mmedi a t e
r escu e of empl oy ees t r a pped i n h a z-
a r dou s a t mosph er es cr ea t ed by a n
a gen t di sch a r ge.
(c) T ot al f loodin g sy st ems wit h pot en -
t ial h ealt h an d saf et y h azards t o employ -
ees. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h 1910. 38 for ea ch a r ea wi t h i n a
wor k pl a ce t h a t i s pr ot ect ed by a t ot a l
fl oodi n g sy st em wh i ch pr ovi des a gen t
con cen t r a t i on s exceedi n g t h e ma x-
i mu m sa fe l evel s set for t h i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(5) a n d (b)(6) of 1910. 162.
(2) S y st ems i n st a l l ed i n a r ea s wh er e
empl oy ees ca n n ot en t er du r i n g or a ft er
t h e sy st ems oper a t i on a r e exempt
fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
505
(3) On a l l t ot a l fl oodi n g sy st ems t h e
empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a pr e-di sch a r ge
empl oy ee a l a r m wh i ch compl i es wi t h
1910. 165, a n d i s ca pa bl e of bei n g per -
cei ved a bove a mbi en t l i gh t or n oi se
l evel s befor e t h e sy st em di sch a r ges,
wh i ch wi l l gi ve empl oy ees t i me t o sa fe-
l y exi t fr om t h e di sch a r ge a r ea pr i or t o
sy st em di sch a r ge.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a u t o-
ma t i c a ct u a t i on of t ot a l fl oodi n g sy s-
t ems by mea n s of a n a ppr oved fi r e de-
t ect i on devi ce i n st a l l ed a n d i n t er -
con n ect ed wi t h a pr e-di sch a r ge em-
pl oy ee a l a r m sy st em t o gi ve empl oy ees
t i me t o sa fel y exi t fr om t h e di sch a r ge
a r ea pr i or t o sy st em di sch a r ge.
[45 F R 60711, S ept . 12, 1980]
tems, dry chemical.
a ppl i es t o a l l fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy s-
t ems, u si n g dr y ch emi ca l a s t h e ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t , i n st a l l ed t o meet a pa r -
t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d. Th ese sy st ems
sh a l l a l so compl y wi t h 1910. 160.
(b) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t dr y ch emi ca l
a gen t s a r e compa t i bl e wi t h a n y foa ms
or wet t i n g a gen t s wi t h wh i ch t h ey a r e
u sed.
(2) Th e empl oy er ma y n ot mi x t o-
get h er dr y ch emi ca l ext i n gu i sh i n g
a gen t s of di ffer en t composi t i on s. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t dr y ch em-
i ca l sy st ems a r e r efi l l ed wi t h t h e
ch emi ca l st a t ed on t h e a ppr ova l n a me-
pl a t e or a n equ i va l en t compa t i bl e ma -
t er i a l .
(3) Wh en dr y ch emi ca l di sch a r ge ma y
obscu r e vi si on , t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr o-
vi de a pr e-di sch a r ge empl oy ee a l a r m
wh i ch compl i es wi t h 1910. 165 a n d
wh i ch wi l l gi ve empl oy ees t i me t o sa fe-
l y exi t fr om t h e di sch a r ge a r ea pr i or t o
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l sa mpl e t h e dr y
ch emi ca l su ppl y of a l l bu t st or ed pr es-
su r e sy st ems a t l ea st a n n u a l l y t o a s-
su r e t h a t t h e dr y ch emi ca l su ppl y i s
fr ee of moi st u r e wh i ch ma y ca u se t h e
su ppl y t o ca k e or for m l u mps.
t h e r a t e of a ppl i ca t i on of dr y ch emi ca l s
i s su ch t h a t t h e desi gn ed con cen t r a t i on
of t h e sy st em wi l l be r ea ch ed wi t h i n 30
secon ds of i n i t i a l di sch a r ge.
[45 F R 60712, S ept . 12, 1980]
tems, gaseous agent.
Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o a l l fi xed ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st ems, u si n g a ga s a s t h e
ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t , i n st a l l ed t o meet
a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d. Th ese sy s-
t ems sh a l l a l so compl y wi t h 1910. 160.
I n some ca ses, t h e ga s ma y be i n a l i q-
u i d st a t e du r i n g st or a ge.
(2) Applicat ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2) a n d (b)(4) t h r ou gh
(b)(6) sh a l l a ppl y on l y t o t ot a l fl oodi n g
sy st ems.
(b) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (1) Agen t s
u sed for i n i t i a l su ppl y a n d r epl en i sh -
men t sh a l l be of t h e t y pe a ppr oved for
t h e sy st ems a ppl i ca t i on . Ca r bon di ox-
i de obt a i n ed by dr y i ce con ver si on t o
l i qu i d i s n ot a ccept a bl e u n l ess i t i s
pr ocessed t o r emove excess wa t er a n d
oi l .
(2) Except du r i n g over h a u l , t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t t h e desi gn ed
con cen t r a t i on of ga seou s a gen t s i s
ma i n t a i n ed u n t i l t h e fi r e h a s been ex-
t i n gu i sh ed or i s u n der con t r ol .
empl oy ees a r e n ot exposed t o t oxi c l ev-
el s of ga seou s a gen t or i t s decomposi -
t i on pr odu ct s.
t h e desi gn ed ext i n gu i sh i n g con cen t r a -
t i on i s r ea ch ed wi t h i n 30 secon ds of i n i -
t i a l di sch a r ge except for Ha l on sy st ems
wh i ch mu st a ch i eve desi gn con cen t r a -
t i on wi t h i n 10 secon ds.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a di s-
t i n ct i ve pr e-di sch a r ge empl oy ee a l a r m
ca pa bl e of bei n g per cei ved a bove a mbi -
en t l i gh t or n oi se l evel s wh en a gen t de-
si gn con cen t r a t i on s exceed t h e ma x-
i mu m sa fe l evel for empl oy ee exposu r e.
A pr e-di sch a r ge empl oy ee a l a r m for
a l er t i n g empl oy ees befor e sy st em di s-
ch a r ge sh a l l be pr ovi ded on Ha l on 1211
a n d ca r bon di oxi de sy st ems wi t h a de-
si gn con cen t r a t i on of 4 per cen t or
gr ea t er a n d for Ha l on 1301 sy st ems wi t h
a desi gn con cen t r a t i on of 10 per cen t or
gr ea t er . Th e pr e-di sch a r ge empl oy ee
a l a r m sh a l l pr ovi de empl oy ees t i me t o
sa fel y exi t t h e di sch a r ge a r ea pr i or t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
506
(6)(i ) Wh er e egr ess fr om a n a r ea ca n -
n ot be a ccompl i sh ed wi t h i n on e
mi n u t e, t h e empl oy er sh a l l n ot u se
Ha l on 1301 i n con cen t r a t i on s gr ea t er
t h a n 7 per cen t .
(i i ) Wh er e egr ess t a k es gr ea t er t h a n
30 secon ds bu t l ess t h a n on e mi n u t e,
t h e empl oy er sh a l l n ot u se Ha l on 1301
i n a con cen t r a t i on gr ea t er t h a n 10 per -
cen t .
(i i i ) Ha l on 1301 con cen t r a t i on s gr ea t -
er t h a n 10 per cen t a r e on l y per mi t t ed
i n a r ea s n ot n or ma l l y occu pi ed by em-
pl oy ees pr ovi ded t h a t a n y empl oy ee i n
t h e a r ea ca n esca pe wi t h i n 30 secon ds.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t n o u n -
pr ot ect ed empl oy ees en t er t h e a r ea
du r i n g a gen t di sch a r ge.
[45 F R 60712, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y
1, 1981]
tems, water spray and foam.
a ppl i es t o a l l fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy s-
t ems, u si n g wa t er or foa m sol u t i on a s
t h e ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t , i n st a l l ed t o
meet a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d.
Th ese sy st ems sh a l l a l so compl y wi t h
1910. 160. Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o
a u t oma t i c spr i n k l er sy st ems wh i ch a r e
cover ed u n der 1910. 159.
(b) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t foa m a n d
wa t er spr a y sy st ems a r e desi gn ed t o be
effect i ve i n a t l ea st con t r ol l i n g fi r e i n
t h e pr ot ect ed a r ea or on pr ot ect ed
equ i pmen t .
dr a i n a ge of wa t er spr a y sy st ems i s di -
r ect ed a wa y fr om a r ea s wh er e empl oy -
ees a r e wor k i n g a n d t h a t n o emer gen cy
egr ess i s per mi t t ed t h r ou gh t h e dr a i n -
a ge pa t h .
[45 F R 60712, S ept . 12, 1980]
OTHER F I RE P ROTECTI ON S YS TEMS
1910.164 Fire detection systems.
a ppl i es t o a l l a u t oma t i c fi r e det ect i on
sy st ems i n st a l l ed t o meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d.
(b) I n st allat ion an d rest orat ion . (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l devi ces
a n d equ i pmen t con st r u ct ed a n d i n -
st a l l ed t o compl y wi t h t h i s st a n da r d
a r e a ppr oved for t h e pu r pose for wh i ch
t h ey a r e i n t en ded.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r est or e a l l fi r e
det ect i on sy st ems a n d compon en t s t o
n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on a s pr ompt -
l y a s possi bl e a ft er ea ch t est or a l a r m.
S pa r e det ect i on devi ces a n d compo-
n en t s wh i ch a r e n or ma l l y dest r oy ed i n
t h e pr ocess of det ect i n g fi r es sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e on t h e pr emi ses or fr om a
l oca l su ppl i er i n su ffi ci en t qu a n t i t i es
a n d l oca t i on s for pr ompt r est or a t i on of
t h e sy st em.
(c) Main t en an ce an d t est in g. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n a l l sy st ems i n
a n oper a bl e con di t i on except du r i n g r e-
pa i r s or ma i n t en a n ce.
fi r e det ect or s a n d fi r e det ect i on sy s-
t ems a r e t est ed a n d a dj u st ed a s oft en
a s n eeded t o ma i n t a i n pr oper r el i -
a bi l i t y a n d oper a t i n g con di t i on except
t h a t fa ct or y ca l i br a t ed det ect or s n eed
n ot be a dj u st ed a ft er i n st a l l a t i on .
pn eu ma t i c a n d h y dr a u l i c oper a t ed de-
t ect i on sy st ems i n st a l l ed a ft er J a n u a r y
1, 1981, a r e equ i pped wi t h su per vi sed
sy st ems.
t h e ser vi ci n g, ma i n t en a n ce a n d t est i n g
of fi r e det ect i on sy st ems, i n cl u di n g
cl ea n i n g a n d n ecessa r y sen si t i vi t y a d-
j u st men t s a r e per for med by a t r a i n ed
per son k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e oper a t i on s
a n d fu n ct i on s of t h e sy st em.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a l so a ssu r e
t h a t fi r e det ect or s t h a t n eed t o be
cl ea n ed of di r t , du st , or ot h er pa r t i cu -
l a t es i n or der t o be fu l l y oper a t i on a l
a r e cl ea n ed a t r egu l a r per i odi c i n t er -
va l s.
(d) Prot ect ion of f ire det ect ors. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t fi r e det ec-
t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed ou t door s or i n
t h e pr esen ce of cor r osi ve a t mosph er es
be pr ot ect ed fr om cor r osi on . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a ca n opy , h ood, or
ot h er su i t a bl e pr ot ect i on for det ect i on
equ i pmen t r equ i r i n g pr ot ect i on fr om
t h e wea t h er .
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l l oca t e or ot h -
er wi se pr ot ect det ect i on equ i pmen t so
t h a t i t i s pr ot ect ed fr om mech a n i ca l or
ph y si ca l i mpa ct wh i ch mi gh t r en der i t
i n oper a bl e.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t de-
t ect or s a r e su ppor t ed i n depen den t l y of
t h ei r a t t a ch men t t o wi r es or t u bi n g.
(e) Respon se t ime. (1) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t fi r e det ect i on sy st ems
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
507
i n st a l l ed for t h e pu r pose of a ct u a t i n g
fi r e ext i n gu i sh men t or su ppr essi on sy s-
t ems sh a l l be desi gn ed t o oper a t e i n
t i me t o con t r ol or ext i n gu i sh a fi r e.
fi r e det ect i on sy st ems i n st a l l ed for t h e
pu r pose of empl oy ee a l a r m a n d eva cu -
a t i on be desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed t o pr o-
vi de a wa r n i n g for emer gen cy a ct i on
a n d sa fe esca pe of empl oy ees.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot del a y
a l a r ms or devi ces i n i t i a t ed by fi r e de-
t ect or a ct u a t i on for mor e t h a n 30 sec-
on ds u n l ess su ch del a y i s n ecessa r y for
t h e i mmedi a t e sa fet y of empl oy ees.
Wh en su ch del a y i s n ecessa r y , i t sh a l l
be a ddr essed i n a n emer gen cy a ct i on
pl a n meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 38.
(f) Nu mber, locat ion an d spacin g of de-
t ect in g devices. Th e empl oy er sh a l l a s-
su r e t h a t t h e n u mber , spa ci n g a n d l o-
ca t i on of fi r e det ect or s i s ba sed u pon
desi gn da t a obt a i n ed fr om fi el d exper i -
en ce, or t est s, en gi n eer i n g su r vey s, t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s, or a
r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y l i st i n g.
[45 F R 60713, S ept . 12, 1980]
1910.165 Employee alarm systems.
(a ) Scope an d applicat ion . (1) Th i s sec-
t i on a ppl i es t o a l l emer gen cy empl oy ee
a l a r ms i n st a l l ed t o meet a pa r t i cu l a r
OS HA st a n da r d. Th i s sect i on does n ot
a ppl y t o t h ose di sch a r ge or su per vi sor y
a l a r ms r equ i r ed on va r i ou s fi xed ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st ems or t o su per vi sor y
a l a r ms on fi r e su ppr essi on , a l a r m or
det ect i on sy st ems u n l ess t h ey a r e i n -
t en ded t o be empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems.
(2) Th e r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s sect i on
t h a t per t a i n t o ma i n t en a n ce, t est i n g
a n d i n spect i on sh a l l a ppl y t o a l l l oca l
fi r e a l a r m si gn a l i n g sy st ems u sed for
a l er t i n g empl oy ees r ega r dl ess of t h e
ot h er fu n ct i on s of t h e sy st em.
(3) Al l pr e-di sch a r ge empl oy ee a l a r ms
i n st a l l ed t o meet a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA
st a n da r d sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph s (b)(1) t h r ou gh (4), (c), a n d
(d)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th e em-
pl oy ee a l a r m sy st em sh a l l pr ovi de
wa r n i n g for n ecessa r y emer gen cy a c-
t i on a s ca l l ed for i n t h e emer gen cy a c-
t i on pl a n , or for r ea ct i on t i me for sa fe
esca pe of empl oy ees fr om t h e wor k -
pl a ce or t h e i mmedi a t e wor k a r ea , or
bot h .
(2) Th e empl oy ee a l a r m sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of bei n g per cei ved a bove a mbi en t
n oi se or l i gh t l evel s by a l l empl oy ees
i n t h e a ffect ed por t i on s of t h e wor k -
pl a ce. Ta ct i l e devi ces ma y be u sed t o
a l er t t h ose empl oy ees wh o wou l d n ot
ot h er wi se be a bl e t o r ecogn i ze t h e
a u di bi l e or vi su a l a l a r m.
(3) Th e empl oy ee a l a r m sh a l l be di s-
t i n ct i ve a n d r ecogn i za bl e a s a si gn a l t o
eva cu a t e t h e wor k a r ea or t o per for m
a ct i on s desi gn a t ed u n der t h e emer -
gen cy a ct i on pl a n .
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l expl a i n t o
ea ch empl oy ee t h e pr efer r ed mea n s of
r epor t i n g emer gen ci es, su ch a s ma n u a l
pu l l box a l a r ms, pu bl i c a ddr ess sy s-
t ems, r a di o or t el eph on es. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l post emer gen cy t el eph on e
n u mber s n ea r t el eph on es, or empl oy ee
n ot i ce boa r ds, a n d ot h er con spi cu ou s
l oca t i on s wh en t el eph on es ser ve a s a
mea n s of r epor t i n g emer gen ci es. Wh er e
a commu n i ca t i on sy st em a l so ser ves a s
t h e empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em, a l l emer -
gen cy messa ges sh a l l h a ve pr i or i t y
over a l l n on -emer gen cy messa ges.
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh pr o-
cedu r es for sou n di n g emer gen cy a l a r ms
i n t h e wor k pl a ce. F or t h ose empl oy er s
wi t h 10 or fewer empl oy ees i n a pa r -
t i cu l a r wor k pl a ce, di r ect voi ce commu -
n i ca t i on i s a n a ccept a bl e pr ocedu r e for
sou n di n g t h e a l a r m pr ovi ded a l l em-
pl oy ees ca n h ea r t h e a l a r m. S u ch wor k -
pl a ces n eed n ot h a ve a ba ck -u p sy st em.
(c) I n st allat ion an d rest orat ion . (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l devi ces,
compon en t s, combi n a t i on s of devi ces
or sy st ems con st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed t o
compl y wi t h t h i s st a n da r d a r e a p-
pr oved. S t ea m wh i st l es, a i r h or n s,
st r obe l i gh t s or si mi l a r l i gh t i n g de-
vi ces, or t a ct i l e devi ces meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on a r e con si d-
er ed t o meet t h i s r equ i r emen t for a p-
pr ova l .
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l
empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems a r e r est or ed
t o n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on a s
pr ompt l y a s possi bl e a ft er ea ch t est or
a l a r m. S pa r e a l a r m devi ces a n d compo-
n en t s su bj ect t o wea r or dest r u ct i on
sh a l l be a va i l a bl e i n su ffi ci en t qu a n -
t i t i es a n d l oca t i on s for pr ompt r est or a -
t i on of t h e sy st em.
(d) Main t en an ce an d t est in g. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l em-
pl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems a r e ma i n t a i n ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
508
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. A
i n oper a t i n g con di t i on except wh en u n -
der goi n g r epa i r s or ma i n t en a n ce.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a
t est of t h e r el i a bi l i t y a n d a dequ a cy of
n on -su per vi sed empl oy ee a l a r m sy s-
t ems i s ma de ever y t wo mon t h s. A di f-
fer en t a ct u a t i on devi ce sh a l l be u sed i n
ea ch t est of a mu l t i -a ct u a t i on devi ce
sy st em so t h a t n o i n di vi du a l devi ce i s
u sed for t wo con secu t i ve t est s.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n or
r epl a ce power su ppl i es a s oft en a s i s
n ecessa r y t o a ssu r e a fu l l y oper a t i on a l
con di t i on . Ba ck -u p mea n s of a l a r m,
su ch a s empl oy ee r u n n er s or t el e-
ph on es, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en sy st ems
a r e ou t of ser vi ce.
empl oy ee a l a r m ci r cu i t r y i n st a l l ed
a ft er J a n u a r y 1, 1981, wh i ch i s ca pa bl e
of bei n g su per vi sed i s su per vi sed a n d
t h a t i t wi l l pr ovi de posi t i ve n ot i fi ca -
t i on t o a ssi gn ed per son n el wh en ever a
defi ci en cy exi st s i n t h e sy st em. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l su per -
vi sed empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems a r e t est -
ed a t l ea st a n n u a l l y for r el i a bi l i t y a n d
a dequ a cy .
t h e ser vi ci n g, ma i n t en a n ce a n d t est i n g
of empl oy ee a l a r ms a r e don e by per son s
t r a i n ed i n t h e desi gn ed oper a t i on a n d
fu n ct i on s n ecessa r y for r el i a bl e a n d
sa fe oper a t i on of t h e sy st em.
(e) Man u al operat ion . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
a ct u a t i on devi ces for u se i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h empl oy ee a l a r ms a r e u n ob-
st r u ct ed, con spi cu ou s a n d r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e.
[45 F R 60713, S ept . 12, 1980]
AP P ENDI CES TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910NOTE
NOTE: Th e fol l owi n g a ppen di ces t o su bpa r t
L, except a ppen di x E, ser ve a s n on ma n da t or y
gu i del i n es t o a ssi st empl oy er s i n compl y i n g
wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t
L.
AP P ENDI X A TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910F I RE P ROTECTI ON
1910. 156 Fire brigades.
1. Scope. Th i s sect i on does n ot r equ i r e a n
empl oy er t o or ga n i ze a fi r e br i ga de. How-
ever , i f a n empl oy er does deci de t o or ga n i ze
a fi r e br i ga de, t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on a ppl y .
2. Pre-f ire plan n in g. I t i s su ggest ed t h a t pr e-
fi r e pl a n n i n g be con du ct ed by t h e l oca l fi r e
depa r t men t a n d/or t h e wor k pl a ce fi r e br i -
ga de i n or der for t h em t o be fa mi l i a r wi t h
t h e wor k pl a ce a n d pr ocess h a za r ds. I n vol ve-
men t wi t h t h e l oca l fi r e depa r t men t or fi r e
pr even t i on bu r ea u i s en cou r a ged t o fa ci l i t a t e
coor di n a t i on a n d cooper a t i on bet ween mem-
ber s of t h e fi r e br i ga de a n d t h ose wh o mi gh t
be ca l l ed u pon for a ssi st a n ce du r i n g a fi r e
emer gen cy .
3. Organ izat ion al st at emen t . I n a ddi t i on t o
t h e i n for ma t i on r equ i r ed i n t h e or ga n i za -
t i on a l st a t emen t , pa r a gr a ph 1910. 156(b)(1), i t
i s su ggest ed t h a t t h e or ga n i za t i on a l st a t e-
men t a l so con t a i n t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on :
a descr i pt i on of t h e du t i es t h a t t h e fi r e br i -
ga de member s a r e expect ed t o per for m; t h e
l i n e a u t h or i t y of ea ch fi r e br i ga de offi cer ;
t h e n u mber of t h e fi r e br i ga de offi cer s a n d
n u mber of t r a i n i n g i n st r u ct or s; a n d a l i st
a n d descr i pt i on of t h e t y pes of a wa r ds or r ec-
ogn i t i on t h a t br i ga de member s ma y be el i gi -
bl e t o r ecei ve.
4. Ph y sical capabilit y . Th e ph y si ca l ca pa -
bi l i t y r equ i r emen t a ppl i es on l y t o t h ose fi r e
br i ga de member s wh o per for m i n t er i or st r u c-
t u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g. Empl oy ees wh o ca n n ot
meet t h e ph y si ca l ca pa bi l i t y r equ i r emen t
ma y st i l l be member s of t h e fi r e br i ga de a s
l on g a s su ch empl oy ees do n ot per for m i n t e-
r i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g. I t i s su ggest ed
t h a t fi r e br i ga de member s wh o a r e u n a bl e t o
per for m i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g be
a ssi gn ed l ess st r essfu l a n d ph y si ca l l y de-
ma n di n g fi r e br i ga de du t i es, e. g. , cer t a i n
t y pes of t r a i n i n g, r ecor dk eepi n g, fi r e pr even -
t i on i n spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce, a n d fi r e
pu mp oper a t i on s.
P h y si ca l l y ca pa bl e ca n be defi n ed a s bei n g
a bl e t o per for m t h ose du t i es speci fi ed i n t h e
t r a i n i n g r equ i r emen t s of sect i on 1910. 156(c).
P h y si ca l l y ca pa bl e ca n a l so be det er mi n ed
by ph y si ca l per for ma n ce t est s or by a ph y s-
i ca l exa mi n a t i on wh en t h e exa mi n i n g ph y si -
ci a n i s a wa r e of t h e du t i es t h a t t h e fi r e br i -
ga de member i s expect ed t o per for m.
I t i s a l so r ecommen ded t h a t fi r e br i ga de
member s pa r t i ci pa t e i n a ph y si ca l fi t n ess
pr ogr a m. Th er e a r e ma n y ben efi t s wh i ch ca n
be a t t r i bu t ed t o bei n g ph y si ca l l y fi t . I t i s be-
l i eved t h a t ph y si ca l fi t n ess ma y h el p t o r e-
du ce t h e n u mber of spr a i n a n d st r a i n i n j u r i es
a s wel l a s con t r i bu t i n g t o t h e i mpr ovemen t
of t h e ca r di ova scu l a r sy st em.
5. T rain in g an d edu cat ion . Th e pa r a gr a ph on
t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on does n ot con t a i n spe-
ci fi c t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on r equ i r emen t s
beca u se t h e t y pe, a mou n t , a n d fr equ en cy of
t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on wi l l be a s va r i ed a s
a r e t h e pu r poses for wh i ch fi r e br i ga des a r e
or ga n i zed. However , t h e pa r a gr a ph does r e-
qu i r e t h a t t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on be com-
men su r a t e wi t h t h ose fu n ct i on s t h a t t h e fi r e
br i ga de i s expect ed t o per for m; i . e. , t h ose
fu n ct i on s speci fi ed i n t h e or ga n i za t i on a l
st a t emen t . S u ch a per for ma n ce r equ i r emen t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
509
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. A
pr ovi des t h e n ecessa r y fl exi bi l i t y t o desi gn a
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m wh i ch meet s t h e n eeds of
i n di vi du a l fi r e br i ga des.
At a mi n i mu m, h a n ds-on t r a i n i n g i s r e-
qu i r ed t o be con du ct ed a n n u a l l y for a l l fi r e
br i ga de member s. However , for t h ose fi r e br i -
ga de member s wh o a r e expect ed t o per for m
i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g, some t y pe of
t r a i n i n g or edu ca t i on sessi on mu st be pr o-
vi ded a t l ea st qu a r t er l y .
I n a ddi t i on t o t h e r equ i r ed h a n ds-on t r a i n -
i n g, i t i s st r on gl y r ecommen ded t h a t fi r e br i -
ga de member s r ecei ve ot h er t y pes of t r a i n i n g
a n d edu ca t i on su ch a s: cl a ssr oom i n st r u c-
t i on , r evi ew of emer gen cy a ct i on pr ocedu r es,
pr e-fi r e pl a n n i n g, r evi ew of speci a l h a za r ds
i n t h e wor k pl a ce, a n d pr a ct i ce i n t h e u se of
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s.
I t i s n ot n ecessa r y for t h e empl oy er t o du -
pl i ca t e t h e sa me t r a i n i n g or edu ca t i on t h a t a
fi r e br i ga de member r ecei ves a s a member of
a commu n i t y vol u n t eer fi r e depa r t men t , r es-
cu e squ a d, or si mi l a r or ga n i za t i on . However ,
su ch t r a i n i n g or edu ca t i on mu st h a ve been
pr ovi ded t o t h e fi r e br i ga de member wi t h i n
t h e pa st y ea r a n d i t mu st be docu men t ed
t h a t t h e fi r e br i ga de member h a s r ecei ved
t h e t r a i n i n g or edu ca t i on . F or exa mpl e:
t h er e i s n o n eed for a fi r e br i ga de member t o
r ecei ve a n ot h er t r a i n i n g cl a ss i n t h e u se of
posi t i ve-pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u s i f t h e fi r e br i ga de member h a s r e-
cen t l y compl et ed su ch t r a i n i n g a s a member
of a commu n i t y fi r e depa r t men t . I n st ea d, t h e
fi r e br i ga de member sh ou l d r ecei ve t r a i n i n g
or edu ca t i on cover i n g ot h er i mpor t a n t equ i p-
men t or du t i es of t h e fi r e br i ga de a s t h ey r e-
l a t e t o t h e wor k pl a ce h a za r ds, fa ci l i t i es a n d
pr ocesses.
I t i s gen er a l l y r ecogn i zed t h a t t h e effec-
t i ven ess of fi r e br i ga de t r a i n i n g a n d edu -
ca t i on depen ds u pon t h e exper t i se of t h ose
pr ovi di n g t h e t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on a s wel l
a s t h e mot i va t i on of t h e fi r e br i ga de mem-
ber s. F i r e br i ga de t r a i n i n g i n st r u ct or s mu st
r ecei ve a h i gh er l evel of t r a i n i n g a n d edu -
ca t i on t h a n t h e fi r e br i ga de member s t h ey
wi l l be t ea ch i n g. Th i s i n cl u des bei n g mor e
k n owl edgea bl e a bou t t h e fu n ct i on s t o be per -
for med by t h e fi r e br i ga de a n d t h e h a za r ds
i n vol ved. Th e i n st r u ct or s sh ou l d be qu a l i fi ed
t o t r a i n fi r e br i ga de member s a n d dem-
on st r a t e sk i l l s i n commu n i ca t i on , met h ods
of t ea ch i n g, a n d mot i va t i on . I t i s i mpor t a n t
for i n st r u ct or s a n d fi r e br i ga de member s
a l i k e t o be mot i va t ed t owa r d t h e goa l s of t h e
fi r e br i ga de a n d be a wa r e of t h e i mpor t a n ce
of t h e ser vi ce t h a t t h ey a r e pr ovi di n g for t h e
pr ot ect i on of ot h er empl oy ees a n d t h e wor k -
pl a ce.
I t i s su ggest ed t h a t pu bl i ca t i on s fr om t h e
I n t er n a t i on a l F i r e S er vi ce Tr a i n i n g Associ a -
t i on , t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a -
t i on (NF P A1041), t h e I n t er n a t i on a l S oci et y
of F i r e S er vi ce I n st r u ct or s a n d ot h er fi r e
t r a i n i n g sou r ces be con su l t ed for r ec-
ommen ded qu a l i fi ca t i on s of fi r e br i ga de
t r a i n i n g i n st r u ct or s.
I n or der t o be effect i ve, fi r e br i ga des mu st
h a ve compet en t l ea der sh i p a n d su per vi si on .
I t i s i mpor t a n t for t h ose wh o su per vi se t h e
fi r e br i ga de du r i n g emer gen cy si t u a t i on s,
e. g. , fi r e br i ga de ch i efs, l ea der s, et c. , t o r e-
cei ve t h e n ecessa r y t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on
for su per vi si n g fi r e br i ga de a ct i vi t i es du r i n g
t h ese h a za r dou s a n d st r essfu l si t u a t i on s.
Th ese fi r e br i ga de member s wi t h l ea der sh i p
r espon si bi l i t i es sh ou l d demon st r a t e sk i l l s i n
st r a t egy a n d t a ct i cs, fi r e su ppr essi on a n d
pr even t i on t ech n i qu es, l ea der sh i p pr i n ci pl es,
pr e-fi r e pl a n n i n g, a n d sa fet y pr a ct i ces. I t i s
a ga i n su ggest ed t h a t fi r e ser vi ce t r a i n i n g
sou r ces be con su l t ed for det er mi n i n g t h e
k i n ds of t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on wh i ch a r e
n ecessa r y for t h ose wi t h fi r e br i ga de l ea der -
sh i p r espon si bi l i t i es.
I t i s fu r t h er su ggest ed t h a t fi r e br i ga de
l ea der s a n d fi r e br i ga de i n st r u ct or s r ecei ve
mor e for ma l i zed t r a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on on a
con t i n u i n g ba si s by a t t en di n g cl a sses pr o-
vi ded by su ch t r a i n i n g sou r ces a s u n i ver -
si t i es a n d u n i ver si t y fi r e ext en si on ser vi ces.
Th e fol l owi n g r ecommen da t i on s sh ou l d n ot
be con si der ed t o be a l l of t h e n ecessa r y el e-
men t s of a compl et e compr eh en si ve t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m, bu t t h e i n for ma t i on ma y be h el pfu l
a s a gu i de i n devel opi n g a fi r e br i ga de t r a i n -
i n g pr ogr a m.
Al l fi r e br i ga de member s sh ou l d be fa mi l -
i a r wi t h exi t fa ci l i t i es a n d t h ei r l oca t i on ,
emer gen cy esca pe r ou t es for h a n di ca pped
wor k er s, a n d t h e wor k pl a ce emer gen cy a c-
t i on pl a n .
I n a ddi t i on , fi r e br i ga de member s wh o a r e
expect ed t o con t r ol a n d ext i n gu i sh fi r es i n
t h e i n ci pi en t st a ge sh ou l d, a t a mi n i mu m, be
t r a i n ed i n t h e u se of fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s,
st a n dpi pes, a n d ot h er fi r e equ i pmen t t h ey
a r e a ssi gn ed t o u se. Th ey sh ou l d a l so be
a wa r e of fi r st a i d medi ca l pr ocedu r es a n d
pr ocedu r es for dea l i n g wi t h speci a l h a za r ds
t o wh i ch t h ey ma y be exposed. Tr a i n i n g a n d
edu ca t i on sh ou l d i n cl u de bot h cl a ssr oom i n -
st r u ct i on a n d a ct u a l oper a t i on of t h e equ i p-
men t u n der si mu l a t ed emer gen cy con di t i on s.
Ha n ds-on t y pe t r a i n i n g mu st be con du ct ed a t
l ea st a n n u a l l y bu t some fu n ct i on s sh ou l d be
r evi ewed mor e oft en .
I n a ddi t i on t o t h e a bove t r a i n i n g, fi r e br i -
ga de member s wh o a r e expect ed t o per for m
emer gen cy r escu e a n d i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e
fi gh t i n g sh ou l d, a t a mi n i mu m, be fa mi l i a r
wi t h t h e pr oper t ech n i qu es i n r escu e a n d fi r e
su ppr essi on pr ocedu r es. Tr a i n i n g a n d edu -
ca t i on sh ou l d i n cl u de fi r e pr ot ect i on cou r ses,
cl a ssr oom t r a i n i n g, si mu l a t ed fi r e si t u a t i on s
i n cl u di n g wet dr i l l s a n d, wh en fea si bl e, ex-
t i n gu i sh men t of a ct u a l mock fi r es. F r e-
qu en cy of t r a i n i n g or edu ca t i on mu st be a t
l ea st qu a r t er l y , bu t some dr i l l s or cl a ssr oom
t r a i n i n g sh ou l d be con du ct ed a s oft en a s
mon t h l y or even week l y t o ma i n t a i n t h e pr o-
fi ci en cy of fi r e br i ga de member s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
510
Th er e a r e ma n y excel l en t sou r ces of t r a i n -
i n g a n d edu ca t i on t h a t t h e empl oy er ma y
wa n t t o u se i n devel opi n g a t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m
for t h e wor k pl a ce fi r e br i ga de. Th ese sou r ces
i n cl u de pu bl i ca t i on s, semi n a r s, a n d cou r ses
offer ed by u n i ver si t i es.
Th er e a r e a l so excel l en t fi r e sch ool cou r ses
by su ch fa ci l i t i es a s Texa s A a n d M Un i ver -
si t y , Del a wa r e S t a t e F i r e S ch ool , La ma r
Un i ver si t y , a n d Ren o F i r e S ch ool , t h a t dea l
wi t h t h ose u n i qu e h a za r ds wh i ch ma y be en -
cou n t er ed by fi r e br i ga des i n t h e oi l a n d
ch emi ca l i n du st r y . Th ese sch ool s, a n d ot h -
er s, a l so offer excel l en t t r a i n i n g cou r ses
wh i ch wou l d be ben efi ci a l t o fi r e br i ga des i n
ot h er t y pes of i n du st r i es. Th ese cou r ses
sh ou l d be a con t i n u i n g pa r t of t h e t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a m, a n d empl oy er s a r e st r on gl y en cou r -
a ged t o t a k e a dva n t a ge of t h ese excel l en t r e-
sou r ces.
I t i s a l so i mpor t a n t t h a t fi r e br i ga de mem-
ber s be i n for med a bou t speci a l h a za r ds t o
wh i ch t h ey ma y be exposed du r i n g fi r e a n d
ot h er emer gen ci es. S u ch h a za r ds a s st or a ge
a n d u se a r ea s of fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds a n d ga ses,
t oxi c ch emi ca l s, wa t er -r ea ct i ve su bst a n ces,
et c. , ca n pose di ffi cu l t pr obl ems. Th er e mu st
be wr i t t en pr ocedu r es devel oped t h a t de-
scr i be t h e a ct i on s t o be t a k en i n si t u a t i on s
i n vol vi n g speci a l h a za r ds. F i r e br i ga de mem-
ber s mu st be t r a i n ed i n h a n dl i n g t h ese spe-
ci a l h a za r ds a s wel l a s k eepi n g a br ea st of
a n y ch a n ges t h a t occu r i n r el a t i on t o t h ese
speci a l h a za r ds.
6. Fire f igh t in g equ ipmen t . I t i s i mpor t a n t
t h a t fi r e fi gh t i n g equ i pmen t t h a t i s i n da m-
a ged or u n ser vi cea bl e con di t i on be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce a n d r epl a ced. Th i s wi l l pr even t
fi r e br i ga de member s fr om u si n g u n sa fe
equ i pmen t by mi st a k e.
F i r e fi gh t i n g equ i pmen t , except por t a bl e
fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a n d r espi r a t or s, mu st be
i n spect ed a t l ea st a n n u a l l y . P or t a bl e fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s a n d r espi r a t or s a r e r equ i r ed t o
be i n spect ed a t l ea st mon t h l y .
7. Prot ect ive clot h in g. (A) Gen eral. P a r a -
gr a ph (e) of 1910. 156 does n ot r equ i r e a l l fi r e
br i ga de member s t o wea r pr ot ect i ve cl ot h -
i n g. I t i s n ot t h e i n t en t i on of t h ese st a n da r ds
t o r equ i r e empl oy er s t o pr ovi de a fu l l en sem-
bl e of pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g for ever y fi r e br i -
ga de member wi t h ou t con si der a t i on gi ven t o
t h e t y pes of h a za r dou s en vi r on men t s t o
wh i ch t h e fi r e br i ga de member mi gh t be ex-
posed. I t i s t h e i n t en t i on of t h ese st a n da r ds
t o r equ i r e a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on for t h ose fi r e
br i ga de member s wh o mi gh t be exposed t o
fi r es i n a n a dva n ced st a ge, smok e, t oxi c
ga ses, a n d h i gh t emper a t u r es. Th er efor e, t h e
pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g r equ i r emen t s on l y a ppl y
t o t h ose fi r e br i ga de member s wh o per for m
i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s.
Addi t i on a l l y , t h e pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g r e-
qu i r emen t s do n ot a ppl y t o t h e pr ot ect i ve
cl ot h i n g wor n du r i n g ou t si de fi r e fi gh t i n g
oper a t i on s (br u sh a n d for est fi r es, cr a sh cr ew
oper a t i on s) or ot h er speci a l fi r e fi gh t i n g a c-
t i vi t i es. I t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t t h e pr ot ect i ve
cl ot h i n g t o be wor n du r i n g t h ese t y pes of fi r e
fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s r efl ect t h e h a za r ds wh i ch
a r e expect ed t o be en cou n t er ed by fi r e br i -
ga de member s.
(B) Foot an d leg prot ect ion . S ect i on 1910. 156
per mi t s a n opt i on t o a ch i eve foot a n d l eg
pr ot ect i on .
Th e sect i on r ecogn i zes t h e i n t er depen den ce
of pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g t o cover on e or mor e
pa r t s of t h e body . Th er efor e, a n opt i on i s
gi ven so t h a t fi r e br i ga de member s ma y
meet t h e foot a n d l eg r equ i r emen t s by ei t h er
wea r i n g l on g fi r e-r esi st i ve coa t s i n combi n a -
t i on wi t h fu l l y ext en ded boot s, or by wea r i n g
sh or t er fi r e-r esi st i ve cost s i n combi n a t i on
wi t h pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s a n d pr ot ect i ve sh oes
or sh or t er boot s.
(C) Body prot ect ion . P a r a gr a ph (e)(3) of
1910. 156 pr ovi des a n opt i on for fi r e br i ga de
member s t o a ch i eve body pr ot ect i on . F i r e
br i ga de member s ma y wea r a fi r e-r esi st i ve
coa t i n combi n a t i on wi t h fu l l y ext en ded
boot s, or t h ey ma y wea r a fi r e-r esi st i ve coa t
i n combi n a t i on wi t h pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s.
F i r e-r esi st i ve coa t s a n d pr ot ect i ve t r ou ser s
meet i n g a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n
NF P A 19711975 P r ot ect i ve Cl ot h i n g for
S t r u ct u r a l F i r e F i gh t er s, a r e a ccept a bl e a s
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s st a n da r d.
Th e l i n i n g i s r equ i r ed t o be per ma n en t l y
a t t a ch ed t o t h e ou t er sh el l . However , i t i s
per mi ssi bl e t o a t t a ch t h e l i n i n g t o t h e ou t er
sh el l ma t er i a l by st i t ch i n g i n on e a r ea su ch
a s a t t h e n eck . F a st en er t a pe or sn a p fa s-
t en er s ma y be u sed t o secu r e t h e r est of t h e
l i n i n g t o t h e ou t er sh el l t o fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n -
i n g. Refer en ce t o per ma n en t l i n i n g does n ot
r efer t o a wi n t er l i n er wh i ch i s a det a ch a bl e
ext r a l i n i n g u sed t o gi ve a dded pr ot ect i on t o
t h e wea r er a ga i n st t h e effect s of col d wea t h -
er a n d wi n d.
(D) Han d prot ect ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of
t h e pa r a gr a ph on h a n d pr ot ect i on ma y be
met by pr ot ect i ve gl oves or a gl ove sy st em.
A gl ove sy st em con si st s of a combi n a t i on of
di ffer en t gl oves. Th e u su a l compon en t s of a
gl ove sy st em con si st of a pa i r of gl oves,
wh i ch pr ovi de t h er ma l i n su l a t i on t o t h e
h a n ds, wor n i n combi n a t i on wi t h a secon d
pa i r of gl oves wh i ch pr ovi de pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st fl a me, cu t , a n d pu n ct u r e.
I t i s su ggest ed t h a t pr ot ect i ve gl oves pr o-
vi de dext er i t y a n d a sen se of feel for obj ect s.
Cr i t er i a a n d t est met h ods for dext er i t y a r e
con t a i n ed i n t h e NI OS H pu bl i ca t i on s, Th e
Devel opmen t of Cr i t er i a for F i r efi gh t er s
Gl oves; Vol . I : Gl ove Requ i r emen t s a n d
Vol . I I : Gl ove Cr i t er i a a n d Test Met h ods.
Th ese NI OS H pu bl i ca t i on s a l so con t a i n a
per mi ssi bl e modi fi ed ver si on of F eder a l Test
Met h od 191, Met h od 5903, (pa r a gr a ph (3) of
a ppen di x E) for fl a me r esi st a n ce wh en
gl oves, r a t h er t h a n gl ove ma t er i a l , a r e t est -
ed for fl a me r esi st a n ce.
(E) Head, ey e, an d f ace prot ect ion . Hea d pr o-
t ect i ve devi ces wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
511
con t a i n ed i n NF P A No. 1972 a r e a ccept a bl e a s
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s st a n da r d
for h ea d pr ot ect i on .
Hea d pr ot ect i ve devi ces a r e r equ i r ed t o be
pr ovi ded wi t h ea r fl a ps so t h a t t h e ea r fl a ps
wi l l be a va i l a bl e i f n eeded. I t i s r ec-
ommen ded t h a t ea r pr ot ect i on a l wa y s be
u sed wh i l e fi gh t i n g i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r es.
Ma n y h ea d pr ot ect i ve devi ces a r e equ i pped
wi t h fa ce sh i el ds t o pr ot ect t h e ey es a n d
fa ce. Th ese fa ce sh i el ds a r e per mi ssi bl e a s
meet i n g t h e ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a s l on g a s su ch fa ce
sh i el ds meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 133 of
t h e Gen er a l I n du st r y S t a n da r ds.
Addi t i on a l l y , fu l l fa cepi eces, h el met s or
h oods of a ppr oved br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s wh i ch
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 134 a n d pa r a -
gr a ph (f) of 1910. 156 a r e a l so a ccept a bl e a s
meet i n g t h e ey e a n d fa ce pr ot ect i on r equ i r e-
men t s.
I t i s r ecommen ded t h a t a fl a me r esi st a n t
pr ot ect i ve h ea d cover i n g su ch a s a h ood or
sn ood, wh i ch wi l l n ot a dver sel y a ffect t h e
sea l of a r espi r a t or fa cepi ece, be wor n du r i n g
i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s t o
pr ot ect t h e si des of t h e fa ce a n d h a i r .
8. Respirat ory prot ect ive devices. Respi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on i s r equ i r ed t o be wor n by fi r e br i -
ga de member s wh i l e wor k i n g i n si de bu i l d-
i n gs or con fi n ed spa ces wh er e t oxi c pr odu ct s
of combu st i on or a n oxy gen defi ci en cy i s
l i k el y t o be pr esen t ; r espi r a t or s a r e a l so t o
be wor n du r i n g emer gen cy si t u a t i on s i n vol v-
i n g t oxi c su bst a n ces. Wh en fi r e br i ga de
member s r espon d t o emer gen cy si t u a t i on s,
t h ey ma y be exposed t o u n k n own con t a mi -
n a n t s i n u n k n own con cen t r a t i on s. Th er efor e,
i t i s i mper a t i ve t h a t fi r e br i ga de member s
wea r pr oper r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i ve devi ces
du r i n g t h ese si t u a t i on s. Addi t i on a l l y , t h er e
a r e ma n y i n st a n ces wh er e t oxi c pr odu ct s of
combu st i on a r e st i l l pr esen t du r i n g mop-u p
a n d over h a u l oper a t i on s. Th er efor e, fi r e br i -
ga de member s sh ou l d con t i n u e t o wea r r es-
pi r a t or s du r i n g t h ese t y pes of oper a t i on s.
S el f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s a r e n ot
r equ i r ed t o be equ i pped wi t h ei t h er a bu ddy -
br ea t h i n g devi ce or a qu i ck -di scon n ect va l ve.
However , t h ese a ccessor i es ma y be ver y u se-
fu l a n d a r e a ccept a bl e a s l on g a s su ch a cces-
sor i es do n ot ca u se da ma ge t o t h e a ppa r a t u s,
r est r i ct t h e a i r fl ow of t h e a ppa r a t u s, or ob-
st r u ct t h e n or ma l oper a t i on of t h e a ppa -
r a t u s.
Bu ddy -br ea t h i n g devi ces a r e u sefu l for
emer gen cy si t u a t i on s wh er e a vi ct i m or a n -
ot h er fi r e br i ga de member ca n sh a r e t h e
sa me a i r su ppl y wi t h t h e wea r er of t h e a ppa -
r a t u s for emer gen cy esca pe pu r poses.
Th e empl oy er i s en cou r a ged t o pr ovi de fi r e
br i ga de member s wi t h a n a l t er n a t i ve mea n s
of r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i on t o be u sed on l y for
emer gen cy esca pe pu r poses i f t h e sel f-con -
t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s becomes i n oper -
a t i ve. S u ch a l t er n a t i ve mea n s of r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i on ma y be ei t h er a bu ddy -br ea t h i n g
devi ce or a n esca pe sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u s (ES CBA). Th e ES CBA i s a sh or t -
du r a t i on r espi r a t or y pr ot ect i ve devi ce wh i ch
i s a ppr oved for on l y emer gen cy esca pe pu r -
poses. I t i s su ggest ed t h a t i f ES CBA u n i t s
a r e u sed, t h a t t h ey be of a t l ea st 5 mi n u t es
ser vi ce l i fe.
Qu i ck -di scon n ect va l ves a r e devi ces wh i ch
st a r t t h e fl ow of a i r by i n ser t i on of t h e h ose
(wh i ch l ea ds t o t h e fa cepi ece) i n t o t h e r egu -
l a t or of sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s,
a n d st op t h e fl ow of a i r by di scon n ect i n g t h e
h ose fr om t h e r egu l a t or . Th ese devi ces a r e
pa r t i cu l a r l y u sefu l for t h ose posi t i ve-pr es-
su r e sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s
wh i ch do n ot h a ve t h e ca pa bi l i t y of bei n g
swi t ch ed fr om t h e dema n d t o t h e posi t i ve-
pr essu r e mode.
Th e u se of a sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s wh er e t h e a ppa r a t u s ca n be swi t ch ed
fr om a dema n d t o a posi t i ve-pr essu r e mode i s
a ccept a bl e a s l on g a s t h e a ppa r a t u s i s i n t h e
posi t i ve-pr essu r e mode wh en per for mi n g i n -
t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g oper a t i on s.
Al so a ccept a bl e a r e a ppr oved r espi r a t or y
pr ot ect i ve devi ces wh i ch h a ve been con -
ver t ed t o t h e posi t i ve-pr essu r e t y pe wh en
su ch modi fi ca t i on i s a ccompl i sh ed by t r a i n ed
a n d exper i en ced per son s u si n g k i t s or pa r t s
a ppr oved by NI OS H a n d pr ovi ded by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er a n d by fol l owi n g t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
Th er e a r e si t u a t i on s wh i ch r equ i r e t h e u se
of r espi r a t or s wh i ch h a ve a du r a t i on of 2
h ou r s or mor e. P r esen t l y , t h er e a r e n o a p-
pr oved posi t i ve-pr essu r e a ppa r a t u s wi t h a
r a t ed ser vi ce l i fe of mor e t h a n 2 h ou r s. Con -
sequ en t l y , n ega t i ve-pr essu r e sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s wi t h a r a t ed ser vi ce l i fe
of mor e t h a n 2 h ou r s a n d wh i ch h a ve a mi n -
i mu m pr ot ect i on fa ct or of 5, 000 a s det er -
mi n ed by a n a ccept a bl e qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est
per for med on ea ch i n di vi du a l , wi l l be a ccept -
a bl e for u se du r i n g si t u a t i on s wh i ch r equ i r e
l on g du r a t i on a ppa r a t u s. Lon g du r a t i on a p-
pa r a t u s ma y be n eeded i n su ch i n st a n ces a s
wor k i n g i n t u n n el s, su bwa y sy st ems, et c.
S u ch n ega t i ve-pr essu r e br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s
wi l l con t i n u e t o be a ccept a bl e for a ma x-
i mu m of 18 mon t h s a ft er a posi t i ve-pr essu r e
a ppa r a t u s wi t h t h e sa me or l on ger r a t ed
ser vi ce l i fe of mor e t h a n 2 h ou r s i s cer t i fi ed
by NI OS H/MS HA. Aft er t h i s 18 mon t h ph a se-
i n per i od, a l l sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa -
r a t u s u sed for t h ese l on g du r a t i on si t u a t i on s
wi l l h a ve t o be of t h e posi t i ve-pr essu r e t y pe.
P r ot ect i on fa ct or (somet i mes ca l l ed fi t fa c-
t or ) i s defi n ed a s t h e r a t i o of t h e con t a mi -
n a n t con cen t r a t i on s ou t si de of t h e r espi r a t or
t o t h e con t a mi n a n t con cen t r a t i on s i n si de
t h e fa cepi ece of t h e r espi r a t or .
PF
Concentration
outside respirator
Concentration inside faccepiece
E
R
2
5
S
E
0
6
.
0
1
1
<
/
M
A
T
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
512
P r ot ect i on fa ct or s a r e det er mi n ed by qu a n -
t i t a t i ve fi t t est s. An a ccept a bl e qu a n t i t a t i ve
fi t t est sh ou l d i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g el e-
men t s:
1. A fi r e br i ga de member wh o i s ph y si ca l l y
a n d medi ca l l y ca pa bl e of wea r i n g r es-
pi r a t or s, a n d wh o i s t r a i n ed i n t h e u se of r es-
pi r a t or s, don s a sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a p-
pa r a t u s equ i pped wi t h a devi ce t h a t wi l l
mon i t or t h e con cen t r a t i on of a con t a mi n a n t
i n si de t h e fa cepi ece.
2. Th e fi r e br i ga de member t h en per for ms a
qu a l i t a t i ve fi t t est t o a ssu r e t h e best fa ce t o
fa cepi ece sea l a s possi bl e. A qu a l i t a t i ve fi t
t est ca n con si st of a n ega t i ve-pr essu r e t est ,
posi t i ve-pr essu r e t est , i soa my l a cet a t e va por
(ba n a n a oi l ) t est , or a n i r r i t a n t smok e t est .
F or mor e det a i l s on r espi r a t or fi t t i n g see t h e
NI OS H book l et en t i t l ed A Gu i de t o I n du s-
t r i a l Respi r a t or y P r ot ect i on J u n e, 1976, a n d
HEW pu bl i ca t i on No. (NI OS H) 76189.
3. Th e wea r er sh ou l d t h en per for m ph y si ca l
a ct i vi t y wh i ch r efl ect s t h e l evel of wor k a c-
t i vi t y wh i ch wou l d be expect ed du r i n g fi r e
fi gh t i n g a ct i vi t i es. Th e ph y si ca l a ct i vi t y
sh ou l d i n cl u de si mu l a t ed fi r e-gr ou n d wor k
a ct i vi t y or ph y si ca l exer ci se su ch a s r u n -
n i n g-i n -pl a ce, a st ep t est , et c.
4. Wi t h ou t r ea dj u st i n g t h e a ppa r a t u s, t h e
wea r er i s pl a ced i n a t est a t mosph er e con -
t a i n i n g a n on -t oxi c con t a mi n a n t wi t h a
k n own , con st a n t , con cen t r a t i on .
Th e pr ot ect i on fa ct or i s t h en det er mi n ed
by di vi di n g t h e k n own con cen t r a t i on of t h e
con t a mi n a n t i n t h e t est a t mosph er e by t h e
con cen t r a t i on of t h e con t a mi n a n t i n si de t h e
fa cepi ece wh en t h e fol l owi n g exer ci ses a r e
per for med:
(a ) Nor ma l br ea t h i n g wi t h h ea d mot i on l ess
for on e mi n u t e;
(b) Deep br ea t h i n g wi t h h ea d mot i on l ess
for 30 secon ds;
(c) Tu r n i n g h ea d sl owl y fr om si de t o si de
wh i l e br ea t h i n g n or ma l l y , pa u si n g for a t
l ea st t wo br ea t h s befor e ch a n gi n g di r ect i on .
Con t i n u e for a t l ea st on e mi n u t e;
(d) Movi n g h ea d sl owl y u p a n d down wh i l e
br ea t h i n g n or ma l l y , pa u si n g for a t l ea st t wo
br ea t h s befor e ch a n gi n g di r ect i on . Con t i n u e
for a t l ea st t wo mi n u t es;
(e) Rea di n g fr om a pr epa r ed t ext , sl owl y
a n d cl ea r l y , a n d l ou dl y en ou gh t o be h ea r d
a n d u n der st ood. Con t i n u e for on e mi n u t e;
a n d
(f) Nor ma l br ea t h i n g wi t h h ea d mot i on l ess
for a t l ea st on e mi n u t e.
Th e pr ot ect i on fa ct or wh i ch i s det er mi n ed
mu st be a t l ea st 5, 000. Th e qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t
t est sh ou l d be con du ct ed a t l ea st t h r ee
t i mes. I t i s a ccept a bl e t o con du ct a l l t h r ee
t est s on t h e sa me da y . However , t h er e sh ou l d
be a t l ea st on e h ou r bet ween t est s t o r efl ect
t h e pr ot ect i on a ffor ded by t h e a ppa r a t u s du r -
i n g di ffer en t t i mes of t h e da y .
Th e a bove el emen t s a r e n ot mea n t t o be a
compr eh en si ve, t ech n i ca l descr i pt i on of a
qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est pr ot ocol . However ,
qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est pr ocedu r es wh i ch i n -
cl u de t h ese el emen t s a r e a ccept a bl e for de-
t er mi n i n g pr ot ect i on fa ct or s. P r ocedu r es for
a qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est a r e r equ i r ed t o be
a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y or a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a t i ve.
Or ga n i za t i on s su ch a s Los Al a mos S ci -
en t i fi c La bor a t or y , La wr en ce Li ver mor e
La bor a t or y , NI OS H, a n d Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I ) a r e excel l en t
sou r ces for a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on con -
cer n i n g qu a l i t a t i ve a n d qu a n t i t a t i ve fi t t est -
i n g.
1910. 157 Port able f ire ext in gu ish ers.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th e scope a n d a p-
pl i ca t i on of t h i s sect i on i s wr i t t en t o a ppl y
t o t h r ee ba si c t y pes of wor k pl a ces. F i r st ,
t h er e a r e t h ose wor k pl a ces wh er e t h e em-
pl oy er h a s ch osen t o eva cu a t e a l l empl oy ees
fr om t h e wor k pl a ce a t t h e t i me of a fi r e
emer gen cy . S econ d, t h er e a r e t h ose wor k -
pl a ces wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s ch osen t o per -
mi t cer t a i n empl oy ees t o fi gh t fi r es a n d t o
eva cu a t e a l l ot h er n on -essen t i a l empl oy ees
a t t h e t i me of a fi r e emer gen cy . Th i r d, t h er e
a r e t h ose wor k pl a ces wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s
ch osen t o per mi t a l l empl oy ees i n t h e wor k -
pl a ce t o u se por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s t o
fi gh t fi r es.
Th e sect i on a l so a ddr esses t wo k i n ds of
wor k a r ea s. Th e en t i r e wor k pl a ce ca n be di -
vi ded i n t o ou t si de (ext er i or ) wor k a r ea s a n d
i n si de (i n t er i or ) wor k a r ea s. Th i s di vi si on of
t h e wor k pl a ce i n t o t wo a r ea s i s don e i n r ec-
ogn i t i on of t h e di ffer en t t y pes of h a za r ds em-
pl oy ees ma y be exposed t o du r i n g fi r e fi gh t -
i n g oper a t i on s. F i r es i n i n t er i or wor k pl a ces,
pose a gr ea t er h a za r d t o empl oy ees; t h ey ca n
pr odu ce gr ea t er exposu r e t o qu a n t i t i es of
smok e, t oxi c ga ses, a n d h ea t beca u se of t h e
ca pa bi l i t y of a bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e t o con -
t a i n or en t r a p t h ese pr odu ct s of combu st i on
u n t i l t h e bu i l di n g ca n be ven t i l a t ed. Ext er i or
wor k a r ea s, n or ma l l y open t o t h e en vi r on -
men t , a r e somewh a t l ess h a za r dou s, beca u se
t h e pr odu ct s of combu st i on a r e gen er a l l y
ca r r i ed a wa y by t h e t h er ma l col u mn of t h e
fi r e. Empl oy ees a l so h a ve a gr ea t er sel ect i on
of eva cu a t i on r ou t es i f i t i s n ecessa r y t o
a ba n don fi r e fi gh t i n g effor t s.
I n r ecogn i t i on of t h e degr ee of h a za r d
pr esen t i n t h e t wo t y pes of wor k a r ea s, t h e
st a n da r ds for ext er i or wor k a r ea s a r e some-
wh a t l ess r est r i ct i ve i n r ega r ds t o ext i n -
gu i sh er di st r i bu t i on . P a r a gr a ph (a ) expl a i n s
t h i s by speci fy i n g wh i ch pa r a gr a ph s i n t h e
sect i on a ppl y .
2. Port able f ire ext in gu ish er exempt ion s. I n
r ecogn i t i on of t h e t h r ee opt i on s gi ven t o em-
pl oy er s i n r ega r d t o t h e a mou n t of empl oy ee
eva cu a t i on t o be ca r r i ed ou t , t h e st a n da r ds
per mi t cer t a i n exempt i on s ba sed on t h e
n u mber of empl oy ees expect ed t o u se fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s.
Wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s ch osen t o t ot a l l y
eva cu a t e t h e wor k pl a ce a t t h e t i me of a fi r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
513
emer gen cy a n d wh en fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e
n ot pr ovi ded, t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on do n ot a ppl y t o t h a t wor k pl a ce.
Wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s ch osen t o pa r -
t i a l l y eva cu a t e t h e wor k pl a ce or t h e effect ed
a r ea a t t h e t i me of a fi r e emer gen cy a n d h a s
per mi t t ed cer t a i n desi gn a t ed empl oy ees t o
r ema i n beh i n d t o oper a t e cr i t i ca l pl a n t oper -
a t i on s or t o fi gh t fi r es wi t h ext i n gu i sh er s,
t h en t h e empl oy er i s exempt fr om t h e di s-
t r i bu t i on r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on . Em-
pl oy ees wh o wi l l be r ema i n i n g beh i n d t o per -
for m i n ci pi en t fi r e fi gh t i n g or member s of a
fi r e br i ga de mu st be t r a i n ed i n t h ei r du t i es.
Th e t r a i n i n g mu st r esu l t i n t h e empl oy ees
becomi n g fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e l oca t i on s of fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er s. Th er efor e, t h e empl oy er mu st
l oca t e t h e ext i n gu i sh er s i n con ven i en t l oca -
t i on s wh er e t h e empl oy ees k n ow t h ey ca n be
fou n d. F or exa mpl e, t h ey cou l d be mou n t ed
i n t h e fi r e t r u ck or ca r t t h a t t h e fi r e br i ga de
u ses wh en i t r espon ds t o a fi r e emer gen cy .
Th ey ca n a l so be di st r i bu t ed a s set for t h i n
t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s
S t a n da r d No. 10, P or t a bl e F i r e Ext i n -
gu i sh er s.
Wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s deci ded t o per mi t
a l l empl oy ees i n t h e wor k for ce t o u se fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s, t h en t h e en t i r e OS HA sect i on
a ppl i es.
3. Port able f ire ext in gu ish er mou n t in g. P r e-
vi ou s st a n da r ds for mou n t i n g fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s h a ve been cr i t i ci zed for r equ i r i n g
speci fi c mou n t i n g l oca t i on s. I n r ecogn i t i on
of t h i s cr i t i ci sm, t h e st a n da r d h a s been r e-
wr i t t en t o per mi t a s mu ch fl exi bi l i t y i n ex-
t i n gu i sh er mou n t i n g a s i s a ccept a bl e t o a s-
su r e t h a t fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a r e a va i l a bl e
wh en n eeded a n d t h a t empl oy ees a r e n ot su b-
j ect ed t o i n j u r y h a za r ds wh en t h ey t r y t o ob-
t a i n a n ext i n gu i sh er .
I t i s t h e i n t en t of OS HA t o per mi t t h e
mou n t i n g of ext i n gu i sh er s i n a n y l oca t i on
t h a t i s a ccessi bl e t o empl oy ees wi t h ou t t h e
u se of por t a bl e devi ces su ch a s a l a dder . Th i s
l i mi t a t i on i s n ecessa r y beca u se por t a bl e de-
vi ces ca n be moved or t a k en fr om t h e pl a ce
wh er e t h ey a r e n eeded a n d, t h er efor e, mi gh t
n ot be a va i l a bl e a t t h e t i me of a n emer -
gen cy .
Empl oy er s a r e gi ven a s mu ch fl exi bi l i t y a s
possi bl e t o a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees ca n obt a i n
ext i n gu i sh er s a s fa st a s possi bl e. F or exa m-
pl e, a n a ccept a bl e met h od of mou n t i n g ex-
t i n gu i sh er s i n a r ea s wh er e for k l i ft t r u ck s or
t ow-mot or s a r e u sed i s t o mou n t t h e u n i t s on
r et r a ct a bl e boa r ds wh i ch , by mea n s of
cou n t er wei gh t i n g, ca n be r a i sed a bove t h e
l evel wh er e t h ey cou l d be st r u ck by veh i c-
u l a r t r a ffi c. Wh en n eeded, t h ey ca n be l ow-
er ed qu i ck l y for u se. Th i s met h od of mou n t -
i n g ca n a l so r edu ce va n da l i sm a n d u n a u t h or -
i zed u se of ext i n gu i sh er s. Th e ext i n gu i sh er s
ma y a l so be mou n t ed a s ou t l i n ed i n t h e Na -
t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s S t a n d-
a r d No. 10, P or t a bl e F i r e Ext i n gu i sh er s.
4. Select ion an d dist ribu t ion . Th e empl oy er
i s r espon si bl e for t h e pr oper sel ect i on a n d
di st r i bu t i on of fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s a n d t h e de-
t er mi n a t i on of t h e n ecessa r y degr ee of pr o-
t ect i on . Th e sel ect i on a n d di st r i bu t i on of fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er s mu st r efl ect t h e t y pe a n d cl a ss
of fi r e h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h a pa r t i cu l a r
wor k pl a ce.
Ext i n gu i sh er s for pr ot ect i n g Cl a ss A h a z-
a r ds ma y be sel ect ed fr om t h e fol l owi n g
t y pes: wa t er , foa m, l oa ded st r ea m, or mu l t i -
pu r pose dr y ch emi ca l . Ext i n gu i sh er s for pr o-
t ect i n g Cl a ss B h a za r ds ma y be sel ect ed fr om
t h e fol l owi n g t y pes: Ha l on 1301, Ha l on 1211,
ca r bon di oxi de, dr y ch emi ca l s, foa m, or l oa d-
ed st r ea m. Ext i n gu i sh er s for Cl a ss C h a za r ds
ma y be sel ect ed fr om t h e fol l owi n g t y pes:
Ha l on 1301, Ha l on 1211, ca r bon di oxi de, or dr y
ch emi ca l .
Combu st i bl e met a l (Cl a ss D h a za r ds) fi r es
pose a di ffer en t t y pe of fi r e pr obl em i n t h e
wor k pl a ce. Ext i n gu i sh er s u si n g wa t er , ga s,
or cer t a i n dr y ch emi ca l s ca n n ot ext i n gu i sh
or con t r ol t h i s t y pe of fi r e. Th er efor e, cer -
t a i n met a l s h a ve speci fi c dr y powder ext i n -
gu i sh i n g a gen t s wh i ch ca n ext i n gu i sh or con -
t r ol t h i s t y pe of fi r e. Th ose a gen t s wh i ch
h a ve been speci fi ca l l y a ppr oved for u se on
cer t a i n met a l fi r es pr ovi de t h e best pr ot ec-
t i on ; h owever , t h er e a r e a l so some u n i -
ver sa l t y pe a gen t s wh i ch ca n be u sed effec-
t i vel y on a va r i et y of combu st i bl e met a l
fi r es i f n ecessa r y . Th e u n i ver sa l t y pe
a gen t s i n cl u de: F ou n dr y fl u x, Li t h -X powder ,
TMB l i qu i d, py r omet powder , TEC powder ,
dr y t a l c, dr y gr a ph i t e powder , dr y sa n d, dr y
sodi u m ch l or i de, dr y soda a sh , l i t h i u m ch l o-
r i de, zi r con i u m si l i ca t e, a n d dr y dol omi t e.
Wa t er i s n ot gen er a l l y a ccept ed a s a n ef-
fect i ve ext i n gu i sh i n g a gen t for met a l fi r es.
Wh en a ppl i ed t o h ot bu r n i n g met a l , wa t er
wi l l br ea k down i n t o i t s ba si c a t oms of oxy -
gen a n d h y dr ogen . Th i s ch emi ca l br ea k down
con t r i bu t es t o t h e combu st i on of t h e met a l .
However , wa t er i s a l so a good u n i ver sa l cool -
a n t a n d ca n be u sed on some combu st i bl e
met a l s, bu t on l y u n der pr oper con di t i on s a n d
a ppl i ca t i on , t o r edu ce t h e t emper a t u r e of t h e
bu r n i n g met a l bel ow t h e i gn i t i on poi n t . F or
exa mpl e, a u t oma t i c del u ge sy st ems i n ma g-
n esi u m pl a n t s ca n di sch a r ge su ch l a r ge qu a n -
t i t i es of wa t er on bu r n i n g ma gn esi u m t h a t
t h e fi r e wi l l be ext i n gu i sh ed. Th e Na t i on a l
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on h a s speci fi c
st a n da r ds for t h i s t y pe of a u t oma t i c spr i n -
k l er sy st em. F u r t h er i n for ma t i on on t h e
con t r ol of met a l fi r es wi t h wa t er ca n be
fou n d i n t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Asso-
ci a t i on s Fire Prot ect ion Han dbook .
An excel l en t sou r ce of sel ect i on a n d di s-
t r i bu t i on cr i t er i a i s fou n d i n t h e Na t i on a l
F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s S t a n da r d No.
10. Ot h er sou r ces of i n for ma t i on i n cl u de t h e
Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l a n d t h e empl oy er s
fi r e i n su r a n ce ca r r i er .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
514
5. Su bst it u t ion of st an dpipe sy st ems f or port -
able f ire ext in gu ish ers. Th e empl oy er i s per -
mi t t ed t o su bst i t u t e a ccept a bl e st a n dpi pe
sy st ems for por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s u n der
cer t a i n ci r cu mst a n ces. I t i s n ecessa r y t o a s-
su r e t h a t a n y su bst i t u t i on wi l l pr ovi de t h e
sa me cover a ge t h a t por t a bl e u n i t s pr ovi de.
Th i s mea n s t h a t fi r e h oses, beca u se of t h ei r
l i mi t ed por t a bi l i t y , mu st be spa ced t h r ou gh -
ou t t h e pr ot ect ed a r ea so t h a t t h ey ca n r ea ch
a r ou n d obst r u ct i on s su ch a s col u mn s, ma -
ch i n er y , et c. a n d so t h a t t h ey ca n r ea ch i n t o
cl oset s a n d ot h er en cl osed a r ea s.
6. I n spect ion , main t en an ce an d t est in g. Th e
u l t i ma t e r espon si bi l i t y for t h e i n spect i on ,
ma i n t en a n ce a n d t est i n g of por t a bl e fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s l i es wi t h t h e empl oy er . Th e a c-
t u a l i n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce, a n d t est i n g
ma y , h owever , be con du ct ed by ou t si de con -
t r a ct or s wi t h wh om t h e empl oy er h a s a r -
r a n ged t o do t h e wor k . Wh en con t r a ct i n g for
su ch wor k , t h e empl oy er sh ou l d a ssu r e t h a t
t h e con t r a ct or i s ca pa bl e of per for mi n g t h e
wor k t h a t i s n eeded t o compl y wi t h t h i s
st a n da r d.
I f t h e empl oy er sh ou l d el ect t o per for m t h e
i n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce, a n d t est i n g r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on i n -h ou se, t h en t h e
empl oy er mu st ma k e su r e t h a t t h ose per son s
doi n g t h e wor k h a ve been t r a i n ed t o do t h e
wor k a n d t o r ecogn i ze pr obl em a r ea s wh i ch
cou l d ca u se a n ext i n gu i sh er t o be i n oper a bl e.
Th e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on
pr ovi des excel l en t gu i del i n es i n i t s st a n da r d
for por t a bl e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s. Th e empl oy er
ma y a l so ch eck wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of t h e
u n i t t h a t h a s been pu r ch a sed a n d obt a i n
gu i del i n es on i n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce, a n d
t est i n g. Hy dr ost a t i c t est i n g i s a pr ocess t h a t
sh ou l d be l eft t o con t r a ct or s or i n di vi du a l s
u si n g su i t a bl e fa ci l i t i es a n d h a vi n g t h e
t r a i n i n g n ecessa r y t o per for m t h e wor k .
An y t i me t h e empl oy er h a s r emoved a n ex-
t i n gu i sh er fr om ser vi ce t o be ch eck ed or r e-
pa i r ed, a l t er n a t e equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on mu st
be pr ovi ded. Al t er n a t e equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on
cou l d i n cl u de r epl a ci n g t h e ext i n gu i sh er
wi t h on e or mor e u n i t s h a vi n g equ i va l en t or
equ a l r a t i n gs, post i n g a fi r e wa t ch , r est r i ct -
i n g t h e u n pr ot ect ed a r ea fr om empl oy ee ex-
posu r e, or pr ovi di n g a h ose sy st em r ea dy t o
oper a t e.
7. Hy drost at ic t est in g. As st a t ed befor e, t h e
empl oy er ma y con t r a ct for h y dr ost a t i c t est -
i n g. However , i f t h e empl oy er wi sh es t o pr o-
vi de t h e t est i n g ser vi ce, cer t a i n equ i pmen t
a n d fa ci l i t i es mu st be a va i l a bl e. Empl oy ees
sh ou l d be ma de a wa r e of t h e h a za r ds a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h h y dr ost a t i c t est i n g a n d t h e i mpor -
t a n ce of u si n g pr oper gu a r ds a n d wa t er pr es-
su r es. S ever e i n j u r y ca n r esu l t i f ext i n -
gu i sh er sh el l s fa i l vi ol en t l y u n der h y dr o-
st a t i c pr essu r e.
Empl oy er s a r e en cou r a ged t o u se con t r a c-
t or s wh o ca n per for m a dequ a t e a n d r el i a bl e
ser vi ce. F i r ms wh i ch h a ve been cer t i fi ed by
t h e Ma t er i a l s Tr a n spor t a t i on Boa r d (MTB)
of t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on
(DOT) or S t a t e l i cen sed ext i n gu i sh er ser v-
i ci n g fi r ms or r ecogn i zed by t h e Na t i on a l As-
soci a t i on of F i r e Equ i pmen t Di st r i bu t or s i n
Ch i ca go, I l l i n oi s, a r e gen er a l l y a ccept a bl e
for per for mi n g t h i s ser vi ce.
8. T rain in g an d edu cat ion . Th i s pa r t of t h e
st a n da r d i s of t h e u t most i mpor t a n ce t o em-
pl oy er s a n d empl oy ees i f t h e r i sk of i n j u r y or
dea t h du e t o ext i n gu i sh er u se i s t o be r e-
du ced. I f a n empl oy er i s goi n g t o per mi t a n
empl oy ee t o fi gh t a wor k pl a ce fi r e of a n y
si ze, t h e empl oy er mu st ma k e su r e t h a t t h e
empl oy ee k n ows ever y t h i n g n ecessa r y t o a s-
su r e t h e empl oy ees sa fet y .
Tr a i n i n g a n d edu ca t i on ca n be obt a i n ed
t h r ou gh ma n y ch a n n el s. Oft en , l oca l fi r e de-
pa r t men t s i n l a r ger ci t i es h a ve fi r e pr even -
t i on bu r ea u s or si mi l a r or ga n i za t i on s wh i ch
ca n pr ovi de ba si c fi r e pr even t i on t r a i n i n g
pr ogr a ms. F i r e i n su r a n ce compa n i es wi l l
h a ve da t a a n d i n for ma t i on a va i l a bl e. Th e
Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on a n d
t h e Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l wi l l pr ovi de, a t
a sma l l cost , pu bl i ca t i on s t h a t ca n be u sed i n
a fi r e pr even t i on pr ogr a m.
Act u a l fi r e fi gh t i n g t r a i n i n g ca n be ob-
t a i n ed fr om va r i ou s sou r ces i n t h e cou n t r y .
Th e Texa s A & M Un i ver si t y , t h e Un i ver si t y
of Ma r y l a n ds F i r e a n d Rescu e I n st i t u t e,
West Vi r gi n i a Un i ver si t y s F i r e S er vi ce Ex-
t en si on , I owa S t a t e Un i ver si t y s F i r e S er vi ce
Ext en si on a n d ot h er S t a t e t r a i n i n g sch ool s
a n d l a n d gr a n t col l eges h a ve fi r e fi gh t i n g
pr ogr a ms di r ect ed t o i n du st r i a l a ppl i ca t i on s.
S ome ma n u fa ct u r er s of ext i n gu i sh er s, su ch
a s t h e An su l Compa n y a n d S a fet y F i r st , con -
du ct fi r e sch ool s for cu st omer s i n t h e pr oper
u se of ext i n gu i sh er s. S ever a l l a r ge cor por a -
t i on s h a ve t a k en t i me t o devel op t h ei r own
on -si t e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a ms wh i ch expose em-
pl oy ees t o t h e a ct u a l feel i n g of fi r e fi gh t -
i n g. S i mu l a t ed fi r es for t r a i n i n g of empl oy -
ees i n t h e pr oper u se of ext i n gu i sh er s a r e
a l so a n a ccept a bl e pa r t of a t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a m.
I n meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e empl oy er ma y a l so pr ovi de edu -
ca t i on a l ma t er i a l s, wi t h ou t cl a ssr oom i n -
st r u ct i on , t h r ou gh t h e u se of empl oy ee n o-
t i ce ca mpa i gn s u si n g i n st r u ct i on sh eet s or
fl y er s or si mi l a r t y pes of i n for ma l pr ogr a ms.
Th e empl oy er mu st ma k e su r e t h a t empl oy -
ees a r e t r a i n ed a n d edu ca t ed t o r ecogn i ze n ot
on l y wh a t t y pe of fi r e i s bei n g fou gh t a n d
h ow t o fi gh t i t , bu t a l so wh en i t i s t i me t o
get a wa y fr om i t a n d l ea ve fi r e su ppr essi on
t o mor e exper i en ced fi r e fi gh t er s.
1910. 158 St an dpipe an d h ose sy st ems.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on h a s
been wr i t t en t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e cover a ge of
t h ose st a n dpi pe a n d h ose sy st ems t h a t a n
empl oy er ma y i n st a l l i n t h e wor k pl a ce t o
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA
st a n da r d. F or exa mpl e, OS HA per mi t s t h e
su bst i t u t i on of h ose sy st ems for por t a bl e fi r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
515
ext i n gu i sh er s i n 1910. 157. I f a n empl oy er
ch ooses t o pr ovi de h ose sy st ems i n st ea d of
por t a bl e Cl a ss A fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s, t h en
t h ose h ose sy st ems u sed for su bst i t u t i on
wou l d h a ve t o meet t h e a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s of 1910. 157. Al l ot h er st a n dpi pe a n d
h ose sy st ems n ot u sed a s a su bst i t u t e wou l d
be exempt fr om t h ese r equ i r emen t s.
Th e sect i on speci fi ca l l y exempt s Cl a ss I
l a r ge h ose sy st ems. By l a r ge h ose sy st ems,
OS HA mea n s t h ose 2
1
2 (6. 3 cm) h ose l i n es
t h a t a r e u su a l l y a ssoci a t ed wi t h fi r e depa r t -
men t s of t h e si ze t h a t pr ovi de t h ei r own
wa t er su ppl y t h r ou gh fi r e a ppa r a t u s. Wh en
t h e fi r e get s t o t h e si ze t h a t ou t si de pr ot ec-
t i on of t h a t degr ee i s n ecessa r y , OS HA be-
l i eves t h a t i n most i n du st r i es empl oy ees wi l l
h a ve been eva cu a t ed fr om t h e fi r e a r ea a n d
t h e pr ofessi on a l fi r e fi gh t er s wi l l t a k e
con t r ol .
2. Prot ect ion of st an dpipes. Empl oy er s mu st
ma k e su r e t h a t st a n dpi pes a r e pr ot ect ed so
t h a t t h ey ca n be r el i ed u pon du r i n g a fi r e
emer gen cy . Th i s mea n s pr ot ect i n g t h e pi pes
fr om mech a n i ca l a n d ph y si ca l da ma ge. Th er e
a r e va r i ou s mea n s for pr ot ect i n g t h e equ i p-
men t su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, en cl osi n g
t h e su ppl y pi pi n g i n t h e con st r u ct i on of t h e
bu i l di n g, l oca t i n g t h e st a n dpi pe i n a n a r ea
wh i ch i s i n a ccessi bl e t o veh i cl es, or l oca t i n g
t h e st a n dpi pe i n a st a i r wel l .
3. Hose covers an d cabin et s. Th e empl oy er
sh ou l d k eep fi r e pr ot ect i on h ose equ i pmen t
i n ca bi n et s or i n si de pr ot ect i ve cover s wh i ch
wi l l pr ot ect i t fr om t h e wea t h er el emen t s,
di r t or ot h er da ma gi n g sou r ces. Th e u se of
pr ot ect i ve cover s mu st be ea si l y r emoved or
open ed t o a ssu r e t h a t h ose a n d n ozzl e a r e a c-
cessi bl e. Wh en t h e empl oy er pl a ces h ose i n a
ca bi n et , t h e empl oy er mu st ma k e su r e t h a t
t h e h ose a n d n ozzl e a r e a ccessi bl e t o empl oy -
ees wi t h ou t su bj ect i n g t h em t o i n j u r y . I n
or der t o ma k e su r e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t i s
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e, t h e empl oy er mu st a l so
ma k e su r e t h a t t h e ca bi n et s u sed t o st or e
equ i pmen t a r e k ept fr ee of obst r u ct i on s a n d
ot h er equ i pmen t wh i ch ma y i n t er fer e wi t h
t h e fa st di st r i bu t i on of t h e fi r e h ose st or ed
i n t h e ca bi n et .
4. Hose ou t let s an d con n ect ion s. Th e em-
pl oy er mu st a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees wh o u se
st a n dpi pe a n d h ose sy st ems ca n r ea ch t h e
h ose r a ck a n d h ose va l ve wi t h ou t t h e u se of
por t a bl e equ i pmen t su ch a s l a dder s. Hose
r eel s a r e en cou r a ged for u se beca u se on e em-
pl oy ee ca n r et r i eve t h e h ose, ch a r ge i t , a n d
pl a ce i t i n t o ser vi ce wi t h ou t mu ch di ffi cu l t y .
5. Hose. Wh en t h e empl oy er el ect s t o pr o-
vi de sma l l h ose i n l i eu of por t a bl e fi r e ext i n -
gu i sh er s, t h ose h ose st a t i on s bei n g u sed for
t h e su bst i t u t i on mu st h a ve h ose a t t a ch ed
a n d r ea dy for ser vi ce. However , i f mor e t h a n
t h e n ecessa r y a mou n t of sma l l h ose ou t l et s
a r e pr ovi ded, h ose does n ot h a ve t o be a t -
t a ch ed t o t h ose ou t l et s t h a t wou l d pr ovi de
r edu n da n t cover a ge. F u r t h er , wh er e t h e i n -
st a l l a t i on of h ose on ou t l et s ma y expose t h e
h ose t o ext r emel y col d cl i ma t es, t h e em-
pl oy er ma y st or e t h e h ose i n h ou ses or si mi -
l a r pr ot ect i ve a r ea s a n d con n ect i t t o t h e
ou t l et wh en n eeded.
Th er e i s a ppr oved l i n ed h ose a va i l a bl e t h a t
ca n be u sed t o r epl a ce u n l i n ed h ose wh i ch i s
st or ed on r a ck s i n ca bi n et s. Th e l i n ed h ose i s
con st r u ct ed so t h a t i t ca n be fol ded a n d
pl a ced i n ca bi n et s i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s u n -
l i n ed h ose.
Hose i s con si der ed t o be u n ser vi cea bl e
wh en i t det er i or a t es t o t h e ext en t t h a t i t ca n
n o l on ger ca r r y wa t er a t t h e r equ i r ed pr es-
su r e a n d fl ow r a t es. Dr y r ot t ed l i n en or h emp
h ose, cr oss t h r ea ded cou pl i n gs, a n d pu n c-
t u r ed h ose a r e exa mpl es of u n ser vi cea bl e
h ose.
6. Nozzles. Va r i a bl e st r ea m n ozzl es ca n pr o-
vi de u sefu l va r i a t i on s i n wa t er fl ow a n d
spr a y pa t t er n s du r i n g fi r e fi gh t i n g oper -
a t i on s a n d t h ey a r e r ecommen ded for em-
pl oy ee u se. I t i s r ecommen ded t h a t 100 psi
(700k P a ) n ozzl e pr essu r e be u sed t o pr ovi de
good fl ow pa t t er n s for va r i a bl e st r ea m n oz-
zl es. Th e most desi r a bl e a t t r i bu t e for n ozzl es
i s t h e a bi l i t y of t h e n ozzl e per son t o sh u t off
t h e wa t er fl ow a t t h e n ozzl e wh en i t i s n ec-
essa r y . Th i s ca n be a ccompl i sh ed i n ma n y
wa y s. F or exa mpl e, a sh u t -off n ozzl e wi t h a
l ever or r ot a t i on of t h e n ozzl e t o st op fl ow
wou l d be effect i ve, bu t i n ot h er ca ses a si m-
pl e gl obe va l ve pl a ced bet ween a st r a i gh t
st r ea m n ozzl e a n d t h e h ose cou l d ser ve t h e
sa me pu r pose. F or st r a i gh t st r ea m n ozzl es 50
psi n ozzl e pr essu r e i s r ecommen ded. Th e i n -
t en t of t h i s st a n da r d i s t o pr ot ect t h e em-
pl oy ee fr om r u n -a wa y h oses i f i t becomes
n ecessa r y t o dr op a pr essu r i zed h ose l i n e a n d
r et r ea t fr om t h e fi r e fr on t a n d ot h er r el a t ed
h a za r ds.
7. Design an d in st allat ion . S t a n dpi pe a n d
h ose sy st ems desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h NF P A S t a n da r d No. 14,
S t a n dpi pe a n d Hose S y st ems, a r e con si d-
er ed t o be i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s st a n da r d.
1910. 159 Au t omat ic sprin k ler sy st ems.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on con -
t a i n s t h e mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s for desi gn ,
i n st a l l a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of spr i n k l er
sy st ems t h a t a r e n eeded for empl oy ee sa fet y .
Th e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Admi n -
i st r a t i on i s a wa r e of t h e fa ct t h a t t h e Na -
t i on a l Boa r d of F i r e Un der wr i t er s i s n o
l on ger a n a ct i ve or ga n i za t i on , h owever ,
spr i n k l er sy st ems st i l l exi st t h a t wer e de-
si gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h a t
or ga n i za t i on s st a n da r ds. Th er efor e, OS HA
wi l l r ecogn i ze spr i n k l er sy st ems desi gn ed t o,
a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h , NBF U
a n d ea r l i er NF P A st a n da r ds.
2. Exempt ion s. I n a n effor t t o a ssu r e t h a t
empl oy er s wi l l con t i n u e t o u se a u t oma t i c
spr i n k l er sy st ems a s t h e pr i ma r y fi r e pr ot ec-
t i on sy st em i n wor k pl a ces, OS HA i s exempt -
i n g fr om cover a ge t h ose sy st ems n ot r e-
qu i r ed by a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA st a n da r d a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
516
wh i ch h a ve been i n st a l l ed i n wor k pl a ces
sol el y for t h e pu r pose of pr ot ect i n g pr oper t y .
Ma n y of t h ese t y pes of sy st ems a r e i n st a l l ed
i n a r ea s or bu i l di n gs wi t h l i t t l e or n o em-
pl oy ee exposu r e. An exa mpl e i s t h ose wa r e-
h ou ses wh er e empl oy ees ma y en t er occa si on -
a l l y t o t a k e i n ven t or y or move st ock . S ome
empl oy er s ma y ch oose t o sh u t down t h ose
sy st ems wh i ch a r e n ot speci fi ca l l y r equ i r ed
by OS HA r a t h er t h a n u pgr a de t h em t o com-
pl y wi t h t h e st a n da r ds. OS HA does n ot i n -
t en d t o r egu l a t e su ch sy st ems. OS HA on l y
i n t en ds t o r egu l a t e t h ose sy st ems wh i ch a r e
i n st a l l ed t o compl y wi t h a pa r t i cu l a r OS HA
st a n da r d.
3. Design . Th er e a r e t wo ba si c t y pes of
spr i n k l er sy st em desi gn . P i pe sch edu l e de-
si gn ed sy st ems a r e ba sed on pi pe sch edu l e t a -
bl es devel oped t o pr ot ect h a za r ds wi t h st a n d-
a r d si zed pi pe, n u mber of spr i n k l er s, a n d pi pe
l en gt h s. Hy dr a u l i c desi gn ed sy st ems a r e
ba sed on a n en gi n eer ed desi gn of pi pe si ze
wh i ch wi l l pr odu ce a gi ven wa t er den si t y or
fl ow r a t e a t a n y pa r t i cu l a r poi n t i n t h e sy s-
t em. Ei t h er desi gn ca n be u sed t o compl y
wi t h t h i s st a n da r d.
Th e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s
S t a n da r d No. 13, Au t oma t i c S pr i n k l er S y s-
t ems, con t a i n s t h e t a bl es n eeded t o desi gn
a n d i n st a l l ei t h er t y pe of sy st em. Mi n i mu m
wa t er su ppl i es, den si t i es, a n d pi pe si zes a r e
gi ven for a l l t y pes of occu pa n ci es.
Th e empl oy er ma y ch eck wi t h a r epu t a bl e
fi r e pr ot ect i on en gi n eer i n g con su l t a n t or
spr i n k l er desi gn compa n y wh en eva l u a t i n g
exi st i n g sy st ems or desi gn i n g a n ew i n st a l l a -
t i on .
Wi t h t h e a dven t of n ew con st r u ct i on ma t e-
r i a l s for t h e ma n u fa cu t u r e of spr i n k l er pi pe,
ma t er i a l s, ot h er t h a n st eel h a ve been a p-
pr oved for u se a s spr i n k l er pi pe. S el ect i on of
pi pe ma t er i a l sh ou l d be ma de on t h e ba si s of
t h e t y pe of i n st a l l a t i on a n d t h e a ccept a bi l i t y
of t h e ma t er i a l t o l oca l fi r e a n d bu i l di n g offi -
ci a l s wh er e su ch sy st ems ma y ser ve mor e
t h a n on e pu r pose.
Befor e n ew spr i n k l er sy st ems a r e pl a ced
i n t o ser vi ce, a n a ccept a n ce t est i s t o be con -
du ct ed. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d i n vi t e t h e i n -
st a l l er , desi gn er , i n su r a n ce r epr esen t a t i ve,
a n d a l oca l fi r e offi ci a l t o wi t n ess t h e t est .
P r obl ems fou n d du r i n g t h e t est a r e t o be cor -
r ect ed befor e t h e sy st em i s pl a ced i n t o ser v-
i ce.
4. Main t en an ce. I t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t a n y
spr i n k l er sy st em ma i n t en a n ce be don e on l y
wh en t h er e i s mi n i ma l empl oy ee exposu r e t o
t h e fi r e h a za r d. F or exa mpl e, i f r epa i r s or
ch a n ges t o t h e sy st em a r e t o be ma de, t h ey
sh ou l d be ma de du r i n g t h ose h ou r s wh en em-
pl oy ees a r e n ot wor k i n g or a r e n ot occu py i n g
t h a t por t i on of t h e wor k pl a ce pr ot ect ed by
t h e por t i on of t h e sy st em wh i ch h a s been
sh u t down .
Th e pr ocedu r es for per for mi n g a fl ow t est
vi a a ma i n dr a i n t est or by t h e u se of a n i n -
spect or s t est va l ve ca n be obt a i n ed fr om t h e
empl oy er s fi r e i n su r a n ce compa n y or fr om
t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on s
S t a n da r d No. 13A, S pr i n k l er S y st em, Ma i n -
t en a n ce.
5. Wat er su pplies. Th e wa t er su ppl y t o a
spr i n k l er sy st em i s on e of t h e most i mpor -
t a n t fa ct or s a n empl oy er sh ou l d con si der
wh en eva l u a t i on g a sy st em. Obvi ou sl y , i f
t h er e i s n o wa t er su ppl y , t h e sy st em i s u se-
l ess. Wa t er su ppl i es ca n be l ost for va r i ou s
r ea son s su ch a s i mpr oper l y cl osed va l ves, ex-
cessi ve dema n d, br ok en wa t er ma i n s, a n d
br ok en fi r e pu mps. Th e empl oy er mu st be
a bl e t o det er mi n e i f or wh en t h i s t y pe of con -
di t i on exi st s ei t h er by per for mi n g a ma i n
dr a i n t est or vi su a l i n spect i on . An ot h er
pr obl em ma y be a n i n a dequ a t e wa t er su ppl y .
F or exa mpl e, a l i gh t h a za r d occu pa n cy ma y ,
t h r ou gh r eh a bi l i t a t i on or ch a n ge i n t en a n t s,
become a n or di n a r y or h i gh h a za r d occu -
pa n cy . I n su ch ca ses, t h e exi st i n g wa t er su p-
pl y ma y n ot be a bl e t o pr ovi de t h e pr essu r e
or du r a t i on n ecessa r y for pr oper pr ot ect i on .
Empl oy er s mu st a ssu r e t h a t pr oper desi gn
a n d t est s h a ve been ma de t o a ssu r e a n a de-
qu a t e wa t er su ppl y . Th ese t est s ca n be a r -
r a n ged t h r ou gh t h e empl oy er s fi r e i n su r a n ce
ca r r i er or t h r ou gh a l oca l spr i n k l er ma i n t e-
n a n ce compa n y or t h r ou gh t h e l oca l fi r e pr e-
ven t i on or ga n i za t i on .
An y t i me t h e empl oy er mu st sh u t down t h e
pr i ma r y wa t er su ppl y for a spr i n k l er sy st em,
t h e st a n da r d r equ i r es t h a t equ i va l en t pr ot ec-
t i on be pr ovi ded. Equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on ma y
i n cl u de a fi r e wa t ch wi t h ext i n gu i sh er s or
h ose l i n es i n pl a ce a n d ma n n ed, or a sec-
on da r y wa t er su ppl y su ch a s a t a n k t r u ck
a n d pu mp, or a t a n k or fi r e pon d wi t h fi r e
pu mps, t o pr ot ect t h e a r ea s wh er e t h e pr i -
ma r y wa t er su ppl y i s l i mi t ed or sh u t down .
Th e empl oy er ma y a l so r equ i r e eva cu a t i on of
t h e wor k pl a ce a n d h a ve a n emer gen cy a ct i on
pl a n wh i ch speci fi es su ch a ct i on .
6. Prot ect ion of pipin g. P i pi n g wh i ch i s ex-
posed t o cor r osi ve a t mosph er es, ei t h er ch em-
i ca l or n a t u r a l , ca n become defect i ve t o t h e
ext en t t h a t i t i s u sel ess. Empl oy er s mu st a s-
su r e t h a t pi pi n g i s pr ot ect ed fr om cor r osi on
by i t s ma t er i a l of con st r u ct i on , e. g. , st a i n -
l ess st eel , or by a pr ot ect i ve coa t i n g, e. g. ,
pa i n t .
7. Sprin k lers. Wh en a n empl oy er fi n ds i t
n ecessa r y t o r epl a ce spr i n k l er sy st em com-
pon en t s or ot h er wi se ch a n ge a spr i n k l er s de-
si gn , empl oy er sh ou l d ma k e a compl et e fi r e
pr ot ect i on en gi n eer i n g su r vey of t h a t pa r t of
t h e sy st em bei n g ch a n ged. Th i s r evi ew
sh ou l d a ssu r e t h a t t h e ch a n ges t o t h e sy st em
wi l l n ot a l t er t h e effect i ven ess of t h e sy st em
a s i t i s pr esen t l y desi gn ed. Wa t er su ppl i es,
den si t i es a n d fl ow ch a r a ct er i st i cs sh ou l d be
ma i n t a i n ed.
8. Prot ect ion of sprin k lers. Al l compon en t s of
t h e sy st em mu st be pr ot ect ed fr om mech a n -
i ca l i mpa ct da ma ge. Th i s ca n be a ch i eved
wi t h t h e u se of mech a n i ca l gu a r ds or scr een s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
517
or by l oca t i n g compon en t s i n a r ea s wh er e
ph y si ca l con t a ct i s i mpossi bl e or l i mi t ed.
9. Sprin k ler alarms. Th e most r ecogn i zed
spr i n k l er a l a r m i s t h e wa t er mot or gon g or
bel l t h a t sou n ds wh en wa t er begi n s t o fl ow
t h r ou gh t h e sy st em. Th i s i s n ot h owever , t h e
on l y t y pe of a ccept a bl e wa t er fl ow a l a r m.
An y a l a r m t h a t gi ves a n i n di ca t i on t h a t
wa t er i s fl owi n g t h r ou gh t h e sy st em i s a c-
cept a bl e. F or exa mpl e, a si r en , a wh i st l e, a
fl a sh i n g l i gh t , or si mi l a r a l er t i n g devi ce
wh i ch ca n t r a n smi t a si gn a l t o t h e n ecessa r y
per son s wou l d be a ccept a bl e. Th e pu r pose of
t h e a l a r m i s t o a l er t per son s t h a t t h e sy st em
i s oper a t i n g, a n d t h a t some t y pe of pl a n n ed
a ct i on i s n ecessa r y .
10. Sprin k ler spacin g. F or a spr i n k l er sy s-
t em t o be effect i ve t h er e mu st be a n a de-
qu a t e di sch a r ge of wa t er spr a y fr om t h e
spr i n k l er h ea d. An y obst r u ct i on s wh i ch
h i n der t h e desi gn ed den si t y or spr a y pa t t er n
of t h e wa t er ma y cr ea t e u n pr ot ect ed a r ea s
wh i ch ca n ca u se fi r e t o spr ea d. Th er e a r e
some spr i n k l er s t h a t , beca u se of t h e sy s-
t ems desi gn , a r e defl ect ed t o speci fi c a r ea s.
Th i s t y pe of obst r u ct i on i s a ccept a bl e i f t h e
sy st ems desi gn t a k es i t i n t o con si der a t i on
i n pr ovi di n g a dequ a t e cover a ge.
1910. 160 Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems, gen eral.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on con -
t a i n s t h e gen er a l r equ i r emen t s t h a t a r e a p-
pl i ca bl e t o a l l fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems
i n st a l l ed t o meet OS HA st a n da r ds. I t a l so
a ppl i es t o t h ose fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy st ems,
gen er a l l y t ot a l fl oodi n g, wh i ch a r e n ot r e-
qu i r ed by OS HA, bu t wh i ch , beca u se of t h e
a gen t s di sch a r ge, ma y expose empl oy ees t o
h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on s of ext i n gu i sh i n g
a gen t s or combu st i on by -pr odu ct s. Empl oy -
ees wh o wor k a r ou n d fi xed ext i n gu i sh i n g sy s-
t ems mu st be wa r n ed of t h e possi bl e h a za r ds
a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e sy st em a n d i t s a gen t .
F or exa mpl e, fi xed dr y ch emi ca l ext i n -
gu i sh i n g sy st ems ma y gen er a t e a l a r ge
en ou gh cl ou d of dr y ch emi ca l pa r t i cl es t h a t
empl oy ees ma y become vi su a l l y di sor i en t ed.
Cer t a i n ga seou s a gen t s ca n expose empl oy ees
t o h a za r dou s by -pr odu ct s of combu st i on
wh en t h e a gen t comes i n t o con t a ct wi t h h ot
met a l or ot h er h ot su r fa ce. S ome ga seou s
a gen t s ma y be pr esen t i n h a za r dou s con -
cen t r a t i on s wh en t h e sy st em h a s t ot a l l y di s-
ch a r ged beca u se a n ext r a r i ch con cen t r a t i on
i s n ecessa r y t o ext i n gu i sh deep-sea t ed fi r es.
Cer t a i n l oca l a ppl i ca t i on sy st ems ma y be de-
si gn ed t o di sch a r ge on t o t h e fl a mi n g su r fa ce
of a l i qu i d, a n d i t i s possi bl e t h a t t h e l i qu i d
ca n spl a t t er wh en h i t wi t h t h e di sch a r gi n g
a gen t . Al l of t h ese h a za r ds mu st be det er -
mi n ed befor e t h e sy st em i s pl a ced i n t o oper -
a t i on , a n d mu st be di scu ssed wi t h empl oy ees.
Ba sed on t h e k n own t oxi col ogi ca l effect s of
a gen t s su ch a s ca r bon t et r a ch l or i de a n d
ch l or obr omomet h a n e, OS HA i s n ot per mi t -
t i n g t h e u se of t h ese a gen t s i n a r ea s wh er e
empl oy ees ca n be exposed t o t h e a gen t or i t s
si de effect s. However , ch l or obr omomet h a n e
h a s been a ccept ed a n d ma y be u sed a s a n ex-
pl osi on su ppr essi on a gen t i n u n occu pi ed
spa ces. OS HA i s per mi t t i n g t h e u se of t h i s
a gen t on l y i n a r ea s wh er e empl oy ees wi l l n ot
be exposed.
2. Dist in ct ive alarm sign als. A di st i n ct i ve
a l a r m si gn a l i s r equ i r ed t o i n di ca t e t h a t a
fi xed sy st em i s di sch a r gi n g. S u ch a si gn a l i s
n ecessa r y on t h ose sy st ems wh er e i t i s n ot
i mmedi a t el y a ppa r en t t h a t t h e sy st em i s di s-
ch a r gi n g. F or exa mpl e, cer t a i n ga seou s
a gen t s ma k e a l ou d n oi se wh en t h ey di s-
ch a r ge. I n t h i s ca se n o a l a r m si gn a l i s n ec-
essa r y . However , wh er e sy st ems a r e l oca t ed
i n r emot e l oca t i on s or a wa y fr om t h e gen er a l
wor k a r ea a n d wh er e i t i s possi bl e t h a t a sy s-
t em cou l d di sch a r ge wi t h ou t a n y on e k n ow-
i n g t h a t i t i s doi n g so, t h en a di st i n ct i ve
a l a r m i s n ecessa r y t o wa r n empl oy ees of t h e
h a za r ds t h a t ma y exi st . Th e a l a r m ca n be a
bel l , gon g, wh i st l e, h or n , fl a sh i n g l i gh t , or
a n y combi n a t i on of si gn a l s a s l on g a s i t i s
i den t i fi a bl e a s a di sch a r ge a l a r m.
3. Main t en an ce. Th e empl oy er i s r espon -
si bl e for t h e ma i n t en a n ce of a l l fi xed sy s-
t ems, bu t t h i s r espon si bi l i t y does n ot pr e-
cl u de t h e u se of ou t si de con t r a ct or s t o do
su ch wor k . New sy st ems sh ou l d be su bj ect ed
t o a n a ccept a n ce t est befor e pl a ced i n ser v-
i ce. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d i n vi t e t h e i n st a l l er ,
desi gn er , i n su r a n ce r epr esen t a t i ve a n d ot h -
er s t o wi t n ess t h e t est . P r obl ems fou n d du r -
i n g t h e t est n eed t o be cor r ect ed befor e t h e
sy st em i s con si der ed oper a t i on a l .
4. Man u al disch arge st at ion s. Th er e a r e i n -
st a n ces, su ch a s for mech a n i ca l r ea son s a n d
ot h er s, wh er e t h e st a n da r ds ca l l for a ma n -
u a l ba ck -u p a ct i va t i on devi ce. Wh i l e t h e l o-
ca t i on of t h i s devi ce i s n ot speci fi ed i n t h e
st a n da r d, t h e empl oy er sh ou l d a ssu me t h a t
t h e devi ce sh ou l d be l oca t ed wh er e empl oy -
ees ca n ea si l y r ea ch i t . I t cou l d, for exa mpl e,
be l oca t ed a l on g t h e ma i n mea n s of egr ess
fr om t h e pr ot ect ed a r ea so t h a t empl oy ees
cou l d a ct i va t e t h e sy st em a s t h ey eva cu a t e
t h e wor k a r ea .
5. Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . Th e em-
pl oy er i s r equ i r ed t o pr ovi de t h e n ecessa r y
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t t o r escu e em-
pl oy ees wh o ma y be t r a pped i n a t ot a l l y
fl ooded en vi r on men t wh i ch ma y be h a z-
a r dou s t o t h ei r h ea l t h . Th i s equ i pmen t
wou l d n or ma l l y i n cl u de a posi t i ve-pr essu r e
sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s a n d a n y
n ecessa r y fi r st a i d equ i pmen t . I n ca ses wh er e
t h e empl oy er ca n a ssu r e t h e pr ompt a r r i va l
of t h e l oca l fi r e depa r t men t or pl a n t emer -
gen cy per son n el wh i ch ca n pr ovi de t h e equ i p-
men t , t h i s ca n be con si der ed a s compl y i n g
wi t h t h e st a n da r ds.
1910. 161 Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems, dry
ch emical.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s sect i on a ppl y on l y t o dr y ch emi ca l
sy st ems. Th ese r equ i r emen t s a r e t o be u sed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
518
i n con j u n ct i on wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 160.
2. Main t en an ce. Th e empl oy er i s r espon -
si bl e for a ssu r i n g t h a t dr y ch emi ca l sy st ems
wi l l oper a t e effect i vel y . To do t h i s, per i odi c
ma i n t en a n ce i s n ecessa r y . On e t est t h a t
mu st be con du ct ed du r i n g t h e ma i n t en a n ce
ch eck i s on e wh i ch wi l l det er mi n e i f t h e
a gen t h a s r ema i n ed fr ee of moi st u r e. I f a n
a gen t a bsor bs a n y moi st u r e, i t ma y t en d t o
ca k e a n d t h er eby cl og t h e sy st em. An ea sy
t est for a ccept a bl e moi st u r e con t en t i s t o
t a k e a l u mp of dr y ch emi ca l fr om t h e con -
t a i n er a n d dr op i t fr om a h ei gh t of fou r
i n ch es. I f t h e l u mp cr u mbl es i n t o fi n e pa r -
t i cl es, t h e a gen t i s a ccept a bl e.
1910. 162 Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems, gaseou s
agen t .
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on a p-
pl i es on l y t o t h ose sy st ems wh i ch u se ga s-
eou s a gen t s. Th e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 160
a l so a ppl y t o t h e ga seou s a gen t sy st ems cov-
er ed i n t h i s sect i on .
2. Design con cen t rat ion s. Tot a l fl oodi n g ga s-
eou s sy st ems a r e ba sed on t h e vol u me of ga s
wh i ch mu st be di sch a r ged i n or der t o
pr odu ce a cer t a i n desi gn ed con cen t r a t i on of
ga s i n a n en cl osed a r ea . Th e con cen t r a t i on
n eeded t o ext i n gu i sh a fi r e depen ds on sev-
er a l fa ct or s i n cl u di n g t h e t y pe of fi r e h a za r d
a n d t h e a mou n t of ga s expect ed t o l ea k a wa y
fr om t h e a r ea du r i n g di sch a r ge. At t i mes i t
i s n ecessa r y t o su per -sa t u r a t e a wor k a r ea
t o pr ovi de for expect ed l ea k a ge fr om t h e en -
cl osed a r ea . I n su ch ca ses, empl oy er s mu st
a ssu r e t h a t t h e fl ooded a r ea h a s been ven t i -
l a t ed befor e empl oy ees a r e per mi t t ed t o r e-
en t er t h e wor k a r ea wi t h ou t pr ot ect i ve
cl ot h i n g a n d r espi r a t or s.
3. T oxic decomposit ion . Cer t a i n h a l ogen a t ed
h y dr oca r bon s wi l l br ea k down or decompose
wh en t h ey a r e combi n ed wi t h h i gh t emper a -
t u r es fou n d i n t h e fi r e en vi r on men t . Th e
pr odu ct s of t h e decomposi t i on ca n i n cl u de
t oxi c el emen t s or compou n ds. F or exa mpl e,
wh en Ha l on 1211 i s pl a ced i n t o con t a ct wi t h
h ot met a l i t wi l l br ea k down a n d for m br o-
mi de or fl u or i de fu mes. Th e empl oy er mu st
fi n d ou t wh i ch t oxi c pr odu ct s ma y r esu l t
fr om decomposi t i on of a pa r t i cu l a r a gen t
fr om t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , a n d t a k e t h e n ec-
essa r y pr eca u t i on s t o pr even t empl oy ee ex-
posu r e t o t h e h a za r d.
1910. 163 Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems, wat er
spray an d f oam.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on a p-
pl i es t o t h ose sy st ems t h a t u se wa t er spr a y
or foa m. Th e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 160 a l so
a ppl y t o t h i s t y pe of sy st em.
2. Ch aract erist ics of f oams. Wh en sel ect i n g
t h e t y pe of foa m for a speci fi c h a za r d, t h e
empl oy er sh ou l d con si der t h e fol l owi n g l i mi -
t a t i on s of some foa ms.
a . S ome foa ms a r e n ot a ccept a bl e for u se
on fi r es i n vol vi n g fl a mma bl e ga ses a n d l i qu e-
fi ed ga ses wi t h boi l i n g poi n t s bel ow a mbi en t
wor k pl a ce t emper a t u r es. Ot h er foa ms a r e
n ot effect i ve wh en u sed on fi r es i n vol vi n g
pol a r sol ven t l i qu i ds.
b. An y a gen t u si n g wa t er a s pa r t of t h e
mi xt u r e sh ou l d n ot be u sed on fi r e i n vol vi n g
combu st i bl e met a l s u n l ess i t i s a ppl i ed u n der
pr oper con di t i on s t o r edu ce t h e t emper a t u r e
of bu r n i n g met a l bel ow t h e i gn i t i on t emper a -
t u r e. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d u se on l y t h ose
foa ms t h a t h a ve been t est ed a n d a ccept ed for
t h i s a ppl i ca t i on by a r ecogn i zed i n depen den t
c. Cer t a i n t y pes of foa ms ma y be i n compa t -
i bl e a n d br ea k down wh en t h ey a r e mi xed t o-
get h er .
d. F or fi r es i n vol vi n g wa t er mi sci bl e sol -
ven t s, empl oy er s sh ou l d u se on l y t h ose
foa ms t est ed a n d a ppr oved for su ch u se. Reg-
u l a r pr ot ei n foa ms ma y n ot be effect i ve on
su ch sol ven t s.
Wh en ever empl oy er s pr ovi de a foa m or
wa t er spr a y sy st em, dr a i n a ge fa ci l i t i es mu st
be pr ovi ded t o ca r r y con t a mi n a t ed wa t er or
foa m over fl ow a wa y fr om t h e empl oy ee wor k
a r ea s a n d egr ess r ou t es. Th i s dr a i n a ge sy s-
t em sh ou l d dr a i n t o a cen t r a l i mpou n di n g
a r ea wh er e i t ca n be col l ect ed a n d di sposed
of pr oper l y . Ot h er gover n men t a gen ci es ma y
h a ve r egu l a t i on s con cer n i n g en vi r on men t a l
con si der a t i on s.
1910. 164 Fire det ect ion sy st ems.
1. I n st allat ion an d rest orat ion . F i r e det ec-
t i on sy st ems mu st be desi gn ed by k n owl -
edgea bl e en gi n eer s or ot h er pr ofessi on a l s,
wi t h exper t i se i n fi r e det ect i on sy st ems a n d
wh en t h e sy st ems a r e i n st a l l ed, t h er e sh ou l d
be a n a ccept a n ce t est per for med on t h e sy s-
t em t o i n su r e i t oper a t es pr oper l y . Th e ma n -
u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s for sy st em de-
si gn sh ou l d be con su l t ed. Wh i l e en t i r e sy s-
t ems ma y n ot be a ppr oved, ea ch compon en t
u sed i n t h e sy st em i s r equ i r ed t o be a p-
pr oved. Cu st om fi r e det ect i on sy st ems
sh ou l d be desi gn ed by k n owl edgea bl e fi r e
pr ot ect i on or el ect r i ca l en gi n eer s wh o a r e fa -
mi l i a r wi t h t h e wor k pl a ce h a za r ds a n d con di -
t i on s. S ome sy st ems ma y on l y h a ve on e or
t wo i n di vi du a l det ect or s for a sma l l wor k -
pl a ce, bu t good desi gn a n d i n st a l l a t i on i s
st i l l i mpor t a n t . An a ccept a n ce t est sh ou l d be
per for med on a l l sy st ems, i n cl u di n g t h ese
sma l l er sy st ems.
OS HA h a s a r equ i r emen t t h a t spa r e compo-
n en t s u sed t o r epl a ce t h ose wh i ch ma y be de-
st r oy ed du r i n g a n a l a r m si t u a t i on be a va i l -
a bl e i n su ffi ci en t qu a n t i t i es a n d l oca t i on s for
pr ompt r est or a t i on of t h e sy st em. Th i s does
n ot mea n t h a t t h e pa r t s or compon en t s h a ve
t o be st or ed a t t h e wor k pl a ce. I f t h e em-
pl oy er ca n a ssu r e t h a t t h e su ppl y of pa r t s i s
a va i l a bl e i n t h e l oca l commu n i t y or t h e gen -
er a l met r opol i t a n a r ea of t h e wor k pl a ce,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
519
t h en t h e r equ i r emen t s for st or a ge a n d a va i l -
a bi l i t y h a ve been met . Th e i n t en t i s t o ma k e
su r e t h a t t h e a l a r m sy st em i s fu l l y oper -
a t i on a l wh en empl oy ees a r e occu py i n g t h e
wor k pl a ce, a n d t h a t wh en t h e sy st em oper -
a t es i t ca n be r et u r n ed t o fu l l ser vi ce t h e
n ext da y or soon er .
2. Su pervision . F i r e det ect i on sy st ems
sh ou l d be su per vi sed. Th e obj ect of su per -
vi si on i s det ect i on of a n y fa i l u r e of t h e ci r -
cu i t r y , a n d t h e empl oy er sh ou l d u se a n y
met h od t h a t wi l l a ssu r e t h a t t h e sy st ems
ci r cu i t s a r e oper a t i on a l . El ect r i ca l l y oper -
a t ed sen sor s for a i r pr essu r e, fl u i d pr essu r e,
or el ect r i ca l ci r cu i t s, ca n pr ovi de effect i ve
mon i t or i n g a n d a r e t h e t y pi ca l t y pes of su -
per vi si on .
3. Prot ect ion of f ire det ect ors. F i r e det ect or s
mu st be pr ot ect ed fr om cor r osi on ei t h er by
pr ot ect i ve coa t i n gs, by bei n g ma n u fa ct u r ed
fr om n on -cor r osi ve ma t er i a l s or by l oca t i on .
Det ect or s mu st a l so be pr ot ect ed fr om me-
ch a n i ca l i mpa ct da ma ge, ei t h er by su i t a bl e
ca ges or met a l gu a r ds wh er e su ch h a za r ds
a r e pr esen t , or by l oca t i n g t h em a bove or ou t
of con t a ct wi t h ma t er i a l s or equ i pmen t
wh i ch ma y ca u se da ma ge.
4. Nu mber, locat ion , an d spacin g of det ect ors.
Th i s i n for ma t i on ca n be obt a i n ed fr om t h e
a ppr ova l l i st i n g for det ect or s or NF P A
st a n da r ds. I t ca n a l so be obt a i n ed fr om fi r e
pr ot ect i on en gi n eer s or con su l t a n t s or ma n u -
fa ct u r er s of equ i pmen t wh o h a ve a ccess t o
a ppr ova l l i st i n gs a n d desi gn met h ods.
1910. 165 Employ ee alarm sy st ems.
1. Scope an d applicat ion . Th i s sect i on i s i n -
t en ded t o a ppl y t o empl oy ee a l a r m sy st ems
u sed for a l l t y pes of empl oy ee emer gen ci es
except t h ose wh i ch occu r so qu i ck l y a n d a t
su ch a r a pi d r a t e (e. g. , expl osi on s) t h a t a n y
a ct i on by t h e empl oy ee i s ext r emel y l i mi t ed
fol l owi n g det ect i on .
I n sma l l wor k pl a ces wi t h 10 or l ess empl oy -
ees t h e a l a r m sy st em ca n be by di r ect voi ce
commu n i ca t i on (sh ou t i n g) wh er e a n y on e i n -
di vi du a l ca n qu i ck l y a l er t a l l ot h er empl oy -
ees. Ra di o ma y be u sed t o t r a n smi t a l a r ms
fr om r emot e wor k pl a ces wh er e t el eph on e
ser vi ce i s n ot a va i l a bl e, pr ovi ded t h a t r a di o
messa ges wi l l be mon i t or ed by emer gen cy
ser vi ces, su ch a s fi r e, pol i ce or ot h er s, t o i n -
su r e a l a r ms a r e t r a n smi t t ed a n d r ecei ved.
2. Alarm sign al alt ern at ives. I n r ecogn i t i on
of ph y si ca l l y i mpa i r ed i n di vi du a l s, OS HA i s
a ccept i n g va r i ou s met h ods of gi vi n g a l a r m
si gn a l s. F or exa mpl e, vi su a l , t a ct i l e or a u di -
bl e a l a r m si gn a l s a r e a ccept a bl e met h ods for
gi vi n g a l a r ms t o empl oy ees. F l a sh i n g l i gh t s
or vi br a t i n g devi ces ca n be u sed i n a r ea s
wh er e t h e empl oy er h a s h i r ed empl oy ees
wi t h h ea r i n g or vi si on i mpa i r men t s. Vi br a t -
i n g devi ces, a i r fa n s, or ot h er t a ct i l e devi ces
ca n be u sed wh er e vi su a l l y a n d h ea r i n g i m-
pa i r ed empl oy ees wor k . Empl oy er s a r e ca u -
t i on ed t h a t cer t a i n fr equ en ci es of fl a sh i n g
l i gh t s h a ve been cl a i med t o i n i t i a t e epi l ept i c
sei zu r es i n some empl oy ees a n d t h a t t h i s
fa ct sh ou l d be con si der ed wh en sel ect i n g a n
a l a r m devi ce. Two wa y r a di o commu n i ca -
t i on s wou l d be most a ppr opr i a t e for t r a n s-
mi t t i n g emer gen cy a l a r ms i n su ch wor k -
pl a ces wh i ch ma y be r emot e or wh er e t el e-
ph on es ma y n ot be a va i l a bl e.
3. Report in g alarms. Empl oy ee a l a r ms ma y
r equ i r e di ffer en t mea n s of r epor t i n g, depen d-
i n g on t h e wor k pl a ce i n vol ved. F or exa mpl e,
i n sma l l wor k pl a ces, a si mpl e sh ou t t h r ou gh -
ou t t h e wor k pl a ce ma y be su ffi ci en t t o wa r n
empl oy ees of a fi r e or ot h er emer gen cy . I n
l a r ger wor k pl a ces, mor e soph i st i ca t ed equ i p-
men t i s n ecessa r y so t h a t en t i r e pl a n t s or
h i gh -r i se bu i l di n gs a r e n ot eva cu a t ed for on e
sma l l emer gen cy . I n r emot e a r ea s, su ch a s
pu mpi n g pl a n t s, r a di o commu n i ca t i on wi t h a
cen t r a l ba se st a t i on ma y be n ecessa r y . Th e
goa l of t h i s st a n da r d i s t o a ssu r e t h a t a l l em-
pl oy ees wh o n eed t o k n ow t h a t a n emer gen cy
exi st s ca n be n ot i fi ed of t h e emer gen cy . Th e
met h od of t r a n smi t t i n g t h e a l a r m sh ou l d r e-
fl ect t h e si t u a t i on fou n d a t t h e wor k pl a ce.
P er son a l r a di o t r a n smi t t er s, wor n by a n
i n di vi du a l , ca n be u sed wh er e t h e i n di vi du a l
ma y be wor k i n g su ch a s i n a r emot e l oca -
t i on . S u ch per son a l r a di o t r a n smi t t er s sh a l l
sen d a di st i n ct si gn a l a n d sh ou l d cl ea r l y i n -
di ca t e wh o i s h a vi n g a n emer gen cy , t h e l oca -
t i on , a n d t h e n a t u r e of t h e emer gen cy . Al l
r a di o t r a n smi t t er s n eed a feedba ck sy st em t o
a ssu r e t h a t t h e emer gen cy a l a r m i s sen t t o
t h e peopl e wh o ca n pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce.
F or mu l t i -st or y bu i l di n gs or si n gl e st or y
bu i l di n gs wi t h i n t er i or wa l l s for su bdi vi -
si on s, t h e mor e t r a di t i on a l a l a r m sy st ems
a r e r ecommen ded for t h ese t y pes of wor k -
pl a ces. S u per vi sed t el eph on e or ma n u a l fi r e
a l a r m or pu l l box st a t i on s wi t h pa gi n g sy s-
t ems t o t r a n smi t messa ges t h r ou gh ou t t h e
bu i l di n g i s t h e r ecommen ded a l a r m sy st em.
Th e a l a r m box st a t i on s sh ou l d be a va i l a bl e
wi t h i n a t r a vel di st a n ce of 200 feet . Wa t er
fl ow det ect i on on a spr i n k l er sy st em, fi r e de-
t ect i on sy st ems (gu a r ds su per vi sor y st a t i on )
or t ou r si gn a l (wa t ch ma n s ser vi ce), or ot h er
r el a t ed sy st ems ma y be pa r t of t h e over a l l
sy st em. Th e pa gi n g sy st em ma y be u sed for
n on emer gen cy oper a t i on s pr ovi ded t h e emer -
gen cy messa ges a n d u ses wi l l h a ve pr ece-
den ce over a l l ot h er u ses of t h e sy st em.
4. Su pervision . Th e r equ i r emen t s for su per -
vi si n g t h e empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em ci r cu i t r y
a n d power su ppl y ma y be a ccompl i sh ed i n a
va r i et y of wa y s. Ty pi ca l l y , el ect r i ca l l y oper -
a t ed sen sor s for a i r pr essu r e, fl u i d pr essu r e,
st ea m pr essu r e, or el ect r i ca l con t i n u i t y of
ci r cu i t r y ma y be u sed t o con t i n u ou sl y mon -
i t or t h e sy st em t o a ssu r e i t i s oper a t i on a l
a n d t o i den t i fy t r ou bl e i n t h e sy st em a n d
gi ve a wa r n i n g si gn a l .
[45 F R 60715, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y
1, 1981]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
520
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. B
AP P ENDI X B TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910NATI ONAL CONS ENS US S TANDARDS
Th e fol l owi n g t a bl e con t a i n s a cr oss-r ef-
er en ce l i st i n g of t h ose cu r r en t n a t i on a l con -
sen su s st a n da r ds wh i ch con t a i n s i n for ma t i on
a n d gu i del i n es t h a t wou l d be con si der ed a c-
cept a bl e i n compl y i n g wi t h r equ i r emen t s i n
t h e speci fi c sect i on s of su bpa r t L.
Subpart L section National consensus standard
1910.156 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 1972; Structural Fire
Fighters Helmets.
ANSI Z88.5 American National Stand-
ard, Practice for Respirator Protec-
tion for the Fire Service.
ANSI/NFPA No. 1971, Protective
Clothing for Structural Fire Fighters.
NFPA No. 1041, Fire Service Instruc-
tor Professional Qualifications.
1910.157 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 10, Portable Fire Ex-
tinguishers.
1910.158 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents.
ANSI/NFPA No. 20, Centrifugal Fire
Pumps.
NFPA No. 21, Steam Fire Pumps.
ANSI/NFPA No. 22, Water Tanks.
NFPA No. 24, Outside Protection.
NFPA No. 26, Supervision of Valves.
NFPA No. 13E, Fire Department Op-
erations in Properties Protected by
Sprinkler, Standpipe Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 194, Fire Hose Con-
nections.
NFPA No. 197, Initial Fire Attack,
Training for.
NFPA No. 1231, Water Supplies for
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.
1910.159 .................. ANSI-NFPA No. 13, Sprinkler Sys-
tems.
NFPA No. 13A, Sprinkler Systems,
Maintenance.
ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents.
ANSI/NFPA No. 20, Centrifugal Fire
Pumps.
ANSI/NFPA No. 22, Water Tanks.
NFPA No. 24, Outside Protection.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72B, Auxiliary Sig-
naling Systems.
NFPA No. 1231, Water Supplies for
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.
1910.160 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 11, Foam Systems.
ANSI/NFPA 11A, High Expansion
Foam Extinguishing Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 11B, Synthetic Foam
and Combined Agent Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 12, Carbon Dioxide
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 12A, Halon 1301
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 12B, Halon 1211
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 15, Water Spray Sys-
tems.
ANSI/NFPA 16 Foam-Water Spray
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 17, Dry Chemical
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA 69, Explosion Suppres-
sion Systems.
1910.161 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 11B, Synthetic Foam
Subpart L section National consensus standard
ANSI/NFPA No. 17, Dry Chemical
Systems.
1910.162 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 12, Carbon Dioxide
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 12A, Halon 1211
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 12B, Halon 1301
Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 69, Explosion Sup-
pression Systems.
1910.163 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 11, Foam Extin-
guishing Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 11A, High Expansion
Foam Extinguishing Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 11B, Synthetic Foam
ANSI/NFPA No. 15, Water Spray
Fixed Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 16, Foam-Water
Spray Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents.
1910.164 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 71, Central Station
Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72A, Local Protective
Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72B, Auxiliary Sig-
naling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72D, Proprietary Pro-
tective Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72E, Automatic Fire
Detectors.
ANSI/NFPA No. 101, Life Safety
Code.
1910.165 .................. ANSI/NFPA No. 71, Central Station
Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72A, Local Protective
Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72B, Auxiliary Pro-
ANSI/NFPA No. 72C, Remote Station
Protective Signaling Systems.
ANSI/NFPA No. 72D, Proprietary Pro-
ANSI/NFPA No. 101, Life Safety
Code.
Metric Conversion .... ANSI/ASTM No. E380, American Na-
tional Standard for Metric Practice.
NFPA standards are available from the National Fire Pro-
tection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
ANSI Standards are available from the American National
Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
F R 35309, J u n e 30, 1993]
AP P ENDI X C TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910F I RE P ROTECTI ON REF ERENCES
F OR F URTHER I NF ORMATI ON
I . Appen dix gen eral ref eren ces. Th e fol l owi n g
r efer en ces pr ovi de i n for ma t i on wh i ch ca n be
h el pfu l i n u n der st a n di n g t h e r equ i r emen t s
con t a i n ed i n a l l of t h e sect i on s of su bpa r t L:
A. Fire Prot ect ion Han dbook , Na t i on a l F i r e
P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k ,
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
B. Acciden t Preven t ion Man u al f or I n du st rial
Operat ion s, Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l ; 425
Nor t h Mi ch i ga n Aven u e, Ch i ca go, I L 60611.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
521
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. C
C. Va r i ou s a ssoci a t i on s a l so pu bl i sh i n for -
ma t i on wh i ch ma y be u sefu l i n u n der -
st a n di n g t h ese st a n da r ds. Exa mpl es of t h ese
a ssoci a t i on s a r e: F i r e Equ i pmen t Ma n u fa c-
t u r er s Associ a t i on (F EMA) of Ar l i n gt on , VA
22204 a n d t h e Na t i on a l Associ a t i on of F i r e
Equ i pmen t Di st r i bu t or s (NAF ED) of Ch i -
ca go, I L 60601.
I I . Appen dix ref eren ces applicable t o in di-
vidu al sect ion s. Th e fol l owi n g r efer en ces a r e
gr ou ped a ccor di n g t o i n di vi du a l sect i on s
con t a i n ed i n su bpa r t L. Th ese r efer en ces pr o-
vi de i n for ma t i on wh i ch ma y be h el pfu l i n u n -
der st a n di n g a n d i mpl emen t i n g t h e st a n da r ds
of ea ch sect i on of su bpa r t L.
A. 1910. 156. Fire brigades:
1. Privat e Fire Brigades, NF P A 27; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
2. I n it ial Fire At t ack , T rain in g St an dard On ,
NF P A 197; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a -
t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
3. Fire Figh t er Prof ession al Qu alif icat ion s,
NF P A 1001; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Asso-
ci a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA
02269 .
4. Organ izat ion f or Fire Services, NF P A 1201;
Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on ,
Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
5. Organ izat ion of a Fire Depart men t , NF P A
1202; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on ,
6. Prot ect ive Clot h in g f or St ru ct u ral Fire
Figh t in g, ANS I /NF P A 1971; .
7. American Nat ion al St an dard f or Men s
Saf et y -T oe Foot wear, ANS I Z41. 1; Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY
10018.
8. American Nat ion al St an dard f or Occu pa-
t ion al an d Edu cat ion al Ey e an d Face Prot ec-
t ion , ANS I Z87. 1; Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r ds I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY 10018.
9. American Nat ion al St an dard, Saf et y Re-
qu iremen t s f or I n du st rial Head Prot ect ion ,
ANS I Z89. 1; Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds
I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY 10018.
10. Specif icat ion s f or Prot ect ive Headgear f or
Veh icu lar Users, ANS I Z90. 1; Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY
10018.
11. T est in g Ph y sical Fit n ess; Da vi s a n d
S a n t a Ma r i a . Fire Comman d. Apr i l 1975.
12. Developmen t of a Job-Relat ed Ph y sical
Perf orman ce Examin at ion f or Fire Figh t ers;
Dot son a n d Ot h er s. A su mma r y r epor t for
t h e Na t i on a l F i r e P r even t i on a n d Con t r ol
Admi n i st r a t i on . Wa sh i n gt on , DC. Ma r ch
1977.
13. Proposed Sample St an dards f or Fire Figh t -
ers Prot ect ive Clot h in g an d Equ ipmen t ; I n t er -
n a t i on a l Associ a t i on of F i r e F i gh t er s, Wa sh -
i n gt on , DC.
14. A St u dy of Facepiece L eak age of Self -Con -
t ain ed Breat h in g Apparat u s by DOP Man T est s;
Los Al a mos S ci en t i fi c La bor a t or y , Los Al a -
mos, NM.
15. T h e Developmen t of Crit eria f or Fire
Figh t ers Gloves; Vol. I I : Glove Crit eria an d T est
Met h ods; Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l
S a fet y a n d Hea l t h , Ci n ci n n a t i , OH. 1976.
16. Model Perf orman ce Crit eria f or St ru ct u ral
Fire Figh t ers Helmet s; Na t i on a l F i r e P r even -
t i on a n d Con t r ol Admi n i st r a t i on , Wa sh -
i n gt on , DC. 1977.
17. Firef igh t ers; J ob S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Ma g-
a zi n e, Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Ad-
mi n i st r a t i on , Wa sh i n gt on , DC. J u n e 1978.
18. Eat in g Smok eT h e Dispen sable Diet ;
Ut ech , H. P . Th e F i r e I n depen den t , 1975.
19. Project Mon oxideA Medical St u dy of an
Occu pat ion al Hazard of Fire Figh t ers; I n t er -
n a t i on a l Associ a t i on of F i r e F i gh t er s, Wa sh -
i n gt on , DC.
20. Occu pat ion al Exposu res t o Carbon Mon -
oxide in Balt imore Firef igh t ers; Ra dfor d a n d
Levi n e. J oh n s Hopk i n s Un i ver si t y , Ba l t i -
mor e, MD. J ou r n a l of Occu pa t i on a l Medi -
ci n e, S ept ember , 1976.
21. Fire Brigades; Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l ,
Ch i ca go, I L. 1966.
22. American Nat ion al St an dard, Pract ice f or
Respirat ory Prot ect ion f or t h e Fire Service;
ANS I Z88. 5; Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds
I n st i t u t e, New Yor k , NY 10018.
23. Respirat or St u dies f or t h e Nu clear Regu -
lat ory Commission ; Oct ober 1, 1977Sept ember
30, 1978. Evalu at ion an d Perf orman ce of Open
Circu it Breat h in g Apparat u s. NU REG/CR1235.
Los Al a mos S ci en t i fi c La bor a t or y ; Los Al a -
mos, NM. 87545, J a n u a r y , 1980.
B. 1910. 157. Port able f ire ext in gu ish ers:
1. St an dard f or Port able Fire Ext in gu ish ers,
ANS I /NF P A 10; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on As-
soci a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA
02269
2. Met h ods f or Hy drost at ic T est in g of Com-
pressed Gas Cy lin ders, C1; Compr essed Ga s
Associ a t i on , 1235 J effer son Da vi s Hi gh wa y ,
Ar l i n gt on , VA 22202.
3. Recommen dat ion s f or t h e Disposit ion of Un -
serviceable Compressed Gas Cy lin ders, C2;
Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on , 1235 J effer son
Da vi s Hi gh wa y , Ar l i n gt on , VA 22202.
4. St an dard f or Visu al I n spect ion of Com-
pressed Gas Cy lin ders, C6; Compr essed Ga s
Associ a t i on , 1235 J effer son Da vi s Hi gh wa y ,
Ar l i n gt on , VA 22202.
5. Port able Fire Ext in gu ish er Select ion Gu ide,
Na t i on a l Associ a t i on of F i r e Equ i pmen t Di s-
t r i bu t or s; 111 Ea st Wa ck er Dr i ve, Ch i ca go, I L
60601.
C. 1910. 158. St an dpipe an d h ose sy st ems:
1. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Sprin k ler
Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 13; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
t ect i on Associ a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k ,
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
2. St an dard of t h e I n st allat ion of St an dpipe
an d Hose Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 14; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
3. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Cen t rif u gal
Fire Pu mps, ANS I /NF P A 20; Na t i on a l F i r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
522
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. C
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
4. St an dard f or Wat er T an k s f or Privat e Fire
Prot ect ion , ANS I /NF P A 22; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
5. St an dard f or Screw T h reads an d Gask et s
f or Fire Hose Con n ect ion s, ANS I /NF P A 194;
6. St an dard f or Fire Hose, NF P A 196; Na -
Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
7. St an dard f or t h e Care of Fire Hose, NF P A
198; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on ,
D. 1910. 159. Au t omat ic sprin k ler sy st ems:
1. St an dard of t h e I n st allat ion of Sprin k ler
Sy st ems, ANS I -NF P A 13; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
2. St an dard f or t h e Care an d Main t en an ce of
Sprin k ler Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 13A; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
3. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of St an dpipe
an d Hose Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 14; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
4. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Cen t rif u gal
Fire Pu mps, ANS I /NF P A 20; Na t i on a l F i r e
Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
5. St an dard f or Wat er T an k s f or Privat e Fire
Prot ect ion , ANS I -NF P A 22; Na t i on a l F i r e
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
6. St an dard f or I n door Gen eral St orage,
ANS I /NF P A 231; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
Associ a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy ,
MA 02269.
7. St an dard f or Rack St orage of Mat erials,
ANS I /NF P A 231C; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
MA 02269.
E. 1910. 160. Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems
gen eral in f ormat ion :
1. St an dard f or Foam Ext in gu ish in g Sy st ems,
ANS I -NF P A 11; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on As-
02269 .
2. St an dard f or Hi-Expan sion Foam Sy st ems,
ANS I /NF P A 11A; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
MA 02269 .
3. St an dard on Sy n t h et ic Foam an d Combin ed
Agen t Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 11B; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
4. St an dard on Carbon Dioxide Ext in gu ish in g
Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
5. St an dard on Halon 1301, ANS I /NF P A 12A;
6. St an dard on Halon 1211, ANS I /NF P A 12B;
7. St an dard f or Wat er Spray Sy st ems, ANS I /
t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
8. St an dard f or Foam-Wat er Sprin k ler Sy st ems
an d Foam-Wat er Spray Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A
16; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on , Na -
Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269
9. St an dard f or Dry Ch emical Ext in gu ish in g
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
F . 1910. 161. Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems
dry ch emical:
1. St an dard f or Dry Ch emical Ext in gu ish in g
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
2. Nat ion al Elect rical Code, ANS I /NF P A 70;
3. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Equ ipmen t
f or t h e Removal of Smok e an d Grease-L aden
Vapor f rom Commercial Cook in g Equ ipmen t ,
t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
G. 1910. 162. Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems
gaseou s agen t s:
1. St an dard on Carbon Dioxide Ext in gu ish in g
Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
4. St an dard on Explosion Preven t ion Sy st ems,
02269 .
6. St an dard on Au t omat ic Fire Det ect ors,
ANS I /NF P A 72E; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
MA 02269 .
7. Det ermin at ion of Halon 1301/1211 T h resh old
Ext in gu ish in g Con cen t rat ion s Usin g t h e Cu p
Bu rn er Met h od; Ri l ey a n d Ol son , An su l Re-
por t AL530A.
H. 1910. 163. Fixed ext in gu ish in g sy st ems
wat er spray an d f oam agen t s:
1. St an dard f or Foam Ext in gu ish er Sy st ems,
02269 .
2. St an dard f or High Expan sion Foam Sy s-
t ems, ANS I /NF P A 11A; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
t i on Associ a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n -
cy , MA 02269 .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
523
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. D
3. St an dard f or Wat er Spray Fixed Sy st ems f or
Fire Prot ect ion , ANS I /NF P A 15; Na t i on a l F i r e
Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
4. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Foam-
Wat er Sprin k ler Sy st ems an d Foam-Wat er Spray
Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
I . 1910. 164. Fire Det ect ion sy st ems:
2. St an dard f or Cen t ral St at ion Sign alin g Sy s-
t ems, ANS I /NF P A 71; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
cy , MA 02269 .
3. St an dard on Au t omat ic Fire Det ect ors,
ANS I /NF P A 72E; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
MA 02269 .
J . 1910. 165. Employ ee alarm sy st ems:
2. St an dard f or Cen t ral St at ion Sign alin g sy s-
t ems, ANS I /NF P A 71; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ec-
cy , MA 02269.
3. St an dard f or L ocal Prot ect ive Sign alin g
Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 72A; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
4. St an dard f or Au xiliary Prot ect ive Sign alin g
Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 72B; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
5. St an dard f or Remot e St at ion Prot ect ive Sig-
n alin g Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 72C; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269 .
6. St an dard f or Propriet ary Prot ect ive Sig-
n alin g Sy st ems, ANS I /NF P A 72D; Na t i on a l
P a r k , Qu i n cy , MA 02269.
7. Vocal Emergen cy Alarms in Hospit als an d
Nu rsin g Facilit ies: Pract ice an d Pot en t ial. Na -
t i on a l Bu r ea u of S t a n da r ds. Wa sh i n gt on ,
D. C. , J u l y 1977.
8. Fire Alarm an d Commu n icat ion Sy st ems.
Na t i on a l Bu r ea u of S t a n da r ds. Wa sh i n gt on ,
D. C. , Apr i l 1978.
F R 35309, J u n e 30, 1993]
AP P ENDI X D TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910AVAI LABI LI TY OF P UBLI CA-
TI ONS I NCORP ORATED BY REF ERENCE
I N S ECTI ON 1910. 156 F I RE BRI GADES
Th e fi n a l st a n da r d for fi r e br i ga des, S ec-
t i on 1910. 156, con t a i n s pr ovi si on s wh i ch i n -
cor por a t e cer t a i n pu bl i ca t i on s by r efer en ce.
Th e pu bl i ca t i on s pr ovi de cr i t er i a a n d t est
met h ods for pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g wor n by
t h ose fi r e br i ga de member s wh o a r e expect ed
t o per for m i n t er i or st r u ct u r a l fi r e fi gh t i n g.
Th e st a n da r d r efer en ces t h e pu bl i ca t i on s a s
t h e ch i ef sou r ces of i n for ma t i on for det er -
mi n i n g i f t h e pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g a ffor ds t h e
r equ i r ed l evel of pr ot ect i on .
I t i s a ppr opr i a t e t o n ot e t h a t t h e fi n a l
st a n da r d does n ot r equ i r e empl oy er s t o pu r -
ch a se a copy of t h e r efer en ced pu bl i ca t i on s.
I n st ea d, empl oy er s ca n speci fy (i n pu r ch a se
or der s t o t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s) t h a t t h e pr o-
t ect i ve cl ot h i n g meet t h e cr i t er i a a n d t est
met h ods con t a i n ed i n t h e r efer en ced pu bl i ca -
t i on s a n d ca n r el y on t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s a s-
su r a n ces of compl i a n ce. Empl oy er s, h owever ,
ma y desi r e t o obt a i n a copy of t h e r efer en ced
pu bl i ca t i on s for t h ei r own i n for ma t i on .
Th e pa r a gr a ph desi gn a t i on of t h e st a n da r d
wh er e t h e r efer en ced pu bl i ca t i on s a ppea r ,
t h e t i t l e of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s, a n d t h e
a va i l a bl i t y of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s a r e a s fol l ows:
Paragraph designation Referenced publication Available from
1910.156(e)(3)(ii) .................... Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fight-
ing, NFPA No. 1971 (1975).
National Fire Protection Association,
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
1910.156(e)(4)(i) ..................... Development of Criteria for Fire Fighters
Gloves; Vol. II, Part II: Test Methods
(1976).
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. Stock No. for Vol. II is: 071
03302011.
1910.156(e)(5)(i) ..................... Model Performance Criteria for Structural
Firefighters Helmets (1977).
U.S. Fire Administration, National Fire Safety
and Research Office, Washington, D.C.
20230.
Th e r efer en ced pu bl i ca t i on s (or a mi cr o-
fi ch e of t h e pu bl i ca t i on s) a r e a va i l a bl e for
r evi ew a t ma n y u n i ver si t i es a n d pu bl i c l i -
br a r i es t h r ou gh ou t t h e cou n t r y . Th ese pu bl i -
ca t i on s ma y a l so be exa mi n ed a t t h e OS HA
Tech n i ca l Da t a Cen t er , Room N2439Rea r ,
Un i t ed S t a t es Depa r t men t of La bor , 200 Con -
st i t u t i on Ave. , N. W. , Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20210
(2022197500), or a t a n y OS HA Regi on a l Of-
fi ce (see t el eph on e di r ect or i es u n der Un i t ed
S t a t es Gover n men t -La bor Depa r t men t ).
F R 33509, J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7,
1996]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
524
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. E
AP P ENDI X E TO S UBP ART L OF P ART
1910TES T METHODS F OR P ROTEC-
TI VE CLOTHI NG
Th i s a ppen di x con t a i n s t est met h ods wh i ch
mu st be u sed t o det er mi n e i f pr ot ect i ve
cl ot h i n g a ffor ds t h e r equ i r ed l evel of pr ot ec-
t i on a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 156, fi r e br i ga des.
(1) Pu n ct u re resist an ce t est met h od f or f oot
prot ect ion .
A. Apparat u s. Th e pu n ct u r e r esi st a n ce t est
sh a l l be per for med on a t est i n g ma ch i n e h a v-
i n g a mova bl e pl a t for m a dj u st ed t o t r a vel a t
1
4-i n ch /mi n (0. 1 cm/sec). Two bl ock s of h a r d-
wood, met a l , or pl a st i c sh a l l be pr epa r ed a s
fol l ows: t h e bl ock s sh a l l be of su ch si ze a n d
t h i ck n ess a s t o i n su r e a su i t a bl e r i gi d t est
en sembl e a n d a l l ow for a t l ea st on e-i n ch of
t h e poi n t ed en d of a n 8D n a i l t o be exposed
for t h e pen et r a t i on . On e bl ock sh a l l h a ve a
h ol e dr i l l ed t o h ol d a n 8D common n a i l fi r m-
l y a t a n a n gl e of 98. Th e secon d bl ock sh a l l
h a ve a ma xi mu m
1
2-i n ch (1. 3 cm) di a met er
h ol e dr i l l ed t h r ou gh i t so t h a t t h e h ol e wi l l
a l l ow fr ee pa ssa ge of t h e n a i l a ft er i t pen e-
t r a t es t h e i n sol e du r i n g t h e t est .
B. Procedu re. Th e t est en sembl e con si st i n g
of t h e sa mpl e u n i t , t h e t wo pr epa r ed bl ock s,
a pi ece of l ea t h er ou t sol e 10 t o 11 i r on s t h i ck ,
a n d a n ew 8D n a i l , sh a l l be pl a ced a s fol l ows:
t h e 8D n a i l i n t h e h ol e, t h e sa mpl e of ou t sol e
st ock su per i mposed a bove t h e n a i l , t h e a r ea
of t h e sol e pl a t e t o be t est ed pl a ced on t h e
ou t sol e, a n d t h e secon d bl ock wi t h h ol e so
pl a ced a s t o a l l ow for fr ee pa ssa ge of t h e n a i l
a ft er i t pa sses t h r ou gh t h e ou t sol e st ock a n d
sol e pl a t e i n t h a t or der . Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l
be st a r t ed a n d t h e pr essu r e, i n pou n ds r e-
qu i r ed for t h e n a i l t o compl et el y pen et r a t e
t h e ou t sol e a n d sol e pl a t e, r ecor ded t o t h e
n ea r est fi ve pou n ds. Two det er mi n a t i on s
sh a l l be ma de on ea ch sol e pl a t e a n d t h e r e-
su l t s a ver a ged. A n ew n a i l sh a l l be u sed for
ea ch det er mi n a t i on .
C. Sou rce. Th ese t est r equ i r emen t s a r e con -
t a i n ed i n Mi l i t a r y S peci fi ca t i on F or F i r e-
ma n s Boot s, MI L-B-2885D (1973 a n d a men d-
men t da t ed 1975) a n d a r e r epr odu ced for y ou r
con ven i en ce.
(2) T est met h od f or det ermin in g t h e st ren gt h
of clot h by t earin g: T rapezoid Met h od.
A. T est specimen . Th e speci men sh a l l be a
r ect a n gl e of cl ot h 3-i n ch es by 6-i n ch es (7. 6
cm by 15. 2 cm). Th e l on g di men si on sh a l l be
pa r a l l el t o t h e wa r p for wa r p t est s a n d pa r -
a l l el t o t h e fi l l i n g for fi l l i n g t est s. No t wo
speci men s for wa r p t est s sh a l l con t a i n t h e
sa me wa r p y a r n s, n or sh a l l a n y t wo speci -
men s for fi l l i n g t est s con t a i n t h e sa me fi l l -
i n g y a r n s. Th e speci men sh a l l be t a k en n o
n ea r er t h e sel va ge t h a n
1
10 t h e wi dt h of t h e
cl ot h . An i soscel es t r a pezoi d h a vi n g a n a l t i -
t u de of 3-i n ch es (7. 6 cm) a n d ba ses of 1 i n ch
(2. 5cm) a n d 4 i n ch es (10. 2 cm) i n l en gt h , r e-
spect i vel y , sh a l l be ma r k ed on ea ch speci -
men , pr efer a bl y wi t h t h e a i d of a t empl a t e. A
cu t a ppr oxi ma t el y
3
8-i n ch (1 cm) i n l en gt h
sh a l l t h en be ma de i n t h e cen t er of a per pen -
di cu l a r t o t h e 1-i n ch (2. 5 cm) edge.
B. Apparat u s. (i ) S i x-ou n ce (. 17 k g) wei gh t
t en si on cl a mps sh a l l be u sed so desi gn ed t h a t
t h e si x ou n ces (. 17 k g) of wei gh t a r e di st r i b-
u t ed even l y a cr oss t h e compl et e wi dt h of t h e
sa mpl e.
(i i ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l con si st of t h r ee
ma i n pa r t s: S t r a i n i n g mech a n i sm, cl a mps
for h ol di n g speci men , a n d l oa d a n d el on -
ga t i on r ecor di n g mech a n i sms.
(i i i ) A ma ch i n e wh er ei n t h e speci men i s
h el d bet ween t wo cl a mps a n d st r a i n ed by a
u n i for m movemen t of t h e pu l l i n g cl a mp
sh a l l be u sed.
(i v) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be a dj u st ed so t h a t
t h e pu l l i n g cl a mp sh a l l h a ve a u n i for m speed
of 12 t 10. 5 i n ch es per mi n u t e (0. 5t . 02 cm/sec).
(v) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l h a ve t wo cl a mps
wi t h t wo j a ws on ea ch cl a mp. Th e desi gn of
t h e t wo cl a mps sh a l l be su ch t h a t on e gr i p-
pi n g su r fa ce or j a w ma y be a n i n t egr a l pa r t
of t h e r i gi d fr a me of t h e cl a mp or be fa st en ed
t o a l l ow a sl i gh t ver t i ca l movemen t , wh i l e
t h e ot h er gr i ppi n g su r fa ce or j a w sh a l l be
compl et el y movea bl e. Th e di men si on of t h e
i mmova bl e j a w of ea ch cl a mp pa r a l l el t o t h e
a ppl i ca t i on of t h e l oa d sh a l l mea su r e on e-
i n ch , a n d t h e di men si on of t h e j a w per pen -
di cu l a r t o t h i s di r ect i on sh a l l mea su r e t h r ee
i n ch es or mor e. Th e fa ce of t h e mova bl e j a w
of ea ch cl a mp sh a l l mea su r e on e-i n ch by
t h r ee i n ch es.
Ea ch j a w fa ce sh a l l h a ve a fl a t smoot h ,
gr i ppi n g su r fa ce. Al l edges wh i ch mi gh t
ca u se a cu t t i n g a ct i on sh a l l be r ou n ded t o a
r a di u s of n ot over
1
64-i n ch (. 04 cm). I n ca ses
wh er e a cl ot h t en ds t o sl i p wh en bei n g t est -
ed, t h e j a ws ma y be fa ced wi t h r u bber or
ot h er ma t er i a l t o pr even t sl i ppa ge. Th e di s-
t a n ce bet ween t h e j a ws (ga ge l en gt h ) sh a l l be
on e-i n ch a t t h e st a r t of t h e t est .
(vi ) Ca l i br a t ed di a l ; sca l e or ch a r t sh a l l be
u sed t o i n di ca t e a ppl i ed l oa d a n d el on ga t i on .
Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be a dj u st ed or set , so t h a t
t h e ma xi mu m l oa d r equ i r ed t o br ea k t h e
speci men wi l l r ema i n i n di ca t ed on t h e ca l i -
br a t ed di a l or sca l e a ft er t h e t est speci men
h a s r u pt u r ed.
(vi i ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be of su ch ca pa ci t y
t h a t t h e ma xi mu m l oa d r equ i r ed t o br ea k
t h e speci men sh a l l be n ot gr ea t er t h a n 85
per cen t or l ess t h a n 15 per cen t of t h e r a t ed
ca pa ci t y .
(vi i i ) Th e er r or of t h e ma ch i n e sh a l l n ot
exceed 2 per cen t u p t o a n d i n cl u di n g a 50-
pou n d l oa d (22. 6 k g) a n d 1 per cen t over a 50-
pou n d l oa d (22. 6 k g) a t a n y r ea di n g wi t h i n i t s
l oa di n g r a n ge.
(i x) Al l ma ch i n e a t t a ch men t s for det er -
mi n i n g ma xi mu m l oa ds sh a l l be di sen ga ged
du r i n g t h i s t est .
C. Procedu re. (i ) Th e speci men sh a l l be
cl a mped i n t h e ma ch i n e a l on g t h e n on pa r -
a l l el si des of t h e t r a pezoi d so t h a t t h ese si des
l i e a l on g t h e l ower edge of t h e u pper cl a mp
a n d t h e u pper edge of t h e l ower cl a mp wi t h
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
525
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910, Subpt. L, App. E
t h e cu t h a l fwa y bet ween t h e cl a mps. Th e
sh or t t r a pezoi d ba se sh a l l be h el d t a u t a n d
t h e l on g t r a pezoi d ba se sh a l l l i e i n t h e fol ds.
(i i ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be st a r t ed a n d t h e
for ce n ecessa r y t o t ea r t h e cl ot h sh a l l be ob-
ser ved by mea n s of a n a u t ogr a ph i c r ecor di n g
devi ce. Th e speed of t h e pu l l i n g cl a mp sh a l l
be 12 i n ch es t0. 5 i n ch per mi n u t e (0. 5t . 02 cm/
sec).
(i i i ) I f a speci men sl i ps bet ween t h e j a ws,
br ea k s i n or a t t h e edges of t h e j a ws, or i f for
a n y r ea son a t t r i bu t a bl e t o fa u l t y t ech n i qu e,
a n i n di vi du a l mea su r emen t fa l l s ma r k edl y
bel ow t h e a ver a ge t est r esu l t s for t h e sa mpl e
u n i t , su ch r esu l t sh a l l be di sca r ded a n d a n -
ot h er speci men sh a l l be t est ed.
(i v) Th e t ea r i n g st r en gt h of t h e speci men
sh a l l be t h e a ver a ge of t h e fi ve h i gh est pea k
l oa ds of r esi st a n ce r egi st er ed for 3 i n ch es (7. 6
cm) of sepa r a t i on of t h e t ea r .
D. Report . (i ) F i ve speci men s i n ea ch of t h e
wa r p a n d fi l l i n g di r ect i on s sh a l l be t est ed
fr om ea ch sa mpl e u n i t .
(i i ) Th e t ea r i n g st r en gt h of t h e sa mpl e u n i t
sh a l l be t h e a ver a ge of t h e r esu l t s obt a i n ed
fr om t h e speci men s t est ed i n ea ch of t h e
wa r p a n d fi l l i n g di r ect i on s a n d sh a l l be r e-
por t ed sepa r a t el y t o t h e n ea r est 0. 1-pou n d
(. 05 k g).
E. Sou rce. Th ese t est r equ i r emen t s a r e con -
t a i n ed i n F eder a l Test Met h od S t a n da r d
191, Met h od 5136 a n d a r e r epr odu ced for
y ou r con ven i en ce.
(3) T est met h od f or det ermin in g f lame resist -
an ce of clot h ; vert ical.
A. T est specimen . Th e speci men sh a l l be a
r ect a n gl e of cl ot h 2
3
4 i n ch es (7. 0 cm) by 12
i n ch es (30. 5 cm) wi t h t h e l on g di men si on pa r -
a l l el t o ei t h er t h e wa r p or fi l l i n g di r ect i on of
t h e cl ot h . No t wo wa r p speci men s sh a l l con -
t a i n t h e sa me wa r p y a r n s, a n d n o t wo fi l l i n g
speci men s sh a l l con t a i n t h e sa me fi l l i n g
y a r n .
B. Nu mber of det ermin at ion s. F i ve speci men s
fr om ea ch of t h e wa r p a n d fi l l i n g di r ect i on s
sh a l l be t est ed fr om ea ch sa mpl e u n i t .
C. Apparat u s. (i ) Ca bi n et . A ca bi n et a n d a c-
cessor i es sh a l l be fa br i ca t ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s speci fi ed i n F i gu r es
L1, L2, a n d L3. Ga l va n i zed sh eet met a l or
ot h er su i t a bl e met a l sh a l l be u sed. Th e en -
t i r e i n si de ba ck wa l l of t h e ca bi n et sh a l l be
pa i n t ed bl a ck t o fa ci l i t a t e t h e vi ewi n g of t h e
t est speci men a n d pi l ot fl a me.
(i i ) Bu r n er . Th e bu r n er sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a va r i a bl e or i fi ce t o a dj u st t h e fl a me
h ei gh t , a ba r r el h a vi n g a
3
8-i n ch (1 cm) i n si de
di a met er a n d a pi l ot l i gh t .
(a ) Th e bu r n er ma y be con st r u ct ed by com-
bi n i n g a
3
8-i n ch (1 cm) i n si de di a met er ba r r el
3 t
1
4 i n ch es (7. 6 t. 6 cm) l on g fr om a fi xed or i -
fi ce bu r n er wi t h a ba se fr om a va r i a bl e or i -
fi ce bu r n er .
(b) Th e pi l ot l i gh t t u be sh a l l h a ve a di a me-
t er of a ppr oxi ma t el y
1
16-i n ch (. 2 cm) a n d
sh a l l be spa ced
1
8-i n ch (. 3 cm) a wa y fr om t h e
bu r n er edge wi t h a pi l ot fl a me
1
8-i n ch (. 3 cm)
l on g.
(c) Th e n ecessa r y ga s con n ect i on s a n d t h e
a ppl i ca bl e pl u mbi n g sh a l l be a s speci fi ed i n
F i gu r e L4 except t h a t a sol en oi d va l ve ma y
be u sed i n l i eu of t h e st opcock va l ve t o
wh i ch t h e bu r n er i s a t t a ch ed. Th e st opcock
va l ve or sol en oi d va l ve, wh i ch ever i s u sed,
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of bei n g fu l l y open ed or
fu l l y cl osed i n 0. 1-secon d.
(d) On t h e si de of t h e ba r r el of t h e bu r n er ,
opposi t e t h e pi l ot l i gh t t h er e sh a l l be a
met a l r od of a ppr oxi ma t el y
1
8-i n ch (. 3 cm)
di a met er spa ced
1
2-i n ch (1. 3 cm) fr om t h e
ba r r el a n d ext en di n g a bove t h e bu r n er . Th e
r od sh a l l h a ve t wo
5
16-i n ch (. 8 cm) pr on gs
ma r k i n g t h e di st a n ces of
3
4-i n ch (1. 9 cm) a n d
1
1
2 i n ch es (3. 8 cm) a bove t h e t op of t h e bu r n -
er .
(e) Th e bu r n er sh a l l be fi xed i n a posi t i on
so t h a t t h e cen t er of t h e ba r r el of t h e bu r n er
i s di r ect l y bel ow t h e cen t er of t h e speci men .
(i i i ) Th er e sh a l l be a con t r ol va l ve sy st em
wi t h a del i ver y r a t e desi gn ed t o fu r n i sh ga s
t o t h e bu r n er u n der a pr essu r e of 2
1
2 t
1
4 (psi )
(17. 5 t1. 8 k P a ) per squ a r e i n ch a t t h e bu r n er
i n l et (see (g)(3)(vi )(A)). Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen ded del i ver y r a t e for t h e va l ve sy s-
t em sh a l l be i n cl u ded i n t h e r equ i r ed pr es-
su r e.
(i v) A sy n t h et i c ga s mi xt u r e sh a l l be of t h e
fol l owi n g composi t i on wi t h i n t h e fol l owi n g
l i mi t s (a n a l y zed a t st a n da r d con di t i on s): 55
t3 per cen t h y dr ogen , 24 t1 per cen t met h a n e,
3 t1 per cen t et h a n e, a n d 18 t1 per cen t ca r bon
mon oxi de wh i ch wi l l gi ve a speci fi c gr a vi t y
of 0. 365 t0. 018 (a i r = 1) a n d a B. T. U. con t en t
of 540 t20 per cu bi c foot (20. 1 t3. 7 k J /L)(dr y
ba si s) a t 69. 8 F (21 C).
(v) Th er e sh a l l be met a l h ook s a n d wei gh t s
t o pr odu ce a ser i es of t ot a l l oa ds t o det er -
mi n e l en gt h of ch a r . Th e met a l h ook s sh a l l
con si st of No. 19 ga ge st eel wi r e or equ i va -
l en t a n d sh a l l be ma de fr om 3-i n ch (7. 6 cm)
l en gt h s of wi r e a n d ben t
1
2-i n ch (1. 3 cm) fr om
on e en d t o a 45 degr ee h ook . On e en d of t h e
h ook sh a l l be fa st en ed a r ou n d t h e n eck of
t h e wei gh t t o be u sed.
(vi ) Th er e sh a l l be a st op wa t ch or ot h er
devi ce t o mea su r e t h e bu r n i n g t i me t o 0. 2-
secon d.
(vi i ) Th er e sh a l l be a sca l e, gr a du a t ed i n 0. 1
i n ch (. 3 cm) t o mea su r e t h e l en gt h of ch a r .
D. Procedu re. (i ) Th e ma t er i a l u n der goi n g
t est sh a l l be eva l u a t ed for t h e ch a r a ct er i s-
t i cs of a ft er -fl a me t i me a n d ch a r l en gt h on
ea ch speci men .
(i i ) Al l speci men s t o be t est ed sh a l l be a t
moi st u r e equ i l i br i u m u n der st a n da r d a t mos-
ph er i c con di t i on s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (3)C of t h i s a ppen di x. Ea ch speci men
t o be t est ed sh a l l be exposed t o t h e t est
fl a me wi t h i n 20 secon ds a ft er r emova l fr om
t h e st a n da r d a t mosph er e. I n ca se of di spu t e,
a l l t est i n g wi l l be con du ct ed u n der S t a n da r d
At mosph er i c Con di t i on s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (3)C of t h i s a ppen di x.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
526
(i i i ) Th e speci men i n i t s h ol der sh a l l be
su spen ded ver t i ca l l y i n t h e ca bi n et i n su ch a
ma n n er t h a t t h e en t i r e l en gt h of t h e speci -
men i s exposed a n d t h e l ower en d i s
3
4-i n ch
(1. 9 cm) a bove t h e t op of t h e ga s bu r n er . Th e
a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be set u p i n a dr a ft fr ee a r ea .
(i v) P r i or t o i n ser t i n g t h e speci men , t h e
pi l ot fl a me sh a l l be a dj u st ed t o a ppr oxi -
ma t el y
1
8-i n ch (. 3 cm) i n h ei gh t mea su r ed
fr om i t s l owest poi n t t o t h e t i p.
Th e bu r n er fl a me sh a l l be a dj u st ed by
mea n s of t h e n eedl e va l ve i n t h e ba se of t h e
bu r n er t o gi ve a fl a me h ei gh t of 1
1
2 i n ch es
(3. 8 cm) wi t h t h e st opcock fu l l y open a n d t h e
a i r su ppl y t o t h e bu r n er sh u t off a n d t a ped.
Th e 1
1
2-i n ch (3. 8 cm) fl a me h ei gh t i s ob-
t a i n ed by a dj u st i n g t h e va l ve so t h a t t h e u p-
per most por t i on (t i p) of t h e fl a me i s l evel
wi t h t h e t i p of t h e met a l pr on g (see F i gu r e
L2) speci fi ed for a dj u st men t of fl a me
h ei gh t . I t i s a n i mpor t a n t a spect of t h e eva l -
u a t i on t h a t t h e fl a me h ei gh t be a dj u st ed
wi t h t h e t i p of t h e fl a me l evel wi t h t h e t i p of
t h e met a l pr on g. Aft er i n ser t i n g t h e speci -
men , t h e st opcock sh a l l be fu l l y open ed, a n d
t h e bu r n er fl a me a ppl i ed ver t i ca l l y a t t h e
mi ddl e of t h e l ower edge of t h e speci men for
12 secon ds a n d t h e bu r n er t u r n ed off. Th e
ca bi n et door sh a l l r ema i n sh u t du r i n g t est -
i n g.
(v) Th e a ft er -fl a me sh a l l be t h e t i me t h e
speci men con t i n u es t o fl a me a ft er t h e bu r n er
fl a me i s sh u t off.
(vi ) Aft er ea ch speci men i s r emoved, t h e
t est ca bi n et sh a l l be cl ea r ed of fu mes a n d
smok e pr i or t o t est i n g t h e n ext speci men .
(vi i ) Aft er bot h fl a mi n g a n d gl owi n g h a ve
cea sed, t h e ch a r l en gt h sh a l l be mea su r ed.
Th e ch a r l en gt h sh a l l be t h e di st a n ce fr om
t h e en d of t h e speci men , wh i ch wa s exposed
t o t h e fl a me, t o t h e en d of a t ea r (ma de
l en gt h wi se) of t h e speci men t h r ou gh t h e cen -
t er of t h e ch a r r ed a r ea a s fol l ows: Th e speci -
men sh a l l be fol ded l en gt h wi se a n d cr ea sed
by h a n d a l on g a l i n e t h r ou gh t h e h i gh est
pea k of t h e ch a r r ed a r ea . Th e h ook sh a l l be
i n ser t ed i n t h e speci men (or a h ol e,
1
4-i n ch
(. 6 cm) di a met er or l ess, pu n ch ed ou t for t h e
h ook ) a t on e si de of t h e ch a r r ed a r ea
1
4-i n ch
(. 6 cm) fr om t h e a dj a cen t ou t si de edge a n d
1
4-i n ch (. 6 cm) i n fr om t h e l ower en d. A
wei gh t of su ffi ci en t si ze su ch t h a t t h e wei gh t
a n d h ook t oget h er sh a l l equ a l t h e t ot a l t ea r -
i n g l oa d r equ i r ed i n Ta bl e L2 of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e h ook .
(vi i i ) A t ea r i n g for ce sh a l l be a ppl i ed gen t -
l y t o t h e speci men by gr a spi n g t h e cor n er of
t h e cl ot h a t t h e opposi t e edge of t h e ch a r
fr om t h e l oa d a n d r a i si n g t h e speci men a n d
wei gh t cl ea r of t h e su ppor t i n g su r fa ce. Th e
en d of t h e t ea r sh a l l be ma r k ed off on t h e
edge a n d t h e ch a r l en gt h mea su r emen t ma de
a l on g t h e u n da ma ged edge.
Loa ds for det er mi n i n g ch a r l en gt h a ppl i ca -
bl e t o t h e wei gh t of t h e t est cl ot h sh a l l be a s
sh own i n Ta bl e L2.
TABLE L2
1

Specified weight per square yard of cloth before
any fire retardant treatment or coatingounces
Total tear-
ing weight
for deter-
mining the
charred
length
pound
2.0 to 6.0 ............................................................. 0.25
Over 6.0 to 15.0 .................................................. 0.50
Over 15.0 to 23.0 ................................................ 0.75
Over 23.0 ............................................................. 1.0
1
To change into S.I. (System International) units, 1
ounce=28.35 grams, 1 pound=453 grams, 1 yard=.91 metre.
(i x) Th e a ft er -fl a me t i me of t h e speci men
sh a l l be r ecor ded t o t h e n ea r est 0. 2-secon d
a n d t h e ch a r l en gt h t o t h e n ea r est 0. 1-i n ch (. 3
cm).
E. Report . (i ) Th e a ft er -fl a me t i me a n d ch a r
l en gt h of t h e sa mpl e u n i t sh a l l be t h e a ver -
a ge of t h e r esu l t s obt a i n ed fr om t h e i n di -
vi du a l speci men s t est ed. Al l va l u es obt a i n ed
fr om t h e i n di vi du a l speci men s sh a l l be r e-
cor ded.
(i i ) Th e a ft er -fl a me t i me sh a l l be r epor t ed
t o t h e n ea r est 0. 2-secon d a n d t h e ch a r l en gt h
t o t h e n ea r est 0. 1-i n ch (. 3 cm).
F . Sou rce. Th ese t est r equ i r emen t s a r e con -
t a i n ed i n F eder a l Test Met h od S t a n da r d
191, Met h od 5903 (1971) a n d a r e r epr odu ced
for y ou r con ven i en ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
527
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
528
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
529
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
530
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) 1910.1661910.168
[45 F R 60715, S ept . 12, 1980; 46 F R 24557, Ma y 1, 1981]
Subpart MCompressed Gas and
Compressed Air Equipment
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), or 190 (55 F R 9033),
a s a ppl i ca bl e.
1910.1661910.168 [Reserved]
1910.169 Air receivers.
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o compr essed
a i r r ecei ver s, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t u sed
i n pr ovi di n g a n d u t i l i zi n g compr essed
a i r for per for mi n g oper a t i on s su ch a s
cl ea n i n g, dr i l l i n g, h oi st i n g, a n d ch i p-
pi n g. On t h e ot h er h a n d, h owever , t h i s
sect i on does n ot dea l wi t h t h e speci a l
pr obl ems cr ea t ed by u si n g compr essed
a i r t o con vey ma t er i a l s n or t h e pr ob-
l ems cr ea t ed wh en men wor k i n com-
pr essed a i r a s i n t u n n el s a n d ca i sson s.
Th i s sect i on i s n ot i n t en ded t o a ppl y t o
compr essed a i r ma ch i n er y a n d equ i p-
men t u sed on t r a n spor t a t i on veh i cl es
su ch a s st ea m r a i l r oa d ca r s, el ect r i c
r a i l wa y ca r s, a n d a u t omot i ve equ i p-
men t .
(2) New an d exist in g equ ipmen t . (i ) Al l
n ew a i r r ecei ver s i n st a l l ed a ft er t h e ef-
fect i ve da t e of t h ese r egu l a t i on s sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
1968 edi t i on of t h e A. S . M. E. Boi l er a n d
P r essu r e Vessel Code S ect i on VI I I ,
(i i ) Al l sa fet y va l ves u sed sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed, i n st a l l ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e A. S . M. E. Boi l er
a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I
Edi t i on 1968.
(b) I n st allat ion an d equ ipmen t requ ire-
men t s(1) I n st allat ion . Ai r r ecei ver s
sh a l l be so i n st a l l ed t h a t a l l dr a i n s,
h a n dh ol es, a n d ma n h ol es t h er ei n a r e
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
531
ea si l y a ccessi bl e. Un der n o ci r -
cu mst a n ces sh a l l a n a i r r ecei ver be
bu r i ed u n der gr ou n d or l oca t ed i n a n i n -
a ccessi bl e pl a ce.
(2) Drain s an d t raps. A dr a i n pi pe a n d
va l ve sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t t h e l owest
poi n t of ever y a i r r ecei ver t o pr ovi de
for t h e r emova l of a ccu mu l a t ed oi l a n d
wa t er . Adequ a t e a u t oma t i c t r a ps ma y
be i n st a l l ed i n a ddi t i on t o dr a i n va l ves.
Th e dr a i n va l ve on t h e a i r r ecei ver
sh a l l be open ed a n d t h e r ecei ver com-
pl et el y dr a i n ed fr equ en t l y a n d a t su ch
i n t er va l s a s t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a -
t i on of excessi ve a mou n t s of l i qu i d i n
t h e r ecei ver .
(3) Gages an d valves. (i ) Ever y a i r r e-
cei ver sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n i n di -
ca t i n g pr essu r e ga ge (so l oca t ed a s t o
be r ea di l y vi si bl e) a n d wi t h on e or
mor e spr i n g-l oa ded sa fet y va l ves. Th e
t ot a l r el i evi n g ca pa ci t y of su ch sa fet y
va l ves sh a l l be su ch a s t o pr even t pr es-
su r e i n t h e r ecei ver fr om exceedi n g t h e
ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e wor k i n g pr essu r e
of t h e r ecei ver by mor e t h a n 10 per -
cen t .
(i i ) No va l ve of a n y t y pe sh a l l be
pl a ced bet ween t h e a i r r ecei ver a n d i t s
sa fet y va l ve or va l ves.
(i i i ) S a fet y a ppl i a n ces, su ch a s sa fet y
va l ves, i n di ca t i n g devi ces a n d con t r ol -
l i n g devi ces, sh a l l be con st r u ct ed, l o-
ca t ed, a n d i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h ey ca n -
n ot be r ea di l y r en der ed i n oper a t i ve by
a n y mea n s, i n cl u di n g t h e el emen t s.
(i v) Al l sa fet y va l ves sh a l l be t est ed
fr equ en t l y a n d a t r egu l a r i n t er va l s t o
det er mi n e wh et h er t h ey a r e i n good op-
er a t i n g con di t i on .
F R 5322, F eb. 10, 1984; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
Subpart NMaterials Handling
and Storage
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 6
96 (62 F R 111), 32000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002
(67 F R 65008) a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t
1911.
S ect i on s 1910. 176, 1910. 177, 1910. 178, 1910. 179,
1910. 180, 1910. 181, a n d 1910. 184 a l so i ssu ed
u n der 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
1910.176 Handling materialsgen-
eral.
(a ) Use of mech an ical equ ipmen t .
Wh er e mech a n i ca l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t
i s u sed, su ffi ci en t sa fe cl ea r a n ces sh a l l
be a l l owed for a i sl es, a t l oa di n g dock s,
t h r ou gh door wa y s a n d wh er ever t u r n s
or pa ssa ge mu st be ma de. Ai sl es a n d
pa ssa gewa y s sh a l l be k ept cl ea r a n d i n
good r epa i r , wi t h n o obst r u ct i on a cr oss
or i n a i sl es t h a t cou l d cr ea t e a h a za r d.
P er ma n en t a i sl es a n d pa ssa gewa y s
sh a l l be a ppr opr i a t el y ma r k ed.
(b) Secu re st orage. S t or a ge of ma t er i a l
sh a l l n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d. Ba gs, con -
t a i n er s, bu n dl es, et c. , st or ed i n t i er s
sh a l l be st a ck ed, bl ock ed, i n t er l ock ed
a n d l i mi t ed i n h ei gh t so t h a t t h ey a r e
st a bl e a n d secu r e a ga i n st sl i di n g or col -
l a pse.
(c) Hou sek eepin g. S t or a ge a r ea s sh a l l
be k ept fr ee fr om a ccu mu l a t i on of ma -
t er i a l s t h a t con st i t u t e h a za r ds fr om
t r i ppi n g, fi r e, expl osi on , or pest h a r bor -
a ge. Veget a t i on con t r ol wi l l be exer -
ci sed wh en n ecessa r y .
(d) [Reser ved]
(e) Clearan ce limit s. Cl ea r a n ce si gn s t o
wa r n of cl ea r a n ce l i mi t s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(f) Rollin g railroad cars. Der a i l a n d/or
bu mper bl ock s sh a l l be pr ovi ded on
spu r r a i l r oa d t r a ck s wh er e a r ol l i n g ca r
cou l d con t a ct ot h er ca r s bei n g wor k ed,
en t er a bu i l di n g, wor k or t r a ffi c a r ea .
(g) Gu ardin g. Cover s a n d/or gu a r dr a i l s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr ot ect per son n el
fr om t h e h a za r ds of open pi t s, t a n k s,
va t s, di t ch es, et c.
F R 49749, Oct . 24, 1978]
1910.177 Servicing multi-piece and
single piece rim wheels.
(a ) Scope. (1) Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
t h e ser vi ci n g of mu l t i -pi ece a n d si n gl e
pi ece r i m wh eel s u sed on l a r ge veh i cl es
su ch a s t r u ck s, t r a ct or s, t r a i l er s, bu ses
a n d off-r oa d ma ch i n es. I t does n ot
a ppl y t o t h e ser vi ci n g of r i m wh eel s
u sed on a u t omobi l es, or on pi ck u p
t r u ck s a n d va n s u t i l i zi n g a u t omobi l e
t i r es or t r u ck t i r es desi gn a t ed LT.
(2) Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o em-
pl oy er s a n d pl a ces of empl oy men t r eg-
u l a t ed u n der t h e Con st r u ct i on S a fet y
S t a n da r ds, 29 CF R pa r t 1926; t h e Agr i -
cu l t u r e S t a n da r ds, 29 CF R pa r t 1928;
t h e S h i py a r d S t a n da r ds, 29 CF R pa r t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
532
1915; or t h e Lon gsh or i n g S t a n da r ds, 29
CF R pa r t 1918.
(3) Al l pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on
a ppl y t o t h e ser vi ci n g of bot h si n gl e
pi ece r i m wh eel s a n d mu l t i -pi ece r i m
wh eel s u n l ess desi gn a t ed ot h er wi se.
(b) Def in it ion s. Barrier mea n s a fen ce,
wa l l or ot h er st r u ct u r e or obj ect pl a ced
bet ween a si n gl e pi ece r i m wh eel a n d
a n empl oy ee du r i n g t i r e i n fl a t i on , t o
con t a i n t h e r i m wh eel compon en t s i n
t h e even t of t h e su dden r el ea se of t h e
con t a i n ed a i r of t h e si n gl e pi ece r i m
wh eel .
Ch art s mea n s t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of
La bor , Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Admi n i st r a t i on pu bl i ca t i on s en t i t l ed
Demou n t i n g a n d Mou n t i n g P r oce-
du r es for Tr u ck /Bu s Ti r es a n d Mu l t i -
pi ece Ri m Ma t ch i n g Ch a r t , t h e Na -
t i on a l Hi gh wa y Tr a ffi c S a fet y Admi n -
i st r a t i on (NHTS A) pu bl i ca t i on s en t i -
t l ed Demou n t i n g a n d Mou n t i n g P r o-
cedu r es Tr u ck /Bu s Ti r es a n d Mu l t i -
pi ece Ri m Ma t ch i n g Ch a r t , or a n y
ot h er post er wh i ch con t a i n s a t l ea st
t h e sa me i n st r u ct i on s, sa fet y pr e-
ca u t i on s a n d ot h er i n for ma t i on con -
t a i n ed i n t h e ch a r t s t h a t i s a ppl i ca bl e
t o t h e t y pes of wh eel s bei n g ser vi ced.
I n st allin g a rim wh eel mea n s t h e
t r a n sfer a n d a t t a ch men t of a n a ssem-
bl ed r i m wh eel on t o a veh i cl e a xl e h u b.
Removin g mea n s t h e opposi t e of i n st a l l -
i n g.
Mou n t in g a t ire mea n s t h e a ssembl y
or pu t t i n g t oget h er of t h e wh eel a n d
t i r e compon en t s t o for m a r i m wh eel ,
i n cl u di n g i n fl a t i on . Demou n t in g mea n s
t h e opposi t e of mou n t i n g.
Mu lt i-piece rim wh eel mea n s t h e a s-
sembl a ge of a mu l t i -pi ece wh eel wi t h
t h e t i r e t u be a n d ot h er compon en t s.
Mu lt i-piece wh eel mea n s a veh i cl e
wh eel con si st i n g of t wo or mor e pa r t s,
on e of wh i ch i s a si de or l ock i n g r i n g
desi gn ed t o h ol d t h e t i r e on t h e wh eel
by i n t er l ock i n g compon en t s wh en t h e
t i r e i s i n fl a t ed.
Rest rain in g device mea n s a n a ppa r a t u s
su ch a s a ca ge, r a ck , a ssembl a ge of
ba r s a n d ot h er compon en t s t h a t wi l l
con st r a i n a l l r i m wh eel compon en t s
du r i n g a n expl osi ve sepa r a t i on of a
mu l t i -pi ece r i m wh eel , or du r i n g t h e
su dden r el ea se of t h e con t a i n ed a i r of a
si n gl e pi ece r i m wh eel .
Rim man u al mea n s a pu bl i ca t i on con -
t a i n i n g i n st r u ct i on s fr om t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er or ot h er qu a l i fi ed or ga n i za t i on
for cor r ect mou n t i n g, demou n t i n g,
ma i n t en a n ce, a n d sa fet y pr eca u t i on s
pecu l i a r t o t h e t y pe of wh eel bei n g
ser vi ced.
Rim wh eel mea n s a n a ssembl a ge of
t i r e, t u be a n d l i n er (wh er e a ppr o-
pr i a t e), a n d wh eel compon en t s.
Service or servicin g mea n s t h e mou n t -
i n g a n d demou n t i n g of r i m wh eel s, a n d
r el a t ed a ct i vi t i es su ch a s i n fl a t i n g, de-
fl a t i n g, i n st a l l i n g, r emovi n g, a n d h a n -
dl i n g.
Service area mea n s t h a t pa r t of a n
empl oy er s pr emi ses u sed for t h e ser v-
i ci n g of r i m wh eel s, or a n y ot h er pl a ce
wh er e a n empl oy ee ser vi ces r i m
wh eel s.
Sin gle piece rim wh eel mea n s t h e a s-
sembl a ge of si n gl e pi ece r i m wh eel
wi t h t h e t i r e a n d ot h er compon en t s.
Sin gle piece wh eel mea n s a veh i cl e
wh eel con si st i n g of on e pa r t , desi gn ed
t o h ol d t h e t i r e on t h e wh eel wh en t h e
t i r e i s i n fl a t ed.
T raject ory mea n s a n y pot en t i a l pa t h
or r ou t e t h a t a r i m wh eel compon en t
ma y t r a vel du r i n g a n expl osi ve sepa r a -
t i on , or t h e su dden r el ea se of t h e pr es-
su r i zed a i r , or a n a r ea a t wh i ch a n a i r -
bl a st fr om a si n gl e pi ece r i m wh eel
ma y be r el ea sed. Th e t r a j ect or y ma y
devi a t e fr om pa t h s wh i ch a r e per pen -
di cu l a r t o t h e a ssembl ed posi t i on of t h e
r i m wh eel a t t h e t i me of sepa r a t i on or
expl osi on . (S ee a ppen di x A for exa m-
pl es of t r a j ect or i es. )
Wh eel mea n s t h a t por t i on of a r i m
wh eel wh i ch pr ovi des t h e met h od of a t -
t a ch men t of t h e a ssembl y t o t h e a xl e
of a veh i cl e a n d a l so pr ovi des t h e
mea n s t o con t a i n t h e i n fl a t ed por t i on
of t h e a ssembl y (i . e. , t h e t i r e a n d/or
t u be).
(c) Employ ee t rain in g. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a pr ogr a m t o t r a i n
a l l empl oy ees wh o ser vi ce r i m wh eel s
i n t h e h a za r ds i n vol ved i n ser vi ci n g
t h ose r i m wh eel s a n d t h e sa fet y pr oce-
du r es t o be fol l owed.
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t n o
empl oy ee ser vi ces a n y r i m wh eel u n -
l ess t h e empl oy ee h a s been t r a i n ed a n d
i n st r u ct ed i n cor r ect pr ocedu r es of
ser vi ci n g t h e t y pe of wh eel bei n g ser v-
i ced, a n d i n t h e sa fe oper a t i n g pr oce-
du r es descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph s (f) a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
533
(i i ) I n for ma t i on t o be u sed i n t h e
t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh a l l i n cl u de, a t a
mi n i mu m, t h e a ppl i ca bl e da t a con -
t a i n ed i n t h e ch a r t s (r i m ma n u a l s) a n d
t h e con t en t s of t h i s st a n da r d.
(i i i ) Wh er e a n empl oy er k n ows or h a s
r ea son t o bel i eve t h a t a n y of h i s em-
pl oy ees i s u n a bl e t o r ea d a n d u n der -
st a n d t h e ch a r t s or r i m ma n u a l , t h e
empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ee i s i n st r u ct ed con cer n i n g t h e
con t en t s of t h e ch a r t s a n d r i m ma n u a l
i n a ma n n er wh i ch t h e empl oy ee i s a bl e
t o u n der st a n d.
ea ch empl oy ee demon st r a t es a n d ma i n -
t a i n s t h e a bi l i t y t o ser vi ce r i m wh eel s
sa fel y , i n cl u di n g per for ma n ce of t h e
fol l owi n g t a sk s:
(i ) Demou n t i n g of t i r es (i n cl u di n g de-
fl a t i on );
(i i ) I n spect i on a n d i den t i fi ca t i on of
t h e r i m wh eel compon en t s;
(i i i ) Mou n t i n g of t i r es (i n cl u di n g i n -
fl a t i on wi t h a r est r a i n i n g devi ce or
ot h er sa fegu a r d r equ i r ed by t h i s sec-
t i on );
(i v) Use of t h e r est r a i n i n g devi ce or
ba r r i er , a n d ot h er equ i pmen t r equ i r ed
by t h i s sect i on ;
(v) Ha n dl i n g of r i m wh eel s;
(vi ) I n fl a t i on of t h e t i r e wh en a si n gl e
pi ece r i m wh eel i s mou n t ed on a veh i -
cl e;
(vi i ) An u n der st a n di n g of t h e n eces-
si t y of st a n di n g ou t si de t h e t r a j ect or y
bot h du r i n g i n fl a t i on of t h e t i r e a n d
du r i n g i n spect i on of t h e r i m wh eel fol -
l owi n g i n fl a t i on ; a n d
(vi i i ) I n st a l l a t i on a n d r emova l of r i m
wh eel s.
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e ea ch
empl oy ees a bi l i t y t o per for m t h ese
t a sk s a n d t o ser vi ce r i m wh eel s sa fel y ,
a n d sh a l l pr ovi de a ddi t i on a l t r a i n i n g a s
n ecessa r y t o a ssu r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee
ma i n t a i n s h i s or h er pr ofi ci en cy .
(d) T ire servicin g equ ipmen t . (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l fu r n i sh a r est r a i n i n g
devi ce for i n fl a t i n g t i r es on mu l t i -pi ece
wh eel s.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a r e-
st r a i n i n g devi ce or ba r r i er for i n fl a t i n g
t i r es on si n gl e pi ece wh eel s u n l ess t h e
r i m wh eel wi l l be bol t ed on t o a veh i cl e
du r i n g i n fl a t i on .
(3) Rest r a i n i n g devi ces a n d ba r r i er s
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s:
(i ) Ea ch r est r a i n i n g devi ce or ba r r i er
sh a l l h a ve t h e ca pa ci t y t o wi t h st a n d
t h e ma xi mu m for ce t h a t wou l d be
t r a n sfer r ed t o i t du r i n g a r i m wh eel
sepa r a t i on occu r r i n g a t 150 per cen t of
t h e ma xi mu m t i r e speci fi ca t i on pr es-
su r e for t h e t y pe of r i m wh eel bei n g
ser vi ced.
(i i ) Rest r a i n i n g devi ces a n d ba r r i er s
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of pr even t i n g t h e r i m
wh eel compon en t s fr om bei n g t h r own
ou t si de or bey on d t h e devi ce or ba r r i er
for a n y r i m wh eel posi t i on ed wi t h i n or
beh i n d t h e devi ce;
(i i i ) Rest r a i n i n g devi ces a n d ba r r i er s
sh a l l be vi su a l l y i n spect ed pr i or t o
ea ch da y s u se a n d a ft er a n y sepa r a t i on
of t h e r i m wh eel compon en t s or su dden
r el ea se of con t a i n ed a i r . An y r est r a i n -
i n g devi ce or ba r r i er exh i bi t i n g da ma ge
su ch a s t h e fol l owi n g defect s sh a l l be
i mmedi a t el y r emoved fr om ser vi ce:
(A) Cr a ck s a t wel ds;
(B) Cr a ck ed or br ok en compon en t s;
(C) Ben t or spr u n g compon en t s
ca u sed by mi sh a n dl i n g, a bu se, t i r e ex-
pl osi on or r i m wh eel sepa r a t i on ;
(D) P i t t i n g of compon en t s du e t o cor -
r osi on ; or
(E) Ot h er st r u ct u r a l da ma ge wh i ch
wou l d decr ea se i t s effect i ven ess.
(i v) Rest r a i n i n g devi ces or ba r r i er s
r emoved fr om ser vi ce sh a l l n ot be r e-
t u r n ed t o ser vi ce u n t i l t h ey a r e r e-
pa i r ed a n d r ei n spect ed. Rest r a i n i n g de-
vi ces or ba r r i er s r equ i r i n g st r u ct u r a l
r epa i r su ch a s compon en t r epl a cemen t
or r ewel di n g sh a l l n ot be r et u r n ed t o
ser vi ce u n t i l t h ey a r e cer t i fi ed by ei -
t h er t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or a Regi st er ed
P r ofessi on a l En gi n eer a s meet i n g t h e
st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(d)(3)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l fu r n i sh a n d a s-
su r e t h a t a n a i r l i n e a ssembl y con -
si st i n g of t h e fol l owi n g compon en t s be
u sed for i n fl a t i n g t i r es:
(i ) A cl i p-on ch u ck ;
(i i ) An i n -l i n e va l ve wi t h a pr essu r e
ga u ge or a pr eset t a bl e r egu l a t or ; a n d
(i i i ) A su ffi ci en t l en gt h of h ose be-
t ween t h e cl i p-on ch u ck a n d t h e i n -l i n e
va l ve (i f on e i s u sed) t o a l l ow t h e em-
pl oy ee t o st a n d ou t si de t h e t r a j ect or y .
(5) Cu r r en t ch a r t s or r i m ma n u a l s
con t a i n i n g i n st r u ct i on s for t h e t y pe of
wh eel s bei n g ser vi ced sh a l l be a va i l a bl e
i n t h e ser vi ce a r ea .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
534
(6) Th e empl oy er sh a l l fu r n i sh a n d a s-
su r e t h a t on l y t ool s r ecommen ded i n
t h e r i m ma n u a l for t h e t y pe of wh eel
bei n g ser vi ced a r e u sed t o ser vi ce r i m
wh eel s.
(e) Wh eel compon en t accept abilit y . (1)
Mu l t i -pi ece wh eel compon en t s sh a l l
n ot be i n t er ch a n ged except a s pr ovi ded
i n t h e ch a r t s or i n t h e a ppl i ca bl e r i m
ma n u a l .
(2) Mu l t i -pi ece wh eel compon en t s a n d
si n gl e pi ece wh eel s sh a l l be i n spect ed
pr i or t o a ssembl y . An y wh eel or wh eel
compon en t wh i ch i s ben t ou t of sh a pe,
pi t t ed fr om cor r osi on , br ok en , or
cr a ck ed sh a l l n ot be u sed a n d sh a l l be
ma r k ed or t a gged u n ser vi cea bl e a n d r e-
moved fr om t h e ser vi ce a r ea . Da ma ged
or l ea k y va l ves sh a l l be r epl a ced.
(3) Ri m fl a n ges, r i m gu t t er s, r i n gs,
bea d sea t i n g su r fa ces a n d t h e bea d
a r ea s of t i r es sh a l l be fr ee of a n y di r t ,
su r fa ce r u st , sca l e or l oose or fl a k ed
r u bber bu i l d-u p pr i or t o mou n t i n g a n d
i n fl a t i on .
(4) Th e si ze (bea d di a met er a n d t i r e/
wh eel wi dt h s) a n d t y pe of bot h t h e t i r e
a n d t h e wh eel sh a l l be ch eck ed for
compa t i bi l i t y pr i or t o a ssembl y of t h e
r i m wh eel .
(f) Saf e operat in g procedu remu lt i-
piece rim wh eels. Th e empl oy er sh a l l es-
t a bl i sh a sa fe oper a t i n g pr ocedu r e for
ser vi ci n g mu l t i -pi ece r i m wh eel s a n d
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees a r e i n -
st r u ct ed i n a n d fol l ow t h a t pr ocedu r e.
Th e pr ocedu r e sh a l l i n cl u de a t l ea st
t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s:
(1) Ti r es sh a l l be compl et el y defl a t ed
befor e demou n t i n g by r emova l of t h e
va l ve cor e.
by r emovi n g t h e va l ve cor e befor e a
r i m wh eel i s r emoved fr om t h e a xl e i n
ei t h er of t h e fol l owi n g si t u a t i on s:
(i ) Wh en t h e t i r e h a s been dr i ven
u n der i n fl a t ed a t 80% or l ess of i t s r ec-
ommen ded pr essu r e, or
(i i ) Wh en t h er e i s obvi ou s or su s-
pect ed da ma ge t o t h e t i r e or wh eel
compon en t s.
(3) Ru bber l u br i ca n t sh a l l be a ppl i ed
t o bea d a n d r i m ma t i n g su r fa ces du r i n g
a ssembl y of t h e wh eel a n d i n fl a t i on of
t h e t i r e, u n l ess t h e t i r e or wh eel ma n u -
fa ct u r er r ecommen ds a ga i n st i t .
(4) I f a t i r e on a veh i cl e i s u n der -
i n fl a t ed bu t h a s mor e t h a n 80% of t h e
r ecommen ded pr essu r e, t h e t i r e ma y be
i n fl a t ed wh i l e t h e r i m wh eel i s on t h e
veh i cl e pr ovi ded r emot e con t r ol i n fl a -
t i on equ i pmen t i s u sed, a n d n o empl oy -
ees r ema i n i n t h e t r a j ect or y du r i n g i n -
fl a t i on .
(5) Ti r es sh a l l be i n fl a t ed ou t si de a
r est r a i n i n g devi ce on l y t o a pr essu r e
su ffi ci en t t o for ce t h e t i r e bea d on t o
t h e r i m l edge a n d cr ea t e a n a i r t i gh t
sea l wi t h t h e t i r e a n d bea d.
(6) Wh en ever a r i m wh eel i s i n a r e-
st r a i n i n g devi ce t h e empl oy ee sh a l l n ot
r est or l ea n a n y pa r t of h i s body or
equ i pmen t on or a ga i n st t h e r est r a i n -
i n g devi ce.
(7) Aft er t i r e i n fl a t i on , t h e t i r e a n d
wh eel compon en t s sh a l l be i n spect ed
wh i l e st i l l wi t h i n t h e r est r a i n i n g de-
vi ce t o ma k e su r e t h a t t h ey a r e pr op-
er l y sea t ed a n d l ock ed. I f fu r t h er a d-
j u st men t t o t h e t i r e or wh eel compo-
n en t s i s n ecessa r y , t h e t i r e sh a l l be de-
fl a t ed by r emova l of t h e va l ve cor e be-
for e t h e a dj u st men t i s ma de.
(8) No a t t empt sh a l l be ma de t o cor -
r ect t h e sea t i n g of si de a n d l ock r i n gs
by h a mmer i n g, st r i k i n g or for ci n g t h e
compon en t s wh i l e t h e t i r e i s pr essu r -
i zed.
(9) Cr a ck ed, br ok en , ben t or ot h er -
wi se da ma ged r i m compon en t s sh a l l
n ot be r ewor k ed, wel ded, br a zed, or
ot h er wi se h ea t ed.
(10) Wh en ever mu l t i -pi ece r i m wh eel s
a r e bei n g h a n dl ed, empl oy ees sh a l l st a y
ou t of t h e t r a j ect or y u n l ess t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t per for m-
a n ce of t h e ser vi ci n g ma k es t h e em-
pl oy ees pr esen ce i n t h e t r a j ect or y n ec-
essa r y .
(11) No h ea t sh a l l be a ppl i ed t o a
mu l t i -pi ece wh eel or wh eel compon en t .
(g) Saf e operat in g procedu resin gle
piece rim wh eels. Th e empl oy er sh a l l es-
t a bl i sh a sa fe oper a t i n g pr ocedu r e for
ser vi ci n g si n gl e pi ece r i m wh eel s a n d
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees a r e i n -
st r u ct ed i n a n d fol l ow t h a t pr ocedu r e.
Th e pr ocedu r e sh a l l i n cl u de a t l ea st
t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s:
by r emova l of t h e va l ve cor e befor e de-
mou n t i n g.
(2) Mou n t i n g a n d demou n t i n g of t h e
t i r e sh a l l be don e on l y fr om t h e n a r r ow
l edge si de of t h e wh eel . Ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en t o a voi d da ma gi n g t h e t i r e bea ds
wh i l e mou n t i n g t i r es on wh eel s. Ti r es
sh a l l be mou n t ed on l y on compa t i bl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
535
wh eel s of ma t ch i n g bea d di a met er a n d
wi dt h .
(3) Non fl a mma bl e r u bber l u br i ca n t
sh a l l be a ppl i ed t o bea d a n d wh eel ma t -
i n g su r fa ces befor e a ssembl y of t h e r i m
wh eel , u n l ess t h e t i r e or wh eel ma n u -
fa ct u r er r ecommen ds a ga i n st t h e u se of
a n y r u bber l u br i ca n t .
(4) I f a t i r e ch a n gi n g ma ch i n e i s u sed,
t h e t i r e sh a l l be i n fl a t ed on l y t o t h e
mi n i mu m pr essu r e n ecessa r y t o for ce
t h e t i r e bea d on t o t h e r i m l edge wh i l e
on t h e t i r e ch a n gi n g ma ch i n e.
(5) I f a bea d expa n der i s u sed, i t sh a l l
be r emoved befor e t h e va l ve cor e i s i n -
st a l l ed a n d a s soon a s t h e r i m wh eel be-
comes a i r t i gh t (t h e t i r e bea d sl i ps on t o
t h e bea d sea t ).
(6) Ti r es ma y be i n fl a t ed on l y wh en
con t a i n ed wi t h i n a r est r a i n i n g devi ce,
posi t i on ed beh i n d a ba r r i er or bol t ed on
t h e veh i cl e wi t h t h e l u g n u t s fu l l y
t i gh t en ed.
(7) Ti r es sh a l l n ot be i n fl a t ed wh en
a n y fl a t , sol i d su r fa ce i s i n t h e t r a j ec-
t or y a n d wi t h i n on e foot of t h e si de-
wa l l .
(8) Empl oy ees sh a l l st a y ou t of t h e
t r a j ect or y wh en i n fl a t i n g a t i r e.
(9) Ti r es sh a l l n ot be i n fl a t ed t o mor e
t h a n t h e i n fl a t i on pr essu r e st a mped i n
t h e si dewa l l u n l ess a h i gh er pr essu r e i s
(10) Ti r es sh a l l n ot be i n fl a t ed a bove
t h e ma xi mu m pr essu r e r ecommen ded
by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er t o sea t t h e t i r e
bea d fi r ml y a ga i n st t h e r i m fl a n ge.
(11) No h ea t sh a l l be a ppl i ed t o a si n -
gl e pi ece wh eel .
(12) Cr a ck ed, br ok en , ben t , or ot h er -
wi se da ma ged wh eel s sh a l l n ot be r e-
wor k ed, wel ded, br a zed, or ot h er wi se
h ea t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
536
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 177ORDERI NG
I NF ORMATI ON F OR THE OS HA CHARTS
OS HA h a s pr i n t ed t wo ch a r t s en t i t l ed
Demou n t i n g a n d Mou n t i n g P r ocedu r es for
Tr u ck /Bu s Ti r es a n d Mu l t i -pi ece Ri m
Ma t ch i n g Ch a r t , a s pa r t of a con t i n u i n g
ca mpa i gn t o r edu ce a cci den t s a mon g em-
pl oy ees wh o ser vi ce l a r ge veh i cl e r i m wh eel s.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
537
Repr i n t s of t h e ch a r t s a r e a va i l a bl e
t h r ou gh t h e Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Admi n i st r a t i on (OS HA) Ar ea a n d Regi on a l
Offi ces. Th e a ddr ess a n d t el eph on e n u mber of
t h e n ea r est OS HA offi ce ca n be obt a i n ed by
l ook i n g i n t h e l oca l t el eph on e di r ect or y
u n der U. S . Gover n men t , U. S . Depa r t men t of
La bor , Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Ad-
mi n i st r a t i on . S i n gl e copi es a r e a va i l a bl e
wi t h ou t ch a r ge.
I n di vi du a l s, est a bl i sh men t s a n d ot h er or -
ga n i za t i on s desi r i n g si n gl e or mu l t i pl e cop-
i es of t h ese ch a r t s ma y or der t h em fr om t h e
OS HA P u bl i ca t i on s Offi ce, U. S . Depa r t men t
of La bor , Room N3101, Wa sh i n gt on , DC
20210, Tel eph on e (202) 2194667.
[49 F R 4350, F eb. 3, 1984, a s a men ded a t 52 F R
36026, S ept . 25, 1987; 53 F R 34737, S ept . 8, 1988;
61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.178 Powered industrial trucks.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th i s sec-
t i on con t a i n s sa fet y r equ i r emen t s r e-
l a t i n g t o fi r e pr ot ect i on , desi gn , ma i n -
t en a n ce, a n d u se of for k t r u ck s, t r a c-
t or s, pl a t for m l i ft t r u ck s, mot or i zed
h a n d t r u ck s, a n d ot h er speci a l i zed i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck s power ed by el ect r i c mo-
t or s or i n t er n a l combu st i on en gi n es.
Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o com-
pr essed a i r or n on fl a mma bl e com-
pr essed ga s-oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s,
n or t o fa r m veh i cl es, n or t o veh i cl es i n -
t en ded pr i ma r i l y for ea r t h movi n g or
over -t h e-r oa d h a u l i n g.
(2) Al l n ew power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
a cqu i r ed a n d u sed by a n empl oy er sh a l l
meet t h e desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on r e-
qu i r emen t s for power ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck s est a bl i sh ed i n t h e Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d for P ower ed I n du s-
t r i a l Tr u ck s, P a r t I I , ANS I B56. 11969,
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, except for veh i cl es
i n t en ded pr i ma r i l y for ea r t h movi n g or
over -t h e-r oa d h a u l i n g.
(3) Appr oved t r u ck s sh a l l bea r a l a bel
or some ot h er i den t i fy i n g ma r k i n di -
ca t i n g a ppr ova l by t h e t est i n g l a bor a -
t or y . S ee pa r a gr a ph (a )(7) of t h i s sec-
t i on a n d pa r a gr a ph 405 of Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d for P ower ed I n du s-
t r i a l Tr u ck s, P a r t I I , ANS I B56. 11969,
wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce i n
pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sect i on a n d
wh i ch pr ovi des t h a t i f t h e power ed i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck i s a ccept ed by a n a t i on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y i t
sh ou l d be so ma r k ed.
(4) Modi fi ca t i on s a n d a ddi t i on s wh i ch
a ffect ca pa ci t y a n d sa fe oper a t i on sh a l l
n ot be per for med by t h e cu st omer or
u ser wi t h ou t ma n u fa ct u r er s pr i or wr i t -
t en a ppr ova l . Ca pa ci t y , oper a t i on , a n d
ma i n t en a n ce i n st r u ct i on pl a t es, t a gs,
or deca l s sh a l l be ch a n ged a ccor di n gl y .
(5) I f t h e t r u ck i s equ i pped wi t h
fr on t -en d a t t a ch men t s ot h er t h a n fa c-
t or y i n st a l l ed a t t a ch men t s, t h e u ser
sh a l l r equ est t h a t t h e t r u ck be ma r k ed
t o i den t i fy t h e a t t a ch men t s a n d sh ow
t h e a ppr oxi ma t e wei gh t of t h e t r u ck
a n d a t t a ch men t combi n a t i on a t ma x-
i mu m el eva t i on wi t h l oa d l a t er a l l y
cen t er ed.
(6) Th e u ser sh a l l see t h a t a l l n a me-
pl a t es a n d ma r k i n gs a r e i n pl a ce a n d
a r e ma i n t a i n ed i n a l egi bl e con di t i on .
(7) As u sed i n t h i s sect i on , t h e t er m,
approved t ru ck or approved in du st rial
t ru ck mea n s a t r u ck t h a t i s l i st ed or
a ppr oved for fi r e sa fet y pu r poses for
t h e i n t en ded u se by a n a t i on a l l y r ecog-
n i zed t est i n g l a bor a t or y , u si n g n a t i on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g st a n da r ds.
Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3)(i v)(A) for defi n i -
t i on of l i st ed, a n d t o 1910. 7 for defi n i -
t i on of n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g
l a bor a t or y .
(b) Design at ion s. F or t h e pu r pose of
t h i s st a n da r d t h er e a r e el even di ffer en t
desi gn a t i on s of i n du st r i a l t r u ck s or
t r a ct or s a s fol l ows: D, DS , DY, E, ES ,
EE, EX, G, GS , LP , a n d LP S .
(1) Th e D desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e u n i t s
si mi l a r t o t h e G u n i t s except t h a t t h ey
a r e di esel en gi n e power ed i n st ea d of
ga sol i n e en gi n e power ed.
(2) Th e DS desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e di esel
power ed u n i t s t h a t a r e pr ovi ded wi t h
a ddi t i on a l sa fegu a r ds t o t h e exh a u st ,
fu el a n d el ect r i ca l sy st ems. Th ey ma y
be u sed i n some l oca t i on s wh er e a D
u n i t ma y n ot be con si der ed su i t a bl e.
(3) Th e DY desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e di e-
sel power ed u n i t s t h a t h a ve a l l t h e
sa fegu a r ds of t h e DS u n i t s a n d i n a ddi -
t i on do n ot h a ve a n y el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t i n cl u di n g t h e i gn i t i on a n d a r e
equ i pped wi t h t emper a t u r e l i mi t a t i on
fea t u r es.
(4) Th e E desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e el ec-
t r i ca l l y power ed u n i t s t h a t h a ve mi n -
i mu m a ccept a bl e sa fegu a r ds a ga i n st i n -
h er en t fi r e h a za r ds.
(5) Th e ES desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e el ec-
t r i ca l l y power ed u n i t s t h a t , i n a ddi t i on
t o a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s for t h e E
u n i t s, a r e pr ovi ded wi t h a ddi t i on a l
sa fegu a r ds t o t h e el ect r i ca l sy st em t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
538
pr even t emi ssi on of h a za r dou s spa r k s
a n d t o l i mi t su r fa ce t emper a t u r es.
Th ey ma y be u sed i n some l oca t i on s
wh er e t h e u se of a n E u n i t ma y n ot be
con si der ed su i t a bl e.
(6) Th e EE desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e el ec-
t r i ca l l y power ed u n i t s t h a t h a ve, i n a d-
di t i on t o a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s for
t h e E a n d ES u n i t s, t h e el ect r i c mot or s
a n d a l l ot h er el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
compl et el y en cl osed. I n cer t a i n l oca -
t i on s t h e EE u n i t ma y be u sed wh er e
t h e u se of a n E a n d ES u n i t ma y n ot be
(7) Th e EX desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e el ec-
t r i ca l l y power ed u n i t s t h a t di ffer fr om
t h e E, ES , or EE u n i t s i n t h a t t h e el ec-
t r i ca l fi t t i n gs a n d equ i pmen t a r e so de-
si gn ed, con st r u ct ed a n d a ssembl ed t h a t
t h e u n i t s ma y be u sed i n cer t a i n
a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g fl a mma bl e va -
por s or du st s.
(8) Th e G desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e ga so-
l i n e power ed u n i t s h a vi n g mi n i mu m
a ccept a bl e sa fegu a r ds a ga i n st i n h er en t
fi r e h a za r ds.
(9) Th e GS desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e ga so-
l i n e power ed u n i t s t h a t a r e pr ovi ded
wi t h a ddi t i on a l sa fegu a r ds t o t h e ex-
h a u st , fu el , a n d el ect r i ca l sy st ems.
Th ey ma y be u sed i n some l oca t i on s
wh er e t h e u se of a G u n i t ma y n ot be
(10) Th e LP desi gn a t ed u n i t i s si mi l a r
t o t h e G u n i t except t h a t l i qu efi ed pe-
t r ol eu m ga s i s u sed for fu el i n st ea d of
ga sol i n e.
(11) Th e LP S desi gn a t ed u n i t s a r e l i q-
u efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s power ed u n i t s
t h a t a r e pr ovi ded wi t h a ddi t i on a l sa fe-
gu a r ds t o t h e exh a u st , fu el , a n d el ec-
t r i ca l sy st ems. Th ey ma y be u sed i n
some l oca t i on s wh er e t h e u se of a n LP
u n i t ma y n ot be con si der ed su i t a bl e.
(12) Th e a t mosph er e or l oca t i on sh a l l
h a ve been cl a ssi fi ed a s t o wh et h er i t i s
h a za r dou s or n on h a za r dou s pr i or t o t h e
con si der a t i on of i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
bei n g u sed t h er ei n a n d t h e t y pe of i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck r equ i r ed sh a l l be a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on
for su ch l oca t i on .
(c) Design at ed locat ion s. (1) Th e i n du s-
t r i a l t r u ck s speci fi ed u n der su bpa r a -
gr a ph (2) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a r e t h e mi n -
i mu m t y pes r equ i r ed bu t i n du st r i a l
t r u ck s h a vi n g gr ea t er sa fegu a r ds ma y
be u sed i f desi r ed.
(2) F or speci fi c a r ea s of u se, see Ta bl e
N1 wh i ch t a bu l a t es t h e i n for ma t i on
con t a i n ed i n t h i s sect i on . Refer en ces
a r e t o t h e cor r espon di n g cl a ssi fi ca t i on
a s u sed i n su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i ) P ower -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
sh a l l n ot be u sed i n a t mosph er es con -
t a i n i n g h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on of
a cet y l en e, bu t a di en e, et h y l en e oxi de,
h y dr ogen (or ga ses or va por s equ i va -
l en t i n h a za r d t o h y dr ogen , su ch a s
ma n u fa ct u r ed ga s), pr opy l en e oxi de,
a cet a l deh y de, cy cl opr opa n e, di et h y l
et h er , et h y l en e, i sopr en e, or u n sy m-
met r i ca l di met h y l h y dr a zi n e (UDMH).
(i i )(a) P ower -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck s sh a l l n ot be u sed i n
a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g h a za r dou s con -
cen t r a t i on s of met a l du st , i n cl u di n g
a l u mi n u m, ma gn esi u m, a n d t h ei r com-
mer ci a l a l l oy s, ot h er met a l s of si mi -
l a r l y h a za r dou s ch a r a ct er i st i cs, or i n
a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g ca r bon bl a ck ,
coa l or cok e du st except a ppr oved
power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s des-
i gn a t ed a s EX ma y be u sed i n su ch
a t mosph er es.
(b) I n a t mosph er es wh er e du st of
ma gn esi u m, a l u mi n u m or a l u mi n u m
br on ze ma y be pr esen t , fu ses, swi t ch es,
mot or con t r ol l er s, a n d ci r cu i t br ea k er s
of t r u ck s sh a l l h a ve en cl osu r es speci fi -
ca l l y a ppr oved for su ch l oca t i on s.
(i i i ) On l y a ppr oved power -oper a t ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s EX
ma y be u sed i n a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g
a cet on e, a cr y l on i t r i l e, a l coh ol , a mmo-
n i a , ben zi n e, ben zol , bu t a n e, et h y l en e
di ch l or i de, ga sol i n e, h exa n e, l a cqu er
sol ven t va por s, n a ph t h a , n a t u r a l ga s,
pr opa n e, pr opy l en e, st y r en e, vi n y l a ce-
t a t e, vi n y l ch l or i de, or xy l en es i n qu a n -
t i t i es su ffi ci en t t o pr odu ce expl osi ve or
i gn i t a bl e mi xt u r es a n d wh er e su ch con -
cen t r a t i on s of t h ese ga ses or va por s
exi st con t i n u ou sl y , i n t er mi t t en t l y or
per i odi ca l l y u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g
con di t i on s or ma y exi st fr equ en t l y be-
ca u se of r epa i r , ma i n t en a n ce oper -
a t i on s, l ea k a ge, br ea k down or fa u l t y
oper a t i on of equ i pmen t .
(i v) P ower -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
desi gn a t ed a s DY, EE, or EX ma y be
u sed i n l oca t i on s wh er e vol a t i l e fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i ds or fl a mma bl e ga ses a r e
h a n dl ed, pr ocessed or u sed, bu t i n
wh i ch t h e h a za r dou s l i qu i ds, va por s or
ga ses wi l l n or ma l l y be con fi n ed wi t h i n
cl osed con t a i n er s or cl osed sy st ems
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
539
fr om wh i ch t h ey ca n esca pe on l y i n
ca se of a cci den t a l r u pt u r e or br ea k -
down of su ch con t a i n er s or sy st ems, or
i n t h e ca se of a bn or ma l oper a t i on of
equ i pmen t ; a l so i n l oca t i on s i n wh i ch
h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on s of ga ses or
va por s a r e n or ma l l y pr even t ed by posi -
t i ve mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on bu t wh i ch
mi gh t become h a za r dou s t h r ou gh fa i l -
u r e or a bn or ma l oper a t i on of t h e ven -
t i l a t i n g equ i pmen t ; or i n l oca t i on s
wh i ch a r e a dj a cen t t o Cl a ss I , Di vi si on
1 l oca t i on s, a n d t o wh i ch h a za r dou s
con cen t r a t i on s of ga ses or va por s
mi gh t occa si on a l l y be commu n i ca t ed
u n l ess su ch commu n i ca t i on i s pr e-
ven t ed by a dequ a t e posi t i ve-pr essu r e
ven t i l a t i on fr om a sou r ce of cl ea r a i r ,
a n d effect i ve sa fegu a r ds a ga i n st ven -
t i l a t i on fa i l u r e a r e pr ovi ded.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
5
4
0

2
9

C
F
R

C
h
.

X
V
I
I

(
7
0
7

E
d
i
t
i
o
n
)

1
9
1
0
.
1
7
8

TABLE N1SUMMARY TABLE ON USE OF INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS
Classes Unclassified Class I locations Class II locations Class III locations
Description of classes Locations not possessing
atmospheres as de-
scribed in other columns.
Locations in which flammable gases or vapors
are, or may be, present in the air in quantities
sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mix-
tures.
Locations which are hazardous because of the
presence of combustible dust.
Locations where easily ignitible
fibers or flyings are present
but not likely to be in suspen-
sion in quantities sufficient to
produce ignitible mixtures.
Groups in classes None A B C D E F G None
Examples of locations
or atmospheres in
classes and groups.
Piers and wharves inside
and outside general
storage, general indus-
trial or commercial
properties.
Acetylene Hydrogen Ethyl ether Gasoline
Naphtha
Alcohols
Acetone
Lacquer
solvent
Benzene
Metal dust Carbon
black coal
dust,
coke dust
Grain dust, flour dust,
starch dust, organic
dust
Baled waste, cocoa
fiber, cotton, excel-
sior, hemp, istle,
jute, kapok, oakum,
sisal, Spanish
moss, synthetic fi-
bers, tow.
TABLE N1SUMMARY TABLE ON USE OF INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONSCONTINUED
1 2 1 2 1 2
Divisions (nature of
hazardous condi-
tions)
None Above condition exists
continuously, inter-
mittently, or periodi-
cally under normal
operating conditions.
Above condition may
occur accidentally as
due to a puncture of
a storage drum.
Explosive mixture may
be present under
normal operating
conditions, or where
failure of equipment
may cause the con-
dition to exist simul-
taneously with arcing
or sparking of elec-
trical equipment, or
where dusts of an
electrically con-
ducting nature may
be present.
Explosive mixture not
normally present, but
where deposits of
dust may cause heat
rise in electrical
equipment, or where
such deposits may
be ignited by arcs or
sparks from electrical
equipment.
Locations in which eas-
ily ignitible fibers or
materials producing
combustible flyings
are handled, manu-
factured, or used.
Locations in which eas-
ily ignitible fibers are
stored or handled
(except in the proc-
ess of manufacture).
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
5
5
0
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR
5
4
1

O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

S
a
f
e
t
y

a
n
d

H
e
a
l
t
h

A
d
m
i
n
.
,

L
a
b
o
r

1
9
1
0
.
1
7
8

Authorized uses of trucks by types in groups of classes and divisions
Groups in classes None A B C D A B C D E F G E F G None None
Type of truck author-
ized:
Diesel:
Type D ................. D** ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .................
Type DS ............... ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... DS .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... DS .... ................. DS
Type DY ............... ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... DY .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... DY .... DY ........... DY
Electric:
Type E ................. E** ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ................. E
Type ES ............... ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ES .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ES .... ................. ES
Type EE ............... ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... EE .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... EE .... EE ........... EE
Type EX ............... ................. .......... .......... .......... EX .... .......... .......... .......... EX .... .......... EX .... EX .... .......... .......... EX .... EX ........... EX
Gasoline:
Type G ................. G** .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .................
Type GS .............. ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... GS .... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... GS .... ................. GS
LP-Gas:
Type LP ............... LP** ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .................
Type LPS ............. ................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... LPS .. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... LPS .. ................. LPS
Paragraph Ref. in No.
505.
210.211 201
(a)
203
(a)
209
(a)
204
(a),
(b)
202
(a)
205
(a)
209
(a)
206
(a),
(b)
207(a) 208 (a)
**Trucks conforming to these types may also be usedsee subdivision (c)(2)(x) and (c)(2)(xii) of this section.
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
5
5
1
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
542
(v) I n l oca t i on s u sed for t h e st or a ge
of h a za r dou s l i qu i ds i n sea l ed con -
t a i n er s or l i qu efi ed or compr essed
ga ses i n con t a i n er s, a ppr oved power -op-
er a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s
DS , ES , GS , or LP S ma y be u sed. Th i s
cl a ssi fi ca t i on i n cl u des l oca t i on s wh er e
vol a t i l e fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds or fl a m-
ma bl e ga ses or va por s a r e u sed, bu t
wh i ch , wou l d become h a za r dou s on l y i n
ca se of a n a cci den t or of some u n u su a l
oper a t i n g con di t i on . Th e qu a n t i t y of
h a za r dou s ma t er i a l t h a t mi gh t esca pe
i n ca se of a cci den t , t h e a dequ a cy of
ven t i l a t i n g equ i pmen t , t h e t ot a l a r ea
i n vol ved, a n d t h e r ecor d of t h e i n du s-
t r y or bu si n ess wi t h r espect t o expl o-
si on s or fi r es a r e a l l fa ct or s t h a t sh ou l d
r ecei ve con si der a t i on i n det er mi n i n g
wh et h er or n ot t h e DS or DY, ES , EE,
GS , LP S desi gn a t ed t r u ck possesses
su ffi ci en t sa fegu a r ds for t h e l oca t i on .
P i pi n g wi t h ou t va l ves, ch eck s, met er s
a n d si mi l a r devi ces wou l d n ot or di -
n a r i l y be deemed t o i n t r odu ce a h a z-
a r dou s con di t i on even t h ou gh u sed for
h a za r dou s l i qu i ds or ga ses. Loca t i on s
u sed for t h e st or a ge of h a za r dou s l i q-
u i ds or of l i qu i fi ed or compr essed ga ses
i n sea l ed con t a i n er s wou l d n ot n or -
ma l l y be con si der ed h a za r dou s u n l ess
su bj ect t o ot h er h a za r dou s con di t i on s
a l so.
(vi )(a) On l y a ppr oved power oper a t ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s EX
sh a l l be u sed i n a t mosph er es i n wh i ch
combu st i bl e du st i s or ma y be i n su s-
pen si on con t i n u ou sl y , i n t er mi t t en t l y ,
or per i odi ca l l y u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g
con di t i on s, i n qu a n t i t i es su ffi ci en t t o
pr odu ce expl osi ve or i gn i t a bl e mi x-
t u r es, or wh er e mech a n i ca l fa i l u r e or
a bn or ma l oper a t i on of ma ch i n er y or
equ i pmen t mi gh t ca u se su ch mi xt u r es
t o be pr odu ced.
(b) Th e EX cl a ssi fi ca t i on u su a l l y i n -
cl u des t h e wor k i n g a r ea s of gr a i n h a n -
dl i n g a n d st or a ge pl a n t s, r oom con -
t a i n i n g gr i n der s or pu l ver i zer s, cl ea n -
er s, gr a der s, sca l per s, open con vey or s
or spou t s, open bi n s or h opper s, mi xer s,
or bl en der s, a u t oma t i c or h opper
sca l es, pa ck i n g ma ch i n er y , el eva t or
h ea ds a n d boot s, st ock di st r i bu t or s,
du st a n d st ock col l ect or s (except a l l -
met a l col l ect or s ven t ed t o t h e ou t si de),
a n d a l l si mi l a r du st pr odu ci n g ma ch i n -
er y a n d equ i pmen t i n gr a i n pr ocessi n g
pl a n t s, st a r ch pl a n t s, su ga r pu l ver i zi n g
pl a n t s, ma l t i n g pl a n t s, h a y gr i n di n g
pl a n t s, a n d ot h er occu pa n ci es of si mi -
l a r n a t u r e; coa l pu l ver i zi n g pl a n t s (ex-
cept wh er e t h e pu l ver i zi n g equ i pmen t
i s essen t i a l l y du st t i gh t ); a l l wor k i n g
a r ea s wh er e met a l du st s a n d powder s
a r e pr odu ced, pr ocessed, h a n dl ed,
pa ck ed, or st or ed (except i n t i gh t con -
t a i n er s); a n d ot h er si mi l a r l oca t i on s
wh er e combu st i bl e du st ma y , u n der
n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s, be
pr esen t i n t h e a i r i n qu a n t i t i es su ffi -
ci en t t o pr odu ce expl osi ve or i gn i t a bl e
mi xt u r es.
(vi i ) On l y a ppr oved power -oper a t ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s DY,
EE, or EX sh a l l be u sed i n a t mosph er es
i n wh i ch combu st i bl e du st wi l l n ot n or -
ma l l y be i n su spen si on i n t h e a i r or
wi l l n ot be l i k el y t o be t h r own i n t o
su spen si on by t h e n or ma l oper a t i on of
equ i pmen t or a ppa r a t u s i n qu a n t i t i es
su ffi ci en t t o pr odu ce expl osi ve or i gn i t -
a bl e mi xt u r es bu t wh er e deposi t s or a c-
cu mu l a t i on s of su ch du st ma y be i g-
n i t ed by a r cs or spa r k s or i gi n a t i n g i n
t h e t r u ck .
(vi i i ) On l y a ppr oved power -oper a t ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s DY,
EE, or EX sh a l l be u sed i n l oca t i on s
wh i ch a r e h a za r dou s beca u se of t h e
pr esen ce of ea si l y i gn i t a bl e fi ber s or
fl y i n gs bu t i n wh i ch su ch fi ber s or
fl y i n gs a r e n ot l i k el y t o be i n su spen -
si on i n t h e a i r i n qu a n t i t i es su ffi ci en t
t o pr odu ce i gn i t a bl e mi xt u r es.
(i x) On l y a ppr oved power -oper a t ed i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s DS , DY,
ES , EE, EX, GS , or LP S sh a l l be u sed
i n l oca t i on s wh er e ea si l y i gn i t a bl e fi -
ber s a r e st or ed or h a n dl ed, i n cl u di n g
ou t si de st or a ge, bu t a r e n ot bei n g pr oc-
essed or ma n u fa ct u r ed. I n du st r i a l
t r u ck s desi gn a t ed a s E, wh i ch h a ve
been pr evi ou sl y u sed i n t h ese l oca t i on s
ma y be con t i n u ed i n u se.
(x) On pi er s a n d wh a r ves h a n dl i n g
gen er a l ca r go, a n y a ppr oved power -op-
er a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck desi gn a t ed a s
Ty pe D, E, G, or LP ma y be u sed, or
t r u ck s wh i ch con for m t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for t h ese t y pes ma y be u sed.
(xi ) I f st or a ge wa r eh ou ses a n d ou t si de
st or a ge l oca t i on s a r e h a za r dou s on l y
t h e a ppr oved power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck speci fi ed for su ch l oca t i on s i n
t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) sh a l l be u sed. I f
n ot cl a ssi fi ed a s h a za r dou s, a n y a p-
pr oved power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
543
desi gn a t ed a s Ty pe D, E, G, or LP ma y
be u sed, or t r u ck s wh i ch con for m t o
t h e r equ i r emen t s for t h ese t y pes ma y
be u sed.
(xi i ) I f gen er a l i n du st r i a l or commer -
ci a l pr oper t i es a r e h a za r dou s, on l y a p-
pr oved power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck s speci fi ed for su ch l oca t i on s i n
t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) sh a l l be u sed. I f
n ot cl a ssi fi ed a s h a za r dou s, a n y a p-
pr oved power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck
desi gn a t ed a s Ty pe D, E, G, or LP ma y
be u sed, or t r u ck s wh i ch con for m t o
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h ese t y pes ma y be
u sed.
(d) Con vert ed in du st rial t ru ck s. P ower -
oper a t ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s t h a t h a ve
been or i gi n a l l y a ppr oved for t h e u se of
ga sol i n e for fu el , wh en con ver t ed t o t h e
u se of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s fu el i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (q) of t h i s
sect i on , ma y be u sed i n t h ose l oca t i on s
wh er e G, GS or LP , a n d LP S des-
i gn a t ed t r u ck s h a ve been speci fi ed i n
t h e pr ecedi n g pa r a gr a ph s.
(e) Saf et y gu ards. (1) Hi gh Li ft Ri der
t r u ck s sh a l l be fi t t ed wi t h a n over h ea d
gu a r d ma n u fa ct u r ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sect i on ,
u n l ess oper a t i n g con di t i on s do n ot per -
mi t .
(2) I f t h e t y pe of l oa d pr esen t s a h a z-
a r d, t h e u ser sh a l l equ i p for k t r u ck s
wi t h a ver t i ca l l oa d ba ck r est ext en si on
ma n u fa ct u r ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(f) Fu el h an dlin g an d st orage. (1) Th e
st or a ge a n d h a n dl i n g of l i qu i d fu el s
su ch a s ga sol i n e a n d di esel fu el sh a l l be
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h NF P A F l a mma bl e
a n d Combu st i bl e Li qu i ds Code (NF P A
No. 301969), wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(2) Th e st or a ge a n d h a n dl i n g of l i qu e-
fi ed pet r ol eu m ga s fu el sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h NF P A S t or a ge a n d Ha n -
dl i n g of Li qu efi ed P et r ol eu m Ga ses
(NF P A No. 581969), wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(g) Ch an gin g an d ch argin g st orage bat -
t eries. (1) Ba t t er y ch a r gi n g i n st a l l a -
t i on s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a r ea s des-
i gn a t ed for t h a t pu r pose.
(2) F a ci l i t i es sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
fl u sh i n g a n d n eu t r a l i zi n g spi l l ed el ec-
t r ol y t e, for fi r e pr ot ect i on , for pr o-
t ect i n g ch a r gi n g a ppa r a t u s fr om da m-
a ge by t r u ck s, a n d for a dequ a t e ven -
t i l a t i on for di sper sa l of fu mes fr om
ga ssi n g ba t t er i es.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) A con vey or , over h ea d h oi st , or
equ i va l en t ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i p-
men t sh a l l be pr ovi ded for h a n dl i n g
ba t t er i es.
(5) Rei n st a l l ed ba t t er i es sh a l l be
pr oper l y posi t i on ed a n d secu r ed i n t h e
t r u ck .
(6) A ca r boy t i l t er or si ph on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for h a n dl i n g el ect r ol y t e.
(7) Wh en ch a r gi n g ba t t er i es, a ci d
sh a l l be pou r ed i n t o wa t er ; wa t er sh a l l
n ot be pou r ed i n t o a ci d.
(8) Tr u ck s sh a l l be pr oper l y posi -
t i on ed a n d br a k e a ppl i ed befor e a t -
t empt i n g t o ch a n ge or ch a r ge ba t -
t er i es.
(9) Ca r e sh a l l be t a k en t o a ssu r e t h a t
ven t ca ps a r e fu n ct i on i n g. Th e ba t t er y
(or compa r t men t ) cover (s) sh a l l be
open t o di ssi pa t e h ea t .
(10) S mok i n g sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed i n
t h e ch a r gi n g a r ea .
(11) P r eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o
pr even t open fl a mes, spa r k s, or el ect r i c
a r cs i n ba t t er y ch a r gi n g a r ea s.
(12) Tool s a n d ot h er met a l l i c obj ect s
sh a l l be k ept a wa y fr om t h e t op of u n -
cover ed ba t t er i es.
(h ) L igh t in g f or operat in g areas.
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Wh er e gen er a l l i gh t i n g i s l ess
t h a n 2 l u men s per squ a r e foot , a u xi l -
i a r y di r ect i on a l l i gh t i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on t h e t r u ck .
(i ) Con t rol of n oxiou s gases an d f u mes.
(1) Con cen t r a t i on l evel s of ca r bon mon -
oxi de ga s cr ea t ed by power ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck oper a t i on s sh a l l n ot exceed t h e
l evel s speci fi ed i n 1910. 1000.
(j ) Dock boards (bridge plat es). S ee
1910. 30(a ).
(k ) T ru ck s an d railroad cars. (1) Th e
br a k es of h i gh wa y t r u ck s sh a l l be set
a n d wh eel ch ock s pl a ced u n der t h e r ea r
wh eel s t o pr even t t h e t r u ck s fr om r ol l -
i n g wh i l e t h ey a r e boa r ded wi t h pow-
er ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck s.
(2) Wh eel st ops or ot h er r ecogn i zed
posi t i ve pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr even t r a i l r oa d ca r s fr om movi n g du r -
i n g l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g oper a t i on s.
(3) F i xed j a ck s ma y be n ecessa r y t o
su ppor t a semi t r a i l er a n d pr even t u p-
en di n g du r i n g t h e l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g
wh en t h e t r a i l er i s n ot cou pl ed t o a
t r a ct or .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
544
(4) P osi t i ve pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o pr even t r a i l r oa d ca r s fr om
bei n g moved wh i l e dock boa r ds or
br i dge pl a t es a r e i n posi t i on .
(l ) Oper a t or t r a i n i n g. (1) Saf e oper-
at ion . (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t ea ch power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck op-
er a t or i s compet en t t o oper a t e a pow-
er ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck sa fel y , a s dem-
on st r a t ed by t h e su ccessfu l compl et i on
of t h e t r a i n i n g a n d eva l u a t i on speci fi ed
i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph (l ).
(i i ) P r i or t o per mi t t i n g a n empl oy ee
t o oper a t e a power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck
(except for t r a i n i n g pu r poses), t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch oper a t or
h a s su ccessfu l l y compl et ed t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph (l ), ex-
cept a s per mi t t ed by pa r a gr a ph (l )(5).
(2) T rain in g program implemen t at ion .
(i ) Tr a i n ees ma y oper a t e a power ed i n -
du st r i a l t r u ck on l y :
(A) Un der t h e di r ect su per vi si on of
per son s wh o h a ve t h e k n owl edge, t r a i n -
i n g, a n d exper i en ce t o t r a i n oper a t or s
a n d eva l u a t e t h ei r compet en ce; a n d
(B) Wh er e su ch oper a t i on does n ot
en da n ger t h e t r a i n ee or ot h er empl oy -
ees.
(i i ) Tr a i n i n g sh a l l con si st of a com-
bi n a t i on of for ma l i n st r u ct i on (e. g. ,
l ect u r e, di scu ssi on , i n t er a ct i ve com-
pu t er l ea r n i n g, vi deo t a pe, wr i t t en ma -
t er i a l ), pr a ct i ca l t r a i n i n g (demon st r a -
t i on s per for med by t h e t r a i n er a n d
pr a ct i ca l exer ci ses per for med by t h e
t r a i n ee), a n d eva l u a t i on of t h e oper a -
t or s per for ma n ce i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(i i i ) Al l oper a t or t r a i n i n g a n d eva l u a -
t i on sh a l l be con du ct ed by per son s wh o
h a ve t h e k n owl edge, t r a i n i n g, a n d ex-
per i en ce t o t r a i n power ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck oper a t or s a n d eva l u a t e t h ei r
compet en ce.
(3) T rain in g program con t en t . P ower ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck oper a t or s sh a l l r ecei ve
i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g i n t h e fol l owi n g t opi cs,
except i n t opi cs wh i ch t h e empl oy er
ca n demon st r a t e a r e n ot a ppl i ca bl e t o
sa fe oper a t i on of t h e t r u ck i n t h e em-
pl oy er s wor k pl a ce.
(i ) Tr u ck -r el a t ed t opi cs:
(A) Oper a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s, wa r n i n gs,
a n d pr eca u t i on s for t h e t y pes of t r u ck
t h e oper a t or wi l l be a u t h or i zed t o oper -
a t e;
(B) Di ffer en ces bet ween t h e t r u ck
a n d t h e a u t omobi l e;
(C) Tr u ck con t r ol s a n d i n st r u men t a -
t i on : wh er e t h ey a r e l oca t ed, wh a t t h ey
do, a n d h ow t h ey wor k ;
(D) En gi n e or mot or oper a t i on ;
(E) S t eer i n g a n d ma n eu ver i n g;
(F ) Vi si bi l i t y (i n cl u di n g r est r i ct i on s
du e t o l oa di n g);
(G) F or k a n d a t t a ch men t a da pt a t i on ,
oper a t i on , a n d u se l i mi t a t i on s;
(H) Veh i cl e ca pa ci t y ;
(I ) Veh i cl e st a bi l i t y ;
(J ) An y veh i cl e i n spect i on a n d ma i n -
t en a n ce t h a t t h e oper a t or wi l l be r e-
qu i r ed t o per for m;
(K) Refu el i n g a n d/or ch a r gi n g a n d r e-
ch a r gi n g of ba t t er i es;
(L) Oper a t i n g l i mi t a t i on s;
(M) An y ot h er oper a t i n g i n st r u c-
t i on s, wa r n i n gs, or pr eca u t i on s l i st ed
i n t h e oper a t or s ma n u a l for t h e t y pes
of veh i cl e t h a t t h e empl oy ee i s bei n g
t r a i n ed t o oper a t e.
(i i ) Wor k pl a ce-r el a t ed t opi cs:
(A) S u r fa ce con di t i on s wh er e t h e ve-
h i cl e wi l l be oper a t ed;
(B) Composi t i on of l oa ds t o be ca r -
r i ed a n d l oa d st a bi l i t y ;
(C) Loa d ma n i pu l a t i on , st a ck i n g, a n d
u n st a ck i n g;
(D) P edest r i a n t r a ffi c i n a r ea s wh er e
t h e veh i cl e wi l l be oper a t ed;
(E) Na r r ow a i sl es a n d ot h er r e-
st r i ct ed pl a ces wh er e t h e veh i cl e wi l l
be oper a t ed;
(F ) Ha za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s
wh er e t h e veh i cl e wi l l be oper a t ed;
(G) Ra mps a n d ot h er sl oped su r fa ces
t h a t cou l d a ffect t h e veh i cl es st a -
bi l i t y ;
(H) Cl osed en vi r on men t s a n d ot h er
a r ea s wh er e i n su ffi ci en t ven t i l a t i on or
poor veh i cl e ma i n t en a n ce cou l d ca u se a
bu i l du p of ca r bon mon oxi de or di esel
exh a u st ;
(I ) Ot h er u n i qu e or pot en t i a l l y h a z-
a r dou s en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s i n t h e
wor k pl a ce t h a t cou l d a ffect sa fe oper -
a t i on .
(i i i ) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Ref resh er t rain in g an d evalu at ion .
(i ) Refr esh er t r a i n i n g, i n cl u di n g a n
eva l u a t i on of t h e effect i ven ess of t h a t
t r a i n i n g, sh a l l be con du ct ed a s r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (l )(4)(i i ) t o en su r e t h a t
t h e oper a t or h a s t h e k n owl edge a n d
sk i l l s n eeded t o oper a t e t h e power ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck sa fel y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
545
(i i ) Refr esh er t r a i n i n g i n r el eva n t
t opi cs sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o t h e oper a t or
wh en :
(A) Th e oper a t or h a s been obser ved
t o oper a t e t h e veh i cl e i n a n u n sa fe
ma n n er ;
(B) Th e oper a t or h a s been i n vol ved i n
a n a cci den t or n ea r -mi ss i n ci den t ;
(C) Th e oper a t or h a s r ecei ved a n
eva l u a t i on t h a t r evea l s t h a t t h e oper -
a t or i s n ot oper a t i n g t h e t r u ck sa fel y ;
(D) Th e oper a t or i s a ssi gn ed t o dr i ve
a di ffer en t t y pe of t r u ck ; or
(E) A con di t i on i n t h e wor k pl a ce
ch a n ges i n a ma n n er t h a t cou l d a ffect
sa fe oper a t i on of t h e t r u ck .
(i i i ) An eva l u a t i on of ea ch power ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck oper a t or s per for m-
a n ce sh a l l be con du ct ed a t l ea st on ce
ever y t h r ee y ea r s.
(5) Avoidan ce of du plicat ive t rain in g. I f
a n oper a t or h a s pr evi ou sl y r ecei ved
t r a i n i n g i n a t opi c speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (l )(3) of t h i s sect i on , a n d su ch
t r a i n i n g i s a ppr opr i a t e t o t h e t r u ck
a n d wor k i n g con di t i on s en cou n t er ed,
a ddi t i on a l t r a i n i n g i n t h a t t opi c i s n ot
r equ i r ed i f t h e oper a t or h a s been eva l u -
a t ed a n d fou n d compet en t t o oper a t e
t h e t r u ck sa fel y .
(6) Cert if icat ion . Th e empl oy er sh a l l
cer t i fy t h a t ea ch oper a t or h a s been
t r a i n ed a n d eva l u a t ed a s r equ i r ed by
t h i s pa r a gr a ph (l ). Th e cer t i fi ca t i on
sh a l l i n cl u de t h e n a me of t h e oper a t or ,
t h e da t e of t h e t r a i n i n g, t h e da t e of t h e
eva l u a t i on , a n d t h e i den t i t y of t h e per -
son (s) per for mi n g t h e t r a i n i n g or eva l -
u a t i on .
(7) Dat es. Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t oper a t or s of power ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck s a r e t r a i n ed, a s a ppr opr i a t e, by
t h e da t es sh own i n t h e fol l owi n g t a bl e.
If the employee was hired: The initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed:
Before December 1, 1999 .......................... By December 1, 1999.
After December 1, 1999 ............................. Before the employee is assigned to operate a powered industrial truck.
(8) Appen di x A t o t h i s sect i on pr o-
vi des n on -ma n da t or y gu i da n ce t o a ssi st
empl oy er s i n i mpl emen t i n g t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (l ). Th i s a ppen di x does n ot a dd
t o, a l t er , or r edu ce t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s sect i on .
(m) T ru ck operat ion s. (1) Tr u ck s sh a l l
n ot be dr i ven u p t o a n y on e st a n di n g i n
fr on t of a ben ch or ot h er fi xed obj ect .
(2) No per son sh a l l be a l l owed t o
st a n d or pa ss u n der t h e el eva t ed por -
t i on of a n y t r u ck , wh et h er l oa ded or
empt y .
(3) Un a u t h or i zed per son n el sh a l l n ot
be per mi t t ed t o r i de on power ed i n du s-
t r i a l t r u ck s. A sa fe pl a ce t o r i de sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wh er e r i di n g of t r u ck s i s
a u t h or i zed.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr oh i bi t a r ms
or l egs fr om bei n g pl a ced bet ween t h e
u pr i gh t s of t h e ma st or ou t si de t h e
r u n n i n g l i n es of t h e t r u ck .
(5)(i ) Wh en a power ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck i s l eft u n a t t en ded, l oa d en ga gi n g
mea n s sh a l l be fu l l y l ower ed, con t r ol s
sh a l l be n eu t r a l i zed, power sh a l l be
sh u t off, a n d br a k es set . Wh eel s sh a l l
be bl ock ed i f t h e t r u ck i s pa r k ed on a n
i n cl i n e.
(i i ) A power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck i s u n -
a t t en ded wh en t h e oper a t or i s 25 ft . or
mor e a wa y fr om t h e veh i cl e wh i ch r e-
ma i n s i n h i s vi ew, or wh en ever t h e op-
er a t or l ea ves t h e veh i cl e a n d i t i s n ot
i n h i s vi ew.
(i i i ) Wh en t h e oper a t or of a n i n du s-
t r i a l t r u ck i s di smou n t ed a n d wi t h i n 25
ft . of t h e t r u ck st i l l i n h i s vi ew, t h e
l oa d en ga gi n g mea n s sh a l l be fu l l y l ow-
er ed, con t r ol s n eu t r a l i zed, a n d t h e
br a k es set t o pr even t movemen t .
(6) A sa fe di st a n ce sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed fr om t h e edge of r a mps or pl a t -
for ms wh i l e on a n y el eva t ed dock , or
pl a t for m or fr ei gh t ca r . Tr u ck s sh a l l
n ot be u sed for open i n g or cl osi n g
fr ei gh t door s.
(7) Br a k es sh a l l be set a n d wh eel
bl ock s sh a l l be i n pl a ce t o pr even t
movemen t of t r u ck s, t r a i l er s, or r a i l -
r oa d ca r s wh i l e l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g.
F i xed j a ck s ma y be n ecessa r y t o su p-
por t a semi t r a i l er du r i n g l oa di n g or u n -
l oa di n g wh en t h e t r a i l er i s n ot cou pl ed
t o a t r a ct or . Th e fl oor i n g of t r u ck s,
t r a i l er s, a n d r a i l r oa d ca r s sh a l l be
ch eck ed for br ea k s a n d wea k n ess be-
for e t h ey a r e dr i ven on t o.
(8) Th er e sh a l l be su ffi ci en t h ea d-
r oom u n der over h ea d i n st a l l a t i on s,
l i gh t s, pi pes, spr i n k l er sy st em, et c.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
546
(9) An over h ea d gu a r d sh a l l be u sed
a s pr ot ect i on a ga i n st fa l l i n g obj ect s. I t
sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t a n over h ea d gu a r d
i s i n t en ded t o offer pr ot ect i on fr om t h e
i mpa ct of sma l l pa ck a ges, boxes,
ba gged ma t er i a l , et c. , r epr esen t a t i ve of
t h e j ob a ppl i ca t i on , bu t n ot t o wi t h -
st a n d t h e i mpa ct of a fa l l i n g ca pa ci t y
l oa d.
(10) A l oa d ba ck r est ext en si on sh a l l
be u sed wh en ever n ecessa r y t o mi n i -
mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of t h e l oa d or pa r t
of i t fr om fa l l i n g r ea r wa r d.
(11) On l y a ppr oved i n du st r i a l t r u ck s
sh a l l be u sed i n h a za r dou s l oca t i on s.
(14) F i r e a i sl es, a ccess t o st a i r wa y s,
a n d fi r e equ i pmen t sh a l l be k ept cl ea r .
(n ) T ravelin g. (1) Al l t r a ffi c r egu l a -
t i on s sh a l l be obser ved, i n cl u di n g a u -
t h or i zed pl a n t speed l i mi t s. A sa fe di s-
t a n ce sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a ppr oxi -
ma t el y t h r ee t r u ck l en gt h s fr om t h e
t r u ck a h ea d, a n d t h e t r u ck sh a l l be
k ept u n der con t r ol a t a l l t i mes.
(2) Th e r i gh t of wa y sh a l l be y i el ded
t o a mbu l a n ces, fi r e t r u ck s, or ot h er ve-
h i cl es i n emer gen cy si t u a t i on s.
(3) Ot h er t r u ck s t r a vel i n g i n t h e
sa me di r ect i on a t i n t er sect i on s, bl i n d
spot s, or ot h er da n ger ou s l oca t i on s
sh a l l n ot be pa ssed.
(4) Th e dr i ver sh a l l be r equ i r ed t o
sl ow down a n d sou n d t h e h or n a t cr oss
a i sl es a n d ot h er l oca t i on s wh er e vi si on
i s obst r u ct ed. I f t h e l oa d bei n g ca r r i ed
obst r u ct s for wa r d vi ew, t h e dr i ver sh a l l
be r equ i r ed t o t r a vel wi t h t h e l oa d
t r a i l i n g.
(5) Ra i l r oa d t r a ck s sh a l l be cr ossed
di a gon a l l y wh er ever possi bl e. P a r k i n g
cl oser t h a n 8 feet fr om t h e cen t er of
r a i l r oa d t r a ck s i s pr oh i bi t ed.
l ook i n t h e di r ect i on of, a n d k eep a
cl ea r vi ew of t h e pa t h of t r a vel .
(7) Gr a des sh a l l be a scen ded or de-
scen ded sl owl y .
(i ) Wh en a scen di n g or descen di n g
gr a des i n excess of 10 per cen t , l oa ded
t r u ck s sh a l l be dr i ven wi t h t h e l oa d u p-
gr a de.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) On a l l gr a des t h e l oa d a n d l oa d
en ga gi n g mea n s sh a l l be t i l t ed ba ck i f
a ppl i ca bl e, a n d r a i sed on l y a s fa r a s
n ecessa r y t o cl ea r t h e r oa d su r fa ce.
(8) Un der a l l t r a vel con di t i on s t h e
t r u ck sh a l l be oper a t ed a t a speed t h a t
wi l l per mi t i t t o be br ou gh t t o a st op i n
a sa fe ma n n er .
(9) S t u n t dr i vi n g a n d h or sepl a y sh a l l
n ot be per mi t t ed.
sl ow down for wet a n d sl i pper y fl oor s.
(11) Dock boa r d or br i dgepl a t es, sh a l l
be pr oper l y secu r ed befor e t h ey a r e
dr i ven over . Dock boa r d or br i dgepl a t es
sh a l l be dr i ven over ca r efu l l y a n d sl ow-
l y a n d t h ei r r a t ed ca pa ci t y n ever ex-
ceeded.
(12) El eva t or s sh a l l be a ppr oa ch ed
sl owl y , a n d t h en en t er ed squ a r el y a ft er
t h e el eva t or ca r i s pr oper l y l evel ed.
On ce on t h e el eva t or , t h e con t r ol s sh a l l
be n eu t r a l i zed, power sh u t off, a n d t h e
br a k es set .
(13) Mot or i zed h a n d t r u ck s mu st
en t er el eva t or or ot h er con fi n ed a r ea s
wi t h l oa d en d for wa r d.
(14) Ru n n i n g over l oose obj ect s on
t h e r oa dwa y su r fa ce sh a l l be a voi ded.
(15) Wh i l e n egot i a t i n g t u r n s, speed
sh a l l be r edu ced t o a sa fe l evel by
mea n s of t u r n i n g t h e h a n d st eer i n g
wh eel i n a smoot h , sweepi n g mot i on .
Except wh en ma n eu ver i n g a t a ver y
l ow speed, t h e h a n d st eer i n g wh eel
sh a l l be t u r n ed a t a moder a t e, even
r a t e.
(o) L oadin g. (1) On l y st a bl e or sa fel y
a r r a n ged l oa ds sh a l l be h a n dl ed. Ca u -
t i on sh a l l be exer ci sed wh en h a n dl i n g
off-cen t er l oa ds wh i ch ca n n ot be cen -
t er ed.
(2) On l y l oa ds wi t h i n t h e r a t ed ca pa c-
i t y of t h e t r u ck sh a l l be h a n dl ed.
(3) Th e l on g or h i gh (i n cl u di n g mu l -
t i pl e-t i er ed) l oa ds wh i ch ma y a ffect ca -
pa ci t y sh a l l be a dj u st ed.
(4) Tr u ck s equ i pped wi t h a t t a ch -
men t s sh a l l be oper a t ed a s pa r t i a l l y
l oa ded t r u ck s wh en n ot h a n dl i n g a
l oa d.
(5) A l oa d en ga gi n g mea n s sh a l l be
pl a ced u n der t h e l oa d a s fa r a s possi bl e;
t h e ma st sh a l l be ca r efu l l y t i l t ed ba ck -
wa r d t o st a bi l i ze t h e l oa d.
(6) Ext r eme ca r e sh a l l be u sed wh en
t i l t i n g t h e l oa d for wa r d or ba ck wa r d,
pa r t i cu l a r l y wh en h i gh t i er i n g. Ti l t i n g
for wa r d wi t h l oa d en ga gi n g mea n s el e-
va t ed sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed except t o pi ck
u p a l oa d. An el eva t ed l oa d sh a l l n ot be
t i l t ed for wa r d except wh en t h e l oa d i s
i n a deposi t posi t i on over a r a ck or
st a ck . Wh en st a ck i n g or t i er i n g, on l y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
547
en ou gh ba ck wa r d t i l t t o st a bi l i ze t h e
l oa d sh a l l be u sed.
(p) Operat ion of t h e t ru ck . (1) I f a t a n y
t i me a power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck i s
fou n d t o be i n n eed of r epa i r , defect i ve,
or i n a n y wa y u n sa fe, t h e t r u ck sh a l l
be t a k en ou t of ser vi ce u n t i l i t h a s
been r est or ed t o sa fe oper a t i n g con di -
t i on .
(2) F u el t a n k s sh a l l n ot be fi l l ed
wh i l e t h e en gi n e i s r u n n i n g. S pi l l a ge
sh a l l be a voi ded.
(3) S pi l l a ge of oi l or fu el sh a l l be
ca r efu l l y wa sh ed a wa y or compl et el y
eva por a t ed a n d t h e fu el t a n k ca p r e-
pl a ced befor e r est a r t i n g en gi n e.
(4) No t r u ck sh a l l be oper a t ed wi t h a
l ea k i n t h e fu el sy st em u n t i l t h e l ea k
h a s been cor r ect ed.
(5) Open fl a mes sh a l l n ot be u sed for
ch eck i n g el ect r ol y t e l evel i n st or a ge
ba t t er i es or ga sol i n e l evel i n fu el
t a n k s.
(q) Main t en an ce of in du st rial t ru ck s.
(1) An y power -oper a t ed i n du st r i a l
t r u ck n ot i n sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on
sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce. Al l r e-
pa i r s sh a l l be ma de by a u t h or i zed per -
son n el .
(2) No r epa i r s sh a l l be ma de i n Cl a ss
I , I I , a n d I I I l oca t i on s.
(3) Th ose r epa i r s t o t h e fu el a n d i gn i -
t i on sy st ems of i n du st r i a l t r u ck s wh i ch
i n vol ve fi r e h a za r ds sh a l l be con du ct ed
on l y i n l oca t i on s desi gn a t ed for su ch
r epa i r s.
(4) Tr u ck s i n n eed of r epa i r s t o t h e
el ect r i ca l sy st em sh a l l h a ve t h e ba t -
t er y di scon n ect ed pr i or t o su ch r epa i r s.
(5) Al l pa r t s of a n y su ch i n du st r i a l
t r u ck r equ i r i n g r epl a cemen t sh a l l be
r epl a ced on l y by pa r t s equ i va l en t a s t o
sa fet y wi t h t h ose u sed i n t h e or i gi n a l
desi gn .
(6) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s sh a l l n ot be a l -
t er ed so t h a t t h e r el a t i ve posi t i on s of
t h e va r i ou s pa r t s a r e di ffer en t fr om
wh a t t h ey wer e wh en or i gi n a l l y r e-
cei ved fr om t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , n or
sh a l l t h ey be a l t er ed ei t h er by t h e a d-
di t i on of ext r a pa r t s n ot pr ovi ded by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or by t h e el i mi n a t i on
of a n y pa r t s, except a s pr ovi ded i n
pa r a gr a ph (q)(12) of t h i s sect i on . Addi -
t i on a l cou n t er wei gh t i n g of for k t r u ck s
sh a l l n ot be don e u n l ess a ppr oved by
t h e t r u ck ma n u fa ct u r er .
(7) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s sh a l l be exa m-
i n ed befor e bei n g pl a ced i n ser vi ce, a n d
sh a l l n ot be pl a ced i n ser vi ce i f t h e ex-
a mi n a t i on sh ows a n y con di t i on a d-
ver sel y a ffect i n g t h e sa fet y of t h e veh i -
cl e. S u ch exa mi n a t i on sh a l l be ma de a t
l ea st da i l y .
Wh er e i n du st r i a l t r u ck s a r e u sed on a
r ou n d-t h e-cl ock ba si s, t h ey sh a l l be ex-
a mi n ed a ft er ea ch sh i ft . Defect s wh en
fou n d sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r epor t ed
a n d cor r ect ed.
(8) Wa t er mu ffl er s sh a l l be fi l l ed
da i l y or a s fr equ en t l y a s i s n ecessa r y
t o pr even t depl et i on of t h e su ppl y of
wa t er bel ow 75 per cen t of t h e fi l l ed ca -
pa ci t y . Veh i cl es wi t h mu ffl er s h a vi n g
scr een s or ot h er pa r t s t h a t ma y be-
come cl ogged sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed
wh i l e su ch scr een s or pa r t s a r e cl ogged.
An y veh i cl e t h a t emi t s h a za r dou s
spa r k s or fl a mes fr om t h e exh a u st sy s-
t em sh a l l i mmedi a t el y be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce, a n d n ot r et u r n ed t o ser v-
i ce u n t i l t h e ca u se for t h e emi ssi on of
su ch spa r k s a n d fl a mes h a s been el i mi -
n a t ed.
(9) Wh en t h e t emper a t u r e of a n y pa r t
of a n y t r u ck i s fou n d t o be i n excess of
i t s n or ma l oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e, t h u s
cr ea t i n g a h a za r dou s con di t i on , t h e ve-
h i cl e sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce a n d
n ot r et u r n ed t o ser vi ce u n t i l t h e ca u se
for su ch over h ea t i n g h a s been el i mi -
n a t ed.
(10) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s sh a l l be k ept i n
a cl ea n con di t i on , fr ee of l i n t , excess
oi l , a n d gr ea se. Non combu st i bl e a gen t s
sh ou l d be u sed for cl ea n i n g t r u ck s. Low
fl a sh poi n t (bel ow 100 F . ) sol ven t s
sh a l l n ot be u sed. Hi gh fl a sh poi n t (a t
or a bove 100 F . ) sol ven t s ma y be u sed.
P r eca u t i on s r ega r di n g t oxi ci t y , ven -
t i l a t i on , a n d fi r e h a za r d sh a l l be con -
son a n t wi t h t h e a gen t or sol ven t u sed.
(11) [Reser ved]
(12) I n du st r i a l t r u ck s or i gi n a l l y a p-
pr oved for t h e u se of ga sol i n e for fu el
ma y be con ver t ed t o l i qu efi ed pet r o-
l eu m ga s fu el pr ovi ded t h e compl et e
con ver si on r esu l t s i n a t r u ck wh i ch
embodi es t h e fea t u r es speci fi ed for LP
or LP S desi gn a t ed t r u ck s. S u ch con -
ver si on equ i pmen t sh a l l be a ppr oved.
Th e descr i pt i on of t h e compon en t pa r t s
of t h i s con ver si on sy st em a n d t h e r ec-
ommen ded met h od of i n st a l l a t i on on
speci fi c t r u ck s a r e con t a i n ed i n t h e
Li st ed by Repor t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
548
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 178S TABI LI TY OF P OW-
ERED I NDUS TRI AL TRUCKS (NON-MANDATORY
AP P ENDI X TO P ARAGRAP H (L) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON)
A1. Def in it ion s.
Th e fol l owi n g defi n i t i on s h el p t o expl a i n
t h e pr i n ci pl e of st a bi l i t y :
Cen t er of gravit y i s t h e poi n t on a n obj ect
a t wh i ch a l l of t h e obj ect s wei gh t i s con -
cen t r a t ed. F or sy mmet r i ca l l oa ds, t h e cen t er
of gr a vi t y i s a t t h e mi ddl e of t h e l oa d.
Cou n t erweigh t i s t h e wei gh t t h a t i s bu i l t
i n t o t h e t r u ck s ba si c st r u ct u r e a n d i s u sed
t o offset t h e l oa ds wei gh t a n d t o ma xi mi ze
t h e veh i cl es r esi st a n ce t o t i ppi n g over .
Fu lcru m i s t h e t r u ck s a xi s of r ot a t i on
wh en i t t i ps over .
Grade i s t h e sl ope of a su r fa ce, wh i ch i s
u su a l l y mea su r ed a s t h e n u mber of feet of
r i se or fa l l over a h u n dr ed foot h or i zon t a l
di st a n ce (t h e sl ope i s expr essed a s a per cen t ).
L at eral st abilit y i s a t r u ck s r esi st a n ce t o
over t u r n i n g si dewa y s.
L in e of act ion i s a n i ma gi n a r y ver t i ca l l i n e
t h r ou gh a n obj ect s cen t er of gr a vi t y .
L oad cen t er i s t h e h or i zon t a l di st a n ce fr om
t h e l oa ds edge (or t h e for k s or ot h er a t t a ch -
men t s ver t i ca l fa ce) t o t h e l i n e of a ct i on
t h r ou gh t h e l oa ds cen t er of gr a vi t y .
L on git u din al st abilit y i s t h e t r u ck s r esi st -
a n ce t o over t u r n i n g for wa r d or r ea r wa r d.
Momen t i s t h e pr odu ct of t h e obj ect s
wei gh t t i mes t h e di st a n ce fr om a fi xed poi n t
(u su a l l y t h e fu l cr u m). I n t h e ca se of a pow-
er ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck , t h e di st a n ce i s mea s-
u r ed fr om t h e poi n t a t wh i ch t h e t r u ck wi l l
t i p over t o t h e obj ect s l i n e of a ct i on . Th e
di st a n ce i s a l wa y s mea su r ed per pen di cu l a r t o
t h e l i n e of a ct i on .
T rack i s t h e di st a n ce bet ween t h e wh eel s
on t h e sa me a xl e of t h e t r u ck .
Wh eelbase i s t h e di st a n ce bet ween t h e cen -
t er l i n e of t h e veh i cl es fr on t a n d r ea r wh eel s.
A2. Gen eral.
A2. 1. Det er mi n i n g t h e st a bi l i t y of a pow-
er ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck i s si mpl e on ce a few
ba si c pr i n ci pl es a r e u n der st ood. Th er e a r e
ma n y fa ct or s t h a t con t r i bu t e t o a veh i cl es
st a bi l i t y : t h e veh i cl es wh eel ba se, t r a ck , a n d
h ei gh t ; t h e l oa ds wei gh t di st r i bu t i on ; a n d
t h e veh i cl es cou n t er wei gh t l oca t i on (i f t h e
veh i cl e i s so equ i pped).
A2. 2. Th e st a bi l i t y t r i a n gl e, u sed i n
most st a bi l i t y di scu ssi on s, demon st r a t es st a -
bi l i t y si mpl y .
A3. Basic Prin ciples.
A3. 1. Wh et h er a n obj ect i s st a bl e depen ds
on t h e obj ect s momen t a t on e en d of a sy s-
t em bei n g gr ea t er t h a n , equ a l t o, or sma l l er
t h a n t h e obj ect s momen t a t t h e sy st ems
ot h er en d. Th i s pr i n ci pl e ca n be seen i n t h e
wa y a see-sa w or t eet er -t ot t er wor k s: t h a t i s,
i f t h e pr odu ct of t h e l oa d a n d di st a n ce fr om
t h e fu l cr u m (momen t ) i s equ a l t o t h e mo-
men t a t t h e devi ces ot h er en d, t h e devi ce i s
ba l a n ced a n d i t wi l l n ot move. However , i f
t h er e i s a gr ea t er momen t a t on e en d of t h e
devi ce, t h e devi ce wi l l t r y t o move down wa r d
a t t h e en d wi t h t h e gr ea t er momen t .
A3. 2. Th e l on gi t u di n a l st a bi l i t y of a
cou n t er ba l a n ced power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck
depen ds on t h e veh i cl es momen t a n d t h e
l oa ds momen t . I n ot h er wor ds, i f t h e
ma t h ema t i c pr odu ct of t h e l oa d momen t (t h e
di st a n ce fr om t h e fr on t wh eel s, t h e a ppr oxi -
ma t e poi n t a t wh i ch t h e veh i cl e wou l d t i p
for wa r d) t o t h e l oa ds cen t er of gr a vi t y t i mes
t h e l oa ds wei gh t i s l ess t h a n t h e veh i cl es
momen t , t h e sy st em i s ba l a n ced a n d wi l l n ot
t i p for wa r d. However , i f t h e l oa ds momen t i s
gr ea t er t h a n t h e veh i cl es momen t , t h e
gr ea t er l oa d-momen t wi l l for ce t h e t r u ck t o
t i p for wa r d.
A4. T h e St abilit y T rian gle.
A4. 1. Al most a l l cou n t er ba l a n ced power ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck s h a ve a t h r ee-poi n t su spen -
si on sy st em, t h a t i s, t h e veh i cl e i s su ppor t ed
a t t h r ee poi n t s. Th i s i s t r u e even i f t h e veh i -
cl e h a s fou r wh eel s. Th e t r u ck s st eer a xl e i s
a t t a ch ed t o t h e t r u ck by a pi vot pi n i n t h e
a xl es cen t er . Wh en t h e poi n t s a r e con n ect ed
wi t h i ma gi n a r y l i n es, t h i s t h r ee-poi n t su p-
por t for ms a t r i a n gl e ca l l ed t h e st a bi l i t y t r i -
a n gl e. F i gu r e 1 depi ct s t h e st a bi l i t y t r i a n gl e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
549
A4. 2. Wh en t h e veh i cl es l i n e of a ct i on , or
l oa d cen t er , fa l l s wi t h i n t h e st a bi l i t y t r i -
a n gl e, t h e veh i cl e i s st a bl e a n d wi l l n ot t i p
over . However , wh en t h e veh i cl es l i n e of a c-
t i on or t h e veh i cl e/l oa d combi n a t i on fa l l s
ou t si de t h e st a bi l i t y t r i a n gl e, t h e veh i cl e i s
u n st a bl e a n d ma y t i p over . (S ee F i gu r e 2. )
E
R
0
1
D
E
9
8
.
0
0
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
550
A5. L on git u din al St abilit y .
A5. 1. Th e a xi s of r ot a t i on wh en a t r u ck
t i ps for wa r d i s t h e fr on t wh eel s poi n t s of
con t a ct wi t h t h e pa vemen t . Wh en a power ed
i n du st r i a l t r u ck t i ps for wa r d, t h e t r u ck wi l l
r ot a t e a bou t t h i s l i n e. Wh en a t r u ck i s st a -
bl e, t h e veh i cl e-momen t mu st exceed t h e
l oa d-momen t . As l on g a s t h e veh i cl e-momen t
i s equ a l t o or exceeds t h e l oa d-momen t , t h e
veh i cl e wi l l n ot t i p over . On t h e ot h er h a n d,
i f t h e l oa d momen t sl i gh t l y exceeds t h e veh i -
cl e-momen t , t h e t r u ck wi l l begi n t o t i p for -
wa r d, t h er eby ca u si n g t h e r ea r t o l ose con -
t a ct wi t h t h e fl oor or gr ou n d a n d r esu l t i n g i n
l oss of st eer i n g con t r ol . I f t h e l oa d-momen t
gr ea t l y exceeds t h e veh i cl e momen t , t h e
t r u ck wi l l t i p for wa r d.
A5. 2. To det er mi n e t h e ma xi mu m sa fe
l oa d-momen t , t h e t r u ck ma n u fa ct u r er n or -
ma l l y r a t es t h e t r u ck a t a ma xi mu m l oa d a t
a gi ven di st a n ce fr om t h e fr on t fa ce of t h e
for k s. Th e speci fi ed di st a n ce fr om t h e fr on t
fa ce of t h e for k s t o t h e l i n e of a ct i on of t h e
l oa d i s common l y ca l l ed t h e l oa d cen t er . Be-
ca u se l a r ger t r u ck s n or ma l l y h a n dl e l oa ds
t h a t a r e ph y si ca l l y l a r ger , t h ese veh i cl es
h a ve gr ea t er l oa d cen t er s. Tr u ck s wi t h a ca -
pa ci t y of 30, 000 pou n ds or l ess a r e n or ma l l y
r a t ed a t a gi ven l oa d wei gh t a t a 24-i n ch l oa d
cen t er . Tr u ck s wi t h a ca pa ci t y gr ea t er t h a n
30, 000 pou n ds a r e n or ma l l y r a t ed a t a gi ven
l oa d wei gh t a t a 36- or 48-i n ch l oa d cen t er .
To sa fel y oper a t e t h e veh i cl e, t h e oper a t or
sh ou l d a l wa y s ch eck t h e da t a pl a t e t o det er -
mi n e t h e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e wei gh t a t t h e
r a t ed l oa d cen t er .
A5. 3. Al t h ou gh t h e t r u e l oa d-momen t di s-
t a n ce i s mea su r ed fr om t h e fr on t wh eel s, t h i s
E
R
0
1
D
E
9
8
.
0
0
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
551
di st a n ce i s gr ea t er t h a n t h e di st a n ce fr om
t h e fr on t fa ce of t h e for k s. Ca l cu l a t i n g t h e
ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e l oa d-momen t u si n g t h e
l oa d-cen t er di st a n ce a l wa y s pr ovi des a l ower
l oa d-momen t t h a n t h e t r u ck wa s desi gn ed t o
h a n dl e. Wh en h a n dl i n g u n u su a l l oa ds, su ch
a s t h ose t h a t a r e l a r ger t h a n 48 i n ch es l on g
(t h e cen t er of gr a vi t y i s gr ea t er t h a n 24
i n ch es) or t h a t h a ve a n offset cen t er of gr a v-
i t y , et c. , a ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e l oa d-momen t
sh ou l d be ca l cu l a t ed a n d u sed t o det er mi n e
wh et h er a l oa d ca n be sa fel y h a n dl ed. F or ex-
a mpl e, i f a n oper a t or i s oper a t i n g a 3000
pou n d ca pa ci t y t r u ck (wi t h a 24-i n ch l oa d
cen t er ), t h e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e l oa d-mo-
men t i s 72, 000 i n ch -pou n ds (3, 000 t i mes 24). I f
a l oa d i s 60 i n ch es l on g (30-i n ch l oa d cen t er ),
t h en t h e ma xi mu m t h a t t h i s l oa d ca n wei gh
i s 2, 400 pou n ds (72, 000 di vi ded by 30).
A6. L at eral St abilit y .
A6. 1. Th e veh i cl es l a t er a l st a bi l i t y i s de-
t er mi n ed by t h e l i n e of a ct i on s posi t i on (a
ver t i ca l l i n e t h a t pa sses t h r ou gh t h e com-
bi n ed veh i cl es a n d l oa ds cen t er of gr a vi t y )
r el a t i ve t o t h e st a bi l i t y t r i a n gl e. Wh en t h e
veh i cl e i s n ot l oa ded, t h e t r u ck s cen t er of
gr a vi t y l oca t i on i s t h e on l y fa ct or t o be con -
si der ed i n det er mi n i n g t h e t r u ck s st a bi l i t y .
As l on g a s t h e l i n e of a ct i on of t h e combi n ed
veh i cl es a n d l oa ds cen t er of gr a vi t y fa l l s
wi t h i n t h e st a bi l i t y t r i a n gl e, t h e t r u ck i s
st a bl e a n d wi l l n ot t i p over . However , i f t h e
l i n e of a ct i on fa l l s ou t si de t h e st a bi l i t y t r i -
a n gl e, t h e t r u ck i s n ot st a bl e a n d ma y t i p
over . Refer t o F i gu r e 2.
A6. 2. F a ct or s t h a t a ffect t h e veh i cl es l a t -
er a l st a bi l i t y i n cl u de t h e l oa ds pl a cemen t
on t h e t r u ck , t h e h ei gh t of t h e l oa d a bove
t h e su r fa ce on wh i ch t h e veh i cl e i s oper -
a t i n g, a n d t h e veh i cl es degr ee of l ea n .
A7. Dy n amic St abilit y .
A7. 1. Up t o t h i s poi n t , t h e st a bi l i t y of a
power ed i n du st r i a l t r u ck h a s been di scu ssed
wi t h ou t con si der i n g t h e dy n a mi c for ces t h a t
r esu l t wh en t h e veh i cl e a n d l oa d a r e pu t i n t o
mot i on . Th e wei gh t s t r a n sfer a n d t h e r esu l t -
a n t sh i ft i n t h e cen t er of gr a vi t y du e t o t h e
dy n a mi c for ces cr ea t ed wh en t h e ma ch i n e i s
movi n g, br a k i n g, cor n er i n g, l i ft i n g, t i l t i n g,
a n d l ower i n g l oa ds, et c. , a r e i mpor t a n t st a -
bi l i t y con si der a t i on s.
A7. 2. Wh en det er mi n i n g wh et h er a l oa d
ca n be sa fel y h a n dl ed, t h e oper a t or sh ou l d
exer ci se ext r a ca u t i on wh en h a n dl i n g l oa ds
t h a t ca u se t h e veh i cl e t o a ppr oa ch i t s ma x-
i mu m desi gn ch a r a ct er i st i cs. F or exa mpl e, i f
a n oper a t or mu st h a n dl e a ma xi mu m l oa d,
t h e l oa d sh ou l d be ca r r i ed a t t h e l owest posi -
t i on possi bl e, t h e t r u ck sh ou l d be a ccel er -
a t ed sl owl y a n d even l y , a n d t h e for k s sh ou l d
be t i l t ed for wa r d ca u t i ou sl y . However , n o
pr eci se r u l es ca n be for mu l a t ed t o cover a l l
of t h ese even t u a l i t i es.
F R 23073, Ma y 28, 1975; 43 F R 49749, Oct . 24,
1978; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10, 1984; 53 F R 12122,
Apr . 12, 1988; 55 F R 32015, Au g 6, 1990; 61 F R
9239, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 66270, Dec. 1, 1998; 68
F R 32638, J u n e 2, 2003; 71 F R 16672, Apr . 3,
2006]
1910.179 Overhead and gantry
cranes.
t ion . (1) A cran e i s a ma ch i n e for l i ft i n g
a n d l ower i n g a l oa d a n d movi n g i t h or i -
zon t a l l y , wi t h t h e h oi st i n g mech a n i sm
a n i n t egr a l pa r t of t h e ma ch i n e. Cr a n es
wh et h er fi xed or mobi l e a r e dr i ven
ma n u a l l y or by power .
(2) An au t omat ic cran e i s a cr a n e
wh i ch wh en a ct i va t ed oper a t es t h r ou gh
a pr eset cy cl e or cy cl es.
(3) A cab-operat ed cran e i s a cr a n e
con t r ol l ed by a n oper a t or i n a ca b l o-
ca t ed on t h e br i dge or t r ol l ey .
(4) Can t ilever gan t ry cran e mea n s a
ga n t r y or semi ga n t r y cr a n e i n wh i ch
t h e br i dge gi r der s or t r u sses ext en d
t r a n sver sel y bey on d t h e cr a n e r u n wa y
on on e or bot h si des.
(5) Floor-operat ed cran e mea n s a cr a n e
wh i ch i s pen da n t or n on con du ct i ve
r ope con t r ol l ed by a n oper a t or on t h e
fl oor or a n i n depen den t pl a t for m.
(6) Gan t ry cran e mea n s a cr a n e si mi -
l a r t o a n over h ea d cr a n e except t h a t
t h e br i dge for ca r r y i n g t h e t r ol l ey or
t r ol l ey s i s r i gi dl y su ppor t ed on t wo or
mor e l egs r u n n i n g on fi xed r a i l s or
ot h er r u n wa y .
(7) Hot met al h an dlin g cran e mea n s a n
over h ea d cr a n e u sed for t r a n spor t i n g or
pou r i n g mol t en ma t er i a l .
(8) Overh ead cran e mea n s a cr a n e
wi t h a mova bl e br i dge ca r r y i n g a mov-
a bl e or fi xed h oi st i n g mech a n i sm a n d
t r a vel i n g on a n over h ea d fi xed r u n wa y
st r u ct u r e.
(9) Power-operat ed cran e mea n s a
cr a n e wh ose mech a n i sm i s dr i ven by
el ect r i c, a i r , h y dr a u l i c, or i n t er n a l
combu st i on mea n s.
(10) A pu lpit -operat ed cran e i s a cr a n e
oper a t ed fr om a fi xed oper a t or st a t i on
n ot a t t a ch ed t o t h e cr a n e.
(11) A remot e-operat ed cran e i s a cr a n e
con t r ol l ed by a n oper a t or n ot i n a pu l -
pi t or i n t h e ca b a t t a ch ed t o t h e cr a n e,
by a n y met h od ot h er t h a n pen da n t or
r ope con t r ol .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
552
(12) A semigan t ry cran e i s a ga n t r y
cr a n e wi t h on e en d of t h e br i dge r i gi dl y
su ppor t ed on on e or mor e l egs t h a t r u n
on a fi xed r a i l or r u n wa y , t h e ot h er en d
of t h e br i dge bei n g su ppor t ed by a
t r u ck r u n n i n g on a n el eva t ed r a i l or
r u n wa y .
(13) St orage bridge cran e mea n s a ga n -
t r y t y pe cr a n e of l on g spa n u su a l l y
u sed for bu l k st or a ge of ma t er i a l ; t h e
br i dge gi r der s or t r u sses a r e r i gi dl y or
n on r i gi dl y su ppor t ed on on e or mor e
l egs. I t ma y h a ve on e or mor e fi xed or
h i n ged ca n t i l ever en ds.
(14) Wall cran e mea n s a cr a n e h a vi n g
a j i b wi t h or wi t h ou t t r ol l ey a n d su p-
por t ed fr om a si de wa l l or l i n e of col -
u mn s of a bu i l di n g. I t i s a t r a vel i n g
t y pe a n d oper a t es on a r u n wa y a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e si de wa l l or col u mn s.
(15) Appoin t ed mea n s a ssi gn ed spe-
ci fi c r espon si bi l i t i es by t h e empl oy er
or t h e empl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve.
(16) ANSI mea n s t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e.
(17) An au xiliary h oist i s a su ppl e-
men t a l h oi st i n g u n i t of l i gh t er ca pa c-
i t y a n d u su a l l y h i gh er speed t h a n pr o-
vi ded for t h e ma i n h oi st .
(18) A brak e i s a devi ce u sed for r e-
t a r di n g or st oppi n g mot i on by fr i ct i on
or power mea n s.
(19) A drag brak e i s a br a k e wh i ch
pr ovi des r et a r di n g for ce wi t h ou t ext er -
n a l con t r ol .
(20) A h oldin g brak e i s a br a k e t h a t
a u t oma t i ca l l y pr even t s mot i on wh en
power i s off.
(21) Bridge mea n s t h a t pa r t of a cr a n e
con si st i n g of gi r der s, t r u ck s, en d t i es,
foot wa l k s, a n d dr i ve mech a n i sm wh i ch
ca r r i es t h e t r ol l ey or t r ol l ey s.
(22) Bridge t ravel mea n s t h e cr a n e
movemen t i n a di r ect i on pa r a l l el t o t h e
cr a n e r u n wa y .
(23) A bu mper (bu ffer ) i s a n en er gy a b-
sor bi n g devi ce for r edu ci n g i mpa ct
wh en a movi n g cr a n e or t r ol l ey r ea ch es
t h e en d of i t s per mi t t ed t r a vel ; or wh en
t wo movi n g cr a n es or t r ol l ey s come i n
con t a ct .
(24) Th e cab i s t h e oper a t or s com-
pa r t men t on a cr a n e.
(25) Clearan ce mea n s t h e di st a n ce
fr om a n y pa r t of t h e cr a n e t o a poi n t of
t h e n ea r est obst r u ct i on .
(26) Collect ors cu rren t a r e con t a ct i n g
devi ces for col l ect i n g cu r r en t fr om r u n -
wa y or br i dge con du ct or s.
(27) Con du ct ors, bridge a r e t h e el ec-
t r i ca l con du ct or s l oca t ed a l on g t h e
br i dge st r u ct u r e of a cr a n e t o pr ovi de
power t o t h e t r ol l ey .
(28) Con du ct ors, ru n way (ma i n ) a r e
t h e el ect r i ca l con du ct or s l oca t ed a l on g
a cr a n e r u n wa y t o pr ovi de power t o t h e
cr a n e.
(29) Th e con t rol brak in g mean s i s a
met h od of con t r ol l i n g cr a n e mot or
speed wh en i n a n over h a u l i n g con di -
t i on .
(30) Cou n t ert orqu e mea n s a met h od of
con t r ol by wh i ch t h e power t o t h e
mot or i s r ever sed t o devel op t or qu e i n
t h e opposi t e di r ect i on .
(31) Dy n amic mea n s a met h od of con -
t r ol l i n g cr a n e mot or speeds wh en i n
t h e over h a u l i n g con di t i on t o pr ovi de a
r et a r di n g for ce.
(32) Regen erat ive mea n s a for m of dy -
n a mi c br a k i n g i n wh i ch t h e el ect r i ca l
en er gy gen er a t ed i s fed ba ck i n t o t h e
power sy st em.
(33) Mech an ical mea n s a met h od of
con t r ol by fr i ct i on .
(34) Con t roller, sprin g ret u rn mea n s a
con t r ol l er wh i ch wh en r el ea sed wi l l r e-
t u r n a u t oma t i ca l l y t o a n eu t r a l posi -
t i on .
(35) Design at ed mea n s sel ect ed or a s-
si gn ed by t h e empl oy er or t h e empl oy -
er s r epr esen t a t i ve a s bei n g qu a l i fi ed t o
per for m speci fi c du t i es.
(36) A drif t poin t mea n s a poi n t on a
t r a vel mot i on con t r ol l er wh i ch r el ea ses
t h e br a k e wh i l e t h e mot or i s n ot en er -
gi zed. Th i s a l l ows for coa st i n g befor e
t h e br a k e i s set .
(37) Th e dru m i s t h e cy l i n dr i ca l mem-
ber a r ou n d wh i ch t h e r opes a r e wou n d
for r a i si n g or l ower i n g t h e l oa d.
(38) An equ alizer i s a devi ce wh i ch
compen sa t es for u n equ a l l en gt h or
st r et ch of a r ope.
(39) Exposed mea n s ca pa bl e of bei n g
con t a ct ed i n a dver t en t l y . Appl i ed t o
h a za r dou s obj ect s n ot a dequ a t el y
gu a r ded or i sol a t ed.
(40) Fail-saf e mea n s a pr ovi si on de-
si gn ed t o a u t oma t i ca l l y st op or sa fel y
con t r ol a n y mot i on i n wh i ch a ma l -
fu n ct i on occu r s.
(41) Foot walk mea n s t h e wa l k wa y
wi t h h a n dr a i l , a t t a ch ed t o t h e br i dge
or t r ol l ey for a ccess pu r poses.
(42) A h oist i s a n a ppa r a t u s wh i ch
ma y be a pa r t of a cr a n e, exer t i n g a
for ce for l i ft i n g or l ower i n g.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
553
(43) Hoist ch ain mea n s t h e l oa d bea r -
i n g ch a i n i n a h oi st .
NOTE: Ch a i n pr oper t i es do n ot con for m t o
t h ose sh own i n ANS I B30. 91971, S a fet y Code
for S l i n gs.
(44) Hoist mot ion mea n s t h a t mot i on
of a cr a n e wh i ch r a i ses a n d l ower s a
l oa d.
(45) L oad mea n s t h e t ot a l su per -
i mposed wei gh t on t h e l oa d bl ock or
h ook .
(46) Th e load block i s t h e a ssembl y of
h ook or sh a ck l e, swi vel , bea r i n g,
sh ea ves, pi n s, a n d fr a me su spen ded by
t h e h oi st i n g r ope.
(47) Magn et mea n s a n el ect r o-
ma gn et i c devi ce ca r r i ed on a cr a n e
h ook t o pi ck u p l oa ds ma gn et i ca l l y .
(48) Main h oist mea n s t h e h oi st mech -
a n i sm pr ovi ded for l i ft i n g t h e ma x-
i mu m r a t ed l oa d.
(49) A man t rolley i s a t r ol l ey h a vi n g
a n oper a t or s ca b a t t a ch ed t h er et o.
(50) Rat ed load mea n s t h e ma xi mu m
l oa d for wh i ch a cr a n e or i n di vi du a l
h oi st i s desi gn ed a n d bu i l t by t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er a n d sh own on t h e equ i pmen t
n a mepl a t e(s).
(51) Rope r efer s t o wi r e r ope, u n l ess
ot h er wi se speci fi ed.
(52) Ru n n in g sh eave mea n s a sh ea ve
wh i ch r ot a t es a s t h e l oa d bl ock i s
r a i sed or l ower ed.
(53) Ru n way mea n s a n a ssembl y of
r a i l s, bea ms, gi r der s, br a ck et s, a n d
fr a mewor k on wh i ch t h e cr a n e or t r ol -
l ey t r a vel s.
(54) Side pu ll mea n s t h a t por t i on of
t h e h oi st pu l l a ct i n g h or i zon t a l l y wh en
t h e h oi st l i n es a r e n ot oper a t ed
ver t i ca l l y .
(55) Span mea n s t h e h or i zon t a l di s-
t a n ce cen t er t o cen t er of r u n wa y r a i l s.
(56) St an dby cran e mea n s a cr a n e
wh i ch i s n ot i n r egu l a r ser vi ce bu t
wh i ch i s u sed occa si on a l l y or i n t er mi t -
t en t l y a s r equ i r ed.
(57) A st op i s a devi ce t o l i mi t t r a vel
of a t r ol l ey or cr a n e br i dge. Th i s devi ce
n or ma l l y i s a t t a ch ed t o a fi xed st r u c-
t u r e a n d n or ma l l y does n ot h a ve en -
er gy a bsor bi n g a bi l i t y .
(58) A swit ch i s a devi ce for ma k i n g,
br ea k i n g, or for ch a n gi n g t h e con n ec-
t i on s i n a n el ect r i c ci r cu i t .
(59) An emergen cy st op swit ch i s a
ma n u a l l y or a u t oma t i ca l l y oper a t ed
el ect r i c swi t ch t o cu t off el ect r i c power
i n depen den t l y of t h e r egu l a r oper a t i n g
con t r ol s.
(60) A limit swit ch i s a swi t ch wh i ch i s
oper a t ed by some pa r t or mot i on of a
power -dr i ven ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t t o
a l t er t h e el ect r i c ci r cu i t a ssoci a t ed
wi t h t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t .
(61) A main swit ch i s a swi t ch con t r ol -
l i n g t h e en t i r e power su ppl y t o t h e
cr a n e.
(62) A mast er swit ch i s a swi t ch wh i ch
domi n a t es t h e oper a t i on of con t a ct or s,
r el a y s, or ot h er r emot el y oper a t ed de-
vi ces.
(63) Th e t rolley i s t h e u n i t wh i ch t r a v-
el s on t h e br i dge r a i l s a n d ca r r i es t h e
h oi st i n g mech a n i sm.
(64) T rolley t ravel mea n s t h e t r ol l ey
movemen t a t r i gh t a n gl es t o t h e cr a n e
r u n wa y .
(65) T ru ck mea n s t h e u n i t con si st i n g
of a fr a me, wh eel s, bea r i n gs, a n d a xl es
wh i ch su ppor t s t h e br i dge gi r der s or
t r ol l ey s.
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o over h ea d
a n d ga n t r y cr a n es, i n cl u di n g
semi ga n t r y , ca n t i l ever ga n t r y , wa l l
cr a n es, st or a ge br i dge cr a n es, a n d ot h -
er s h a vi n g t h e sa me fu n da men t a l ch a r -
a ct er i st i cs. Th ese cr a n es a r e gr ou ped
beca u se t h ey a l l h a ve t r ol l ey s a n d
si mi l a r t r a vel ch a r a ct er i st i cs.
(2) New an d exist in g equ ipmen t . Al l
n ew over h ea d a n d ga n t r y cr a n es con -
st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed on or a ft er Au -
gu st 31, 1971, sh a l l meet t h e desi gn
speci fi ca t i on s of t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Code for Over -
h ea d a n d Ga n t r y Cr a n es, ANS I B30. 2. 0
(3) Modif icat ion s. Cr a n es ma y be
modi fi ed a n d r er a t ed pr ovi ded su ch
modi fi ca t i on s a n d t h e su ppor t i n g
st r u ct u r e a r e ch eck ed t h or ou gh l y for
t h e n ew r a t ed l oa d by a qu a l i fi ed en gi -
n eer or t h e equ i pmen t ma n u fa ct u r er .
Th e cr a n e sh a l l be t est ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (k )(2) of t h i s sect i on .
New r a t ed l oa d sh a l l be di spl a y ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bpa r a gr a ph (5) of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
(4) Win d in dicat ors an d rail clamps.
Ou t door st or a ge br i dges sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a u t oma t i c r a i l cl a mps. A
wi n d-i n di ca t i n g devi ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wh i ch wi l l gi ve a vi si bl e or a u di -
bl e a l a r m t o t h e br i dge oper a t or a t a
pr edet er mi n ed wi n d vel oci t y . I f t h e
cl a mps a ct on t h e r a i l h ea ds, a n y bea ds
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
554
or wel d fl a sh on t h e r a i l h ea ds sh a l l be
gr ou n d off.
(5) Rat ed load mark in g. Th e r a t ed l oa d
of t h e cr a n e sh a l l be pl a i n l y ma r k ed on
ea ch si de of t h e cr a n e, a n d i f t h e cr a n e
h a s mor e t h a n on e h oi st i n g u n i t , ea ch
h oi st sh a l l h a ve i t s r a t ed l oa d ma r k ed
on i t or i t s l oa d bl ock a n d t h i s ma r k i n g
sh a l l be cl ea r l y l egi bl e fr om t h e gr ou n d
or fl oor .
(6) Clearan ce f rom obst ru ct ion . (i ) Mi n -
i mu m cl ea r a n ce of 3 i n ch es over h ea d
a n d 2 i n ch es l a t er a l l y sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d ma i n t a i n ed bet ween cr a n e a n d ob-
st r u ct i on s i n con for mi t y wi t h Cr a n e
Ma n u fa ct u r er s Associ a t i on of Amer i ca ,
I n c. , S peci fi ca t i on No. 61, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6 (for mer l y t h e El ect r i c Over h ea d
Cr a n e I n st i t u t e, I n c).
(i i ) Wh er e pa ssa gewa y s or wa l k wa y s
a r e pr ovi ded obst r u ct i on s sh a l l n ot be
pl a ced so t h a t sa fet y of per son n el wi l l
be j eopa r di zed by movemen t s of t h e
cr a n e.
(7) Clearan ce bet ween parallel cran es. I f
t h e r u n wa y s of t wo cr a n es a r e pa r a l l el ,
a n d t h er e a r e n o i n t er ven i n g wa l l s or
st r u ct u r e, t h er e sh a l l be a dequ a t e
cl ea r a n ce pr ovi ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed be-
t ween t h e t wo br i dges.
(8) Design at ed person n elOn l y des-
i gn a t ed per son n el sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
oper a t e a cr a n e cover ed by t h i s sect i on .
(c) Cabs(1) Cab locat ion . (i ) Th e gen -
er a l a r r a n gemen t of t h e ca b a n d t h e l o-
ca t i on of con t r ol a n d pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t sh a l l be su ch t h a t a l l oper a t i n g
h a n dl es a r e wi t h i n con ven i en t r ea ch of
t h e oper a t or wh en fa ci n g t h e a r ea t o be
ser ved by t h e l oa d h ook , or wh i l e fa c-
i n g t h e di r ect i on of t r a vel of t h e ca b.
Th e a r r a n gemen t sh a l l a l l ow t h e oper -
a t or a fu l l vi ew of t h e l oa d h ook i n a l l
posi t i on s.
(i i ) Th e ca b sh a l l be l oca t ed t o a ffor d
a mi n i mu m of 3 i n ch es cl ea r a n ce fr om
a l l fi xed st r u ct u r es wi t h i n i t s a r ea of
possi bl e movemen t .
(2) Access t o cran e. Access t o t h e ca b
a n d/or br i dge wa l k wa y sh a l l be by a
con ven i en t l y pl a ced fi xed l a dder ,
st a i r s, or pl a t for m r equ i r i n g n o st ep
over a n y ga p exceedi n g 12 i n ch es. F i xed
l a dder s sh a l l be i n con for ma n ce wi t h
t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fe-
t y Code for F i xed La dder s, ANS I A14. 3
(3) Fire ext in gu ish er. Ca r bon t et r a -
ch l or i de ext i n gu i sh er s sh a l l n ot be
u sed.
(4) L igh t in g. Li gh t i n t h e ca b sh a l l be
su ffi ci en t t o en a bl e t h e oper a t or t o see
cl ea r l y en ou gh t o per for m h i s wor k .
(d) Foot walk s an d ladders(1) L ocat ion
of f oot walk s. (i ) I f su ffi ci en t h ea dr oom
i s a va i l a bl e on ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es, a
foot wa l k sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e dr i ve
si de a l on g t h e en t i r e l en gt h of t h e
br i dge of a l l cr a n es h a vi n g t h e t r ol l ey
r u n n i n g on t h e t op of t h e gi r der s.
(i i ) Wh er e foot wa l k s a r e l oca t ed i n n o
ca se sh a l l l ess t h a n 48 i n ch es of h ea d-
r oom be pr ovi ded.
(2) Con st ru ct ion of f oot walk s. (i )
F oot wa l k s sh a l l be of r i gi d con st r u c-
t i on a n d desi gn ed t o su st a i n a di st r i b-
u t ed l oa d of a t l ea st 50 pou n ds per
squ a r e foot .
(i i ) F oot wa l k s sh a l l h a ve a wa l k i n g
su r fa ce of a n t i sl i p t y pe.
NOTE: Wood wi l l meet t h i s r equ i r emen t .
(i v) Th e i n n er edge sh a l l ext en d a t
l ea st t o t h e l i n e of t h e ou t si de edge of
t h e l ower cover pl a t e or fl a n ge of t h e
gi r der .
(3) T oeboards an d h an drails f or
f oot walk s. Toeboa r ds a n d h a n dr a i l s
sh a l l be i n compl i a n ce wi t h sect i on
1910. 23 of t h i s pa r t .
(4) L adders an d st airway s. (i ) Ga n t r y
cr a n es sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h l a dder s or
st a i r wa y s ext en di n g fr om t h e gr ou n d
t o t h e foot wa l k or ca b pl a t for m.
(i i ) S t a i r wa y s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
r i gi d a n d su bst a n t i a l met a l h a n dr a i l s.
Wa l k i n g su r fa ces sh a l l be of a n a n t i sl i p
t y pe.
(i i i ) La dder s sh a l l be per ma n en t l y
a n d secu r el y fa st en ed i n pl a ce a n d sh a l l
be con st r u ct ed i n compl i a n ce wi t h
1910. 27.
(e) St ops, bu mpers, rail sweeps, an d
gu ards(1) T rolley st ops. (i ) S t ops sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t t h e l i mi t s of t r a vel of
t h e t r ol l ey .
(i i ) S t ops sh a l l be fa st en ed t o r esi st
for ces a ppl i ed wh en con t a ct ed.
(i i i ) A st op en ga gi n g t h e t r ea d of t h e
wh eel sh a l l be of a h ei gh t a t l ea st equ a l
t o t h e r a di u s of t h e wh eel .
(2) Bridge bu mpers(i ) A cr a n e sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h bu mper s or ot h er
a u t oma t i c mea n s pr ovi di n g equ i va l en t
effect , u n l ess t h e cr a n e t r a vel s a t a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
555
sl ow r a t e of speed a n d h a s a fa st er de-
cel er a t i on r a t e du e t o t h e u se of sl eeve
bea r i n gs, or i s n ot oper a t ed n ea r t h e
en ds of br i dge a n d t r ol l ey t r a vel , or i s
r est r i ct ed t o a l i mi t ed di st a n ce by t h e
n a t u r e of t h e cr a n e oper a t i on a n d t h er e
i s n o h a za r d of st r i k i n g a n y obj ect i n
t h i s l i mi t ed di st a n ce, or i s u sed i n
si mi l a r oper a t i n g con di t i on s. Th e
bu mper s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of st oppi n g
t h e cr a n e (n ot i n cl u di n g t h e l i ft ed
l oa d) a t a n a ver a ge r a t e of decel er a t i on
n ot t o exceed 3 ft /s/s wh en t r a vel i n g i n
ei t h er di r ect i on a t 20 per cen t of t h e
r a t ed l oa d speed.
(a) Th e bu mper s sh a l l h a ve su ffi ci en t
en er gy a bsor bi n g ca pa ci t y t o st op t h e
cr a n e wh en t r a vel i n g a t a speed of a t
l ea st 40 per cen t of r a t ed l oa d speed.
(b) Th e bu mper sh a l l be so mou n t ed
t h a t t h er e i s n o di r ect sh ea r on bol t s.
(i i ) Bu mper s sh a l l be so desi gn ed a n d
i n st a l l ed a s t o mi n i mi ze pa r t s fa l l i n g
fr om t h e cr a n e i n ca se of br ea k a ge.
(3) T rolley bu mpers(i ) A t r ol l ey sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h bu mper s or ot h er
a u t oma t i c mea n s of equ i va l en t effect ,
u n l ess t h e t r ol l ey t r a vel s a t a sl ow r a t e
of speed, or i s n ot oper a t ed n ea r t h e
en ds of br i dge a n d t r ol l ey t r a vel , or i s
r est r i ct ed t o a l i mi t ed di st a n ce of t h e
r u n wa y a n d t h er e i s n o h a za r d of st r i k -
i n g a n y obj ect i n t h i s l i mi t ed di st a n ce,
or i s u sed i n si mi l a r oper a t i n g con di -
t i on s. Th e bu mper s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
st oppi n g t h e t r ol l ey (n ot i n cl u di n g t h e
l i ft ed l oa d) a t a n a ver a ge r a t e of decel -
er a t i on n ot t o exceed 4. 7 ft /s/s wh en
t r a vel i n g i n ei t h er di r ect i on a t on e-
t h i r d of t h e r a t ed l oa d speed.
(i i ) Wh en mor e t h a n on e t r ol l ey i s op-
er a t ed on t h e sa me br i dge, ea ch sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h bu mper s or equ i va -
l en t on t h ei r a dj a cen t en ds.
(i i i ) Bu mper s or equ i va l en t sh a l l be
desi gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed t o mi n i mi ze
pa r t s fa l l i n g fr om t h e t r ol l ey i n ca se of
a ge.
(4) Rail sweeps. Br i dge t r u ck s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sweeps wh i ch ext en d
bel ow t h e t op of t h e r a i l a n d pr oj ect i n
fr on t of t h e t r u ck wh eel s.
(5) Gu ards f or h oist in g ropes. (i ) I f
h oi st i n g r opes r u n n ea r en ou gh t o
ot h er pa r t s t o ma k e fou l i n g or ch a fi n g
possi bl e, gu a r ds sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o
pr even t t h i s con di t i on .
(i i ) A gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr e-
ven t con t a ct bet ween br i dge con du c-
t or s a n d h oi st i n g r opes i f t h ey cou l d
come i n t o con t a ct .
(6) Gu ards f or movin g part s. (i ) Ex-
posed movi n g pa r t s su ch a s gea r s, set
scr ews, pr oj ect i n g k ey s, ch a i n s, ch a i n
spr ock et s, a n d r eci pr oca t i n g compo-
n en t s wh i ch mi gh t con st i t u t e a h a za r d
u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s
sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(i i ) Gu a r ds sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed.
(i i i ) Ea ch gu a r d sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
su ppor t i n g wi t h ou t per ma n en t di st or -
t i on t h e wei gh t of a 200pou n d per son
u n l ess t h e gu a r d i s l oca t ed wh er e i t i s
i mpossi bl e for a per son t o st ep on i t .
(f) Brak es(1) Brak es f or h oist s. (i )
Ea ch i n depen den t h oi st i n g u n i t of a
cr a n e sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a t l ea st
on e sel f-set t i n g br a k e, h er ea ft er r e-
fer r ed t o a s a h ol di n g br a k e, a ppl i ed di -
r ect l y t o t h e mot or sh a ft or some pa r t
of t h e gea r t r a i n .
(i i ) Ea ch i n depen den t h oi st i n g u n i t of
a cr a n e, except wor m-gea r ed h oi st s, t h e
a n gl e of wh ose wor m i s su ch a s t o pr e-
ven t t h e l oa d fr om a ccel er a t i n g i n t h e
l ower i n g di r ect i on sh a l l , i n a ddi t i on t o
a h ol di n g br a k e, be equ i pped wi t h con -
t r ol br a k i n g mea n s t o pr even t over -
speedi n g.
(2) Holdin g brak es. (i ) Hol di n g br a k es
for h oi st mot or s sh a l l h a ve n ot l ess
t h a n t h e fol l owi n g per cen t a ge of t h e
fu l l l oa d h oi st i n g t or qu e a t t h e poi n t
wh er e t h e br a k e i s a ppl i ed.
(a) 125 per cen t wh en u sed wi t h a con -
t r ol br a k i n g mea n s ot h er t h a n mech a n -
i ca l .
(b) 100 per cen t wh en u sed i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h a mech a n i ca l con t r ol br a k i n g
mea n s.
(c) 100 per cen t ea ch i f t wo h ol di n g
br a k es a r e pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Hol di n g br a k es on h oi st s sh a l l
h a ve a mpl e t h er ma l ca pa ci t y for t h e
fr equ en cy of oper a t i on r equ i r ed by t h e
ser vi ce.
(i i i ) Hol di n g br a k es on h oi st s sh a l l be
a ppl i ed a u t oma t i ca l l y wh en power i s
r emoved.
(i v) Wh er e n ecessa r y h ol di n g br a k es
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a dj u st men t
mea n s t o compen sa t e for wea r .
(v) Th e wea r i n g su r fa ce of a l l h ol d-
i n g-br a k e dr u ms or di scs sh a l l be
smoot h .
(vi ) Ea ch i n depen den t h oi st i n g u n i t
of a cr a n e h a n dl i n g h ot met a l a n d h a v-
i n g power con t r ol br a k i n g mea n s sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
556
be equ i pped wi t h a t l ea st t wo h ol di n g
br a k es.
(3) Con t rol brak in g mean s. (i ) A power
con t r ol br a k i n g mea n s su ch a s r egen -
er a t i ve, dy n a mi c or cou n t er t or qu e
br a k i n g, or a mech a n i ca l l y con t r ol l ed
br a k i n g mea n s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
ma i n t a i n i n g sa fe l ower i n g speeds of
r a t ed l oa ds.
(i i ) Th e con t r ol br a k i n g mea n s sh a l l
h a ve a mpl e t h er ma l ca pa ci t y for t h e
fr equ en cy of oper a t i on r equ i r ed by
ser vi ce.
(4) Brak es f or t rolley s an d bridges. (i )
F oot -oper a t ed br a k es sh a l l n ot r equ i r e
a n a ppl i ed for ce of mor e t h a n 70 pou n ds
t o devel op ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t ed br a k e
t or qu e.
(i i ) Br a k es ma y be a ppl i ed by me-
ch a n i ca l , el ect r i ca l , pn eu ma t i c, h y -
dr a u l i c, or gr a vi t y mea n s.
(i i i ) Wh er e n ecessa r y br a k es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a dj u st men t mea n s t o
compen sa t e for wea r .
(i v) Th e wea r i n g su r fa ce of a l l br a k e-
dr u ms or di scs sh a l l be smoot h .
(v) Al l foot -br a k e peda l s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed so t h a t t h e oper a t or s foot
wi l l n ot ea si l y sl i p off t h e peda l .
(vi ) F oot -oper a t ed br a k es sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a u t oma t i c mea n s for
posi t i ve r el ea se wh en pr essu r e i s r e-
l ea sed fr om t h e peda l .
(vi i ) Br a k es for st oppi n g t h e mot i on
of t h e t r ol l ey or br i dge sh a l l be of su ffi -
ci en t si ze t o st op t h e t r ol l ey or br i dge
wi t h i n a di st a n ce i n feet equ a l t o 10
per cen t of fu l l l oa d speed i n feet per
mi n u t e wh en t r a vel i n g a t fu l l speed
wi t h fu l l l oa d.
(vi i i ) I f h ol di n g br a k es a r e pr ovi ded
on t h e br i dge or t r ol l ey s, t h ey sh a l l n ot
pr oh i bi t t h e u se of a dr i ft poi n t i n t h e
con t r ol ci r cu i t .
(i x) Br a k es on t r ol l ey s a n d br i dges
sh a l l h a ve a mpl e t h er ma l ca pa ci t y for
t h e fr equ en cy of oper a t i on r equ i r ed by
t h e ser vi ce t o pr even t i mpa i r men t of
fu n ct i on s fr om over h ea t i n g.
(5) Applicat ion of t rolley brak es. (i ) On
ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es wi t h ca b on t r ol -
l ey , a t r ol l ey br a k e sh a l l be r equ i r ed a s
speci fi ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) A dr a g br a k e ma y be a ppl i ed t o
h ol d t h e t r ol l ey i n a desi r ed posi t i on on
t h e br i dge a n d t o el i mi n a t e cr eep wi t h
t h e power off.
(6) Applicat ion of bridge brak es. (i ) On
ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es wi t h ca b on br i dge,
a br i dge br a k e i s r equ i r ed a s speci fi ed
u n der pa r a gr a ph (f)(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) On ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es wi t h ca b
on t r ol l ey , a br i dge br a k e of t h e h ol d-
i n g t y pe sh a l l be r equ i r ed.
(i i i ) On a l l fl oor , r emot e a n d pu l pi t -
oper a t ed cr a n e br i dge dr i ves, a br a k e of
n on coa st i n g mech a n i ca l dr i ve sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(g) Elect ric equ ipmen t (1) Gen eral. (i )
Wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l compl y
wi t h su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) Th e con t r ol ci r cu i t vol t a ge sh a l l
n ot exceed 600 vol t s for a . c. or d. c. cu r -
r en t .
(i i i ) Th e vol t a ge a t pen da n t pu sh -bu t -
t on s sh a l l n ot exceed 150 vol t s for a . c.
a n d 300 vol t s for d. c.
(i v) Wh er e mu l t i pl e con du ct or ca bl e
i s u sed wi t h a su spen ded pu sh bu t t on
st a t i on , t h e st a t i on mu st be su ppor t ed
i n some sa t i sfa ct or y ma n n er t h a t wi l l
pr ot ect t h e el ect r i ca l con du ct or s
a ga i n st st r a i n .
(v) P en da n t con t r ol boxes sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed t o pr even t el ect r i ca l sh ock
a n d sh a l l be cl ea r l y ma r k ed for i den t i -
fi ca t i on of fu n ct i on s.
(2) Equ ipmen t . (i ) El ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t sh a l l be so l oca t ed or en cl osed
t h a t l i ve pa r t s wi l l n ot be exposed t o
a cci den t a l con t a ct u n der n or ma l oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s.
(i i ) El ect r i c equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed fr om di r t , gr ea se, oi l , a n d moi s-
t u r e.
(i i i ) Gu a r ds for l i ve pa r t s sh a l l be
su bst a n t i a l a n d so l oca t ed t h a t t h ey
ca n n ot be a cci den t l y defor med so a s t o
ma k e con t a ct wi t h t h e l i ve pa r t s.
(3) Con t rollers. (i ) Cr a n es n ot equ i pped
wi t h spr i n g-r et u r n con t r ol l er s or mo-
men t a r y con t a ct pu sh bu t t on s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a devi ce wh i ch wi l l di s-
con n ect a l l mot or s fr om t h e l i n e on
fa i l u r e of power a n d wi l l n ot per mi t
a n y mot or t o be r est a r t ed u n t i l t h e
con t r ol l er h a n dl e i s br ou gh t t o t h e
off posi t i on , or a r eset swi t ch or bu t -
t on i s oper a t ed.
(i i ) Lever oper a t ed con t r ol l er s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a n ot ch or l a t ch
wh i ch i n t h e off posi t i on pr even t s
t h e h a n dl e fr om bei n g i n a dver t en t l y
moved t o t h e on posi t i on . An off
det en t or spr i n g r et u r n a r r a n gemen t i s
a ccept a bl e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
557
(i i i ) Th e con t r ol l er oper a t i n g h a n dl e
sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n con ven i en t
r ea ch of t h e oper a t or .
(i v) As fa r a s pr a ct i ca bl e, t h e move-
men t of ea ch con t r ol l er h a n dl e sh a l l be
i n t h e sa me gen er a l di r ect i on s a s t h e
r esu l t a n t movemen t s of t h e l oa d.
(v) Th e con t r ol for t h e br i dge a n d
t r ol l ey t r a vel sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t
t h e oper a t or ca n r ea di l y fa ce t h e di r ec-
t i on of t r a vel .
(vi ) F or fl oor -oper a t ed cr a n es, t h e
con t r ol l er or con t r ol l er s i f r ope oper -
a t ed, sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y r et u r n t o t h e
off posi t i on wh en r el ea sed by t h e op-
er a t or .
(vi i ) P u sh bu t t on s i n pen da n t st a t i on s
sh a l l r et u r n t o t h e off posi t i on wh en
pr essu r e i s r el ea sed by t h e cr a n e oper -
a t or .
(vi i i ) Au t oma t i c cr a n es sh a l l be so
desi gn ed t h a t a l l mot i on s sh a l l fa i l -
sa fe i f a n y ma l fu n ct i on of oper a t i on oc-
cu r s.
(i x) Remot e-oper a t ed cr a n es sh a l l
fu n ct i on so t h a t i f t h e con t r ol si gn a l
for a n y cr a n e mot i on becomes i n effec-
t i ve t h e cr a n e mot i on sh a l l st op.
(4) Resist ors. (i ) En cl osu r es for r esi s-
t or s sh a l l h a ve open i n gs t o pr ovi de a de-
qu a t e ven t i l a t i on , a n d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of
combu st i bl e ma t t er t oo n ea r t o h ot
pa r t s.
(i i ) Resi st or u n i t s sh a l l be su ppor t ed
so a s t o be a s fr ee a s possi bl e fr om vi -
br a t i on .
(i i i ) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o pr e-
ven t br ok en pa r t s or mol t en met a l fa l l -
i n g u pon t h e oper a t or or fr om t h e
cr a n e.
(5) Swit ch es. (i ) Th e power su ppl y t o
t h e r u n wa y con du ct or s sh a l l be con -
t r ol l ed by a swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er
l oca t ed on a fi xed st r u ct u r e, a ccessi bl e
fr om t h e fl oor , a n d a r r a n ged t o be
l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on .
(i i ) On ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es a swi t ch
or ci r cu i t br ea k er of t h e en cl osed t y pe,
wi t h pr ovi si on for l ock i n g i n t h e open
posi t i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e l ea ds
fr om t h e r u n wa y con du ct or s. A mea n s
of open i n g t h i s swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k -
er sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of
t h e oper a t or .
(i i i ) On fl oor -oper a t ed cr a n es, a
swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er of t h e en -
cl osed t y pe, wi t h pr ovi si on for l ock i n g
i n t h e open posi t i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded
i n t h e l ea ds fr om t h e r u n wa y con du c-
t or s. Th i s di scon n ect sh a l l be mou n t ed
on t h e br i dge or foot wa l k n ea r t h e r u n -
wa y col l ect or s. On e of t h e fol l owi n g
t y pes of fl oor -oper a t ed di scon n ect s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded:
(a) Non con du ct i ve r ope a t t a ch ed t o
t h e ma i n di scon n ect swi t ch .
(b) An u n der vol t a ge t r i p for t h e ma i n
ci r cu i t br ea k er oper a t ed by a n emer -
gen cy st op bu t t on i n t h e pen da n t pu sh -
bu t t on i n t h e pen da n t pu sh bu t t on st a -
t i on .
(c) A ma i n l i n e con t a ct or oper a t ed by
a swi t ch or pu sh bu t t on i n t h e pen da n t
pu sh bu t t on st a t i on .
(i v) Th e h oi st i n g mot i on of a l l el ec-
t r i c t r a vel i n g cr a n es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a n over t r a vel l i mi t swi t ch i n t h e
h oi st i n g di r ect i on .
(v) Al l cr a n es u si n g a l i ft i n g ma gn et
sh a l l h a ve a ma gn et ci r cu i t swi t ch of
t h e en cl osed t y pe wi t h pr ovi si on for
l ock i n g i n t h e open posi t i on . Mea n s for
di sch a r gi n g t h e i n du ct i ve l oa d of t h e
ma gn et sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(6) Ru n way con du ct ors. Con du ct or s of
t h e open t y pe mou n t ed on t h e cr a n e
r u n wa y bea ms or over h ea d sh a l l be so
l oca t ed or so gu a r ded t h a t per son s en -
t er i n g or l ea vi n g t h e ca b or cr a n e
foot wa l k n or ma l l y cou l d n ot come i n t o
con t a ct wi t h t h em.
(7) Ext en sion lamps. I f a ser vi ce r ecep-
t a cl e i s pr ovi ded i n t h e ca b or on t h e
br i dge of ca b-oper a t ed cr a n es, i t sh a l l
be a gr ou n ded t h r ee-pr on g t y pe per ma -
n en t r ecept a cl e, n ot exceedi n g 300
vol t s.
(h ) Hoist in g equ ipmen t (1) Sh eaves. (i )
S h ea ve gr ooves sh a l l be smoot h a n d
fr ee fr om su r fa ce defect s wh i ch cou l d
ca u se r ope da ma ge.
(i i ) S h ea ves ca r r y i n g r opes wh i ch ca n
be momen t a r i l y u n l oa ded sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h cl ose-fi t t i n g gu a r ds or ot h er
su i t a bl e devi ces t o gu i de t h e r ope ba ck
i n t o t h e gr oove wh en t h e l oa d i s a p-
pl i ed a ga i n .
(i i i ) Th e sh ea ves i n t h e bot t om bl ock
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h cl ose-fi t t i n g
gu a r ds t h a t wi l l pr even t r opes fr om be-
comi n g fou l ed wh en t h e bl ock i s l y i n g
on t h e gr ou n d wi t h r opes l oose.
(i v) P ock et s a n d fl a n ges of sh ea ves
u sed wi t h h oi st ch a i n s sh a l l be of su ch
di men si on s t h a t t h e ch a i n does n ot
ca t ch or bi n d du r i n g oper a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
558
(v) Al l r u n n i n g sh ea ves sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h mea n s for l u br i ca t i on .
P er ma n en t l y l u br i ca t ed, sea l ed a n d/or
sh i el ded bea r i n gs meet t h i s r equ i r e-
men t .
(2) Ropes. (i ) I n u si n g h oi st i n g r opes,
t h e cr a n e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da -
t i on sh a l l be fol l owed. Th e r a t ed l oa d
di vi ded by t h e n u mber of pa r t s of r ope
sh a l l n ot exceed 20 per cen t of t h e n omi -
n a l br ea k i n g st r en gt h of t h e r ope.
(i i ) S ock et i n g sh a l l be don e i n t h e
ma n n er speci fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
of t h e a ssembl y .
(i i i ) Rope sh a l l be secu r ed t o t h e
dr u m a s fol l ows:
(a) No l ess t h a n t wo wr a ps of r ope
sh a l l r ema i n on t h e dr u m wh en t h e
h ook i s i n i t s ext r eme l ow posi t i on .
(b) Rope en d sh a l l be a n ch or ed by a
cl a mp secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o t h e dr u m,
or by a sock et a r r a n gemen t a ppr oved
by t h e cr a n e or r ope ma n u fa ct u r er .
(i v) Ey e spl i ces. [Reser ved]
(v) Rope cl i ps a t t a ch ed wi t h U-bol t s
sh a l l h a ve t h e U-bol t s on t h e dea d or
sh or t en d of t h e r ope. S pa ci n g a n d
n u mber of a l l t y pes of cl i ps sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e cl i p ma n u fa ct u r -
er s r ecommen da t i on . Cl i ps sh a l l be
dr op-for ged st eel i n a l l si zes ma n u fa c-
t u r ed commer ci a l l y . Wh en a n ewl y i n -
st a l l ed r ope h a s been i n oper a t i on for
a n h ou r , a l l n u t s on t h e cl i p bol t s sh a l l
be r et i gh t en ed.
(vi ) S wa ged or compr essed fi t t i n gs
sh a l l be a ppl i ed a s r ecommen ded by t h e
r ope or cr a n e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(vi i ) Wh er ever exposed t o t emper a -
t u r es, a t wh i ch fi ber cor es wou l d be
da ma ged, r ope h a vi n g a n i n depen den t
wi r er ope or wi r e-st r a n d cor e, or ot h er
t emper a t u r e-da ma ge r esi st a n t cor e
sh a l l be u sed.
(vi i i ) Repl a cemen t r ope sh a l l be t h e
sa me si ze, gr a de, a n d con st r u ct i on a s
t h e or i gi n a l r ope fu r n i sh ed by t h e
cr a n e ma n u fa ct u r er , u n l ess ot h er wi se
r ecommen ded by a wi r e r ope ma n u fa c-
t u r er du e t o a ct u a l wor k i n g con di t i on
r equ i r emen t s.
(3) Equ alizers. I f a l oa d i s su ppor t ed
by mor e t h a n on e pa r t of r ope, t h e t en -
si on i n t h e pa r t s sh a l l be equ a l i zed.
(4) Hook s. Hook s sh a l l meet t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s a n d sh a l l
n ot be over l oa ded.
(i ) Warn in g device. Except for fl oor -
oper a t ed cr a n es a gon g or ot h er effec-
t i ve wa r n i n g si gn a l sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for ea ch cr a n e equ i pped wi t h a power
t r a vel i n g mech a n i sm.
(j ) I n spect ion (1) I n spect ion classif ica-
t ion . (i ) I n i t i a l i n spect i on . P r i or t o i n i -
t i a l u se a l l n ew a n d a l t er ed cr a n es
sh a l l be i n spect ed t o i n su r e compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) I n spect i on pr ocedu r e for cr a n es i n
r egu l a r ser vi ce i s di vi ded i n t o t wo gen -
er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on s ba sed u pon t h e i n -
t er va l s a t wh i ch i n spect i on sh ou l d be
per for med. Th e i n t er va l s i n t u r n a r e
depen den t u pon t h e n a t u r e of t h e cr i t -
i ca l compon en t s of t h e cr a n e a n d t h e
degr ee of t h ei r exposu r e t o wea r , det e-
r i or a t i on , or ma l fu n ct i on . Th e t wo gen -
er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on s a r e h er ei n des-
i gn a t ed a s fr equ en t a n d per i odi c
wi t h r espect i ve i n t er va l s bet ween i n -
spect i on s a s defi n ed bel ow:
(a) F r equ en t i n spect i on Da i l y t o
mon t h l y i n t er va l s.
(b) P er i odi c i n spect i on 1 t o 12
mon t h i n t er va l s.
(2) Frequ en t in spect ion . Th e fol l owi n g
i t ems sh a l l be i n spect ed for defect s a t
i n t er va l s a s defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(j )(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on or a s speci fi -
ca l l y i n di ca t ed, i n cl u di n g obser va t i on
du r i n g oper a t i on for a n y defect s wh i ch
mi gh t a ppea r bet ween r egu l a r i n spec-
t i on s. Al l defi ci en ci es su ch a s l i st ed
sh a l l be ca r efu l l y exa mi n ed a n d det er -
mi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er t h ey con -
st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d:
(i ) Al l fu n ct i on a l oper a t i n g mech a -
n i sms for ma l a dj u st men t i n t er fer i n g
wi t h pr oper oper a t i on . Da i l y .
(i i ) Det er i or a t i on or l ea k a ge i n l i n es,
t a n k s, va l ves, dr a i n pu mps, a n d ot h er
pa r t s of a i r or h y dr a u l i c sy st ems.
Da i l y .
(i i i ) Hook s wi t h defor ma t i on or
cr a ck s. Vi su a l i n spect i on da i l y ; mon t h -
l y i n spect i on wi t h a cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of i n -
spect i on , t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per son
wh o per for med t h e i n spect i on a n d t h e
t h e h ook i n spect ed. F or h ook s wi t h
cr a ck s or h a vi n g mor e t h a n 15 per cen t
i n excess of n or ma l t h r oa t open i n g or
mor e t h a n 10 t wi st fr om t h e pl a n e of
t h e u n ben t h ook r efer t o pa r a gr a ph
(l )(3)(i i i )(a) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) Hoi st ch a i n s, i n cl u di n g en d con -
n ect i on s, for excessi ve wea r , t wi st , di s-
t or t ed l i n k s i n t er fer i n g wi t h pr oper
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
559
fu n ct i on , or st r et ch bey on d ma n u fa c-
t u r er s r ecommen da t i on s. Vi su a l i n -
spect i on da i l y ; mon t h l y i n spect i on
wi t h a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d wh i ch i n -
cl u des t h e da t e of i n spect i on , t h e si g-
n a t u r e of t h e per son wh o per for med t h e
i n spect i on a n d a n i den t i fi er of t h e
ch a i n wh i ch wa s i n spect ed.
(v) [Reser ved]
(vi ) Al l fu n ct i on a l oper a t i n g mech a -
n i sms for excessi ve wea r of compo-
n en t s.
(vi i ) Rope r eevi n g for n on compl i a n ce
wi t h ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(3) Periodic in spect ion . Compl et e i n -
spect i on s of t h e cr a n e sh a l l be per -
for med a t i n t er va l s a s gen er a l l y de-
fi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (j )(1)(i i )(b) of t h i s
sect i on , depen di n g u pon i t s a ct i vi t y ,
sever i t y of ser vi ce, a n d en vi r on men t ,
or a s speci fi ca l l y i n di ca t ed bel ow.
Th ese i n spect i on s sh a l l i n cl u de t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (j )(2) of t h i s
sect i on a n d i n a ddi t i on , t h e fol l owi n g
i t ems. An y defi ci en ci es su ch a s l i st ed
sh a l l be ca r efu l l y exa mi n ed a n d det er -
mi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er t h ey con -
st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d:
(i ) Defor med, cr a ck ed, or cor r oded
member s.
(i i ) Loose bol t s or r i vet s.
(i i i ) Cr a ck ed or wor n sh ea ves a n d
dr u ms.
(i v) Wor n , cr a ck ed or di st or t ed pa r t s
su ch a s pi n s, bea r i n gs, sh a ft s, gea r s,
r ol l er s, l ock i n g a n d cl a mpi n g devi ces.
(v) Excessi ve wea r on br a k e sy st em
pa r t s, l i n i n gs, pa wl s, a n d r a t ch et s.
(vi ) Loa d, wi n d, a n d ot h er i n di ca t or s
over t h ei r fu l l r a n ge, for a n y si gn i fi -
ca n t i n a ccu r a ci es.
(vi i ) Ga sol i n e, di esel , el ect r i c, or
ot h er power pl a n t s for i mpr oper per -
for ma n ce or n on compl i a n ce wi t h a ppl i -
ca bl e sa fet y r equ i r emen t s.
(vi i i ) Excessi ve wea r of ch a i n dr i ve
spr ock et s a n d excessi ve ch a i n st r et ch .
(i x) [Reser ved]
(x) El ect r i ca l a ppa r a t u s, for si gn s of
pi t t i n g or a n y det er i or a t i on of con -
t r ol l er con t a ct or s, l i mi t swi t ch es a n d
pu sh bu t t on st a t i on s.
(4) Cran es n ot in regu lar u se. (i ) A
cr a n e wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a per i od
of 1 mon t h or mor e, bu t l ess t h a n 6
mon t h s, sh a l l be gi ven a n i n spect i on
con for mi n g wi t h r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (j )(2) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a -
gr a ph (m)(2) of t h i s sect i on befor e pl a c-
i n g i n ser vi ce.
(i i ) A cr a n e wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a
per i od of over 6 mon t h s sh a l l be gi ven
a compl et e i n spect i on con for mi n g wi t h
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (j ) (2) a n d
(3) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a gr a ph (m)(2)
of t h i s sect i on befor e pl a ci n g i n ser v-
i ce.
(i i i ) S t a n dby cr a n es sh a l l be i n -
spect ed a t l ea st semi -a n n u a l l y i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (j )(2) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a -
gr a ph (m)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(k ) T est in g(1) Operat ion al t est s. (i )
P r i or t o i n i t i a l u se a l l n ew a n d a l t er ed
cr a n es sh a l l be t est ed t o i n su r e compl i -
a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on i n cl u di n g t h e
fol l owi n g fu n ct i on s:
(a) Hoi st i n g a n d l ower i n g.
(b) Tr ol l ey t r a vel .
(c) Br i dge t r a vel .
(d) Li mi t swi t ch es, l ock i n g a n d sa fe-
t y devi ces.
(i i ) Th e t r i p set t i n g of h oi st l i mi t
swi t ch es sh a l l be det er mi n ed by t est s
wi t h a n empt y h ook t r a vel i n g i n i n -
cr ea si n g speeds u p t o t h e ma xi mu m
speed. Th e a ct u a t i n g mech a n i sm of t h e
l i mi t swi t ch sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t i t
wi l l t r i p t h e swi t ch , u n der a l l con di -
t i on s, i n su ffi ci en t t i me t o pr even t con -
t a ct of t h e h ook or h ook bl ock wi t h
a n y pa r t of t h e t r ol l ey .
(2) Rat ed load t est . Test l oa ds sh a l l
n ot be mor e t h a n 125 per cen t of t h e
r a t ed l oa d u n l ess ot h er wi se r ec-
ommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er . Th e
t est r epor t s sh a l l be pl a ced on fi l e
wh er e r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o a ppoi n t ed
per son n el .
(l ) Main t en an ce(1) Preven t ive main t e-
n an ce. A pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce pr o-
gr a m ba sed on t h e cr a n e ma n u fa ct u r -
er s r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l be est a b-
l i sh ed.
(2) Main t en an ce procedu re. (i ) Befor e
a dj u st men t s a n d r epa i r s a r e st a r t ed on
a cr a n e t h e fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s sh a l l
be t a k en :
(a) Th e cr a n e t o be r epa i r ed sh a l l be
r u n t o a l oca t i on wh er e i t wi l l ca u se
t h e l ea st i n t er fer en ce wi t h ot h er
cr a n es a n d oper a t i on s i n t h e a r ea .
(b) Al l con t r ol l er s sh a l l be a t t h e off
posi t i on .
(c) Th e ma i n or emer gen cy swi t ch
sh a l l be open a n d l ock ed i n t h e open
posi t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
560
(d) Wa r n i n g or ou t of or der si gn s
sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e cr a n e, a l so on
t h e fl oor ben ea t h or on t h e h ook wh er e
vi si bl e fr om t h e fl oor .
(e) Wh er e ot h er cr a n es a r e i n oper -
a t i on on t h e sa me r u n wa y , r a i l st ops or
ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o pr even t i n t er fer en ce wi t h t h e i dl e
cr a n e.
(i i ) Aft er a dj u st men t s a n d r epa i r s
h a ve been ma de t h e cr a n e sh a l l n ot be
oper a t ed u n t i l a l l gu a r ds h a ve been r e-
i n st a l l ed, sa fet y devi ces r ea ct i va t ed
a n d ma i n t en a n ce equ i pmen t r emoved.
(3) Adju st men t s an d repairs. (i ) An y
u n sa fe con di t i on s di scl osed by t h e i n -
spect i on r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (j )
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be cor r ect ed befor e
oper a t i on of t h e cr a n e i s r esu med. Ad-
j u st men t s a n d r epa i r s sh a l l be don e
on l y by desi gn a t ed per son n el .
(i i ) Adj u st men t s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
t o a ssu r e cor r ect fu n ct i on i n g of compo-
n en t s. Th e fol l owi n g a r e exa mpl es:
(a) Al l fu n ct i on a l oper a t i n g mech a -
n i sms.
(b) Li mi t swi t ch es.
(c) Con t r ol sy st ems.
(d) Br a k es.
(e) P ower pl a n t s.
(i i i ) Repa i r s or r epl a cemen t s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded pr ompt l y a s n eeded for sa fe
oper a t i on . Th e fol l owi n g a r e exa mpl es:
(a) Cr a n e h ook s sh owi n g defect s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (j )(2)(i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l be di sca r ded. Repa i r s by
wel di n g or r esh a pi n g a r e n ot gen er a l l y
r ecommen ded. I f su ch r epa i r s a r e a t -
t empt ed t h ey sh a l l on l y be don e u n der
compet en t su per vi si on a n d t h e h ook
sh a l l be t est ed t o t h e l oa d r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (k )(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on befor e fu r t h er u se.
(b) Loa d a t t a ch men t ch a i n s a n d r ope
sl i n gs sh owi n g defect s descr i bed i n
pa r a gr a ph (j )(2) (i v) a n d (v) of t h i s sec-
t i on r espect i vel y .
(c) Al l cr i t i ca l pa r t s wh i ch a r e
cr a ck ed, br ok en , ben t , or excessi vel y
wor n .
(d) P en da n t con t r ol st a t i on s sh a l l be
k ept cl ea n a n d fu n ct i on l a bel s k ept
l egi bl e.
(m) Rope in spect ion (1) Ru n n in g
ropes. A t h or ou gh i n spect i on of a l l
r opes sh a l l be ma de a t l ea st on ce a
mon t h a n d a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d wh i ch
i n cl u des t h e da t e of i n spect i on , t h e si g-
i n spect i on a n d a n i den t i fi er for t h e
r opes wh i ch wer e i n spect ed sh a l l be
k ept on fi l e wh er e r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o
a ppoi n t ed per son n el . An y det er i or a -
t i on , r esu l t i n g i n a ppr eci a bl e l oss of
or i gi n a l st r en gt h , sh a l l be ca r efu l l y ob-
ser ved a n d det er mi n a t i on ma de a s t o
wh et h er fu r t h er u se of t h e r ope wou l d
con st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d. S ome of t h e
con di t i on s t h a t cou l d r esu l t i n a n a p-
pr eci a bl e l oss of st r en gt h a r e t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Redu ct i on of r ope di a met er bel ow
n omi n a l di a met er du e t o l oss of cor e
su ppor t , i n t er n a l or ext er n a l cor r osi on ,
or wea r of ou t si de wi r es.
(i i ) A n u mber of br ok en ou t si de wi r es
a n d t h e degr ee of di st r i bu t i on or con -
cen t r a t i on of su ch br ok en wi r es.
(i i i ) Wor n ou t si de wi r es.
(i v) Cor r oded or br ok en wi r es a t en d
con n ect i on s.
(v) Cor r oded, cr a ck ed, ben t , wor n , or
i mpr oper l y a ppl i ed en d con n ect i on s.
(vi ) S ever e k i n k i n g, cr u sh i n g, cu t -
t i n g, or u n st r a n di n g.
(2) Ot h er ropes. Al l r ope wh i ch h a s
been i dl e for a per i od of a mon t h or
mor e du e t o sh u t down or st or a ge of a
cr a n e on wh i ch i t i s i n st a l l ed sh a l l be
gi ven a t h or ou gh i n spect i on befor e i t i s
u sed. Th i s i n spect i on sh a l l be for a l l
t y pes of det er i or a t i on a n d sh a l l be per -
for med by a n a ppoi n t ed per son wh ose
a ppr ova l sh a l l be r equ i r ed for fu r t h er
u se of t h e r ope. A cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on wh i ch
r ope wh i ch wa s i n spect ed.
(n ) Han dlin g t h e load(1) Size of load.
Th e cr a n e sh a l l n ot be l oa ded bey on d
i t s r a t ed l oa d except for t est pu r poses
a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (k ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) At t ach in g t h e load. (i ) Th e h oi st
ch a i n or h oi st r ope sh a l l be fr ee fr om
k i n k s or t wi st s a n d sh a l l n ot be
wr a pped a r ou n d t h e l oa d.
(i i ) Th e l oa d sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e
l oa d bl ock h ook by mea n s of sl i n gs or
ot h er a ppr oved devi ces.
(i i i ) Ca r e sh a l l be t a k en t o ma k e cer -
t a i n t h a t t h e sl i n g cl ea r s a l l obst a cl es.
(3) Movin g t h e load. (i ) Th e l oa d sh a l l
be wel l secu r ed a n d pr oper l y ba l a n ced
i n t h e sl i n g or l i ft i n g devi ce befor e i t i s
l i ft ed mor e t h a n a few i n ch es.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
561
(i i ) Befor e st a r t i n g t o h oi st t h e fol -
l owi n g con di t i on s sh a l l be n ot ed:
(a) Hoi st r ope sh a l l n ot be k i n k ed.
(b) Mu l t i pl e pa r t l i n es sh a l l n ot be
t wi st ed a r ou n d ea ch ot h er .
(c) Th e h ook sh a l l be br ou gh t over
t h e l oa d i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o pr even t
swi n gi n g.
(i i i ) Du r i n g h oi st i n g ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en t h a t :
(a) Th er e i s n o su dden a ccel er a t i on or
decel er a t i on of t h e movi n g l oa d.
(b) Th e l oa d does n ot con t a ct a n y ob-
st r u ct i on s.
(i v) Cr a n es sh a l l n ot be u sed for si de
pu l l s except wh en speci fi ca l l y a u t h or -
i zed by a r espon si bl e per son wh o h a s
det er mi n ed t h a t t h e st a bi l i t y of t h e
cr a n e i s n ot t h er eby en da n ger ed a n d
t h a t va r i ou s pa r t s of t h e cr a n e wi l l n ot
be over st r essed.
(v) Wh i l e a n y empl oy ee i s on t h e l oa d
or h ook , t h er e sh a l l be n o h oi st i n g,
l ower i n g, or t r a vel i n g.
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l r equ i r e t h a t
t h e oper a t or a voi d ca r r y i n g l oa ds over
peopl e.
(vi i ) Th e oper a t or sh a l l t est t h e
br a k es ea ch t i me a l oa d a ppr oa ch i n g
t h e r a t ed l oa d i s h a n dl ed. Th e br a k es
sh a l l be t est ed by r a i si n g t h e l oa d a few
i n ch es a n d a ppl y i n g t h e br a k es.
(vi i i ) Th e l oa d sh a l l n ot be l ower ed
bel ow t h e poi n t wh er e l ess t h a n t wo
fu l l wr a ps of r ope r ema i n on t h e h oi st -
i n g dr u m.
(i x) Wh en t wo or mor e cr a n es a r e
u sed t o l i ft a l oa d on e qu a l i fi ed r espon -
si bl e per son sh a l l be i n ch a r ge of t h e
oper a t i on . He sh a l l a n a l y ze t h e oper -
a t i on a n d i n st r u ct a l l per son n el i n -
vol ved i n t h e pr oper posi t i on i n g, r i g-
gi n g of t h e l oa d, a n d t h e movemen t s t o
be ma de.
(x) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
t h e oper a t or does n ot l ea ve h i s posi t i on
a t t h e con t r ol s wh i l e t h e l oa d i s su s-
pen ded.
(xi ) Wh en st a r t i n g t h e br i dge a n d
wh en t h e l oa d or h ook a ppr oa ch es n ea r
or over per son n el , t h e wa r n i n g si gn a l
sh a l l be sou n ded.
(4) Hoist limit swit ch . (i ) At t h e begi n -
n i n g of ea ch oper a t or s sh i ft , t h e u pper
l i mi t swi t ch of ea ch h oi st sh a l l be t r i ed
ou t u n der n o l oa d. Ext r eme ca r e sh a l l
be exer ci sed; t h e bl ock sh a l l be
i n ch ed i n t o t h e l i mi t or r u n i n a t
sl ow speed. I f t h e swi t ch does n ot oper -
a t e pr oper l y , t h e a ppoi n t ed per son
sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y n ot i fi ed.
(i i ) Th e h oi st l i mi t swi t ch wh i ch con -
t r ol s t h e u pper l i mi t of t r a vel of t h e
l oa d bl ock sh a l l n ever be u sed a s a n op-
er a t i n g con t r ol .
(o) Ot h er requ iremen t s, gen eral(1)
L adders. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e
t h a t h a n ds a r e fr ee fr om en cu mbr a n ces
wh i l e per son n el a r e u si n g l a dder s.
(i i ) Ar t i cl es wh i ch a r e t oo l a r ge t o be
ca r r i ed i n pock et s or bel t s sh a l l be l i ft -
ed a n d l ower ed by h a n d l i n e.
(2) Cabs. (i ) Necessa r y cl ot h i n g a n d
per son a l bel on gi n gs sh a l l be st or ed i n
su ch a ma n n er a s n ot t o i n t er fer e wi t h
a ccess or oper a t i on .
(i i ) Tool s, oi l ca n s, wa st e, ext r a fu ses,
a n d ot h er n ecessa r y a r t i cl es sh a l l be
st or ed i n t h e t ool box, a n d sh a l l n ot be
per mi t t ed t o l i e l oose i n or a bou t t h e
ca b.
(3) Fire ext in gu ish ers. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l i n su r e t h a t oper a t or s a r e fa mi l i a r
wi t h t h e oper a t i on a n d ca r e of fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh er s pr ovi ded.
F R 27400, J u n e 27, 1975; 49 F R 5322, F eb. 10,
1984; 51 F R 34560, S ept . 29, 1986; 55 F R 32015,
Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.180 Crawler locomotive and
truck cranes.
t ion . (1) A crawler cran e con si st s of a r o-
t a t i n g su per st r u ct u r e wi t h power
pl a n t , oper a t i n g ma ch i n er y , a n d boom,
mou n t ed on a ba se, equ i pped wi t h
cr a wl er t r ea ds for t r a vel . I t s fu n ct i on
i s t o h oi st a n d swi n g l oa ds a t va r i ou s
r a di i .
(2) A locomot ive cran e con si st s of a r o-
t a t i n g su per st r u ct u r e wi t h power -
pl a n t , oper a t i n g ma ch i n er y a n d boom,
mou n t ed on a ba se or ca r equ i pped for
t r a vel on r a i l r oa d t r a ck . I t ma y be sel f-
pr opel l ed or pr opel l ed by a n ou t si de
sou r ce. I t s fu n ct i on i s t o h oi st a n d
swi n g l oa ds a t va r i ou s r a di i .
(3) A t ru ck cran e con si st s of a r ot a t -
i n g su per st r u ct u r e wi t h power pl a n t ,
oper a t i n g ma ch i n er y a n d boom, mou n t -
ed on a n a u t omot i ve t r u ck equ i pped
wi t h a power pl a n t for t r a vel . I t s fu n c-
t i on i s t o h oi st a n d swi n g l oa ds a t va r -
i ou s r a di i .
(4) A wh eel mou n t ed cran e (wa gon
cr a n e) con si st s of a r ot a t i n g su per -
st r u ct u r e wi t h power pl a n t , oper a t i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
562
ma ch i n er y a n d boom, mou n t ed on a
ba se or pl a t for m equ i pped wi t h a xl es
a n d r u bber -t i r ed wh eel s for t r a vel . Th e
ba se i s u su a l l y pr opel l ed by t h e en gi n e
i n t h e su per st r u ct u r e, bu t i t ma y be
equ i pped wi t h a sepa r a t e en gi n e con -
t r ol l ed fr om t h e su per st r u ct u r e. I t s
fu n ct i on i s t o h oi st a n d swi n g l oa ds a t
va r i ou s r a di i .
(5) An accessory i s a secon da r y pa r t or
a ssembl y of pa r t s wh i ch con t r i bu t es t o
t h e over a l l fu n ct i on a n d u sefu l n ess of a
ma ch i n e.
(6) Appoin t ed mea n s a ssi gn ed speci fi c
r espon si bi l i t i es by t h e empl oy er or t h e
empl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve.
(8) An an gle in dicat or (boom) i s a n a c-
cessor y wh i ch mea su r es t h e a n gl e of
t h e boom t o t h e h or i zon t a l .
(9) Th e axis of rot at ion i s t h e ver t i ca l
a xi s a r ou n d wh i ch t h e cr a n e su per -
st r u ct u r e r ot a t es.
(10) Axle mea n s t h e sh a ft or spi n dl e
wi t h wh i ch or a bou t wh i ch a wh eel r o-
t a t es. On t r u ck - a n d wh eel -mou n t ed
cr a n es i t r efer s t o a n a u t omot i ve t y pe
of a xl e a ssembl y i n cl u di n g h ou si n gs,
gea r i n g, di ffer en t i a l , bea r i n gs, a n d
mou n t i n g a ppu r t en a n ces.
(11) Axle (bogi e) mea n s t wo or mor e
a u t omot i ve-t y pe a xl es mou n t ed i n t a n -
dem i n a fr a me so a s t o di vi de t h e l oa d
bet ween t h e a xl es a n d per mi t ver t i ca l
osci l l a t i on of t h e wh eel s.
(12) Th e base (mou n t i n g) i s t h e t r a v-
el i n g ba se or ca r r i er on wh i ch t h e r o-
t a t i n g su per st r u ct u r e i s mou n t ed su ch
a s a ca r , t r u ck , cr a wl er s, or wh eel pl a t -
for m.
(13) Th e boom (cr a n e) i s a member
h i n ged t o t h e fr on t of t h e r ot a t i n g su -
per st r u ct u r e wi t h t h e ou t er en d su p-
por t ed by r opes l ea di n g t o a ga n t r y or
A-fr a me a n d u sed for su ppor t i n g t h e
h oi st i n g t a ck l e.
(14) Th e boom an gle i s t h e a n gl e be-
t ween t h e l on gi t u di n a l cen t er l i n e of
t h e boom a n d t h e h or i zon t a l . Th e boom
l on gi t u di n a l cen t er l i n e i s a st r a i gh t
l i n e bet ween t h e boom foot pi n (h eel
pi n ) cen t er l i n e a n d boom poi n t sh ea ve
pi n cen t er l i n e.
(15) Th e boom h oist i s a h oi st dr u m
a n d r ope r eevi n g sy st em u sed t o r a i se
a n d l ower t h e boom. Th e r ope sy st em
ma y be a l l l i ve r eevi n g or a combi n a -
t i on of l i ve r eevi n g a n d pen da n t s.
(16) Th e boom st op i s a devi ce u sed t o
l i mi t t h e a n gl e of t h e boom a t t h e
h i gh est posi t i on .
(17) A brak e i s a devi ce u sed for r e-
t a r di n g or st oppi n g mot i on by fr i ct i on
or power mea n s.
(18) A cab i s a h ou si n g wh i ch cover s
t h e r ot a t i n g su per st r u ct u r e ma ch i n er y
a n d/or oper a t or s st a t i on . On t r u ck -
cr a n e t r u ck s a sepa r a t e ca b cover s t h e
dr i ver s st a t i on .
(19) Th e clu t ch i s a fr i ct i on , el ect r o-
ma gn et i c, h y dr a u l i c, pn eu ma t i c, or
posi t i ve mech a n i ca l devi ce for en ga ge-
men t or di sen ga gemen t of power .
(20) Th e cou n t erweigh t i s a wei gh t
u sed t o su ppl emen t t h e wei gh t of t h e
ma ch i n e i n pr ovi di n g st a bi l i t y for l i ft -
i n g wor k i n g l oa ds.
si gn ed by t h e empl oy er or t h e empl oy -
er s r epr esen t a t i ve a s bei n g qu a l i fi ed t o
(22) Th e dru m i s t h e cy l i n dr i ca l mem-
ber s a r ou n d wh i ch r opes a r e wou n d for
r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g t h e l oa d or boom.
(23) Dy n amic (l oa di n g) mea n s l oa ds
i n t r odu ced i n t o t h e ma ch i n e or i t s
compon en t s by for ces i n mot i on .
(24) Th e gan t ry (A-fr a me) i s a st r u c-
t u r a l fr a me, ext en di n g a bove t h e su per -
st r u ct u r e, t o wh i ch t h e boom su ppor t
r opes a r e r eeved.
(25) A jib i s a n ext en si on a t t a ch ed t o
t h e boom poi n t t o pr ovi de a dded boom
l en gt h for l i ft i n g speci fi ed l oa ds. Th e
j i b ma y be i n l i n e wi t h t h e boom or off-
set t o va r i ou s a n gl es.
(26) L oad (wor k i n g) mea n s t h e ext er -
n a l l oa d, i n pou n ds, a ppl i ed t o t h e
cr a n e, i n cl u di n g t h e wei gh t of l oa d-a t -
t a ch i n g equ i pmen t su ch a s l oa d bl ock s,
sh a ck l es, a n d sl i n gs.
(27) L oad block (u pper ) mea n s t h e a s-
sembl y of h ook or sh a ck l e, swi vel ,
sh ea ves, pi n s, a n d fr a me su spen ded
fr om t h e boom poi n t .
(28) L oad block (l ower ) mea n s t h e a s-
sembl y of h ook or sh a ck l e, swi vel ,
sh ea ves, pi n s, a n d fr a me su spen ded by
t h e h oi st i n g r opes.
(29) A load h oist i s a h oi st dr u m a n d
r ope r eevi n g sy st em u sed for h oi st i n g
a n d l ower i n g l oa ds.
(30) L oad rat in gs a r e cr a n e r a t i n gs i n
pou n ds est a bl i sh ed by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
563
(31) Ou t riggers a r e ext en da bl e or fi xed
met a l a r ms, a t t a ch ed t o t h e mou n t i n g
ba se, wh i ch r est on su ppor t s a t t h e
ou t er en ds.
(32) Rail clamp mea n s a t on g-l i k e
met a l devi ce, mou n t ed on a l ocomot i ve
cr a n e ca r , wh i ch ca n be con n ect ed t o
t h e t r a ck .
(33) Reevin g mea n s a r ope sy st em i n
wh i ch t h e r ope t r a vel s a r ou n d dr u ms
a n d sh ea ves.
(34) Rope r efer s t o a wi r e r ope u n l ess
(35) Side loadin g mea n s a l oa d a ppl i ed
a t a n a n gl e t o t h e ver t i ca l pl a n e of t h e
boom.
(36) A st an dby cran e i s a cr a n e wh i ch
i s n ot i n r egu l a r ser vi ce bu t wh i ch i s
u sed occa si on a l l y or i n t er mi t t en t l y a s
r equ i r ed.
(37) A st an din g (gu y ) rope i s a su p-
por t i n g r ope wh i ch ma i n t a i n s a con -
st a n t di st a n ce bet ween t h e poi n t s of
a t t a ch men t t o t h e t wo compon en t s
con n ect ed by t h e r ope.
(38) St ru ct u ral compet en ce mea n s t h e
a bi l i t y of t h e ma ch i n e a n d i t s compo-
n en t s t o wi t h st a n d t h e st r esses i m-
posed by a ppl i ed l oa ds.
(39) Su perst ru ct u re mea n s t h e r ot a t i n g
u pper fr a me st r u ct u r e of t h e ma ch i n e
a n d t h e oper a t i n g ma ch i n er y mou n t ed
t h er eon .
(40) Swin g mea n s t h e r ot a t i on of t h e
su per st r u ct u r e for movemen t of l oa ds
i n a h or i zon t a l di r ect i on a bou t t h e a xi s
of r ot a t i on .
(41) Swin g mech an ism mea n s t h e ma -
ch i n er y i n vol ved i n pr ovi di n g r ot a t i on
of t h e su per st r u ct u r e.
(42) T ack le i s a n a ssembl y of r opes
a n d sh ea ves a r r a n ged for h oi st i n g a n d
pu l l i n g.
(43) T ran sit mea n s t h e movi n g or
t r a n spor t i n g of a cr a n e fr om on e j ob-
si t e t o a n ot h er .
(44) T ravel mea n s t h e fu n ct i on of t h e
ma ch i n e movi n g fr om on e l oca t i on t o
a n ot h er , on a j obsi t e.
(45) Th e t ravel mech an ism i s t h e ma -
ch i n er y i n vol ved i n pr ovi di n g t r a vel .
(46) Wh eelbase mea n s t h e di st a n ce be-
t ween cen t er s of fr on t a n d r ea r a xl es.
F or a mu l t i pl e a xl e a ssembl y t h e a xl e
cen t er for wh eel ba se mea su r emen t i s
t a k en a s t h e mi dpoi n t of t h e a ssembl y .
(47) Th e wh iplin e (a u xi l i a r y h oi st ) i s a
sepa r a t e h oi st r ope sy st em of l i gh t er
l oa d ca pa ci t y a n d h i gh er speed t h a n
pr ovi ded by t h e ma i n h oi st .
(48) A win ch h ead i s a power dr i ven
spool for h a n dl i n g of l oa ds by mea n s of
fr i ct i on bet ween fi ber or wi r e r ope a n d
spool .
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o cr a wl er
cr a n es, l ocomot i ve cr a n es, wh eel
mou n t ed cr a n es of bot h t r u ck a n d sel f-
pr opel l ed wh eel t y pe, a n d a n y va r i -
a t i on s t h er eof wh i ch r et a i n t h e sa me
fu n da men t a l ch a r a ct er i st i cs. Th i s sec-
t i on i n cl u des on l y cr a n es of t h e a bove
t y pes, wh i ch a r e ba si ca l l y power ed by
i n t er n a l combu st i on en gi n es or el ect r i c
mot or s a n d wh i ch u t i l i ze dr u ms a n d
r opes. Cr a n es desi gn ed for r a i l wa y a n d
a u t omobi l e wr eck cl ea r a n ces a r e ex-
cept ed. Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on a r e a ppl i ca bl e on l y t o ma ch i n es
wh en u sed a s l i ft i n g cr a n es.
n ew cr a wl er , l ocomot i ve, a n d t r u ck
cr a n es con st r u ct ed a n d u t i l i zed on or
a ft er Au gu st 31, 1971, sh a l l meet t h e de-
si gn speci fi ca t i on s of t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Code for Cr a wl -
er , Locomot i ve, a n d Tr u ck Cr a n es,
ANS I B30. 51968, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
Cr a wl er , l ocomot i ve, a n d t r u ck cr a n es
con st r u ct ed pr i or t o Au gu st 31, 1971,
sh ou l d be modi fi ed t o con for m t o t h ose
desi gn speci fi ca t i on s by F ebr u a r y 15,
1972, u n l ess i t ca n be sh own t h a t t h e
cr a n e ca n n ot fea si bl y or econ omi ca l l y
be a l t er ed a n d t h a t t h e cr a n e su bst a n -
t i a l l y compl i es wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s
(3) Design at ed person n el. On l y des-
oper a t e a cr a n e cover ed by t h i s sect i on .
(c) L oad rat in gs(1) L oad rat in gs
wh ere st abilit y govern s lif t in g perf orm-
an ce. (i ) Th e ma r gi n of st a bi l i t y for de-
t er mi n a t i on of l oa d r a t i n gs, wi t h
booms of st i pu l a t ed l en gt h s a t st i pu -
l a t ed wor k i n g r a di i for t h e va r i ou s
t y pes of cr a n e mou n t i n gs, i s est a b-
l i sh ed by t a k i n g a per cen t a ge of t h e
l oa ds wh i ch wi l l pr odu ce a con di t i on of
t i ppi n g or ba l a n ce wi t h t h e boom i n
t h e l ea st st a bl e di r ect i on , r el a t i ve t o
t h e mou n t i n g. Th e l oa d r a t i n gs sh a l l
n ot exceed t h e fol l owi n g per cen t a ges
for cr a n es, wi t h t h e i n di ca t ed t y pes of
mou n t i n g u n der con di t i on s st i pu l a t ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
564
i n pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1) (i i ) a n d (i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
Type of crane mounting
Maximum
load rat-
ings (per-
cent of tip-
ping loads)
Locomotive, without outriggers:
Booms 60 feet or less ..................................
1
85
Booms over 60 feet ......................................
1
85
Locomotive, using outriggers fully extended ....... 80
Crawler, without outriggers .................................. 75
Crawler, using outriggers fully extended ............. 85
Truck and wheel mounted without outriggers or
using outriggers fully extended ........................ 85
1
Unless this results in less than 30,000 pound-feet net sta-
bilizing moment about the rail, which shall be minimum with
such booms.
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g st i pu l a t i on s sh a l l
gover n t h e a ppl i ca t i on of t h e va l u es i n
pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on for l o-
comot i ve cr a n es:
(a) Ti ppi n g wi t h or wi t h ou t t h e u se of
ou t r i gger s occu r s wh en h a l f of t h e
wh eel s fa r t h est fr om t h e l oa d l ea ve t h e
r a i l .
(b) Th e cr a n e sh a l l be st a n di n g on
t r a ck wh i ch i s l evel wi t h i n 1 per cen t
gr a de.
(c) Ra di u s of t h e l oa d i s t h e h or i -
zon t a l di st a n ce fr om a pr oj ect i on of t h e
a xi s of r ot a t i on t o t h e r a i l su ppor t su r -
fa ce, befor e l oa di n g, t o t h e cen t er of
ver t i ca l h oi st l i n e or t a ck l e wi t h l oa d
a ppl i ed.
(d) Ti ppi n g l oa ds fr om wh i ch r a t i n gs
a r e det er mi n ed sh a l l be a ppl i ed u n der
st a t i c con di t i on s on l y , i . e. , wi t h ou t dy -
n a mi c effect of h oi st i n g, l ower i n g, or
swi n gi n g.
(e) Th e wei gh t of a l l a u xi l i a r y h a n -
dl i n g devi ces su ch a s h oi st bl ock s,
h ook s, a n d sl i n gs sh a l l be con si der ed a
pa r t of t h e l oa d r a t i n g.
(i i i ) S t i pu l a t i on s gover n i n g t h e a ppl i -
ca t i on of t h e va l u es i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on for cr a wl er ,
t r u ck , a n d wh eel -mou n t ed cr a n es sh a l l
be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Cr a n e Loa d-S t a -
bi l i t y Test Code, S oci et y of Au t o-
mot i ve En gi n eer s (S AE) J 765, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6.
(i v) Th e effect i ven ess of t h ese pr e-
cedi n g st a bi l i t y fa ct or s wi l l be i n fl u -
en ced by su ch a ddi t i on a l fa ct or s a s
fr eel y su spen ded l oa ds, t r a ck , wi n d, or
gr ou n d con di t i on s, con di t i on a n d i n fl a -
t i on of r u bber t i r es, boom l en gt h s,
pr oper oper a t i n g speeds for exi st i n g
con di t i on s, a n d, i n gen er a l , ca r efu l a n d
compet en t oper a t i on . Al l of t h ese sh a l l
be t a k en i n t o a ccou n t by t h e u ser .
(2) L oad rat in g ch art . A su bst a n t i a l
a n d du r a bl e r a t i n g ch a r t wi t h cl ea r l y
l egi bl e l et t er s a n d fi gu r es sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h ea ch cr a n e a n d secu r el y
fi xed t o t h e cr a n e ca b i n a l oca t i on ea s-
i l y vi si bl e t o t h e oper a t or wh i l e sea t ed
a t h i s con t r ol st a t i on .
(d) I n spect ion classif icat ion (1) I n it ial
in spect ion . P r i or t o i n i t i a l u se a l l n ew
a n d a l t er ed cr a n es sh a l l be i n spect ed t o
i n su r e compl i a n ce wi t h pr ovi si on s of
t h i s sect i on .
(2) Regu lar in spect ion . I n spect i on pr o-
cedu r e for cr a n es i n r egu l a r ser vi ce i s
di vi ded i n t o t wo gen er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on s
ba sed u pon t h e i n t er va l s a t wh i ch i n -
spect i on sh ou l d be per for med. Th e i n -
t er va l s i n t u r n a r e depen den t u pon t h e
n a t u r e of t h e cr i t i ca l compon en t s of
t h e cr a n e a n d t h e degr ee of t h ei r expo-
su r e t o wea r , det er i or a t i on , or ma l -
fu n ct i on . Th e t wo gen er a l cl a ssi fi ca -
t i on s a r e h er ei n desi gn a t ed a s fr e-
qu en t a n d per i odi c, wi t h r espect i ve
i n t er va l s bet ween i n spect i on s a s de-
fi n ed bel ow:
(i ) F r equ en t i n spect i on : Da i l y t o
(i i ) P er i odi c i n spect i on : 1- t o 12-
mon t h i n t er va l s, or a s speci fi ca l l y r ec-
ommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
(3) Frequ en t in spect ion . I t ems su ch a s
t h e fol l owi n g sh a l l be i n spect ed for de-
fect s a t i n t er va l s a s defi n ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on or a s spe-
ci fi ca l l y i n di ca t ed i n cl u di n g obser va -
t i on du r i n g oper a t i on for a n y defect s
wh i ch mi gh t a ppea r bet ween r egu l a r
i n spect i on s. An y defi ci en ci es su ch a s
l i st ed sh a l l be ca r efu l l y exa mi n ed a n d
det er mi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er t h ey
con st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d:
(i ) Al l con t r ol mech a n i sms for ma l -
a dj u st men t i n t er fer i n g wi t h pr oper op-
er a t i on : Da i l y .
(i i ) Al l con t r ol mech a n i sms for exces-
si ve wea r of compon en t s a n d con t a mi -
n a t i on by l u br i ca n t s or ot h er for ei gn
ma t t er .
(i i i ) Al l sa fet y devi ces for ma l fu n c-
t i on .
(i v) Det er i or a t i on or l ea k a ge i n a i r or
h y dr a u l i c sy st ems: Da i l y .
(v) Cr a n e h ook s wi t h defor ma t i on s or
cr a ck s. F or h ook s wi t h cr a ck s or h a v-
i n g mor e t h a n 15 per cen t i n excess of
n or ma l t h r oa t open i n g or mor e t h a n 10
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
565
t wi st fr om t h e pl a n e of t h e u n ben t
h ook .
(vi ) Rope r eevi n g for n on compl i a n ce
wi t h ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(vi i ) El ect r i ca l a ppa r a t u s for ma l -
fu n ct i on i n g, si gn s of excessi ve det er i o-
r a t i on , di r t , a n d moi st u r e a ccu mu l a -
t i on .
(4) Periodic in spect ion . Compl et e i n -
spect i on s of t h e cr a n e sh a l l be per -
fi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(i i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on depen di n g u pon i t s a ct i vi t y , sever -
i t y of ser vi ce, a n d en vi r on men t , or a s
speci fi ca l l y i n di ca t ed bel ow. Th ese i n -
spect i on s sh a l l i n cl u de t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (d)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on a n d i n a ddi t i on , i t ems su ch a s t h e
fol l owi n g. An y defi ci en ci es su ch a s l i st -
ed sh a l l be ca r efu l l y exa mi n ed a n d de-
t er mi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er t h ey
con st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d:
(i ) Defor med, cr a ck ed, or cor r oded
member s i n t h e cr a n e st r u ct u r e a n d
boom.
(i i ) Loose bol t s or r i vet s.
(i i i ) Cr a ck ed or wor n sh ea ves a n d
dr u ms.
(i v) Wor n , cr a ck ed, or di st or t ed pa r t s
su ch a s pi n s, bea r i n gs, sh a ft s, gea r s,
r ol l er s a n d l ock i n g devi ces.
(v) Excessi ve wea r on br a k e a n d
cl u t ch sy st em pa r t s, l i n i n gs, pa wl s, a n d
r a t ch et s.
(vi ) Loa d, boom a n gl e, a n d ot h er i n di -
ca t or s over t h ei r fu l l r a n ge, for a n y
si gn i fi ca n t i n a ccu r a ci es.
(vi i ) Ga sol i n e, di esel , el ect r i c, or
ot h er power pl a n t s for i mpr oper per -
for ma n ce or n on compl i a n ce wi t h sa fet y
r equ i r emen t s.
(vi i i ) Excessi ve wea r of ch a i n -dr i ve
spr ock et s a n d excessi ve ch a i n st r et ch .
(i x) Tr a vel st eer i n g, br a k i n g, a n d
l ock i n g devi ces, for ma l fu n ct i on .
(x) Excessi vel y wor n or da ma ged
t i r es.
(5) Cran es n ot in regu lar u se. (i ) A
cr a n e wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a per i od
of on e mon t h or mor e, bu t l ess t h a n 6
gr a ph (d)(3) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on befor e
pl a ci n g i n ser vi ce.
(i i ) A cr a n e wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a
per i od of si x mon t h s sh a l l be gi ven a
compl et e i n spect i on con for mi n g wi t h
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (d) (3) a n d
(4) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on befor e pl a ci n g
i n ser vi ce.
(i i i ) S t a n dby cr a n es sh a l l be i n -
spect ed a t l ea st semi a n n u a l l y i n a c-
gr a ph (g)(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on . S u ch
cr a n es wh i ch a r e exposed t o a dver se en -
vi r on men t sh ou l d be i n spect ed mor e
fr equ en t l y .
(6) I n spect ion records. Cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor ds wh i ch i n cl u de t h e da t e of i n -
t h e cr a n e wh i ch wa s i n spect ed sh a l l be
ma de mon t h l y on cr i t i ca l i t ems i n u se
su ch a s br a k es, cr a n e h ook s, a n d r opes.
Th i s cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be k ept
r ea di l y a va i l a bl e.
(e) T est in g(1) Operat ion al t est s. (i ) I n
a ddi t i on t o pr ot ot y pe t est s a n d qu a l -
i t y -con t r ol mea su r es, ea ch n ew pr odu c-
t i on cr a n e sh a l l be t est ed by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er t o t h e ext en t n ecessa r y t o i n -
su r e compl i a n ce wi t h t h e oper a t i on a l
r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph i n cl u d-
i n g fu n ct i on s su ch a s t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Loa d h oi st i n g a n d l ower i n g mech -
a n i sms.
(b) Boom h oi st i n g a n d l ower mech a -
n i sms.
(c) S wi n gi n g mech a n i sm.
(d) Tr a vel mech a n i sm.
(e) S a fet y devi ces.
(i i ) Wh er e t h e compl et e pr odu ct i on
cr a n e i s n ot su ppl i ed by on e ma n u fa c-
t u r er su ch t est s sh a l l be con du ct ed a t
fi n a l a ssembl y .
(i i i ) Cer t i fi ed pr odu ct i on -cr a n e t est
r esu l t s sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e.
(2) Rat ed load t est . (i ) Wr i t t en r epor t s
sh a l l be a va i l a bl e sh owi n g t est pr oce-
du r es a n d con fi r mi n g t h e a dequ a cy of
r epa i r s or a l t er a t i on s.
(i i ) Test l oa ds sh a l l n ot exceed 110
per cen t of t h e r a t ed l oa d a t a n y se-
l ect ed wor k i n g r a di u s.
(i i i ) Wh er e r er a t i n g i s n ecessa r y :
(a) Cr a wl er , t r u ck , a n d wh eel -mou n t -
ed cr a n es sh a l l be t est ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h S AE Recommen ded P r a ct i ce,
Cr a n e Loa d S t a bi l i t y Test Code J 765
(Apr i l 1961).
(b) Locomot i ve cr a n es sh a l l be t est ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) (i )
a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
566
(c) Rer a t i n g t est r epor t sh a l l be r ea d-
i l y a va i l a bl e.
(i v) No cr a n es sh a l l be r er a t ed i n ex-
cess of t h e or i gi n a l l oa d r a t i n gs u n l ess
su ch r a t i n g ch a n ges a r e a ppr oved by
t h e cr a n e ma n u fa ct u r er or fi n a l a ssem-
bl er .
(f) Main t en an ce procedu reGen eral.
Aft er a dj u st men t s a n d r epa i r s h a ve
been ma de t h e cr a n e sh a l l n ot be oper -
a t ed u n t i l a l l gu a r ds h a ve been r e-
i n st a l l ed, sa fet y devi ces r ea ct i va t ed,
(g) Rope in spect ion (1) Ru n n in g ropes.
A t h or ou gh i n spect i on of a l l r opes i n
u se sh a l l be ma de a t l ea st on ce a
r opes sh a l l be pr epa r ed a n d k ept on fi l e
wh er e r ea di l y a va i l a bl e. Al l i n spect i on s
sh a l l be per for med by a n a ppoi n t ed or
a u t h or i zed per son . An y det er i or a t i on ,
r esu l t i n g i n a ppr eci a bl e l oss of or i gi n a l
st r en gt h sh a l l be ca r efu l l y obser ved
a n d det emi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er
fu r t h er u se of t h e r ope wou l d con -
st i t u t e a sa fet y h a za r d. S ome of t h e
con di t i on s t h a t cou l d r esu l t i n a n a p-
pr eci a bl e l oss of st r en gt h a r e t h e fol -
l owi n g:
a n d t h e degr ee of di st r i bu t i on of con -
con n ect i on s.
(2) Ot h er ropes. (i ) Hea vy wea r a n d/or
br ok en wi r es ma y occu r i n sect i on s i n
con t a ct wi t h equ a l i zer sh ea ves or ot h er
sh ea ves wh er e r ope t r a vel i s l i mi t ed, or
wi t h sa ddl es. P a r t i cu l a r ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en t o i n spect r opes a t t h ese l oca -
t i on s.
(i i ) Al l r ope wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a
per i od of a mon t h or mor e du e t o sh u t -
down or st or a ge of a cr a n e on wh i ch i t
i s i n st a l l ed sh a l l be gi ven a t h or ou gh
i n spect i on befor e i t i s u sed. Th i s i n -
spect i on sh a l l be for a l l t y pes of det e-
r i or a t i on a n d sh a l l be per for med by a n
a ppoi n t ed or a u t h or i zed per son wh ose
a ppr ova l sh a l l be r equ i r ed for fu r t h er
u se of t h e r ope. A cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of i n spect i on ,
t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per son wh o per -
for med t h e i n spect i on , a n d a n i den t i -
fi er for t h e r ope wh i ch wa s i n spect ed
sh a l l be pr epa r ed a n d k ept r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e.
(i i i ) P a r t i cu l a r ca r e sh a l l be t a k en i n
t h e i n spect i on of n on r ot a t i n g r ope.
(h ) Han dlin g t h e load(1) Size of load.
(i ) No cr a n e sh a l l be l oa ded bey on d t h e
r a t ed l oa d, except for t est pu r poses a s
pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i i ) Wh en l oa ds wh i ch a r e l i mi t ed by
st r u ct u r a l compet en ce r a t h er t h a n by
st a bi l i t y a r e t o be h a n dl ed, i t sh a l l be
a scer t a i n ed t h a t t h e wei gh t of t h e l oa d
h a s been det er mi n ed wi t h i n pl u s or
mi n u s 10 per cen t befor e i t i s l i ft ed.
r ope sh a l l n ot be wr a pped a r ou n d t h e
l oa d.
h ook by mea n s of sl i n gs or ot h er a p-
pr oved devi ces.
(3) Movin g t h e load. (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t :
(a) Th e cr a n e i s l evel a n d wh er e n ec-
essa r y bl ock ed pr oper l y .
(b) Th e l oa d i s wel l secu r ed a n d pr op-
er l y ba l a n ced i n t h e sl i n g or l i ft i n g de-
vi ce befor e i t i s l i ft ed mor e t h a n a few
i n ch es.
(i i ) Befor e st a r t i n g t o h oi st , t h e fol -
swi n gi n g.
(i i i ) Du r i n g h oi st i n g ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en t h a t :
(b) Th e l oa d does n ot con t a ct a n y ob-
st r u ct i on s.
(i v) S i de l oa di n g of booms sh a l l be
l i mi t ed t o fr eel y su spen ded l oa ds.
Cr a n es sh a l l n ot be u sed for dr a ggi n g
l oa ds si dewa y s.
(v) No h oi st i n g, l ower i n g, swi n gi n g,
or t r a vel i n g sh a l l be don e wh i l e a n y on e
i s on t h e l oa d or h ook .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
567
(vi ) Th e oper a t or sh ou l d a voi d ca r -
r y i n g l oa ds over peopl e.
(vi i ) On t r u ck -mou n t ed cr a n es, n o
l oa ds sh a l l be l i ft ed over t h e fr on t a r ea
except a s a ppr oved by t h e cr a n e ma n u -
fa ct u r er .
(vi i i ) Th e oper a t or sh a l l t est t h e
t h e r a t ed l oa d i s h a n dl ed by r a i si n g i t
a few i n ch es a n d a ppl y i n g t h e br a k es.
(i x) Ou t r i gger s sh a l l be u sed wh en t h e
l oa d t o be h a n dl ed a t t h a t pa r t i cu l a r
r a di u s exceeds t h e r a t ed l oa d wi t h ou t
ou t r i gger s a s gi ven by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er for t h a t cr a n e. Wh er e fl oa t s a r e
u sed t h ey sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o
t h e ou t r i gger s. Wood bl ock s u sed t o
su ppor t ou t r i gger s sh a l l :
(a) Be st r on g en ou gh t o pr even t
cr u sh i n g.
(b) Be fr ee fr om defect s.
(c) Be of su ffi ci en t wi dt h a n d l en gt h
t o pr even t sh i ft i n g or t oppl i n g u n der
l oa d.
(x) Nei t h er t h e l oa d n or t h e boom
sh a l l be l ower ed bel ow t h e poi n t wh er e
l ess t h a n t wo fu l l wr a ps of r ope r ema i n
on t h ei r r espect i ve dr u ms.
(xi ) Befor e l i ft i n g l oa ds wi t h l oco-
mot i ve cr a n es wi t h ou t u si n g ou t -
r i gger s, mea n s sh a l l be a ppl i ed t o pr e-
ven t t h e l oa d fr om bei n g ca r r i ed by t h e
t r u ck spr i n gs.
(xi i ) Wh en t wo or mor e cr a n es a r e
u sed t o l i ft on e l oa d, on e desi gn a t ed
per son sh a l l be r espon si bl e for t h e op-
er a t i on . He sh a l l be r equ i r ed t o a n a l y ze
t h e oper a t i on a n d i n st r u ct a l l per -
son n el i n vol ved i n t h e pr oper posi -
t i on i n g, r i ggi n g of t h e l oa d, a n d t h e
movemen t s t o be ma de.
(xi i i ) I n t r a n si t t h e fol l owi n g a ddi -
t i on a l pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be exer ci sed:
(a) Th e boom sh a l l be ca r r i ed i n l i n e
wi t h t h e di r ect i on of mot i on .
(b) Th e su per st r u ct u r e sh a l l be se-
cu r ed a ga i n st r ot a t i on , except wh en n e-
got i a t i n g t u r n s wh en t h er e i s a n oper -
a t or i n t h e ca b or t h e boom i s su p-
por t ed on a dol l y .
(c) Th e empt y h ook sh a l l be l a sh ed or
ot h er wi se r est r a i n ed so t h a t i t ca n n ot
swi n g fr eel y .
(xi v) Befor e t r a vel i n g a cr a n e wi t h
l oa d, a desi gn a t ed per son sh a l l be r e-
spon si bl e for det er mi n i n g a n d con t r ol -
l i n g sa fet y . Deci si on s su ch a s posi t i on
of l oa d, boom l oca t i on , gr ou n d su ppor t ,
t r a vel r ou t e, a n d speed of movemen t
sh a l l be i n a ccor d wi t h h i s det er mi n a -
t i on s.
(xv) A cr a n e wi t h or wi t h ou t l oa d
sh a l l n ot be t r a vel ed wi t h t h e boom so
h i gh t h a t i t ma y bou n ce ba ck over t h e
ca b.
(xvi ) Wh en r ot a t i n g t h e cr a n e, su dden
st a r t s a n d st ops sh a l l be a voi ded. Rot a -
t i on a l speed sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e l oa d
does n ot swi n g ou t bey on d t h e r a di i a t
wh i ch i t ca n be con t r ol l ed. A t a g or r e-
st r a i n t l i n e sh a l l be u sed wh en r ot a t i on
of t h e l oa d i s h a za r dou s.
(xvi i ) Wh en a cr a n e i s t o be oper a t ed
a t a fi xed r a di u s, t h e boom-h oi st pa wl
or ot h er posi t i ve l ock i n g devi ce sh a l l
be en ga ged.
(xvi i i ) Ropes sh a l l n ot be h a n dl ed on
a wi n ch h ea d wi t h ou t t h e k n owl edge of
t h e oper a t or .
(xi x) Wh i l e a wi n ch h ea d i s bei n g
u sed, t h e oper a t or sh a l l be wi t h i n con -
ven i en t r ea ch of t h e power u n i t con t r ol
l ever .
(4) Holdin g t h e load. (i ) Th e oper a t or
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed t o l ea ve h i s po-
si t i on a t t h e con t r ol s wh i l e t h e l oa d i s
su spen ded.
(i i ) No per son sh ou l d be per mi t t ed t o
st a n d or pa ss u n der a l oa d on t h e h ook .
(i i i ) I f t h e l oa d mu st r ema i n su s-
pen ded for a n y con si der a bl e l en gt h of
t i me, t h e oper a t or sh a l l h ol d t h e dr u m
fr om r ot a t i n g i n t h e l ower i n g di r ect i on
by a ct i va t i n g t h e posi t i ve con t r ol l a bl e
mea n s of t h e oper a t or s st a t i on .
(i ) Ot h er requ iremen t s(1) Rail clamps.
Ra i l cl a mps sh a l l n ot be u sed a s a
mea n s of r est r a i n i n g t i ppi n g of a l oco-
mot i ve cr a n e.
(2) Ballast or cou n t erweigh t . Cr a n es
sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed wi t h ou t t h e fu l l
a mou n t of a n y ba l l a st or cou n t er -
wei gh t i n pl a ce a s speci fi ed by t h e
ma k er , bu t t r u ck cr a n es t h a t h a ve
dr opped t h e ba l l a st or cou n t er wei gh t
ma y be oper a t ed t empor a r i l y wi t h spe-
ci a l ca r e a n d on l y for l i gh t l oa ds wi t h -
ou t fu l l ba l l a st or cou n t er wei gh t i n
pl a ce. Th e ba l l a st or cou n t er wei gh t i n
pl a ce speci fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
sh a l l n ot be exceeded.
(3) Cabs. (i ) Necessa r y cl ot h i n g a n d
per son a l bel on gi n gs sh a l l be st or ed i n
su ch a ma n n er a s t o n ot i n t er fer e wi t h
a ccess or oper a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
568
ca b.
(4) Ref u elin g. (i ) Refu el i n g wi t h sma l l
por t a bl e con t a i n er s sh a l l be don e wi t h
a n a ppr oved sa fet y t y pe ca n equ i pped
wi t h a n a u t oma t i c cl osi n g ca p a n d
fl a me a r r est er . Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3)
for defi n i t i on of a ppr oved.
(i i ) Ma ch i n es sh a l l n ot be r efu el ed
wi t h t h e en gi n e r u n n i n g.
(5) Fire ext in gu ish ers. (i ) A ca r bon di -
oxi de, dr y ch emi ca l , or equ i va l en t fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er sh a l l be k ept i n t h e ca b or
vi ci n i t y of t h e cr a n e.
(i i ) Oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce per -
son n el sh a l l be ma de fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e
u se a n d ca r e of t h e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s
pr ovi ded.
(6) Swin gin g locomot ive cran es. A l oco-
mot i ve cr a n e sh a l l n ot be swu n g i n t o a
posi t i on wh er e r a i l wa y ca r s on a n a dj a -
cen t t r a ck mi gh t st r i k e i t , u n t i l i t h a s
been a scer t a i n ed t h a t ca r s a r e n ot
bei n g moved on t h e a dj a cen t t r a ck a n d
pr oper fl a g pr ot ect i on h a s been est a b-
l i sh ed.
(j ) Operat ion s n ear overh ead lin es. F or
oper a t i on s n ea r over h ea d el ect r i c l i n es,
see 1910. 333(c)(3).
F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 51 F R 34561, S ept . 29,
1986; 53 F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988; 55 F R 32015,
Au g 6, 1990; 61 F R 9239, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.181 Derricks.
t ion . (1) A derrick i s a n a ppa r a t u s con -
si st i n g of a ma st or equ i va l en t member
h el d a t t h e h ea d by gu y s or br a ces,
wi t h or wi t h ou t a boom, for u se wi t h a
h oi st i n g mech a n i sm a n d oper a t i n g
r opes.
(2) A-f rame derrick mea n s a der r i ck i n
wh i ch t h e boom i s h i n ged fr om a cr oss
member bet ween t h e bot t om en ds of
t wo u pr i gh t member s spr ea d a pa r t a t
t h e l ower en ds a n d j oi n ed a t t h e t op;
t h e boom poi n t secu r ed t o t h e j u n ct i on
of t h e si de member s, a n d t h e si de mem-
ber s a r e br a ced or gu y ed fr om t h i s
j u n ct i on poi n t .
(3) A bask et derrick i s a der r i ck wi t h -
ou t a boom, si mi l a r t o a gi n pol e, wi t h
i t s ba se su ppor t ed by r opes a t t a ch ed t o
cor n er post s or ot h er pa r t s of t h e
st r u ct u r e. Th e ba se i s a t a l ower el e-
va t i on t h a n i t s su ppor t s. Th e l oca t i on
of t h e ba se of a ba sk et der r i ck ca n be
ch a n ged by va r y i n g t h e l en gt h of t h e
r ope su ppor t s. Th e t op of t h e pol e i s se-
cu r ed wi t h mu l t i pl e r eeved gu y s t o po-
si t i on t h e t op of t h e pol e t o t h e desi r ed
l oca t i on by va r y i n g t h e l en gt h of t h e
u pper gu y l i n es. Th e l oa d i s r a i sed a n d
l ower ed by r opes t h r ou gh a sh ea ve or
bl ock secu r ed t o t h e t op of t h e pol e.
(4) Breast derrick mea n s a der r i ck
wi t h ou t boom. Th e ma st con si st s of
t wo si de member s spr ea d fa r t h er a pa r t
a t t h e ba se t h a n a t t h e t op a n d t i ed t o-
get h er a t t op a n d bot t om by r i gi d
member s. Th e ma st i s pr even t ed fr om
t i ppi n g for wa r d by gu y s con n ect ed t o
i t s t op. Th e l oa d i s r a i sed a n d l ower ed
by r opes t h r ou gh a sh ea ve or bl ock se-
cu r ed t o t h e t op cr osspi ece.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
8
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
569
(5) Ch icago boom derrick mea n s a
boom wh i ch i s a t t a ch ed t o a st r u ct u r e,
a n ou t si de u pr i gh t member of t h e
st r u ct u r e ser vi n g a s t h e ma st , a n d t h e
boom bei n g st epped i n a fi xed sock et
cl a mped t o t h e u pr i gh t . Th e der r i ck i s
compl et e wi t h l oa d, boom, a n d boom
poi n t swi n g l i n e fa l l s.
(6) A gin pole derrick i s a der r i ck wi t h -
ou t a boom. I t s gu y s a r e so a r r a n ged
fr om i t s t op a s t o per mi t l ea n i n g t h e
ma st i n a n y di r ect i on . Th e l oa d i s
r a i sed a n d l ower ed by r opes r eeved
t h r ou gh sh ea ves or bl ock s a t t h e t op of
t h e ma st .
(7) Gu y derrick mea n s a fi xed der r i ck
con si st i n g of a ma st ca pa bl e of bei n g
r ot a t ed, su ppor t ed i n a ver t i ca l posi -
t i on by gu y s, a n d a boom wh ose bot t om
en d i s h i n ged or pi vot ed t o move i n a
ver t i ca l pl a n e wi t h a r eeved r ope be-
t ween t h e h ea d of t h e ma st a n d t h e
boom poi n t for r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g
t h e boom, a n d a r eeved r ope fr om t h e
boom poi n t for r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g
t h e l oa d.
(8) Sh earleg derrick mea n s a der r i ck
wi t h ou t a boom a n d si mi l a r t o a br ea st
der r i ck . Th e ma st , wi de a t t h e bot t om
a n d n a r r ow a t t h e t op, i s h i n ged a t t h e
bot t om a n d h a s i t s t op secu r ed by a
mu l t i pl e r eeved gu y t o per mi t h a n dl i n g
l oa ds a t va r i ou s r a di i by mea n s of l oa d
t a ck l e su spen ded fr om t h e ma st t op.
(9) A st if f leg derrick i s a der r i ck si mi -
l a r t o a gu y der r i ck except t h a t t h e
ma st i s su ppor t ed or h el d i n pl a ce by
t wo or mor e st i ff member s, ca l l ed
st i ffl egs, wh i ch a r e ca pa bl e of r esi st i n g
ei t h er t en si l e or compr essi ve for ces.
S i l l s a r e gen er a l l y pr ovi ded t o con n ect
t h e l ower en ds of t h e st i ffl egs t o t h e
foot of t h e ma st .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
3
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
1
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
570
(10) Appoin t ed mea n s a ssi gn ed spe-
ci fi c r espon si bi l i t i es by t h e empl oy er
or t h e empl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve.
(12) A boom i s a t i mber or met a l sec-
t i on or st r u t , pi vot ed or h i n ged a t t h e
h eel (l ower en d) a t a l oca t i on fi xed i n
h ei gh t on a fr a me or ma st or ver t i ca l
member , a n d wi t h i t s poi n t (u pper en d)
su ppor t ed by ch a i n s, r opes, or r ods t o
t h e u pper en d of t h e fr a me, ma st , or
ver t i ca l member . A r ope for r a i si n g a n d
l ower i n g t h e l oa d i s r eeved t h r ou gh
sh ea ves or a bl ock a t t h e boom poi n t .
Th e l en gt h of t h e boom sh a l l be t a k en
a s t h e st r a i gh t l i n e di st a n ce bet ween
t h e a xi s of t h e foot pi n a n d t h e a xi s of
t h e boom poi n t sh ea ve pi n , or wh er e
u sed, t h e a xi s of t h e u pper l oa d bl ock
a t t a ch men t pi n .
(13) Boom h arn ess mea n s t h e bl ock
a n d sh ea ve a r r a n gemen t on t h e boom
poi n t t o wh i ch t h e t oppi n g l i ft ca bl e i s
r eeved for l ower i n g a n d r a i si n g t h e
boom.
(14) Th e boom poin t i s t h e ou t wa r d
en d of t h e t op sect i on of t h e boom.
(15) Derrick bu llwh eel mea n s a h or i -
zon t a l r i n g or wh eel , fa st en ed t o t h e
foot of a der r i ck , for t h e pu r pose of
t u r n i n g t h e der r i ck by mea n s of r opes
l ea di n g fr om t h i s wh eel t o a power ed
dr u m.
si gn ed by t h e empl oy er or empl oy er s
r epr esen t a t i ve a s bei n g qu a l i fi ed t o
(17) Ey e mea n s a l oop for med a t t h e
en d of a r ope by secu r i n g t h e dea d en d
t o t h e l i ve en d a t t h e ba se of t h e l oop.
(18) A f iddle block i s a bl ock con -
si st i n g of t wo sh ea ves i n t h e sa me
pl a n e h el d i n pl a ce by t h e sa me ch eek
pl a t es.
(19) Th e f oot bearin g or f oot block (si l l
bl ock ) i s t h e l ower su ppor t on wh i ch
t h e ma st r ot a t es.
(20) A gu dgeon pin i s a pi n con n ect i n g
t h e ma st ca p t o t h e ma st a l l owi n g r o-
t a t i on of t h e ma st .
(21) A gu y i s a r ope u sed t o st ea dy or
secu r e t h e ma st or ot h er member i n
t h e desi r ed posi t i on .
(22) L oad, work in g mea n s t h e ext er n a l
l oa d, i n pou n ds, a ppl i ed t o t h e der r i ck ,
i n cl u di n g t h e wei gh t of l oa d a t t a ch i n g
equ i pmen t su ch a s l oa d bl ock s, sh a ck -
l es, a n d sl i n gs.
(23) L oad block , lower mea n s t h e a s-
sembl y of sh ea ves, pi n s, a n d fr a me su s-
pen ded by t h e h oi st i n g r ope.
(24) L oad block , u pper mea n s t h e a s-
sembl y of sh ea ves, pi n s, a n d fr a me su s-
pen ded fr om t h e boom.
(25) Mast mea n s t h e u pr i gh t member
of t h e der r i ck .
(26) Mast cap (spider) mea n s t h e fi t -
t i n g a t t h e t op of t h e ma st t o wh i ch
t h e gu y s a r e con n ect ed.
(27) Reevin g mea n s a r ope sy st em i n
wh i ch t h e r ope t r a vel s a r ou n d dr u ms
a n d sh ea ves.
(28) Rope r efer s t o wi r e r ope u n l ess
(29) Saf et y Hook mea n s a h ook wi t h a
l a t ch t o pr even t sl i n gs or l oa d fr om a c-
ci den t a l l y sl i ppi n g off t h e h ook .
(30) Side loadin g i s a l oa d a ppl i ed a t
a n a n gl e t o t h e ver t i ca l pl a n e of t h e
boom.
(31) Th e sill i s a member con n ect i n g
t h e foot bl ock a n d st i ffl eg or a member
con n ect i n g t h e l ower en ds of a dou bl e
member ma st .
(32) A st an dby derrick i s a der r i ck n ot
i n r egu l a r ser vi ce wh i ch i s u sed occa -
si on a l l y or i n t er mi t t en t l y a s r equ i r ed.
(33) St if f leg mea n s a r i gi d member
su ppor t i n g t h e ma st a t t h e h ea d.
(34) Swin g mea n s r ot a t i on of t h e ma st
a n d/or boom for movemen t s of l oa ds i n
a h or i zon t a l di r ect i on a bou t t h e a xi s of
r ot a t i on .
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o gu y ,
st i ffl eg, ba sk et , br ea st , gi n pol e, Ch i -
ca go boom a n d A-fr a me der r i ck s of t h e
st a t i on a r y t y pe, ca pa bl e of h a n dl i n g
l oa ds a t va r i a bl e r ea ch es a n d power ed
by h oi st s t h r ou gh sy st ems of r ope
r eevi n g, u sed t o per for m l i ft i n g h ook
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
571
wor k , si n gl e or mu l t i pl e l i n e bu ck et
wor k , gr a b, gr a ppl e, a n d ma gn et wor k .
Der r i ck s ma y be per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed
for t empor a r y u se a s i n con st r u ct i on
wor k . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on
a l so a ppl y t o a n y modi fi ca t i on of t h ese
t y pes wh i ch r et a i n t h ei r fu n da men t a l
fea t u r es, except for fl oa t i n g der r i ck s.
n ew der r i ck s con st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed
on or a ft er Au gu st 31, 1971, sh a l l meet
t h e desi gn speci fi ca t i on s of t h e Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Code for
Der r i ck s, ANS I B30. 61969, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6.
(3) Design at ed person n el. On l y des-
oper a t e a der r i ck cover ed by t h i s sec-
t i on .
(c) L oad rat in gs(1) Rat ed load mark -
in g. F or per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed der r i ck s
wi t h fi xed l en gt h s of boom, gu y , a n d
ma st , a su bst a n t i a l , du r a bl e, a n d cl ea r -
l y l egi bl e r a t i n g ch a r t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h ea ch der r i ck a n d secu r el y
a ffi xed wh er e i t i s vi si bl e t o per son n el
r espon si bl e for t h e sa fe oper a t i on of
t h e equ i pmen t . Th e ch a r t sh a l l i n cl u de
t h e fol l owi n g da t a :
(i ) Ma n u fa ct u r er s a ppr oved l oa d r a t -
i n gs a t cor r espon di n g r a n ges of boom
a n gl e or oper a t i n g r a di i .
(i i ) S peci fi c l en gt h s of compon en t s on
wh i ch t h e l oa d r a t i n gs a r e ba sed.
(i i i ) Requ i r ed pa r t s for h oi st r eevi n g.
S i ze a n d con st r u ct i on of r ope ma y be
sh own ei t h er on t h e r a t i n g ch a r t or i n
t h e oper a t i n g ma n u a l .
(2) Non perman en t in st allat ion s. F or
n on per ma n en t i n st a l l a t i on s, t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er sh a l l pr ovi de su ffi ci en t i n for -
ma t i on fr om wh i ch ca pa ci t y ch a r t s ca n
be pr epa r ed for t h e pa r t i cu l a r i n st a l l a -
t i on . Th e ca pa ci t y ch a r t s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a t t h e der r i ck s or t h e j obsi t e of-
fi ce.
(d) I n spect ion (1) I n spect ion classif ica-
t ion . (i ) P r i or t o i n i t i a l u se a l l n ew a n d
a l t er ed der r i ck s sh a l l be i n spect ed t o
i n su r e compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s
(i i ) I n spect i on pr ocedu r e for der r i ck s
i n r egu l a r ser vi ce i s di vi ded i n t o t wo
gen er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on s ba sed u pon t h e
i n t er va l s a t wh i ch i n spect i on sh ou l d be
per for med. Th e i n t er va l s i n t u r n a r e
depen den t u pon t h e n a t u r e of t h e cr i t -
i ca l compon en t s of t h e der r i ck a n d t h e
degr ee of t h ei r exposu r e t o wea r , det e-
r i or a t i on , or ma l fu n ct i on . Th e t wo gen -
er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on s a r e h er ei n des-
i gn a t ed a s fr equ en t a n d per i odi c wi t h
r espect i ve i n t er va l s bet ween i n spec-
t i on s a s defi n ed bel ow:
(a) F r equ en t i n spect i on Da i l y t o
(b) P er i odi c i n spect i on 1- t o 12-
mon t h i n t er va l s, or a s speci fi ed by t h e
(2) Frequ en t in spect ion . I t ems su ch a s
t h e fol l owi n g sh a l l be i n spect ed for de-
fect s a t i n t er va l s a s defi n ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(1)(i i )(a) of t h i s sect i on or a s
speci fi ca l l y i n di ca t ed, i n cl u di n g obser -
va t i on du r i n g oper a t i on for a n y defect s
wh i ch mi gh t a ppea r bet ween r egu l a r
i n spect i on s. Defi ci en ci es sh a l l be ca r e-
fu l l y exa mi n ed for a n y sa fet y h a za r d:
(i ) Al l con t r ol mech a n i sms: I n spect
da i l y for a dj u st men t , wea r , a n d l u br i -
ca t i on .
(i i ) Al l ch or ds a n d l a ci n g: I n spect
da i l y , vi su a l l y .
(i i i ) Ten si on i n gu y s: Da i l y .
(i v) P l u mb of t h e ma st .
(v) Det er i or a t i on or l ea k a ge i n a i r or
h y dr a u l i c sy st ems: Da i l y .
(vi ) Der r i ck h ook s for defor ma t i on s
or cr a ck s; for h ook s wi t h cr a ck s or
h a vi n g mor e t h a n 15 per cen t i n excess
of n or ma l t h r oa t open i n g or mor e t h a n
10 t wi st fr om t h e pl a n e of t h e u n ben t
h ook , r efer t o pa r a gr a ph (e)(3)(i i i ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(vi i ) Rope r eevi n g; vi su a l i n spect i on
for n on compl i a n ce wi t h der r i ck ma n u -
fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(vi i i ) Hoi st br a k es, cl u t ch es, a n d op-
er a t i n g l ever s: ch eck da i l y for pr oper
fu n ct i on i n g befor e begi n n i n g oper -
a t i on s.
(i x) El ect r i ca l a ppa r a t u s for ma l fu n c-
t i on i n g, si gn s of excessi ve det er i or a -
t i on , di r t , a n d moi st u r e a ccu mu l a t i on .
(3) Periodic in spect ion . (i ) Compl et e i n -
spect i on s of t h e der r i ck sh a l l be per -
fi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(1)(i i )(b) of t h i s
sect i on depen di n g u pon i t s a ct i vi t y , se-
ver i t y of ser vi ce, a n d en vi r on men t , or
a s speci fi ca l l y i n di ca t ed bel ow. Th ese
i n spect i on s sh a l l i n cl u de t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (d)(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on a n d i n a ddi t i on , i t ems su ch a s t h e
fol l owi n g. Defi ci en ci es sh a l l be ca r e-
fu l l y exa mi n ed a n d a det er mi n a t i on
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
572
ma de a s t o wh et h er t h ey con st i t u t e a
sa fet y h a za r d:
(a) S t r u ct u r a l member s for defor ma -
t i on s, cr a ck s, a n d cor r osi on .
(b) Bol t s or r i vet s for t i gh t n ess.
(c) P a r t s su ch a s pi n s, bea r i n gs,
sh a ft s, gea r s, sh ea ves, dr u ms, r ol l er s,
l ock i n g a n d cl a mpi n g devi ces, for wea r ,
cr a ck s, a n d di st or t i on .
(d) Gu dgeon pi n for cr a ck s, wea r , a n d
di st or t i on ea ch t i me t h e der r i ck i s t o
be er ect ed.
(e) P ower pl a n t s for pr oper per for m-
a n ce a n d compl i a n ce wi t h a ppl i ca bl e
sa fet y r equ i r emen t s.
(f ) Hook s.
(i i ) F ou n da t i on or su ppor t s sh a l l be
i n spect ed for con t i n u ed a bi l i t y t o su s-
t a i n t h e i mposed l oa ds.
(4) Derrick s n ot in regu lar u se. (i ) A
der r i ck wh i ch h a s been i dl e for a per i od
of 1 mon t h or mor e, bu t l ess t h a n 6
gr a ph (g)(3) of t h i s sect i on befor e pl a c-
i n g i n ser vi ce.
(i i ) A der r i ck wh i ch h a s been i dl e for
a per i od of over 6 mon t h s sh a l l be gi ven
a compl et e i n spect i on con for mi n g wi t h
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (d) (2) a n d
(3) of t h i s sect i on a n d pa r a gr a ph (g)(3)
of t h i s sect i on befor e pl a ci n g i n ser v-
i ce.
(i i i ) S t a n dby der r i ck s sh a l l be i n -
spect ed a t l ea st semi a n n u a l l y i n a c-
gr a ph (g)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(e) T est in g(1) Operat ion al t est s. P r i or
t o i n i t i a l u se a l l n ew a n d a l t er ed der -
r i ck s sh a l l be t est ed t o i n su r e compl i -
a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on i n cl u di n g t h e
fol l owi n g fu n ct i on s:
(i ) Loa d h oi st i n g a n d l ower i n g.
(i i ) Boom u p a n d down .
(i i i ) S wi n g.
(i v) Oper a t i on of cl u t ch es a n d br a k es
of h oi st .
(2) An ch orages. Al l a n ch or a ges sh a l l
be a ppr oved by t h e a ppoi n t ed per son .
Rock a n d h a i r pi n a n ch or a ges ma y r e-
qu i r e speci a l t est i n g.
(f) Main t en an ce(1) Preven t ive main t e-
n an ce. A pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce pr o-
gr a m ba sed on t h e der r i ck ma n u fa ct u r -
er s r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l be est a b-
l i sh ed.
(2) Main t en an ce procedu re. (i ) Befor e
a dj u st men t s a n d r epa i r s a r e st a r t ed on
a der r i ck t h e fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s
sh a l l be t a k en :
(a) Th e der r i ck t o be r epa i r ed sh a l l be
a r r a n ged so i t wi l l ca u se t h e l ea st i n -
t er fer en ce wi t h ot h er equ i pmen t a n d
oper a t i on s i n t h e a r ea .
(b) Al l h oi st dr u m dogs sh a l l be en -
ga ged.
(c) Th e ma i n or emer gen cy swi t ch
sh a l l be l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on , i f
a n el ect r i c h oi st i s u sed.
(d) Wa r n i n g or ou t of or der si gn s
sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e der r i ck a n d
h oi st .
(e) Th e r epa i r s of booms of der r i ck s
sh a l l ei t h er be ma de wh en t h e booms
a r e l ower ed a n d a dequ a t el y su ppor t ed
or sa fel y t i ed off.
(f ) A good commu n i ca t i on sy st em
sh a l l be set u p bet ween t h e h oi st oper -
a t or a n d t h e a ppoi n t ed i n di vi du a l i n
ch a r ge of der r i ck oper a t i on s befor e a n y
wor k on t h e equ i pmen t i s st a r t ed.
(i i ) Aft er a dj u st men t s a n d r epa i r s
h a ve been ma de t h e der r i ck sh a l l n ot
be oper a t ed u n t i l a l l gu a r ds h a ve been
r ei n st a l l ed, sa fet y devi ces r ea ct i va t ed,
(3) Adju st men t s an d repairs. (i ) An y
u n sa fe con di t i on s di scl osed by i n spec-
t i on sh a l l be cor r ect ed befor e oper a t i on
of t h e der r i ck i s r esu med.
(i i ) Adj u st men t s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
t o a ssu r e cor r ect fu n ct i on i n g of compo-
n en t s.
(i i i ) Repa i r s or r epl a cemen t s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded pr ompt l y a s n eeded for sa fe
oper a t i on . Th e fol l owi n g a r e exa mpl es
of con di t i on s r equ i r i n g pr ompt r epa i r
or r epl a cemen t :
(a) Hook s sh owi n g defect s descr i bed
i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(vi ) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be di sca r ded.
(b) Al l cr i t i ca l pa r t s wh i ch a r e
cr a ck ed, br ok en , ben t , or excessi vel y
wor n .
(c) [Reser ved]
(d) Al l r epl a cemen t a n d r epa i r ed
pa r t s sh a l l h a ve a t l ea st t h e or i gi n a l
sa fet y fa ct or .
(g) Rope in spect ion (1) Ru n n in g ropes.
A t h or ou gh i n spect i on of a l l r opes i n
u se sh a l l be ma de a t l ea st on ce a
i n spect i on , a n d a n i den t i fi er for t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
573
r opes wh i ch wer e i n spect ed sh a l l be
pr epa r ed a n d k ept on fi l e wh er e r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e. An y det er i or a t i on , r esu l t i n g
i n a ppr eci a bl e l oss of or i gi n a l st r en gt h
sh a l l be ca r efu l l y obser ved a n d det er -
mi n a t i on ma de a s t o wh et h er fu r t h er
u se of t h e r ope wou l d con st i t u t e a sa fe-
t y h a za r d. S ome of t h e con di t i on s t h a t
cou l d r esu l t i n a n a ppr eci a bl e l oss of
st r en gt h a r e t h e fol l owi n g:
a n d t h e degr ee of di st r i bu t i on or con -
con n ect i on s.
(2) L imit ed t ravel ropes. Hea vy wea r
a n d/or br ok en wi r es ma y occu r i n sec-
t i on s i n con t a ct wi t h equ a l i zer sh ea ves
or ot h er sh ea ves wh er e r ope t r a vel i s
l i mi t ed, or wi t h sa ddl es. P a r t i cu l a r
ca r e sh a l l be t a k en t o i n spect r opes a t
t h ese l oca t i on s.
(3) I dle ropes. Al l r ope wh i ch h a s been
i dl e for a per i od of a mon t h or mor e
du e t o sh u t down or st or a ge of a der r i ck
on wh i ch i t i s i n st a l l ed sh a l l be gi ven a
t h or ou gh i n spect i on befor e i t i s u sed.
Th i s i n spect i on sh a l l be for a l l t y pes of
det er i or a t i on . A cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
sh a l l be pr epa r ed a n d k ept r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of i n -
wh o per for med t h e i n spect i on , a n d a n
i den t i fi er for t h e r opes wh i ch wer e i n -
spect ed.
(4) Non rot at in g ropes. P a r t i cu l a r ca r e
sh a l l be t a k en i n t h e i n spect i on of n on -
r ot a t i n g r ope.
(h ) Operat ion s of derrick s. Der r i ck op-
er a t i on s sh a l l be di r ect ed on l y by t h e
i n di vi du a l speci fi ca l l y desi gn a t ed for
t h a t pu r pose.
(i ) Han dlin g t h e load(1) Size of load.
(i ) No der r i ck sh a l l be l oa ded bey on d
t h e r a t ed l oa d.
(i i ) Wh en l oa ds a ppr oa ch t h e ma x-
i mu m r a t i n g of t h e der r i ck , i t sh a l l be
a scer t a i n ed t h a t t h e wei gh t of t h e l oa d
h a s been det er mi n ed wi t h i n pl u s or
mi n u s 10 per cen t befor e i t i s l i ft ed.
r ope sh a l l n ot be wr a pped a r ou n d t h e
l oa d.
h ook by mea n s of sl i n gs or ot h er su i t -
a bl e devi ces.
(3) Movin g t h e load. (i ) Th e l oa d sh a l l
be wel l secu r ed a n d pr oper l y ba l a n ced
i n t h e sl i n g or l i ft i n g devi ce befor e i t i s
l i ft ed mor e t h a n a few i n ch es.
(i i ) Befor e st a r t i n g t o h oi st , t h e fol -
swi n gi n g.
(i i i ) Du r i n g h oi st i n g, ca r e sh a l l be
t a k en t h a t :
(b) Loa d does n ot con t a ct a n y ob-
st r u ct i on s.
(i v) A der r i ck sh a l l n ot be u sed for
si de l oa di n g except wh en speci fi ca l l y
a u t h or i zed by a r espon si bl e per son wh o
h a s det er mi n ed t h a t t h e va r i ou s st r u c-
t u r a l compon en t s wi l l n ot be over -
st r essed.
(v) No h oi st i n g, l ower i n g, or swi n gi n g
sh a l l be don e wh i l e a n y on e i s on t h e
l oa d or h ook .
(vi ) Th e oper a t or sh ou l d a voi d ca r -
r y i n g l oa ds over peopl e.
(vi i ) Th e oper a t or sh a l l t est t h e
t h e r a t ed l oa d i s h a n dl ed by r a i si n g i t
a few i n ch es a n d a ppl y i n g t h e br a k es.
(vi i i ) Nei t h er t h e l oa d n or boom sh a l l
be l ower ed bel ow t h e poi n t wh er e l ess
t h a n t wo fu l l wr a ps of r ope r ema i n on
t h ei r r espect i ve dr u ms.
(i x) Wh en r ot a t i n g a der r i ck , su dden
st a r t s a n d st ops sh a l l be a voi ded. Rot a -
t i on a l speed sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e l oa d
does n ot swi n g ou t bey on d t h e r a di u s
a t wh i ch i t ca n be con t r ol l ed.
(x) Boom a n d h oi st i n g r ope sy st ems
sh a l l n ot be t wi st ed.
(4) Holdin g t h e load. (i ) Th e oper a t or
sh a l l n ot be a l l owed t o l ea ve h i s posi -
t i on a t t h e con t r ol s wh i l e t h e l oa d i s
su spen ded.
(i i ) P eopl e sh ou l d n ot be per mi t t ed t o
st a n d or pa ss u n der a l oa d on t h e h ook .
(i i i ) I f t h e l oa d mu st r ema i n su s-
pen ded for a n y con si der a bl e l en gt h of
t i me, a dog, or pa wl a n d r a t ch et , or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
574
ot h er equ i va l en t mea n s, r a t h er t h a n
t h e br a k e a l on e, sh a l l be u sed t o h ol d
t h e l oa d.
(5) Use of win ch h eads. (i ) Ropes sh a l l
n ot be h a n dl ed on a wi n ch h ea d wi t h -
ou t t h e k n owl edge of t h e oper a t or .
(i i ) Wh i l e a wi n ch h ea d i s bei n g u sed,
t h e oper a t or sh a l l be wi t h i n con ven i en t
r ea ch of t h e power u n i t con t r ol l ever .
(6) Secu rin g boom. Dogs, pa wl s, or
ot h er posi t i ve h ol di n g mech a n i sm on
t h e h oi st sh a l l be en ga ged. Wh en n ot i n
u se, t h e der r i ck boom sh a l l :
(i ) Be l a i d down ;
(i i ) Be secu r ed t o a st a t i on a r y mem-
ber , a s n ea r l y u n der t h e h ea d a s pos-
si bl e, by a t t a ch men t of a sl i n g t o t h e
l oa d bl ock ; or
(i i i ) Be h oi st ed t o a ver t i ca l posi t i on
a n d secu r ed t o t h e ma st .
(j ) Ot h er requ iremen t s(1) Gu ards. (i )
Exposed movi n g pa r t s, su ch a s gea r s,
r opes, set scr ews, pr oj ect i n g k ey s,
ch a i n s, ch a i n spr ock et s, a n d r eci pr o-
ca t i n g compon en t s, wh i ch con st i t u t e a
h a za r d u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g con di -
t i on s sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(i i ) Gu a r ds sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed.
(i i i ) Ea ch gu a r d sh a l l be ca pa bl e of
su ppor t i n g wi t h ou t per ma n en t di st or -
t i on , t h e wei gh t of a 200pou n d per son
u n l ess t h e gu a r d i s l oca t ed wh er e i t i s
i mpossi bl e for a per son t o st ep on i t .
(2) Hook s. (i ) Hook s sh a l l meet t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s a n d
sh a l l n ot be over l oa ded.
(i i ) S a fet y l a t ch t y pe h ook s sh a l l be
u sed wh er ever possi bl e.
(3) Fire ext in gu ish ers. (i ) A ca r bon di -
oxi de, dr y ch emi ca l , or equ i va l en t fi r e
ext i n gu i sh er sh a l l be k ept i n t h e i mme-
di a t e vi ci n i t y of t h e der r i ck .
(i i ) Oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce per -
son n el sh a l l be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e u se
a n d ca r e of t h e fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s pr o-
vi ded.
(4) Ref u elin g. (i ) Refu el i n g wi t h por t -
a bl e con t a i n er s sh a l l be don e wi t h a p-
pr oved sa fet y t y pe con t a i n er s equ i pped
wi t h a u t oma t i c cl osi n g ca p a n d fl a me
a r r est er . Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3) for def-
i n i t i on of Appr oved.
(i i ) Ma ch i n es sh a l l n ot be r efu el ed
wi t h t h e en gi n e r u n n i n g.
(5) Operat ion s n ear overh ead lin es. F or
oper a t i on s n ea r over h ea d el ect r i c l i n es,
see 1910. 333(c)(3).
(6) Cab or operat in g en closu re. (i ) Nec-
essa r y cl ot h i n g a n d per son a l bel on g-
i n gs sh a l l be st or ed i n su ch a ma n n er
a s t o n ot i n t er fer e wi t h a ccess or oper -
a t i on .
ca b or oper a t i n g en cl osu r e.
[37 F R 22102, Oct . 18, 1972, a s a men ded a t 38
F R 14373, J u n e 1, 1973; 43 F R 49750, Oct . 24,
1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 51 F R 34561,
S ept . 29, 1986; 53 F R 12122, Apr . 12, 1988; 55 F R
32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.183 Helicopters.
(a ) [Reser ved]
(b) Brief in g. P r i or t o ea ch da y s oper -
a t i on a br i efi n g sh a l l be con du ct ed.
Th i s br i efi n g sh a l l set for t h t h e pl a n of
oper a t i on for t h e pi l ot a n d gr ou n d per -
son n el .
(c) Slin gs an d t ag lin es. Loa ds sh a l l be
pr oper l y sl u n g. Ta g l i n es sh a l l be of a
l en gt h t h a t wi l l n ot per mi t t h ei r bei n g
dr a wn u p i n t o t h e r ot or s. P r essed
sl eeve, swedged ey es, or equ i va l en t
mea n s sh a l l be u sed for a l l fr eel y su s-
pen ded l oa ds t o pr even t h a n d spl i ces
fr om spi n n i n g open or ca bl e cl a mps
fr om l oosen i n g.
(d) Cargo h ook s. Al l el ect r i ca l l y oper -
a t ed ca r go h ook s sh a l l h a ve t h e el ec-
t r i ca l a ct i va t i n g devi ce so desi gn ed a n d
i n st a l l ed a s t o pr even t i n a dver t en t op-
er a t i on . I n a ddi t i on , t h ese ca r go h ook s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n emer gen cy
mech a n i ca l con t r ol for r el ea si n g t h e
l oa d. Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
t h e h ook s a r e t est ed pr i or t o ea ch da y s
oper a t i on by a compet en t per son t o de-
t er mi n e t h a t t h e r el ea se fu n ct i on s
pr oper l y , bot h el ect r i ca l l y a n d me-
ch a n i ca l l y .
(e) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . (1)
P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
i t s u se by empl oy ees r ecei vi n g t h e
l oa d. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sh a l l con si st of compl et e ey e pr ot ec-
t i on a n d h a r dh a t s secu r ed by ch i n -
st r a ps.
(2) Loose-fi t t i n g cl ot h i n g l i k el y t o
fl a p i n r ot or down wa sh , a n d t h u s be
sn a gged on t h e h oi st l i n e, ma y n ot be
wor n .
(f) L oose gear an d object s. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l t a k e a l l n ecessa r y pr e-
ca u t i on s t o pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om
fl y i n g obj ect s i n t h e r ot or down wa sh .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
575
Al l l oose gea r wi t h i n 100 feet of t h e
pl a ce of l i ft i n g t h e l oa d or deposi t i n g
t h e l oa d, or wi t h i n a l l ot h er a r ea s su s-
cept i bl e t o r ot or down wa sh , sh a l l be se-
cu r ed or r emoved.
(g) Hou sek eepin g. Good h ou sek eepi n g
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a l l h el i copt er
l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g a r ea s.
(h ) L oad saf et y . Th e si ze a n d wei gh t
of l oa ds, a n d t h e ma n n er i n wh i ch l oa ds
a r e con n ect ed t o t h e h el i copt er sh a l l be
ch eck ed. A l i ft ma y n ot be ma de i f t h e
h el i copt er oper a t or bel i eves t h e l i ft
ca n n ot be ma de sa fel y .
(i ) Hook in g an d u n h ook in g loads. Wh en
empl oy ees per for m wor k u n der h ov-
er i n g cr a ft , a sa fe mea n s of a ccess sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for empl oy ees t o r ea ch t h e
h oi st l i n e h ook a n d en ga ge or di s-
en ga ge ca r go sl i n gs. Empl oy ees ma y
n ot be per mi t t ed t o per for m wor k
u n der h over i n g cr a ft except wh en n ec-
essa r y t o h ook or u n h ook l oa ds.
(j ) St at ic ch arge. S t a t i c ch a r ge on t h e
su spen ded l oa d sh a l l be di ssi pa t ed wi t h
a gr ou n di n g devi ce befor e gr ou n d per -
son n el t ou ch t h e su spen ded l oa d, u n l ess
pr ot ect i ve r u bber gl oves a r e bei n g wor n
by a l l gr ou n d per son n el wh o ma y be r e-
qu i r ed t o t ou ch t h e su spen ded l oa d.
(k ) Weigh t limit at ion . Th e wei gh t of a n
ext er n a l l oa d sh a l l n ot exceed t h e h el i -
copt er ma n u fa ct u r er s r a t i n g.
(l ) Grou n d lin es. Hoi st wi r es or ot h er
gea r , except for pu l l i n g l i n es or con -
du ct or s t h a t a r e a l l owed t o pa y ou t
fr om a con t a i n er or r ol l off a r eel , sh a l l
n ot be a t t a ch ed t o a n y fi xed gr ou n d
st r u ct u r e, or a l l owed t o fou l on a n y
fi xed st r u ct u r e.
(m) Visibilit y . Gr ou n d per son n el sh a l l
be i n st r u ct ed a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t wh en vi si bi l i t y i s r edu ced
by du st or ot h er con di t i on s, t h ey sh a l l
exer ci se speci a l ca u t i on t o k eep cl ea r
of ma i n a n d st a bi l i zi n g r ot or s. P r e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l a l so be t a k en by t h e em-
pl oy er t o el i mi n a t e, a s fa r a s pr a ct i ca l ,
t h e du st or ot h er con di t i on s r edu ci n g
t h e vi si bi l i t y .
(n ) Sign al sy st ems. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
i n st r u ct t h e a i r cr ew a n d gr ou n d per -
son n el on t h e si gn a l sy st ems t o be u sed
a n d sh a l l r evi ew t h e sy st em wi t h t h e
empl oy ees i n a dva n ce of h oi st i n g t h e
l oa d. Th i s a ppl i es t o bot h r a di o a n d
h a n d si gn a l sy st ems. Ha n d si gn a l s,
wh er e u sed, sh a l l be a s sh own i n F i gu r e
N1.
(o) Approach dist an ce. No empl oy ee
sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o a ppr oa ch wi t h i n
50 feet of t h e h el i copt er wh en t h e r ot or
bl a des a r e t u r n i n g, u n l ess h i s wor k du -
t i es r equ i r e h i s pr esen ce i n t h a t a r ea .
(p) Approach in g h elicopt er. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l i n st r u ct empl oy ees, a n d
sh a l l en su r e, t h a t wh en ever a ppr oa ch -
i n g or l ea vi n g a h el i copt er wh i ch h a s
i t s bl a des r ot a t i n g, a l l empl oy ees sh a l l
r ema i n i n fu l l vi ew of t h e pi l ot a n d
k eep i n a cr ou ch ed posi t i on . No em-
pl oy ee sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o wor k i n
t h e a r ea fr om t h e cock pi t or ca bi n
r ea r wa r d wh i l e bl a des a r e r ot a t i n g, u n -
l ess a u t h or i zed by t h e h el i copt er oper -
a t or t o wor k t h er e.
(q) Person n el. S u ffi ci en t gr ou n d per -
son n el sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o en su r e t h a t
h el i copt er l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g oper -
a t i on s ca n be per for med sa fel y .
(r ) Commu n icat ion s. Th er e sh a l l be
con st a n t r el i a bl e commu n i ca t i on be-
t ween t h e pi l ot a n d a desi gn a t ed em-
pl oy ee of t h e gr ou n d cr ew wh o a ct s a s
a si gn a l ma n du r i n g t h e per i od of l oa d-
i n g a n d u n l oa di n g. Th e si gn a l ma n sh a l l
be cl ea r l y di st i n gu i sh a bl e fr om ot h er
gr ou n d per son n el .
(s) Fires. Open fi r es sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed i n a r ea s wh er e t h ey cou l d be
spr ea d by t h e r ot or down wa sh .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
576
[40 F R 13440, Ma r . 26, 1975, a s a men ded a t 63 F R 33467, J u n e 18, 1998]
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
577
1910.184 Slings.
(a ) Scope. Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
sl i n gs u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h ot h er
ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t for t h e
movemen t of ma t er i a l by h oi st i n g, i n
empl oy men t s cover ed by t h i s pa r t . Th e
t y pes of sl i n gs cover ed a r e t h ose ma de
fr om a l l oy st eel ch a i n , wi r e r ope, met a l
mesh , n a t u r a l or sy n t h et i c fi ber r ope
(con ven t i on a l t h r ee st r a n d con st r u c-
t i on ), a n d sy n t h et i c web (n y l on , pol y -
est er , a n d pol y pr opy l en e).
(b) Def in it ion s. An gle of loadin g i s t h e
i n cl i n a t i on of a l eg or br a n ch of a sl i n g
mea su r ed fr om t h e h or i zon t a l or
ver t i ca l pl a n e a s sh own i n F i g. N1845;
pr ovi ded t h a t a n a n gl e of l oa di n g of
fi ve degr ees or l ess fr om t h e ver t i ca l
ma y be con si der ed a ver t i ca l a n gl e of
l oa di n g.
Bask et h it ch i s a sl i n g con fi gu r a t i on
wh er eby t h e sl i n g i s pa ssed u n der t h e
l oa d a n d h a s bot h en ds, en d a t t a ch -
men t s, ey es or h a n dl es on t h e h ook or
a si n gl e ma st er l i n k .
Braided wire rope i s a wi r e r ope
for med by pl a i t i n g compon en t wi r e
r opes.
Bridle wire rope slin g i s a sl i n g com-
posed of mu l t i pl e wi r e r ope l egs wi t h
t h e t op en ds ga t h er ed i n a fi t t i n g t h a t
goes over t h e l i ft i n g h ook .
Cable laid en dless slin g-mech an ical
join t i s a wi r e r ope sl i n g ma de en dl ess
by j oi n i n g t h e en ds of a si n gl e l en gt h of
ca bl e l a i d r ope wi t h on e or mor e met a l -
l i c fi t t i n gs.
Cable laid grommet -h an d t u ck ed i s a n
en dl ess wi r e r ope sl i n g ma de fr om on e
l en gt h of r ope wr a pped si x t i mes
a r ou n d a cor e for med by h a n d t u ck i n g
t h e en ds of t h e r ope i n si de t h e si x
wr a ps.
Cable laid rope i s a wi r e r ope com-
posed of si x wi r e r opes wr a pped a r ou n d
a fi ber or wi r e r ope cor e.
Cable laid rope slin g-mech an ical join t i s
a wi r e r ope sl i n g ma de fr om a ca bl e
l a i d r ope wi t h ey es fa br i ca t ed by pr ess-
i n g or swa gi n g on e or mor e met a l
sl eeves over t h e r ope j u n ct i on .
Ch ok er h it ch i s a sl i n g con fi gu r a t i on
wi t h on e en d of t h e sl i n g pa ssi n g u n der
t h e l oa d a n d t h r ou gh a n en d a t t a ch -
men t , h a n dl e or ey e on t h e ot h er en d of
t h e sl i n g.
Coat in g i s a n el a st omer or ot h er su i t -
a bl e ma t er i a l a ppl i ed t o a sl i n g or t o a
sl i n g compon en t t o i mpa r t desi r a bl e
pr oper t i es.
Cross rod i s a wi r e u sed t o j oi n spi r a l s
of met a l mesh t o for m a compl et e fa b-
r i c. (S ee F i g. N1842. )
Design at ed mea n s sel ect ed or a ssi gn ed
by t h e empl oy er or t h e empl oy er s r ep-
r esen t a t i ve a s bei n g qu a l i fi ed t o per -
for m speci fi c du t i es.
Equ ivalen t en t it y i s a per son or or ga -
n i za t i on (i n cl u di n g a n empl oy er )
wh i ch , by possessi on of equ i pmen t ,
t ech n i ca l k n owl edge a n d sk i l l s, ca n
per for m wi t h equ a l compet en ce t h e
sa me r epa i r s a n d t est s a s t h e per son or
or ga n i za t i on wi t h wh i ch i t i s equ a t ed.
Fabric (met al mesh ) i s t h e fl exi bl e por -
t i on of a met a l mesh sl i n g con si st i n g of
a ser i es of t r a n sver se coi l s a n d cr oss
r ods.
Female h an dle (ch ok er) i s a h a n dl e
wi t h a h a n dl e ey e a n d a sl ot of su ch di -
men si on a s t o per mi t pa ssa ge of a ma l e
h a n dl e t h er eby a l l owi n g t h e u se of a
met a l mesh sl i n g i n a ch ok er h i t ch .
(S ee F i g. N1841. )
Han dle i s a t er mi n a l fi t t i n g t o wh i ch
met a l mesh fa br i c i s a t t a ch ed. (S ee
F i g. N1841. )
Han dle ey e i s a n open i n g i n a h a n dl e
of a met a l mesh sl i n g sh a ped t o a ccept
a h ook , sh a ck l e or ot h er l i ft i n g devi ce.
(S ee F i g. N1841. )
Hit ch i s a sl i n g con fi gu r a t i on wh er e-
by t h e sl i n g i s fa st en ed t o a n obj ect or
l oa d, ei t h er di r ect l y t o i t or a r ou n d i t .
L in k i s a si n gl e r i n g of a ch a i n .
Male h an dle (t rian gle) i s a h a n dl e wi t h
a h a n dl e ey e.
Mast er cou plin g lin k i s a n a l l oy st eel
wel ded cou pl i n g l i n k u sed a s a n i n t er -
medi a t e l i n k t o j oi n a l l oy st eel ch a i n
t o ma st er l i n k s. (S ee F i g. N1843. )
Mast er lin k or gat h erin g rin g i s a
for ged or wel ded st eel l i n k u sed t o su p-
por t a l l member s (l egs) of a n a l l oy
st eel ch a i n sl i n g or wi r e r ope sl i n g.
(S ee F i g. N1843. )
Mech an ical cou plin g lin k i s a n on -
wel ded, mech a n i ca l l y cl osed st eel l i n k
u sed t o a t t a ch ma st er l i n k s, h ook s,
et c. , t o a l l oy st eel ch a i n .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
578
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
579
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
580
Proof load i s t h e l oa d a ppl i ed i n per -
for ma n ce of a pr oof t est .
Proof t est i s a n on dest r u ct i ve t en si on
t est per for med by t h e sl i n g ma n u fa c-
t u r er or a n equ i va l en t en t i t y t o ver i fy
con st r u ct i on a n d wor k ma n sh i p of a
sl i n g.
Rat ed capacit y or work in g load limit i s
t h e ma xi mu m wor k i n g l oa d per mi t t ed
by t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
Reach i s t h e effect i ve l en gt h of a n
a l l oy st eel ch a i n sl i n g mea su r ed fr om
t h e t op bea r i n g su r fa ce of t h e u pper
t er mi n a l compon en t t o t h e bot t om
bea r i n g su r fa ce of t h e l ower t er mi n a l
compon en t .
Selvage edge i s t h e fi n i sh ed edge of
sy n t h et i c webbi n g desi gn ed t o pr even t
u n r a vel i n g.
Slin g i s a n a ssembl y wh i ch con n ect s
t h e l oa d t o t h e ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g
equ i pmen t .
Slin g man u f act u rer i s a per son or or -
ga n i za t i on t h a t a ssembl es sl i n g compo-
n en t s i n t o t h ei r fi n a l for m for sa l e t o
u ser s.
Spiral i s a si n gl e t r a n sver se coi l t h a t
i s t h e ba si c el emen t fr om wh i ch met a l
mesh i s fa br i ca t ed. (S ee F i g. N1842. )
St ran d laid en dless slin g-mech an ical
join t i s a wi r e r ope sl i n g ma de en dl ess
fr om on e l en gt h of r ope wi t h t h e en ds
j oi n ed by on e or mor e met a l l i c fi t t i n gs.
St ran d laid grommet -h an d t u ck ed i s a n
en dl ess wi r e r ope sl i n g ma de fr om on e
l en gt h of st r a n d wr a pped si x t i mes
a r ou n d a cor e for med by h a n d t u ck i n g
t h e en ds of t h e st r a n d i n si de t h e si x
wr a ps.
St ran d laid rope i s a wi r e r ope ma de
wi t h st r a n ds (u su a l l y si x or ei gh t )
wr a pped a r ou n d a fi ber cor e, wi r e
st r a n d cor e, or i n depen den t wi r e r ope
cor e (I WRC).
Vert ical h it ch i s a met h od of su p-
por t i n g a l oa d by a si n gl e, ver t i ca l pa r t
or l eg of t h e sl i n g. (S ee F i g. N1844. )
(c) Saf e operat in g pract ices. Wh en ever
a n y sl i n g i s u sed, t h e fol l owi n g pr a c-
t i ces sh a l l be obser ved:
(1) S l i n gs t h a t a r e da ma ged or defec-
t i ve sh a l l n ot be u sed.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
581
(2) S l i n gs sh a l l n ot be sh or t en ed wi t h
k n ot s or bol t s or ot h er ma k esh i ft de-
vi ces.
(3) S l i n g l egs sh a l l n ot be k i n k ed.
(4) S l i n gs sh a l l n ot be l oa ded i n ex-
cess of t h ei r r a t ed ca pa ci t i es.
(5) S l i n gs u sed i n a ba sk et h i t ch sh a l l
h a ve t h e l oa ds ba l a n ced t o pr even t sl i p-
pa ge.
(6) S l i n gs sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed
t o t h ei r l oa ds.
(7) S l i n gs sh a l l be pa dded or pr o-
t ect ed fr om t h e sh a r p edges of t h ei r
l oa ds.
(8) S u spen ded l oa ds sh a l l be k ept
cl ea r of a l l obst r u ct i on s.
(9) Al l empl oy ees sh a l l be k ept cl ea r
of l oa ds a bou t t o be l i ft ed a n d of su s-
pen ded l oa ds.
(10) Ha n ds or fi n ger s sh a l l n ot be
pl a ced bet ween t h e sl i n g a n d i t s l oa d
wh i l e t h e sl i n g i s bei n g t i gh t en ed
a r ou n d t h e l oa d.
(11) S h ock l oa di n g i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(12) A sl i n g sh a l l n ot be pu l l ed fr om
u n der a l oa d wh en t h e l oa d i s r est i n g
on t h e sl i n g.
(d) I n spect ion s. Ea ch da y befor e bei n g
u sed, t h e sl i n g a n d a l l fa st en i n gs a n d
a t t a ch men t s sh a l l be i n spect ed for
da ma ge or defect s by a compet en t per -
son desi gn a t ed by t h e empl oy er . Addi -
t i on a l i n spect i on s sh a l l be per for med
du r i n g sl i n g u se, wh er e ser vi ce con di -
t i on s wa r r a n t . Da ma ged or defect i ve
sl i n gs sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r emoved
fr om ser vi ce.
(e) Alloy st eel ch ain slin gs(1) Slin g
iden t if icat ion . Al l oy st eel ch a i n sl i n gs
sh a l l h a ve per ma n en t l y a ffi xed du r a bl e
i den t i fi ca t i on st a t i n g si ze, gr a de, r a t ed
ca pa ci t y , a n d r ea ch .
(2) At t ach men t s. (i ) Hook s, r i n gs, ob-
l on g l i n k s, pea r sh a ped l i n k s, wel ded or
mech a n i ca l cou pl i n g l i n k s or ot h er a t -
t a ch men t s sh a l l h a ve a r a t ed ca pa ci t y
a t l ea st equ a l t o t h a t of t h e a l l oy st eel
ch a i n wi t h wh i ch t h ey a r e u sed or t h e
sl i n g sh a l l n ot be u sed i n excess of t h e
r a t ed ca pa ci t y of t h e wea k est compo-
n en t .
(i i ) Ma k esh i ft l i n k s or fa st en er s
for med fr om bol t s or r ods, or ot h er
su ch a t t a ch men t s, sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(3) I n spect ion s. (i ) I n a ddi t i on t o t h e
i n spect i on r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) of
t h i s sect i on , a t h or ou gh per i odi c i n -
spect i on of a l l oy st eel ch a i n sl i n gs i n
u se sh a l l be ma de on a r egu l a r ba si s, t o
be det er mi n ed on t h e ba si s of (A) fr e-
qu en cy of sl i n g u se; (B) sever i t y of
ser vi ce con di t i on s; (C) n a t u r e of l i ft s
bei n g ma de; a n d (D) exper i en ce ga i n ed
on t h e ser vi ce l i fe of sl i n gs u sed i n
si mi l a r ci r cu mst a n ces. S u ch i n spec-
t i on s sh a l l i n n o even t be a t i n t er va l s
gr ea t er t h a n on ce ever y 12 mon t h s.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma k e a n d
ma i n t a i n a r ecor d of t h e most r ecen t
mon t h i n wh i ch ea ch a l l oy st eel ch a i n
sl i n g wa s t h or ou gh l y i n spect ed, a n d
sh a l l ma k e su ch r ecor d a va i l a bl e for
exa mi n a t i on .
(i i i ) Th e t h or ou gh i n spect i on of a l l oy
st eel ch a i n sl i n gs sh a l l be per for med by
a compet en t per son desi gn a t ed by t h e
empl oy er , a n d sh a l l i n cl u de a t h or ou gh
i n spect i on for wea r , defect i ve wel ds,
defor ma t i on a n d i n cr ea se i n l en gt h .
Wh er e su ch defect s or det er i or a t i on a r e
pr esen t , t h e sl i n g sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y
r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
(4) Proof t est in g. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t befor e u se, ea ch n ew, r e-
pa i r ed, or r econ di t i on ed a l l oy st eel
ch a i n sl i n g, i n cl u di n g a l l wel ded com-
pon en t s i n t h e sl i n g a ssembl y , sh a l l be
pr oof t est ed by t h e sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er
or equ i va l en t en t i t y , i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph 5. 2 of t h e Amer i ca n S o-
ci et y of Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s S peci -
fi ca t i on A39165, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6
(ANS I G61. 1 1968). Th e empl oy er sh a l l
r et a i n a cer t i fi ca t e of t h e pr oof t est
a n d sh a l l ma k e i t a va i l a bl e for exa m-
i n a t i on .
(5) Slin g u se. Al l oy st eel ch a i n sl i n gs
sh a l l n ot be u sed wi t h l oa ds i n excess
of t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t i es pr escr i bed i n
Ta bl e N1841. S l i n gs n ot i n cl u ded i n
t h i s t a bl e sh a l l be u sed on l y i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s.
(6) Saf e operat in g t emperat u res. Al l oy
st eel ch a i n sl i n gs sh a l l be per ma n en t l y
r emoved fr om ser vi ce i f t h ey a r e h ea t -
ed a bove 1000 F . Wh en exposed t o ser v-
i ce t emper a t u r es i n excess of 600 F ,
ma xi mu m wor k i n g l oa d l i mi t s per -
mi t t ed i n Ta bl e N1841 sh a l l be r e-
du ced i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e ch a i n or
sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da -
t i on s.
(7) Repairin g an d recon dit ion in g alloy
st eel ch ain slin gs. (i ) Wor n or da ma ged
a l l oy st eel ch a i n sl i n gs or a t t a ch men t s
sh a l l n ot be u sed u n t i l r epa i r ed. Wh en
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
582
wel di n g or h ea t t est i n g i s per for med,
sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed u n l ess r epa i r ed,
r econ di t i on ed a n d pr oof t est ed by t h e
sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er or a n equ i va l en t
en t i t y .
(i i ) Mech a n i ca l cou pl i n g l i n k s or l ow
ca r bon st eel r epa i r l i n k s sh a l l n ot be
u sed t o r epa i r br ok en l en gt h s of ch a i n .
(8) Ef f ect s of wear. I f t h e ch a i n si ze a t
a n y poi n t of a n y l i n k i s l ess t h a n t h a t
st a t ed i n Ta bl e N1842, t h e sl i n g sh a l l
be r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
(9) Def ormed at t ach men t s. (i ) Al l oy
st eel ch a i n sl i n gs wi t h cr a ck ed or de-
for med ma st er l i n k s, cou pl i n g l i n k s or
ot h er compon en t s sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce.
TABLE N1841RATED CAPACITY (WORKING LOAD LIMIT), FOR ALLOY STEEL CHAIN SLINGS
Rated Capacity (Working Load Limit), Pounds
[Horizontal angles shown in parentheses]
Chain size, inches
Single
branch
sling
90
loading
Double sling vertical angle (1) Triple and quadruple sling (3)
vertical angle (1)
30
(60)
45
(45)
60
(30)
30
(60)
45
(45)
60
(30)
1
4 ............................................................................. 3,250 5,650 4,550 3,250 8,400 6,800 4,900
3
8 ............................................................................. 6,600 11,400 9,300 6,600 17,000 14,000 9,900
1
2 ............................................................................. 11,250 19,500 15,900 11,250 29,000 24,000 17,000
5
8 ............................................................................. 16,500 28,500 23,300 16,500 43,000 35,000 24,500
3
4 ............................................................................. 23,000 39,800 32,500 23,000 59,500 48,500 34,500
7
8 ............................................................................. 28,750 49,800 40,600 28,750 74,500 61,000 43,000
1 .............................................................................. 38,750 67,100 5,800 38,750 101,000 82,000 58,000
1
1
8 ........................................................................... 44,500 77,000 63,000 44,500 115,500 94,500 66,500
1
1
4 ........................................................................... 57,500 99,500 61,000 57,500 149,000 121,500 86,000
1
3
8 ........................................................................... 67,000 116,000 94,000 67,000 174,000 141,000 100,500
1
1
2 ........................................................................... 80,000 138,000 112,900 80,000 207,000 169,000 119,500
1
3
4 ........................................................................... 100,000 172,000 140,000 100,000 258,000 210,000 150,000
(1) Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading measured as the included angle between the inclined leg and the
vertical as shown in Figure N1845.
(2) Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading between the inclined leg and the horizontal plane of the load, as
shown in Figure N1845.
(3) Quadruple sling rating is same as triple sling because normal lifting practice may not distribute load uniformly to all 4 legs.
TABLE N1842MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CHAIN
SIZE AT ANY POINT OF LINK
Chain size, inches
Minimum allowable chain
size, inches
1
4
13
64
3
8
19
64
1
2
25
64
5
8
31
64
3
4
19
32
7
8 4
5
64
1
13
16
1
1
8
29
32
1
1
4 1
1
3
8 1
3
32
1
1
2 1
3
16
1
3
4 1
13
32
(i i ) S l i n gs sh a l l be r emoved fr om
ser vi ce i f h ook s a r e cr a ck ed, h a ve been
open ed mor e t h a n 15 per cen t of t h e n or -
ma l t h r oa t open i n g mea su r ed a t t h e
n a r r owest poi n t or t wi st ed mor e t h a n
10 degr ees fr om t h e pl a n e of t h e u n ben t
h ook .
(f) Wire rope slin gs(1) Slin g u se. Wi r e
r ope sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed wi t h l oa ds
i n excess of t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t i es sh own
i n Ta bl es N1843 t h r ou gh N18414.
S l i n gs n ot i n cl u ded i n t h ese t a bl es
sh a l l be u sed on l y i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(2) Min imu m slin g len gt h s. (i ) Ca bl e
l a i d a n d 619 a n d 637 sl i n gs sh a l l h a ve
a mi n i mu m cl ea r l en gt h of wi r e r ope 10
t i mes t h e compon en t r ope di a met er be-
t ween spl i ces, sl eeves or en d fi t t i n gs.
(i i ) Br a i ded sl i n gs sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m cl ea r l en gt h of wi r e r ope 40 t i mes
t h e compon en t r ope di a met er bet ween
t h e l oops or en d fi t t i n gs.
(i i i ) Ca bl e l a i d gr ommet s, st r a n d l a i d
gr ommet s a n d en dl ess sl i n gs sh a l l h a ve
a mi n i mu m ci r cu mfer en t i a l l en gt h of
96 t i mes t h ei r body di a met er .
(3) Saf e operat in g t emperat u res. F i ber
cor e wi r e r ope sl i n gs of a l l gr a des sh a l l
be per ma n en t l y r emoved fr om ser vi ce
i f t h ey a r e exposed t o t emper a t u r es i n
excess of 200 F . Wh en n on fi ber cor e
wi r e r ope sl i n gs of a n y gr a de a r e u sed
a t t emper a t u r es a bove 400 F or bel ow
mi n u s 60 F , r ecommen da t i on s of t h e
sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er r ega r di n g u se a t
t h a t t emper a t u r e sh a l l be fol l owed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
583
(4) En d at t ach men t s. (i ) Wel di n g of en d
a t t a ch men t s, except cover s t o t h i m-
bl es, sh a l l be per for med pr i or t o t h e a s-
sembl y of t h e sl i n g.
(i i ) Al l wel ded en d a t t a ch men t s sh a l l
n ot be u sed u n l ess pr oof t est ed by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er or equ i va l en t en t i t y a t
t wi ce t h ei r r a t ed ca pa ci t y pr i or t o i n i -
t i a l u se. Th e empl oy er sh a l l r et a i n a
cer t i fi ca t e of t h e pr oof t est , a n d ma k e
i t a va i l a bl e for exa mi n a t i on .
TABLE N1843RATED CAPACITIES FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS
619 and 637 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Fiber Core (FC)
Rope Rated capacities, tons (2,000 lb)
Dia
(inches)
Constr
Vertical Choker Vertical basket
1

HT MS S HT MS S HT MS S
1
4 619 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.99 1.0 1.1
5
16 619 0.76 0.79 0.85 0.57 0.59 0.64 1.5 1.6 1.7
3
8 619 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.80 0.85 0.91 2.1 2.2 2.4
7
16 619 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.9 3.0 3.3
1
2 619 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.5 12.6 3.7 3.9 4.3
9
16 619 2.3 2.5 2.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 4.6 5.0 5.4
5
8 619 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.1 2.3 2.5 5.6 6.2 6.7
3
4 619 3.9 4.4 4.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 7.8 8.8 9.5
7
8 619 5.1 5.9 6.4 3.9 4.5 4.8 10.0 12.0 13.0
1 619 6.7 7.7 8.4 5.0 5.8 6.3 13.0 15.0 17.0
1
1
8 619 8.4 9.5 10.0 6.3 7.1 7.9 17.0 19.0 21.0
1
1
4 637 9.8 11.0 12.0 7.4 8.3 9.2 20.0 22.0 25.0
1
3
8 637 12.0 13.0 15.0 8.9 10.0 11.0 24.0 27.0 30.0
1
1
2 637 14.0 16.0 15.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 28.0 32.0 35.0
1
5
8 637 16.0 18.0 21.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 33.0 27.0 41.0
1
3
4 637 19.0 21.0 24.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 38.0 43.0 48.0
2 637 25.0 28.0 31.0 18.0 21.0 23.0 49.0 55.0 62.0
HT = Hand Tucked Splice and Hidden Tuck Splice. For hidden tuck splice (IWRC) use values in HT columns.
MS = Mechanical Splice.
S = Swaged or Zinc Poured Socket.
1
These values only apply when the D/d ratio for HT slings is 10 or greater, and for MS and S slings is 20 or greater where:
D=Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent; d=Diameter of rope.
619 and 637 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC)
Dia
(inches)
Constr
Vertical Choker Vertical basket
1

HT MS S HT MS S HT MS S
1
4 619 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.40 0.42 0.44 1.0 1.1 1.2
5
16 619 0.81 0.87 0.92 0.61 0.65 0.69 1.6 1.7 1.8
3
8 619 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.86 0.93 0.98 2.3 2.5 2.6
7
16 619 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 3.1 3.4 3.5
1
2 619 2.0 2.2 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 3.9 4.4 4.6
9
16 619 2.5 2.7 2.9 1.8 2.1 2.2 4.9 5.5 5.8
5
8 619 3.0 3.4 3.6 2.2 2.5 2.7 6.0 6.8 7.2
3
4 619 4.2 4.9 5.1 3.1 3.6 3.8 8.4 9.7 10.0
7
8 619 5.5 6.6 6.9 4.1 4.9 5.2 11.0 13.0 14.0
1 619 7.2 8.5 9.0 5.4 6.4 6.7 14.0 17.0 18.0
1
1
8 619 9.0 10.0 11.0 6.8 7.8 8.5 18.0 21.0 23.0
1
1
4 637 10.0 12.0 13.0 7.9 9.2 9.9 21.0 24.0 26.0
1
3
8 637 13.0 15.0 16.0 9.6 11.0 12.0 25.0 29.0 32.0
1
1
2 637 15.0 17.0 19.0 11.0 13.0 14.0 30.0 35.0 38.0
1
5
8 637 18.0 20.0 22.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 35.0 41.0 44.0
1
3
4 637 20.0 24.0 26.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 41.0 47.0 51.0
2 637 26.0 30.0 33.0 20.0 23.0 25.0 53.0 61.0 66.0
HT = Hand Tucked Splice. For hidden tuck splice (IWRC) use Table I values in HT column.
MS = Mechanical Splice.
S = Swaged or Zinc Poured Socket.
1
These values only apply when the D/d ratio for HT slings is 10 or greater, and for MS and S Slings is 20 or greater where:
D=Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent; d=Diameter of rope.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
584
Cable Laid RopeMechanical Splice Only
777&719 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope
7619 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope
Dia (inches) Constr Vertical Choker
Vertical
basket
1

1
4 ..................................................... 777 .................................................................... 0.50 0.38 1.0
3
8 ..................................................... 777 .................................................................... 1.1 0.81 2.0
1
2 ..................................................... 777 .................................................................... 1.8 1.4 3.7
5
8 ..................................................... 777 .................................................................... 2.8 2.1 5.5
3
4 ..................................................... 777 .................................................................... 3.8 2.9 7.6
5
8 ..................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 2.9 2.2 5.8
3
4 ..................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 4.1 3.0 8.1
7
8 ..................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 5.4 4.0 11.0
1 ....................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 6.9 5.1 14.0
1
1
8 ................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 8.2 6.2 16.0
1
1
4 ................................................... 7719 .................................................................. 9.9 7.4 20.0
3
4 ..................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 3.8 2.8 7.6
7
8 ..................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 5.0 3.8 10.0
1 ....................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 6.4 4.8 13.0
1
1
8 ................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 7.7 5.8 15.0
1
1
4 ................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 9.2 6.9 18.0
1
5
16 ................................................. 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 10.0 7.5 20.0
1
3
8 ................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 11.0 8.2 22.0
1
1
2 ................................................... 7619 IWRC ........................................................ 13.0 9.6 26.0
1
These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 10 or greater where: D=Diameter of curvature around which the body of the
sling is bent; d=Diameter of rope.
8-Part and 6-Part Braided Rope
67 and 619 Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope
77 Construction Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope
Component ropes Rated capacities, tons (2,000 lb)
Diameter (inches) Constr
Vertical Choker
Basket, vertical
to 30
1

8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part
3
32 ......................................................................................... 67 0.42 0.32 0.32 0.24 0.74 0.55
1
8 ........................................................................................... 67 0.75 0.57 0.57 0.42 1.3 0.98
3
16 ......................................................................................... 67 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.94 2.9 2.2
3
32 ......................................................................................... 77 0.51 0.39 0.38 0.29 0.89 0.67
1
8 ........................................................................................... 77 0.95 0.7 0.71 0.53 1.6 1.2
3
16 ......................................................................................... 77 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 3.6 2.7
3
16 ......................................................................................... 619 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.98 3.0 2.2
1
4 ........................................................................................... 619 3.1 2.3 2.3 1.7 5.3 4.0
5
16 ......................................................................................... 619 4.8 3.6 3.6 2.7 8.3 6.2
3
8 ........................................................................................... 619 6.8 5.1 5.1 3.8 12.0 8.9
7
16 ......................................................................................... 619 9.3 6.9 6.9 5.2 16.0 12.0
1
2 ........................................................................................... 619 12.0 9.0 9.0 6.7 21.0 15.0
9
16 ......................................................................................... 619 15.0 11.0 11.0 8.5 26.0 20.0
5
8 ........................................................................................... 619 19.0 14.0 14.0 10.0 32.0 24.0
3
4 ........................................................................................... 619 27.0 20.0 20.0 15.0 46.0 35.0
7
8 ........................................................................................... 619 36.0 27.0 27.0 20.0 62.0 47.0
1 ............................................................................................ 619 47.0 35.0 35.0 26.0 81.0 61.0
1
These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 20 or greater where: D=Diameter of curvature around which the body of the
sling is bent; d=Diameter of component rope.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
585
TABLE N1847RATED CAPACITIES FOR 2-LEG AND 3-LEG BRIDLE SLINGS
619 and 637 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Fiber Core (FC)
Dia
(in.)
Constr
2-Leg bridle slings 3-Leg bridle slings
30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30) 30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30)
HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS
1
4 619 0.85 0.83 0.70 0.72 0.49 0.51 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.74 0.76
5
16 619 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.76 0.79 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.1 1.2
3
8 619 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.4 1.6 1.7
7
16 619 2.5 2.6 2.0 2.2 1.4 1.5 3.7 4.0 3.0 3.2 2.1 2.3
1
2 619 3.2 3.4 2.6 2.8 1.8 2.0 4.8 5.1 3.9 4.2 2.8 3.0
9
16 619 4.0 4.3 3.2 3.5 2.3 2.5 6.0 6.5 4.9 5.3 3.4 3.7
5
8 619 4.8 5.3 4.0 4.4 2.8 3.1 7.3 8.0 5.9 6.5 4.2 4.6
3
4 619 6.8 7.6 5.5 6.2 3.9 4.4 10.0 11.0 8.3 9.3 5.8 6.6
7
8 619 8.9 10.0 7.3 8.4 5.1 5.9 13.0 15.0 11.0 13.0 7.7 8.9
1 619 11.0 13.0 9.4 11.0 6.7 7.7 17.0 20.0 14.0 16.0 10.0 11.0
1
1
8 619 14.0 16.0 12.0 13.0 8.4 9.3 22.0 24.0 18.0 20.0 13.0 14.0
1
1
4 637 17.0 19.0 14.0 16.0 9.8 11.0 25.0 29.0 21.0 23.0 15.0 17.0
1
3
8 637 20.0 23.0 17.0 19.0 12.0 13.0 31.0 35.0 25.0 28.0 18.0 20.0
1
1
2 637 24.0 27.0 20.0 22.0 14.0 16.0 36.0 41.0 30.0 33.0 21.0 24.0
1
5
8 637 28.0 32.0 23.0 26.0 16.0 18.0 43.0 48.0 35.0 39.0 25.0 28.0
1
3
4 637 33.0 37.0 27.0 30.0 19.0 21.0 49.0 56.0 40.0 45.0 28.0 32.0
2 637 43.0 48.0 35.0 39.0 25.0 28.0 64.0 72.0 52.0 59.0 37.0 41.0
HT=Hand Tucked Splice. MS=Mechanical Splice.
619 and 637 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC)
Dia
(in.)
Constr
30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30) 30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30)
HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS HT MS
1
4 619 0.92 0.97 0.75 0.79 0.53 0.56 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.79 0.84
5
16 619 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.81 0.87 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.3
3
8 619 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.2 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.6 1.7 1.9
7
16 619 2.7 2.9 2.2 2.4 1.5 1.7 4.0 4.4 3.3 3.6 2.3 2.5
1
2 619 3.4 3.8 2.8 3.1 2.0 2.2 5.1 5.7 4.2 4.6 3.0 3.3
9
16 619 4.3 4.8 3.5 3.9 2.5 2.7 6.4 7.1 5.2 5.8 3.7 4.1
5
8 619 5.2 5.9 4.2 4.8 3.0 3.4 7.8 8.8 6.4 7.2 4.5 5.1
3
4 619 7.3 8.4 5.9 6.9 4.2 4.9 11.0 13.0 8.9 10.0 6.3 7.3
7
8 619 9.6 11.0 7.8 9.3 5.5 6.6 14.0 17.0 12.0 14.0 8.3 9.9
1 619 12.0 15.0 10.0 12.0 7.2 8.5 19.0 22.0 15.0 18.0 11.0 13.0
1
1
8 619 16.0 18.0 13.0 15.0 9.0 10.0 23.0 27.0 19.0 22.0 13.0 16.0
1
1
4 637 18.0 21.0 15.0 17.0 10.0 12.0 27.0 32.0 22.0 26.0 16.0 18.0
1
3
8 637 22.0 25.0 18.0 21.0 13.0 15.0 33.0 38.0 27.0 31.0 19.0 22.0
1
1
2 637 26.0 30.0 21.0 25.0 15.0 17.0 39.0 45.0 32.0 37.0 23.0 26.0
1
5
8 637 31.0 35.0 25.0 29.0 18.0 20.0 46.0 53.0 38.0 43.0 27.0 31.0
1
3
4 637 35.0 41.0 29.0 33.0 20.0 24.0 53.0 61.0 43.0 50.0 31.0 35.0
2 637 46.0 53.0 37.0 43.0 26.0 30.0 68.0 79.0 56.0 65.0 40.0 46.0
HT=Hand Tucked Splice. MS=Mechanical Splice.
777 and 7719 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope
Dia (inches) Constr
2-Leg bridle sling 3-Leg bridle sling
30
(60)
45
angle
60
(30)
30
(60)
45
angle
60
(30)
1
4 ................................... 777 ......................................................... 0.87 0.71 0.50 1.3 1.1 0.75
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
586
TABLE N1849RATED CAPACITIES FOR 2-LEG AND 3-LEG BRIDLE SLINGSContinued
777 and 7719 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope
Dia (inches) Constr
2-Leg bridle sling 3-Leg bridle sling
30
(60)
45
angle
60
(30)
30
(60)
45
angle
60
(30)
3
8 ................................... 777 ......................................................... 1.9 1.5 1.1 2.8 2.3 1.6
1
2 ................................... 777 ......................................................... 3.2 2.6 1.8 4.8 3.9 2.8
5
8 ................................... 777 ......................................................... 4.8 3.9 2.8 7.2 5.9 4.2
3
4 ................................... 777 ......................................................... 6.6 5.4 3.8 9.9 8.1 3.7
5
8 ................................... 7719 ....................................................... 5.0 4.1 2.9 7.5 6.1 4.3
3
4 ................................... 7719 ....................................................... 7.0 5.7 4.1 10.0 8.6 6.1
7
8 ................................... 7719 ....................................................... 9.3 7.6 5.4 14.0 11.0 8.1
1 .................................... 7719 ....................................................... 12.0 9.7 6.9 18.0 14.0 10.0
1
1
8 ................................. 7719 ....................................................... 14.0 12.0 8.2 21.0 17.0 12.0
1
1
4 ................................. 7719 ....................................................... 17.0 14.0 9.9 26.0 21.0 15.0
3
4 ................................... 7619 IWRC ............................................ 6.6 5.4 3.8 9.9 8.0 5.7
7
8 ................................... 7619 IWRC ............................................ 8.7 7.1 5.0 13.0 11.0 7.5
1 .................................... 7619 IWRC ............................................ 11.0 9.0 6.4 17.0 13.0 9.6
1
1
8 ................................. 7619 IWRC ............................................ 13.0 11.0 7.7 20.0 16.0 11.0
1
1
4 ................................. 7619 IWRC ............................................ 16.0 13.0 9.2 24.0 20.0 14.0
1
5
16 ............................... 7619 IWRC ............................................ 17.0 14.0 10.0 26.0 21.0 15.0
1
3
8 ................................. 7619 IWRC ............................................ 19.0 15.0 11.0 28.0 23.0 16.0
1
1
2 ................................. 7619 IWRC ............................................ 22.0 18.0 13.0 33.0 27.0 19.0
8-Part and 6-Part Braided Rope
67 and 619 Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope
Dia
(in.)
Constr
30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30) 30 (60) 45 angle 60 (30)
8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part 8-Part 6-Part
3
32 67 0.74 0.55 0.60 0.45 0.42 0.32 1.1 0.83 0.90 0.68 0.64 0.48
1
8 67 1.3 0.98 1.1 0.80 0.76 0.57 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.85
3
16 67 2.9 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 4.4 3.3 3.6 2.7 2.5 1.9
3
32 77 0.89 0.67 0.72 0.55 0.51 0.39 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.82 0.77 0.58
1
8 77 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.95 0.71 2.5 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.1
3
16 77 3.6 2.7 2.9 2.2 2.1 1.5 5.4 4.0 4.4 3.3 3.1 2.3
3
16 619 3.0 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 4.5 3.4 3.7 2.8 2.6 1.9
1
4 619 5.3 4.0 4.3 3.2 3.1 2.3 8.0 6.0 6.5 4.9 4.6 3.4
5
16 619 8.3 6.2 6.7 5.0 4.8 3.6 12.0 9.3 10.0 7.6 7.1 5.4
3
8 619 12.0 8.9 9.7 7.2 6.8 5.1 18.0 13.0 14.0 11.0 10.0 7.7
7
16 619 16.0 12.0 13.0 9.8 9.3 6.9 24.0 18.0 20.0 15.0 14.0 10.0
1
2 619 21.0 15.0 17.0 13.0 12.0 9.0 31.0 23.0 25.0 19.0 18.0 13.0
9
16 619 26.0 20.0 21.0 16.0 15.0 11.0 39.0 29.0 32.0 24.0 23.0 17.0
5
8 619 32.0 24.0 26.0 20.0 10.0 14.0 48.0 36.0 40.0 30.0 28.0 21.0
3
4 619 46.0 35.0 38.0 28.0 27.0 20.0 69.0 52.0 56.0 42.0 40.0 30.0
7
8 619 62.0 47.0 51.0 38.0 36.0 27.0 94.0 70.0 76.0 57.0 54.0 40.0
1 619 81.0 61.0 66.0 50.0 47.0 35.0 122.0 91.0 99.0 74.0 70.0 53.0
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
587
TABLE N18411RATED CAPACITIES FOR
STRAND LAID GROMMETHAND TUCKED
Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope
Rope body Rated capacities, tons (2,000 lb)
Dia
(inches)
Constr Vertical Choker
Vertical
basket
1

1
4 719 0.85 0.64 1.7
5
16 719 1.3 1.0 2.6
3
8 719 1.9 1.4 3.8
7
16 719 2.6 1.9 5.2
1
2 719 3.3 2.5 6.7
9
16 719 4.2 3.1 8.4
5
8 719 5.2 3.9 10.0
3
4 719 7.4 5.6 15.0
7
8 719 10.0 7.5 20.0
1 719 13.0 9.7 26.0
1
1
8 719 16.0 12.0 32.0
1
1
4 737 18.0 14.0 37.0
1
3
8 737 22.0 16.0 44.0
1
1
2 737 26.0 19.0 52.0
1
These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 5 or greater
where: D=Diameter of curvature around which rope is bent.
d=Diameter of rope body.
CABLE LAID GROMMETHAND TUCKED
767 and 7619 Constructions Improved Plow Steel Grade
Rope
Cable body Rated capacities, tons (2,000 lb)
Dia
(inches)
Vertical
basket
1

3
8 767 1.3 0.95 2.5
9
16 767 2.8 2.1 5.6
5
8 767 3.8 2.8 7.6
3
8 777 1.6 1.2 3.2
9
16 777 3.5 2.6 6.9
5
8 777 4.5 3.4 9.0
5
8 7619 3.9 3.0 7.9
3
4 7619 5.1 3.8 10.0
15
16 7619 7.9 5.9 16.0
1
1
8 7619 11.0 8.4 22.0
1
5
16 7619 15.0 11.0 30.0
1
1
2 7619 19.0 14.0 39.0
1
11
16 7619 24.0 18.0 49.0
1
7
8 7619 30.0 22.0 60.0
2
1
4 7619 42.0 31.0 84.0
2
5
8 7619 56.0 42.0 112.0
1
where: D=Diameter of curvature around which cable body is
bent. d=Diameter of cable body.
STRAND LAID ENDLESS SLINGSMECHANICAL
JOINT
Dia
(inches)
Vertical
basket
1

1
4
2
619 0.92 0.69 1.8
3
8
2
619 2.0 1.5 4.1
1
2
2
619 3.6 2.7 7.2
5
8
2
619 5.6 4.2 11.0
3
4
2
619 8.0 6.0 16.0
7
8
2
619 11.0 8.1 21.0
STRAND LAID ENDLESS SLINGSMECHANICAL
JOINTContinued
Dia
(inches)
Vertical
basket
1

1
2
619 14.0 10.0 28.0
1
1
8
2
619 18.0 13.0 35.0
1
1
4
2
637 21.0 15.0 41.0
1
3
8
2
637 25.0 19.0 50.0
1
1
2
2
637 29.0 22.0 59.0
1
where: D=Diameter of curvature around which rope is bent.
d=Diameter of rope body.
2
IWRC.
CABLE LAID ENDLESS SLINGSMECHANICAL
JOINT
777 and 7719 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade
Rope
Cable body Rated capacities, tons (2,000 lb)
Dia
(inches)
Vertical
basket
1

1
4 777 0.83 0.62 1.6
3
8 777 1.8 1.3 3.5
1
2 777 3.0 2.3 6.1
5
8 777 4.5 3.4 9.1
3
4 777 6.3 4.7 12.0
5
8 7719 4.7 3.5 9.5
3
4 7719 6.7 5.0 13.0
7
8 7719 8.9 6.6 18.0
1 7719 11.0 8.5 22.0
1
1
8 7719 14.0 10.0 28.0
1
1
4 7719 17.0 12.0 33.0
3
4
2
7619 6.2 4.7 12.0
7
8
2
7619 8.3 6.2 16.0
1
2
7619 10.0 7.9 21.0
1
1
8
2
7619 13.0 9.7 26.0
1
1
4
2
7619 16.0 12.0 31.0
1
3
8
2
7619 18.0 14.0 37.0
1
1
2
2
7619 22.0 16.0 43.0
1
These values only apply when the D/d value is 5 or great-
er where: D=Diameter of curvature around which cable body
is bent. d=Diameter of cable body.
2
IWRC.
(5) Removal f rom service. Wi r e r ope
fr om ser vi ce i f a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s a r e pr esen t :
(i ) Ten r a n doml y di st r i bu t ed br ok en
wi r es i n on e r ope l a y , or fi ve br ok en
wi r es i n on e st r a n d i n on e r ope l a y .
(i i ) Wea r or scr a pi n g of on e-t h i r d t h e
or i gi n a l di a met er of ou t si de i n di vi du a l
wi r es.
(i i i ) Ki n k i n g, cr u sh i n g, bi r d ca gi n g or
a n y ot h er da ma ge r esu l t i n g i n di st or -
t i on of t h e wi r e r ope st r u ct u r e.
(i v) Evi den ce of h ea t da ma ge.
(v) En d a t t a ch men t s t h a t a r e
cr a ck ed, defor med or wor n .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
588
(vi ) Hook s t h a t h a ve been open ed
mor e t h a n 15 per cen t of t h e n or ma l
t h r oa t open i n g mea su r ed a t t h e n a r -
r owest poi n t or t wi st ed mor e t h a n 10
degr ees fr om t h e pl a n e of t h e u n ben t
h ook .
(vi i ) Cor r osi on of t h e r ope or en d a t -
t a ch men t s.
(g) Met al mesh slin gs(1) Slin g mark -
in g. Ea ch met a l mesh sl i n g sh a l l h a ve
per ma n en t l y a ffi xed t o i t a du r a bl e
ma r k i n g t h a t st a t es t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t y
for ver t i ca l ba sk et h i t ch a n d ch ok er
h i t ch l oa di n gs.
(2) Han dles. Ha n dl es sh a l l h a ve a
r a t ed ca pa ci t y a t l ea st equ a l t o t h e
met a l fa br i c a n d exh i bi t n o defor ma -
t i on a ft er pr oof t est i n g.
(3) At t ach men t s of h an dles t o f abric.
Th e fa br i c a n d h a n dl es sh a l l be j oi n ed
so t h a t :
(i ) Th e r a t ed ca pa ci t y of t h e sl i n g i s
n ot r edu ced.
(i i ) Th e l oa d i s even l y di st r i bu t ed
a cr oss t h e wi dt h of t h e fa br i c.
(i i i ) S h a r p edges wi l l n ot da ma ge t h e
fa br i c.
(4) Slin g coat in gs. Coa t i n gs wh i ch di -
mi n i sh t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t y of a sl i n g
sh a l l n ot be a ppl i ed.
(5) Slin g t est in g. Al l n ew a n d r epa i r ed
met a l mesh sl i n gs, i n cl u di n g h a n dl es,
sh a l l n ot be u sed u n l ess pr oof t est ed by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or equ i va l en t en t i t y
a t a mi n i mu m of 1
1
2 t i mes t h ei r r a t ed
ca pa ci t y . El a st omer i mpr egn a t ed
sl i n gs sh a l l be pr oof t est ed befor e coa t -
i n g.
(6) Proper u se of met al mesh slin gs.
Met a l mesh sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed t o
l i ft l oa ds i n excess of t h ei r r a t ed ca pa c-
i t i es a s pr escr i bed i n Ta bl e N18415.
S l i n gs n ot i n cl u ded i n t h i s t a bl e sh a l l
be u sed on l y i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(7) Saf e operat in g t emperat u res. Met a l
mesh sl i n gs wh i ch a r e n ot i mpr egn a t ed
wi t h el a st omer s ma y be u sed i n a t em-
per a t u r e r a n ge fr om mi n u s 20 F t o
pl u s 550 F wi t h ou t decr ea si n g t h e
wor k i n g l oa d l i mi t . Met a l mesh sl i n gs
i mpr egn a t ed wi t h pol y vi n y l ch l or i de or
n eopr en e ma y be u sed on l y i n a t em-
per a t u r e r a n ge fr om zer o degr ees t o
pl u s 200 F . F or oper a t i on s ou t si de
t h ese t emper a t u r e r a n ges or for met a l
mesh sl i n gs i mpr egn a t ed wi t h ot h er
ma t er i a l s, t h e sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l be fol l owed.
(8) Repairs. (i ) Met a l mesh sl i n gs
wh i ch a r e r epa i r ed sh a l l n ot be u sed
u n l ess r epa i r ed by a met a l mesh sl i n g
ma n u fa ct u r er or a n equ i va l en t en t i t y .
(i i ) On ce r epa i r ed, ea ch sl i n g sh a l l be
per ma n en t l y ma r k ed or t a gged, or a
wr i t t en r ecor d ma i n t a i n ed, t o i n di ca t e
t h e da t e a n d n a t u r e of t h e r epa i r s a n d
t h e per son or or ga n i za t i on t h a t per -
for med t h e r epa i r s. Recor ds of r epa i r s
sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e for exa mi n a -
t i on .
(9) Removal f rom service. Met a l mesh
fr om ser vi ce i f a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s a r e pr esen t :
(i ) A br ok en wel d or br ok en br a zed
j oi n t a l on g t h e sl i n g edge.
(i i ) Redu ct i on i n wi r e di a met er of 25
per cen t du e t o a br a si on or 15 per cen t
du e t o cor r osi on .
(i i i ) La ck of fl exi bi l i t y du e t o di st or -
t i on of t h e fa br i c.
TABLE N18415RATED CAPACITIES
Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Slings
Sling
width
in
inches
Vertical
or chok-
er
Vertical
basket
Effect of angle on rated ca-
pacities in basket hitch
30
(60)
45
(45)
60
(30)
Heavy Duty10 Ga 35 Spirals/Ft of sling width
2 1,500 3,000 2,600 2,100 1,500
3 2,700 5,400 4,700 3,800 2,700
4 4,000 8,000 6,900 5,600 4,000
6 6,000 12,000 10,400 8,400 6,000
8 8,000 16,000 13,800 11,300 8,000
10 10,000 20,000 17,000 14,100 10,000
12 12,000 24,000 20,700 16,900 12,000
14 14,000 28,000 24,200 19,700 14,000
16 16,000 32,000 27,700 22,600 16,000
18 18,000 36,000 31,100 25,400 18,000
20 20,000 40,000 34,600 28,200 20,000
Medium Duty12 Ga 43 Spirals/Ft of sling width
2 1,350 2,700 2,300 1,900 1,400
3 2,000 4,000 3,500 2,800 2,000
4 2,700 5,400 4,700 3,800 2,700
6 4,500 9,000 7,800 6,400 4,500
8 6,000 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000
10 7,500 15,000 13,000 10,600 7,500
12 9,000 18,000 15,600 12,700 9,000
14 10,500 21,000 18,200 14,800 10,500
16 12,000 24,000 20,800 17,000 12,000
18 13,500 27,000 23,400 19,100 13,500
20 15,000 30,000 26,000 21,200 15,000
Light Duty14 Ga 59 Spirals/Ft of sling width
2 900 1,800 1,600 1,300 900
3 1,400 2,800 2,400 2,000 1,400
4 2,000 4,000 3,500 2,800 2,000
6 3,000 6,000 5,200 4,200 3,000
8 4,000 8,000 6,900 5,700 4,000
10 5,000 10,000 8,600 7,100 5,000
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
589
TABLE N18415RATED CAPACITIES
Continued
Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Slings
Sling
width
in
inches
Vertical
or chok-
er
Vertical
basket
Effect of angle on rated ca-
pacities in basket hitch
30
(60)
45
(45)
60
(30)
12 6,000 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000
14 7,000 14,000 12,100 9,900 7,000
16 8,000 16,000 13,900 11,300 8,000
18 9,000 18,000 15,600 12,700 9,000
20 10,000 20,000 17,300 14,100 10,000
(i v) Di st or t i on of t h e fema l e h a n dl e
so t h a t t h e dept h of t h e sl ot i s i n -
cr ea sed mor e t h a n 10 per cen t .
(v) Di st or t i on of ei t h er h a n dl e so
t h a t t h e wi dt h of t h e ey e i s decr ea sed
mor e t h a n 10 per cen t .
(vi ) A 15 per cen t r edu ct i on of t h e
or i gi n a l cr oss sect i on a l a r ea of met a l
a t a n y poi n t a r ou n d t h e h a n dl e ey e.
(vi i ) Di st or t i on of ei t h er h a n dl e ou t
of i t s pl a n e.
(h ) Nat u ral an d sy n t h et ic f iber rope
slin gs(1) Slin g u se. (i ) F i ber r ope sl i n gs
ma de fr om con ven t i on a l t h r ee st r a n d
con st r u ct i on fi ber r ope sh a l l n ot be
u sed wi t h l oa ds i n excess of t h e r a t ed
ca pa ci t i es pr escr i bed i n Ta bl es N18416
t h r ou gh N18419.
(i i ) F i ber r ope sl i n gs sh a l l h a ve a di -
a met er of cu r va t u r e meet i n g a t l ea st
t h e mi n i mu ms speci fi ed i n F i gs. N184
4 a n d N1845.
(i i i ) S l i n gs n ot i n cl u ded i n t h ese t a -
bl es sh a l l be u sed on l y i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da -
t i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
590
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
8
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
591
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
4
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
5
9
2

2
9

C
F
R

C
h
.

X
V
I
I

(
7
0
7

E
d
i
t
i
o
n
)

1
9
1
0
.
1
8
4

TABLE N18416MANILA ROPE SLINGS
[Angle of rope to vertical shown in parentheses]
Rope dia.
nominal in
inches
Nominal
wt. per 100
ft in
pounds
Eye and eye sling Endless sling
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
Basket hitch; Angle of rope to horizontal
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60) 90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60)
1
2 7.5 480 240 960 830 680 480 865 430 1,730 1,500 1,220 865
9
16 10.4 620 310 1,240 1,070 875 620 1,120 560 2,230 1,930 1,580 1,120
5
8 13.3 790 395 1,580 1,370 1,120 790 1,420 710 2,840 2,460 2,010 1,420
3
4 16.7 970 485 1,940 1,680 1,370 970 1,750 875 3,490 3,020 2,470 1,750
13
16 19.5 1,170 585 2,340 2,030 1,650 1,170 2,110 1,050 4,210 3,650 2,980 2,110
7
8 22.5 1,390 695 2,780 2,410 1,970 1,390 2,500 1,250 5,000 4,330 3,540 2,500
1 27.0 1,620 810 3,240 2,810 2,290 1,620 2,920 1,460 5,830 5,050 4,120 2,920
1
1
16 31.3 1,890 945 3,780 3,270 2,670 1,890 3,400 1,700 6,800 5,890 4,810 3,400
1
1
8 36.0 2,160 1,080 4,320 3,740 3,050 2,160 3,890 1,940 7,780 6,730 5,500 3,890
1
1
4 41.7 2,430 1,220 4,860 4,210 3,440 2,430 4,370 2,190 8,750 7,580 6,190 4,370
1
5
16 47.9 2,700 1,350 5,400 4,680 3,820 2,700 4,860 2,430 9,720 8,420 6,870 4,860
1
1
2 59.9 3,330 1,670 6,660 5,770 4,710 3,330 5,990 3,000 12,000 10,400 8,480 5,990
1
5
8 74.6 4,050 2,030 8,100 7,010 5,730 4,050 7,290 3,650 14,600 12,600 10,300 7,290
1
3
4 89.3 4,770 2,390 9,540 8,260 6,740 4,770 8,590 4,290 17,200 14,900 12,100 8,590
2 107.5 5,580 2,790 11,200 9,660 7,890 5,580 10,000 5,020 20,100 17,400 14,200 10,000
2
1
8 125.0 6,480 3,240 13,000 11,200 9,160 6,480 11,700 5,830 23,300 2,0,200 16,500 11,700
2
1
4 146.0 7,380 3,690 14,800 12,800 10,400 7,380 13,300 6,640 26,600 23,000 18,800 13,300
2
1
2 166.7 8,370 4,190 16,700 14,500 11,800 8,370 15,100 7,530 30,100 26,100 21,300 15,100
2
5
8 190.8 9,360 4,680 18,700 16,200 13,200 9,360 16,800 8,420 33,700 29,200 23,800 16,800
See Figs. N1844 and N1845 for sling configuration descriptions.
TABLE N18417NYLON ROPE SLINGS
Rope dia.
nominal in
inches
Nominal
wt. per 100
ft in
pounds
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60) 90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60)
1
2 6.5 635 320 1,270 1,100 900 635 1,140 570 2,290 1,980 1,620 1,140
9
16 8.3 790 395 1,580 1,370 1,120 790 1,420 710 2,840 2,460 2,010 1,420
5
8 10.5 1,030 515 2,060 1,780 1,460 1,030 1,850 925 3,710 3,210 2,620 1,850
3
4 14.5 1,410 705 2,820 2,440 1,990 1,410 2,540 1,270 5,080 4,400 3,590 2,540
13
16 17.0 1,680 840 3,360 2,910 2,380 1,680 3,020 1,510 6,050 5,240 4,280 3,020
7
8 20.0 1,980 990 3,960 3,430 2,800 1,980 3,560 1,780 7,130 6,170 5,040 3,560
1 26.0 2,480 1,240 4,960 4,300 3,510 2,480 4,460 2,230 8,930 7,730 6,310 4,460
1
1
16 29.0 2,850 1,430 5,700 4,940 4,030 2,850 5,130 2,570 10,300 8,890 7,260 5,130
1
1
8 34.0 3,270 1,640 6,540 5,660 4,620 3,270 5,890 2,940 11,800 10,200 8,330 5,890
1
1
4 40.0 3,710 1,860 7,420 6,430 5,250 3,710 6,680 3,340 13,400 11,600 9,450 6,680
1
5
16 45.0 4,260 2,130 8,520 7,380 6,020 4,260 7,670 3,830 15,300 13,300 10,800 7,670
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
0
2
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
9
3

O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

S
a
f
e
t
y

a
n
d

H
e
a
l
t
h

A
d
m
i
n
.
,

L
a
b
o
r

1
9
1
0
.
1
8
4

1
1
2 55.0 5,250 2,630 10,500 9,090 7,420 5,250 9,450 4,730 18,900 16,400 13,400 9,450
1
5
8 68.0 6,440 3,220 12,900 11,200 9,110 6,440 11,600 5,800 23,200 20,100 16,400 11,600
1
3
4 83.0 7,720 3,860 15,400 13,400 10,900 7,720 13,900 6,950 27,800 24,100 19,700 13,900
2 95.0 9,110 4,560 18,200 15,800 12,900 9,110 16,400 8,200 32,800 28,400 23,200 16,400
2
1
8 109.0 10,500 5,250 21,000 18,200 14,800 10,500 18,900 9,450 37,800 32,700 26,700 18,900
2
1
4 129.0 12,400 6,200 24,800 21,500 17,500 12,400 22,300 11,200 44,600 38,700 31,600 22,300
2
1
2 149.0 13,900 6,950 27,800 24,100 19,700 13,900 25,000 12,500 50,000 43,300 35,400 25,000
2
5
8 168.0 16,000 8,000 32,000 27,700 22,600 16,000 28,800 14,400 57,600 49,900 40,700 28,800
TABLE N18418POLYESTER ROPE SLINGS
Rope dia.
nominal in
inches
Nominal
wt. per 100
ft in
pounds
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60) 90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60)
1
2 8.0 635 320 1,270 1,100 900 635 1,140 570 2,290 1,980 1,620 1,140
9
16 10.2 790 395 1,580 1,370 1,120 790 1,420 710 2,840 2,460 2,010 1,420
5
8 13.0 990 495 1,980 1,710 1,400 990 1,780 890 3,570 3,090 2,520 1,780
3
4 17.5 1,240 620 2,480 2,150 1,750 1,240 2,230 1,120 4,470 3,870 3,160 2,230
13
16 21.0 1,540 770 3,080 2,670 2,180 1,540 2,770 1,390 5,540 4,800 3,920 2,770
7
8 25.0 1,780 890 3,560 3,080 2,520 1,780 3,200 1,600 6,410 5,550 4,530 3,200
1 30.5 2,180 1,090 4,360 3,780 3,080 2,180 3,920 2,960 7,850 6,800 5,550 3,920
1
1
16 34.5 2,530 1,270 5,060 4,380 3,580 2,530 4,550 2,280 9,110 7,990 6,440 4,550
1
1
8 40.0 2,920 1,460 5,840 5,060 4,130 2,920 5,260 2,630 10,500 9,100 7,440 5,260
1
1
4 46.3 3,290 1,650 6,580 5,700 4,650 3,290 5,920 2,960 11,800 10,300 8,380 5,920
1
5
16 52.5 3,710 1,860 7,420 6,430 5,250 3,710 6,680 3,340 13,400 11,600 9,450 6,680
1
1
2 66.8 4,630 2,320 9,260 8,020 6,550 4,630 8,330 4,170 16,700 14,400 11,800 8,330
1
5
8 82.0 5,640 2,820 11,300 9,770 7,980 5,640 10,200 5,080 20,300 17,600 14,400 10,200
1
3
4 98.0 6,710 3,360 13,400 11,600 9,490 6,710 12,100 6,040 24,200 20,900 17,100 12,100
2 118.0 7,920 3,960 15,800 13,700 11,200 7,920 14,300 7,130 28,500 24,700 20,200 14,300
2
1
8 135.0 9,110 4,460 18,200 15,800 12,900 9,110 16,400 8,200 32,800 28,400 23,200 16,400
2
1
4 157.0 10,600 5,300 21,200 18,400 15,000 10,600 19,100 9,540 38,200 33,100 27,000 19,100
2
1
2 181.0 12,100 6,050 24,200 21,000 17,100 12,100 21,800 10,900 43,600 37,700 30,800 21,800
2
5
8 205.0 13,600 6,800 27,200 23,600 19,200 13,600 24,500 12,200 49,000 42,400 34,600 24,500
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
0
3
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
9
4

2
9

C
F
R

C
h
.

X
V
I
I

(
7
0
7

E
d
i
t
i
o
n
)

1
9
1
0
.
1
8
4

TABLE N18419POLYPROPYLENE ROPE SLINGS
Rope
dia.
nominal
in
inches
Nominal
wt. per
100 ft in
pounds
Vertical
hitch
Choker
hitch
Vertical
hitch
Choker hitch
90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60) 90 (0) 60 (30) 45 (45) 30 (60)
1
2 4.7 645 325 1,290 1,120 910 645 1,160 580 2,320 2,010 1,640 1,160
9
16 6.1 780 390 1,560 1,350 1,100 780 1,400 700 2,810 2,430 1,990 1,400
5
8 7.5 950 475 1,900 1,650 1,340 950 1,710 855 3,420 2,960 2,420 1,710
3
4 10.7 1,300 650 2,600 2,250 1,840 1,300 2,340 1,170 4,680 4,050 3,310 2,340
13
16 12.7 1,520 760 3,040 2,630 2,150 1,520 2,740 1,370 5,470 4,740 3,870 2,740
7
8 15.0 1,760 880 3,520 3,050 2,490 1,760 3,170 1,580 6,340 5,490 4,480 3,170
1 18.0 2,140 1,070 4,280 3,700 3,030 2,140 3,850 1,930 7,700 6,670 5,450 3,860
1
1
16 20.4 2,450 1,230 4,900 4,240 3,460 2,450 4,410 2,210 8,820 7,640 6,240 4,410
1
1
8 23.7 2,800 1,400 5,600 4,850 3,960 2,800 5,040 2,520 10,100 8,730 7,130 5,400
1
1
4 27.0 3,210 1,610 6,420 5,560 4,540 3,210 5,780 2,890 11,600 10,000 8,170 5,780
1
5
16 30.5 3,600 1,800 7,200 6,240 5,090 3,600 6,480 3,240 13,000 11,200 9,170 6,480
1
1
2 38.5 4,540 2,270 9,080 7,860 6,420 4,540 8,170 4,090 16,300 14,200 11,600 8,170
1
5
8 47.5 5,510 2,760 11,000 9,540 7,790 5,510 9,920 4,960 19,800 17,200 14,000 9,920
1
3
4 57.0 6,580 3,290 13,200 11,400 9,300 6,580 11,800 5,920 23,700 20,500 16,800 11,800
2 69.0 7,960 3,980 15,900 13,800 11,300 7,960 14,300 7,160 28,700 24,800 20,300 14,300
2
1
8 80.0 9,330 4,670 18,700 16,200 13,200 9,330 16,800 8,400 33,600 29,100 23,800 16,800
2
1
4 92.0 10,600 5,300 21,200 18,400 15,000 10,600 19,100 9,540 38,200 33,100 27,000 19,100
2
1
2 107.0 12,200 6,100 24,400 21,100 17,300 12,200 22,000 11,000 43,900 38,000 31,100 22,000
2
5
8 120.0 13,800 6,900 27,600 23,900 19,600 13,800 24,800 12,400 49,700 43,000 35,100 24,800
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
0
4
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
595
(2) Saf e operat in g t emperat u res. Na t -
u r a l a n d sy n t h et i c fi ber r ope sl i n gs, ex-
cept for wet fr ozen sl i n gs, ma y be u sed
i n a t emper a t u r e r a n ge fr om mi n u s 20
F t o pl u s 180 F wi t h ou t decr ea si n g t h e
wor k i n g l oa d l i mi t . F or oper a t i on s ou t -
si de t h i s t emper a t u r e r a n ge a n d for wet
fr ozen sl i n gs, t h e sl i n g ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l be fol l owed.
(3) Splicin g. S pl i ced fi ber r ope sl i n gs
sh a l l n ot be u sed u n l ess t h ey h a ve been
spl i ced i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s a n d i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h a n y a ddi t i on a l r ec-
ommen da t i on s of t h e ma n u fa ct u r er :
(i ) I n ma n i l a r ope, ey e spl i ces sh a l l
con si st of a t l ea st t h r ee fu l l t u ck s, a n d
sh or t spl i ces sh a l l con si st of a t l ea st
si x fu l l t u ck s, t h r ee on ea ch si de of t h e
spl i ce cen t er l i n e.
(i i ) I n sy n t h et i c fi ber r ope, ey e
spl i ces sh a l l con si st of a t l ea st fou r fu l l
t u ck s, a n d sh or t spl i ces sh a l l con si st of
a t l ea st ei gh t fu l l t u ck s, fou r on ea ch
si de of t h e cen t er l i n e.
(i i i ) S t r a n d en d t a i l s sh a l l n ot be
t r i mmed fl u sh wi t h t h e su r fa ce of t h e
r ope i mmedi a t el y a dj a cen t t o t h e fu l l
t u ck s. Th i s a ppl i es t o a l l t y pes of fi ber
r ope a n d bot h ey e a n d sh or t spl i ces.
F or fi ber r ope u n der on e i n ch i n di a me-
t er , t h e t a i l sh a l l pr oj ect a t l ea st si x
r ope di a met er s bey on d t h e l a st fu l l
t u ck . F or fi ber r ope on e i n ch i n di a me-
t er a n d l a r ger , t h e t a i l sh a l l pr oj ect a t
l ea st si x i n ch es bey on d t h e l a st fu l l
t u ck . Wh er e a pr oj ect i n g t a i l i n t er fer es
wi t h t h e u se of t h e sl i n g, t h e t a i l sh a l l
be t a per ed a n d spl i ced i n t o t h e body of
t h e r ope u si n g a t l ea st t wo a ddi t i on a l
t u ck s (wh i ch wi l l r equ i r e a t a i l l en gt h
of a ppr oxi ma t el y si x r ope di a met er s
bey on d t h e l a st fu l l t u ck ).
(i v) F i ber r ope sl i n gs sh a l l h a ve a
mi n i mu m cl ea r l en gt h of r ope bet ween
ey e spl i ces equ a l t o 10 t i mes t h e r ope
di a met er .
(v) Kn ot s sh a l l n ot be u sed i n l i eu of
spl i ces.
(vi ) Cl a mps n ot desi gn ed speci fi ca l l y
for fi ber r opes sh a l l n ot be u sed for
spl i ci n g.
(vi i ) F or a l l ey e spl i ces, t h e ey e sh a l l
be of su ch si ze t o pr ovi de a n i n cl u ded
a n gl e of n ot gr ea t er t h a n 60 degr ees a t
t h e spl i ce wh en t h e ey e i s pl a ced over
t h e l oa d or su ppor t .
(4) En d at t ach men t s. F i ber r ope sl i n gs
sh a l l n ot be u sed i f en d a t t a ch men t s i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e r ope h a ve sh a r p edges
or pr oj ect i on s.
(5) Removal f rom service. Na t u r a l a n d
sy n t h et i c fi ber r ope sl i n gs sh a l l be i m-
medi a t el y r emoved fr om ser vi ce i f a n y
of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s a r e pr esen t :
(i ) Abn or ma l wea r .
(i i ) P owder ed fi ber bet ween st r a n ds.
(i i i ) Br ok en or cu t fi ber s.
(i v) Va r i a t i on s i n t h e si ze or r ou n d-
n ess of st r a n ds.
(v) Di scol or a t i on or r ot t i n g.
(vi ) Di st or t i on of h a r dwa r e i n t h e
sl i n g.
(6) Repairs. On l y fi ber r ope sl i n gs
ma de fr om n ew r ope sh a l l be u sed. Use
of r epa i r ed or r econ di t i on ed fi ber r ope
sl i n gs i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(i ) Sy n t h et ic web slin gs(1) Slin g iden -
t if icat ion . Ea ch sl i n g sh a l l be ma r k ed or
coded t o sh ow t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t i es for
ea ch t y pe of h i t ch a n d t y pe of sy n -
t h et i c web ma t er i a l .
(2) Webbin g. S y n t h et i c webbi n g sh a l l
be of u n i for m t h i ck n ess a n d wi dt h a n d
sel va ge edges sh a l l n ot be spl i t fr om
t h e webbi n gs wi dt h .
(3) Fit t in gs. F i t t i n gs sh a l l be:
(i ) Of a mi n i mu m br ea k i n g st r en gt h
equ a l t o t h a t of t h e sl i n g; a n d
(i i ) F r ee of a l l sh a r p edges t h a t cou l d
i n a n y wa y da ma ge t h e webbi n g.
(4) At t ach men t of en d f it t in gs t o web-
bin g an d f ormat ion of ey es. S t i t ch i n g
sh a l l be t h e on l y met h od u sed t o a t -
t a ch en d fi t t i n gs t o webbi n g a n d t o
for m ey es. Th e t h r ea d sh a l l be i n a n
even pa t t er n a n d con t a i n a su ffi ci en t
n u mber of st i t ch es t o devel op t h e fu l l
br ea k i n g st r en gt h of t h e sl i n g.
(5) Slin g u se. S y n t h et i c web sl i n gs i l -
l u st r a t ed i n F i g. N1846 sh a l l n ot be
u sed wi t h l oa ds i n excess of t h e r a t ed
ca pa ci t i es speci fi ed i n Ta bl es N18420
t h r ou gh N18422. S l i n gs n ot i n cl u ded
i n t h ese t a bl es sh a l l be u sed on l y i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s.
(6) En viron men t al con dit ion s. Wh en
sy n t h et i c web sl i n gs a r e u sed, t h e fol -
l owi n g pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en :
(i ) Ny l on web sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed
wh er e fu mes, va por s, spr a y s, mi st s or
l i qu i ds of a ci ds or ph en ol i cs a r e
pr esen t .
(i i ) P ol y est er a n d pol y pr opy l en e web
sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed wh er e fu mes,
va por s, spr a y s, mi st s or l i qu i ds of
ca u st i cs a r e pr esen t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
596
(i i i ) Web sl i n gs wi t h a l u mi n u m fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed wh er e fu mes,
va por s, spr a y s, mi st s or l i qu i ds of
ca u st i cs a r e pr esen t .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
1
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
5
9
7

O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

S
a
f
e
t
y

a
n
d

H
e
a
l
t
h

A
d
m
i
n
.
,

L
a
b
o
r

1
9
1
0
.
1
8
4

TABLE N18420SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS1,000 POUNDS PER INCH OF WIDTHSINGLE-PLY
[Rated capacity in pounds]
Sling body width,
inches
TriangleChoker slings, type I: TriangleTriangle
slings, type II: Eye and eye with flat eye slings, type
III: Eye and eye with twisted eye slings, type IV
Endless slings, type V Return eye slings, type VI
Vert.
Chok-
er
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
bas-
ket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert.
Chok-
er
Vert.
bas-
ket
30
bas-
ket
45
bas-
ket
60
bas-
ket
1 ................................. 1,000 750 2,000 1,700 1,400 1,000 1,600 1,300 3,200 2,800 2,300 1,600 800 650 1,600 1,400 1,150 800
2 ................................. 2,000 1,500 4,000 3,500 2,800 2,000 3,200 2,600 6,400 5,500 4,500 3,200 1,600 1,300 3,200 2,800 2,300 1,600
3 ................................. 3,000 2,200 6,000 5,200 4,200 3,000 4,800 3,800 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800 2,400 1,950 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400
4 ................................. 4,000 3,000 8,000 6,900 5,700 4,000 6,400 5,100 12,800 11,100 9,000 6,400 3,200 2,600 6,400 5,500 4,500 3,200
5 ................................. 5,000 3,700 10,000 8,700 7,100 5,000 8,000 6,400 16,000 13,900 11,300 8,000 4,000 3,250 8,000 6,900 5,650 4,000
6 ................................. 6,000 4,500 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000 9,600 7,700 19,200 16,600 13,600 9,600 4,800 3,800 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800
NOTES: 1. All angles shown are measured from the vertical.
2. Capacities for intermediate widths not shown may be obtained by interpolation.
Sling body
width,
inches
slings, type II: Eye and eye with flat eye slings, type III:
Eye and eye with twisted eye slings, type IV
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
1 ............... 1,200 900 2,400 2,100 1,700 1,200 1,900 1,500 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,900 950 750 1,900 1,650 1,350 950
2 ............... 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,200 3,400 2,400 3,800 3,000 7,600 6,600 5,400 3,800 1,900 1,500 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,900
3 ............... 3,600 2,700 7,200 6,200 5,100 3,600 5,800 4,600 11,600 10,000 8,200 5,800 2,850 2,250 5,700 4,950 4,050 2,850
4 ............... 4,800 3,600 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800 7,700 6,200 15,400 13,300 10,900 7,700 3,800 3,000 7,600 6,600 5,400 3,800
5 ............... 6,000 4,500 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000 9,600 7,700 19,200 16,600 13,600 9,600 4,750 3,750 9,500 8,250 6,750 4,750
6 ............... 7,200 5,400 14,400 12,500 10,200 7,200 11,500 9,200 23,000 19,900 16,300 11,500 5,800 4,600 11,600 10,000 8,200 5,800
Sling body
width,
inches
Vert.
Chok-
er
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
1 ................. 1,600 1,200 3,200 2,800 2,300 1,600 2,600 2,100 5,200 4,500 3,700 2,600 1,050 1,050 2,600 2,250 1,850 1,300
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
0
7
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
9
8

2
9

C
F
R

C
h
.

X
V
I
I

(
7
0
7

E
d
i
t
i
o
n
)

1
9
1
0
.
1
8
4

TABLE N18422SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS1,600 POUNDS PER INCH OF WIDTHSINGLE-PLYContinued
Sling body
width,
inches
Vert.
Chok-
er
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
Vert. Choker
Vert.
basket
30
basket
45
basket
60
basket
2 ................. 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,500 4,500 3,200 5,100 4,100 10,200 8,800 7,200 5,100 2,600 2,100 5,200 4,500 3,700 2,600
3 ................. 4,800 3,600 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800 7,700 6,200 15,400 13,300 10,900 7,700 3,900 3,150 7,800 6,750 5,500 3,900
4 ................. 6,400 4,800 12,800 11,100 9,000 6,400 10,100 8,200 20,400 17,700 14,400 10,200 5,100 4,100 10,200 8,800 7,200 5,100
5 ................. 8,000 6,000 16,000 13,800 11,300 8,000 12,800 10,200 25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800 6,400 5,150 12,800 11,050 9,050 6,400
6 ................. 9,600 7,200 19,200 16,600 13,600 9,600 15,400 12,300 30,800 26,700 21,800 15,400 7,700 6,200 15,400 13,300 10,900 7,700
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
0
8
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
599
(7) Saf e operat in g t emperat u res. S y n -
t h et i c web sl i n gs of pol y est er a n d
n y l on sh a l l n ot be u sed a t t emper a -
t u r es i n excess of 180 F . P ol y pr opy l en e
web sl i n gs sh a l l n ot be u sed a t t em-
per a t u r es i n excess of 200 F .
(8) Repairs. (i ) S y n t h et i c web sl i n gs
wh i ch a r e r epa i r ed sh a l l n ot be u sed
u n l ess r epa i r ed by a sl i n g ma n u fa c-
t u r er or a n equ i va l en t en t i t y .
(i i ) Ea ch r epa i r ed sl i n g sh a l l be pr oof
t est ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or equ i va -
l en t en t i t y t o t wi ce t h e r a t ed ca pa ci t y
pr i or t o i t s r et u r n t o ser vi ce. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l r et a i n a cer t i fi ca t e of t h e
pr oof t est a n d ma k e i t a va i l a bl e for ex-
a mi n a t i on .
(i i i ) S l i n gs, i n cl u di n g webbi n g a n d
fi t t i n gs, wh i ch h a ve been r epa i r ed i n a
t empor a r y ma n n er sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(9) Removal f rom service. S y n t h et i c
web sl i n gs sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r e-
moved fr om ser vi ce i f a n y of t h e fol -
l owi n g con di t i on s a r e pr esen t :
(i ) Aci d or ca u st i c bu r n s;
(i i ) Mel t i n g or ch a r r i n g of a n y pa r t of
t h e sl i n g su r fa ce;
(i i i ) S n a gs, pu n ct u r es, t ea r s or cu t s;
(i v) Br ok en or wor n st i t ch es; or
(v) Di st or t i on of fi t t i n gs.
F R 31598, J u l y 28, 1975; 41 F R 13353, Ma r . 30,
1976; 58 F R 35309, J u n e 30, 1993; 61 F R 9240,
Ma r . 7, 1996]
Subpart OMachinery and
Machine Guarding
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), or
52002 (67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; 29 CF R
pa r t 1911. S ect i on s 1910. 217 a n d 1910. 219 a l so
i ssu ed u n der 5 U. S . C. 553.
(a ) As u sed i n 1910. 213 a n d 1910. 214
u n l ess t h e con t ext cl ea r l y r equ i r es ot h -
er wi se, t h e fol l owi n g woodwor k i n g ma -
ch i n er y t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n g
pr escr i bed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Poin t of operat ion s mea n s t h a t
poi n t a t wh i ch cu t t i n g, sh a pi n g, bor -
i n g, or for mi n g i s a ccompl i sh ed u pon
t h e st ock .
(2) Pu sh st ick mea n s a n a r r ow st r i p of
wood or ot h er soft ma t er i a l wi t h a
n ot ch cu t i n t o on e en d a n d wh i ch i s
u sed t o pu sh sh or t pi eces of ma t er i a l
t h r ou gh sa ws.
(3) Block mea n s a sh or t bl ock of
wood, pr ovi ded wi t h a h a n dl e si mi l a r t o
t h a t of a pl a n e a n d a sh ou l der a t t h e
r ea r en d, wh i ch i s u sed for pu sh i n g
sh or t st ock over r evol vi n g cu t t er s.
(b) As u sed i n 1910. 215 u n l ess t h e
con t ext cl ea r l y r equ i r es ot h er wi se, t h e
fol l owi n g a br a si ve wh eel ma ch i n er y
t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs pr e-
scr i bed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) T y pe 1 st raigh t wh eels mea n s
wh eel s h a vi n g di a met er , t h i ck n ess, a n d
h ol e si ze di men si on s, a n d t h ey sh ou l d
be u sed on l y on t h e per i ph er y . Ty pe 1
wh eel s sh a l l be mou n t ed bet ween
fl a n ges.
LI MI TATI ON: Hol e di men si on (H) sh ou l d n ot
be gr ea t er t h a n t wo-t h i r ds of wh eel di a met er
di men si on (D) for pr eci si on , cy l i n dr i ca l ,
cen t er l ess, or su r fa ce gr i n di n g a ppl i ca t i on s.
Ma xi mu m h ol e si ze for a l l ot h er a ppl i ca t i on s
sh ou l d n ot exceed on e-h a l f wh eel di a met er .
F I GURE NO. 01TYP E 1 S TRAI GHT
WHEELS
TYP E 1S TRAI GHT WHEEL
Periph eral grin din g wh eel h avin g a
diamet er, t h ick n ess an d h ole.
(2) T y pe 2 cy lin der wh eels mea n s
wh eel s h a vi n g di a met er , wh eel t h i ck -
n ess, a n d r i m t h i ck n ess di men si on s.
Gr i n di n g i s per for med on t h e r i m fa ce
on l y , di men si on W. Cy l i n der wh eel s
ma y be pl a i n , pl a t e mou n t ed, i n ser t ed
n u t , or of t h e pr oj ect i n g st u d t y pe.
LI MI TATI ON: Ri m h ei gh t , T di men si on , i s
gen er a l l y equ a l t o or gr ea t er t h a n r i m t h i ck -
n ess, W di men si on .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
2
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
600
F I GURE NO. 02TYP E 2 CYLI NDER
WHEELS
TYP E 2CYLI NDER WHEEL
Side grin din g wh eel h avin g a diamet er, t h ick -
n ess an d wallwh eel is mou n t ed on t h e diame-
t er.
(3) T y pe 6 st raigh t cu p wh eels mea n s
wh eel s h a vi n g di a met er , t h i ck n ess,
h ol e si ze, r i m t h i ck n ess, a n d ba ck
t h i ck n ess di men si on s. Gr i n di n g i s a l -
wa y s per for med on r i m fa ce, W di men -
si on .
LI MI TATI ON: Mi n i mu m ba ck t h i ck n ess, E
di men si on , sh ou l d n ot be l ess t h a n on e-
fou r t h T di men si on . I n a ddi t i on , wh en
u n t h r ea ded h ol e wh eel s a r e speci fi ed, t h e i n -
si de fl a t , K di men si on , mu st be l a r ge en ou gh
t o a ccommoda t e a su i t a bl e fl a n ge.
F I GURE NO. 03TYP E 6 S TRAI GHT
CUP WHEELS
TYP E 6S TRAI GHT-CUP WHEEL
n ess an d h ole wit h on e side st raigh t or f lat an d
t h e opposit e side recessed. T h is t y pe, h owever,
dif f ers f rom T y pe 5 in t h at t h e grin din g is per-
f ormed on t h e wall of t h e abrasive creat ed by
t h e dif f eren ce bet ween t h e diamet er of t h e recess
an d t h e ou t side diamet er of t h e wh eel. T h ere-
f ore, t h e wall dimen sion W t ak es preceden ce
over t h e diamet er of t h e recess as an essen t ial
in t ermediat e dimen sion t o describe t h is sh ape
t y pe.
(4) T y pe 11 f larin g cu p wh eels mea n
wh eel s h a vi n g dou bl e di a met er di men -
si on s D a n d J , a n d i n a ddi t i on h a ve
t h i ck n ess, h ol e si ze, r i m a n d ba ck
si on . Ty pe 11 wh eel s a r e su bj ect t o a l l
l i mi t a t i on s of u se a n d mou n t i n g l i st ed
for t y pe 6 st r a i gh t si ded cu p wh eel s def-
i n i t i on .
fou r t h T di men si on . I n a ddi t i on wh en
u n t h r ea ded h ol e wh eel s a r e speci fi ed t h e i n -
si de fl a t , K di men si on , sh a l l be l a r ge en ou gh
F I GURE NO. 04TYP E 11 F LARI NG
CUP WHEELS
TYP E 11F LARI NG-CUP WHEEL
Side grin din g wh eel h avin g a wall f lared or t a-
pered ou t ward f rom t h e back . Wall t h ick n ess at
t h e back is n ormally great er t h an at t h e grin d-
in g f ace (W).
(5) Modif ied t y pes 6 an d 11 wh eels (t er-
razzo) mea n some t y pe 6 a n d 11 cu p
wh eel s u sed i n t h e t er r a zzo t r a de h a v-
i n g t a per ed K di men si on s t o ma t ch a
speci a l t a per ed fl a n ge fu r n i sh ed by t h e
ma ch i n e bu i l der .
LI MI TATI ON: Th ese wh eel s sh a l l be mou n t ed
on l y wi t h a speci a l t a per ed fl a n ge.
F I GURE NO. 05
TYP I CAL EXAMP LES OF MODI F I ED TYP ES 6 AND
11 WHEELS (TERRAZZO) S HOWI NG TAP ERED K
DI MENS I ONS .
(6) T y pes 27 an d 28 depressed cen t er
wh eels mea n wh eel s h a vi n g di a met er ,
t h i ck n ess, a n d h ol e si ze di men si on s.
Bot h t y pes a r e r ei n for ced, or ga n i c
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
3
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
4
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
5
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
6
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
601
bon ded wh eel s h a vi n g offset h u bs wh i ch
per mi t si de a n d per i ph er a l gr i n di n g op-
er a t i on s wi t h ou t i n t er fer en ce wi t h t h e
mou n t i n g. Ty pe 27 wh eel s a r e ma n u fa c-
t u r ed wi t h fl a t gr i n di n g r i ms per mi t -
t i n g n ot ch i n g a n d cu t t i n g oper a t i on s.
Ty pe 28 wh eel s h a ve sa u cer sh a ped
gr i n di n g r i ms.
(i ) Li mi t a t i on s: S peci a l su ppor t i n g,
ba ck a da pt er a n d i n si de fl a n ge n u t s a r e
r equ i r ed for t h e pr oper mou n t i n g of
t h ese t y pes of wh eel s su bj ect t o l i mi t a -
t i on s of 1910. 215(c)(4) (i ) a n d (i i ).
(i i ) Mou n t s wh i ch a r e a ffi xed t o t h e
wh eel by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er ma y n ot r e-
qu i r e a n i n si de n u t a n d sh a l l n ot be r e-
u sed.
(7) T y pe 27A depressed cen t er, cu t t in g-
of f wh eels mea n wh eel s h a vi n g di a me-
t er , t h i ck n ess, a n d h ol e si ze di men -
si on s. Th ey a r e r ei n for ced, or ga n i c
bon ded, offset h u b t y pe wh eel s, u su a l l y
16 i n ch es di a met er a n d l a r ger , speci a l l y
desi gn ed for u se on cu t t i n g-off ma -
ch i n es wh er e mou n t i n g n u t or ou t er
fl a n ge i n t er fer en ce ca n n ot be t ol er -
a t ed.
LI MI TATI ONS : S ee 1910. 215(c)(1).
(8) Su rf ace f eet per min u t e (s. f. p. m. )
mea n s t h e di st a n ce i n feet a n y on e a b-
r a si ve gr a i n on t h e per i ph er a l su r fa ce
of a gr i n di n g wh eel t r a vel s i n 1 mi n u t e.
S u r fa ce F eet P er Mi n u t e= 3. 1416di a met er i n
i n ch esr . p. m. 12 or . 262di a met er i n
i n ch esr . p. m.
Examples: (a ) 24-i n ch di a met er wh eel , 1, 000
r evol u t i on s per mi n u t e. S u r fa ce F eet per
mi n u t e . 262241, 000=6, 288 s. f. p. m.
(b) 12-i n ch di a met er wh eel , 1, 000 r evol u -
t i on s per mi n u t e. S u r fa ce F eet per mi n u t e
. 262121, 000=3, 144 s. f. p. m.
(9) Flan ges mea n s col l a r s, di scs or
pl a t es bet ween wh i ch wh eel s a r e
mou n t ed a n d a r e r efer r ed t o a s a da p-
t or , sl eeve, or ba ck u p t y pe. S ee pa r a -
gr a ph (c) of 1910. 215 for fu l l descr i p-
t i on .
(10) Sn aggin g mea n s gr i n di n g wh i ch
r emoves r el a t i vel y l a r ge a mou n t s of
ma t er i a l wi t h ou t r ega r d t o cl ose t ol er -
a n ces or su r fa ce fi n i sh r equ i r emen t s.
(11) Of f -h an d grin din g mea n s t h e
gr i n di n g of a n y ma t er i a l or pa r t wh i ch
i s h el d i n t h e oper a t or s h a n d.
(12) Saf et y gu ard mea n s a n en cl osu r e
desi gn ed t o r est r a i n t h e pi eces of t h e
gr i n di n g wh eel a n d fu r n i sh a l l possi bl e
pr ot ect i on i n t h e even t t h a t t h e wh eel
i s br ok en i n oper a t i on . S ee pa r a gr a ph
(b) of 1910. 215.
(13) Cu t t in g of f wh eels mea n s wh eel s
h a vi n g di a met er t h i ck n ess a n d h ol e
si ze di men si on s a n d a r e su bj ect t o a l l
l i mi t a t i on s of mou n t i n g a n d u se l i st ed
for t y pe 1 wh eel s, t h e defi n i t i on i n su b-
pa r a gr a ph (1) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a n d
pa r a gr a ph (d) of 1910. 215. Th ey ma y be
st eel cen t er ed, di a mon d a br a si ve or or -
ga n i c bon ded a br a si ve of t h e pl a i n or
r ei n for ced t y pe.
(i ) Li mi t a t i on : Cu t t i n g off wh eel s a r e
r ecommen ded on l y for u se on speci a l l y
desi gn ed a n d fu l l y gu a r ded ma ch i n es
a n d a r e su bj ect t o t h e fol l owi n g ma x-
i mu m t h i ck n ess a n d h ol e si ze l i mi t a -
t i on s.
Wheel diameter
Max. thick-
ness (inch)
6 inch and smaller ...............................................
3
18
Larger than 6 inches to 12 inches ......................
1
4
Larger than 12 inches to 23 inches ....................
3
8
Larger than 23 inches .........................................
1
2
(i i ) Ma xi mu m h ol e si ze for cu t t i n g-off
wh eel s sh ou l d n ot be l a r ger t h a n
1
4-
wh eel di a met er .
(14) Abrasive wh eel mea n s a cu t t i n g
t ool con si st i n g of a br a si ve gr a i n s h el d
t oget h er by or ga n i c or i n or ga n i c bon ds.
Di a mon d a n d r ei n for ced wh eel s a r e i n -
cl u ded.
(15) Organ ic wh eels mea n s wh eel s
wh i ch a r e bon ded by mea n s of a n or -
ga n i c ma t er i a l su ch a s r esi n , r u bber ,
sh el l a c, or ot h er si mi l a r bon di n g a gen t .
(16) I n organ ic wh eels mea n s wh eel s
wh i ch a r e bon ded by mea n s of i n or -
ga n i c ma t er i a l su ch a s cl a y , gl a ss, por -
cel a i n , sodi u m si l i ca t e, ma gn esi u m
oxy ch l or i de, or met a l . Wh eel s bon ded
wi t h cl a y , gl a ss, por cel a i n or r el a t ed
cer a mi c ma t er i a l s a r e ch a r a ct er i zed a s
vit rif ied bon ded wh eels.
(c) As u sed i n 1910. 216, u n l ess t h e
fol l owi n g mi l l s a n d ca l en der s i n t h e
r u bber a n d pl a st i c i n du st r i es t er ms
sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n gs pr escr i bed i n
(1) Bit e mea n s t h e n i p poi n t bet ween
a n y t wo i n r u n n i n g r ol l s.
(2) Calen der mea n s a ma ch i n e
equ i pped wi t h t wo or mor e met a l r ol l s
r evol vi n g i n opposi t e di r ect i on s a n d
u sed for con t i n u ou sl y sh eet i n g or pl y -
i n g u p r u bber a n d pl a st i cs compou n ds
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
602
a n d for fr i ct i on i n g or coa t i n g ma t er i a l s
wi t h r u bber a n d pl a st i cs compou n ds.
(3) Mill mea n s a ma ch i n e con si st i n g
of t wo a dj a cen t met a l r ol l s, set h or i -
zon t a l l y , wh i ch r evol ve i n opposi t e di -
r ect i on s (i . e. , t owa r d ea ch ot h er a s
vi ewed fr om a bove) u sed for t h e me-
ch a n i ca l wor k i n g of r u bber a n d pl a st i cs
compou n ds.
(d) As u sed i n 1910. 217, u n l ess t h e
fol l owi n g power pr ess t er ms sh a l l h a ve
t h e mea n i n g pr escr i bed i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph .
(1) An t irepeat mea n s t h e pa r t of t h e
cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sy st em desi gn ed
t o l i mi t t h e pr ess t o a si n gl e st r ok e i f
t h e t r i ppi n g mea n s i s h el d oper a t ed.
An t i r epea t r equ i r es r el ea se of a l l t r i p-
pi n g mech a n i sms befor e a n ot h er st r ok e
ca n be i n i t i a t ed. An t irepeat i s a l so
ca l l ed si n gl e st r ok e r eset or r eset ci r -
cu i t .
(2) Brak e mea n s t h e mech a n i sm u sed
on a mech a n i ca l power pr ess t o st op
a n d/or h ol d t h e cr a n k sh a ft , ei t h er di -
r ect l y or t h r ou gh a gea r t r a i n , wh en
t h e cl u t ch i s di sen ga ged.
(3) Bolst er plat e mea n s t h e pl a t e a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e t op of t h e bed of t h e
pr ess h a vi n g dr i l l ed h ol es or T-sl ot s for
a t t a ch i n g t h e l ower di e or di e sh oe.
(4) Clu t ch mea n s t h e cou pl i n g mech a -
n i sm u sed on a mech a n i ca l power pr ess
t o cou pl e t h e fl y wh eel t o t h e cr a n k -
sh a ft , ei t h er di r ect l y or t h r ou gh a gea r
t r a i n .
(5) Fu ll revolu t ion clu t ch mea n s a t y pe
of cl u t ch t h a t , wh en t r i pped, ca n n ot be
di sen ga ged u n t i l t h e cr a n k sh a ft h a s
compl et ed a fu l l r evol u t i on a n d t h e
pr ess sl i de a fu l l st r ok e.
(6) Part revolu t ion clu t ch mea n s a t y pe
of cl u t ch t h a t ca n be di sen ga ged a t a n y
poi n t befor e t h e cr a n k sh a ft h a s com-
pl et ed a fu l l r evol u t i on a n d t h e pr ess
sl i de a fu l l st r ok e.
(7) Direct drive mea n s t h e t y pe of
dr i vi n g a r r a n gemen t wh er ei n n o cl u t ch
i s u sed; cou pl i n g a n d decou pl i n g of t h e
dr i vi n g t or qu e i s a ccompl i sh ed by
en er gi za t i on a n d deen er gi za t i on of a
mot or . Even t h ou gh n ot empl oy i n g a
cl u t ch , di r ect dr i ves ma t ch t h e oper -
a t i on a l ch a r a ct er i st i cs of pa r t r evol u -
t i on cl u t ch es beca u se t h e dr i vi n g
power ma y be di sen ga ged du r i n g t h e
st r ok e of t h e pr ess.
(8) Con cu rren t mea n s a ct i n g i n con -
j u n ct i on , a n d i s u sed t o descr i be a si t u -
a t i on wh er ei n t wo or mor e con t r ol s
exi st i n a n oper a t ed con di t i on a t t h e
sa me t i me.
(9) Con t in u ou s mea n s u n i n t er r u pt ed
mu l t i pl e st r ok es of t h e sl i de wi t h ou t
i n t er ven i n g st ops (or ot h er cl u t ch con -
t r ol a ct i on ) a t t h e en d of i n di vi du a l
st r ok es.
(10) Cou n t erbalan ce mea n s t h e mech a -
n i sm t h a t i s u sed t o ba l a n ce or su ppor t
t h e wei gh t of t h e con n ect i n g r ods,
sl i de, a n d sl i de a t t a ch men t s.
(11) Device mea n s a pr ess con t r ol or
a t t a ch men t t h a t :
(i ) Rest r a i n s t h e oper a t or fr om i n a d-
ver t en t l y r ea ch i n g i n t o t h e poi n t of op-
er a t i on , or
(i i ) P r even t s n or ma l pr ess oper a t i on
i f t h e oper a t or s h a n ds a r e i n a dver t -
en t l y wi t h i n t h e poi n t of oper a t i on , or
(i i i ) Au t oma t i ca l l y wi t h dr a ws t h e op-
er a t or s h a n ds i f t h e oper a t or s h a n ds
a r e i n a dver t en t l y wi t h i n t h e poi n t of
oper a t i on a s t h e di es cl ose, or
(i v) P r even t s t h e i n i t i a t i on of a
st r ok e, or st ops of st r ok e i n pr ogr ess,
wh en t h er e i s a n i n t r u si on t h r ou gh t h e
sen si n g fi el d by a n y pa r t of t h e oper a -
t or s body or by a n y ot h er obj ect .
(12) Presen ce sen sin g device mea n s a
devi ce desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed a n d a r -
r a n ged t o cr ea t e a sen si n g fi el d or a r ea
t h a t si gn a l s t h e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol t o
dea ct i va t e t h e cl u t ch a n d a ct i va t e t h e
br a k e of t h e pr ess wh en a n y pa r t of t h e
oper a t or s body or a h a n d t ool i s wi t h i n
su ch fi el d or a r ea .
(13) Gat e or movable barrier device
mea n s a mova bl e ba r r i er a r r a n ged t o
en cl ose t h e poi n t of oper a t i on befor e
t h e pr ess st r ok e ca n be st a r t ed.
(14) Holdou t or rest rain t device mea n s a
mech a n i sm, i n cl u di n g a t t a ch men t s for
oper a t or s h a n ds, t h a t wh en a n ch or ed
a n d a dj u st ed pr even t t h e oper a t or s
h a n ds fr om en t er i n g t h e poi n t of oper -
a t i on .
(15) Pu ll-ou t device mea n s a mech a -
n i sm a t t a ch ed t o t h e oper a t or s h a n ds
a n d con n ect ed t o t h e u pper di e or sl i de
of t h e pr ess, t h a t i s desi gn ed, wh en
pr oper l y a dj u st ed, t o wi t h dr a w t h e op-
er a t or s h a n ds a s t h e di es cl ose, i f t h e
oper a t or s h a n ds a r e i n a dver t en t l y
wi t h i n t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
(16) Sweep device mea n s a si n gl e or
dou bl e a r m (r od) a t t a ch ed t o t h e u pper
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
603
di e or sl i de of t h e pr ess a n d desi gn ed t o
move t h e oper a t or s h a n ds t o a sa fe po-
si t i on a s t h e di es cl ose, i f t h e oper a -
t or s h a n ds a r e i n a dver t en t l y wi t h i n
t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
(17) T wo h an d con t rol device mea n s a
t wo h a n d t r i p t h a t fu r t h er r equ i r es
con cu r r en t pr essu r e fr om bot h h a n ds of
t h e oper a t or du r i n g a su bst a n t i a l pa r t
of t h e di e-cl osi n g por t i on of t h e st r ok e
of t h e pr ess.
(18) Die mea n s t h e t ool i n g u sed i n a
pr ess for cu t t i n g or for mi n g ma t er i a l .
An u pper a n d a l ower di e ma k e a com-
pl et e set .
(19) Die bu ilder mea n s a n y per son wh o
bu i l ds di es for power pr esses.
(20) Die set mea n s a t ool h ol der h el d
i n a l i gn men t by gu i de post s a n d bu sh -
i n gs a n d con si st i n g of a l ower sh oe, a n
u pper sh oe or pu n ch h ol der , a n d gu i de
post s a n d bu sh i n gs.
(21) Die set t er mea n s a n i n di vi du a l
wh o pl a ces or r emoves di es i n or fr om
mech a n i ca l power pr esses, a n d wh o, a s
a pa r t of h i s du t i es, ma k es t h e n ec-
essa r y a dj u st men t s t o ca u se t h e t ool -
i n g t o fu n ct i on pr oper l y a n d sa fel y .
(22) Die set t in g mea n s t h e pr ocess of
pl a ci n g or r emovi n g di es i n or fr om a
mech a n i ca l power pr ess, a n d t h e pr oc-
ess of a dj u st i n g t h e di es, ot h er t ool i n g
a n d sa fegu a r di n g mea n s t o ca u se t h em
t o fu n ct i on pr oper l y a n d sa fel y .
(23) Die sh oe mea n s a pl a t e or bl ock
u pon wh i ch a di e h ol der i s mou n t ed. A
di e sh oe fu n ct i on s pr i ma r i l y a s a ba se
for t h e compl et e di e a ssembl y , a n d,
wh en u sed, i s bol t ed or cl a mped t o t h e
bol st er pl a t e or t h e fa ce of sl i de.
(24) Eject or mea n s a mech a n i sm for
r emovi n g wor k or ma t er i a l fr om be-
t ween t h e di es.
(25) Face of slide mea n s t h e bot t om
su r fa ce of t h e sl i de t o wh i ch t h e pu n ch
or u pper di e i s gen er a l l y a t t a ch ed.
(26) Feedin g mea n s t h e pr ocess of
pl a ci n g or r emovi n g ma t er i a l wi t h i n or
fr om t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
(27) Au t omat ic f eedin g mea n s feedi n g
wh er ei n t h e ma t er i a l or pa r t bei n g
pr ocessed i s pl a ced wi t h i n or r emoved
fr om t h e poi n t of oper a t i on by a met h -
od or mea n s n ot r equ i r i n g a ct i on by a n
oper a t or on ea ch st r ok e of t h e pr ess.
(28) Semiau t omat ic f eedin g mea n s feed-
i n g wh er ei n t h e ma t er i a l or pa r t bei n g
pr ocessed i s pl a ced wi t h i n or r emoved
fr om t h e poi n t of oper a t i on by a n a u x-
i l i a r y mea n s con t r ol l ed by oper a t or on
ea ch st r ok e of t h e pr ess.
(29) Man u al f eedin g mea n s feedi n g
wh er ei n t h e ma t er i a l or pa r t bei n g
pr ocessed i s h a n dl ed by t h e oper a t or on
ea ch st r ok e of t h e pr ess.
(30) Foot con t rol mea n s t h e foot oper -
a t ed con t r ol mech a n i sm desi gn ed t o be
u sed wi t h a cl u t ch or cl u t ch /br a k e con -
t r ol sy st em.
(31) Foot pedal mea n s t h e foot oper -
a t ed l ever desi gn ed t o oper a t e t h e me-
ch a n i ca l l i n k a ge t h a t t r i ps a fu l l r evo-
l u t i on cl u t ch .
(32) Gu ard mea n s a ba r r i er t h a t pr e-
ven t s en t r y of t h e oper a t or s h a n ds or
fi n ger s i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
(33) Die en closu re gu ard mea n s a n en -
cl osu r e a t t a ch ed t o t h e di e sh oe or
st r i pper , or bot h , i n a fi xed posi t i on .
(34) Fixed barrier gu ard mea n s a di e
spa ce ba r r i er a t t a ch ed t o t h e pr ess
fr a me.
(35) I n t erlock ed press barrier gu ard
mea n s a ba r r i er a t t a ch ed t o t h e pr ess
fr a me a n d i n t er l ock ed so t h a t t h e pr ess
st r ok e ca n n ot be st a r t ed n or ma l l y u n -
l ess t h e gu a r d i t sel f, or i t s h i n ged or
mova bl e sect i on s, en cl ose t h e poi n t of
oper a t i on .
(36) Adju st able barrier gu ard mea n s a
ba r r i er r equ i r i n g a dj u st men t for ea ch
j ob or di e set u p.
(37) Gu ide post mea n s t h e pi n a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e u pper or l ower di e sh oe
oper a t i n g wi t h i n t h e bu sh i n g on t h e
opposi n g di e sh oe, t o ma i n t a i n t h e
a l i gn men t of t h e u pper a n d l ower di es.
(38) Han d f eedin g t ool mea n s a n y h a n d
h el d t ool desi gn ed for pl a ci n g or r e-
movi n g ma t er i a l or pa r t s t o be pr oc-
essed wi t h i n or fr om t h e poi n t of oper -
a t i on .
(39) I n ch mea n s a n i n t er mi t t en t mo-
t i on i mpa r t ed t o t h e sl i de (on ma ch i n es
u si n g pa r t r evol u t i on cl u t ch es) by mo-
men t a r y oper a t i on of t h e I n ch oper -
a t i n g mea n s. Oper a t i on of t h e I n ch op-
er a t i n g mea n s en ga ges t h e dr i vi n g
cl u t ch so t h a t a sma l l por t i on of on e
st r ok e or i n defi n i t e st r ok i n g ca n occu r ,
depen di n g u pon t h e l en gt h of t i me t h e
I n ch oper a t i n g mea n s i s h el d oper a t ed.
I n ch i s a fu n ct i on u sed by t h e di e set t er
for set u p of di es a n d t ool i n g, bu t i s n ot
i n t en ded for u se du r i n g pr odu ct i on op-
er a t i on s by t h e oper a t or .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
604
(40) Jog mea n s a n i n t er mi t t en t mo-
t i on i mpa r t ed t o t h e sl i de by momen -
t a r y oper a t i on of t h e dr i ve mot or , a ft er
t h e cl u t ch i s en ga ged wi t h t h e fl y wh eel
a t r est .
(41) Kn ock ou t mea n s a mech a n i sm for
r el ea si n g ma t er i a l fr om ei t h er di e.
(42) L if t ou t mea n s t h e mech a n i sm
a l so k n own a s k n ock ou t .
(43) Operat ors st at ion mea n s t h e com-
pl et e compl emen t of con t r ol s u sed by
or a va i l a bl e t o a n oper a t or on a gi ven
oper a t i on for st r ok i n g t h e pr ess.
(44) Pin ch poin t mea n s a n y poi n t
ot h er t h a n t h e poi n t of oper a t i on a t
wh i ch i t i s possi bl e for a pa r t of t h e
body t o be ca u gh t bet ween t h e movi n g
pa r t s of a pr ess or a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t ,
or bet ween movi n g a n d st a t i on a r y
pa r t s of a pr ess or a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t
or bet ween t h e ma t er i a l a n d movi n g
pa r t or pa r t s of t h e pr ess or a u xi l i a r y
equ i pmen t .
(45) Poin t of operat ion mea n s t h e a r ea
of t h e pr ess wh er e ma t er i a l i s a ct u a l l y
posi t i on ed a n d wor k i s bei n g per for med
du r i n g a n y pr ocess su ch a s sh ea r i n g,
pu n ch i n g, for mi n g, or a ssembl i n g.
(46) Press mea n s a mech a n i ca l l y pow-
er ed ma ch i n e t h a t sh ea r s, pu n ch es,
for ms or a ssembl es met a l or ot h er ma -
t er i a l by mea n s of cu t t i n g, sh a pi n g, or
combi n a t i on di es a t t a ch ed t o sl i des. A
pr ess con si st s of a st a t i on a r y bed or
a n vi l , a n d a sl i de (or sl i des) h a vi n g a
con t r ol l ed r eci pr oca t i n g mot i on t o-
wa r d a n d a wa y fr om t h e bed su r fa ce,
t h e sl i de bei n g gu i ded i n a defi n i t e
pa t h by t h e fr a me of t h e pr ess.
(47) Repeat mea n s a n u n i n t en ded or
u n expect ed su ccessi ve st r ok e of t h e
pr ess r esu l t i n g fr om a ma l fu n ct i on .
(48) Saf et y block mea n s a pr op t h a t ,
wh en i n ser t ed bet ween t h e u pper a n d
l ower di es or bet ween t h e bol st er pl a t e
a n d t h e fa ce of t h e sl i de, pr even t s t h e
sl i de fr om fa l l i n g of i t s own dea d-
wei gh t .
(49) Sin gle st rok e mea n s on e compl et e
st r ok e of t h e sl i de, u su a l l y i n i t i a t ed
fr om a fu l l open (or u p) posi t i on , fol -
l owed by cl osi n g (or down ), a n d t h en a
r et u r n t o t h e fu l l open posi t i on .
(50) Sin gle st rok e mech an ism mea n s a n
a r r a n gemen t u sed on a fu l l r evol u t i on
cl u t ch t o l i mi t t h e t r a vel of t h e sl i de
t o on e compl et e st r ok e a t ea ch en ga ge-
men t of t h e cl u t ch .
(51) Slide mea n s t h e ma i n r eci pr o-
ca t i n g pr ess member . A sl i de i s a l so
ca l l ed a r a m, pl u n ger , or pl a t en .
(52) St op con t rol mea n s a n oper a t or
con t r ol desi gn ed t o i mmedi a t el y de-
a ct i va t e t h e cl u t ch con t r ol a n d a ct i -
va t e t h e br a k e t o st op sl i de mot i on .
(53) St ripper mea n s a mech a n i sm or
di e pa r t for r emovi n g t h e pa r t s or ma -
t er i a l fr om t h e pu n ch .
(54) St rok in g select or mea n s t h e pa r t of
t h e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol t h a t det er -
mi n es t h e t y pe of st r ok i n g wh en t h e
oper a t i n g mea n s i s a ct u a t ed. Th e
st r ok i n g sel ect or gen er a l l y i n cl u des
posi t i on s for Off (Cl u t ch Con t r ol ),
I n ch , S i n gl e S t r ok e, a n d Con t i n -
u ou s (wh en Con t i n u ou s i s fu r n i sh ed).
(55) T rip or (t rippin g) mea n s a ct i va -
t i on of t h e cl u t ch t o r u n t h e pr ess.
(56) T u rn over bar mea n s a ba r u sed i n
di e set t i n g t o ma n u a l l y t u r n t h e cr a n k -
sh a ft of t h e pr ess.
(57) T wo-h an d t rip mea n s a cl u t ch a c-
t u a t i n g mea n s r equ i r i n g t h e con cu r -
r en t u se of bot h h a n ds of t h e oper a t or
t o t r i p t h e pr ess.
(58) Un it ized t oolin g mea n s a t y pe of
di e i n wh i ch t h e u pper a n d l ower mem-
ber s a r e i n cor por a t ed i n t o a
sel fcon t a i n ed u n i t so a r r a n ged a s t o
h ol d t h e di e member s i n a l i gn men t .
(59) Con t rol sy st em mea n s sen sor s,
ma n u a l i n pu t a n d mode sel ect i on el e-
men t s, i n t er l ock i n g a n d deci si on -ma k -
i n g ci r cu i t r y , a n d ou t pu t el emen t s t o
t h e pr ess oper a t i n g mech a n i sm.
(60) Brak e mon it or mea n s a sen sor de-
si gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d a r r a n ged t o
mon i t or t h e effect i ven ess of t h e pr ess
br a k i n g sy st em.
(61) Presen ce sen sin g device in it iat ion
mea n s a n oper a t i n g mode of i n di r ect
ma n u a l i n i t i a t i on of a si n gl e st r ok e by
a pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce wh en i t
sen ses t h a t wor k mot i on s of t h e oper -
a t or , r el a t ed t o feedi n g a n d/or r emov-
i n g pa r t s, a r e compl et ed a n d a l l pa r t s
of t h e oper a t or s body or h a n d t ool s a r e
sa fel y cl ea r of t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
(62) Saf et y sy st em mea n s t h e i n t e-
gr a t ed t ot a l sy st em, i n cl u di n g t h e per -
t i n en t el emen t s of t h e pr ess, t h e con -
t r ol s, t h e sa fegu a r di n g a n d a n y r e-
qu i r ed su ppl emen t a l sa fegu a r di n g, a n d
t h ei r i n t er fa ces wi t h t h e oper a t or , a n d
t h e en vi r on men t , desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed
a n d a r r a n ged t o oper a t e t oget h er a s a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
605
u n i t , su ch t h a t a si n gl e fa i l u r e or si n -
gl e oper a t i n g er r or wi l l n ot ca u se i n -
j u r y t o per son n el du e t o poi n t of oper -
a t i on h a za r ds.
(63) Au t h orized person mea n s on e t o
wh om t h e a u t h or i t y a n d r espon si bi l i t y
t o per for m a speci fi c a ssi gn men t h a s
been gi ven by t h e empl oy er .
(64) Cert if icat ion or cert if y mea n s, i n
t h e ca se of desi gn cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da -
t i on , t h a t t h e ma n u fa ct u r er h a s r e-
vi ewed a n d t est ed t h e desi gn a n d ma n -
u fa ct u r e, a n d i n t h e ca se of i n st a l l a t i on
cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on a n d a n n u a l r e-
cer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on , t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er h a s r evi ewed a n d t est ed t h e i n -
st a l l a t i on , a n d con cl u des i n bot h ca ses
t h a t t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 217 (a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A h a ve been
met . Th e cer t i fi ca t i on s a r e ma de t o t h e
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on .
(65) Validat ion or validat e mea n s for
P S DI sa fet y sy st ems t h a t a n OS HA
r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on :
(i ) F or desi gn cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on
h a s r evi ewed t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s cer -
t i fi ca t i on t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 217 (a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A a n d t h e u n -
der l y i n g t est s a n d a n a l y ses per for med
by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , h a s per for med
a ddi t i on a l t est s a n d a n a l y ses wh i ch
ma y be r equ i r ed by 1910. 217 (a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A, a n d con -
cl u des t h a t t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A
h a ve been met ; a n d
(i i ) F or i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on /va l -
i da t i on a n d a n n u a l r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r e-
va l i da t i on h a s r evi ewed t h e empl oy er s
cer t i fi ca t i on t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y sy s-
t em meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A
a n d t h e u n der l y i n g t est s per for med by
t h e empl oy er , h a s per for med a ddi t i on a l
t est s a n d a n a l y ses wh i ch ma y be r e-
qu i r ed by 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d
a ppen di x A, a n d con cl u des t h a t t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h )
a n d a ppen di x A h a ve been met .
(66) Cert if icat ion /validat ion a n d cert if y /
validat e mea n s t h e combi n ed pr ocess of
cer t i fi ca t i on a n d va l i da t i on .
(e) As u sed i n 1910. 218, u n l ess t h e
fol l owi n g for gi n g a n d h ot met a l t er ms
sh a l l h a ve t h e mea n i n g pr escr i bed i n
(1) Forgin g mea n s t h e pr odu ct of wor k
on met a l for med t o a desi r ed sh a pe by
i mpa ct or pr essu r e i n h a mmer s, for gi n g
ma ch i n es (u pset t er s), pr esses, r ol l s,
a n d r el a t ed for mi n g equ i pmen t . F or g-
i n g h a mmer s, cou n t er bl ow equ i pmen t
a n d h i gh -en er gy -r a t e for gi n g ma ch i n es
i mpa r t i mpa ct t o t h e wor k pi ece, wh i l e
most ot h er t y pes of for gi n g equ i pmen t
i mpa r t squ eeze pr essu r e i n sh a pi n g t h e
st ock . S ome met a l s ca n be for ged a t
r oom t emper a t u r e, bu t t h e ma j or i t y of
met a l s a r e ma de mor e pl a st i c for for g-
i n g by h ea t i n g.
(2) Open f rameh ammers (or black smit h
h ammers) mea n h a mmer s u sed pr i -
ma r i l y for t h e sh a pi n g of for gi n gs by
mea n s of i mpa ct wi t h fl a t di es. Open
fr a me h a mmer s gen er a l l y a r e so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e a n vi l a ssembl y i s sep-
a r a t e fr om t h e oper a t i n g mech a n i sm
a n d ma ch i n e su ppor t s; i t r est s on i t s
own i n depen den t fou n da t i on . Cer t a i n
except i on s a r e for gi n g h a mmer s ma de
wi t h fr a me mou n t ed on t h e a n vi l ; e. g. ,
t h e sma l l er , si n gl e-fr a me h a mmer s a r e
u su a l l y ma de wi t h t h e a n vi l a n d fr a me
i n on e pi ece.
(3) St eam h ammers mea n a t y pe of
dr op h a mmer wh er e t h e r a m i s r a i sed
for ea ch st r ok e by a dou bl e-a ct i on
st ea m cy l i n der a n d t h e en er gy del i v-
er ed t o t h e wor k pi ece i s su ppl i ed by
t h e vel oci t y a n d wei gh t of t h e r a m a n d
a t t a ch ed u pper di e dr i ven down wa r d by
st ea m pr essu r e. En er gy del i ver ed du r -
i n g ea ch st r ok e ma y be va r i ed.
(4) Gravit y h ammers mea n a cl a ss of
for gi n g h a mmer wh er ei n en er gy for
for gi n g i s obt a i n ed by t h e ma ss a n d ve-
l oci t y of a fr eel y fa l l i n g r a m a n d t h e
a t t a ch ed u pper di e. Exa mpl es: boa r d
h a mmer s a n d a i r -l i ft h a mmer s.
(5) Forgin g presses mea n a cl a ss of
for gi n g equ i pmen t wh er ei n t h e sh a pi n g
of met a l bet ween di es i s per for med by
mech a n i ca l or h y dr a u l i c pr essu r e, a n d
u su a l l y i s a ccompl i sh ed wi t h a si n gl e
wor k st r ok e of t h e pr ess for ea ch di e
st a t i on .
(6) T rimmin g presses mea n a cl a ss of
a u xi l i a r y for gi n g equ i pmen t wh i ch r e-
moves fl a sh or excess met a l fr om a
for gi n g. Th i s t r i mmi n g oper a t i on ca n
a l so be don e col d, a s ca n coi n i n g, a
pr odu ct si zi n g oper a t i on .
(7) High -en ergy -rat e f orgin g mach in es
mea n a cl a ss of for gi n g equ i pmen t
wh er ei n h i gh r a m vel oci t i es r esu l t i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
606
fr om t h e su dden r el ea se of a com-
pr essed ga s a ga i n st a fr ee pi st on i m-
pa r t i mpa ct t o t h e wor k pi ece.
(8) Forgin g rolls mea n a cl a ss of a u xi l -
i a r y for gi n g equ i pmen t wh er ei n st ock
i s sh a ped bet ween power dr i ven r ol l s
bea r i n g con t ou r ed di es. Usu a l l y u sed
for pr efor mi n g, r ol l for gi n g i s oft en
empl oy ed t o r edu ce t h i ck n ess a n d i n -
cr ea se l en gt h of st ock .
(9) Rin g rolls mea n a cl a ss for for gi n g
equ i pmen t u sed for sh a pi n g wel dl ess
r i n gs fr om pi er ced di scs or t h i ck -
wa l l ed, r i n g-sh a ped bl a n k s bet ween
r ol l s wh i ch con t r ol wa l l t h i ck n ess, r i n g
di a met er , h ei gh t a n d con t ou r .
(10) Bolt -h eaders mea n t h e sa me a s a n
u pset t er or for gi n g ma ch i n e except
t h a t t h e di a met er of st ock fed i n t o t h e
ma ch i n e i s mu ch sma l l er , i . e. , com-
mon l y t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch or l ess.
(11) Ri vet ma k i n g ma ch i n es mea n t h e
sa me a s u pset t er s a n d bol t h ea der s
wh en pr odu ci n g r i vet s wi t h st ock di -
a met er of 1-i n ch or mor e. Ri vet ma k i n g
wi t h l ess t h a n 1-i n ch di a met er i s u su -
a l l y a col d for gi n g oper a t i on , a n d
t h er efor e n ot i n cl u ded i n t h i s su bpa r t .
(12) Upset t er s (or for gi n g ma ch i n es,
or h ea der s) t y pe of for gi n g equ i pmen t ,
r el a t ed t o t h e mech a n i ca l pr ess, i n
wh i ch t h e ma i n for mi n g en er gy i s a p-
pl i ed h or i zon t a l l y t o t h e wor k pi ece
wh i ch i s gr i pped a n d h el d by pr i or a c-
t i on of t h e di es.
(f) As u sed i n 1910. 219, u n l ess t h e
fol l owi n g mech a n i ca l power -t r a n s-
mi ssi on gu a r di n g t er ms sh a l l h a ve t h e
mea n i n g pr escr i bed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Belt s i n cl u de a l l power t r a n s-
mi ssi on bel t s, su ch a s fl a t bel t s, r ou n d
bel t s, V-bel t s, et c. , u n l ess ot h er wi se
speci fi ed.
(2) Belt sh if t er mea n s a devi ce for me-
ch a n i ca l l y sh i ft i n g bel t s fr om t i gh t t o
l oose pu l l ey s or vi ce ver sa , or for sh i ft -
i n g bel t s on con es of speed pu l l ey s.
(3) Belt pole (somet i mes ca l l ed a belt
sh ipper or sh ipper pole, ) mea n s a devi ce
u sed i n sh i ft i n g bel t s on a n d off fi xed
pu l l ey s on l i n e or cou n t er sh a ft wh er e
t h er e a r e n o l oose pu l l ey s.
(4) Exposed t o con t act mea n s t h a t t h e
l oca t i on of a n obj ect i s su ch t h a t a per -
son i s l i k el y t o come i n t o con t a ct wi t h
i t a n d be i n j u r ed.
(5) Fly wh eels i n cl u de fl y wh eel s, ba l -
a n ce wh eel s, a n d fl y wh eel pu l l ey s
mou n t ed a n d r evol vi n g on cr a n k sh a ft
of en gi n e or ot h er sh a ft i n g.
(6) Main t en an ce ru n way mea n s a n y
per ma n en t r u n wa y or pl a t for m u sed for
oi l i n g, ma i n t en a n ce, r u n n i n g a dj u st -
men t , or r epa i r wor k , bu t n ot for pa s-
sa gewa y .
(7) Nip-poin t belt an d pu lley gu ard
mea n s a devi ce wh i ch en cl oses t h e pu l -
l ey a n d i s pr ovi ded wi t h r ou n ded or
r ol l ed edge sl ot s t h r ou gh wh i ch t h e
bel t pa sses.
(8) Poin t of operat ion mea n s t h a t
poi n t a t wh i ch cu t t i n g, sh a pi n g, or
for mi n g i s a ccompl i sh ed u pon t h e
st ock a n d sh a l l i n cl u de su ch ot h er
poi n t s a s ma y offer a h a za r d t o t h e op-
er a t or i n i n ser t i n g or ma n i pu l a t i n g t h e
st ock i n t h e oper a t i on of t h e ma ch i n e.
(9) Prime movers i n cl u de st ea m, ga s,
oi l , a n d a i r en gi n es, mot or s, st ea m a n d
h y dr a u l i c t u r bi n es, a n d ot h er equ i p-
men t u sed a s a sou r ce of power .
(10) Sh eaves mea n gr ooved pu l l ey s,
a n d sh a l l be so cl a ssi fi ed u n l ess u sed a s
fl y wh eel s.
F R 41846, Dec. 3, 1974; 53 F R 8353, Ma r . 14,
1988]
1910.212 General requirements for all
machines.
(a ) Mach in e gu ardin g(1) T y pes of
gu ardin g. On e or mor e met h ods of ma -
ch i n e gu a r di n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr ot ect t h e oper a t or a n d ot h er empl oy -
ees i n t h e ma ch i n e a r ea fr om h a za r ds
su ch a s t h ose cr ea t ed by poi n t of oper -
a t i on , i n goi n g n i p poi n t s, r ot a t i n g
pa r t s, fl y i n g ch i ps a n d spa r k s. Exa m-
pl es of gu a r di n g met h ods a r eba r r i er
gu a r ds, t wo-h a n d t r i ppi n g devi ces, el ec-
t r on i c sa fet y devi ces, et c.
(2) Gen eral requ iremen t s f or mach in e
gu ards. Gu a r ds sh a l l be a ffi xed t o t h e
ma ch i n e wh er e possi bl e a n d secu r ed
el sewh er e i f for a n y r ea son a t t a ch men t
t o t h e ma ch i n e i s n ot possi bl e. Th e
gu a r d sh a l l be su ch t h a t i t does n ot
offer a n a cci den t h a za r d i n i t sel f.
(3) Poin t of operat ion gu ardin g. (i )
P oi n t of oper a t i on i s t h e a r ea on a ma -
ch i n e wh er e wor k i s a ct u a l l y per for med
u pon t h e ma t er i a l bei n g pr ocessed.
(i i ) Th e poi n t of oper a t i on of ma -
ch i n es wh ose oper a t i on exposes a n em-
pl oy ee t o i n j u r y , sh a l l be gu a r ded. Th e
gu a r di n g devi ce sh a l l be i n con for mi t y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
607
wi t h a n y a ppr opr i a t e st a n da r ds t h er e-
for , or , i n t h e a bsen ce of a ppl i ca bl e spe-
ci fi c st a n da r ds, sh a l l be so desi gn ed
a n d con st r u ct ed a s t o pr even t t h e oper -
a t or fr om h a vi n g a n y pa r t of h i s body
i n t h e da n ger zon e du r i n g t h e oper a t i n g
cy cl e.
(i i i ) S peci a l h a n dt ool s for pl a ci n g a n d
r emovi n g ma t er i a l sh a l l be su ch a s t o
per mi t ea sy h a n dl i n g of ma t er i a l wi t h -
ou t t h e oper a t or pl a ci n g a h a n d i n t h e
da n ger zon e. S u ch t ool s sh a l l n ot be i n
l i eu of ot h er gu a r di n g r equ i r ed by t h i s
sect i on , bu t ca n on l y be u sed t o su ppl e-
men t pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded.
(i v) Th e fol l owi n g a r e some of t h e
ma ch i n es wh i ch u su a l l y r equ i r e poi n t
of oper a t i on gu a r di n g:
(a) Gu i l l ot i n e cu t t er s.
(b) S h ea r s.
(c) Al l i ga t or sh ea r s.
(d) P ower pr esses.
(e) Mi l l i n g ma ch i n es.
(f ) P ower sa ws.
(g) J oi n t er s.
(h ) P or t a bl e power t ool s.
(i) F or mi n g r ol l s a n d ca l en der s.
(4) Barrels, con t ain ers, an d dru ms. Re-
vol vi n g dr u ms, ba r r el s, a n d con t a i n er s
sh a l l be gu a r ded by a n en cl osu r e wh i ch
i s i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e dr i ve mech a -
n i sm, so t h a t t h e ba r r el , dr u m, or con -
t a i n er ca n n ot r evol ve u n l ess t h e gu a r d
en cl osu r e i s i n pl a ce.
(5) Exposu re of blades. Wh en t h e pe-
r i ph er y of t h e bl a des of a fa n i s l ess
t h a n seven (7) feet a bove t h e fl oor or
wor k i n g l evel , t h e bl a des sh a l l be
gu a r ded. Th e gu a r d sh a l l h a ve open i n gs
n o l a r ger t h a n on e-h a l f (
1
2) i n ch .
(b) An ch orin g f ixed mach in ery . Ma -
ch i n es desi gn ed for a fi xed l oca t i on
sh a l l be secu r el y a n ch or ed t o pr even t
wa l k i n g or movi n g.
1910.213 Woodworking machinery re-
quirements.
(a ) Mach in e con st ru ct ion gen eral. (1)
Ea ch ma ch i n e sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed
a s t o be fr ee fr om sen si bl e vi br a t i on
wh en t h e l a r gest si ze t ool i s mou n t ed
a n d r u n i dl e a t fu l l speed.
(2) Ar bor s a n d ma n dr el s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed so a s t o h a ve fi r m a n d secu r e
bea r i n g a n d be fr ee fr om pl a y .
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) An y a u t oma t i c cu t off sa w t h a t
st r ok es con t i n u ou sl y wi t h ou t t h e oper -
a t or bei n g a bl e t o con t r ol ea ch st r ok e
sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(5) S a w fr a mes or t a bl es sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed wi t h l u gs ca st on t h e fr a me or
wi t h a n equ i va l en t mea n s t o l i mi t t h e
si ze of t h e sa w bl a de t h a t ca n be
mou n t ed, so a s t o a voi d over speed
ca u sed by mou n t i n g a sa w l a r ger t h a n
i n t en ded.
(6) Ci r cu l a r sa w fen ces sh a l l be so
con st r u ct ed t h a t t h ey ca n be fi r ml y se-
cu r ed t o t h e t a bl e or t a bl e a ssembl y
wi t h ou t ch a n gi n g t h ei r a l i gn men t wi t h
t h e sa w. F or sa ws wi t h t i l t i n g t a bl es or
t i l t i n g a r bor s t h e fen ce sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t i t wi l l r ema i n i n a l i n e
pa r a l l el wi t h t h e sa w, r ega r dl ess of t h e
a n gl e of t h e sa w wi t h t h e t a bl e.
(7) Ci r cu l a r sa w ga ges sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed a s t o sl i de i n gr ooves or
t r a ck s t h a t a r e a ccu r a t el y ma ch i n ed,
t o i n su r e exa ct a l i gn men t wi t h t h e sa w
for a l l posi t i on s of t h e gu i de.
(8) Hi n ged sa w t a bl es sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e t a bl e ca n be fi r ml y
secu r ed i n a n y posi t i on a n d i n t r u e
a l i gn men t wi t h t h e sa w.
(9) Al l bel t s, pu l l ey s, gea r s, sh a ft s,
a n d movi n g pa r t s sh a l l be gu a r ded i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e speci fi c r equ i r e-
men t s of 1910. 219.
(10) I t i s r ecommen ded t h a t ea ch
power -dr i ven woodwor k i n g ma ch i n e be
pr ovi ded wi t h a di scon n ect swi t ch t h a t
ca n be l ock ed i n t h e off posi t i on .
(11) Th e fr a mes a n d a l l exposed, n on -
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of por t -
a bl e el ect r i c woodwor k i n g ma ch i n er y
oper a t ed a t mor e t h a n 90 vol t s t o
gr ou n d sh a l l be gr ou n ded a n d ot h er
por t a bl e mot or s dr i vi n g el ect r i c t ool s
wh i ch a r e h el d i n t h e h a n d wh i l e bei n g
oper a t ed sh a l l be gr ou n ded i f t h ey op-
er a t e a t mor e t h a n 90 vol t s t o gr ou n d.
Th e gr ou n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded t h r ou gh
u se of a sepa r a t e gr ou n d wi r e a n d po-
l a r i zed pl u g a n d r ecept a cl e.
(12) F or a l l ci r cu l a r sa ws wh er e con -
di t i on s a r e su ch t h a t t h er e i s a possi -
bi l i t y of con t a ct wi t h t h e por t i on of
t h e sa w ei t h er ben ea t h or beh i n d t h e
t a bl e, t h a t por t i on of t h e sa w sh a l l be
cover ed wi t h a n exh a u st h ood, or , i f n o
exh a u st sy st em i s r equ i r ed, wi t h a
gu a r d t h a t sh a l l be so a r r a n ged a s t o
pr even t a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h t h e
sa w.
(13) Revol vi n g dou bl e a r bor sa ws
sh a l l be fu l l y gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
608
wi t h a l l t h e r equ i r emen t s for ci r cu l a r
cr osscu t sa ws or wi t h a l l t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for ci r cu l a r r i psa ws, a ccor di n g
t o t h e k i n d of sa ws mou n t ed on t h e a r -
bor s.
(14) No sa w, cu t t er h ea d, or t ool col -
l a r sh a l l be pl a ced or mou n t ed on a ma -
ch i n e a r bor u n l ess t h e t ool h a s been a c-
cu r a t el y ma ch i n ed t o si ze a n d sh a pe t o
fi t t h e a r bor .
(15) Combs (fea t h er boa r ds) or su i t a bl e
j i gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e wor k pl a ce
for u se wh en a st a n da r d gu a r d ca n n ot
be u sed, a s i n da doi n g, gr oovi n g, j oi n t -
i n g, mou l di n g, a n d r a bbet i n g.
(b) Mach in e con t rols an d equ ipmen t . (1)
A mech a n i ca l or el ect r i ca l power con -
t r ol sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ea ch ma ch i n e
t o ma k e i t possi bl e for t h e oper a t or t o
cu t off t h e power fr om ea ch ma ch i n e
wi t h ou t l ea vi n g h i s posi t i on a t t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on .
(2) On ma ch i n es dr i ven by bel t s a n d
sh a ft i n g, a l ock i n g-t y pe bel t sh i ft er or
a n equ i va l en t posi t i ve devi ce sh a l l be
u sed.
(3) On a ppl i ca t i on s wh er e i n j u r y t o
t h e oper a t or mi gh t r esu l t i f mot or s
wer e t o r est a r t a ft er power fa i l u r es,
pr ovi si on sh a l l be ma de t o pr even t ma -
ch i n es fr om a u t oma t i ca l l y r est a r t i n g
u pon r est or a t i on of power .
(4) P ower con t r ol s a n d oper a t i n g con -
t r ol s sh ou l d be l oca t ed wi t h i n ea sy
r ea ch of t h e oper a t or wh i l e h e i s a t h i s
r egu l a r wor k l oca t i on , ma k i n g i t u n -
n ecessa r y for h i m t o r ea ch over t h e
cu t t er t o ma k e a dj u st men t s. Th i s does
n ot a ppl y t o con st a n t pr essu r e con t r ol s
u sed on l y for set u p pu r poses.
(5) On ea ch ma ch i n e oper a t ed by el ec-
t r i c mot or s, posi t i ve mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for r en der i n g su ch con t r ol s or
devi ces i n oper a t i ve wh i l e r epa i r s or a d-
j u st men t s a r e bei n g ma de t o t h e ma -
ch i n es t h ey con t r ol .
(6) Ea ch oper a t i n g t r ea dl e sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st u n expect ed or a cci -
den t a l t r i ppi n g.
(7) F eeder a t t a ch men t s sh a l l h a ve t h e
feed r ol l s or ot h er movi n g pa r t s so cov-
er ed or gu a r ded a s t o pr ot ect t h e oper -
a t or fr om h a za r dou s poi n t s.
(c) Han d-f ed ripsaws. (1) Ea ch ci r cu l a r
h a n d-fed r i psa w sh a l l be gu a r ded by a
h ood wh i ch sh a l l compl et el y en cl ose
t h a t por t i on of t h e sa w a bove t h e t a bl e
a n d t h a t por t i on of t h e sa w a bove t h e
ma t er i a l bei n g cu t . Th e h ood a n d
mou n t i n g sh a l l be a r r a n ged so t h a t t h e
h ood wi l l a u t oma t i ca l l y a dj u st i t sel f t o
t h e t h i ck n ess of a n d r ema i n i n con t a ct
wi t h t h e ma t er i a l bei n g cu t bu t i t sh a l l
n ot offer a n y con si der a bl e r esi st a n ce t o
i n ser t i on of ma t er i a l t o sa w or t o pa s-
sa ge of t h e ma t er i a l bei n g sa wed. Th e
h ood sh a l l be ma de of a dequ a t e
st r en gt h t o r esi st bl ows a n d st r a i n s i n -
ci den t a l t o r ea son a bl e oper a t i on , a d-
j u st i n g, a n d h a n dl i n g, a n d sh a l l be so
desi gn ed a s t o pr ot ect t h e oper a t or
fr om fl y i n g spl i n t er s a n d br ok en sa w
t eet h . I t sh a l l be ma de of ma t er i a l t h a t
i s soft en ou gh so t h a t i t wi l l be u n -
l i k el y t o ca u se t oot h br ea k a ge. Th e
h ood sh a l l be so mou n t ed a s t o i n su r e
t h a t i t s oper a t i on wi l l be posi t i ve, r el i -
a bl e, a n d i n t r u e a l i gn men t wi t h t h e
sa w; a n d t h e mou n t i n g sh a l l be a de-
qu a t e i n st r en gt h t o r esi st a n y r ea son -
a bl e si de t h r u st or ot h er for ce t en di n g
t o t h r ow i t ou t of l i n e.
(2) Ea ch h a n d-fed ci r cu l a r r i psa w
sh a l l be fu r n i sh ed wi t h a spr ea der t o
pr even t ma t er i a l fr om squ eezi n g t h e
sa w or bei n g t h r own ba ck on t h e oper -
a t or . Th e spr ea der sh a l l be ma de of
h a r d t emper ed st eel , or i t s equ i va l en t ,
a n d sh a l l be t h i n n er t h a n t h e sa w k er f.
I t sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t wi dt h t o pr o-
vi de a dequ a t e st i ffn ess or r i gi di t y t o
r esi st a n y r ea son a bl e si de t h r u st or
bl ow t en di n g t o ben d or t h r ow i t ou t of
posi t i on . Th e spr ea der sh a l l be a t -
t a ch ed so t h a t i t wi l l r ema i n i n t r u e
a l i gn men t wi t h t h e sa w even wh en ei -
t h er t h e sa w or t a bl e i s t i l t ed. Th e pr o-
vi si on of a spr ea der i n con n ect i on wi t h
gr oovi n g, da doi n g, or r a bbet i n g i s n ot
r equ i r ed. On t h e compl et i on of su ch op-
er a t i on s, t h e spr ea der sh a l l be i mme-
di a t el y r epl a ced.
(3) Ea ch h a n d-fed ci r cu l a r r i psa w
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h n on k i ck ba ck
fi n ger s or dogs so l oca t ed a s t o oppose
t h e t h r u st or t en den cy of t h e sa w t o
pi ck u p t h e ma t er i a l or t o t h r ow i t
ba ck t owa r d t h e oper a t or . Th ey sh a l l
be desi gn ed t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e h ol d-
i n g power for a l l t h e t h i ck n esses of ma -
t er i a l s bei n g cu t .
(d) Han d-f ed crosscu t t able saws. (1)
Ea ch ci r cu l a r cr osscu t t a bl e sa w sh a l l
be gu a r ded by a h ood wh i ch sh a l l meet
a l l t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(1)
of t h i s sect i on for h oods for ci r cu l a r
r i psa ws.
(2) [Reser ved]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
609
(e) Circu lar resaws. (1) Ea ch ci r cu l a r
r esa w sh a l l be gu a r ded by a h ood or
sh i el d of met a l a bove t h e sa w. Th i s
h ood or sh i el d sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s
t o gu a r d a ga i n st da n ger fr om fl y i n g
spl i n t er s or br ok en sa w t eet h .
(2) Ea ch ci r cu l a r r esa w (ot h er t h a n
sel f-feed sa ws wi t h a r ol l er or wh eel a t
ba ck of t h e sa w) sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
a spr ea der fa st en ed secu r el y beh i n d t h e
sa w. Th e spr ea der sh a l l be sl i gh t l y
t h i n n er t h a n t h e sa w k er f a n d sl i gh t l y
t h i ck er t h a n t h e sa w di sk .
(f) Self -f eed circu lar saws. (1) F eed
r ol l s a n d sa ws sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
h ood or gu a r d t o pr even t t h e h a n ds of
t h e oper a t or fr om comi n g i n con t a ct
wi t h t h e i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s a t a n y poi n t .
Th e gu a r d sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of
h ea vy ma t er i a l , pr efer a bl y met a l , a n d
t h e bot t om of t h e gu a r d sh a l l come
down t o wi t h i n t h r ee-ei gh t h s i n ch of
t h e pl a n e for med by t h e bot t om or
wor k i n g su r fa ces of t h e feed r ol l s. Th i s
di st a n ce (t h r ee-ei gh t h s i n ch ) ma y be
i n cr ea sed t o t h r ee-fou r t h s i n ch , pr o-
vi ded t h e l ea d edge of t h e h ood i s ex-
t en ded t o be n ot l ess t h a n 5
1
2 i n ch es i n
fr on t of t h e n i p poi n t bet ween t h e fr on t
r ol l a n d t h e wor k .
(2) Ea ch sel f-feed ci r cu l a r r i psa w
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h sect i on a l n on -
k i ck ba ck fi n ger s for t h e fu l l wi dt h of
t h e feed r ol l s. Th ey sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
fr on t of t h e sa w a n d so a r r a n ged a s t o
be i n con t i n u a l con t a ct wi t h t h e wood
bei n g fed.
(g) Swin g cu t of f saws. Th e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a r e a l so a ppl i -
ca bl e t o sl i di n g cu t off sa ws mou n t ed
a bove t h e t a bl e.
(1) Ea ch swi n g cu t off sa w sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a h ood t h a t wi l l com-
pl et el y en cl ose t h e u pper h a l f of t h e
sa w, t h e a r bor en d, a n d t h e poi n t of op-
er a t i on a t a l l posi t i on s of t h e sa w. Th e
h ood sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n su ch a
ma n n er a n d of su ch ma t er i a l t h a t i t
wi l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or fr om fl y i n g
spl i n t er s a n d br ok en sa w t eet h . I t s
h ood sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t i t wi l l
a u t oma t i ca l l y cover t h e l ower por t i on
of t h e bl a de, so t h a t wh en t h e sa w i s
r et u r n ed t o t h e ba ck of t h e t a bl e t h e
h ood wi l l r i se on t op of t h e fen ce, a n d
wh en t h e sa w i s moved for wa r d t h e
h ood wi l l dr op on t op of a n d r ema i n i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e t a bl e or ma t er i a l
bei n g cu t .
(2) Ea ch swi n g cu t off sa w sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a n effect i ve devi ce t o r e-
t u r n t h e sa w a u t oma t i ca l l y t o t h e ba ck
of t h e t a bl e wh en r el ea sed a t a n y poi n t
of i t s t r a vel . S u ch a devi ce sh a l l n ot
depen d for i t s pr oper fu n ct i on i n g u pon
a n y r ope, cor d, or spr i n g. I f t h er e i s a
cou n t er wei gh t , t h e bol t s su ppor t i n g
t h e ba r a n d cou n t er wei gh t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h cot t er pi n s; a n d t h e cou n -
t er wei gh t sh a l l be pr even t ed fr om dr op-
pi n g by ei t h er a bol t pa ssi n g t h r ou gh
bot h t h e ba r a n d cou n t er wei gh t , or a
bol t pu t t h r ou gh t h e ext r eme en d of
t h e ba r , or , wh er e t h e cou n t er wei gh t
does n ot en ci r cl e t h e ba r , a sa fet y
ch a i n a t t a ch ed t o i t .
(3) Li mi t ch a i n s or ot h er equ a l l y ef-
fect i ve devi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr e-
ven t t h e sa w fr om swi n gi n g bey on d t h e
fr on t or ba ck edges of t h e t a bl e, or be-
y on d a for wa r d posi t i on wh er e t h e gu l -
l et s of t h e l owest sa w t eet h wi l l r i se
a bove t h e t a bl e t op.
(4) I n ver t ed swi n g cu t off sa ws sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a h ood t h a t wi l l cover
t h e pa r t of t h e sa w t h a t pr ot r u des
a bove t h e t op of t h e t a bl e or a bove t h e
ma t er i a l bei n g cu t . I t sh a l l a u t oma t i -
ca l l y a dj u st i t sel f t o t h e t h i ck n ess of
a n d r ema i n i n con t a ct wi t h t h e ma t e-
r i a l bei n g cu t .
(h ) Radial saws. (1) Th e u pper h ood
sh a l l compl et el y en cl ose t h e u pper por -
t i on of t h e bl a de down t o a poi n t t h a t
wi l l i n cl u de t h e en d of t h e sa w a r bor .
Th e u pper h ood sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n
su ch a ma n n er a n d of su ch ma t er i a l
t h a t i t wi l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or fr om
fl y i n g spl i n t er s, br ok en sa w t eet h , et c. ,
a n d wi l l defl ect sa wdu st a wa y fr om t h e
oper a t or . Th e si des of t h e l ower ex-
posed por t i on of t h e bl a de sh a l l be
gu a r ded t o t h e fu l l di a met er of t h e
bl a de by a devi ce t h a t wi l l a u t oma t i -
ca l l y a dj u st i t sel f t o t h e t h i ck n ess of
t h e st ock a n d r ema i n i n con t a ct wi t h
st ock bei n g cu t t o gi ve ma xi mu m pr o-
t ect i on possi bl e for t h e oper a t i on bei n g
per for med.
(2) Ea ch r a di a l sa w u sed for r i ppi n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h n on k i ck ba ck
fi n ger s or dogs l oca t ed on bot h si des of
t h e sa w so a s t o oppose t h e t h r u st or
t en den cy of t h e sa w t o pi ck u p t h e ma -
t er i a l or t o t h r ow i t ba ck t owa r d t h e
oper a t or . Th ey sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
pr ovi de a dequ a t e h ol di n g power for a l l
t h e t h i ck n esses of ma t er i a l bei n g cu t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
610
(3) An a dj u st a bl e st op sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o pr even t t h e for wa r d t r a vel of
t h e bl a de bey on d t h e posi t i on n ec-
essa r y t o compl et e t h e cu t i n r epet i t i ve
oper a t i on s.
(4) I n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be i n su ch a
ma n n er t h a t t h e fr on t en d of t h e u n i t
wi l l be sl i gh t l y h i gh er t h a n t h e r ea r , so
a s t o ca u se t h e cu t t i n g h ea d t o r et u r n
gen t l y t o t h e st a r t i n g posi t i on wh en
r el ea sed by t h e oper a t or .
(5) Ri ppi n g a n d pl ou gh i n g sh a l l be
a ga i n st t h e di r ect i on i n wh i ch t h e sa w
t u r n s. Th e di r ect i on of t h e sa w r ot a -
t i on sh a l l be con spi cu ou sl y ma r k ed on
t h e h ood. I n a ddi t i on , a per ma n en t
l a bel n ot l ess t h a n 1
1
2 i n ch es by
3
4 i n ch
sh a l l be a ffi xed t o t h e r ea r of t h e gu a r d
a t a ppr oxi ma t el y t h e l evel of t h e a r bor ,
r ea di n g a s fol l ows: Da n ger : Do Not
Ri p or P l ou gh F r om Th i s En d.
(i ) Ban dsaws an d ban d resaws. (1) Al l
por t i on s of t h e sa w bl a de sh a l l be en -
cl osed or gu a r ded, except for t h e wor k -
i n g por t i on of t h e bl a de bet ween t h e
bot t om of t h e gu i de r ol l s a n d t h e t a bl e.
Ba n dsa w wh eel s sh a l l be fu l l y en ca sed.
Th e ou t si de per i ph er y of t h e en cl osu r e
sh a l l be sol i d. Th e fr on t a n d ba ck of
t h e ba n d wh eel s sh a l l be ei t h er en -
cl osed by sol i d ma t er i a l or by wi r e
mesh or per for a t ed met a l . S u ch mesh
or per for a t ed met a l sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n 0. 037 i n ch (U. S . Ga ge No. 20), a n d
t h e open i n gs sh a l l be n ot gr ea t er t h a n
t h r ee-ei gh t h s i n ch . S ol i d ma t er i a l u sed
for t h i s pu r pose sh a l l be of a n equ i va -
l en t st r en gt h a n d fi r mn ess. Th e gu a r d
for t h e por t i on of t h e bl a de bet ween
t h e sl i di n g gu i de a n d t h e u pper -sa w-
wh eel gu a r d sh a l l pr ot ect t h e sa w bl a de
a t t h e fr on t a n d ou t er si de. Th i s por -
t i on of t h e gu a r d sh a l l be sel f-a dj u st i n g
t o r a i se a n d l ower wi t h t h e gu i de. Th e
u pper -wh eel gu a r d sh a l l be ma de t o
con for m t o t h e t r a vel of t h e sa w on t h e
wh eel .
(2) Ea ch ba n dsa w ma ch i n e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a t en si on con t r ol devi ce
t o i n di ca t e a pr oper t en si on for t h e
st a n da r d sa ws u sed on t h e ma ch i n e, i n
or der t o a ssi st i n t h e el i mi n a t i on of
sa w br ea k a ge du e t o i mpr oper t en si on .
(3) F eed r ol l s of ba n d r esa ws sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed wi t h a su i t a bl e gu a r d t o pr e-
ven t t h e h a n ds of t h e oper a t or fr om
comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e i n -r u n n i n g
r ol l s a t a n y poi n t . Th e gu a r d sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed of h ea vy ma t er i a l , pr ef-
er a bl y met a l , a n d t h e edge of t h e gu a r d
sh a l l come t o wi t h i n t h r ee-ei gh t h s i n ch
of t h e pl a n e for med by t h e i n si de fa ce
of t h e feed r ol l i n con t a ct wi t h t h e
st ock bei n g cu t .
(j ) Join t ers. (1) Ea ch h a n d-fed pl a n er
a n d j oi n t er wi t h h or i zon t a l h ea d sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a cy l i n dr i ca l cu t t i n g
h ea d, t h e k n i fe pr oj ect i on of wh i ch
sh a l l n ot exceed on e-ei gh t h i n ch be-
y on d t h e cy l i n dr i ca l body of t h e h ea d.
(2) Th e open i n g i n t h e t a bl e sh a l l be
k ept a s sma l l a s possi bl e. Th e cl ea r -
a n ce bet ween t h e edge of t h e r ea r t a bl e
a n d t h e cu t t er h ea d sh a l l be n ot mor e
t h a n on e-ei gh t h i n ch . Th e t a bl e t h r oa t
open i n g sh a l l be n ot mor e t h a n 2
1
2
i n ch es wh en t a bl es a r e set or a l i gn ed
wi t h ea ch ot h er for zer o cu t .
(3) Ea ch h a n d-fed j oi n t er wi t h a h or i -
zon t a l cu t t i n g h ea d sh a l l h a ve a n a u t o-
ma t i c gu a r d wh i ch wi l l cover a l l t h e
sect i on of t h e h ea d on t h e wor k i n g si de
of t h e fen ce or ga ge. Th e gu a r d sh a l l ef-
fect i vel y k eep t h e oper a t or s h a n d fr om
comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e r evol vi n g
k n i ves. Th e gu a r d sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y
a dj u st i t sel f t o cover t h e u n u sed por -
t i on of t h e h ea d a n d sh a l l r ema i n i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e ma t er i a l a t a l l t i mes.
(4) Ea ch h a n d-fed j oi n t er wi t h h or i -
zon t a l cu t t i n g h ea d sh a l l h a ve a gu a r d
wh i ch wi l l cover t h e sect i on of t h e
h ea d ba ck of t h e ga ge or fen ce.
(5) Ea ch wood j oi n t er wi t h ver t i ca l
h ea d sh a l l h a ve ei t h er a n exh a u st h ood
or ot h er gu a r d so a r r a n ged a s t o en -
cl ose compl et el y t h e r evol vi n g h ea d,
except for a sl ot of su ch wi dt h a s ma y
be n ecessa r y a n d con ven i en t for t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on of t h e ma t er i a l t o be j oi n t ed.
(k ) T en on in g mach in es. (1) F eed ch a i n s
a n d spr ock et s of a l l dou bl e en d
t en on i n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be compl et el y
en cl osed, except for t h a t por t i on of
ch a i n u sed for con vey i n g t h e st ock .
(2) At t h e r ea r en ds of fr a mes over
wh i ch feed con vey or s r u n , spr ock et s
a n d ch a i n s sh a l l be gu a r ded a t t h e si des
by pl a t es pr oj ect i n g bey on d t h e per i ph -
er y of spr ock et s a n d t h e en ds of l u gs.
(3) Ea ch t en on i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l h a ve
a l l cu t t i n g h ea ds, a n d sa ws i f u sed, cov-
er ed by met a l gu a r ds. Th ese gu a r ds
sh a l l cover a t l ea st t h e u n u sed pa r t of
t h e per i ph er y of t h e cu t t i n g h ea d. I f
su ch a gu a r d i s con st r u ct ed of sh eet
met a l , t h e ma t er i a l u sed sh a l l be n ot
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
611
l ess t h a n on e-si xt een t h i n ch i n t h i ck -
n ess, a n d i f ca st i r on i s u sed, i t sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n t h r ee-si xt een t h s i n ch i n
t h i ck n ess.
(4) Wh er e a n exh a u st sy st em i s u sed,
t h e gu a r d sh a l l for m pa r t or a l l of t h e
exh a u st h ood a n d sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
of met a l of a t h i ck n ess n ot l ess t h a n
t h a t speci fi ed i n su bpa r a gr a ph (3) of
(l ) Borin g an d mort isin g mach in es. (1)
S a fet y -bi t ch u ck s wi t h n o pr oj ect i n g
set scr ews sh a l l be u sed.
(2) Bor i n g bi t s sh ou l d be pr ovi ded
wi t h a gu a r d t h a t wi l l en cl ose a l l por -
t i on s of t h e bi t a n d ch u ck a bove t h e
ma t er i a l bei n g wor k ed.
(3) Th e t op of t h e cu t t i n g ch a i n a n d
dr i vi n g mech a n i sm sh a l l be en cl osed.
(4) I f t h er e i s a cou n t er wei gh t , on e of
t h e fol l owi n g or equ i va l en t mea n s sh a l l
be u sed t o pr even t i t s dr oppi n g:
(i ) I t sh a l l be bol t ed t o t h e ba r by
mea n s of a bol t pa ssi n g t h r ou gh bot h
ba r a n d cou n t er wei gh t ;
(i i ) A bol t sh a l l be pu t t h r ou gh t h e
ext r eme en d of t h e ba r ;
(i i i ) Wh er e t h e cou n t er wei gh t does
n ot en ci r cl e t h e ba r , a sa fet y ch a i n
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o i t ;
(i v) Ot h er t y pes of cou n t er wei gh t s
sh a l l be su spen ded by ch a i n or wi r e
r ope a n d sh a l l t r a vel i n a pi pe or ot h er
su i t a bl e en cl osu r e wh er ever t h ey mi gh t
fa l l a n d ca u se i n j u r y .
(5) Un i ver sa l j oi n t s on spi n dl es of
bor i n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be compl et el y
en cl osed i n su ch a wa y a s t o pr even t
a cci den t a l con t a ct by t h e oper a t or .
(6) Ea ch oper a t i n g t r ea dl e sh a l l be
cover ed by a n i n ver t ed U-sh a ped met a l
gu a r d, fa st en ed t o t h e fl oor , a n d of a de-
qu a t e si ze t o pr even t a cci den t a l t r i p-
pi n g.
(m) Wood sh apers an d similar equ ip-
men t . (1) Th e cu t t i n g h ea ds of ea ch
wood sh a per , h a n d-fed pa n el r a i ser , or
ot h er si mi l a r ma ch i n e n ot a u t oma t i -
ca l l y fed, sh a l l be en cl osed wi t h a ca ge
or a dj u st a bl e gu a r d so desi gn ed a s t o
k eep t h e oper a t or s h a n d a wa y fr om
t h e cu t t i n g edge. Th e di a met er of ci r -
cu l a r sh a per gu a r ds sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n t h e gr ea t est di a met er of t h e cu t -
t er . I n n o ca se sh a l l a wa r n i n g devi ce of
l ea t h er or ot h er ma t er i a l a t t a ch ed t o
t h e spi n dl e be a ccept a bl e.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Al l dou bl e-spi n dl e sh a per s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a spi n dl e st a r t i n g a n d
st oppi n g devi ce for ea ch spi n dl e.
(n ) Plan in g, moldin g, st ick in g, an d
mat ch in g mach in es. (1) Ea ch pl a n i n g,
mol di n g, st i ck i n g, a n d ma t ch i n g ma -
ch i n e sh a l l h a ve a l l cu t t i n g h ea ds, a n d
sa ws i f u sed, cover ed by a met a l gu a r d.
I f su ch gu a r d i s con st r u ct ed of sh eet
met a l , t h e ma t er i a l u sed sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n
1
16 i n ch i n t h i ck n ess, a n d i f
ca st i r on i s u sed, i t sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n t h r ee-si xt een t h s i n ch i n t h i ck -
n ess.
t h e gu a r ds sh a l l for m pa r t or a l l of t h e
t h a t speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(1) of
t h i s sect i on .
(3) F eed r ol l s sh a l l be gu a r ded by a
h ood or su i t a bl e gu a r d t o pr even t t h e
h a n ds of t h e oper a t or fr om comi n g i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s a t
a n y poi n t . Th e gu a r d sh a l l be fa st en ed
t o t h e fr a me ca r r y i n g t h e r ol l s so a s t o
r ema i n i n a dj u st men t for a n y t h i ck -
n ess of st ock .
(4) S u r fa cer s or pl a n er s u sed i n
t h i ck n essi n g mu l t i pl e pi eces of ma t e-
r i a l si mu l t a n eou sl y sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h sect i on a l i n feed r ol l s h a vi n g su ffi -
ci en t y i el d i n t h e con st r u ct i on of t h e
sect i on s t o pr ovi de feedi n g con t a ct
pr essu r e on t h e st ock , over t h e per mi s-
si bl e r a n ge of va r i a t i on i n st ock t h i ck -
n ess speci fi ed or for wh i ch t h e ma ch i n e
i s desi gn ed. I n l i eu of su ch y i el di n g sec-
t i on a l r ol l s, su i t a bl e sect i on k i ck ba ck
fi n ger devi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e
i n feed en d.
(o) Prof ile an d swin g-h ead lat h es an d
wood h eel t u rn in g mach in e. (1) Ea ch pr o-
fi l e a n d swi n g-h ea d l a t h e sh a l l h a ve a l l
cu t t i n g h ea ds cover ed by a met a l
gu a r d. I f su ch a gu a r d i s con st r u ct ed of
sh eet met a l , t h e ma t er i a l u sed sh a l l be
n ot l ess t h a n on e-si xt een t h i n ch i n
t h i ck n ess; a n d i f ca st i r on i s u sed, i t
sh a l l n ot be l ess t h a n t h r ee-si xt een t h s
i n ch i n t h i ck n ess.
(2) Cu t t i n g h ea ds on wood-t u r n i n g
l a t h es, wh et h er r ot a t i n g or n ot , sh a l l
be cover ed a s compl et el y a s possi bl e by
h oods or sh i el ds.
(3) S h oe l a st a n d spok e l a t h es,
dowel i n g ma ch i n es, wood h eel t u r n i n g
ma ch i n es, a n d ot h er a u t oma t i c wood-
t u r n i n g l a t h es of t h e r ot a t i n g k n i fe
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
612
t y pe sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h h oods en -
cl osi n g t h e cu t t er bl a des compl et el y
except a t t h e con t a ct poi n t s wh i l e t h e
st ock i s bei n g cu t .
(4) La t h es u sed for t u r n i n g l on g
pi eces of wood st ock h el d on l y bet ween
t h e t wo cen t er s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
l on g cu r ved gu a r ds ext en di n g over t h e
t ops of t h e l a t h es i n or der t o pr even t
t h e wor k pi eces fr om bei n g t h r own ou t
of t h e ma ch i n es i f t h ey sh ou l d become
l oose.
t h e gu a r d sh a l l for m pa r t or a l l of t h e
t h a t speci fi ed i n su bpa r a gr a ph (1) of
(p) San din g mach in es. (1) F eed r ol l s of
sel f-feed sa n di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wi t h a semi cy l i n dr i ca l gu a r d t o
pr even t t h e h a n ds of t h e oper a t or fr om
comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e i n -r u n n i n g
r ol l s a t a n y poi n t . Th e gu a r d sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed of h ea vy ma t er i a l , pr ef-
er a bl y met a l , a n d fi r ml y secu r ed t o t h e
fr a me ca r r y i n g t h e r ol l s so a s t o r e-
ma i n i n a dj u st men t for a n y t h i ck n ess
of st ock . Th e bot t om of t h e gu a r d
sh ou l d come down t o wi t h i n t h r ee-
ei gh t h s i n ch of a pl a n e for med by t h e
bot t om or con t a ct fa ce of t h e feed r ol l
wh er e i t t ou ch es t h e st ock .
(2) Ea ch dr u m sa n di n g ma ch i n e sh a l l
h a ve a n exh a u st h ood, or ot h er gu a r d i f
n o exh a u st sy st em i s r equ i r ed, so a r -
r a n ged a s t o en cl ose t h e r evol vi n g
dr u m, except for t h a t por t i on of t h e
dr u m a bove t h e t a bl e, i f a t a bl e i s u sed,
wh i ch ma y be n ecessa r y a n d con ven -
i en t for t h e a ppl i ca t i on of t h e ma t er i a l
t o be fi n i sh ed.
(3) Ea ch di sk sa n di n g ma ch i n e sh a l l
h a ve t h e exh a u st h ood, or ot h er gu a r d
i f n o exh a u st sy st em i s r equ i r ed, so a r -
r a n ged a s t o en cl ose t h e r evol vi n g di sk ,
except for t h a t por t i on of t h e di sk
a bove t h e t a bl e, i f a t a bl e i s u sed,
wh i ch ma y be n ecessa r y for t h e a ppl i -
ca t i on of t h e ma t er i a l t o be fi n i sh ed.
(4) Bel t sa n di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h gu a r ds a t ea ch n i p poi n t
wh er e t h e sa n di n g bel t r u n s on t o a
pu l l ey . Th ese gu a r ds sh a l l effect i vel y
pr even t t h e h a n ds or fi n ger s of t h e op-
er a t or fr om comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e
n i p poi n t s. Th e u n u sed r u n of t h e sa n d-
i n g bel t sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci -
den t a l con t a ct .
(q) Ven eer cu t t ers an d wrin gers. (1) Ve-
n eer sl i cer k n i ves sh a l l be gu a r ded t o
pr even t a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h k n i fe
edge, a t bot h fr on t a n d r ea r .
(2) Ven eer cl i pper s sh a l l h a ve a u t o-
ma t i c feed or sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
gu a r d wh i ch wi l l ma k e i t i mpossi bl e t o
pl a ce a fi n ger or fi n ger s u n der t h e
k n i fe wh i l e feedi n g or r emovi n g t h e
st ock .
(3) S pr ock et s on ch a i n or sl a t -bel t
con vey or s sh a l l be en cl osed.
(4) Wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e, h a n d a n d
foot power gu i l l ot i n e ven eer cu t t er s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h r ods or pl a t es or
ot h er sa t i sfa ct or y mea n s, so a r r a n ged
on t h e feedi n g si de t h a t t h e h a n ds ca n -
n ot r ea ch t h e cu t t i n g edge of t h e k n i fe
wh i l e feedi n g or h ol di n g t h e st ock i n
pl a ce.
(5) P ower -dr i ven gu i l l ot i n e ven eer
cu t t er s, except con t i n u ou s feed t r i m-
mer s, sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h :
(i ) S t a r t i n g devi ces wh i ch r equ i r e t h e
si mu l t a n eou s a ct i on of bot h h a n ds t o
st a r t t h e cu t t i n g mot i on a n d of a t l ea st
on e h a n d on a con t r ol du r i n g t h e com-
pl et e st r ok e of t h e k n i fe; or
(i i ) An a u t oma t i c gu a r d wh i ch wi l l
r emove t h e h a n ds of t h e oper a t or fr om
t h e da n ger zon e a t ever y descen t of t h e
bl a de, u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h on e-
h a n d st a r t i n g devi ces wh i ch r equ i r e
t wo di st i n ct movemen t s of t h e devi ce
t o st a r t t h e cu t t i n g mot i on , a n d so de-
si gn ed a s t o r et u r n posi t i vel y t o t h e
n on st a r t i n g posi t i on a ft er ea ch com-
pl et e cy cl e of t h e k n i fe.
(6) Wh er e t wo or mor e wor k er s a r e
empl oy ed a t t h e sa me t i me on t h e
sa me power -dr i ven gu i l l ot i n e ven eer
cu t t er equ i pped wi t h t wo-h a n d con t r ol ,
t h e devi ce sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t
ea ch wor k er sh a l l be r equ i r ed t o u se
bot h h a n ds si mu l t a n eou sl y on t h e con -
t r ol s t o st a r t t h e cu t t i n g mot i on , a n d
a t l ea st on e h a n d on a con t r ol t o com-
pl et e t h e cu t .
(7) P ower -dr i ven gu i l l ot i n e ven eer
cu t t er s, ot h er t h a n con t i n u ou s t r i m-
mer s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded, i n a ddi t i on t o
t h e br a k e or ot h er st oppi n g mech a -
n i sm, wi t h a n emer gen cy devi ce wh i ch
wi l l pr even t t h e ma ch i n e fr om oper -
a t i n g i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of t h e
br a k e wh en t h e st a r t i n g mech a n i sm i s
i n t h e n on st a r t i n g posi t i on .
(r ) Miscellan eou s woodwork in g ma-
ch in es. (1) Th e feed r ol l s of r ol l t y pe
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
613
gl u e spr ea der s sh a l l be gu a r ded by a
semi cy l i n dr i ca l gu a r d. Th e bot t om of
t h e gu a r d sh a l l come t o wi t h i n t h r ee-
ei gh t h s i n ch of a pl a n e for med by bot -
t om or con t a ct fa ce of t h e feed r ol l
wh er e i t t ou ch es t h e st ock .
(2) Dr a g sa ws sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s t o
gi ve a t l ea st a 4-foot cl ea r a n ce for pa s-
sa ge wh en t h e sa w i s a t t h e ext r eme
en d of t h e st r ok e; or i f su ch cl ea r a n ce
i s n ot obt a i n a bl e, t h e sa w a n d i t s dr i v-
i n g mech a n i sm sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
st a n da r d en cl osu r e.
(3) F or combi n a t i on or u n i ver sa l
woodwor k i n g ma ch i n es ea ch poi n t of
oper a t i on of a n y t ool sh a l l be gu a r ded
a s r equ i r ed for su ch a t ool i n a sepa r a t e
ma ch i n e.
(4) Th e men t i on of speci fi c ma ch i n es
i n pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r u (q) a n d t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (r ) of t h i s sect i on , i n cl u si ve,
i s n ot i n t en ded t o excl u de ot h er wood-
wor k i n g ma ch i n es fr om t h e r equ i r e-
men t t h a t su i t a bl e gu a r ds a n d exh a u st
h oods be pr ovi ded t o r edu ce t o a mi n -
i mu m t h e h a za r d du e t o t h e poi n t of
oper a t i on of su ch ma ch i n es.
(s) I n spect ion an d main t en an ce of
woodwork in g mach in ery . (1) Du l l , ba dl y
set , i mpr oper l y fi l ed, or i mpr oper l y
t en si on ed sa ws sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y
r emoved fr om ser vi ce, befor e t h ey
begi n t o ca u se t h e ma t er i a l t o st i ck ,
j a m, or k i ck ba ck wh en i t i s fed t o t h e
sa w a t n or ma l speed. S a ws t o wh i ch
gu m h a s a dh er ed on t h e si des sh a l l be
i mmedi a t el y cl ea n ed.
(2) Al l k n i ves a n d cu t t i n g h ea ds of
woodwor k i n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be k ept
sh a r p, pr oper l y a dj u st ed, a n d fi r ml y se-
cu r ed. Wh er e t wo or mor e k n i ves a r e
u sed i n on e h ea d, t h ey sh a l l be pr oper l y
ba l a n ced.
(3) Bea r i n gs sh a l l be k ept fr ee fr om
l ost mot i on a n d sh a l l be wel l l u br i -
ca t ed.
(4) Ar bor s of a l l ci r cu l a r sa ws sh a l l be
fr ee fr om pl a y .
(5) S h a r pen i n g or t en si on i n g of sa w
bl a des or cu t t er s sh a l l be don e on l y by
per son s of demon st r a t ed sk i l l i n t h i s
k i n d of wor k .
(6) Emph a si s i s pl a ced u pon t h e i m-
por t a n ce of ma i n t a i n i n g cl ea n l i n ess
a r ou n d woodwor k i n g ma ch i n er y , pa r -
t i cu l a r l y a s r ega r ds t h e effect i ve fu n c-
t i on i n g of gu a r ds a n d t h e pr even t i on of
fi r e h a za r ds i n swi t ch en cl osu r es, bea r -
i n gs, a n d mot or s.
(7) Al l cr a ck ed sa ws sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce.
(8) Th e pr a ct i ce of i n ser t i n g wedges
bet ween t h e sa w di sk a n d t h e col l a r t o
for m wh a t i s common l y k n own a s a
wobbl e sa w sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed.
(9) P u sh st i ck s or pu sh bl ock s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t t h e wor k pl a ce i n t h e
sever a l si zes a n d t y pes su i t a bl e for t h e
wor k t o be don e.
(12) Th e k n i fe bl a de of j oi n t er s sh a l l
be so i n st a l l ed a n d a dj u st ed t h a t i t
does n ot pr ot r u de mor e t h a n on e-
ei gh t h i n ch bey on d t h e cy l i n dr i ca l
body of t h e h ea d. P u sh st i ck s or pu sh
bl ock s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e wor k
pl a ce i n t h e sever a l si zes a n d t y pes
su i t a bl e for t h e wor k t o be don e.
(13) Wh en ever ven eer sl i cer s or r ot a r y
ven eer -cu t t i n g ma ch i n es h a ve been
sh u t down for t h e pu r pose of i n ser t i n g
l ogs or t o ma k e a dj u st men t s, oper a t or s
sh a l l ma k e su r e t h a t ma ch i n e i s cl ea r
a n d ot h er wor k men a r e n ot i n a h a z-
a r dou s posi t i on befor e st a r t i n g t h e ma -
ch i n e.
(14) Oper a t or s sh a l l n ot r i de t h e ca r -
r i a ge of a ven eer sl i cer .
F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10,
1984]
1910.214 Cooperage machinery. [Re-
served]
1910.215 Abrasive wheel machinery.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Mach in e
gu ardin g. Abr a si ve wh eel s sh a l l be u sed
on l y on ma ch i n es pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y
gu a r ds a s defi n ed i n t h e fol l owi n g pa r a -
gr a ph s of t h i s sect i on , except :
(i ) Wh eel s u sed for i n t er n a l wor k
wh i l e wi t h i n t h e wor k bei n g gr ou n d;
(i i ) Mou n t ed wh eel s, u sed i n por t a bl e
oper a t i on s, 2 i n ch es a n d sma l l er i n di -
a met er ; a n d
(i i i ) Ty pes 16, 17, 18, 18R, a n d 19
con es, pl u gs, a n d t h r ea ded h ol e pot
ba l l s wh er e t h e wor k offer s pr ot ect i on .
(2) Gu ard design . Th e sa fet y gu a r d
sh a l l cover t h e spi n dl e en d, n u t , a n d
fl a n ge pr oj ect i on s. Th e sa fet y gu a r d
sh a l l be mou n t ed so a s t o ma i n t a i n
pr oper a l i gn men t wi t h t h e wh eel , a n d
t h e st r en gt h of t h e fa st en i n gs sh a l l ex-
ceed t h e st r en gt h of t h e gu a r d, except :
(i ) S a fet y gu a r ds on a l l oper a t i on s
wh er e t h e wor k pr ovi des a su i t a bl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
614
mea su r e of pr ot ect i on t o t h e oper a t or ,
ma y be so con st r u ct ed t h a t t h e spi n dl e
en d, n u t , a n d ou t er fl a n ge a r e exposed;
a n d wh er e t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k i s
su ch a s t o en t i r el y cover t h e si de of t h e
wh eel , t h e si de cover s of t h e gu a r d ma y
be omi t t ed; a n d
(i i ) Th e spi n dl e en d, n u t , a n d ou t er
fl a n ge ma y be exposed on ma ch i n es de-
si gn ed a s por t a bl e sa ws.
(3) Flan ges. Gr i n di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h fl a n ges i n a ccor da n ce
(4) Work rest s. On offh a n d gr i n di n g
ma ch i n es, wor k r est s sh a l l be u sed t o
su ppor t t h e wor k . Th ey sh a l l be of
r i gi d con st r u ct i on a n d desi gn ed t o be
a dj u st a bl e t o compen sa t e for wh eel
wea r . Wor k r est s sh a l l be k ept a dj u st ed
cl osel y t o t h e wh eel wi t h a ma xi mu m
open i n g of on e-ei gh t h i n ch t o pr even t
t h e wor k fr om bei n g j a mmed bet ween
t h e wh eel a n d t h e r est , wh i ch ma y
ca u se wh eel br ea k a ge. Th e wor k r est
sh a l l be secu r el y cl a mped a ft er ea ch
a dj u st men t . Th e a dj u st men t sh a l l n ot
be ma de wi t h t h e wh eel i n mot i on .
(5) Exclu ded mach in ery . Na t u r a l sa n d-
st on e wh eel s a n d met a l , wooden , cl ot h ,
or pa per di scs, h a vi n g a l a y er of a br a -
si ve on t h e su r fa ce a r e n ot cover ed by
t h i s sect i on .
(b) Gu ardin g of abrasive wh eel mach in -
ery (1) Cu p wh eels. Cu p wh eel s (Ty pes
6 a n d 11) sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by :
(i ) S a fet y gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b) (1) t h r ou gh (10) of t h i s sec-
t i on ;
(i i ) Ba n d t y pe gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(11) of t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(i i i ) S peci a l Revol vi n g Cu p Gu a r ds
wh i ch mou n t beh i n d t h e wh eel a n d
t u r n wi t h i t . Th ey sh a l l be ma de of
st eel or ot h er ma t er i a l wi t h a dequ a t e
st r en gt h a n d sh a l l en cl ose t h e wh eel
si des u pwa r d fr om t h e ba ck for on e-
t h i r d of t h e wh eel t h i ck n ess. Th e
mou n t i n g fea t u r es sh a l l con for m wi t h
a l l r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on . I t i s
n ecessa r y t o ma i n t a i n cl ea r a n ce be-
t ween t h e wh eel si de a n d t h e gu a r d.
Th i s cl ea r a n ce sh a l l n ot exceed on e-
si xt een t h i n ch .
(2) Gu ard exposu re an gles. Th e ma x-
i mu m exposu r e a n gl es speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (b) (3) t h r ou gh (8) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l n ot be exceeded. Vi sor s or
ot h er a ccessor y equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot be
i n cl u ded a s a pa r t of t h e gu a r d wh en
mea su r i n g t h e gu a r d open i n g, u n l ess
su ch equ i pmen t h a s st r en gt h equ a l t o
t h a t of t h e gu a r d.
(3) Ben ch an d f loor st an ds. Th e a n gu -
l a r exposu r e of t h e gr i n di n g wh eel pe-
r i ph er y a n d si des for sa fet y gu a r ds u sed
on ma ch i n es k n own a s ben ch a n d fl oor
st a n ds sh ou l d n ot exceed 90 or on e-
fou r t h of t h e per i ph er y . Th i s exposu r e
sh a l l begi n a t a poi n t n ot mor e t h a n 65
a bove t h e h or i zon t a l pl a n e of t h e wh eel
spi n dl e. (S ee F i gu r es O6 a n d O7 a n d
pa r a gr a ph (b)(9) of t h i s sect i on . )
F I GURE NO. O6 F I GURE NO. O7
Wh er ever t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k r e-
qu i r es con t a ct wi t h t h e wh eel bel ow
t h e h or i zon t a l pl a n e of t h e spi n dl e, t h e
exposu r e sh a l l n ot exceed 125. (S ee
F i gu r es O8 a n d O9. )
(4) Cy lin drical grin ders. Th e ma xi mu m
a n gu l a r exposu r e of t h e gr i n di n g wh eel
per i ph er y a n d si des for sa fet y gu a r ds
u sed on cy l i n dr i ca l gr i n di n g ma ch i n es
sh a l l n ot exceed 180. Th i s exposu r e
sh a l l begi n a t a poi n t n ot mor e t h a n 65
a bove t h e h or i zon t a l pl a n e of t h e wh eel
spi n dl e. (S ee F i gu r es O10 a n d O11 a n d
su bpa r a gr a ph (9) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph . )
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
7
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
615
(5) Su rf ace grin ders an d cu t t in g-of f ma-
ch in es. Th e ma xi mu m a n gu l a r exposu r e
of t h e gr i n di n g wh eel per i ph er y a n d
si des for sa fet y gu a r ds u sed on cu t t i n g-
off ma ch i n es a n d on su r fa ce gr i n di n g
ma ch i n es wh i ch empl oy t h e wh eel pe-
r i ph er y sh a l l n ot exceed 150. Th i s ex-
posu r e sh a l l begi n a t a poi n t n ot l ess
t h a n 15 bel ow t h e h or i zon t a l pl a n e of
t h e wh eel spi n dl e. (S ee F i gu r es O12
a n d O13)
(6) Swin g f rame grin ders. Th e ma x-
i mu m a n gu l a r exposu r e of t h e gr i n di n g
wh eel per i ph er y a n d si des for sa fet y
gu a r ds u sed on ma ch i n es k n own a s
swi n g fr a me gr i n di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l
n ot exceed 180, a n d t h e t op h a l f of t h e
wh eel sh a l l be en cl osed a t a l l t i mes.
(S ee F i gu r es O14 a n d O15. )
(7) Au t omat ic sn aggin g mach in es. Th e
ma xi mu m a n gu l a r exposu r e of t h e
gr i n di n g wh eel per i ph er y a n d si des for
sa fet y gu a r ds u sed on gr i n der s k n own
a s a u t oma t i c sn a ggi n g ma ch i n es sh a l l
n ot exceed 180 a n d t h e t op h a l f of t h e
wh eel sh a l l be en cl osed a t a l l t i mes.
(S ee F i gu r es O14 a n d O15. )
(8) T op grin din g. Wh er e t h e wor k i s
a ppl i ed t o t h e wh eel a bove t h e h or i -
zon t a l cen t er l i n e, t h e exposu r e of t h e
gr i n di n g wh eel per i ph er y sh a l l be a s
sma l l a s possi bl e a n d sh a l l n ot exceed
60. (S ee F i gu r es O16 a n d O17. )
(9) Exposu re adju st men t . S a fet y gu a r ds
of t h e t y pes descr i bed i n su bpa r a gr a ph s
(3) a n d (4) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph , wh er e t h e
oper a t or st a n ds i n fr on t of t h e open i n g,
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so t h a t t h e per i ph -
er a l pr ot ect i n g member ca n be a d-
j u st ed t o t h e con st a n t l y decr ea si n g di -
a met er of t h e wh eel . Th e ma xi mu m a n -
gu l a r exposu r e a bove t h e h or i zon t a l
pl a n e of t h e wh eel spi n dl e a s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph s (b) (3) a n d (4) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l n ever be exceeded, a n d t h e
di st a n ce bet ween t h e wh eel per i ph er y
a n d t h e a dj u st a bl e t on gu e or t h e en d of
t h e per i ph er a l member a t t h e t op sh a l l
n ever exceed on e-fou r t h i n ch . (S ee F i g-
u r es O18, O19, O20, O21, O22, a n d O
23. )
(10) Mat erial requ iremen t s an d min -
imu m dimen sion s. (i ) S ee F i gu r es O36
a n d O37 a n d Ta bl e O9 for mi n i mu m
ba si c t h i ck n ess of per i ph er a l a n d si de
member s for va r i ou s t y pes of sa fet y
gu a r ds a n d cl a sses of ser vi ce.
(i i ) I f oper a t i n g speed does n ot exceed
8, 000 su r fa ce feet per mi n u t e ca st i r on
sa fet y gu a r ds, ma l l ea bl e i r on gu a r ds or
ot h er gu a r ds a s descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(10)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be u sed.
(i i i ) Ca st st eel , or st r u ct u r a l st eel ,
sa fet y gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n F i gu r es O
36 a n d O37 a n d Ta bl e O9 sh a l l be u sed
wh er e oper a t i n g speeds of wh eel s a r e
fa st er t h a n 8, 000 su r fa ce feet per
mi n u t e u p t o a ma xi mu m of 16, 000 su r -
fa ce feet per mi n u t e.
(i v) F or cu t t i n g-off wh eel s 16 i n ch es
di a met er a n d sma l l er a n d wh er e speed
does n ot exceed 16, 000 su r fa ce feet per
mi n u t e, ca st i r on or ma l l ea bl e i r on
sa fet y gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n F i gu r es O
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
5
9
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
0
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
1
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
2
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
616
36 a n d O37, a n d i n Ta bl e O9 sh a l l be
u sed.
CORRECT
Sh owin g adju st able t on gu e givin g re-
qu ired an gu lar prot ect ion f or all sizes of
wh eel u sed.
CORRECT
Sh owin g movable gu ard wit h open in g
small en ou gh t o give requ ired prot ect ion
f or smallest size wh eel u sed.
I NCORRECT
Sh owin g movable gu ard wit h size of open -
in g correct f or f u ll size wh eel bu t t oo
large f or smaller wh eels.
(v) F or cu t t i n g-off wh eel s l a r ger t h a n
16 i n ch es di a met er a n d wh er e speed
does n ot exceed 14, 200 su r fa ce feet per
mi n u t e, sa fet y gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n
F i gu r es O27 a n d O28, a n d i n Ta bl e O
1 sh a l l be u sed.
(vi ) F or t h r ea d gr i n di n g wh eel s n ot
exceedi n g 1 i n ch i n t h i ck n ess ca st i r on
or ma l l ea bl e i r on sa fet y gu a r ds a s spec-
i fi ed i n F i gu r es O36 a n d O37, a n d i n
Ta bl e O9 sh a l l be u sed.
(11) Ban d t y pe gu ardsgen eral speci-
f icat ion s. Ba n d t y pe gu a r ds sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e fol l owi n g gen er a l speci fi ca -
t i on s:
(i ) Th e ba n ds sh a l l be of st eel pl a t e or
ot h er ma t er i a l of equ a l or gr ea t er
st r en gt h . Th ey sh a l l be con t i n u ou s, t h e
en ds bei n g ei t h er r i vet ed, bol t ed, or
wel ded t oget h er i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o
l ea ve t h e i n si de fr ee fr om pr oj ect i on s.
(i i ) Th e i n si de di a met er of t h e ba n d
sh a l l n ot be mor e t h a n 1 i n ch l a r ger
t h a n t h e ou t si de di a met er of t h e wh eel ,
a n d sh a l l be mou n t ed a s n ea r l y con cen -
t r i c wi t h t h e wh eel a s pr a ct i ca bl e.
(i i i ) Th e ba n d sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t
wi dt h a n d i t s posi t i on k ept so a dj u st ed
t h a t a t n o t i me wi l l t h e wh eel pr ot r u de
bey on d t h e edge of t h e ba n d a di st a n ce
gr ea t er t h a n t h a t i n di ca t ed i n F i gu r e
O29 a n d i n Ta bl e O2 or t h e wa l l t h i ck -
n ess (W), wh i ch ever i s sma l l er .
(12) Gu ard design specif icat ion s. Abr a -
si ve wh eel ma ch i n er y gu a r ds sh a l l
meet t h e desi gn speci fi ca t i on s of t h e
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y
Code for t h e Use, Ca r e, a n d P r ot ect i on
of Abr a si ve Wh eel s, ANS I B7. 11970,
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Th i s r equ i r emen t
sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o n a t u r a l sa n dst on e
wh eel s or met a l , wooden , cl ot h , or
pa per di scs, h a vi n g a l a y er of a br a si ve
on t h e su r fa ce.
(c) Flan ges(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
Al l a br a si ve wh eel s sh a l l be mou n t ed
bet ween fl a n ges wh i ch sh a l l n ot be l ess
t h a n on e-t h i r d t h e di a met er of t h e
wh eel .
(i ) Except i on s:
(a) Mou n t ed wh eel s.
(b) P or t a bl e wh eel s wi t h t h r ea ded i n -
ser t s or pr oj ect i n g st u ds.
(c) Abr a si ve di scs (i n ser t ed n u t , i n -
ser t ed wa sh er a n d pr oj ect i n g st u d
t y pe).
(d) P l a t e mou n t ed wh eel s.
(e) Cy l i n der s, cu p, or segmen t a l
wh eel s t h a t a r e mou n t ed i n ch u ck s.
(f ) Ty pes 27 a n d 28 wh eel s.
(g) Cer t a i n i n t er n a l wh eel s.
(h ) Modi fi ed t y pes 6 a n d 11 wh eel s
(t er r a zzo).
(i) Cu t t i n g-off wh eel s, Ty pes 1 a n d
27A (see pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1) (i i ) a n d (i i i )
of t h i s sect i on ).
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
3
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
4
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
5
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
617
(i i ) Ty pe 1 cu t t i n g-off wh eel s a r e t o
be mou n t ed bet ween pr oper l y r el i eved
fl a n ges wh i ch h a ve ma t ch i n g bea r i n g
su r fa ces. S u ch fl a n ges sh a l l be a t l ea st
on e-fou r t h t h e wh eel di a met er .
(i i i ) Ty pe 27A cu t t i n g-off wh eel s a r e
desi gn ed t o be mou n t ed by mea n s of
fl a t , n ot r el i eved, fl a n ges h a vi n g
ma t ch i n g bea r i n g su r fa ces a n d wh i ch
ma y be l ess t h a n on e-t h i r d bu t sh a l l
n ot be l ess t h a n on e-fou r t h t h e wh eel
di a met er . (S ee F i gu r e O24 for on e su ch
t y pe of mou n t i n g. )
(i v) Th er e a r e t h r ee gen er a l t y pes of
fl a n ges:
(a) S t r a i gh t r el i eved fl a n ges (see F i g-
u r e O32);
(b) S t r a i gh t u n r el i eved fl a n ges (see
F i gu r e O30);
(c) Ada pt or fl a n ges (see F i gu r es O33
a n d O34);
(v) Rega r dl ess of fl a n ge t y pe u sed,
t h e wh eel sh a l l a l wa y s be gu a r ded.
Bl ot t er s sh a l l be u sed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(6) of t h i s sect i on .
F I GURE NO. O24
T h e T y pe 27 A Wh eel is mou n t ed bet ween
f lat n on -relieved f lan ges of equ al bear-
in g su rf aces.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Fin ish an d balan ce. F l a n ges sh a l l
be di men si on a l l y a ccu r a t e a n d i n good
ba l a n ce. Th er e sh a l l be n o r ou gh su r -
fa ces or sh a r p edges.
(4) Un if ormit y of diamet er. (i ) Bot h
fl a n ges, of a n y t y pe, bet ween wh i ch a
wh eel i s mou n t ed, sh a l l be of t h e sa me
di a met er a n d h a ve equ a l bea r i n g su r -
fa ce. Except i on s a r e set for t h i n t h e r e-
ma i n i n g su bdi vi si on s of t h i s su bpa r a -
gr a ph .
(i i ) Ty pe 27 a n d Ty pe 28 wh eel s, be-
ca u se of t h ei r sh a pe a n d u sa ge, r equ i r e
speci a l l y desi gn ed a da pt or s. Th e ba ck
fl a n ge sh a l l ext en d bey on d t h e cen t r a l
h u b or r a i sed por t i on a n d con t a ct t h e
wh eel t o cou n t er a ct t h e si de pr essu r e
on t h e wh eel i n u se. Th e a da pt or n u t
wh i ch i s l ess t h a n t h e mi n i mu m on e-
t h i r d di a met er of wh eel fi t s i n t h e de-
pr essed si de of wh eel t o pr even t i n t er -
fer en ce i n si de gr i n di n g a n d ser ves t o
dr i ve t h e wh eel by i t s cl a mpi n g for ce
a ga i n st t h e depr essed por t i on of t h e
ba ck fl a n ge. Th e va r i a n ce i n fl a n ge di -
a met er s, t h e a da pt or n u t bei n g l ess
t h a n on e-t h i r d wh eel di a met er , a n d t h e
u se of si de pr essu r e i n wh eel oper a t i on
l i mi t s t h e u se t o r ei n for ced or ga n i c
bon ded wh eel s. Mou n t s wh i ch a r e a f-
fi xed t o t h e wh eel by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
sh a l l n ot be r eu sed. Ty pe 27 a n d Ty pe
28 wh eel s sh a l l be u sed on l y wi t h a
sa fet y gu a r d l oca t ed bet ween wh eel a n d
oper a t or du r i n g u se. (S ee F i gu r e O24
A. )
F I GURE NO. O24A
T y pes 27 an d 28 wh eels, becau se of t h eir
sh ape, requ ire specially design ed adap-
t ors.
(i i i ) Modi fi ed Ty pes 6 a n d 11 wh eel s
(t er r a zzo) wi t h t a per ed K di men si on .
(5) Recess an d u n dercu t . (i ) S t r a i gh t
r el i eved fl a n ges ma de a ccor di n g t o
Ta bl e O6 a n d F i gu r e O32 sh a l l be r e-
cessed a t l ea st on e-si xt een t h i n ch on
t h e si de n ext t o t h e wh eel for a di s-
t a n ce a s speci fi ed i n Ta bl e O6.
(i i ) S t r a i gh t fl a n ges of t h e a da pt or or
sl eeve t y pe (Ta bl e O7 a n d F i gu r es O33
a n d O34) sh a l l be u n der cu t so t h a t
t h er e wi l l be n o bea r i n g on t h e si des of
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
6
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
7
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
618
t h e wh eel wi t h i n on e-ei gh t h i n ch of t h e
a r bor h ol e.
(6) Blot t ers. (i ) Bl ot t er s (compr essi bl e
wa sh er s) sh a l l a l wa y s be u sed bet ween
fl a n ges a n d a br a si ve wh eel su r fa ces t o
i n su r e u n i for m di st r i bu t i on of fl a n ge
pr essu r e. (S ee pa r a gr a ph (d)(5) of t h i s
sect i on . )
(i i ) Except i on :
(a) Mou n t ed wh eel s.
(b) Abr a si ve di scs (i n ser t ed n u t , i n -
ser t ed wa sh er , a n d pr oj ect i n g st u d
t y pe).
(c) P l a t e mou n t ed wh eel s.
(d) Cy l i n der s, cu ps, or segmen t a l
(e) Ty pes 27 a n d 28 wh eel s.
(f ) Cer t a i n Ty pe 1 a n d Ty pe 27A cu t -
t i n g-off wh eel s.
(g) Cer t a i n i n t er n a l wh eel s.
(h ) Ty pe 4 t a per ed wh eel s.
(i) Di a mon d wh eel s, except cer t a i n
vi t r i fi ed di a mon d wh eel s.
(j) Modi fi ed Ty pes 6 a n d 11 wh eel (t er -
r a zzo)bl ot t er s a ppl i ed fl a t si de of
wh eel on l y .
(7) Drivin g f lan ge. Th e dr i vi n g fl a n ge
sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed t o t h e spi n -
dl e a n d t h e bea r i n g su r fa ce sh a l l r u n
t r u e. Wh en mor e t h a n on e wh eel i s
mou n t ed bet ween a si n gl e set of
fl a n ges, wh eel s ma y be cemen t ed t o-
get h er or sepa r a t ed by speci a l l y de-
si gn ed spa cer s. S pa cer s sh a l l be equ a l
i n di a met er t o t h e mou n t i n g fl a n ges
a n d h a ve equ a l bea r i n g su r fa ces. (S ee
pa r a gr a ph (d)(6) of t h i s sect i on . )
(8) Dimen sion s. (i ) Ta bl es O4 a n d O6
a n d F i gu r es O30 a n d O32 sh ow mi n -
i mu m di men si on s for st r a i gh t r el i eved
a n d u n r el i eved fl a n ges for u se wi t h
wh eel s wi t h sma l l h ol es t h a t fi t di -
r ect l y on t h e ma ch i n e spi n dl e. Di men -
si on s of su ch fl a n ges sh a l l n ever be l ess
t h a n i n di ca t ed.
(i i ) Ta bl e O5, a n d Ta bl e O7 a n d F i g-
u r es O31, O33, O34 sh ow mi n i mu m di -
men si on s for st r a i gh t a da pt or fl a n ges
for u se wi t h wh eel s h a vi n g h ol es l a r ger
t h a n t h e spi n dl e. Di men si on s of su ch
a da pt or fl a n ges sh a l l n ever be l ess t h a n
i n di ca t ed.
(i i i ) Ta bl e O8 a n d F i gu r e O35 sh ow
mi n i mu m di men si on s for st r a i gh t
fl a n ges t h a t a r e a n i n t egr a l pa r t of
wh eel sl eeves wh i ch a r e fr equ en t l y
u sed on pr eci si on gr i n di n g ma ch i n es.
Di men si on s of su ch fl a n ges sh a l l n ever
be l ess t h a n i n di ca t ed.
(9) Repairs an d main t en an ce. Al l
fl a n ges sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n good
con di t i on . Wh en t h e bea r i n g su r fa ces
become wor n , wa r ped, spr u n g, or da m-
a ged t h ey sh ou l d be t r u ed or r efa ced.
Wh en r efa ci n g or t r u i n g, ca r e sh a l l be
exer ci sed t o ma k e su r e t h a t pr oper r e-
l i ef a n d r i gi di t y i s ma i n t a i n ed a s speci -
fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c) (2) a n d (5) of t h i s
sect i on a n d t h ey sh a l l be r epl a ced wh en
t h ey do n ot con for m t o t h ese su bpa r a -
gr a ph s a n d Ta bl e O4, F i gu r e O30,
Ta bl e O5, F i gu r e O31, Ta bl e O6, F i g-
u r e O32, a n d Ta bl e O8, F i gu r e O35.
F a i l u r e t o obser ve t h ese r u l es mi gh t
ca u se excessi ve fl a n ge pr essu r e a r ou n d
t h e h ol e of t h e wh eel . Th i s i s especi a l l y
t r u e of wh eel -sl eeve or a da pt or fl a n ges.
(d) Mou n t in g(1) I n spect ion . I mme-
di a t el y befor e mou n t i n g, a l l wh eel s
sh a l l be cl osel y i n spect ed a n d sou n ded
by t h e u ser (r i n g t est ) t o ma k e su r e
t h ey h a ve n ot been da ma ged i n t r a n si t ,
st or a ge, or ot h er wi se. Th e spi n dl e
speed of t h e ma ch i n e sh a l l be ch eck ed
befor e mou n t i n g of t h e wh eel t o be cer -
t a i n t h a t i t does n ot exceed t h e ma x-
i mu m oper a t i n g speed ma r k ed on t h e
wh eel . Wh eel s sh ou l d be t a pped gen t l y
wi t h a l i gh t n on met a l l i c i mpl emen t ,
su ch a s t h e h a n dl e of a scr ewdr i ver for
l i gh t wh eel s, or a wooden ma l l et for
h ea vi er wh eel s. I f t h ey sou n d cr a ck ed
(dea d), t h ey sh a l l n ot be u sed. Th i s i s
k n own a s t h e Ri n g Test .
(i ) Wh eel s mu st be dr y a n d fr ee fr om
sa wdu st wh en a ppl y i n g t h e r i n g t est ,
ot h er wi se t h e sou n d wi l l be dea den ed.
I t sh ou l d a l so be n ot ed t h a t or ga n i c
bon ded wh eel s do n ot emi t t h e sa me
cl ea r met a l l i c r i n g a s do vi t r i fi ed a n d
si l i ca t e wh eel s.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
619
(i i ) Ta p wh eel s a bou t 45 ea ch si de
of t h e ver t i ca l cen t er l i n e a n d a bou t 1
or 2 i n ch es fr om t h e per i ph er y a s i n di -
ca t ed by t h e spot s i n F i gu r e O25 a n d
F i gu r e O26. Th en r ot a t e t h e wh eel 45
a n d r epea t t h e t est . A sou n d a n d
u n da ma ged wh eel wi l l gi ve a cl ea r me-
t a l l i c t on e. I f cr a ck ed, t h er e wi l l be a
dea d sou n d a n d n ot a cl ea r r i n g.
(2) Arbor size. Gr i n di n g wh eel s sh a l l
fi t fr eel y on t h e spi n dl e a n d r ema i n
fr ee u n der a l l gr i n di n g con di t i on s. A
con t r ol l ed cl ea r a n ce bet ween t h e wh eel
h ol e a n d t h e ma ch i n e spi n dl e (or wh eel
sl eeves or a da pt or s) i s essen t i a l t o
a voi d excessi ve pr essu r e fr om mou n t -
i n g a n d spi n dl e expa n si on . To a ccom-
pl i sh t h i s, t h e ma ch i n e spi n dl e sh a l l be
ma de t o n omi n a l (st a n da r d) si ze pl u s
zer o mi n u s . 002 i n ch , a n d t h e wh eel
h ol e sh a l l be ma de su i t a bl y over si ze t o
a ssu r e sa fet y cl ea r a n ce u n der t h e con -
di t i on s of oper a t i n g h ea t a n d pr essu r e.
(3) Su rf ace con dit ion . Al l con t a ct su r -
fa ces of wh eel s, bl ot t er s a n d fl a n ges
sh a l l be fl a t a n d fr ee of for ei gn ma t t er .
(4) Bu sh in g. Wh en a bu sh i n g i s u sed
i n t h e wh eel h ol e i t sh a l l n ot exceed
t h e wi dt h of t h e wh eel a n d sh a l l n ot
con t a ct t h e fl a n ges.
(5) Blot t ers. Wh en bl ot t er s or fl a n ge
fa ci n gs of compr essi bl e ma t er i a l a r e r e-
qu i r ed, t h ey sh a l l cover en t i r e con t a ct
a r ea of wh eel fl a n ges. Bl ot t er s n eed n ot
be u sed wi t h t h e fol l owi n g t y pes of
wh eel s:
(i ) Mou n t ed wh eel s.
(i i ) Abr a si ve di scs (i n ser t ed n u t , i n -
ser t ed wa sh er , a n d pr oj ect i n g-st u d
t y pe).
(i i i ) P l a t e mou n t ed wh eel s.
(i v) Cy l i n der s, cu ps, or segmen t a l
(v) Ty pes 27 a n d 28 wh eel s.
(vi ) Cer t a i n Ty pe 1 a n d Ty pe 27A cu t -
t i n g-off wh eel s.
(vi i ) Cer t a i n i n t er n a l wh eel s.
(vi i i ) Ty pe 4 t a per ed wh eel s.
(i x) Di a mon d wh eel s, except cer t a i n
vi t r i fi ed di a mon d wh eel s.
(6) Mu lt iple wh eel mou n t in g. Wh en
mor e t h a n on e wh eel i s mou n t ed be-
t ween a si n gl e set of fl a n ges, wh eel s
ma y be cemen t ed t oget h er or sepa r a t ed
by speci a l l y desi gn ed spa cer s. S pa cer s
sh a l l be equ a l i n di a met er t o t h e
mou n t i n g fl a n ges a n d h a ve equ a l bea r -
i n g su r fa ces. Wh en mou n t i n g wh eel s
wh i ch h a ve n ot been cemen t ed t o-
get h er , or on es wh i ch do n ot u t i l i ze
sepa r a t i n g spa cer s, ca r e mu st be exer -
ci sed t o u se wh eel s speci a l l y ma n u fa c-
t u r ed for t h a t pu r pose.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
6
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
620
TABLE O1MINIMUM BASIC THICKNESS FOR PERIPHERAL AND SIDE MEMBERS FOR SAFETY
GUARDS USED WITH CUTTING-OFF WHEELS
Material used in
construction of
guard
Maximum thick-
ness of cutting
off wheel
Speed not to
exceed
Cutting off wheel diameters
6 to 11
inches
Over 11 to
20 inches
Over 20 to
30 inches
Over 30 to
48 inches
Over 48 to
72 inches
A B A B A B A B A B
Structural steel
(min. tensile
strength
60,000 p.s.i.).
1
2 inch or less 14,200 SFPM ..
1
16
1
16
3
32
3
32
1
8
1
8
3
16
3
16
1
4
1
4
1
2 inch or less 16,000 SFPM ..
3
32
1
8
1
8
1
8
3
16
1
8
1
4
3
16
5
16
1
4
TABLE O3GUIDE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BAND TYPE GUARDS
[Maximum Wheel Speed 7,000 SFPM]
Minimum material specifications Diameter of wheel
Minimum
thickness
of band A
Minimum
diameter of
rivets
Maximum
distance
between
centers of
rivets
Inches
Hot rolled steel SAE 1008 .......................... Under 8 ......................................................
1
16
3
16
3
4
8 to 24 ........................................................
1
8
1
4 1
Over 24 to 30 .............................................
1
4
3
8 1
1
4
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
1
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
621
TABLE O5MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT ADAPTOR FLANGEFOR ORGANIC BONDED
WHEELS OVER 1
1
4 INCHES THICK
1

[In inches]
Wheel diameter
Wheel hole
diameter
BMin-
imum
flange di-
ameter
D
Minimun
thickness
of flange at
bore
EMin-
imum
thickness
of flange at
edge of
undercut
F
1
(D-E)
minimum
thickness
12 to 14 ................................................................................... 4 6
7
8
3
8
1
2
5 7
7
8
3
8
1
2
6 8
7
8
3
8
1
2
Larger than 14 to 18 ............................................................... 4 6
7
8
3
8
1
2
5 7
7
8
3
8
1
2
6 8
7
8
3
8
1
2
7 9
7
8
3
8
1
2
8 10
7
8
3
8
1
2
Larger than 18 to 24 ............................................................... 6 8 1
1
2
1
2
7 9 1
1
2
1
2
8 10 1
1
2
1
2
10 12 1
1
2
1
2
12 14 1
1
2
1
2
Larger than 24 to 30 ............................................................... 12 15 1
1
2
1
2
Larger than 30 to 36 ............................................................... 12 15 1
3
8
7
8
1
2
1
For wheels under 1
1
4 inches thick F dimension shall not exceed 40 percent of wheel thickness.
TABLE O6MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT RELIEVED FLANGES
1

[In inches]
ADiameter of wheel
BMin-
imum out-
side di-
ameter of
flanges
CRadial width of bear-
ing surface
DMin-
imum
thickness
of flange at
bore
EMin-
imum
thickness
of flange at
edge of re-
cess
Minimum Maximum
1 ..............................................................................................
3
8
1
16
1
8
1
16
1
16
2 ..............................................................................................
3
4
1
8
3
16
1
8
3
32
3 .............................................................................................. 1
1
8
3
16
3
16
3
32
4 .............................................................................................. 1
3
8
1
8
3
16
3
16
1
8
5 .............................................................................................. 1
3
4
3
16
1
4
1
4
1
8
6 .............................................................................................. 2
1
4
1
2
3
8
3
16
7 .............................................................................................. 2
1
2
1
4
1
2
3
8
3
16
8 .............................................................................................. 3
1
4
1
2
3
8
3
16
10 ............................................................................................ 3
1
2
5
16
5
8
3
8
1
4
12 ............................................................................................ 4
5
16
5
8
1
2
5
16
14 ............................................................................................ 4
1
2
3
8
3
4
1
2
5
16
16 ............................................................................................ 5
1
2
1
2 1
1
2
5
16
18 ............................................................................................ 6
1
2 1
5
8
3
8
20 ............................................................................................ 7
5
8 1
1
4
5
8
3
8
22 ............................................................................................ 7
1
2
5
8 1
1
4
5
8
7
16
24 ............................................................................................ 8
3
4 1
1
4
5
8
7
16
26 ............................................................................................ 8
1
2
3
4 1
1
4
5
8
1
2
28 ............................................................................................ 10
7
8 1
1
2
3
4
1
2
30 ............................................................................................ 10
7
8 1
1
2
3
4
5
8
36 ............................................................................................ 12 1 2
7
8
3
4
42 ............................................................................................ 14 1 2
7
8
3
4
48 ............................................................................................ 16 1
1
4 2 1
1
8 1
60 ............................................................................................ 20 1
1
4 2 1
1
4 1
1
8
72 ............................................................................................ 24 1
1
2 2
1
2 1
3
8 1
1
4
1
Flanges for wheels under 2 inches diameter may be unrelieved and shall be maintained flat and true.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
622
TABLE O7MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT FLANGESFOR MECHANICAL GRINDERS 12,500
S.F.P.M. TO 16,5 S.F.P.M.
1

Wheel diameter
Wheel hole diame-
ter
BMinimum flange
diameter
DMinimum thick-
ness of flange at
bore
EMinimum thick-
ness of flange at
edge of undercut
F
2
(D-E) min-
imum thickness
20 6 8 1
1
2
1
2
20 8 10 1
1
2
3
4
3
4
24 12 15 2 1 1
30 12 15 2 1 1
36 12 15 2 1
1
Flanges shall be of steel, quality SAE 1040 or equivalent, annealed plate, heat treated to R. 2530.
2
For wheels under 1
1
4 inch thick F dimension shall not exceed 40 percent of wheel thickness.
TABLE O8MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT FLANGES USED AS WHEEL SLEEVES FOR
PRECISION GRINDING ONLY
[In inches]
Wheel diameter
Wheel hole
diameter
BMin-
imum out-
side di-
ameter of
flange
DMin-
imum
thickness
of flange at
bore
EMin-
imum
thickness
of flange at
edge of
undercut
12 to 14 ......................................................................................................... 5 7
1
2
7
16
Larger than 14 to 20 ..................................................................................... 5 7
5
8
7
16
6 8
5
8
7
16
8 10
5
8
7
16
10 11
1
2
5
8
7
16
12 13
1
2
5
8
7
16
Larger than 20 to 30 ..................................................................................... 8 10
3
4
1
2
10 11
1
2
3
4
1
2
12 13
1
2
3
4
1
2
16 17
1
2
3
4
1
2
Larger than 30 to 42 ..................................................................................... 12 13
1
2
3
4
1
2
16 17
1
2
3
4
1
2
18 19
1
2
3
4
1
2
20 21
1
2
3
4
1
2
Larger than 42 to 60 ..................................................................................... 16 20 1
3
4
20 24 1
3
4
24 29 1
1
8
7
8
NOTE: These flanges may be clamped together by means of a central nut, or by a series of bolts or some other equivalent
means of fastening. For hole sizes smaller than shown in this table, use table 12.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
623
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
6
2
4

2
9

C
F
R

C
h
.

X
V
I
I

(
7
0
7

E
d
i
t
i
o
n
)

1
9
1
0
.
2
1
5

TABLE O9MINIMUM BASIC THICKNESSES OF PERIPHERAL AND SIDE MEMBERS FOR SAFETY GUARDS
[In inches]
Material used in construction of guard
Max-
imum
thick-
ness of
grind-
ing
wheel
Grinding wheel diameters
3 to 6 inches
Over 6 to 12
inches
Over 12 to 16
inches
Over 16 to 20
inches
Over 20 to 24
inches
Over 24 to 30
inches
Over 30 to 48
inches
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Material 2
1
4
1
4
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
5
8
1
2
7
8
5
8 1
3
4 1
1
4 1
satis- 4
5
16
5
16
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
3
4
5
8 1
5
8 1
1
8
3
4 1
3
8 1
factory
1
6
3
8
5
16
1
2
7
16
5
8
1
2 1
5
8 1
1
8
3
4 1
1
4
7
8 1
1
2 1
1
8
for 8
5
8
9
16
7
8
3
4 1
3
4 1
1
8
3
4 1
1
4
7
8 1
1
2 1
1
8
speeds 10
3
4
11
16
7
8
3
4 1
3
4 1
1
8
3
4 1
1
4
7
8 1
1
2 1
1
8
up to 16 1
1
8 1 1
1
4 1 1
5
16 1 1
7
16 1
1
16 1
3
4 1
3
8
8,000 20 1
3
8 1
1
8 1
3
8 1
1
8 1
1
2 1
3
8 2 1
5
8
SFPM.
Cast iron (min. tensile strength 20,000 p.s.i.) Class 20.
Material 2
1
4
1
4
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
3
4 1
7
8
satis- 4
5
16
5
16
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
3
4 1
1
8
7
8
factory
1
6
3
8
5
16
1
2
7
16
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
5
8 1
3
4 1
1
4
7
8
for 8
1
2
7
16
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
5
8 1
3
4 1
1
4
7
8
speeds 10
1
2
7
16
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
5
8 1
3
4 1
1
4
7
8
up to 16
13
16
11
16
13
16
11
16 1
3
4 1
1
8
7
8 1
3
8 1
9,000 20
7
8
3
4 1
3
4 1
1
8
7
8 1
1
2 1
1
8
SFPM.
Malleable iron (min. tensile strength 50,000 p.s.i.) Grade
32510.
Materials 2
1
4
1
4
5
16
5
16
3
8
3
8
1
2
7
16
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
3
4
satis- 4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
9
16
1
2
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
8 1
3
4
factory
1
6
3
8
1
4
3
4
5
8
3
4
5
8
3
4
5
8
13
16
11
16
13
16
11
16 1
1
8
3
4
for 8
7
8
3
4
7
8
3
4
7
8
3
4
7
8
3
4
15
16
13
16 1
3
8 1
speeds 10 1
7
8 1
7
8 1
7
8 1
1
8
15
16 1
1
8 1 1
7
16 1
1
16
up to 16 1
1
4 1
1
8 1
1
4 1
1
8 1
1
4 1
1
8 1
1
4 1
1
8 1
13
16 1
7
16
16,000 20 1
3
8 1
1
4 1
3
8 1
1
4 1
7
16 1
5
16 2
1
16 1
11
16
SFPM.
Steel castings (min. tensile strength 60,000 p.s.i.) Grade
V6030.
Structural 2
1
8
1
16
5
16
1
4
5
16
1
4
5
16
1
4
5
16
1
4
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
steel 4
1
8
1
16
3
8
5
16
3
8
5
16
3
8
5
16
3
8
5
16
3
8
5
16
1
2
3
8
(min. 6
3
16
1
16
1
2
3
8
7
16
3
8
7
16
3
8
7
16
3
8
7
16
3
8
3
4
1
2
tensile 8
1
2
3
8
9
16
7
16
9
16
7
16 9
strength 10
9
16
7
16
5
8
1
2
5
8
1
2
5
8
1
2
5
8
1
2
7
8
5
8
60,000 16
5
8
9
16
3
4
5
8
3
4
5
8
13
16
11
16 1
1
16
13
16
p.s.i.) 20
13
16
11
16
13
16
11
16
7
8
3
4 1
3
16
15
16
1
The recommendations listed in the above table are guides for the conditions stated. Other material, designs or dimensions affording equal or superior protection are also acceptable.
V
e
r
D
a
t
e

A
u
g
<
3
1
>
2
0
0
5

0
8
:
4
7

J
u
l

2
6
,

2
0
0
7
J
k
t

2
1
1
1
1
2
P
O

0
0
0
0
0
F
r
m

0
0
6
3
4
F
m
t

8
0
1
0
S
f
m
t

8
0
0
2
Y
:
\
S
G
M
L
\
2
1
1
1
1
2
.
X
X
X
2
1
1
1
1
2
625
TABLE O2EXPOSURE VERSUS WHEEL
THICKNESS
[In inches]
Overall thickness of wheel (T)
Maximum
exposure
of wheel
(C)
1
2 .........................................................................
1
4
1 ...........................................................................
1
2
2 ...........................................................................
3
4
3 ........................................................................... 1
4 ........................................................................... 1
1
2
5 and over ........................................................... 2
TABLE O4MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
STRAIGHT UNRELIEVED FLANGES FOR WHEELS
WITH THREADED INSERTS OR PROJECTING
STUDS
ADiameter of
wheel
B
1
Minimum out-
side diameter of
flange
TMinimum thick-
ness of flange
1
5
8
1
8
2 1
1
8
3 1
3
16
4 1
3
8
3
16
5 1
3
4
1
4
6 2
3
8
1
NOTE: Must be large enough to extend beyond the bush-
ing. Where prong anchor or cupback bushing are used, this
footnote does not apply.
F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10,
1984; 61 F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.216 Mills and calenders in the
rubber and plastics industries.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s
(1)(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Au xiliary equ ipmen t . Mech a n i ca l
a n d el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t a n d a u xi l -
i a r i es sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h i s sect i on a n d S u bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t .
(4) Mill roll h eigh t s. Al l n ew mi l l i n -
st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t
t h e t op of t h e oper a t i n g r ol l s i s n ot l ess
t h a n 50 i n ch es a bove t h e l evel on wh i ch
t h e oper a t or st a n ds, i r r espect i ve of t h e
si ze of t h e mi l l . Th i s di st a n ce sh a l l
a ppl y t o t h e a ct u a l wor k i n g l evel ,
wh et h er i t be a t t h e gen er a l fl oor l evel ,
i n a pi t , or on a pl a t for m.
(b) Mill saf et y con t rols(1) Saf et y t rip
con t rol. A sa fet y t r i p con t r ol sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n fr on t a n d i n ba ck of ea ch
mi l l . I t sh a l l be a ccessi bl e a n d sh a l l op-
er a t e r ea di l y on con t a ct . Th e sa fet y
t r i p con t r ol sh a l l be on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g t y pes or a combi n a t i on t h er eof:
(i ) Pressu re-sen sit ive body bars. I n -
st a l l ed a t fr on t a n d ba ck of ea ch mi l l
h a vi n g a 46-i n ch r ol l h ei gh t or over .
Th ese ba r s sh a l l oper a t e r ea di l y by
pr essu r e of t h e mi l l oper a t or s body .
(i i ) Saf et y t riprod. I n st a l l ed i n t h e
fr on t a n d i n t h e ba ck of ea ch mi l l a n d
l oca t ed wi t h i n 2 i n ch es of a ver t i ca l
pl a n e t a n gen t t o t h e fr on t a n d r ea r
r ol l s. Th e t op r ods sh a l l be n ot mor e
t h a n 72 i n ch es a bove t h e l evel on wh i ch
t h e oper a t or st a n ds. Th e t r i pr ods sh a l l
be a ccessi bl e a n d sh a l l oper a t e r ea di l y
wh et h er t h e r ods a r e pu sh ed or pu l l ed.
(i i i ) Saf et y t ripwire cable or wire cen t er
cord. I n st a l l ed i n t h e fr on t a n d i n t h e
ba ck of ea ch mi l l a n d l oca t ed wi t h i n 2
i n ch es of a ver t i ca l pl a n e t a n gen t t o
t h e fr on t a n d r ea r r ol l s. Th e ca bl es
sh a l l n ot be mor e t h a n 72 i n ch es a bove
t h e l evel on wh i ch t h e oper a t or st a n ds.
Th e t r i pwi r e ca bl e or wi r e cen t er cor d
sh a l l oper a t e r ea di l y wh et h er ca bl e or
cor d i s pu sh ed or pu l l ed.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Au xiliary equ ipmen t . Al l a u xi l i a r y
equ i pmen t su ch a s mi l l di vi der , su ppor t
ba r s, spr a y pi pes, feed con vey or s, st r i p
k n i ves, et c. , sh a l l be l oca t ed i n su ch a
ma n n er a s t o a voi d i n t er fer en ce wi t h
a ccess t o a n d oper a t i on of sa fet y de-
vi ces.
(c) Calen der saf et y con t rols(1) Saf et y
t rip, f ace. A sa fet y t r i pr od, ca bl e, or
wi r e cen t er cor d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a cr oss ea ch pa i r of i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s ex-
t en di n g t h e l en gt h of t h e fa ce of t h e
r ol l s. I t sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e a n d
oper a t e wh et h er pu sh ed or pu l l ed. Th e
sa fet y t r i ppi n g devi ces sh a l l be l oca t ed
wi t h i n r ea ch of t h e oper a t or a n d t h e
bi t e.
(2) Saf et y t rip, side. On bot h si des of
t h e ca l en der a n d n ea r ea ch en d of t h e
fa ce of t h e r ol l , t h er e sh a l l be a ca bl e
or wi r e cen t er cor d con n ect ed t o t h e
sa fet y t r i p. Th ey sh a l l oper a t e r ea di l y
wh en pu sh ed or pu l l ed.
(d) Prot ect ion by locat ion (1) Mills.
Wh er e a mi l l i s so i n st a l l ed t h a t per -
son s ca n n ot n or ma l l y r ea ch t h r ou gh ,
over , u n der , or a r ou n d t o come i n con -
t a ct wi t h t h e r ol l bi t e or be ca u gh t be-
t ween a r ol l a n d a n a dj a cen t obj ect ,
t h en , pr ovi ded su ch el emen t s a r e ma de
a fi xed pa r t of a mi l l , sa fet y con t r ol de-
vi ces l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l n ot a ppl y .
(2) Calen ders. Wh er e a ca l en der i s so
i n st a l l ed t h a t per son s ca n n ot n or ma l l y
r ea ch t h r ou gh , over , u n der , or a r ou n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
626
t o come i n con t a ct wi t h t h e r ol l bi t e or
be ca u gh t bet ween a r ol l a n d a n a dj a -
cen t obj ect , t h en , pr ovi ded su ch el e-
men t s a r e ma de a fi xed pa r t of a ca l -
en der , sa fet y con t r ol devi ces l i st ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot
a ppl y .
(e) T rip an d emergen cy swit ch es. Al l
t r i p a n d emer gen cy swi t ch es sh a l l n ot
be of t h e a u t oma t i ca l l y r eset t i n g t y pe,
bu t sh a l l r equ i r e ma n u a l r eset t i n g.
(f) St oppin g limit s(1) Det ermin at ion of
dist an ce of t ravel. Al l mea su r emen t s on
mi l l s a n d ca l en der s sh a l l be t a k en wi t h
t h e r ol l s r u n n i n g empt y a t ma xi mu m
oper a t i n g speed. S t oppi n g di st a n ces
sh a l l be expr essed i n i n ch es of su r fa ce
t r a vel of t h e r ol l fr om t h e i n st a n t t h e
emer gen cy st oppi n g devi ce i s a ct u a t ed.
(2) St oppin g limit s f or mills. Al l mi l l s
i r r espect i ve of t h e si ze of t h e r ol l s or
t h ei r a r r a n gemen t (i n di vi du a l l y or
gr ou p-dr i ven ) sh a l l be st opped wi t h i n a
di st a n ce, a s mea su r ed i n i n ch es of su r -
fa ce t r a vel , n ot gr ea t er t h a n 1
1
2 per -
cen t of t h e per i ph er a l n o-l oa d su r fa ce
speeds of t h e r espect i ve r ol l s a s det er -
mi n ed i n feet per mi n u t e.
(3) St oppin g limit s f or calen ders. (i ) Al l
ca l en der s, i r r espect i ve of si ze of t h e
r ol l s or t h ei r con fi gu r a t i on , sh a l l be
st opped wi t h i n a di st a n ce, a s mea su r ed
i n i n ch es of su r fa ce t r a vel , n ot gr ea t er
t h a n 1
3
4 per cen t of t h e per i ph er a l n o-
l oa d su r fa ce speeds of t h e r espect i ve
ca l en der r ol l s a s det er mi n ed i n feet per
mi n u t e.
(i i ) Wh er e speeds a bove 250 feet per
mi n u t e a s mea su r ed on t h e su r fa ce of
t h e dr i ve r ol l a r e u sed, st oppi n g di s-
t a n ces of mor e t h a n 1
3
4 per cen t a r e
per mi ssi bl e. S u ch st oppi n g di st a n ces
sh a l l be su bj ect t o en gi n eer i n g det er -
mi n a t i on .
F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 61 F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.217 Mechanical power presses.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
(1)(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Recon st ru ct ion an d modif icat ion . I t
sh a l l be t h e r espon si bi l i t y of a n y per -
son r econ st r u ct i n g, or modi fy i n g a me-
ch a n i ca l power pr ess t o do so i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(5) Exclu ded mach in es. P r ess br a k es,
h y dr a u l i c a n d pn eu ma t i c power pr ess-
es, bu l l dozer s, h ot ben di n g a n d h ot
met a l pr esses, for gi n g pr esses a n d h a m-
mer s, r i vet i n g ma ch i n es a n d si mi l a r
t y pes of fa st en er a ppl i ca t or s a r e ex-
cl u ded fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
sect i on .
(b) Mech an ical power press gu ardin g
an d con st ru ct ion , gen eral(1) Hazards t o
person n el associat ed wit h brok en or f all-
in g mach in e compon en t s. Ma ch i n e com-
pon en t s sh a l l be desi gn ed, secu r ed, or
cover ed t o mi n i mi ze h a za r ds ca u sed by
br ea k a ge, or l oosen i n g a n d fa l l i n g or
r el ea se of mech a n i ca l en er gy (i . e. br o-
k en spr i n gs).
(2) Brak es. F r i ct i on br a k es pr ovi ded
for st oppi n g or h ol di n g a sl i de move-
men t sh a l l be i n h er en t l y sel f-en ga gi n g
by r equ i r i n g power or for ce fr om a n ex-
t er n a l sou r ce t o ca u se di sen ga gemen t .
Br a k e ca pa ci t y sh a l l be su ffi ci en t t o
st op t h e mot i on of t h e sl i de qu i ck l y
a n d ca pa bl e of h ol di n g t h e sl i de a n d i t s
a t t a ch men t s a t a n y poi n t i n i t s t r a vel .
(3) Mach in es u sin g f u ll revolu t ion posi-
t ive clu t ch es. (i ) Ma ch i n es u si n g fu l l
r evol u t i on cl u t ch es sh a l l i n cor por a t e a
si n gl e-st r ok e mech a n i sm.
(i i ) I f t h e si n gl e-st r ok e mech a n i sm i s
depen den t u pon spr i n g a ct i on , t h e
spr i n g(s) sh a l l be of t h e compr essi on
t y pe, oper a t i n g on a r od or gu i ded
wi t h i n a h ol e or t u be, a n d desi gn ed t o
pr even t i n t er l ea vi n g of t h e spr i n g coi l s
i n even t of br ea k a ge.
(4) Foot pedals (t readle). (i ) Th e peda l
mech a n i sm sh a l l be pr ot ect ed t o pr e-
ven t u n i n t en ded oper a t i on fr om fa l l i n g
or movi n g obj ect s or by a cci den t a l
st eppi n g on t o t h e peda l .
(i i ) A pa d wi t h a n on sl i p con t a ct a r ea
sh a l l be fi r ml y a t t a ch ed t o t h e peda l .
(i i i ) Th e peda l r et u r n spr i n g(s) sh a l l
be of t h e compr essi on t y pe, oper a t i n g
on a r od or gu i ded wi t h i n a h ol e or
t u be, or desi gn ed t o pr even t i n t er -
l ea vi n g of spr i n g coi l s i n even t of
br ea k a ge.
(i v) I f peda l cou n t er wei gh t s a r e pr o-
vi ded, t h e pa t h of t h e t r a vel of t h e
wei gh t sh a l l be en cl osed.
(5) Han d operat ed levers. (i ) Ha n d-
l ever -oper a t ed power pr esses sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a spr i n g l a t ch on t h e op-
er a t i n g l ever t o pr even t pr ema t u r e or
a cci den t a l t r i ppi n g.
(i i ) Th e oper a t i n g l ever s on h a n d-
t r i pped pr esses h a vi n g mor e t h a n on e
oper a t i n g st a t i on sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
627
t o pr even t t h e t r i ppi n g of t h e pr ess ex-
cept by t h e con cu r r en t u se of a l l l e-
ver s.
(6) T wo-h an d t rip. (i ) A t wo-h a n d t r i p
sh a l l h a ve t h e i n di vi du a l oper a t or s
h a n d con t r ol s pr ot ect ed a ga i n st u n i n -
t en t i on a l oper a t i on a n d h a ve t h e i n di -
vi du a l oper a t or s h a n d con t r ol s a r -
r a n ged by desi gn a n d con st r u ct i on a n d/
or sepa r a t i on t o r equ i r e t h e u se of bot h
h a n ds t o t r i p t h e pr ess a n d u se a con -
t r ol a r r a n gemen t r equ i r i n g con cu r r en t
oper a t i on of t h e i n di vi du a l oper a t or s
h a n d con t r ol s.
(i i ) Two-h a n d t r i p sy st ems on fu l l
r evol u t i on cl u t ch ma ch i n es sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a n a n t i r epea t fea t u r e.
(i i i ) I f t wo-h a n d t r i p sy st ems a r e u sed
on mu l t i pl e oper a t or pr esses, ea ch op-
er a t or sh a l l h a ve a sepa r a t e set of con -
t r ol s.
(7) Mach in es u sin g part revolu t ion
clu t ch es. (i ) Th e cl u t ch sh a l l r el ea se
a n d t h e br a k e sh a l l be a ppl i ed wh en t h e
ext er n a l cl u t ch en ga gi n g mea n s i s r e-
moved, dea ct i va t ed, or deen er gi zed.
(i i ) A r ed col or st op con t r ol sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h t h e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol
sy st em. Momen t a r y oper a t i on of t h e
st op con t r ol sh a l l i mmedi a t el y dea ct i -
va t e t h e cl u t ch a n d a ppl y t h e br a k e.
Th e st op con t r ol sh a l l over r i de a n y
ot h er con t r ol , a n d r ea ct u a t i on of t h e
cl u t ch sh a l l r equ i r e u se of t h e oper -
a t i n g (t r i ppi n g) mea n s wh i ch h a s been
sel ect ed.
(i i i ) A mea n s of sel ect i n g Off, I n ch ,
S i n gl e S t r ok e, a n d Con t i n u ou s (wh en
t h e con t i n u ou s fu n ct i on i s fu r n i sh ed)
sh a l l be su ppl i ed wi t h t h e cl u t ch /br a k e
con t r ol t o sel ect t y pe of oper a t i on of
t h e pr ess. F i xi n g of sel ect i on sh a l l be
by mea n s ca pa bl e of su per vi si on by t h e
empl oy er .
(i v) Th e I n ch oper a t i n g mea n s
sh a l l be desi gn ed t o pr even t exposu r e
of t h e wor k er s h a n ds wi t h i n t h e poi n t
of oper a t i on by :
(a) Requ i r i n g t h e con cu r r en t u se of
bot h h a n ds t o a ct u a t e t h e cl u t ch , or
(b) Bei n g a si n gl e con t r ol pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st a cci den t a l a ct u a t i on a n d so l o-
ca t ed t h a t t h e wor k er ca n n ot r ea ch
i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on wh i l e oper -
a t i n g t h e si n gl e con t r ol .
(v) Two-h a n d con t r ol s for si n gl e
st r ok e sh a l l con for m t o t h e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s:
(a) Ea ch h a n d con t r ol sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st u n i n t en ded oper a t i on
a n d a r r a n ged by desi gn , con st r u ct i on ,
a n d/or sepa r a t i on so t h a t t h e con cu r -
r en t u se of bot h h a n ds i s r equ i r ed t o
t r i p t h e pr ess.
(b) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o per mi t a n a dj u st men t wh i ch
wi l l r equ i r e con cu r r en t pr essu r e fr om
bot h h a n ds du r i n g t h e di e cl osi n g por -
t i on of t h e st r ok e.
(c) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a n a n t i r epea t fea t u r e.
(d) Th e con t r ol sy st ems sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o r equ i r e r el ea se of a l l oper a -
t or s h a n d con t r ol s befor e a n i n t er -
r u pt ed st r ok e ca n be r esu med. Th i s r e-
qu i r emen t per t a i n s on l y t o t h ose si n -
gl e-st r ok e, t wo-h a n d con t r ol s ma n u fa c-
t u r ed a n d i n st a l l ed on or a ft er Au gu st
31, 1971.
(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Con t r ol s for mor e t h a n on e oper -
a t i n g st a t i on sh a l l be desi gn ed t o be
a ct i va t ed a n d dea ct i va t ed i n compl et e
set s of t wo oper a t or s h a n d con t r ol s per
oper a t i n g st a t i on by mea n s ca pa bl e of
bei n g su per vi sed by t h e empl oy er . Th e
cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l be
desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t o pr even t
a ct u a t i on of t h e cl u t ch i f a l l oper a t i n g
st a t i on s a r e by pa ssed.
(vi i i ) Th ose cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sy s-
t ems wh i ch con t a i n bot h si n gl e a n d
con t i n u ou s fu n ct i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed
so t h a t compl et i on of con t i n u ou s ci r -
cu i t s ma y be su per vi sed by t h e em-
pl oy er . Th e i n i t i a t i on of con t i n u ou s
r u n sh a l l r equ i r e a pr i or a ct i on or deci -
si on by t h e oper a t or i n a ddi t i on t o t h e
sel ect i on of Con t i n u ou s on t h e st r ok i n g
sel ect or , befor e a ct u a t i on of t h e oper -
a t i n g mea n s wi l l r esu l t i n con t i n u ou s
st r ok i n g.
(i x) I f foot con t r ol i s pr ovi ded, t h e se-
l ect i on met h od bet ween h a n d a n d foot
con t r ol sh a l l be sepa r a t e fr om t h e
st r ok i n g sel ect or a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed
so t h a t t h e sel ect i on ma y be su per vi sed
by t h e empl oy er .
(x) F oot oper a t ed t r i ppi n g con t r ol s, i f
u sed, sh a l l be pr ot ect ed so a s t o pr e-
ven t oper a t i on fr om fa l l i n g or movi n g
obj ect s, or fr om u n i n t en ded oper a t i on
by a cci den t a l st eppi n g on t o t h e foot
con t r ol .
(xi ) Th e con t r ol of a i r -cl u t ch ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be desi gn ed t o pr even t a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
628
si gn i fi ca n t i n cr ea se i n t h e n or ma l st op-
pi n g t i me du e t o a fa i l u r e wi t h i n t h e
oper a t i n g va l u e mech a n i sm, a n d t o i n -
h i bi t fu r t h er oper a t i on i f su ch fa i l u r e
does occu r . Th i s r equ i r emen t sh a l l
a ppl y on l y t o t h ose cl u t ch /br a k e a i r -
va l ve con t r ol s ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d i n -
st a l l ed on or a ft er Au gu st 31, 1971, bu t
sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o ma ch i n es i n t en ded
on l y for con t i n u ou s, a u t oma t i c feedi n g
a ppl i ca t i on s.
(xi i ) Th e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sh a l l
i n cor por a t e a n a u t oma t i c mea n s t o
pr even t i n i t i a t i on or con t i n u ed a ct i va -
t i on of t h e S i n gl e S t r ok e or Con t i n -
u ou s fu n ct i on s u n l ess t h e pr ess dr i ve
mot or i s en er gi zed a n d i n t h e for wa r d
di r ect i on .
(xi i i ) Th e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sh a l l
a u t oma t i ca l l y dea ct i va t e i n even t of
fa i l u r e of t h e power or pr essu r e su ppl y
for t h e cl u t ch en ga gi n g mea n s. Rea c-
t i va t i on of t h e cl u t ch sh a l l r equ i r e r es-
t or a t i on of n or ma l su ppl y a n d t h e u se
of t h e t r i ppi n g mech a n i sm(s).
(xi v) Th e cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol sh a l l
a u t oma t i ca l l y dea ct i va t e i n even t of
fa i l u r e of t h e cou n t er ba l a n ce(s) a i r
su ppl y . Rea ct i va t i on of t h e cl u t ch sh a l l
r equ i r e r est or a t i on of n or ma l a i r su p-
pl y a n d u se of t h e t r i ppi n g mech a -
n i sm(s).
(xv) S el ect i on of ba r oper a t i on sh a l l
be by mea n s ca pa bl e of bei n g su per -
vi sed by t h e empl oy er . A sepa r a t e
pu sh bu t t on sh a l l be empl oy ed t o a ct i -
va t e t h e cl u t ch , a n d t h e cl u t ch sh a l l be
a ct i va t ed on l y i f t h e dr i ver mot or i s
deen er gi zed.
(8) Elect rical. (i ) A ma i n power di s-
con n ect swi t ch ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed
on l y i n t h e Off posi t i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h ever y power pr ess con t r ol
sy st em.
(i i ) Th e mot or st a r t bu t t on sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st a cci den t a l oper a t i on .
(i i i ) Al l mech a n i ca l power pr ess con -
t r ol s sh a l l i n cor por a t e a t y pe of dr i ve
mot or st a r t er t h a t wi l l di scon n ect t h e
dr i ve mot or fr om t h e power sou r ce i n
even t of con t r ol vol t a ge or power
sou r ce fa i l u r e, a n d r equ i r e oper a t i on of
t h e mot or st a r t bu t t on t o r est a r t t h e
mot or wh en vol t a ge con di t i on s a r e r e-
st or ed t o n or ma l .
(i v) Al l a . c. con t r ol ci r cu i t s a n d sol e-
n oi d va l u e coi l s sh a l l be power ed by
n ot mor e t h a n a n omi n a l 120-vol t a . c.
su ppl y obt a i n ed fr om a t r a n sfor mer
wi t h a n i sol a t ed secon da r y . Hi gh er
vol t a ges t h a t ma y be n ecessa r y for op-
er a t i on of ma ch i n e or con t r ol mech a -
n i sms sh a l l be i sol a t ed fr om a n y con -
t r ol mech a n i sm h a n dl ed by t h e oper -
a t or , bu t mot or st a r t er s wi t h i n t egr a l
S t a r t -S t op bu t t on s ma y u t i l i ze l i n e
vol t a ge con t r ol . Al l d. c. con t r ol ci r -
cu i t s sh a l l be power ed by n ot mor e
t h a n a n omi n a l 240-vol t d. c. su ppl y i so-
l a t ed fr om a n y h i gh er vol t a ges.
(v) Al l cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol el ect r i ca l
ci r cu i t s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st t h e
possi bi l i t y of a n a cci den t a l gr ou n d i n
t h e con t r ol ci r cu i t ca u si n g fa l se oper -
a t i on of t h e pr ess.
(vi ) El ect r i ca l cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol
ci r cu i t s sh a l l i n cor por a t e fea t u r es t o
mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of a n u n i n -
t en ded st r ok e i n t h e even t of t h e fa i l -
u r e of a con t r ol compon en t t o fu n ct i on
pr oper l y , i n cl u di n g r el a y s, l i mi t
swi t ch es, a n d st a t i c ou t pu t ci r cu i t s.
(9) Slide cou n t erbalan ce sy st ems. (i )
S pr i n g cou n t er ba l a n ce sy st ems wh en
u sed sh a l l i n cor por a t e mea n s t o r et a i n
sy st em pa r t s i n even t of br ea k a ge.
(i i ) S pr i n g cou n t er ba l a n ces wh en
u sed sh a l l h a ve t h e ca pa bi l i t y t o h ol d
t h e sl i de a n d i t s a t t a ch men t s a t
mi dst r ok e, wi t h ou t br a k e a ppl i ed.
(i i i ) Ai r cou n t er ba l a n ce cy l i n der s
sh a l l i n cor por a t e mea n s t o r et a i n t h e
pi st on a n d r od i n ca se of br ea k a ge or
l oosen i n g.
(i v) Ai r cou n t er ba l a n ce cy l i n der s
sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e ca pa bi l i t y t o h ol d
t h e sl i de a n d i t s a t t a ch men t s a t a n y
poi n t i n st r ok e, wi t h ou t br a k e a ppl i ed.
(v) Ai r cou n t er ba l a n ce cy l i n der s sh a l l
i n cor por a t e mea n s t o pr even t fa i l u r e of
ca pa bi l i t y (su dden l oss of pr essu r e) i n
even t of a i r su ppl y fa i l u r e.
(10) Air con t rollin g equ ipmen t . Ai r con -
t r ol l i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st for ei gn ma t er i a l a n d wa t er en -
t er i n g t h e pn eu ma t i c sy st em of t h e
pr ess. A mea n s of a i r l u br i ca t i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wh en n eeded.
(11) Hy drau lic equ ipmen t . Th e ma x-
i mu m a n t i ci pa t ed wor k i n g pr essu r es i n
a n y h y dr a u l i c sy st em on a mech a n i ca l
power pr ess sh a l l n ot exceed t h e sa fe
wor k i n g pr essu r e r a t i n g of a n y compo-
n en t u sed i n t h a t sy st em.
(12) Pressu re vessels. Al l pr essu r e ves-
sel s u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h power
pr esses sh a l l con for m t o t h e Amer i ca n
S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi n eer s Code
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
629
for P r essu r e Vessel s, 1968 Edi t i on ,
(13) Con t rol reliabilit y . Wh en r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (c)(5) of t h i s sect i on , t h e
con t r ol sy st em sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so
t h a t a fa i l u r e wi t h i n t h e sy st em does
n ot pr even t t h e n or ma l st oppi n g a ct i on
fr om bei n g a ppl i ed t o t h e pr ess wh en
r equ i r ed, bu t does pr even t i n i t i a t i on of
a su ccessi ve st r ok e u n t i l t h e fa i l u r e i s
cor r ect ed. Th e fa i l u r e sh a l l be det ect -
a bl e by a si mpl e t est , or i n di ca t ed by
t h e con t r ol sy st em. Th i s r equ i r emen t
does n ot a ppl y t o t h ose el emen t s of t h e
con t r ol sy st em wh i ch h a ve n o effect on
t h e pr ot ect i on a ga i n st poi n t of oper -
a t i on i n j u r i es.
(14) Brak e sy st em mon it orin g. Wh en r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (c)(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e br a k e mon i t or sh a l l meet t h e
fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(i ) Be so con st r u ct ed a s t o a u t oma t i -
ca l l y pr even t t h e a ct i va t i on of a su c-
cessi ve st r ok e i f t h e st oppi n g t i me or
br a k i n g di st a n ce det er i or a t es t o a
poi n t wh er e t h e sa fet y di st a n ce bei n g
u t i l i zed does n ot meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i i i )(e) or (c)(3)(vi i )(c) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Th e br a k e mon i t or u sed wi t h t h e
Ty pe B ga t e or mova bl e ba r r i er devi ce
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a ma n n er t o det ect
sl i de t op-st op over r u n bey on d t h e n or -
ma l l i mi t r ea son a bl y est a bl i sh ed by
t h e empl oy er .
(i i ) Be i n st a l l ed on a pr ess su ch t h a t
i t i n di ca t es wh en t h e per for ma n ce of
t h e br a k i n g sy st em h a s det er i or a t ed t o
t h e ext en t descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(14)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(i i i ) Be con st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed i n a
ma n n er t o mon i t or br a k e sy st em per -
for ma n ce on ea ch st r ok e.
(c) Saf egu ardin g t h e poin t of oper-
at ion (1) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) I t
sh a l l be t h e r espon si bi l i t y of t h e em-
pl oy er t o pr ovi de a n d i n su r e t h e u sa ge
of poi n t of oper a t i on gu a r ds or pr op-
er l y a ppl i ed a n d a dj u st ed poi n t of oper -
a t i on devi ces on ever y oper a t i on per -
for med on a mech a n i ca l power pr ess.
S ee Ta bl e O10.
(i i ) Th e r equ i r emen t of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot a ppl y
wh en t h e poi n t of oper a t i on open i n g i s
on e-fou r t h i n ch or l ess. S ee Ta bl e O10.
(2) Poin t of operat ion gu ards. (i ) Ever y
poi n t of oper a t i on gu a r d sh a l l meet t h e
fol l owi n g desi gn , con st r u ct i on , a ppl i ca -
t i on , a n d a dj u st men t r equ i r emen t s:
(a) I t sh a l l pr even t en t r y of h a n ds or
fi n ger s i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on by
r ea ch i n g t h r ou gh , over , u n der or
a r ou n d t h e gu a r d;
(b) I t sh a l l con for m t o t h e ma xi mu m
per mi ssi bl e open i n gs of Ta bl e O10;
(c) I t sh a l l , i n i t sel f, cr ea t e n o pi n ch
poi n t bet ween t h e gu a r d a n d movi n g
ma ch i n e pa r t s;
(d) I t sh a l l u t i l i ze fa st en er s n ot r ea d-
i l y r emova bl e by oper a t or , so a s t o
mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of mi su se or
r emova l of essen t i a l pa r t s;
(e) I t sh a l l fa ci l i t a t e i t s i n spect i on ,
a n d
(f ) I t sh a l l offer ma xi mu m vi si bi l i t y
of t h e poi n t of oper a t i on con si st en t
wi t h t h e ot h er r equ i r emen t s.
(i i ) A di e en cl osu r e gu a r d sh a l l be a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e di e sh oe or st r i pper i n a
fi xed posi t i on .
(i i i ) A fi xed ba r r i er gu a r d sh a l l be a t -
t a ch ed secu r el y t o t h e fr a me of t h e
pr ess or t o t h e bol st er pl a t e.
(i v) An i n t er l ock ed pr ess ba r r i er
gu a r d sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e pr ess
fr a me or bol st er a n d sh a l l be
i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e pr ess cl u t ch con -
t r ol so t h a t t h e cl u t ch ca n n ot be a ct i -
va t ed u n l ess t h e gu a r d i t sel f, or t h e
h i n ged or mova bl e sect i on s of t h e
gu a r d a r e i n posi t i on t o con for m t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of Ta bl e O10.
(v) Th e h i n ged or mova bl e sect i on s of
a n i n t er l ock ed pr ess ba r r i er gu a r d sh a l l
n ot be u sed for ma n u a l feedi n g. Th e
gu a r d sh a l l pr even t open i n g of t h e
i n t er l ock ed sect i on a n d r ea ch i n g i n t o
t h e poi n t of oper a t i on pr i or t o di e cl o-
su r e or pr i or t o t h e cessa t i on of sl i de
mot i on . S ee pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on r ega r di n g ma n u a l feedi n g
t h r ou gh i n t er l ock ed pr ess ba r r i er de-
vi ces.
(vi ) Th e a dj u st a bl e ba r r i er gu a r d
sh a l l be secu r el y a t t a ch ed t o t h e pr ess
bed, bol st er pl a t e, or di e sh oe, a n d sh a l l
be a dj u st ed a n d oper a t ed i n con for mi t y
wi t h Ta bl e O10 a n d t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph . Adj u st men t s
sh a l l be ma de on l y by a u t h or i zed per -
son n el wh ose qu a l i fi ca t i on s i n cl u de a
k n owl edge of t h e pr ovi si on s of Ta bl e O
10 a n d t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(vi i ) A poi n t of oper a t i on en cl osu r e
wh i ch does n ot meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph a n d Ta bl e O10
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
630
sh a l l be u sed on l y i n con j u n ct i on wi t h
poi n t of oper a t i on devi ces.
(3) Poin t of operat ion devices. (i ) P oi n t
of oper a t i on devi ces sh a l l pr ot ect t h e
oper a t or by :
(a) P r even t i n g a n d/or st oppi n g n or -
ma l st r ok i n g of t h e pr ess i f t h e oper a -
t or s h a n ds a r e i n a dver t en t l y pl a ced i n
t h e poi n t of oper a t i on ; or
(b) P r even t i n g t h e oper a t or fr om i n -
a dver t en t l y r ea ch i n g i n t o t h e poi n t of
oper a t i on , or wi t h dr a wi n g h i s h a n ds i f
t h ey a r e i n a dver t en t l y l oca t ed i n t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on , a s t h e di es cl ose; or
(c) P r even t i n g t h e oper a t or fr om i n -
a dver t en t l y r ea ch i n g i n t o t h e poi n t of
oper a t i on a t a l l t i mes; or
(d) [Reser ved]
(e) Requ i r i n g a ppl i ca t i on of bot h of
t h e oper a t or s h a n ds t o ma ch i n e oper -
a t i n g con t r ol s a n d l oca t i n g su ch con -
t r ol s a t su ch a sa fet y di st a n ce fr om t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on t h a t t h e sl i de com-
pl et es t h e down wa r d t r a vel or st ops be-
for e t h e oper a t or ca n r ea ch i n t o t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on wi t h h i s h a n ds; or
(f ) En cl osi n g t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
befor e a pr ess st r ok e ca n be i n i t i a t ed,
a n d ma i n t a i n i n g t h i s cl osed con di t i on
u n t i l t h e mot i on of t h e sl i de h a d
cea sed; or
(g) En cl osi n g t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
befor e a pr ess st r ok e ca n be i n i t i a t ed,
so a s t o pr even t a n oper a t or fr om
r ea ch i n g i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
pr i or t o di e cl osu r e or pr i or t o ces-
sa t i on of sl i de mot i on du r i n g t h e down -
wa r d st r ok e.
(i i ) A ga t e or mova bl e ba r r i er devi ce
sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or a s fol l ows:
(a) A Ty pe A ga t e or mova bl e ba r r i er
devi ce sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or i n t h e
ma n n er speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i )(f ) of t h i s sect i on , a n d
(b) A Ty pe B ga t e or mova bl e ba r r i er
devi ce sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or i n t h e
ma n n er speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i )(g) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) A pr esen ce sen si n g poi n t of oper -
a t i on devi ce sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or
a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i )(a) of
t h i s sect i on , a n d sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed
i n t o t h e con t r ol ci r cu i t t o pr even t or
st op sl i de mot i on i f t h e oper a t or s h a n d
or ot h er pa r t of h i s body i s wi t h i n t h e
sen si n g fi el d of t h e devi ce du r i n g t h e
down st r ok e of t h e pr ess sl i de.
(a) Th e devi ce ma y n ot be u sed on
ma ch i n es u si n g fu l l r evol u t i on cl u t ch -
es.
(b) Th e devi ce ma y n ot be u sed a s a
t r i ppi n g mea n s t o i n i t i a t e sl i de mo-
t i on , except wh en u sed i n t ot a l con -
for ma n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(c) Th e devi ce sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so
t h a t a fa i l u r e wi t h i n t h e sy st em does
n ot pr even t t h e n or ma l st oppi n g a ct i on
fr om bei n g a ppl i ed t o t h e pr ess wh en
r equ i r ed, bu t does pr even t t h e i n i t i -
a t i on of a su ccessi ve st r ok e u n t i l t h e
fa i l u r e i s cor r ect ed. Th e fa i l u r e sh a l l
be i n di ca t ed by t h e sy st em.
(d) Mu t i n g (by pa ssi n g of t h e pr ot ec-
t i ve fu n ct i on ) of su ch devi ce, du r i n g
t h e u pst r ok e of t h e pr ess sl i de, i s per -
mi t t ed for t h e pu r pose of pa r t s ej ec-
t i on , ci r cu i t ch eck i n g, a n d feedi n g.
(e) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce (Ds) fr om t h e
sen si n g fi el d t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
sh a l l be gr ea t er t h a n t h e di st a n ce de-
t er mi n ed by t h e fol l owi n g for mu l a :
Ds = 63 i n ch es/secon d Ts
wh er e:
Ds = mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce (i n ch es); 63
i n ch es/secon d=h a n d speed con st a n t ;
a n d
Ts = st oppi n g t i me of t h e pr ess mea su r ed a t
a ppr oxi ma t el y 90 posi t i on of cr a n k sh a ft
r ot a t i on (secon ds).
(f ) Gu a r ds sh a l l be u sed t o pr ot ect a l l
a r ea s of en t r y t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
n ot pr ot ect ed by t h e pr esen ce sen si n g
devi ce.
(i v) Th e pu l l -ou t devi ce sh a l l pr ot ect
t h e oper a t or a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i )(b) of t h i s sect i on , a n d sh a l l i n -
cl u de a t t a ch men t s for ea ch of t h e oper -
a t or s h a n ds.
(a) At t a ch men t s sh a l l be con n ect ed
t o a n d oper a t ed on l y by t h e pr ess sl i de
or u pper di e.
(b) At t a ch men t s sh a l l be a dj u st ed t o
pr even t t h e oper a t or fr om r ea ch i n g
i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on or t o wi t h -
dr a w t h e oper a t or s h a n ds fr om t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on befor e t h e di es cl ose.
(c) A sepa r a t e pu l l -ou t devi ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for ea ch oper a t or i f mor e t h a n
on e oper a t or i s u sed on a pr ess.
(d) Ea ch pu l l -ou t devi ce i n u se sh a l l
be vi su a l l y i n spect ed a n d ch eck ed for
pr oper a dj u st men t a t t h e st a r t of ea ch
oper a t or sh i ft , fol l owi n g a n ew di e set -
u p, a n d wh en oper a t or s a r e ch a n ged.
Necessa r y ma i n t en a n ce or r epa i r or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
631
bot h sh a l l be per for med a n d compl et ed
befor e t h e pr ess i s oper a t ed. Recor ds of
i n spect i on s a n d ma i n t en a n ce sh a l l be
k ept i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)
(v) Th e sweep devi ce ma y n ot be u sed
for poi n t of oper a t i on sa fegu a r di n g.
(vi ) A h ol dou t or a r est r a i n t devi ce
sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or a s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i )(c) of t h i s sect i on
a n d sh a l l i n cl u de a t t a ch men t s for ea ch
of t h e oper a t or s h a n ds. S u ch a t t a ch -
men t s sh a l l be secu r el y a n ch or ed a n d
a dj u st ed i n su ch a wa y t h a t t h e oper -
a t or i s r est r a i n ed fr om r ea ch i n g i n t o
t h e poi n t of oper a t i on . A sepa r a t e set
of r est r a i n t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch
oper a t or i f mor e t h a n on e oper a t or i s
r equ i r ed on a pr ess.
(vi i ) Th e t wo h a n d con t r ol devi ce
sh a l l pr ot ect t h e oper a t or a s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i )(e) of t h i s sect i on .
(a) Wh en u sed i n pr ess oper a t i on s r e-
qu i r i n g mor e t h a n on e oper a t or , sepa -
r a t e t wo h a n d con t r ol s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for ea ch oper a t or , a n d sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o r equ i r e con cu r r en t a ppl i ca -
t i on of a l l oper a t or s con t r ol s t o a ct i -
va t e t h e sl i de. Th e r emova l of a h a n d
fr om a n y con t r ol bu t t on sh a l l ca u se
t h e sl i de t o st op.
(b) Ea ch t wo h a n d con t r ol sh a l l meet
t h e con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(7)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce (Ds) bet ween
ea ch t wo h a n d con t r ol devi ce a n d t h e
poi n t of oper a t i on sh a l l be gr ea t er t h a n
t h e di st a n ce det er mi n ed by t h e fol -
Ds = 63 i n ch es/secon d Ts;
wh er e:
Ds = mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce (i n ch es); 63
a n d
Ts = st oppi n g t i me of t h e pr ess mea su r ed a t
a ppr oxi ma t el y 90 posi t i on of cr a n k sh a ft
r ot a t i on (secon ds).
(d) Two h a n d con t r ol s sh a l l be fi xed
i n posi t i on so t h a t on l y a su per vi sor or
sa fet y en gi n eer i s ca pa bl e of r el oca t i n g
t h e con t r ol s.
(vi i i ) Th e t wo h a n d t r i p devi ce sh a l l
pr ot ect t h e oper a t or a s speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (c)(3)(i )(e) of t h i s sect i on .
(a) Wh en u sed i n pr ess oper a t i on s r e-
qu i r i n g mor e t h a n on e oper a t or , sepa -
r a t e t wo h a n d t r i ps sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for ea ch oper a t or , a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed
t o r equ i r e con cu r r en t a ppl i ca t i on of a l l
oper a t or s t o a ct i va t e t h e sl i de.
(b) Ea ch t wo h a n d t r i p sh a l l meet t h e
con st r u ct i on r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(6) of t h i s sect i on .
(c) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce (Dm) bet ween
t h e t wo h a n d t r i p a n d t h e poi n t of op-
er a t i on sh a l l be gr ea t er t h a n t h e di s-
t a n ce det er mi n ed by t h e fol l owi n g for -
mu l a :
Dm = 63 i n ch es/secon dTm;
wh er e:
Dm = mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce (i n ch es); 63
a n d
Tm = t h e ma xi mu m t i me t h e pr ess t a k es for
t h e di e cl osu r e a ft er i t h a s been t r i pped
(secon ds). F or fu l l r evol u t i on cl u t ch pr ess-
es wi t h on l y on e en ga gi n g poi n t Tm i s equ a l
t o t h e t i me n ecessa r y for on e a n d on e-h a l f
r evol u t i on s of t h e cr a n k sh a ft . F or fu l l r ev-
ol u t i on cl u t ch pr esses wi t h mor e t h a n on e
en ga gi n g poi n t , Tm sh a l l be ca l cu l a t ed a s
fol l ows:
Tm = [
1
2 + (1 Nu mber of en ga gi n g poi n t s per
r evol u t i on )] t i me n ecessa r y t o compl et e
on e r evol u t i on of t h e cr a n k sh a ft (secon ds).
(d) Two h a n d t r i ps sh a l l be fi xed i n
posi t i on so t h a t on l y a su per vi sor or
sa fet y en gi n eer i s ca pa bl e of r el oca t i n g
t h e con t r ol s.
(4) Han d f eedin g t ools. Ha n d feedi n g
t ool s a r e i n t en ded for pl a ci n g a n d r e-
movi n g ma t er i a l s i n a n d fr om t h e
pr ess. Ha n d feedi n g t ool s a r e n ot a
poi n t of oper a t i on gu a r d or pr ot ect i on
devi ce a n d sh a l l n ot be u sed i n l i eu of
t h e gu a r ds or devi ces r equ i r ed i n
t h i s sect i on .
(5) Addit ion al requ iremen t s f or saf e-
gu ardin g. Wh er e t h e oper a t or feeds or
r emoves pa r t s by pl a ci n g on e or bot h
h a n ds i n t h e poi n t of oper a t i on , a n d a
t wo h a n d con t r ol , pr esen ce sen si n g de-
vi ce, Ty pe B ga t e or mova bl e ba r r i er
(on a pa r t r evol u t i on cl u t ch ) i s u sed for
sa fegu a r di n g:
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l u se a con t r ol
sy st em a n d a br a k e mon i t or wh i ch
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (b) (13) a n d (14)
(i i ) Th e except i on i n pa r a gr a ph
(b)(7)(v)(d) of t h i s sect i on for t wo h a n d
con t r ol s ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d i n st a l l ed
befor e Au gu st 31, 1971 i s n ot a ppl i ca bl e
u n der t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c)(5);
(i i i ) Th e con t r ol of a i r cl u t ch ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be desi gn ed t o pr even t a
si gn i fi ca n t i n cr ea se i n t h e n or ma l st op-
pi n g t i me du e t o a fa i l u r e wi t h i n t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
632
oper a t i n g va l ve mech a n i sm, a n d t o i n -
h i bi t fu r t h er oper a t i on i f su ch fa i l u r e
does occu r , wh er e a pa r t r evol u t i on
cl u t ch i s empl oy ed. Th e except i on i n
pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(xi ) of t h i s sect i on for
con t r ol s ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d i n st a l l ed
befor e Au gu st 31, 1971, i s n ot a ppl i ca bl e
u n der t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c)(5).
(d) Design , con st ru ct ion , set t in g an d
f eedin g of dies(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l : (i ) Use di es a n d op-
er a t i n g met h ods desi gn ed t o con t r ol or
el i mi n a t e h a za r ds t o oper a t i n g per -
son n el , a n d (i i ) fu r n i sh a n d en for ce t h e
u se of h a n d t ool s for fr eei n g a n d r e-
movi n g st u ck wor k or scr a p pi eces
fr om t h e di e, so t h a t n o empl oy ee n eed
r ea ch i n t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on for
su ch pu r poses.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Scrap h an dlin g. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l pr ovi de mea n s for h a n dl i n g scr a p
fr om r ol l feed or r a n dom l en gt h st ock
oper a t i on s. S cr a p cu t t er s u sed i n con -
j u n ct i on wi t h scr a p h a n dl i n g sy st ems
sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on a n d wi t h
1910. 219.
(4) Gu ide post h azard. Th e h a za r d cr e-
a t ed by a gu i de post (wh en i t i s l oca t ed
i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t y of t h e oper -
a t or ) wh en sepa r a t ed fr om i t s bu sh i n g
by mor e t h a n on e-fou r t h i n ch sh a l l be
con si der ed a s a poi n t of oper a t i on h a z-
a r d a n d be pr ot ect ed i n a ccor da n ce
(5) Un it ized t oolin g. I f u n i t i zed t ool i n g
i s u sed, t h e open i n g bet ween t h e t op of
t h e pu n ch h ol der a n d t h e fa ce of t h e
sl i de, or st r i k i n g pa d, sh a l l be sa fe-
gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(6) T on n age, st rok e, an d weigh t des-
ign at ion . Al l di es sh a l l be:
(i ) S t a mped wi t h t h e t on n a ge a n d
st r ok e r equ i r emen t s, or h a ve t h ese
ch a r a ct er i st i cs r ecor ded i f t h ese
r ecor ds a r e r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o t h e di e
set t er ;
(i i ) S t a mped t o i n di ca t e u pper di e
wei gh t wh en n ecessa r y for a i r cou n t er -
ba l a n ce pr essu r e a dj u st men t ; a n d
(i i i ) S t a mped t o i n di ca t e compl et e
di e wei gh t wh en h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t
ma y become over l oa ded.
(7) Die f ast en in g. P r ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de i n bot h t h e u pper a n d l ower sh oes
for secu r el y mou n t i n g t h e di e t o t h e
bol st er a n d sl i de. Wh er e cl a mp ca ps or
set scr ews a r e u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h
pu n ch st ems, a ddi t i on a l mea n s of se-
cu r i n g t h e u pper sh oe t o t h e sl i de sh a l l
be u sed.
(8) Die h an dlin g. Ha n dl i n g equ i pmen t
a t t a ch poi n t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded on a l l
di es r equ i r i n g mech a n i ca l h a n dl i n g.
(9) Dieset t in g. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
est a bl i sh a di eset t i n g pr ocedu r e t h a t
wi l l i n su r e compl i a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de spr i n g
l oa ded t u r n over ba r s, for pr esses de-
si gn ed t o a ccept su ch t u r n over ba r s.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de di e
st ops or ot h er mea n s t o pr even t l osi n g
con t r ol of t h e di e wh i l e set t i n g or r e-
movi n g di es i n pr esses wh i ch a r e i n -
cl i n ed.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a n d
en for ce t h e u se of sa fet y bl ock s for u se
wh en ever di es a r e bei n g a dj u st ed or r e-
pa i r ed i n t h e pr ess.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de br u sh -
es, swa bs, l u br i ca t i n g r ol l s, a n d a u t o-
ma t i c or ma n u a l pr essu r e gu n s so t h a t
oper a t or s a n d di eset t er s sh a l l n ot be
r equ i r ed t o r ea ch i n t o t h e poi n t of op-
er a t i on or ot h er h a za r d a r ea s t o l u br i -
ca t e ma t er i a l , pu n ch es or di es.
(e) I n spect ion , main t en an ce, an d modi-
f icat ion of presses(1) I n spect ion an d
main t en an ce records. (i ) I t sh a l l be t h e
r espon si bi l i t y of t h e empl oy er t o est a b-
l i sh a n d fol l ow a pr ogr a m of per i odi c
a n d r egu l a r i n spect i on s of h i s power
pr esses t o en su r e t h a t a l l t h ei r pa r t s,
a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t , a n d sa fegu a r ds
a r e i n a sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on a n d
a dj u st men t . Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n -
t a i n a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d of i n spec-
t i on s wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of i n spec-
t i on , t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per son wh o
power pr ess t h a t wa s i n spect ed.
(i i ) Ea ch pr ess sh a l l be i n spect ed a n d
t est ed n o l ess t h a n week l y t o det er -
mi n e t h e con di t i on of t h e cl u t ch /br a k e
mech a n i sm, a n t i r epea t fea t u r e a n d si n -
gl e st r ok e mech a n i sm. Necessa r y
ma i n t en a n ce or r epa i r or bot h sh a l l be
per for med a n d compl et ed befor e t h e
pr ess i s oper a t ed. Th ese r equ i r emen t s
do n ot a ppl y t o t h ose pr esses wh i ch
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (b) (13) a n d (14)
of t h i s sect i on . Th e empl oy er sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
633
ma i n t a i n a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d of i n -
spect i on s, t est s a n d ma i n t en a n ce wor k
wh i ch i n cl u des t h e da t e of t h e i n spec-
t i on , t est or ma i n t en a n ce; t h e si gn a -
t u r e of t h e per son wh o per for med t h e
i n spect i on , t est , or ma i n t en a n ce; a n d
t h e ser i a l n u mber or ot h er i den t i fi er of
t h e pr ess t h a t wa s i n spect ed, t est ed or
ma i n t a i n ed.
(2) Modif icat ion . I t sh a l l be t h e r e-
spon si bi l i t y of a n y per son modi fy i n g a
power pr ess t o fu r n i sh i n st r u ct i on s
wi t h t h e modi fi ca t i on t o est a bl i sh n ew
or ch a n ged gu i del i n es for u se a n d ca r e
of t h e power pr ess so modi fi ed.
(3) T rain in g of main t en an ce person n el.
I t sh a l l be t h e r espon si bi l i t y of t h e em-
pl oy er t o i n su r e t h e or i gi n a l a n d con -
t i n u i n g compet en ce of per son n el ca r i n g
for , i n spect i n g, a n d ma i n t a i n i n g power
pr esses.
(f) Operat ion of power presses(1) [Re-
ser ved]
(2) I n st ru ct ion t o operat ors. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l t r a i n a n d i n st r u ct t h e op-
er a t or i n t h e sa fe met h od of wor k be-
for e st a r t i n g wor k on a n y oper a t i on
cover ed by t h i s sect i on . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l i n su r e by a dequ a t e su per vi si on
t h a t cor r ect oper a t i n g pr ocedu r es a r e
bei n g fol l owed.
(3) Work area. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de cl ea r a n ce bet ween ma ch i n es so
t h a t movemen t of on e oper a t or wi l l n ot
i n t er fer e wi t h t h e wor k of a n ot h er .
Ampl e r oom for cl ea n i n g ma ch i n es,
h a n dl i n g ma t er i a l , wor k pi eces, a n d
scr a p sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded. Al l su r -
r ou n di n g fl oor s sh a l l be k ept i n good
con di t i on a n d fr ee fr om obst r u ct i on s,
gr ea se, oi l , a n d wa t er .
(4) Overloadin g. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
oper a t e h i s pr esses wi t h i n t h e t on n a ge
a n d a t t a ch men t wei gh t r a t i n gs speci -
fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er .
Expl a n a t i on of a bove di a gr a m:
Th i s di a gr a m sh ows t h e a ccept ed sa fe
open i n gs bet ween t h e bot t om edge of a gu a r d
a n d feed t a bl e a t va r i ou s di st a n ces fr om t h e
da n ger l i n e (poi n t of oper a t i on ).
Th e clearan ce lin e ma r k s t h e di st a n ce r e-
qu i r ed t o pr even t con t a ct bet ween gu a r d a n d
movi n g pa r t s.
Th e min imu m gu ardin g lin e i s t h e di st a n ce
bet ween t h e i n feed si de of t h e gu a r d a n d t h e
da n ger l i n e wh i ch i s on e-h a l f i n ch fr om t h e
da n ger l i n e.
Th e va r i ou s open i n gs a r e su ch t h a t for a v-
er a ge si ze h a n ds a n oper a t or s fi n ger s won t
r ea ch t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
Aft er i n st a l l a t i on of poi n t of oper a t i on
gu a r ds a n d befor e a j ob i s r el ea sed for oper -
a t i on a ch eck sh ou l d be ma de t o ver i fy t h a t
t h e gu a r d wi l l pr even t t h e oper a t or s h a n ds
fr om r ea ch i n g t h e poi n t of oper a t i on .
TABLE O10
[In inches]
Distance of opening from point of operation haz-
ard
Maximum
width of
opening
1
2 to 1
1
2 ..............................................................
1
4
1
1
2 to 2
1
2 ............................................................
3
8
2
1
2 to 3
1
2 ............................................................
1
2
3
1
2 to 5
1
2 ............................................................
5
8
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
634
TABLE O10Continued
[In inches]
Distance of opening from point of operation haz-
ard
Maximum
width of
opening
5
1
2 to 6
1
2 ............................................................
3
4
6
1
2 to 7
1
2 ............................................................
7
8
7
1
2 to 12
1
2 .......................................................... 1
1
4
12
1
2 to 15
1
2 ........................................................ 1
1
2
15
1
2 to 17
1
2 ........................................................ 1
7
8
17
1
2 to 31
1
2 ........................................................ 2
1
8
Th i s t a bl e sh ows t h e di st a n ces t h a t gu a r ds
sh a l l be posi t i on ed fr om t h e da n ger l i n e i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r ed open i n gs.
(g) Report s of in ju ries t o employ ees op-
erat in g mech an ical power presses. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l , wi t h i n 30 da y s of t h e
occu r r en ce, r epor t t o ei t h er t h e Di r ec-
t or of t h e Di r ect or a t e of S a fet y S t a n d-
a r ds P r ogr a ms, OS HA, U. S . Depa r t -
men t of La bor , Wa sh i n gt on , D. C. 20210,
or t h e S t a t e a gen cy a dmi n i st er i n g a
pl a n a ppr oved by t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y of La bor for Occu pa t i on a l S a fe-
t y a n d Hea l t h , a l l poi n t of oper a t i on
i n j u r i es t o oper a t or s or ot h er empl oy -
ees. Th e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on sh a l l be
i n cl u ded i n t h e r epor t :
(i ) Empl oy er s n a me, a ddr ess a n d l o-
ca t i on of t h e wor k pl a ce (est a bl i sh -
men t ).
(i i ) Empl oy ees n a me, i n j u r y su s-
t a i n ed, a n d t h e t a sk bei n g per for med
(oper a t i on , set -u p, ma i n t en a n ce, or
ot h er ).
(i i i ) Ty pe of cl u t ch u sed on t h e pr ess
(fu l l r evol u t i on , pa r t r evol u t i on , or di -
r ect dr i ve).
(i v) Ty pe of sa fegu a r d(s) bei n g u sed
(t wo h a n d con t r ol , t wo h a n d t r i p, pu l l -
ou t s, sweeps, or ot h er ). I f t h e sa fegu a r d
i s n ot descr i bed i n t h i s sect i on , gi ve a
compl et e descr i pt i on .
(v) Ca u se of t h e a cci den t (r epea t of
pr ess, sa fegu a r d fa i l u r e, r emovi n g
st u ck pa r t or scr a p, n o sa fegu a r d pr o-
vi ded, n o sa fegu a r d i n u se, or ot h er ).
(vi ) Ty pe of feedi n g (ma n u a l wi t h
h a n ds i n di es or wi t h h a n ds ou t of di es,
semi a u t oma t i c, a u t oma t i c, or ot h er ).
(vi i ) Mea n s u sed t o a ct u a t e pr ess
st r ok e (foot t r i p, foot con t r ol , h a n d
t r i p, h a n d con t r ol , or ot h er ).
(vi i i ) Nu mber of oper a t or s r equ i r ed
for t h e oper a t i on a n d t h e n u mber of op-
er a t or s pr ovi ded wi t h con t r ol s a n d
sa fegu a r ds.
(h ) Presen ce sen sin g device in it iat ion
(PSDI )(1) Gen eral. (i ) Th e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (h ) sh a l l a ppl y t o
a l l pa r t r evol u t i on mech a n i ca l power
pr esses u sed i n t h e P S DI mode of oper -
a t i on .
(i i ) Th e r el eva n t r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (g) of t h i s sec-
t i on a l so sh a l l a ppl y t o a l l pr esses u sed
i n t h e P S DI mode of oper a t i on , wh et h -
er or n ot cr oss r efer en ced i n t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (h ). S u ch cr oss-r efer en ci n g of
speci fi c r equ i r emen t s fr om pa r a gr a ph s
(a ) t h r ou gh (g) of t h i s sect i on i s i n -
t en ded on l y t o en h a n ce con ven i en ce
a n d u n der st a n di n g i n r el a t i n g t o t h e
n ew pr ovi si on s t o t h e exi st i n g st a n d-
a r d, a n d i s n ot t o be con st r u ed a s l i m-
i t i n g t h e a ppl i ca bi l i t y of ot h er pr ovi -
si on s i n pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (g) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) F u l l r evol u t i on mech a n i ca l
power pr esses sh a l l n ot be u sed i n t h e
P S DI mode of oper a t i on .
(i v) Mech a n i ca l power pr esses wi t h a
con fi gu r a t i on wh i ch wou l d a l l ow a per -
son t o en t er , pa ss t h r ou gh , a n d become
cl ea r of t h e sen si n g fi el d i n t o t h e h a z-
a r dou s por t i on of t h e pr ess sh a l l n ot be
u sed i n t h e P S DI mode of oper a t i on .
(v) Th e P S DI mode of oper a t i on sh a l l
be u sed on l y for n or ma l pr odu ct i on op-
er a t i on s. Di e-set t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce
pr ocedu r es sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (g) of t h i s sect i on ,
a n d sh a l l n ot be don e i n t h e P S DI
mode.
(2) Brak e an d clu t ch requ iremen t s. (i )
P r esses wi t h fl exi bl e st eel ba n d br a k es
or wi t h mech a n i ca l l i n k a ge a ct u a t ed
br a k es or cl u t ch es sh a l l n ot be u sed i n
t h e P S DI mode.
(i i ) Br a k e sy st ems on pr esses u sed i n
t h e P S DI mode sh a l l h a ve su ffi ci en t
t or qu e so t h a t ea ch a ver a ge va l u e of
st oppi n g t i mes (Ts) for st ops i n i t i a t ed
a t a ppr oxi ma t el y 45 degr ees, 60 degr ees,
a n d 90 degr ees, r espect i vel y , of cr a n k -
sh a ft a n gu l a r posi t i on , sh a l l n ot be
mor e t h a n 125 per cen t of t h e a ver a ge
va l u e of t h e st oppi n g t i me a t t h e t op
cr a n k sh a ft posi t i on . Compl i a n ce wi t h
t h i s r equ i r emen t sh a l l be det er mi n ed
by u si n g t h e h ea vi est u pper di e t o be
u sed on t h e pr ess, a n d oper a t i n g a t t h e
fa st est pr ess speed i f t h er e i s speed se-
l ect i on .
(i i i ) Wh er e br a k e en ga gemen t a n d
cl u t ch r el ea se i s effect ed by spr i n g a c-
t i on , su ch spr i n g(s) sh a l l oper a t e i n
compr essi on on a r od or wi t h i n a h ol e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
635
or t u be, a n d sh a l l be of n on -i n t er -
l ea vi n g desi gn .
(3) Pn eu mat ic sy st ems. (i ) Ai r va l ve
a n d a i r pr essu r e su ppl y /con t r ol .
(A) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(b)(7)(xi i i ), (b)(7)(xi v), (b)(10), (b)(12)
a n d (c)(5)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o
t h e pn eu ma t i c sy st ems of ma ch i n es
u sed i n t h e P S DI mode.
(B) Th e a i r su ppl y for pn eu ma t i c
cl u t ch /br a k e con t r ol va l ves sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a fi l t er , a n a i r r egu l a t or , a n d,
wh en n ecessa r y for pr oper oper a t i on , a
l u br i ca t or .
(C) Th e a i r pr essu r e su ppl y for
cl u t ch /br a k e va l ves on ma ch i n es u sed
i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l be r egu l a t ed t o
pr essu r es l ess t h a n or equ a l t o t h e a i r
pr essu r e u sed wh en ma k i n g t h e st op
t i me mea su r emen t s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Ai r cou n t er ba l a n ce sy st ems.
(A) Wh er e pr esses t h a t h a ve sl i de
cou n t er ba l a n ce sy st ems a r e u sed i n t h e
P S DI mode, t h e cou n t er ba l a n ce sy st em
sh a l l a l so meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(9) of t h i s sect i on .
(B) Cou n t er ba l a n ces sh a l l be a dj u st ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr ess ma n u fa c-
t u r er s r ecommen da t i on s t o a ssu r e cor -
r ect cou n t er ba l a n ci n g of t h e sl i de a t -
t a ch men t (u pper di e) wei gh t for a l l op-
er a t i on s per for med on pr esses u sed i n
t h e P S DI mode. Th e a dj u st men t s sh a l l
be ma de befor e per for mi n g t h e st op-
pi n g t i me mea su r emen t s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph s (h )(2)(i i ), (h )(5)(i i i ), a n d
(h )(9)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Fly wh eels an d bearin gs. P r esses
wh ose desi gn s i n cor por a t e fl y wh eel s
r u n n i n g on j ou r n a l s on t h e cr a n k sh a ft
or ba ck sh a ft , or bu l l gea r s r u n n i n g on
j ou r n a l s mou n t ed on t h e cr a n k sh a ft ,
sh a l l be i n spect ed, l u br i ca t ed, a n d
ma i n t a i n ed a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(h )(10) of t h i s sect i on t o r edu ce t h e pos-
si bi l i t y of u n i n t en ded a n d u n con t r ol l ed
pr ess st r ok es ca u sed by bea r i n g sei -
zu r e.
(5) Brak e mon it orin g. (i ) P r esses oper -
a t ed i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a br a k e mon i t or t h a t
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(b)(13) a n d (b)(14) of t h i s sect i on . I n a d-
di t i on , t h e br a k e mon i t or sh a l l be a d-
j u st ed du r i n g i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on
t o pr even t su ccessi ve st r ok i n g of t h e
pr ess i f i n cr ea ses i n st oppi n g t i me
ca u se a n i n cr ea se i n t h e sa fet y di st a n ce
a bove t h a t r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(h )(9)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) On ce t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em h a s
been cer t i fi ed/va l i da t ed, a dj u st men t of
t h e br a k e mon i t or sh a l l n ot be don e
wi t h ou t pr i or a ppr ova l of t h e va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on for bot h t h e br a k e
mon i t or a dj u st men t a n d t h e cor -
r espon di n g a dj u st men t of t h e sa fet y
di st a n ce. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
sh a l l i n i t s i n st a l l a t i on va l i da t i on ,
st a t e t h a t i n wh a t ci r cu mst a n ces, i f
a n y , t h e empl oy er h a s a dva n ce a p-
pr ova l for a dj u st men t , wh en pr i or or a l
a ppr ova l i s a ppr opr i a t e a n d wh en pr i or
a ppr ova l mu st be i n wr i t i n g. Th e a d-
j u st men t sh a l l be don e u n der t h e su per -
vi si on of a n a u t h or i zed per son wh ose
qu a l i fi ca t i on s i n cl u de k n owl edge of
sa fet y di st a n ce r equ i r emen t s a n d expe-
r i en ce wi t h t h e br a k e sy st em a n d i t s
a dj u st men t . Wh en br a k e wea r or ot h er
fa ct or s ext en d pr ess st oppi n g t i me be-
y on d t h e l i mi t per mi t t ed by t h e br a k e
mon i t or , a dj u st men t , r epa i r , or ma i n -
t en a n ce sh a l l be per for med on t h e
br a k e or ot h er pr ess sy st em el emen t
t h a t ext en ds t h e st oppi n g t i me.
(i i i ) Th e br a k e mon i t or set t i n g sh a l l
a l l ow a n i n cr ea se of n o mor e t h a n 10
per cen t of t h e l on gest st oppi n g t i me
for t h e pr ess, or 10 mi l l i secon ds, wh i ch -
ever i s l on ger , mea su r ed a t t h e t op of
t h e st r ok e.
(6) Cy cle con t rol an d con t rol sy st ems. (i )
Th e con t r ol sy st em on pr esses u sed i n
t h e P S DI mode sh a l l meet t h e a ppl i ca -
bl e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (b)(7),
(b)(8), (b)(13), a n d (c)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a mea n s of dy n a mi ca l l y mon i -
t or i n g for decou pl i n g of t h e r ot a r y po-
si t i on i n di ca t i n g mech a n i sm dr i ve
fr om t h e cr a n k sh a ft . Th i s mon i t or
sh a l l st op sl i de mot i on a n d pr even t
su ccessi ve pr ess st r ok es i f decou pl i n g
occu r s, or i f t h e mon i t or i t sel f fa i l s.
(i i i ) Th e mode sel ect i on mea n s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l h a ve a t l ea st on e posi t i on for se-
l ect i on of t h e P S DI mode. Wh er e mor e
t h a n on e i n t er r u pt i on of t h e l i gh t sen s-
i n g fi el d i s u sed i n t h e i n i t i a t i on of a
st r ok e, ei t h er t h e mode sel ect i on
mea n s mu st h a ve on e posi t i on for ea ch
fu n ct i on , or a sepa r a t e sel ect i on mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh i ch becomes oper -
a bl e wh en t h e P S DI mode i s sel ect ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
636
S el ect i on of P S DI mode a n d t h e n u m-
ber of i n t er r u pt i on s/wi t h dr a wa l s of t h e
l i gh t sen si n g fi el d r equ i r ed t o i n i t i a t e
a pr ess cy cl e sh a l l be by mea n s ca pa bl e
of su per vi si on by t h e empl oy er .
(i v) A P S DI set -u p/r eset mea n s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wh i ch r equ i r es a n over t a c-
t i on by t h e oper a t or , i n a ddi t i on t o
P S DI mode sel ect i on , befor e oper a t i on
of t h e pr ess by mea n s of P S DI ca n be
st a r t ed.
(v) An i n di ca t or vi si bl e t o t h e oper -
a t or a n d r ea di l y seen by t h e empl oy er
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh i ch sh a l l cl ea r l y
i n di ca t e t h a t t h e sy st em i s set -u p for
cy cl i n g i n t h e P S DI mode.
(vi ) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a t i mer t o dea ct i va t e P S DI
wh en t h e pr ess does n ot st r ok e wi t h i n
t h e per i od of t i me set by t h e t i mer .
Th e t i mer sh a l l be ma n u a l l y a dj u st -
a bl e, t o a ma xi mu m t i me of 30 secon ds.
F or a n y t i mer set t i n g gr ea t er t h a n 15
secon ds, t h e a dj u st men t sh a l l be ma de
by t h e u se of a speci a l t ool a va i l a bl e
on l y t o a u t h or i zed per son s. F ol l owi n g a
dea ct i va t i on of P S DI by t h e t i mer , t h e
sy st em sh a l l ma k e i t n ecessa r y t o r eset
t h e set -u p/r eset mea n s i n or der t o r ea c-
t i va t e t h e P S DI mode.
(vi i ) Rea ct i va t i on of P S DI oper a t i on
fol l owi n g dea ct i va t i on of t h e P S DI
mode fr om a n y ot h er ca u se, su ch a s a c-
t i va t i on of t h e r ed col or st op con t r ol
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on , i n t er r u pt i on of t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g fi el d, open i n g of a n i n t er l ock ,
or r esel ect i on of t h e n u mber of sen si n g
fi el d i n t er r u pt i on s/wi t h dr a wa l s r e-
qu i r ed t o cy cl e t h e pr ess, sh a l l r equ i r e
r eset t i n g of t h e set -u p/r eset mea n s.
(vi i i ) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e a n a u t oma t i c mea n s t o pr even t
i n i t i a t i on or con t i n u ed oper a t i on i n
t h e P S DI mode u n l ess t h e pr ess dr i ve
mot or i s en er gi zed i n t h e for wa r d di r ec-
t i on of cr a n k sh a ft r ot a t i on .
(i x) Th e con t r ol desi gn sh a l l pr ecl u de
a n y movemen t of t h e sl i de ca u sed by
oper a t i on of power on , power off, or se-
l ect or swi t ch es, or fr om ch eck s for
pr oper oper a t i on s a s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(6)(xi v) of t h i s sect i on .
(x) Al l compon en t s a n d su bsy st ems of
t h e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l be desi gn ed t o
oper a t e t oget h er t o pr ovi de t ot a l con -
t r ol sy st em compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r e-
(xi ) Wh er e t h er e i s mor e t h a n on e op-
er a t or of a pr ess u sed for P S DI , ea ch
oper a t or sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a sepa -
r a t e, i n depen den t l y fu n ct i on i n g, pr es-
en ce sen si n g devi ce. Th e con t r ol sy s-
t em sh a l l r equ i r e t h a t ea ch sen si n g
fi el d be i n t er r u pt ed t h e sel ect ed n u m-
ber of t i mes pr i or t o i n i t i a t i n g a
st r ok e. F u r t h er , ea ch oper a t or sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a set -u p/r eset mea n s t h a t
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(h )(6) of t h i s sect i on , a n d wh i ch mu st
be a ct u a t ed t o i n i t i a t e oper a t i on of t h e
pr ess i n t h e P S DI mode.
(xi i ) [Reser ved]
(xi i i ) Th e Con t r ol sy st em sh a l l i n cor -
por a t e i n t er l ock s for su ppl emen t a l
gu a r ds, i f u sed, wh i ch wi l l pr even t
st r ok e i n i t i a t i on or wi l l st op a st r ok e
i n pr ogr ess i f a n y su ppl emen t a l gu a r d
fa i l s or i s dea ct i va t ed.
(xi v) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l per -
for m ch eck s for pr oper oper a t i on of a l l
cy cl e con t r ol l ogi c el emen t swi t ch es
a n d con t a ct s a t l ea st on ce ea ch cy cl e.
Con t r ol el emen t s sh a l l be ch eck ed for
cor r ect st a t u s a ft er power on a n d be-
for e t h e i n i t i a l P S DI st r ok e.
(xv) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l h a ve
pr ovi si on s for a n i n ch oper a t i n g
mea n s meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(7)(i v) of t h i s sect i on . Di e-
set t i n g sh a l l n ot be don e i n t h e P S DI
mode. P r odu ct i on sh a l l n ot be don e i n
t h e i n ch mode.
(xvi ) Th e con t r ol sy st em sh a l l per mi t
on l y a si n gl e st r ok e per i n i t i a t i on com-
ma n d.
(xvi i ) Con t r ol s wi t h i n t er n a l l y st or ed
pr ogr a ms (e. g. , mech a n i ca l , el ect r o-me-
ch a n i ca l , or el ect r on i c) sh a l l meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (b)(13) of
t h i s sect i on , a n d sh a l l defa u l t t o a pr e-
det er mi n ed sa fe con di t i on i n t h e even t
of a n y si n gl e fa i l u r e wi t h i n t h e sy st em.
P r ogr a mma bl e con t r ol l er s wh i ch meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s for con t r ol s wi t h i n -
t er n a l l y st or ed pr ogr a ms st a t ed a bove
sh a l l be per mi t t ed on l y i f a l l l ogi c el e-
men t s a ffect i n g t h e sa fet y sy st em a n d
poi n t of oper a t i on sa fet y a r e i n t er n a l l y
st or ed a n d pr ot ect ed i n su ch a ma n n er
t h a t t h ey ca n n ot be a l t er ed or ma n i pu -
l a t ed by t h e u ser t o a n u n sa fe con di -
t i on .
(7) En viron men t al requ iremen t s. Con -
t r ol compon en t s sh a l l be sel ect ed, con -
st r u ct ed, a n d con n ect ed t oget h er i n
su ch a wa y a s t o wi t h st a n d expect ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
637
oper a t i on a l a n d en vi r on men t a l
st r esses, a t l ea st i n cl u di n g t h ose ou t -
l i n ed i n a ppen di x A. S u ch st r esses sh a l l
n ot so a ffect t h e con t r ol sy st em a s t o
ca u se u n sa fe oper a t i on .
(8) Saf et y sy st em. (i ) Mech a n i ca l
power pr esses u sed i n t h e P S DI mode
sh a l l be oper a t ed u n der t h e con t r ol of a
sa fet y sy st em wh i ch , i n a ddi t i on t o
meet i n g t h e a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (b)(13) a n d (c)(5) a n d ot h er
a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on ,
sh a l l fu n ct i on su ch t h a t a si n gl e fa i l u r e
or si n gl e oper a t i n g er r or sh a l l n ot
ca u se i n j u r y t o per son n el fr om poi n t of
oper a t i on h a za r ds.
(i i ) Th e sa fet y sy st em sh a l l be de-
si gn ed, con st r u ct ed, a n d a r r a n ged a s a n
i n t egr a l t ot a l sy st em, i n cl u di n g a l l el e-
men t s of t h e pr ess, t h e con t r ol s, t h e
sa fegu a r di n g a n d a n y r equ i r ed su ppl e-
men t a l sa fegu a r di n g, a n d t h ei r i n t er -
fa ces wi t h t h e oper a t or a n d t h a t pa r t
of t h e en vi r on men t wh i ch h a s effect on
t h e pr ot ect i on a ga i n st poi n t of oper -
a t i on h a za r ds.
(9) Saf egu ardin g t h e poin t of operat ion .
(i ) Th e poi n t of oper a t i on of pr esses op-
er a t ed i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l be sa fe-
gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on , except t h a t t h e sa fet y di st a n ce
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (h )(9)(v) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be u sed for P S DI op-
er a t i on .
(i i )(A) P S DI sh a l l be i mpl emen t ed
on l y by u se of l i gh t cu r t a i n (ph ot o-
el ect r i c) pr esen ce sen si n g devi ces
wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(3)(i i i )(c) of t h i s sect i on u n l ess
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e fol l owi n g pa r a -
gr a ph h a ve been met .
(B) Al t er n a t i ves t o ph ot o-el ect r i c
l i gh t cu r t a i n s ma y be u sed for P S DI
wh en t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e,
t h r ou gh t est s a n d a n a l y si s by t h e em-
pl oy er or t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , t h a t t h e
a l t er n a t i ve i s a s sa fe a s t h e ph ot o-el ec-
t r i c l i gh t cu r t a i n , t h a t t h e a l t er n a t i ve
meet s t h e con di t i on s of t h i s sect i on ,
h a s t h e sa me l on g t er m r el i a bi l i t y a s
l i gh t cu r t a i n s a n d ca n be i n t egr a t ed
i n t o t h e en t i r e sa fet y sy st em a s pr o-
vi ded for i n t h i s sect i on . P r i or t o u se,
bot h t h e empl oy er a n d ma n u fa ct u r er
mu st cer t i fy t h a t t h ese r equ i r emen t s
a n d a l l t h e ot h er a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s sect i on a r e met a n d t h ese
cer t i fi ca t i on s mu st be va l i da t ed by a n
OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on t o meet t h ese a ddi -
t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a n d a l l t h e ot h er
a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A of t h i s
sect i on . Th r ee mon t h s pr i or t o t h e op-
er a t i on of a n y a l t er n a t i ve sy st em, t h e
empl oy er mu st n ot i fy t h e OS HA Di r ec-
t or a t e of S a fet y S t a n da r ds P r ogr a ms of
t h e n a me of t h e sy st em t o be i n st a l l ed,
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er a n d t h e OS HA-r ecog-
n i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za -
t i on i mmedi a t el y . Upon r equ est , t h e
empl oy er mu st ma k e a va i l a bl e t o t h a t
offi ce a l l t est s a n d a n a l y ses for OS HA
r evi ew.
(i i i ) I n di vi du a l sen si n g fi el ds of pr es-
en ce sen si n g devi ces u sed t o i n i t i a t e
st r ok es i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l cover
on l y on e si de of t h e pr ess.
(i v) Li gh t cu r t a i n s u sed for P S DI op-
er a t i on sh a l l h a ve mi n i mu m obj ect
sen si t i vi t y n ot t o exceed on e a n d on e-
fou r t h i n ch es (31. 75 mm). Wh er e l i gh t
cu r t a i n obj ect sen si t i vi t y i s u ser -a d-
j u st a bl e, ei t h er di scr et el y or con t i n u -
ou sl y , desi gn fea t u r es sh a l l l i mi t t h e
mi n i mu m obj ect sen si t i vi t y a dj u st -
men t n ot t o exceed on e a n d on e-fou r t h
i n ch es (31. 75 mm). Bl a n k i n g of t h e
sen si n g fi el d i s n ot per mi t t ed.
(v) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce (Ds) fr om t h e
sen si n g fi el d of t h e pr esen ce sen si n g
devi ce t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on sh a l l
be gr ea t er t h a n or equ a l t o t h e di s-
t a n ce det er mi n ed by t h e for mu l a :
Ds = Hs(Ts+Tp+Tr +2Tm)+Dp
Wh er e:
Ds = Mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce.
Hs = Ha n d speed con st a n t of 63 i n ch es per
secon d (1. 6 m/s).
Ts = Lon gest pr ess st oppi n g t i me, i n secon ds,
compu t ed by t a k i n g a ver a ges of mu l t i pl e
mea su r emen t s a t ea ch of t h r ee posi t i on s
(45 degr ees, 60 degr ees, a n d 90 degr ees) of
cr a n k sh a ft a n gu l a r posi t i on ; t h e l on gest of
t h e t h r ee a ver a ges i s t h e st oppi n g t i me t o
u se. (Ts i s defi n ed a s t h e su m of t h e k i n et i c
en er gy di ssi pa t i on t i me pl u s t h e pn eu -
ma t i c/ma gn et i c/h y dr a u l i c r ea ct i on t i me of
t h e cl u t ch /br a k e oper a t i n g mech a n i sm(s). )
Tp = Lon gest pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce r e-
spon se t i me, i n secon ds.
Tr = Lon gest r espon se t i me, i n secon ds, of a l l
i n t er posi n g con t r ol el emen t s bet ween t h e
pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce a n d t h e cl u t ch /
br a k e oper a t i n g mech a n i sm(s).
Tm = I n cr ea se i n t h e pr ess st oppi n g t i me a t
t h e t op of t h e st r ok e, i n secon ds, a l l owed
by t h e br a k e mon i t or for br a k e wea r . Th e
t i me i n cr ea se a l l owed sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
638
n o mor e t h a n 10 per cen t of t h e l on gest
pr ess st oppi n g t i me mea su r ed a t t h e t op of
t h e st r ok e, or 10 mi l l i secon ds, wh i ch ever i s
l on ger .
Dp = P en et r a t i on dept h fa ct or , r equ i r ed t o
pr ovi de for possi bl e pen et r a t i on t h r ou gh
t h e pr esen ce sen si n g fi el d by fi n ger s or
h a n d befor e det ect i on occu r s. Th e pen et r a -
t i on dept h fa ct or sh a l l be det er mi n ed fr om
Gr a ph h 1 u si n g t h e mi n i mu m obj ect sen si -
t i vi t y si ze.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
639
(vi ) Th e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce l oca -
t i on sh a l l ei t h er be set a t ea ch t ool
ch a n ge a n d set -u p t o pr ovi de a t l ea st
t h e mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce, or fi xed
i n l oca t i on t o pr ovi de a sa fet y di st a n ce
gr ea t er t h a n or equ a l t o t h e mi n i mu m
sa fet y di st a n ce for a l l t ool i n g set -u ps
wh i ch a r e t o be u sed on t h a t pr ess.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
640
(vi i ) Wh er e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce
l oca t i on i s a dj u st a bl e, a dj u st men t sh a l l
r equ i r e t h e u se of a speci a l t ool a va i l -
a bl e on l y t o a u t h or i zed per son s.
(vi i i ) S u ppl emen t a l sa fegu a r di n g
sh a l l be u sed t o pr ot ect a l l a r ea s of a c-
cess t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on wh i ch a r e
u n pr ot ect ed by t h e P S DI pr esen ce sen s-
i n g devi ce. S u ch su ppl emen t a l sa fe-
gu a r di n g sh a l l con si st of ei t h er a ddi -
t i on a l l i gh t cu r t a i n (ph ot o-el ect r i c)
pr esen ce sen si n g devi ces or ot h er t y pes
of gu a r ds wh i ch meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph s (c) a n d (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(A) P r esen ce sen si n g devi ces u sed a s
su ppl emen t a l sa fegu a r di n g sh a l l n ot
i n i t i a t e a pr ess st r ok e, a n d sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i i i ) a n d ot h er a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi -
si on s of t h i s sect i on , except t h a t t h e
sa fet y di st a n ce sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(9)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(B) Gu a r ds u sed a s su ppl emen t a l sa fe-
gu a r di n g sh a l l con for m t o t h e desi gn ,
con st r u ct i on a n d a ppl i ca t i on r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on , a n d sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e
pr ess con t r ol t o pr even t pr ess P S DI op-
er a t i on i f t h e gu a r d fa i l s, i s r emoved,
or i s ou t of posi t i on .
(i x) Ba r r i er s sh a l l be fi xed t o t h e
pr ess fr a me or bol st er t o pr even t per -
son n el fr om pa ssi n g compl et el y
t h r ou gh t h e sen si n g fi el d, wh er e sa fet y
di st a n ce or pr ess con fi gu r a t i on i s su ch
t h a t per son n el cou l d pa ss t h r ou gh t h e
P S DI pr esen ce sen si n g fi el d a n d a ssu me
a posi t i on wh er e t h e poi n t of oper a t i on
cou l d be a ccessed wi t h ou t det ect i on by
t h e P S DI pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce. As
a n a l t er n a t i ve, su ppl emen t a l pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ces u sed on l y i n t h e sa fe-
gu a r d mode ma y be pr ovi ded. I f u sed,
t h ese devi ces sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o
det ect a l l oper a t or l oca t i on s a n d posi -
t i on s n ot det ect ed by t h e P S DI sen si n g
fi el d, a n d sh a l l pr even t st r ok i n g or
st op a st r ok e i n pr ocess wh en a n y su p-
pl emen t a l sen si n g fi el d(s) a r e i n t er -
r u pt ed.
(x) Ha n d t ool s. Wh er e t ool s a r e u sed
for feedi n g, r emova l of scr a p, l u br i ca -
t i on of pa r t s, or r emova l of pa r t s t h a t
st i ck on t h e di e i n P S DI oper a t i on s:
(A) Th e mi n i mu m di a met er of t h e
t ool h a n dl e ext en si on sh a l l be gr ea t er
t h a n t h e mi n i mu m obj ect sen si t i vi t y of
t h e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce(s) u sed t o
i n i t i a t e pr ess st r ok es; or
(B) Th e l en gt h of t h e h a n d t ool sh a l l
be su ch a s t o en su r e t h a t t h e oper a t or s
h a n d wi l l be det ect ed for a n y sa fet y
di st a n ce r equ i r ed by t h e pr ess set -u ps.
(10) I n spect ion an d main t en an ce. (i )
An y pr ess equ i pped wi t h pr esen ce sen s-
i n g devi ces for u se i n P S DI , or for su p-
pl emen t a l sa fegu a r di n g on pr esses u sed
i n t h e P S DI mode, sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a t est r od of di a met er speci fi ed by
t h e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce ma n u fa c-
t u r er t o r epr esen t t h e mi n i mu m obj ect
sen si t i vi t y of t h e sen si n g fi el d. I n st r u c-
t i on s for u se of t h e t est r od sh a l l be
n ot ed on a l a bel a ffi xed t o t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce.
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g ch eck s sh a l l be
ma de a t t h e begi n n i n g of ea ch sh i ft a n d
wh en ever a di e ch a n ge i s ma de.
(A) A ch eck sh a l l be per for med u si n g
t h e t est r od a ccor di n g t o t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u c-
t i on s t o det er mi n e t h a t t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce u sed for P S DI i s oper -
a t i on a l .
(B) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce sh a l l be
ch eck ed for compl i a n ce wi t h (h )(9)(v) of
t h i s sect i on .
(C) A ch eck sh a l l be ma de t o det er -
mi n e t h a t a l l su ppl emen t a l sa fe-
gu a r di n g i s i n pl a ce. Wh er e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ces a r e u sed for su ppl e-
men t a l sa fegu a r di n g, a ch eck for pr op-
er oper a t i on sh a l l be per for med u si n g
t h e t est r od a ccor di n g t o t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u c-
t i on s.
(D) A ch eck sh a l l be ma de t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h e ba r r i er s a n d/or su ppl emen t a l
pr esen ce sen si n g devi ces r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (h )(9)(i x) of t h i s sect i on a r e
oper a t i n g pr oper l y .
(E) A sy st em or vi su a l ch eck sh a l l be
ma de t o ver i fy cor r ect cou n t er ba l a n ce
a dj u st men t for di e wei gh t a ccor di n g t o
t h e pr ess ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s,
wh en a pr ess i s equ i pped wi t h a sl i de
cou n t er ba l a n ce sy st em.
(i i i ) Wh en pr esses u sed i n t h e P S DI
mode h a ve fl y wh eel or bu l l gea r r u n -
n i n g on cr a n k sh a ft mou n t ed j ou r n a l s
a n d bea r i n gs, or a fl y wh eel mou n t ed on
ba ck sh a ft j ou r n a l s a n d bea r i n gs, per i -
odi c i n spect i on s fol l owi n g t h e pr ess
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l
be ma de t o a scer t a i n t h a t bea r i n gs a r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
641
i n good wor k i n g or der , a n d t h a t a u t o-
ma t i c l u br i ca t i on sy st ems for t h ese
bea r i n gs (i f a u t oma t i c l u br i ca t i on i s
pr ovi ded) a r e su ppl y i n g pr oper l u br i ca -
t i on . On pr esses wi t h pr ovi si on for
ma n u a l l u br i ca t i on of fl y wh eel or
bu l l gea r bea r i n gs, l u br i ca t i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a ccor di n g t o t h e pr ess ma n u -
fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s.
(i v) P er i odi c i n spect i on s of cl u t ch
a n d br a k e mech a n i sms sh a l l be per -
for med t o a ssu r e t h ey a r e i n pr oper op-
er a t i n g con di t i on . Th e pr ess ma n u fa c-
t u r er s r ecommen da t i on s sh a l l be fol -
l owed.
(v) Wh en a n y ch eck of t h e pr ess, i n -
cl u di n g t h ose per for med i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(h )(10)(i i ), (i i i ) or (i v) of t h i s sect i on ,
r evea l s a con di t i on of n on compl i a n ce,
i mpr oper a dj u st men t , or fa i l u r e, t h e
pr ess sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed u n t i l t h e
con di t i on h a s been cor r ect ed by a dj u st -
men t , r epl a cemen t , or r epa i r .
(vi ) I t sh a l l be t h e r espon si bi l i t y of
t h e empl oy er t o en su r e t h e compet en ce
of per son n el ca r i n g for , i n spect i n g, a n d
ma i n t a i n i n g power pr esses equ i pped for
P S DI oper a t i on , t h r ou gh i n i t i a l a n d
per i odi c t r a i n i n g.
(11) Saf et y sy st em cert if icat ion /valida-
t ion . (i ) P r i or t o t h e i n i t i a l u se of a n y
mech a n i ca l pr ess i n t h e P S DI mode,
t wo set s of cer t i fi ca t i on a n d va l i da t i on
a r e r equ i r ed:
(A) Th e desi gn of t h e sa fet y sy st em
r equ i r ed for t h e u se of a pr ess i n t h e
P S DI mode sh a l l be cer t i fi ed a n d va l i -
da t ed pr i or t o i n st a l l a t i on . Th e ma n u -
fa ct u r er s cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l be va l i -
da t ed by a n OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-
pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on t o meet
a l l a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A
(B) Aft er a pr ess h a s been equ i pped
wi t h a sa fet y sy st em wh ose desi gn h a s
been cer t i fi ed a n d va l i da t ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (h )(11)(i ) of t h i s
sect i on , t h e sa fet y sy st em i n st a l l a t i on
sh a l l be cer t i fi ed by t h e empl oy er , a n d
t h en sh a l l be va l i da t ed by a n OS HA-
r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on t o meet a l l a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (h )
a n d a ppen di x A of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) At l ea st a n n u a l l y t h er ea ft er , t h e
sa fet y sy st em on a mech a n i ca l power
pr ess u sed i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l be
r ecer t i fi ed by t h e empl oy er a n d r eva l i -
da t ed by a n OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-
pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on t o meet
a l l a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d a ppen di x A
of t h i s sect i on . An y pr ess wh ose sa fet y
sy st em h a s n ot been r ecer t i fi ed a n d r e-
va l i da t ed wi t h i n t h e pr ecedi n g 12
mon t h s sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce
i n t h e P S DI mode u n t i l t h e sa fet y sy s-
t em i s r ecer t i fi ed a n d r eva l i da t ed.
(i i i ) A l a bel sh a l l be a ffi xed t o t h e
pr ess a s pa r t of ea ch i n st a l l a t i on cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on a n d t h e most r e-
cen t r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on . Th e
l a bel sh a l l i n di ca t e t h e pr ess ser i a l
n u mber , t h e mi n i mu m sa fet y di st a n ce
(Ds) r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (h )(9)(v) of
t h i s sect i on , t h e fu l fi l l men t of desi gn
cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on , t h e empl oy er s
si gn ed cer t i fi ca t i on , t h e i den t i fi ca t i on
of t h e OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on , i t s si gn ed va l i -
da t i on , a n d t h e da t e t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on a n d r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da -
t i on a r e i ssu ed.
(i v) Recor ds of t h e i n st a l l a t i on cer -
t i fi ca t i on a n d va l i da t i on a n d t h e most
r ecen t r ecer t i fi ca t i on a n d r eva l i da t i on
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed for ea ch sa fet y sy s-
t em equ i pped pr ess by t h e empl oy er a s
l on g a s t h e pr ess i s i n u se. Th e r ecor ds
sh a l l i n cl u de t h e ma n u fa ct u r e a n d
model n u mber of ea ch compon en t a n d
su bsy st em, t h e ca l cu l a t i on s of t h e sa fe-
t y di st a n ce a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(h )(9)(v) of t h i s sect i on , a n d t h e st op-
pi n g t i me mea su r emen t s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e
most r ecen t r ecor ds sh a l l be ma de
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy t h e
t i on or ga n i za t i on wi t h i n fi ve da y s
wh en ever a compon en t or a su bsy st em
of t h e sa fet y sy st em fa i l s or modi fi ca -
t i on s a r e ma de wh i ch ma y a ffect t h e
sa fet y of t h e sy st em. Th e fa i l u r e of a
cr i t i ca l compon en t sh a l l n ecessi t a t e
t h e r emova l of t h e sa fet y sy st em fr om
ser vi ce u n t i l i t i s r ecer t i fi ed a n d r e-
va l i da t ed, except r ecer t i fi ca t i on by t h e
empl oy er wi t h ou t r eva l i da t i on i s per -
mi t t ed wh en a n on -cr i t i ca l compon en t
or su bsy st em i s r epl a ced by on e of t h e
sa me ma n u fa ct u r e a n d desi gn a s t h e
or i gi n a l , or det er mi n ed by t h e t h i r d-
pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on t o be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
642
equ i va l en t by si mi l a r i t y a n a l y si s, a s
set for t h i n a ppen di x A.
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy t h e
t i on or ga n i za t i on wi t h i n fi ve da y s of
t h e occu r r en ce of a n y poi n t of oper -
a t i on i n j u r y wh i l e a pr ess i s u sed i n t h e
P S DI mode. Th i s i s i n a ddi t i on t o t h e
r epor t of i n j u r y r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(g) of t h i s sect i on ; h owever , a copy of
t h a t r epor t ma y be u sed for t h i s pu r -
pose.
(12) Die set t in g an d work set -u p. (i ) Di e
set t i n g on pr esses u sed i n t h e P S DI
mode sh a l l be per for med i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d) a n d (h ) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i i ) Th e P S DI mode sh a l l n ot be u sed
for di e set t i n g or set -u p. An a l t er n a t i ve
ma n u a l cy cl e i n i t i a t i on a n d con t r ol
mea n s sh a l l be su ppl i ed for u se i n di e
set t i n g wh i ch meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (b)(7) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) F ol l owi n g a di e ch a n ge, t h e sa fe-
t y di st a n ce, t h e pr oper a ppl i ca t i on of
su ppl emen t a l sa fegu a r di n g, a n d t h e
sl i de cou n t er ba l a n ce a dj u st men t (i f t h e
pr ess i s equ i pped wi t h a cou n t er -
ba l a n ce) sh a l l be ch eck ed a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed by a u t h or i zed per son s wh ose
qu a l i fi ca t i on s i n cl u de k n owl edge of t h e
sa fet y di st a n ce, su ppl emen t a l sa fe-
gu a r di n g r equ i r emen t s, a n d t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er s speci fi ca t i on s for cou n t er -
ba l a n ce a dj u st men t . Adj u st men t of t h e
l oca t i on of t h e P S DI pr esen ce sen si n g
devi ce sh a l l r equ i r e u se of a speci a l
t ool a va i l a bl e on l y t o t h e a u t h or i zed
per son s.
(13) Operat or t rain in g. (i ) Th e oper a t or
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (f)(2) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o t h e
empl oy ee befor e t h e empl oy ee i n i t i a l l y
oper a t es t h e pr ess a n d a s n eeded t o
ma i n t a i n compet en ce, bu t n ot l ess
t h a n a n n u a l l y t h er ea ft er . I t sh a l l i n -
cl u de i n st r u ct i on r el a t i ve t o t h e fol -
l owi n g i t ems for pr esses u sed i n t h e
P S DI mode.
(A) Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen ded t est pr ocedu r es for ch eck -
i n g oper a t i on of t h e pr esen ce sen si n g
devi ce. Th i s sh a l l i n cl u de t h e u se of t h e
t est r od r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (h )(10)(i )
(B) Th e sa fet y di st a n ce r equ i r ed.
(C) Th e oper a t i on , fu n ct i on a n d per -
for ma n ce of t h e P S DI mode.
(D) Th e r equ i r emen t s for h a n d t ool s
t h a t ma y be u sed i n t h e P S DI mode.
(E) Th e sever e con sequ en ces t h a t ca n
r esu l t i f h e or sh e a t t empt s t o ci r -
cu mven t or by -pa ss a n y of t h e sa fe-
gu a r d or oper a t i n g fu n ct i on s of t h e
P S DI sy st em.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
empl oy ees h a ve been t r a i n ed by pr e-
pa r i n g a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d wh i ch i n -
cl u des t h e i den t i t y of t h e per son
t r a i n ed, t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e empl oy er
or t h e per son wh o con du ct ed t h e t r a i n -
i n g, a n d t h e da t e t h e t r a i n i n g wa s com-
pl et ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l
be pr epa r ed a t t h e compl et i on of t r a i n -
i n g a n d sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed on fi l e for
t h e du r a t i on of t h e empl oy ees empl oy -
men t . Th e cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be
ma de a va i l a bl e u pon r equ est t o t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y for Occu pa t i on a l
S a fet y a n d Hea l t h .
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 217MANDATORY RE-
QUI REMENTS F OR CERTI F I CATI ON/VALI DATI ON
OF S AF ETY S YS TEMS F OR P RES ENCE S ENS I NG
DEVI CE I NI TI ATI ON OF MECHANI CAL P OWER
P RES S ES
Pu rpose
Th e pu r pose of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on
of sa fet y sy st ems for pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce
i n i t i a t i on (P S DI ) of mech a n i ca l power pr ess-
es i s t o en su r e t h a t t h e sa fet y sy st ems a r e
desi gn ed, i n st a l l ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of
29 CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a p-
pen di x A.
Gen eral
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess sh a l l
u t i l i ze a n i n depen den t t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on
or ga n i za t i on r ecogn i zed by OS HA i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s speci fi ed i n a p-
pen di x C of t h i s sect i on .
Wh i l e t h e empl oy er i s r espon si bl e for a s-
su r i n g t h a t t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r e-
qu i r emen t s i n 1910. 217(h )(11) a r e fu l fi l l ed,
t h e desi gn cer t i fi ca t i on of P S DI sa fet y sy s-
t ems ma y be i n i t i a t ed by ma n u fa ct u r er s, em-
pl oy er s, a n d/or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves. Th e
t er m man u f act u rers r efer s t o t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er of a n y of t h e compon en t s of t h e sa fet y
sy st em. An empl oy er wh o a ssembl es a P S DI
sa fet y sy st em wou l d be a ma n u fa ct u r er a s
wel l a s empl oy er for pu r poses of t h i s st a n d-
a r d a n d a ppen di x.
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess i n -
cl u des t wo st a ges. F or desi gn cer t i fi ca t i on ,
i n t h e fi r st st a ge, t h e ma n u fa ct u r er (wh i ch
ca n be a n empl oy er ) cer t i fi es t h a t t h e P S DI
sa fet y sy st em meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29
CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen -
di x A, ba sed on a ppr opr i a t e desi gn cr i t er i a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
643
a n d t est s. I n t h e secon d st a ge, t h e OS HA-r ec-
ogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
va l i da t es t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em meet s
t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A a n d t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s cer t i fi ca t i on by r evi ewi n g
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s desi gn a n d t est da t a a n d
per for mi n g a n y a ddi t i on a l r evi ews r equ i r ed
by t h i s st a n da r d or wh i ch i t bel i eves a ppr o-
pr i a t e.
F or i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on
a n d a n n u a l r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on , i n
t h e fi r st st a ge t h e empl oy er cer t i fi es or r e-
cer t i fi es t h a t t h e empl oy er i s i n st a l l i n g or
u t i l i zi n g a P S DI sa fet y sy st em va l i da t ed a s
meet i n g t h e desi gn r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R
1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A
by a n OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on ,
oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h )
a n d t h i s a ppen di x A. I n t h e secon d st a ge, t h e
OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or -
ga n i za t i on va l i da t es or r eva l i da t es t h a t t h e
P S DI sa fet y sy st em i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh
(h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A a n d t h e empl oy er s
cer t i fi ca t i on , by r evi ewi n g t h a t t h e P S DI
sa fet y sy st em h a s been cer t i fi ed; t h e empl oy -
er s cer t i fi ca t i on , desi gn s a n d t est s, i f a n y ;
t h e i n st a l l a t i on , oper a t i on , ma i n t en a n ce a n d
t r a i n i n g; a n d by per for mi n g a n y a ddi t i on a l
t est s a n d r evi ews wh i ch t h e va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on bel i eves i s n ecessa r y .
Su mmary
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of sa fet y sy s-
t ems for P S DI sh a l l con si der t h e pr ess, con -
t r ol s, sa fegu a r ds, oper a t or , a n d en vi r on men t
a s a n i n t egr a t ed sy st em wh i ch sh a l l compl y
wi t h a l l of t h e r equ i r emen t s i n 29 CF R
1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A.
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess sh a l l
ver i fy t h a t t h e sa fet y sy st em compl i es wi t h
t h e OS HA sa fet y r equ i r emen t s a s fol l ows:
A. Desi gn Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
1. Th e ma j or pa r t s, compon en t s a n d su b-
sy st ems u sed sh a l l be defi n ed by pa r t n u mber
or ser i a l n u mber , a s a ppr opr i a t e, a n d by
ma n u fa ct u r er t o est a bl i sh t h e con fi gu r a t i on
of t h e sy st em.
2. Th e i den t i fi ed pa r t s, compon en t s a n d
su bsy st ems sh a l l be cer t i fi ed by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er t o be a bl e t o wi t h st a n d t h e fu n c-
t i on a l a n d oper a t i on a l en vi r on men t s of t h e
P S DI sa fet y sy st em.
3. Th e t ot a l sy st em desi gn sh a l l be cer -
t i fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er a s compl y i n g
wi t h a l l r equ i r emen t s i n 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A.
4. Th e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
sh a l l va l i da t e t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s cer t i fi -
ca t i on u n der pa r a gr a ph s 2 a n d 3.
B. I n st a l l a t i on Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
1. Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t t h e
P S DI sa fet y sy st em h a s been desi gn cer t i fi ed
a n d va l i da t ed, t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s
t h e oper a t i on a l a n d en vi r on men t a l r equ i r e-
men t s speci fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , t h a t
t h e i n st a l l a t i on dr a wi n gs a r e a ccu r a t e, a n d
t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s
of 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a p-
pen di x A. (Th e oper a t i on a l a n d i n st a l l a t i on
r equ i r emen t s of t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em ma y
va r y for di ffer en t a ppl i ca t i on s. )
sh a l l va l i da t e t h e empl oy er s cer t i fi ca t i on s
t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em i s desi gn cer -
t i fi ed a n d va l i da t ed, t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on
meet s t h e i n st a l l a t i on a n d en vi r on men t a l r e-
qu i r emen t s speci fi ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er ,
a n d t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217 (a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d
t h i s a ppen di x A.
C. Recer t i fi ca t i on /Reva l i da t i on
1. Th e P S DI sa fet y sy st em sh a l l r ema i n
u n der cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on for t h e sh or t er
of on e y ea r or u n t i l t h e sy st em h a r dwa r e i s
ch a n ged, modi fi ed or r efu r bi sh ed, or oper -
a t i n g con di t i on s a r e ch a n ged (i n cl u di n g en vi -
r on men t a l , a ppl i ca t i on or fa ci l i t y ch a n ges),
or a fa i l u r e of a cr i t i ca l compon en t h a s oc-
cu r r ed.
2. An n u a l l y , or a ft er a ch a n ge speci fi ed i n
pa r a gr a ph 1. , t h e empl oy er sh a l l i n spect a n d
r ecer t i fy t h e i n st a l l a t i on a s meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s set for t h u n der B. , I n st a l l a t i on
Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on .
3. Th e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ,
a n n u a l l y or a ft er a ch a n ge speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph 1. , sh a l l va l i da t e t h e empl oy er s cer -
t i fi ca t i on t h a t t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph B. , I n st a l l a t i on Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da -
t i on h a ve been met .
(NOTE: S u ch ch a n ges i n oper a t i on a l con di -
t i on s a s di e ch a n ges or pr ess r el oca t i on s n ot
i n vol vi n g di sa ssembl y or r evi si on t o t h e
sa fet y sy st em wou l d n ot r equ i r e r ecer t i fi -
ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on . )
Cert if icat ion /Validat ion Requ iremen t s
A. Gen er a l Desi gn Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
Requ i r emen t s
1. Cert if icat ion /Validat ion Program Requ ire-
men t s. Th e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l cer t i fy a n d
t h e OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on
or ga n i za t i on sh a l l va l i da t e t h a t :
(a ) Th e desi gn of compon en t s, su bsy st ems,
soft wa r e a n d a ssembl i es meet s OS HA per -
for ma n ce r equ i r emen t s a n d a r e r ea dy for t h e
i n t en ded u se; a n d
(b) Th e per for ma n ce of combi n ed su b-
sy st ems meet s OS HAs oper a t i on a l r equ i r e-
men t s.
2. Cert if icat ion /Validat ion Program L evel of
Risk Evalu at ion Requ iremen t s. Th e ma n u fa c-
t u r er sh a l l eva l u a t e a n d cer t i fy , a n d t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
644
OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or -
ga n i za t i on sh a l l va l i da t e, t h e desi gn a n d op-
er a t i on of t h e sa fet y sy st em by det er mi n i n g
con for ma n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
a . Th e sa fet y sy st em sh a l l h a ve t h e a bi l i t y
t o su st a i n a si n gl e fa i l u r e or a si n gl e oper -
a t i n g er r or a n d n ot ca u se i n j u r y t o per son n el
fr om poi n t of oper a t i on h a za r ds. Accept a bl e
desi gn fea t u r es sh a l l demon st r a t e, i n t h e fol -
l owi n g or der or pr eceden ce, t h a t :
(1) No si n gl e fa i l u r e poi n t s ma y ca u se i n -
j u r y ; or
(2) Redu n da n cy , a n d compa r i son a n d/or di -
a gn ost i c ch eck i n g, exi st for t h e cr i t i ca l
i t ems t h a t ma y ca u se i n j u r y , a n d t h e el ec-
t r i ca l , el ect r on i c, el ect r omech a n i ca l a n d me-
ch a n i ca l pa r t s a n d compon en t s a r e sel ect ed
so t h a t t h ey ca n wi t h st a n d oper a t i on a l a n d
ext er n a l en vi r on men t s. Th e sa fet y fa ct or
a n d/or der a t ed per cen t a ge sh a l l be speci fi -
ca l l y n ot ed a n d compl i ed wi t h .
b. Th e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l desi gn , eva l u a t e,
t est a n d cer t i fy , a n d t h e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l eva l u a t e a n d va l i -
da t e, t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em meet s a p-
pr opr i a t e r equ i r emen t s i n t h e fol l owi n g
a r ea s.
(1) En vi r on men t a l Li mi t s
(a ) Temper a t u r e
(b) Rel a t i ve h u mi di t y
(c) Vi br a t i on
(d) F l u i d compa t a bi l i t y wi t h ot h er ma t e-
r i a l s
(2) Desi gn Li mi t s
(a ) P ower r equ i r emen t s
(b) P ower t r a n si en t t ol er a n ces
(c) Compa t a bi l i t y of ma t er i a l s u sed
(d) Ma t er i a l st r ess t ol er a n ces a n d l i mi t s
(e) S t a bi l i t y t o l on g t er m power fl u ct u a -
t i on s
(f) S en si t i vi t y t o si gn a l a cqu i si t i on
(g) Repea t a bi l i t y of mea su r ed pa r a met er
wi t h ou t i n a dver t en t i n i t i a t i on of a pr ess
st r ok e
(h ) Oper a t i on a l l i fe of compon en t s i n cy -
cl es, h ou r s, or bot h
(i ) El ect r oma gn et i c t ol er a n ce t o:
(1) S peci fi c oper a t i on a l wa ve l en gt h s; a n d
(2) Ext er n a l l y gen er a t ed wa ve l en gt h s
(3) New Design Cert if icat ion /Validat ion . De-
si gn cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on for a n ew sa fet y
sy st em, i . e. , a n ew desi gn or n ew i n t egr a t i on
of speci fi ca l l y i den t i fi ed compon en t s a n d
su bsy st ems, wou l d en t a i l a si n gl e cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on wh i ch wou l d be a ppl i ca bl e
t o a l l i den t i ca l sa fet y sy st ems. I t wou l d n ot
be n ecessa r y t o r epea t t h e t est s on i n di -
vi du a l sa fet y sy st ems of t h e sa me ma n u fa c-
t u r e or desi gn . Nor wou l d i t be n ecessa r y t o
r epea t t h ese t est s i n t h e ca se of modi fi ca -
t i on s wh er e det er mi n ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
a n d va l i da t ed by t h e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on
or ga n i za t i on t o be equ i va l en t by si mi l a r i t y
a n a l y si s. Mi n or modi fi ca t i on s n ot a ffect i n g
t h e sa fet y of t h e sy st em ma y be ma de by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er wi t h ou t r eva l i da t i on .
S u bst a n t i a l modi fi ca t i on s wou l d r equ i r e
t est i n g a s a n ew sa fet y sy st em, a s deemed
n ecessa r y by t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on .
B. Addi t i on a l Det a i l ed Desi gn Cer t i fi ca t i on /
Va l i da t i on Requ i r emen t s
1. Gen eral. Th e ma n u fa ct u r er or t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er s r epr esen t a t i ve sh a l l cer t i fy t o a n d
su bmi t t o a n OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on t h e docu men t a t i on
n ecessa r y t o demon st r a t e t h a t t h e P S DI
sa fet y sy st em desi gn i s i n fu l l compl i a n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217(a )
(h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A, a s a ppl i ca bl e, by
mea n s of a n a l y si s, t est s, or combi n a t i on of
bot h , est a bl i sh i n g t h a t t h e fol l owi n g a ddi -
t i on a l cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r equ i r emen t s
a r e fu l fi l l ed.
2. React ion T imes. F or t h e pu r pose of dem-
on st r a t i n g compl i a n ce wi t h t h e r ea ct i on
t i me r equ i r ed by 1910. 217(h ), t h e t est s sh a l l
u se t h e fol l owi n g defi n i t i on s a n d r equ i r e-
men t s:
a . React ion t ime mea n s t h e t i me, i n secon ds,
i t t a k es t h e si gn a l , r equ i r ed t o a ct i va t e/de-
a ct i va t e t h e sy st em, t o t r a vel t h r ou gh t h e
sy st em, mea su r ed fr om t h e t i me of si gn a l
i n i t i a t i on t o t h e t i me t h e fu n ct i on bei n g
mea su r ed i s compl et ed.
b. Fu ll st op or No movemen t of t h e slide or
ram mea n s wh en t h e cr a n k sh a ft r ot a t i on h a s
sl owed t o t wo or l ess r evol u t i on s per mi n u t e,
j u st befor e st oppi n g compl et el y .
c. Fu n ct ion complet ion mea n s for , el ect r i ca l ,
el ect r omech a n i ca l a n d el ect r on i c devi ces,
wh en t h e ci r cu i t pr odu ces a ch a n ge of st a t e
i n t h e ou t pu t el emen t of t h e devi ce.
d. Wh en t h e ch a n ge of st a t e i s mot i on , t h e
mea su r emen t sh a l l be ma de a t t h e compl e-
t i on of t h e mot i on .
e. Th e gen er a t i on of t h e t est si gn a l i n t r o-
du ced i n t o t h e sy st em for mea su r i n g r ea c-
t i on t i me sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e i n i t i a t i on
t i me ca n be est a bl i sh ed wi t h a n er r or of l ess
t h a n 0. 5 per cen t of t h e r ea ct i on t i me mea s-
u r ed.
f. Th e i n st r u men t u sed t o mea su r e r ea ct i on
t i me sh a l l be ca l i br a t ed t o be a ccu r a t e t o
wi t h i n 0. 001 secon d.
3. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(2)(ii). F or
compl i a n ce wi t h t h ese r equ i r emen t s, t h e a v-
er a ge va l u e of t h e st oppi n g t i me, Ts, sh a l l be
t h e a r i t h met i c mea n of a t l ea st 25 st ops for
ea ch st op a n gl e i n i t i a t i on mea su r ed wi t h t h e
br a k e a n d/or cl u t ch u n u sed, 50 per cen t wor n ,
a n d 90 per cen t wor n . Th e r ecommen da t i on s
of t h e br a k e sy st em ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l be
u sed t o si mu l a t e or est i ma t e t h e br a k e wea r .
Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen ded mi n i mu m
l i n i n g dept h sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a n d docu -
men t ed, a n d a n eva l u a t i on ma de t h a t t h e
mi n i mu m dept h wi l l n ot be exceeded befor e
t h e n ext (a n n u a l ) r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da -
t i on . A cor r el a t i on of t h e br a k e a n d/or cl u t ch
degr a da t i on ba sed on t h e a bove t est s a n d/or
est i ma t es sh a l l be ma de a n d docu men t ed.
Th e r esu l t s sh a l l docu men t t h e con di t i on s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
645
u n der wh i ch t h e br a k e a n d/or cl u t ch wi l l a n d
wi l l n ot compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t . Ba sed
u pon t h i s det er mi n a t i on , a sca l e sh a l l be de-
vel oped t o i n di ca t e t h e a l l owa bl e 10 per cen t
of t h e st oppi n g t i me a t t h e t op of t h e st r ok e
for sl i de or r a m over t r a vel du e t o br a k e
wea r . Th e sca l e sh a l l be ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e
t h a t br a k e a dj u st men t a n d/or r epl a cemen t i s
r equ i r ed. Th e expl a n a t i on a n d u se of t h e
sca l e sh a l l be docu men t ed.
Th e t est speci fi ca t i on a n d pr ocedu r e sh a l l
be su bmi t t ed t o t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
for r evi ew a n d va l i da t i on pr i or t o t h e t est .
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on r epr esen t a t i ve
sh a l l wi t n ess a t l ea st on e set of t est s.
4. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(5)(iii) an d
(h )(9)(v). Ea ch r ea ct i on t i me r equ i r ed t o ca l -
cu l a t e t h e S a fet y Di st a n ce, i n cl u di n g t h e
br a k e mon i t or set t i n g, sh a l l be docu men t ed
i n sepa r a t e r ea ct i on t i me t est s. Th ese t est s
sh a l l speci fy t h e a ccept a bl e t ol er a n ce ba n d
su ffi ci en t t o a ssu r e t h a t t ol er a n ce bu i l d-u p
wi l l n ot r en der t h e sa fet y di st a n ce u n sa fe.
a . I n t egr a t ed t est of t h e pr ess fu l l y
equ i pped t o oper a t e i n t h e P S DI mode sh a l l
be con du ct ed t o est a bl i sh t h e t ot a l sy st em
r ea ct i on t i me.
b. Br a k es wh i ch a r e t h e a dj u st a bl e t y pe
sh a l l be a dj u st ed pr oper l y befor e t h e t est .
5. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(2)(iii). a .
P r i or t o con du ct i n g t h e br a k e sy st em t est
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i ), a vi su a l
ch eck sh a l l be ma de of t h e spr i n gs. Th e vi s-
u a l ch eck sh a l l i n cl u de a det er mi n a t i on t h a t
t h e spr i n g h ou si n g or r od does n ot sh ow da m-
a ge su ffi ci en t t o degr a de t h e st r u ct u r a l i n -
t egr i t y of t h e u n i t , a n d t h e spr i n g does n ot
sh ow a n y t en den cy t o i n t er l ea ve.
b. An y det ect ed br ok en or u n ser vi cea bl e
spr i n gs sh a l l be r epl a ced befor e t h e t est i s
con du ct ed. Th e t est sh a l l be con si der ed su c-
cessfu l i f t h e st oppi n g t i me r ema i n s wi t h i n
t h a t wh i ch i s det er mi n ed by pa r a gr a ph
(h )(9)(v) for t h e sa fet y di st a n ce set t i n g. I f t h e
i n cr ea se i n pr ess st oppi n g t i me exceeds t h e
br a k e mon i t or set t i n g l i mi t defi n ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(5)(i i i ), t h e t est sh a l l be con si der ed
u n su ccessfu l , a n d t h e ca u se of t h e excessi ve
st oppi n g t i me sh a l l be i n vest i ga t ed. I t sh a l l
be a scer t a i n ed t h a t t h e spr i n gs h a ve n ot
been br ok en a n d t h a t t h ey a r e fu n ct i on i n g
pr oper l y .
6. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(7). a . Test s
wh i ch a r e con du ct ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s of
el ect r i ca l compon en t s t o est a bl i sh st r ess,
l i fe, t emper a t u r e a n d l oa di n g l i mi t s mu st be
t est s wh i ch a r e i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of t h e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code.
b. El ect r i ca l a n d/or el ect r on i c ca r ds or
boa r ds a ssembl ed wi t h di scr eet compon en t s
sh a l l be con si der ed a su bsy st em a n d sh a l l r e-
qu i r e sepa r a t e t est i n g t h a t t h e su bsy st ems
do n ot degr a de i n a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s:
(1) Ambi en t t emper a t u r e va r i a t i on fr om
20 C t o +50 C.
(2) Ambi en t r el a t i ve h u mi di t y of 99 per -
cen t .
(3) Vi br a t i on of 45G for on e mi l l i secon d per
st r ok e wh en t h e i t em i s t o be mou n t ed on
t h e pr ess fr a me.
(4) El ect r oma gn et i c i n t er fer en ce a t t h e
sa me wa vel en gt h s u sed for t h e r a di a t i on
sen si n g fi el d, a t t h e power l i n e fr equ en cy
fu n da men t a l a n d h a r mon i cs, a n d a l so fr om
ou t ogen ou s r a di a t i on du e t o sy st em swi t ch -
i n g.
(5) El ect r i ca l power su ppl y va r i a t i on s of
t15 per cen t .
c. Th e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l speci fy t h e t est
r equ i r emen t s a n d pr ocedu r es fr om exi st i n g
con sen su s t est s i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr o-
vi si on s of t h e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code.
d. Test s desi gn ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e u pon r equ est t o t h e
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on . Th e va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on r epr esen t a t i ve sh a l l wi t n ess a t l ea st
on e set of ea ch of t h ese t est s.
7. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(9)(iv). a . Th e
ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l desi gn a t est t o dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e pr escr i bed mi n i mu m obj ect
sen si t i vi t y of t h e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce i s
met .
b. Th e t est speci fi ca t i on s a n d pr ocedu r es
8. Complian ce wit h 1910. 217(h )(9)(x). a . Th e
ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l desi gn a t est (s) t o est a b-
l i sh t h e h a n d t ool ext en si on di a met er s a l -
l owed for va r i a t i on s i n mi n i mu m obj ect sen -
si t i vi t y r espon se.
b. Th e t est (s) sh a l l docu men t t h e r a n ge of
obj ect di a met er si zes wh i ch wi l l pr odu ce
bot h si n gl e a n d dou bl e br ea k con di t i on s.
c. Th e t est (s) speci fi ca t i on s a n d pr ocedu r es
9. I n t egrat ed T est s Cert if icat ion /Validat ion . a .
Th e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l desi gn a set of i n t e-
gr a t ed t est s t o demon st r a t e compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
S ect i on s 1910. 217(h )(6) (i i ); (i i i ); (i v); (v);
(vi ); (vi i ); (vi i i ); (i x); (xi ); (xi i ); (xi i i ); (xi v);
(xv); a n d (xvi i ).
b. Th e i n t egr a t ed t est speci fi ca t i on s a n d
pr ocedu r es sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e t o t h e
10. An aly sis. a . Th e ma n u fa ct u r er sh a l l su b-
mi t t o t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on t h e t ech -
n i ca l a n a l y si s su ch a s Ha za r d An a l y si s, F a i l -
u r e Mode a n d Effect An a l y si s, S t r ess An a l -
y si s, Compon en t a n d Ma t er i a l S el ect i on
An a l y si s, F l u i d Compa t a bi l i t y , a n d/or ot h er
a n a l y ses wh i ch ma y be n ecessa r y t o dem-
on st r a t e, compl i a n ce wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s:
S ect i on s 1910. 217(h )(8) (i ) a n d (i i ); (h )(2) (i i )
a n d (i i i ); (h )(3)(i ) (A) a n d (C), a n d (i i ); (h )(5)
(i ), (i i ) a n d (i i i ); (h )(6) (i ), (i i i ), (i v), (vi ), (vi i ),
(vi i i ), (i x), (x), (xi ), (xi i i ), (xi v), (xv), (xvi ),
a n d (xvi i ); (h )(7) (i ) a n d (i i ); (h )(9) (i v), (v),
(vi i i ), (i x) a n d (x); (h )(10) (i ) a n d (i i ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
646
11. T y pes of T est s Accept able f or Cert if icat ion /
Validat ion . a . Test r esu l t s obt a i n ed fr om de-
vel opmen t t est i n g ma y be u sed t o cer t i fy /
va l i da t e t h e desi gn .
b. Th e t est r esu l t s sh a l l pr ovi de t h e en gi -
n eer i n g da t a n ecessa r y t o est a bl i sh con -
fi den ce t h a t t h e h a r dwa r e a n d soft wa r e wi l l
meet speci fi ca t i on s, t h e ma n u fa ct u r i n g pr oc-
ess h a s a dequ a t e qu a l i t y con t r ol a n d t h e
da t a a cqu i r ed wa s u sed t o est a bl i sh pr oc-
esses, pr ocedu r es, a n d t est l evel s su ppor t i n g
su bsequ en t h a r dwa r e desi gn , pr odu ct i on , i n -
st a l l a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce.
12. Validat ion f or Design Cert if icat ion /Valida-
t ion . I f, a ft er r evi ew of a l l docu men t a t i on ,
t est s, a n a l y ses, ma n u fa ct u r er s cer t i fi -
ca t i on s, a n d a n y a ddi t i on a l t est s wh i ch t h e
t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on bel i eves
a r e n ecessa r y , t h e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or -
ga n i za t i on det er mi n es t h a t t h e P S DI sa fet y
sy st em i s i n fu l l compl i a n ce wi t h t h e a ppl i -
ca bl e r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217(a )
t h r ou gh (h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A, i t sh a l l
va l i da t e t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s cer t i fi ca t i on
t h a t i t so meet s t h e st a t ed r equ i r emen t s.
C. I n st a l l a t i on Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
Requ i r emen t s
1. Th e empl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e a n d t est t h e
P S DI sy st em i n st a l l a t i on , sh a l l su bmi t t o
or ga n i za t i on t h e n ecessa r y su ppor t i n g docu -
men t a t i on , a n d sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 217(a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d
t h i s a ppen di x A h a ve been met a n d t h a t t h e
i n st a l l a t i on i s pr oper .
2. Th e OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l con du ct t est s, a n d/or
r evi ew a n d eva l u a t e t h e empl oy er s i n st a l l a -
t i on t est s, docu men t a t i on a n d r epr esen t a -
t i on s. I f i t so det er mi n es, i t sh a l l va l i da t e
t h e empl oy er s cer t i fi ca t i on t h a t t h e P S DI
sa fet y sy st em i s i n fu l l con for ma n ce wi t h a l l
r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217(a ) t h r ou gh
(h ) a n d t h i s a ppen di x A.
D. Recer t i fi ca t i on /Reva l i da t i on
Requ i r emen t s
1. A P S DI sa fet y sy st em wh i ch h a s r e-
cei ved i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on
sh a l l u n der go r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on
t h e ea r l i er of:
a . Ea ch t i me t h e sy st ems h a r dwa r e i s si g-
n i fi ca n t l y ch a n ged, modi fi ed, or r efu r bi sh ed;
b. Ea ch t i me t h e oper a t i on a l con di t i on s
a r e si gn i fi ca n t l y ch a n ged (i n cl u di n g en vi r on -
men t a l , a ppl i ca t i on or fa ci l i t y ch a n ges, bu t
excl u di n g su ch ch a n ges a s di e ch a n ges or
pr ess r el oca t i on s n ot i n vol vi n g r evi si on t o
t h e sa fet y sy st em);
c. Wh en a fa i l u r e of a si gn i fi ca n t compo-
n en t h a s occu r r ed or a ch a n ge h a s been ma de
wh i ch ma y a ffect sa fet y ; or
d. Wh en on e y ea r h a s el a psed si n ce t h e i n -
st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on or t h e l a st
r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on .
2. Con du ct or recert if icat ion /revalidat ion . Th e
empl oy er sh a l l eva l u a t e a n d t est t h e P S DI
sa fet y sy st em i n st a l l a t i on , sh a l l su bmi t t o
or ga n i za t i on t h e n ecessa r y su ppor t i n g docu -
men t a t i on , a n d sh a l l r ecer t i fy t h a t t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 217(a ) t h r ou gh (h ) a n d
t h i s a ppen di x a r e bei n g met . Th e docu men t a -
t i on sh a l l i n cl u de, bu t n ot be l i mi t ed t o, t h e
fol l owi n g i t ems:
a . Demon st r a t i on of a t h or ou gh i n spect i on
of t h e en t i r e pr ess a n d P S DI sa fet y sy st em
t o a scer t a i n t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on , compo-
n en t s a n d sa fegu a r di n g h a ve n ot been
ch a n ged, modi fi ed or t a mper ed wi t h si n ce
t h e i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on or
l a st r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on wa s ma de.
b. Demon st r a t i on s t h a t su ch a dj u st men t s
a s ma y be n eeded (su ch a s t o t h e br a k e mon -
i t or set t i n g) h a ve been a ccompl i sh ed wi t h
pr oper ch a n ges ma de i n t h e r ecor ds a n d on
su ch n ot i ces a s a r e l oca t ed on t h e pr ess a n d
sa fet y sy st em.
c. Demon st r a t i on t h a t r evi ew h a s been
ma de of t h e r epor t s cover i n g t h e desi gn cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on , t h e i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on , a n d a l l r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r e-
va l i da t i on s, i n or der t o det ect a n y degr a da -
t i on t o a n u n sa fe con di t i on , a n d t h a t n ec-
essa r y ch a n ges h a ve been ma de t o r est or e
t h e sa fet y sy st em t o pr evi ou s cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on l evel s.
3. Th e OS HA-r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da -
t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l con du ct t est s, a n d/or
r evi ew a n d eva l u a t e t h e empl oy er s i n st a l l a -
t i on , t est s, docu men t a t i on a n d r epr esen t a -
t i on s. I f i t so det er mi n es, i t sh a l l r eva l i da t e
t h e empl oy er s r ecer t i fi ca t i on t h a t t h e P S DI
sy st em i s i n fu l l con for ma n ce wi t h a l l r e-
qu i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 217(a ) t h r ou gh (h )
a n d t h i s a ppen di x A.
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 217NONMANDATORY
GUI DELI NES F OR CERTI F I CATI ON/VALI DATI ON
OF S AF ETY S YS TEMS F OR P RES ENCE S ENS I NG
DEVI CE I NI TI ATI ON OF MECHANI CAL P OWER
P RES S ES
Object ives
Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des empl oy er s, ma n u -
fa ct u r er s, a n d t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves, wi t h
n on ma n da t or y gu i del i n es for u se i n devel -
opi n g cer t i fi ca t i on docu men t s. Empl oy er s
a n d ma n u fa ct u r er s a r e en cou r a ged t o r ec-
ommen d ot h er a ppr oa ch es i f t h er e i s a pot en -
t i a l for i mpr ovi n g sa fet y a n d r edu ci n g cost .
Th e gu i del i n es a ppl y t o cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da -
t i on a ct i vi t y fr om desi gn eva l u a t i on t h r ou gh
t h e compl et i on of t h e i n st a l l a t i on t est a n d
t h e a n n u a l r ecer t i fi ca t i on /r eva l i da t i on t est s.
Gen eral Gu idelin es
A. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess
sh ou l d con fi r m t h a t h a za r ds i den t i fi ed by
h a za r d a n a l y si s, (HA), fa i l u r e mode effect
a n a l y si s (F MEA), a n d ot h er sy st em a n a l y ses
h a ve been el i mi n a t ed by desi gn or r edu ced t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
647
a n a ccept a bl e l evel t h r ou gh t h e u se of a ppr o-
pr i a t e desi gn fea t u r es, sa fet y devi ces, wa r n -
i n g devi ces, or speci a l pr ocedu r es. Th e cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess sh ou l d a l so con -
fi r m t h a t r esi du a l h a za r ds i den t i fi ed by oper -
a t i on a l a n a l y si s a r e a ddr essed by wa r n i n g,
l a bel i n g sa fet y i n st r u ct i on s or ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e mea n s.
B. Th e obj ect i ve of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da -
t i on pr ogr a m i s t o demon st r a t e a n d docu -
men t t h a t t h e sy st em sa t i sfi es speci fi ca t i on
a n d oper a t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for sa fe oper -
a t i on s.
Qu alit y Con t rol
Th e sa fet y a t t r i bu t es of a cer t i fi ed/va l i -
da t ed P S DI sa fet y sy st em a r e mor e l i k el y t o
be ma i n t a i n ed i f t h e qu a l i t y of t h e sy st em
a n d i t s pa r t s, compon en t s a n d su bsy st em i s
con si st en t l y con t r ol l ed. Ea ch ma n u fa ct u r er
su ppl y i n g pa r t s, compon en t s, su bsy st ems,
a n d a ssembl i es n eeds t o ma i n t a i n t h e qu a l i t y
of t h e pr odu ct , a n d ea ch empl oy er n eeds t o
ma i n t a i n t h e sy st em i n a n on -degr a ded con -
di t i on .
An aly sis Gu idelin es
A. Cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of h a r dwa r e de-
si gn bel ow t h e sy st em l evel sh ou l d be a ccom-
pl i sh ed by t est a n d/or a n a l y si s.
B. An a l y t i ca l met h ods ma y be u sed i n l i eu
of, i n combi n a t i on wi t h , or i n su ppor t of
t est s t o sa t i sfy speci fi ca t i on r equ i r emen t s.
C. An a l y ses ma y be u sed for cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on wh en exi st i n g da t a a r e a va i l a bl e
or wh en t est i s n ot fea si bl e.
D. S i mi l a r i t y a n a l y si s ma y be u sed i n l i eu
of t est s wh er e i t ca n be sh own t h a t t h e a r t i -
cl e i s si mi l a r i n desi gn , ma n u fa ct u r i n g pr oc-
ess, a n d qu a l i t y con t r ol t o a n ot h er a r t i cl e
t h a t wa s pr evi ou sl y cer t i fi ed/va l i da t ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h equ i va l en t or mor e st r i n gen t
cr i t er i a . I f pr evi ou s desi gn , h i st or y a n d a p-
pl i ca t i on a r e con si der ed t o be si mi l a r , bu t
n ot equ a l t o or mor e exa ct i n g t h a n ea r l i er
exper i en ces, t h e a ddi t i on a l or pa r t i a l cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on t est s sh ou l d con cen t r a t e on
t h e a r ea s of ch a n ged or i n cr ea sed r equ i r e-
men t s.
An aly sis Report s
Th e a n a l y si s r epor t s sh ou l d i den t i fy : (1)
Th e ba si s for t h e a n a l y si s; (2) t h e h a r dwa r e
or soft wa r e i t ems a n a l y zed; (3) con cl u si on s;
(4) sa fet y fa ct or s; a n d (5) l i mi t of t h e a n a l -
y si s. Th e a ssu mpt i on s ma de du r i n g t h e a n a l -
y si s sh ou l d be cl ea r l y st a t ed a n d a descr i p-
t i on of t h e effect s of t h ese a ssu mpt i on s on
t h e con cl u si on s a n d l i mi t s sh ou l d be i n -
cl u ded.
Cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on by si mi l a r i t y a n a l -
y si s r epor t s sh ou l d i den t i fy , i n a ddi t i on t o
t h e a bove, a ppl i ca t i on of t h e pa r t , compo-
n en t or su bsy st em for wh i ch cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on i s bei n g sou gh t a s wel l a s da t a
fr om pr evi ou s u sa ge est a bl i sh i n g a dequ a cy of
t h e i t em. S i mi l a r i t y a n a l y si s sh ou l d n ot be
a ccept ed wh en t h e i n t er n a l a n d ext er n a l
st r esses on t h e i t em bei n g cer t i fi ed/va l i da t ed
a r e n ot defi n ed.
Usa ge exper i en ce sh ou l d a l so i n cl u de fa i l -
u r e da t a su ppor t i n g a dequ a cy of t h e desi gn .
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 217MANDATORY RE-
QUI REMENTS F OR OS HA RECOGNI TI ON OF
THI RD-P ARTY VALI DATI ON ORGANI ZATI ONS
F OR THE P S DI S TANDARD
Th i s a ppen di x pr escr i bes ma n da t or y r e-
qu i r emen t s a n d pr ocedu r es for OS HA r ec-
ogn i t i on of t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za -
t i on s t o va l i da t e empl oy er a n d ma n u fa ct u r er
cer t i fi ca t i on s t h a t t h ei r equ i pmen t a n d pr a c-
t i ces meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e P S DI
st a n da r d. Th e scope of t h e a ppen di x i n cl u des
t h e t h r ee ca t egor i es of cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da -
t i on r equ i r ed by t h e P S DI st a n da r d: Desi gn
Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on , I n st a l l a t i on Cer t i fi -
ca t i on /Va l i da t i on , a n d An n u a l Recer t i fi -
ca t i on /Reva l i da t i on .
I f fu r t h er det a i l i n g of t h ese pr ovi si on s wi l l
a ssi st t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on or OS HA
i n t h i s a ct i vi t y , t h i s det a i l i n g wi l l be don e
t h r ou gh a ppr opr i a t e OS HA P r ogr a m Di r ec-
t i ves.
I . Procedu re f or OSHA Recogn it ion of
Validat ion Organ izat ion s
A. Appl i ca t i on s
1. Eligibilit y . a . An y per son or or ga n i za t i on
con si der i n g i t sel f ca pa bl e of con du ct i n g a
P S DI -r el a t ed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on fu n ct i on
ma y a ppl y for OS HA r ecogn i t i on .
b. However , i n det er mi n i n g el i gi bi l i t y for a
for ei gn -ba sed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i -
za t i on , OS HA sh a l l t a k e i n t o con si der a t i on
wh et h er t h er e i s r eci pr oci t y of t r ea t men t by
t h e for ei gn gover n men t a ft er con su l t a t i on
wi t h r el eva n t U. S . gover n men t a gen ci es.
2. Con t en t of applicat ion . a . Th e a ppl i ca t i on
sh a l l i den t i fy t h e scope of t h e va l i da t i on a c-
t i vi t y for wh i ch t h e a ppl i ca n t wi sh es t o be
r ecogn i zed, ba sed on on e of t h e fol l owi n g a l -
t er n a t i ves:
(1) Desi gn Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on , I n st a l -
l a t i on Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on , a n d An n u a l
Recer t i fi ca t i on /Reva l i da t i on ;
(2) Desi gn Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on on l y ; or
(3) I n st a l l a t i on /Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
a n d An n u a l Recer t i fi ca t i on /Reva l i da t i on .
b. Th e a ppl i ca t i on sh a l l pr ovi de i n for ma -
t i on demon st r a t i n g t h a t i t a n d a n y va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y u t i l i zed meet t h e qu a l i -
fi ca t i on s set for t h i n sect i on I I of t h i s a ppen -
di x.
c. Th e a ppl i ca n t sh a l l pr ovi de i n for ma t i on
demon st r a t i n g t h a t i t a n d a n y va l i da t i n g
l a bor a t or y u t i l i zed meet t h e pr ogr a m r e-
qu i r emen t s set for t h i n sect i on I I I of t h i s a p-
pen di x.
d. Th e a ppl i ca n t sh a l l i den t i fy t h e t est
met h ods i t or t h e va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y wi l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
648
u se t o t est or j u dge t h e compon en t s a n d op-
er a t i on s of t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em r equ i r ed
t o be t est ed by t h e P S DI st a n da r d a n d a ppen -
di x A, a n d sh a l l speci fy t h e r ea son s t h e t est
met h ods a r e a ppr opr i a t e.
e. Th e a ppl i ca n t ma y i n cl u de wh a t ever en -
cl osu r es, a t t a ch men t s, or exh i bi t s t h e a ppl i -
ca n t deems a ppr opr i a t e. Th e a ppl i ca t i on
n eed n ot be su bmi t t ed on a F eder a l for m.
f. Th e a ppl i ca n t sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t t h e i n -
for ma t i on su bmi t t ed i s a ccu r a t e.
3. Filin g of f ice locat ion . Th e a ppl i ca t i on
sh a l l be fi l ed wi t h : P S DI Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i -
da t i on P r ogr a m, Offi ce of Va r i a n ce Det er -
mi n a t i on , Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Admi n i st r a t i on , U. S . Depa r t men t of La bor ,
Room N3653, 200 Con st i t u t i on Aven u e, NW. ,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20210.
4. Amen dmen t s an d wit h drawals. a . An a ppl i -
ca t i on ma y be r evi sed by a n a ppl i ca n t a t a n y
t i me pr i or t o t h e compl et i on of t h e fi n a l
st a ff r ecommen da t i on .
b. An a ppl i ca t i on ma y be wi t h dr a wn by a n
a ppl i ca n t , wi t h ou t pr ej u di ce, a t a n y t i me
pr i or t o t h e fi n a l deci si on by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y i n pa r a gr a ph I . B. 8. b. (4) of t h i s a p-
pen di x.
B. Revi ew a n d Deci si on P r ocess
1. Accept an ce an d f ield in spect ion . Al l a ppl i -
ca t i on s su bmi t t ed wi l l be a ccept ed by OS HA,
a n d t h ei r r ecei pt a ck n owl edged i n wr i t i n g.
Aft er r ecei pt of a n a ppl i ca t i on , OS HA ma y
r equ est a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on i f i t bel i eves
i n for ma t i on r el eva n t t o t h e r equ i r emen t s for
r ecogn i t i on h a ve been omi t t ed. OS HA ma y
i n spect t h e fa ci l i t i es of t h e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i -
da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d a n y va l i da t i n g l a b-
or a t or y , a n d wh i l e t h er e sh a l l r evi ew a n y a d-
di t i on a l docu men t a t i on u n der l y i n g t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on . A r epor t sh a l l be ma de of ea ch
fi el d i n spect i on .
2. Requ iremen t s f or recogn it ion . Th e r equ i r e-
men t s for OS HA r ecogn i t i on of a t h i r d-pa r t y
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on for t h e P S DI st a n d-
a r d a r e t h a t t h e pr ogr a m h a s fu l fi l l ed t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of sect i on I I of t h i s a ppen di x for
qu a l i fi ca t i on s a n d of sect i on I I I of t h i s a p-
pen di x for pr ogr a m r equ i r emen t s, a n d t h e
pr ogr a m h a s i den t i fi ed a ppr opr i a t e t est a n d
a n a l y si s met h ods t o meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h e P S DI st a n da r d a n d a ppen di x A.
3. Prelimin ary approval. I f, a ft er r evi ew of
t h e a ppl i ca t i on , a n y a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on ,
a n d t h e i n spect i on r epor t , t h e a ppl i ca n t a n d
a n y va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y a ppea r t o h a ve
met t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ecogn i t i on , a wr i t -
t en r ecommen da t i on sh a l l be su bmi t t ed by
t h e r espon si bl e OS HA per son n el t o t h e As-
si st a n t S ecr et a r y t o a ppr ove t h e a ppl i ca t i on
wi t h a su ppor t i n g expl a n a t i on .
4. Prelimin ary disapproval. I f, a ft er r evi ew of
t h e a ppl i ca t i on , a ddi t i on a l i n for ma t i on , a n d
i n spect i on r epor t , t h e a ppl i ca n t does n ot a p-
pea r t o h a ve met t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ec-
ogn i t i on , t h e Di r ect or of t h e P S DI cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ogr a m sh a l l n ot i fy t h e
a ppl i ca n t i n wr i t i n g, l i st i n g t h e speci fi c r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s a ppen di x wh i ch t h e a ppl i -
ca n t h a s n ot met , a n d t h e r ea son s.
5. Revision of applicat ion . Aft er r ecei pt of a
n ot i fi ca t i on of pr el i mi n a r y di sa ppr ova l , t h e
a ppl i ca n t ma y su bmi t a r evi sed a ppl i ca t i on
for fu r t h er r evi ew by OS HA pu r su a n t t o su b-
sect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen di x or ma y r equ est
t h a t t h e or i gi n a l a ppl i ca t i on be su bmi t t ed t o
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y wi t h a st a t emen t of
r ea son s su ppl i ed by t h e a ppl i ca n t a s t o wh y
t h e a ppl i ca t i on sh ou l d be a ppr oved.
6. Prelimin ary decision by Assist an t Secret ary .
a . Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y , or a speci a l des-
i gn ee for t h i s pu r pose, wi l l ma k e a pr el i mi -
n a r y deci si on wh et h er t h e a ppl i ca n t h a s met
t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ecogn i t i on ba sed on
t h e compl et ed a ppl i ca t i on fi l e a n d t h e wr i t -
t en st a ff r ecommen da t i on , a s wel l a s t h e
st a t emen t of r ea son s by t h e a ppl i ca n t i f
t h er e i s a r ecommen da t i on of di sa ppr ova l .
b. Th i s pr el i mi n a r y deci si on wi l l be sen t t o
t h e a ppl i ca n t a n d su bsequ en t l y pu bl i sh ed i n
t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER.
7. Pu blic review an d commen t period. a . Th e
F EDERAL REGI S TER n ot i ce of pr el i mi n a r y de-
ci si on wi l l pr ovi de a per i od of n ot l ess t h a n
60 ca l en da r da y s for t h e wr i t t en commen t s
on t h e a ppl i ca n t s fu l fi l l men t of t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for r ecogn i t i on . Th e a ppl i ca t i on , su p-
por t i n g docu men t s, st a ff r ecommen da t i on ,
st a t emen t of a ppl i ca n t s r ea son s, a n d a n y
commen t s r ecei ved, wi l l be a va i l a bl e for pu b-
l i c i n spect i on i n t h e OS HA Dock et Offi ce.
b. I f t h e pr el i mi n a r y deci si on i s i n fa vor of
r ecogn i t i on , a member of t h e pu bl i c, or i f t h e
pr el i mi n a r y deci si on i s a ga i n st r ecogn i t i on ,
t h e a ppl i ca n t ma y r equ est a pu bl i c h ea r i n g
by t h e cl ose of t h e commen t per i od, i f i t su p-
pl i es det a i l ed r ea son s a n d evi den ce ch a l -
l en gi n g t h e ba si s of t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y s pr el i mi n a r y deci si on a n d j u st i fy i n g
t h e n eed for a pu bl i c h ea r i n g t o br i n g ou t
evi den ce wh i ch cou l d n ot be effect i vel y su p-
pl i ed t h r ou gh wr i t t en su bmi ssi on s.
8. Fin al decision by Assist an t Secret ary a .
Wit h ou t h earin g. I f t h er e a r e n o va l i d r e-
qu est s for a h ea r i n g, ba sed on t h e a ppl i ca -
t i on , su ppor t i n g docu men t s, st a ff r ec-
ommen da t i on , evi den ce a n d pu bl i c commen t ,
t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l i ssu e t h e fi n a l
deci si on (i n cl u di n g r ea son s) of t h e Depa r t -
men t of La bor on wh et h er t h e a ppl i ca n t h a s
demon st r a t ed by a pr epon der a n ce of t h e evi -
den ce t h a t i t meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ec-
ogn i t i on .
b. Af t er h earin g. I f t h er e i s a va l i d r equ est
for a h ea r i n g pu r su a n t t o pa r a gr a ph I . B. 7. b.
of t h i s a ppen di x, t h e fol l owi n g pr ocedu r es
wi l l be u sed:
(1) Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y wi l l i ssu e a n o-
t i ce of h ea r i n g befor e a n a dmi n i st r a t i ve l a w
j u dge of t h e Depa r t men t of La bor pu r su a n t
t o t h e r u l es speci fi ed i n 29 CF R pa r t 1905,
su bpa r t C.
(2) Aft er t h e h ea r i n g, pu r su a n t t o su bpa r t
C, t h e a dmi n i st r a t i ve l a w j u dge sh a l l i ssu e a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
649
deci si on (i n cl u di n g r ea son s) ba sed on t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on , t h e su ppor t i n g docu men t a t i on , t h e
st a ff r ecommen da t i on , t h e pu bl i c commen t s
a n d t h e evi den ce su bmi t t ed du r i n g t h e h ea r -
i n g (t h e r ecor d), st a t i n g wh et h er i t h a s been
demon st r a t ed, ba sed on a pr epon der a n ce of
evi den ce, t h a t t h e a ppl i ca n t meet s t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s for r ecogn i t i on . I f n o except i on s
a r e fi l ed, t h i s i s t h e fi n a l deci si on of t h e De-
pa r t men t of La bor .
(3) Upon i ssu a n ce of t h e deci si on , a n y
pa r t y t o t h e h ea r i n g ma y fi l e except i on s
wi t h i n 20 da y s pu r su a n t t o su bpa r t C. I f ex-
cept i on s a r e fi l ed, t h e a dmi n i st r a t i ve l a w
j u dge sh a l l for wa r d t h e deci si on , except i on s
a n d r ecor d t o t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y for t h e
fi n a l deci si on on t h e a ppl i ca t i on .
(4) Th e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l r evi ew
t h e r ecor d, t h e deci si on by t h e a dmi n i st r a -
t i ve l a w j u dge, a n d t h e except i on s. Ba sed on
t h i s, t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y sh a l l i ssu e t h e
fi n a l deci si on (i n cl u di n g r ea son s) of t h e De-
pa r t men t of La bor st a t i n g wh et h er t h e a ppl i -
ca n t h a s demon st r a t ed by a pr epon der a n ce of
evi den ce t h a t i t meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s for
r ecogn i t i on .
b. Pu blicat ion . A n ot i fi ca t i on of t h e fi n a l
deci si on sh a l l be pu bl i sh ed i n t h e F EDERAL
REGI S TER.
C. Ter ms a n d Con di t i on s of Recogn i t i on ,
Ren ewa l a n d Revoca t i on
1. Th e fol l owi n g t er ms a n d con di t i on s sh a l l
be pa r t of ever y r ecogn i t i on :
a . Th e r ecogn i t i on of a n y va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on wi l l be evi den ced by a l et t er of r ec-
ogn i t i on fr om OS HA. Th e l et t er wi l l pr ovi de
t h e speci fi c det a i l s of t h e scope of t h e OS HA
r ecogn i t i on a s wel l a s a n y con di t i on s i m-
posed by OS HA, i n cl u di n g a n y F eder a l mon i -
t or i n g r equ i r emen t s.
b. Th e r ecogn i t i on of ea ch va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on wi l l be va l i d for fi ve y ea r s, u n l ess
t er mi n a t ed befor e or r en ewed a ft er t h e expi -
r a t i on of t h e per i od. Th e da t es of t h e per i od
of r ecogn i t i on wi l l be st a t ed i n t h e r ecogn i -
t i on l et t er .
c. Th e r ecogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
sh a l l con t i n u e t o sa t i sfy a l l t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s a ppen di x a n d t h e l et t er of r ec-
ogn i t i on du r i n g t h e per i od of r ecogn i t i on .
2. A r ecogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
ma y ch a n ge a t est met h od of t h e P S DI sa fe-
t y sy st em cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ogr a m
by n ot i fy i n g t h e Assi st a n t S ecr et a r y of t h e
ch a n ge, cer t i fy i n g t h a t t h e r evi sed met h od
wi l l be a t l ea st a s effect i ve a s t h e pr i or
met h od, a n d pr ovi di n g t h e su ppor t i n g da t a
u pon wh i ch i t s con cl u si on s a r e ba sed.
ma y r en ew i t s r ecogn i t i on by fi l i n g a r e-
n ewa l r equ est a t t h e a ddr ess i n pa r a gr a ph
I . A. 3. of t h i s a ppen di x, a bove, n ot l ess t h a n
180 ca l en da r da y s, n or mor e t h a n on e y ea r ,
befor e t h e expi r a t i on da t e of i t s cu r r en t r ec-
ogn i t i on . Wh en a r ecogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga -
n i za t i on h a s fi l ed su ch a r en ewa l r equ est , i t s
cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on wi l l n ot expi r e u n t i l a
fi n a l deci si on h a s been ma de on t h e r equ est .
Th e r en ewa l r equ est wi l l be pr ocessed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bsect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen -
di x, a bove, except t h a t a r ei n spect i on i s n ot
r equ i r ed bu t ma y be per for med by OS HA. A
h ea r i n g wi l l be gr a n t ed t o a n obj ect i n g mem-
ber of t h e pu bl i c i f evi den ce of fa i l u r e t o
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s a ppen di x i s
su ppl i ed t o OS HA.
ma y a ppl y t o OS HA for a n expa n si on of i t s
cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on t o cover ot h er ca t egor i es
of P S DI cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on i n a ddi t i on
t o t h ose i n cl u ded i n t h e cu r r en t r ecogn i t i on .
Th e a ppl i ca t i on for expa n si on wi l l be a ct ed
u pon a n d pr ocessed by OS HA i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h su bsect i on I . B. of t h i s a ppen di x, su bj ect
t o t h e possi bl e r ei n spect i on except i on . I f t h e
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on h a s been r ecogn i zed
for mor e t h a n on e y ea r , meet s t h e r equ i r e-
men t s for expa n si on of r ecogn i t i on , a n d
t h er e i s n o evi den ce t h a t t h e r ecogn i zed va l i -
da t i on or ga n i za t i on h a s n ot been fol l owi n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s a ppen di x a n d t h e
l et t er of r ecogn i t i on , a n expa n si on wi l l n or -
ma l l y be gr a n t ed. A h ea r i n g wi l l be gr a n t ed
t o a n obj ect i n g member of t h e pu bl i c on l y i f
evi den ce of fa i l u r e t o meet t h e r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s a ppen di x i s su ppl i ed t o OS HA.
ma y vol u n t a r i l y t er mi n a t e i t s r ecogn i t i on ,
ei t h er i n i t s en t i r et y or wi t h r espect t o a n y
a r ea cover ed i n i t s r ecogn i t i on , by gi vi n g
wr i t t en n ot i ce t o OS HA a t a n y t i me. Th e
wr i t t en n ot i ce sh a l l i n di ca t e t h e t er mi n a t i on
da t e. A va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ma y n ot t er -
mi n a t e i t s i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi ca t i on a n d r e-
cer t i fi ca t i on va l i da t i on fu n ct i on s ea r l i er
t h a n ei t h er on e y ea r fr om t h e da t e of t h e
wr i t t en n ot i ce, or t h e da t e on wh i ch a n ot h er
r ecogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on i s a bl e t o
per for m t h e va l i da t i on of i n st a l l a t i on cer t i fi -
ca t i on a n d r ecer t i fi ca t i on .
6. a . OS HA ma y r evok e i t s r ecogn i t i on of a
va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on i f i t s pr ogr a m ei t h er
h a s fa i l ed t o con t i n u e t o sa t i sfy t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s a ppen di x or i t s l et t er of r ec-
ogn i t i on , h a s n ot been per for mi n g t h e va l i da -
t i on fu n ct i on s r equ i r ed by t h e P S DI st a n da r d
a n d a ppen di x A, or h a s mi sr epr esen t ed i t sel f
i n i t s a ppl i ca t i on s. Befor e pr oposi n g t o r e-
vok e r ecogn i t i on , t h e Agen cy wi l l n ot i fy t h e
r ecogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on of t h e
ba si s of t h e pr oposed r evoca t i on a n d wi l l
a l l ow r ebu t t a l or cor r ect i on of t h e a l l eged
defi ci en ci es. I f t h e defi ci en ci es a r e n ot cor -
r ect ed, OS HA ma y r evok e r ecogn i t i on , effec-
t i ve i n 60 da y s, u n l ess t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i -
za t i on r equ est s a h ea r i n g wi t h i n t h a t t i me.
b. I f a h ea r i n g i s r equ est ed, i t sh a l l be h el d
befor e a n a dmi n i st r a t i ve l a w j u dge of t h e De-
pa r t men t of La bor pu r su a n t t o t h e r u l es
speci fi ed i n 29 CF R pa r t 1905, su bpa r t C.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
650
c. Th e pa r t i es sh a l l be OS HA a n d t h e r ec-
ogn i zed va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on . Th e deci -
si on sh a l l be ma de pu r su a n t t o t h e pr oce-
du r es speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s I . B. 8. b. (2)
t h r ou gh (4) of t h i s a ppen di x except t h a t t h e
bu r den of pr oof sh a l l be on OS HA t o dem-
on st r a t e by a pr epon der a n ce of t h e evi den ce
t h a t t h e r ecogn i t i on sh ou l d be r evok ed be-
ca u se t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ei t h er i s
n ot meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s for r ecogn i -
t i on , h a s n ot been per for mi n g t h e va l i da t i on
fu n ct i on s r equ i r ed by t h e P S DI st a n da r d a n d
a ppen di x A, or h a s mi sr epr esen t ed i t sel f i n
i t s a ppl i ca t i on s.
D. P r ovi si on s of OS HA Recogn i t i on
Ea ch r ecogn i zed t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or -
ga n i za t i on a n d i t s va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or i es
sh a l l :
1. Al l ow OS HA t o con du ct u n sch edu l ed r e-
vi ews or on -si t e a u di t s of i t or t h e va l i da t i n g
l a bor a t or i es on ma t t er s r el eva n t t o P S DI ,
a n d cooper a t e i n t h e con du ct of t h ese r e-
vi ews a n d a u di t s;
2. Agr ee t o t er ms a n d con di t i on s est a b-
l i sh ed by OS HA i n t h e gr a n t of r ecogn i t i on
on ma t t er s su ch a s exch a n ge of da t a , su bmi s-
si on of a cci den t r epor t s, a n d a ssi st a n ce i n
st u di es for i mpr ovi n g P S DI or t h e cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on pr ocess.
I I . Qu alif icat ion s
Th e t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ,
t h e va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y , a n d t h e empl oy ees
of ea ch sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s set for t h
i n t h i s sect i on of t h i s a ppen di x.
A. Exper i en ce of Va l i da t i on Or ga n i za t i on
sh a l l h a ve l ega l a u t h or i t y t o per for m cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on a ct i vi t i es.
2. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l dem-
on st r a t e compet en ce a n d exper i en ce i n ei -
t h er power pr ess desi gn , ma n u fa ct u r e or u se,
or t est i n g, qu a l i t y con t r ol or cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on of equ i pmen t compa r a bl e t o
power pr esses a n d a ssoci a t ed con t r ol sy s-
t ems.
on st r a t e a ca pa bi l i t y for sel ect i n g, r evi ew-
i n g, a n d/or va l i da t i n g a ppr opr i a t e st a n da r ds
a n d t est met h ods t o be u sed for va l i da t i n g
t h e cer t i fi ca t i on of P S DI sa fet y sy st ems, a s
wel l a s for r evi ewi n g j u dgemen t s on t h e sa fe-
t y of P S DI sa fet y sy st ems a n d t h ei r con -
for ma n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sec-
t i on .
4. Th e va l i da t i n g or ga n i za t i on ma y u t i l i ze
t h e compet en ce, exper i en ce, a n d ca pa bi l i t y
of i t s empl oy ees t o demon st r a t e t h i s com-
pet en ce, exper i en ce a n d ca pa bi l i t y .
B. I n depen den ce of Va l i da t i on Or ga n i za t i on
on st r a t e t h a t :
a . I t i s fi n a n ci a l l y ca pa bl e t o con du ct t h e
wor k ;
b. I t i s fr ee of di r ect i n fl u en ce or con t r ol
by ma n u fa ct u r er s, su ppl i er s, ven dor s, r ep-
r esen t a t i ves of empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees,
a n d empl oy er or empl oy ee or ga n i za t i on s; a n d
c. I t s empl oy ees a r e secu r e fr om di sch a r ge
r esu l t i n g fr om pr essu r es fr om ma n u fa ct u r -
er s, su ppl i er s, ven dor s, empl oy er s or em-
pl oy ee r epr esen t a t i ves.
2. A va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ma y be con si d-
er ed i n depen den t even i f i t h a s t i es wi t h
ma n u fa ct u r er s, empl oy er s or empl oy ee r ep-
r esen t a t i ves i f t h ese t i es a r e wi t h a t l ea st
t wo of t h ese t h r ee gr ou ps; i t h a s a boa r d of
di r ect or s (or equ i va l en t l ea der sh i p r espon -
si bl e for t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on a ct i vi -
t i es) wh i ch i n cl u des r epr esen t a t i ves of t h e
t h r ee gr ou ps; a n d i t h a s a bi n di n g commi t -
men t of fu n di n g for a per i od of t h r ee y ea r s or
mor e.
C. Va l i da t i n g La bor a t or y
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on s l a bor a t or y
(wh i ch or ga n i za t i on a l l y ma y be a pa r t of t h e
t h i r d-pa r t y va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ):
1. S h a l l h a ve l ega l a u t h or i t y t o per for m
t h e va l i da t i on of cer t i fi ca t i on ;
2. S h a l l be fr ee of oper a t i on a l con t r ol a n d
i n fl u en ce of ma n u fa ct u r er s, su ppl i er s, ven -
dor s, empl oy er s, or empl oy ee r epr esen t a t i ves
t h a t wou l d i mpa i r i t s i n t egr i t y of per for m-
a n ce; a n d
3. S h a l l n ot en ga ge i n t h e desi gn , ma n u fa c-
t u r e, sa l e, pr omot i on , or u se of t h e cer t i fi ed
equ i pmen t .
D. F a ci l i t i es a n d Equ i pmen t
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on s va l i da t i n g
l a bor a t or y sh a l l h a ve a va i l a bl e a l l t est i n g
fa ci l i t i es a n d n ecessa r y t est a n d i n spect i on
equ i pmen t r el eva n t t o t h e va l i da t i on of t h e
cer t i fi ca t i on of P S DI sa fet y sy st ems, i n st a l -
l a t i on s a n d oper a t i on s.
E. P er son n el
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d t h e va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l be a dequ a t el y st a ffed
by per son n el wh o a r e qu a l i fi ed by t ech n i ca l
t r a i n i n g a n d/or exper i en ce t o con du ct t h e
va l i da t i on of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on of P S DI sa fet y
sy st ems.
1. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l a ssi gn
over a l l r espon si bi l i t y for t h e va l i da t i on of
P S DI cer t i fi ca t i on t o a n Admi n i st r a t i ve Di -
r ect or . Mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s for t h i s posi -
t i on a r e a Ba ch el or s degr ee a n d fi ve y ea r s
pr ofessi on a l exper i en ce, a t l ea st on e of wh i ch
sh a l l h a ve been i n r espon si bl e ch a r ge of a
fu n ct i on i n t h e a r ea s of power pr ess desi gn or
ma n u fa ct u r e or a br oa d r a n ge of power pr ess
u se, or i n t h e a r ea s of t est i n g, qu a l i t y con -
t r ol , or cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of equ i pmen t
compa r a bl e t o power pr esses or t h ei r a ssoci -
a t ed con t r ol sy st ems.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
651
2. Th e va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y , i f a sepa r a t e
or ga n i za t i on fr om t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za -
t i on , sh a l l a ssi gn t ech n i ca l r espon si bi l i t y for
t h e va l i da t i on of P S DI cer t i fi ca t i on t o a
Tech n i ca l Di r ect or . Mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s
for t h i s posi t i on a r e a Ba ch el or s degr ee i n a
t ech n i ca l fi el d a n d fi ve y ea r s of pr ofessi on a l
exper i en ce, a t l ea st on e of wh i ch sh a l l h a ve
been i n r espon si bl e ch a r ge of a fu n ct i on i n
t h e a r ea of t est i n g, qu a l i t y con t r ol or cer t i fi -
ca t i on /va l i da t i on of equ i pmen t compa r a bl e
t o power pr esses or t h ei r a ssoci a t ed con t r ol
sy st ems.
3. I f t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d t h e
va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y a r e t h e sa me or ga n i za -
t i on , t h e a dmi n i st r a t i ve a n d t ech n i ca l r e-
spon si bi l i t i es ma y be combi n ed i n a si n gl e
posi t i on , wi t h mi n i mu m r equ i r emen t s a s de-
scr i bed i n E. 1. a n d 2. for t h e combi n ed posi -
t i on .
4. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e a d-
mi n i st r a t i ve a n d t ech n i ca l st a ffs t o con du ct
t h e va l i da t i on of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on of P S DI
sa fet y sy st ems.
F . Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on Ma r k or Logo
1. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on or t h e va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l own a r egi st er ed cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on ma r k or l ogo.
2. Th e ma r k or l ogo sh a l l be su i t a bl e for i n -
cor por a t i on i n t o t h e l a bel r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(11)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
I I I . Program Requ iremen t s
A. Test a n d Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on
P r ocedu r es
1. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d/or va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l h a ve est a bl i sh ed
wr i t t en pr ocedu r es for t est a n d cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on of P S DI sa fet y sy st ems. Th e pr o-
cedu r es sh a l l be ba sed on per t i n en t OS HA
st a n da r ds a n d t est met h ods, or ot h er pu b-
l i cl y a va i l a bl e st a n da r ds a n d t est met h ods
gen er a l l y r ecogn i zed a s a ppr opr i a t e i n t h e
fi el d, su ch a s n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds
or pu bl i sh ed st a n da r ds of pr ofessi on a l soci -
et i es or t r a de a ssoci a t i on s.
2. Th e wr i t t en pr ocedu r es for t est a n d cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of P S DI sy st ems, a n d
t h e st a n da r ds a n d t est met h ods on wh i ch
t h ey a r e ba sed, sh a l l be r epr odu ci bl e a n d be
a va i l a bl e t o OS HA a n d t o t h e pu bl i c u pon r e-
qu est .
B. Test Repor t s
1. A t est r epor t sh a l l be pr epa r ed for ea ch
P S DI sa fet y sy st em t h a t i s t est ed. Th e t est
r epor t sh a l l be si gn ed by a t ech n i ca l st a ff
r epr esen t a t i ve a n d t h e Tech n i ca l Di r ect or .
2. Th e t est r epor t sh a l l i n cl u de t h e fol -
l owi n g:
a . Na me of ma n u fa ct u r er a n d ca t a l og or
model n u mber of ea ch su bsy st em or ma j or
compon en t .
b. I den t i fi ca t i on a n d descr i pt i on of t est
met h ods or pr ocedu r es u sed. (Th i s ma y be
t h r ou gh r efer en ce t o pu bl i sh ed sou r ces wh i ch
descr i be t h e t est met h ods or pr ocedu r es
u sed. )
c. Resu l t s of a l l t est s per for med.
d. Al l sa fet y di st a n ce ca l cu l a t i on s.
3. A copy of t h e t est r epor t sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed on fi l e a t t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on
a n d/or va l i da t i n g l a bor a t or y , a n d sh a l l be
C. Cer t i fi ca t i on /Va l i da t i on Repor t s
1. A cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r epor t sh a l l be
pr epa r ed for ea ch P S DI sa fet y sy st em for
wh i ch t h e cer t i fi ca t i on i s va l i da t ed. Th e cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r epor t sh a l l be si gn ed
by t h e Admi n i st r a t i ve Di r ect or a n d t h e
Tech n i ca l Di r ect or .
2. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r epor t sh a l l
i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g:
a . Na me of ma n u fa ct u r er a n d ca t a l og or
model n u mber of ea ch su bsy st em or ma j or
compon en t .
b. Resu l t s of a l l t est s wh i ch ser ve a s t h e
ba si s for t h e cer t i fi ca t i on .
c. Al l sa fet y di st a n ce ca l cu l a t i on s.
d. S t a t emen t t h a t t h e sa fet y sy st em con -
for ms wi t h a l l r equ i r emen t s of t h e P S DI
st a n da r d a n d a ppen di x A.
3. A copy of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r e-
por t sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed on fi l e a t t h e va l i -
da t i on or ga n i za t i on a n d/or va l i da t i n g l a bor a -
t or y , a n d sh a l l be a va i l a bl e t o t h e pu bl i c
u pon r equ est .
4. A copy of t h e cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on r e-
por t sh a l l be su bmi t t ed t o OS HA wi t h i n 30
da y s of i t s compl et i on .
D. P u bl i ca t i on s S y st em
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l ma k e
a va i l a bl e u pon r equ est a l i st of P S DI sa fet y
sy st ems wh i ch h a ve been cer t i fi ed/va l i da t ed
by t h e pr ogr a m.
E. F ol l ow-u p Act i vi t i es
1. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on or va l i -
da t i n g l a bor a t or y sh a l l h a ve a fol l ow-u p sy s-
t em for i n spect i n g or t est i n g ma n u fa ct u r er s
pr odu ct i on of desi gn cer t i fi ed/va l i da t ed P S DI
sa fet y sy st em compon en t s a n d su ba ssembl i es
wh er e deemed a ppr opr i a t e by t h e va l i da t i on
or ga n i za t i on .
2. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l n ot i fy
t h e a ppr opr i a t e pr odu ct ma n u fa ct u r er (s) of
a n y r epor t s fr om empl oy er s of poi n t of oper -
a t i on i n j u r i es wh i ch occu r wh i l e a pr ess i s
oper a t ed i n a P S DI mode.
F . Recor ds
Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on or va l i da t i n g
l a bor a t or y sh a l l ma i n t a i n a r ecor d of ea ch
cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of a P S DI sa fet y sy s-
t em, i n cl u di n g ma n u fa ct u r er a n d/or em-
pl oy er cer t i fi ca t i on docu men t a t i on , t est a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
652
wor k i n g da t a , t est r epor t , cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i -
da t i on r epor t , a n y fol l ow-u p i n spect i on s or
t est i n g, a n d r epor t s of equ i pmen t fa i l u r es,
a n y r epor t s of a cci den t s i n vol vi n g t h e equ i p-
men t , a n d a n y ot h er per t i n en t i n for ma t i on .
Th ese r ecor ds sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for i n spec-
t i on by OS HA a n d OS HA S t a t e P l a n offi ces.
G. Di spu t e Resol u t i on P r ocedu r es
1. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on sh a l l h a ve a
r ea son a bl e wr i t t en pr ocedu r e for a ck n owl -
edgi n g a n d pr ocessi n g a ppea l s or compl a i n t s
fr om pr ogr a m pa r t i ci pa n t s (ma n u fa ct u r er s,
pr odu cer s, su ppl i er s, ven dor s a n d empl oy er s)
a s wel l a s ot h er i n t er est ed pa r t i es (empl oy -
ees or t h ei r r epr esen t a t i ves, sa fet y per -
son n el , gover n men t a gen ci es, et c. ), con -
cer n i n g cer t i fi ca t i on or va l i da t i on .
2. Th e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on ma y ch a r ge
a n y compl a i n a n t t h e r ea son a bl e ch a r ge for
r epea t i n g t est s n eeded for t h e r esol u t i on of
di spu t es.
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 217NONMANDATORY
S UP P LEMENTARY I NF ORMATI ON
Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des n on ma n da t or y su p-
pl emen t a r y i n for ma t i on a n d gu i del i n es t o
a ssi st i n t h e u n der st a n di n g a n d u se of 29 CF R
1910. 217(h ) t o a l l ow pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce
i n i t i a t i on (P S DI ) of mech a n i ca l power pr ess-
es. Al t h ou gh t h i s a ppen di x a s su ch i s n ot
ma n da t or y , i t r efer en ces sect i on s a n d r e-
qu i r emen t s wh i ch a r e ma de ma n da t or y by
ot h er pa r t s of t h e P S DI st a n da r d a n d a ppen -
di ces.
1. Gen eral
OS HA i n t en ds t h a t P S DI con t i n u e t o be
pr oh i bi t ed wh er e pr esen t st a t e-of-t h e-a r t
t ech n ol ogy wi l l n ot a l l ow i t t o be don e sa fe-
l y . On l y part revolu t ion t y pe mech a n i ca l
power pr esses a r e a ppr oved for P S DI . S i mi -
l a r l y , on l y pr esses wi t h a con fi gu r a t i on su ch
t h a t a per son s body ca n n ot compl et el y en t er
t h e bed a r ea a r e a ppr oved for P S DI .
2. Brak e an d Clu t ch
F l exi bl e st eel ba n d br a k es do n ot possess a
l on g-t er m r el i a bi l i t y a ga i n st st r u ct u r a l fa i l -
u r e a s compa r ed t o ot h er t y pes of br a k es,
a n d t h er efor e a r e n ot a ccept a bl e on pr esses
u sed i n t h e P S DI mode of oper a t i on .
F a st a n d con si st en t st oppi n g t i mes a r e i m-
por t a n t t o sa fet y for t h e P S DI mode of oper -
a t i on . Con si st en cy of br a k i n g a ct i on i s en -
h a n ced by h i gh br a k e t or qu e. Th e r equ i r e-
men t i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i ) defi n es a h i gh
t or qu e ca pa bi l i t y wh i ch sh ou l d en su r e fa st
a n d con si st en t st oppi n g t i mes.
Br a k e desi gn pa r a met er s i mpor t a n t t o
P S DI a r e h i gh t or qu e, l ow momen t of i n er -
t i a , l ow a i r vol u me (i f pn eu ma t i c) mech a -
n i sms, n on -i n t er l ea vi n g en ga gemen t spr i n gs,
a n d st r u ct u r a l i n t egr i t y wh i ch i s en h a n ced
by over -desi gn . Th e r equ i r emen t i n
pa r a gr pa h (h )(2)(i i i ) r edu ces t h e possi bi l i t y
of si gn i fi ca n t l y i n cr ea sed st oppi n g t i me i f a
spr i n g br ea k s.
As a n a dded pr eca u t i on t o t h e r equ i r e-
men t s i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i i i ), br a k e a dj u st -
men t l ock i n g mea n s sh ou l d be secu r ed.
Wh er e br a k e spr i n gs a r e ext er n a l l y a cces-
si bl e, l ock n u t s or ot h er mea n s ma y be pr o-
vi ded t o r edu ce t h e possi bi l i t y of ba ck i n g off
of t h e compr essi on n u t wh i ch h ol ds t h e
spr i n gs i n pl a ce.
3. Pn eu mat ic Sy st ems
El eva t ed cl u t ch /br a k e a i r pr essu r e r esu l t s
i n l on ger st oppi n g t i me. Th e r equ i r emen t i n
pa r a gr a ph (h )(3)(i )(C) i s i n t en ded t o pr even t
degr a da t i on i n st opi n g speed fr om h i gh er a i r
pr essu r e. Hi gh er pr essu r es ma y be per mi t t ed,
h owever , t o i n cr ea se cl u t ch t or qu e t o fr ee
j a mmed di es, pr ovi ded posi t i ve mea su r es
a r e pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e h i gh er pr essu r e
a t ot h er t i mes.
4. Fly wh eels an d Bearin gs
Lu br i ca t i on of bea r i n gs i s con si der ed t h e
si n gl e gr ea t est det er r en t t o t h ei r fa i l u r e.
Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen ded pr oce-
du r es for ma i n t en a n ce a n d i n spect i on sh ou l d
be cl osel y fol l owed.
5. Brak e Mon it orin g
Th e a ppr ova l of br a k e mon i t or a dj u st -
men t s, a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(5)(i i ), i s
n ot con si der ed a recert if icat ion , a n d does n ot
n ecessa r i l y i n vol ve a n on -si t e i n spect i on by
a r epr esen t a t i ve of t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za -
t i on . I t i s expect ed t h a t t h e br a k e mon i t or
a dj u st men t n or ma l l y cou l d be eva l u a t ed on
t h e ba si s of t h e effect on t h e sa fet y sy st em
cer t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on docu men t a t i on r e-
t a i n ed by t h e va l i da t i on or ga n i za t i on .
Use of a br a k e mon i t or does n ot el i mi n a t e
t h e n eed for per i odi c br a k e i n spect i on a n d
ma i n t en a n ce t o r edu ce t h e possi bi l i t y of ca t -
a st r oph i c fa i l u r es.
6. Cy cle Con t rol an d Con t rol Sy st ems
Th e P S DI set -u p/r eset mea n s r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (h )(6)(i v) ma y be i n i t i a t ed by t h e
a ct u a t i on of a speci a l momen t a r y pu sh -
bu t t on or by t h e a ct u a t i on of a speci a l mo-
men t a r y pu sh bu t t on a n d t h e i n i t i a t i on of a
fi r st st r ok e wi t h t wo h a n d con t r ol s.
I t wou l d n or ma l l y be pr efer a bl e t o l i mi t
t h e a dj u st men t of t h e t i me r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(6)(vi ) t o a ma xi mu m of 15 secon ds.
However , wh er e a n oper a t or mu st do ma n y
oper a t i on s ou t si de t h e pr ess, su ch a s l u br i -
ca t i n g, t r i mmi n g, debu r r i n g, et c. , a l on ger
i n t er va l u p t o 30 secon ds i s per mi t t ed.
Wh en a pr ess i s equ i pped for P S DI oper -
a t i on , i t i s r ecommen ded t h a t t h e pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce be a ct i ve a s a gu a r di n g devi ce
i n ot h er pr odu ct i on modes. Th i s sh ou l d en -
h a n ce t h e r el i a bi l i t y of t h e devi ce a n d en su r e
t h a t i t r ema i n s oper a bl e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
653
An a ccept a bl e met h od for i n t er l ock i n g
su ppl emen t a l gu a r ds a s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(6)(xi i i ) wou l d be t o i n cor por a t e t h e
su ppl emen t a l gu a r d a n d t h e P S DI pr esen ce
sen si n g devi ce i n t o a h i n ged a r r a n gemen t i n
wh i ch t h e a l i gn men t of t h e pr esen ce sen si n g
devi ce ser ves, i n effect , a s t h e i n t er l ock . I f
t h e su ppl emen t a l gu a r ds a r e moved, t h e
pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce wou l d become mi s-
a l i gn ed a n d t h e pr ess con t r ol wou l d be de-
a ct i va t ed. No ext r a mi cr oswi t ch es or i n t er -
l ock i n g sen sor s wou l d be r equ i r ed.
P a r a gr a ph (h )(6)(xv) of t h e st a n da r d r e-
qu i r es t h a t t h e con t r ol sy st em h a ve pr ovi -
si on s for a n i n ch oper a t i n g mea n s; t h a t
di e-set t i n g n ot be don e i n t h e P S DI mode;
a n d t h a t pr odu ct i on n ot be don e i n t h e
i n ch mode. I t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t t h e
sen si n g devi ce wou l d be by -pa ssed i n t h e
i n ch mode. F or t h a t r ea son , t h e pr oh i bi -
t i on s a ga i n st di e-set t i n g i n t h e P S DI mode,
a n d a ga i n st pr odu ct i on i n t h e i n ch mode
a r e ci t ed t o emph a si ze t h a t i n ch oper a t i on
i s of r edu ced sa fet y a n d i s n ot compa t i bl e
wi t h P S DI or ot h er pr odu ct i on modes.
7. En viron men t al Requ iremen t s
I t i s t h e i n t en t of pa r a gr a ph (h )(7) t h a t
con t r ol compon en t s be pr ovi ded wi t h i n h er -
en t desi gn pr ot ect i on a ga i n st oper a t i n g
st r esses a n d en vi r on men t a l fa ct or s a ffect i n g
sa fet y a n d r el i a bi l i t y .
8. Saf et y sy st em
Th e sa fet y sy st em pr ovi si on con t i n u es t h e
con cept of pa r a gr a ph (b)(13) t h a t t h e pr ob-
a bi l i t y of t wo i n depen den t fa i l u r es i n t h e
l en gt h of t i me r equ i r ed t o ma k e on e pr ess
cy cl e i s so r emot e a s t o be a n egl i gi bl e r i sk
fa ct or i n t h e t ot a l a r r a y of equ i pmen t a n d
h u ma n fa ct or s. Th e emph a si s i s on a n i n t e-
gr a t ed t ot a l sy st em i n cl u di n g a l l el emen t s
a ffect i n g poi n t of oper a t i on sa fet y .
I t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t t h i s does n ot r e-
qu i r e r edu n da n cy for pr ess compon en t s su ch
a s st r u ct u r a l el emen t s, cl u t ch /br a k e mech a -
n i sms, pl a t es, et c. , for wh i ch a dequ a t e r el i -
a bi l i t y ma y be a ch i eved by pr oper desi gn ,
ma i n t en a n ce, a n d i n spect i on .
9. Saf egu ardin g t h e Poin t of Operat ion
Th e i n t en t of pa r a gr a ph (h )(9)(i i i ) i s t o pr o-
h i bi t u se of mi r r or s t o ben d a si n gl e l i gh t
cu r t a i n sen si n g fi el d a r ou n d cor n er s t o cover
mor e t h a n on e si de of a pr ess. Th i s pr oh i bi -
t i on i s n eeded t o i n cr ea se t h e r el i a bi l i t y of
t h e pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce i n i n i t i a t i n g a
st r ok e on l y wh en t h e desi r ed wor k mot i on
h a s been compl et ed.
Object sen sit ivit y descr i bes t h e ca pa bi l i t y of
a pr esen ce sen si n g devi ce t o det ect a n obj ect
i n t h e sen si n g fi el d, expr essed a s t h e l i n ea r
mea su r emen t of t h e sma l l est i n t er r u pt i on
wh i ch ca n be det ect ed a t a n y poi n t i n t h e
fi el d. Mi n i mu m obj ect sen si t i vi t y descr i bes
t h e l a r gest a ccept a bl e si ze of t h e i n t er r u p-
t i on i n t h e sen si n g fi el d. A mi n i mu m obj ect
sen si t i vi t y of on e a n d on e-fou r t h i n ch es
(31. 75 mm) mea n s t h a t a on e a n d on e-fou r t h
i n ch (31. 75 mm) di a met er obj ect wi l l be con -
t i n u ou sl y det ect ed a t a l l l oca t i on s i n t h e
sen si n g fi el d.
I n der i vi n g t h e sa fet y di st a n ce r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (h )(9)(v), a l l st oppi n g t i me mea s-
u r emen t s sh ou l d be ma de wi t h cl u t ch /br a k e
a i r pr essu r e r egu l a t ed t o t h e pr ess ma n u fa c-
t u r er s r ecommen ded va l u e for fu l l cl u t ch
t or qu e ca pa bi l i t y . Th e st oppi n g t i me mea s-
u r emen t s sh ou l d be ma de wi t h t h e h ea vi est
u pper di e t h a t i s pl a n n ed for u se i n t h e pr ess.
I f t h e pr ess h a s a sl i de cou n t er ba l a n ce sy s-
t em, i t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t t h e cou n t er ba l a n ce
be a dj u st ed cor r ect l y for u pper di e wei gh t a c-
cor di n g t o t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
Wh i l e t h e br a k e mon i t or set t i n g i s ba sed on
t h e st oppi n g t i me i t a ct u a l l y mea su r es, i . e. ,
t h e n or ma l st oppi n g t i me a t t h e t op of t h e
st r ok e, i t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t t h e sa fet y di s-
t a n ce be compu t ed fr om t h e l on gest st oppi n g
t i me mea su r ed a t a n y of t h e i n di ca t ed t h r ee
down st r ok e st oppi n g posi t i on s l i st ed i n t h e
expl a n a t i on of Ts. Th e u se i n t h e for mu l a of
t wi ce t h e st oppi n g t i me i n cr ea se, Tm, a l -
l owed by t h e br a k e mon i t or for br a k e wea r
a l l ows for gr ea t er i n cr ea ses i n t h e down -
st r ok e st oppi n g t i me t h a n occu r i n n or ma l
st oppi n g t i me a t t h e t op of t h e st r ok e.
10. I n spect ion an d Main t en an ce. [Reser ved]
11. Saf et y Sy st em Cert if icat ion /Validat ion
Ma n da t or y r equ i r emen t s for cer t i fi ca t i on /
va l i da t i on of t h e P S DI sa fet y sy st em a r e
pr ovi ded i n a ppen di x A a n d a ppen di x C t o
t h i s st a n da r d. Non ma n da t or y su ppl emen t a r y
i n for ma t i on a n d gu i del i n es r el a t i n g t o cer -
t i fi ca t i on /va l i da t i on of t h e P S DI sa fet y sy s-
t em a r e pr ovi ded t o a ppen di x B t o t h i s st a n d-
a r d.
F R 41846, Dec. 23, 1974; 40 F R 3982, J a n . 27,
1975; 43 F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978; 45 F R 8594,
F eb. 8, 1980; 49 F R 18295, Apr . 30, 1984; 51 F R
34561, S ept . 29, 1986; 53 F R 8353, 8358 Ma r . 14,
1988; 54 F R 24333, J u n e 7, 1989; 61 F R 9240,
Ma r . 7, 1996; 69 F R 31882, J u n e 8, 2004]
1910.218 Forging machines.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Use of
lead. Th e sa fet y r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
su bpa r a gr a ph a ppl y t o l ea d ca st s or
ot h er u se of l ea d i n t h e for ge sh op or
di e sh op.
(i ) Th er most a t i c con t r ol of h ea t i n g
el emen t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o ma i n t a i n
pr oper mel t i n g t emper a t u r e a n d pr e-
ven t over h ea t i n g.
(i i ) F i xed or per ma n en t l ea d pot i n -
st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be exh a u st ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
654
(i i i ) P or t a bl e u n i t s sh a l l be u sed on l y
i n a r ea s wh er e good, gen er a l r oom ven -
t i l a t i on i s pr ovi ded.
(i v) P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
(gl oves, goggl es, a pr on s, a n d ot h er
i t ems) sh a l l be wor n .
(v) A cover ed con t a i n er sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o st or e dr oss sk i mmi n gs.
(vi ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be k ept cl ea n ,
pa r t i cu l a r l y fr om a ccu mu l a t i on s of
y el l ow l ea d oxi de.
(2) I n spect ion an d main t en an ce. I t
sh a l l be t h e r espon si bi l i t y of t h e em-
pl oy er t o ma i n t a i n a l l for ge sh op
equ i pmen t i n a con di t i on wh i ch wi l l i n -
su r e con t i n u ed sa fe oper a t i on . Th i s r e-
spon si bi l i t y i n cl u des:
(i ) Est a bl i sh i n g per i odi c a n d r egu l a r
ma i n t en a n ce sa fet y ch eck s a n d k eep-
i n g cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor ds of t h ese i n -
spect i on s wh i ch i n cl u de t h e da t e of i n -
ser i a l n u mber , or ot h er i den t i fi er , for
t h e for gi n g ma ch i n e wh i ch wa s i n -
spect ed.
(i i ) S ch edu l i n g a n d r ecor di n g t h e i n -
spect i on of gu a r ds a n d poi n t of oper -
a t i on pr ot ect i on devi ces a t fr equ en t
a n d r egu l a r i n t er va l s. Recor di n g of i n -
spect i on s sh a l l be i n t h e for m of a cer -
t i fi ca t i on r ecor d wh i ch i n cl u des t h e
da t e t h e i n spect i on wa s per for med, t h e
si gn a t u r e of t h e per son wh o per for med
t h e i n spect i on a n d t h e ser i a l n u mber ,
or ot h er i den t i fi er , of t h e equ i pmen t
i n spect ed.
(i i i ) Tr a i n i n g per son n el for t h e pr oper
i n spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of for gi n g
ma ch i n er y a n d equ i pmen t .
(i v) Al l over h ea d pa r t s sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed or pr ot ect ed i n su ch a ma n n er
t h a t t h ey wi l l n ot fl y off or fa l l i n
even t of fa i l u r e.
(3) Hammers an d presses. (i ) Al l h a m-
mer s sh a l l be posi t i on ed or i n st a l l ed i n
su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h ey r ema i n on or
a r e a n ch or ed t o fou n da t i on s su ffi ci en t
t o su ppor t t h em a ccor di n g t o a ppl i ca -
bl e en gi n eer i n g st a n da r ds.
(i i ) Al l pr esses sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h ey r ema i n wh er e
t h ey a r e posi t i on ed or t h ey a r e a n -
ch or ed t o fou n da t i on s su ffi ci en t t o su p-
por t t h em a ccor di n g t o a ppl i ca bl e en gi -
n eer i n g st a n da r ds.
TABLE O11STRENGTH AND DIMENSIONS FOR WOOD RAM PROPS
Size of tim-
ber, inches
1

Square
inches in
cross sec-
tion
Minimum allowable
crushing strength
parallel to grain,
p.s.i.
2

Maximum static load
within short column
range
3

Safety factor
Maximum rec-
ommended weight of
forging hammer for
timber used
Maximum al-
lowable
length of
timber,
inches
44 16 5,000 80,000 10 8,000 44
66 36 5,000 180,000 10 18,000 66
88 64 5,000 320,000 10 32,000 88
1010 100 5,000 500,000 10 50,000 100
1212 144 5,000 720,000 10 72,000 132
1
Actual dimension.
2
Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 479. Hardwoods recommended are those whose ultimate
crushing strengths in compression parallel to grain are 5,000 p.s.i. (pounds per square inch) or greater.
3
Slenderness ratio formula for short columns is L/d=11, where L=length of timber in inches and d=least dimension in inches;
this ratio should not exceed 11.
(i i i ) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for di s-
con n ect i n g t h e power t o t h e ma ch i n e
a n d for l ock i n g ou t or r en der i n g cy -
cl i n g con t r ol s i n oper a bl e.
(i v) Th e r a m sh a l l be bl ock ed wh en
di es a r e bei n g ch a n ged or ot h er wor k i s
bei n g don e on t h e h a mmer . Bl ock s or
wedges sh a l l be ma de of ma t er i a l t h e
st r en gt h a n d con st r u ct i on of wh i ch
sh ou l d meet or exceed t h e speci fi ca -
t i on s a n d di men si on s sh own i n Ta bl e
O11.
(v) Ton gs sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t l en gt h
t o cl ea r t h e body of t h e wor k er i n ca se
of k i ck ba ck , a n d sh a l l n ot h a ve sh a r p
h a n dl e en ds.
(vi ) Oi l swa bs, or sca l e r emover s, or
ot h er devi ces t o r emove sca l e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded. Th ese devi ces sh a l l be l on g
en ou gh t o en a bl e a ma n t o r ea ch t h e
fu l l l en gt h of t h e di e wi t h ou t pl a ci n g
h i s h a n d or a r m bet ween t h e di es.
(vi i ) Ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be of a dequ a t e st r en gt h , si ze, a n d
di men si on t o h a n dl e di eset t i n g oper -
a t i on s sa fel y .
(vi i i ) A sca l e gu a r d of su bst a n t i a l
con st r u ct i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
655
ba ck of ever y h a mmer , so a r r a n ged a s
t o st op fl y i n g sca l e.
(i x) A sca l e gu a r d of su bst a n t i a l con -
st r u ct i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e ba ck
of ever y pr ess, so a r r a n ged a s t o st op
fl y i n g sca l e.
(b) Hammers, gen eral(1) Key s. Di e
k ey s a n d sh i ms sh a l l be ma de fr om a
gr a de of ma t er i a l t h a t wi l l n ot u n du l y
cr a ck or spl i n t er .
(2) Foot operat ed devices. Al l foot oper -
a t ed devi ces (i . e. , t r ea dl es, peda l s, ba r s,
va l ves, a n d swi t ch es) sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l l y a n d effect i vel y pr ot ect ed fr om
u n i n t en ded oper a t i on .
(c) Presses. Al l ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
va l ves a n d swi t ch es sh a l l be cl ea r l y
i den t i fi ed a n d r ea di l y a ccessi bl e.
(d) Power-driven h ammers(1) Saf et y
cy lin der h ead. Ever y st ea m or a i r -
h a mmer sh a l l h a ve a sa fet y cy l i n der
h ea d t o a ct a s a cu sh i on i f t h e r od
sh ou l d br ea k or pu l l ou t of t h e r a m.
(2) Sh u t of f valve. S t ea m h a mmer s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a qu i ck cl osi n g
emer gen cy va l ve i n t h e a dmi ssi on pi pe-
l i n e a t a con ven i en t l oca t i on . Th i s
va l ve sh a l l be cl osed a n d l ock ed i n t h e
off posi t i on wh i l e t h e h a mmer i s bei n g
a dj u st ed, r epa i r ed, or ser vi ced, or wh en
t h e di es a r e bei n g ch a n ged.
(3) Cy lin der drain in g. S t ea m h a mmer s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a mea n s of cy l -
i n der dr a i n i n g, su ch a s a sel f-dr a i n i n g
a r r a n gemen t or a qu i ck -a ct i n g dr a i n
cock .
(4) Pressu re pipes. S t ea m or a i r pi pi n g
sh a l l con for m t o t h e speci fi ca t i on s of
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d ANS I
B31. 1. 01967, P ower P i pi n g wi t h Ad-
den da i ssu ed befor e Apr i l 28, 1971,
(e) Gravit y h ammers(1) Air-lif t h am-
mers. (i ) Ai r -l i ft h a mmer s sh a l l h a ve a
sa fet y cy l i n der h ea d a s r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (d)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Ai r -l i ft h a mmer s sh a l l h a ve a n
a i r sh u t off va l ve a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Ai r -l i ft h a mmer s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h t wo dr a i n cock s: on e on
ma i n h ea d cy l i n der , a n d on e on cl a mp
cy l i n der .
(i v) Ai r pi pi n g sh a l l con for m t o t h e
speci fi ca t i on s of t h e ANS I B31. 1. 01967,
P ower P i pi n g wi t h Adden da i ssu ed be-
for e Apr i l 28, 1971, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) Board droph ammers. (i ) A su i t a bl e
en cl osu r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t
da ma ged or det a ch ed boa r ds fr om fa l l -
i n g. Th e boa r d en cl osu r e sh a l l be se-
cu r el y fa st en ed t o t h e h a mmer .
(i i ) Al l ma j or a ssembl i es a n d fi t t i n gs
wh i ch ca n l oosen a n d fa l l sh a l l be pr op-
er l y secu r ed i n pl a ce.
(f) Forgin g presses(1) Mech an ical
f orgin g presses. Wh en di es a r e bei n g
ch a n ged or ma i n t en a n ce i s bei n g per -
for med on t h e pr ess, t h e fol l owi n g sh a l l
be a ccompl i sh ed:
(i ) Th e power t o t h e pr ess sh a l l be
l ock ed ou t .
(i i ) Th e fl y wh eel sh a l l be a t r est .
(i i i ) Th e r a m sh a l l be bl ock ed wi t h a
ma t er i a l t h e st r en gt h of wh i ch sh a l l
meet or exceed t h e speci fi ca t i on s or di -
men si on s sh own i n Ta bl e O11.
(2) Hy drau lic f orgin g presses. Wh en
di es a r e bei n g ch a n ged or ma i n t en a n ce
i s bei n g per for med on t h e pr ess, t h e fol -
l owi n g sh a l l be a ccompl i sh ed:
(i ) Th e h y dr a u l i c pu mps a n d power
a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be l ock ed ou t .
(i i ) Th e r a m sh a l l be bl ock ed wi t h a
ma t er i a l t h e st r en gt h of wh i ch sh a l l
meet or exceed t h e speci fi ca t i on s or di -
men si on s sh own i n Ta bl e O11.
(g) T rimmin g presses(1) Hot t rimmin g
presses. Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(f)(1) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a l so a ppl y t o
h ot t r i mmi n g pr esses.
(2) Cold t rimmin g presses. Col d t r i m-
mi n g pr esses sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h 1910. 217(c).
(h ) Upset t ers(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
Al l u pset t er s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t
t h ey r ema i n on t h ei r su ppor t i n g fou n -
da t i on s.
(2) L ock ou t s. Upset t er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a mea n s for l ock i n g ou t t h e
power a t i t s en t r y poi n t t o t h e ma ch i n e
a n d r en der i n g i t s cy cl i n g con t r ol s i n op-
er a bl e.
(3) Man u ally operat ed con t rols. Al l
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed va l ves a n d swi t ch es
sh a l l be cl ea r l y i den t i fi ed a n d r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e.
(4) T on gs. Ton gs sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t
l en gt h t o cl ea r t h e body of t h e wor k er
i n ca se of k i ck ba ck , a n d sh a l l n ot h a ve
sh a r p h a n dl e en ds.
(5) Ch an gin g dies. Wh en di es a r e bei n g
ch a n ged, ma i n t en a n ce per for med, or
a n y wor k don e on t h e ma ch i n e, t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
656
power t o t h e u pset t er sh a l l be l ock ed
ou t , a n d t h e fl y wh eel sh a l l be a t r est .
(i ) Ot h er f orgin g equ ipmen t (1)
Bolt h eadin g. Th e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y t o
bol t h ea di n g.
(2) Rivet mak in g. Th e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
a ppl y t o r i vet ma k i n g.
(j ) Ot h er f orge f acilit y equ ipmen t (1)
Billet sh ears. A posi t i ve-t y pe l ock ou t
devi ce for di scon n ect i n g t h e power t o
t h e sh ea r sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(2) Saws. Ever y sa w sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a gu a r d of n ot l ess t h a n on e-
ei gh t h i n ch sh eet met a l posi t i on ed t o
st op fl y i n g spa r k s.
(3) Con vey ors. Con vey or power t r a n s-
mi ssi on equ i pmen t sh a l l be gu a r ded i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h ANS I B20. 11957, S a fe-
t y Code for Con vey or s, Ca bl ewa y s, a n d
Rel a t ed Equ i pmen t , wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(4) Sh ot blast . Th e cl ea n i n g ch a mber
sh a l l h a ve door s or gu a r ds t o pr ot ect
oper a t or s.
(5) Grin din g. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t sh a l l be u sed i n gr i n di n g op-
er a t i on s, a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be u sed
a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
ANS I B7. 11970, S a fet y Code for t h e
Use, Ca r e, a n d P r ot ect i on of Abr a si ve
Wh eel s, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, a n d wi t h
1910. 215.
F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 51 F R 34561, S ept . 29,
1986; 61 F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.219 Mechanical power-trans-
mission apparatus.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (1) Th i s sec-
t i on cover s a l l t y pes a n d sh a pes of
power -t r a n smi ssi on bel t s, except t h e
fol l owi n g wh en oper a t i n g a t t wo h u n -
dr ed a n d fi ft y (250) feet per mi n u t e or
l ess: (i ) F l a t bel t s on e (1) i n ch or l ess i n
wi dt h , (i i ) fl a t bel t s t wo (2) i n ch es or
l ess i n wi dt h wh i ch a r e fr ee fr om met a l
l a ci n gs or fa st en er s, (i i i ) r ou n d bel t s
on e-h a l f (
1
2) i n ch or l ess i n di a met er ;
a n d (i v) si n gl e st r a n d V-bel t s, t h e
wi dt h of wh i ch i s t h i r t een t h i r t y -sec-
on ds (
13
32) i n ch or l ess.
(2) Ver t i ca l a n d i n cl i n ed bel t s (pa r a -
gr a ph s (e) (3) a n d (4) of t h i s sect i on ) i f
n ot mor e t h a n t wo a n d on e-h a l f (2
1
2)
i n ch es wi de a n d r u n n i n g a t a speed of
l ess t h a n on e t h ou sa n d (1, 000) feet per
mi n u t e, a n d i f fr ee fr om met a l l a ci n gs
or fa st en i n gs ma y be gu a r ded wi t h a
n i p-poi n t bel t a n d pu l l ey gu a r d.
(3) F or t h e Text i l e I n du st r y , beca u se
of t h e pr esen ce of excessi ve deposi t s of
l i n t , wh i ch con st i t u t e a ser i ou s fi r e
h a za r d, t h e si des a n d fa ce sect i on s on l y
of n i p-poi n t bel t a n d pu l l ey gu a r ds a r e
r equ i r ed, pr ovi ded t h e gu a r d sh a l l ex-
t en d a t l ea st si x (6) i n ch es bey on d t h e
r i m of t h e pu l l ey on t h e i n -r u n n i n g a n d
off-r u n n i n g si des of t h e bel t a n d a t
l ea st t wo (2) i n ch es a wa y fr om t h e r i m
a n d fa ce of t h e pu l l ey i n a l l ot h er di -
r ect i on s.
(4) Th i s sect i on cover s t h e pr i n ci pa l
fea t u r es wi t h wh i ch power t r a n s-
mi ssi on sa fegu a r ds sh a l l compl y .
(b) Prime-mover gu ards(1) Fly wh eels.
F l y wh eel s l oca t ed so t h a t a n y pa r t i s
seven (7) feet or l ess a bove fl oor or
pl a t for m sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su b-
pa r a gr a ph :
(i ) Wi t h a n en cl osu r e of sh eet , per -
for a t ed, or expa n ded met a l , or woven
wi r e;
(i i ) Wi t h gu a r d r a i l s pl a ced n ot l ess
t h a n fi ft een (15) i n ch es n or mor e t h a n
t wen t y (20) i n ch es fr om r i m. Wh en
fl y wh eel ext en ds i n t o pi t or i s wi t h i n 12
i n ch es of fl oor , a st a n da r d t oeboa r d
sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded;
(i i i ) Wh en t h e u pper r i m of fl y wh eel
pr ot r u des t h r ou gh a wor k i n g fl oor , i t
sh a l l be en t i r el y en cl osed or su r -
r ou n ded by a gu a r dr a i l a n d t oeboa r d.
(i v) F or fl y wh eel s wi t h smoot h r i ms
fi ve (5) feet or l ess i n di a met er , wh er e
t h e pr ecedi n g met h ods ca n n ot be a p-
pl i ed, t h e fol l owi n g ma y be u sed: A
di sk a t t a ch ed t o t h e fl y wh eel i n su ch
ma n n er a s t o cover t h e spok es of t h e
wh eel on t h e exposed si de a n d pr esen t a
smoot h su r fa ce a n d edge, a t t h e sa me
t i me pr ovi di n g mea n s for per i odi c i n -
spect i on . An open spa ce, n ot exceedi n g
fou r (4) i n ch es i n wi dt h , ma y be l eft be-
t ween t h e ou t si de edge of t h e di sk a n d
t h e r i m of t h e wh eel i f desi r ed, t o fa -
ci l i t a t e t u r n i n g t h e wh eel over . Wh er e
a di sk i s u sed, t h e k ey s or ot h er da n -
ger ou s pr oj ect i on s n ot cover ed by di sk
sh a l l be cu t off or cover ed. Th i s su b-
di vi si on does n ot a ppl y t o fl y wh eel s
wi t h sol i d web cen t er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
657
(v) Adj u st a bl e gu a r d t o be u sed for
st a r t i n g en gi n e or for r u n n i n g a dj u st -
men t ma y be pr ovi ded a t t h e fl y wh eel
of ga s or oi l en gi n es. A sl ot open i n g for
j a ck ba r wi l l be per mi t t ed.
(vi ) Wh er ever fl y wh eel s a r e a bove
wor k i n g a r ea s, gu a r ds sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed h a vi n g su ffi ci en t st r en gt h t o
h ol d t h e wei gh t of t h e fl y wh eel i n t h e
even t of a sh a ft or wh eel mou n t i n g fa i l -
u r e.
(2) Cran k s an d con n ect in g rods. Cr a n k s
a n d con n ect i n g r ods, wh en exposed t o
con t a ct , sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (n ) of t h i s sec-
t i on , or by a gu a r dr a i l a s descr i bed i n
pa r a gr a ph (o)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) T ail rods or ext en sion pist on rods.
Ta i l r ods or ext en si on pi st on r ods sh a l l
be gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph s (m) a n d (o) of t h i s sect i on , or by
a gu a r dr a i l on si des a n d en d, wi t h a
cl ea r a n ce of n ot l ess t h a n fi ft een (15)
n or mor e t h a n t wen t y (20) i n ch es wh en
r od i s fu l l y ext en ded.
(c) Sh af t in g(1) I n st allat ion . (i ) Ea ch
con t i n u ou s l i n e of sh a ft i n g sh a l l be se-
cu r ed i n posi t i on a ga i n st excessi ve en d-
wi se movemen t .
(i i ) I n cl i n ed a n d ver t i ca l sh a ft s, pa r -
t i cu l a r l y i n cl i n ed i dl er sh a ft s, sh a l l be
secu r el y h el d i n posi t i on a ga i n st en d-
wi se t h r u st .
(2) Gu ardin g h orizon t al sh af t in g. (i ) Al l
exposed pa r t s of h or i zon t a l sh a ft i n g
seven (7) feet or l ess fr om fl oor or
wor k i n g pl a t for m, except i n g r u n wa y s
u sed excl u si vel y for oi l i n g, or r u n n i n g
a dj u st men t s, sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
st a t i on a r y ca si n g en cl osi n g sh a ft i n g
compl et el y or by a t r ou gh en cl osi n g
si des a n d t op or si des a n d bot t om of
sh a ft i n g a s l oca t i on r equ i r es.
(i i ) S h a ft i n g u n der ben ch ma ch i n es
sh a l l be en cl osed by a st a t i on a r y ca s-
i n g, or by a t r ou gh a t si des a n d t op or
si des a n d bot t om, a s l oca t i on r equ i r es.
Th e si des of t h e t r ou gh sh a l l come
wi t h i n a t l ea st si x (6) i n ch es of t h e u n -
der si de of t a bl e, or i f sh a ft i n g i s l o-
ca t ed n ea r fl oor wi t h i n si x (6) i n ch es of
fl oor . I n ever y ca se t h e si des of t r ou gh
sh a l l ext en d a t l ea st t wo (2) i n ch es be-
y on d t h e sh a ft i n g or pr ot u ber a n ce.
(3) Gu ardin g vert ical an d in clin ed
sh af t in g. Ver t i ca l a n d i n cl i n ed sh a ft i n g
seven (7) feet or l ess fr om fl oor or
wor k i n g pl a t for m, except i n g ma i n t e-
n a n ce r u n wa y s, sh a l l be en cl osed wi t h
a st a t i on a r y ca si n g i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (o)
(4) Project in g sh af t en ds. (i ) P r oj ect i n g
sh a ft en ds sh a l l pr esen t a smoot h edge
a n d en d a n d sh a l l n ot pr oj ect mor e
t h a n on e-h a l f t h e di a met er of t h e sh a ft
u n l ess gu a r ded by n on r ot a t i n g ca ps or
sa fet y sl eeves.
(i i ) Un u sed k ey wa y s sh a l l be fi l l ed u p
or cover ed.
(5) Power-t ran smission apparat u s lo-
cat ed in basemen t s. Al l mech a n i ca l
power t r a n smi ssi on a ppa r a t u s l oca t ed
i n ba semen t s, t ower s, a n d r ooms u sed
excl u si vel y for power t r a n smi ssi on
equ i pmen t sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on , except t h a t t h e
r equ i r emen t s for sa fegu a r di n g bel t s,
pu l l ey s, a n d sh a ft i n g n eed n ot be com-
pl i ed wi t h wh en t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r e-
men t s a r e met :
(i ) Th e ba semen t , t ower , or r oom oc-
cu pi ed by t r a n smi ssi on equ i pmen t i s
l ock ed a ga i n st u n a u t h or i zed en t r a n ce.
(i i ) Th e ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce i n pa ssa ge-
wa y s bet ween t h e fl oor a n d power
t r a n smi ssi on bea ms, cei l i n g, or a n y
ot h er obj ect s, i s n ot l ess t h a n fi ve feet
si x i n ch es (5 ft . 6 i n . ).
(i i i ) Th e i n t en si t y of i l l u mi n a t i on
con for ms t o t h e r equ i r emen t s of ANS I
A11. 11965 (R1970), wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Th e r ou t e fol l owed by t h e oi l er i s
pr ot ect ed i n su ch ma n n er a s t o pr even t
a cci den t .
(d) Pu lley s(1) Gu ardin g. P u l l ey s, a n y
pa r t s of wh i ch a r e seven (7) feet or l ess
fr om t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t for m,
sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
st a n da r ds speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (m)
a n d (o) of t h i s sect i on . P u l l ey s ser vi n g
a s ba l a n ce wh eel s (e. g. , pu n ch pr esses)
on wh i ch t h e poi n t of con t a ct bet ween
bel t a n d pu l l ey i s mor e t h a n si x feet si x
i n ch es (6 ft . 6 i n . ) fr om t h e fl oor or
pl a t for m ma y be gu a r ded wi t h a di sk
cover i n g t h e spok es.
(2) L ocat ion of pu lley s. (i ) Un l ess t h e
di st a n ce t o t h e n ea r est fi xed pu l l ey ,
cl u t ch , or h a n ger exceeds t h e wi dt h of
t h e bel t u sed, a gu i de sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o pr even t t h e bel t fr om l ea vi n g t h e
pu l l ey on t h e si de wh er e i n su ffi ci en t
cl ea r a n ce exi st s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
658
(3) Brok en pu lley s. P u l l ey s wi t h
cr a ck s, or pi eces br ok en ou t of r i ms,
sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(4) Pu lley speeds. P u l l ey s i n t en ded t o
oper a t e a t r i m speed i n excess of ma n u -
fa ct u r er s n or ma l r ecommen da t i on s
sh a l l be speci a l l y desi gn ed a n d ca r e-
fu l l y ba l a n ced for t h e speed a t wh i ch
t h ey a r e t o oper a t e.
(e) Belt , rope, an d ch ain drives(1)
Horizon t al belt s an d ropes. (i ) Wh er e
bot h r u n s of h or i zon t a l bel t s a r e seven
(7) feet or l ess fr om t h e fl oor l evel , t h e
gu a r d sh a l l ext en d t o a t l ea st fi ft een
(15) i n ch es a bove t h e bel t or t o a st a n d-
a r d h ei gh t except t h a t wh er e bot h r u n s
of a h or i zon t a l bel t a r e 42 i n ch es or l ess
fr om t h e fl oor , t h e bel t sh a l l be fu l l y
en cl osed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(m) a n d (o) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) I n power pl a n t s or power -devel op-
men t r ooms, a gu a r dr a i l ma y be u sed
i n l i eu of t h e gu a r d r equ i r ed by su b-
di vi si on (i ) of t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph .
(2) Overh ead h orizon t al belt s. (i ) Over -
h ea d h or i zon t a l bel t s, wi t h l ower pa r t s
seven (7) feet or l ess fr om t h e fl oor or
pl a t for m, sh a l l be gu a r ded on si des a n d
bot t om i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(o)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Hor i zon t a l over h ea d bel t s mor e
t h a n seven (7) feet a bove fl oor or pl a t -
for m sh a l l be gu a r ded for t h ei r en t i r e
l en gt h u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(a) I f l oca t ed over pa ssa gewa y s or
wor k pl a ces a n d t r a vel i n g 1, 800 feet or
mor e per mi n u t e.
(b) I f cen t er t o cen t er di st a n ce be-
t ween pu l l ey s i s t en (10) feet or mor e.
(c) I f bel t i s ei gh t (8) i n ch es or mor e
i n wi dt h .
(i i i ) Wh er e t h e u pper a n d l ower r u n s
of h or i zon t a l bel t s a r e so l oca t ed t h a t
pa ssa ge of per son s bet ween t h em wou l d
be possi bl e, t h e pa ssa ge sh a l l be ei t h er :
(a) Compl et el y ba r r ed by a gu a r dr a i l
or ot h er ba r r i er i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (o) of t h i s sect i on ;
or
(b) Wh er e pa ssa ge i s r ega r ded a s n ec-
essa r y , t h er e sh a l l be a pl a t for m over
t h e l ower r u n gu a r ded on ei t h er si de by
a r a i l i n g compl et el y fi l l ed i n wi t h wi r e
mesh or ot h er fi l l er , or by a sol i d ba r -
r i er . Th e u pper r u n sh a l l be so gu a r ded
a s t o pr even t con t a ct t h er ewi t h ei t h er
by t h e wor k er or by obj ect s ca r r i ed by
h i m. I n power pl a n t s on l y t h e l ower r u n
of t h e bel t n eed be gu a r ded.
(i v) Over h ea d ch a i n a n d l i n k bel t
dr i ves a r e gover n ed by t h e sa me r u l es
a s over h ea d h or i zon t a l bel t s a n d sh a l l
be gu a r ded i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s
bel t s.
(3) Vert ical an d in clin ed belt s. (i )
Ver t i ca l a n d i n cl i n ed bel t s sh a l l be en -
cl osed by a gu a r d con for mi n g t o st a n d-
a r ds i n pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (o) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) Al l gu a r ds for i n cl i n ed bel t s sh a l l
be a r r a n ged i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t a
mi n i mu m cl ea r a n ce of seven (7) feet i s
ma i n t a i n ed bet ween bel t a n d fl oor a t
a n y poi n t ou t si de of gu a r d.
(4) Vert ical belt s. Ver t i ca l bel t s r u n -
n i n g over a l ower pu l l ey mor e t h a n
seven (7) feet a bove fl oor or pl a t for m
sh a l l be gu a r ded a t t h e bot t om i n t h e
sa me ma n n er a s h or i zon t a l over h ea d
bel t s, i f con di t i on s a r e a s st a t ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (e)(2)(i i ) (a) a n d (c) of t h i s
sect i on .
(5) Con e-pu lley belt s. (i ) Th e con e bel t
a n d pu l l ey sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a bel t
sh i ft er so con st r u ct ed a s t o a dequ a t el y
gu a r d t h e n i p poi n t of t h e bel t a n d pu l -
l ey . I f t h e fr a me of t h e bel t sh i ft er does
n ot a dequ a t el y gu a r d t h e n i p poi n t of
t h e bel t a n d pu l l ey , t h e n i p poi n t sh a l l
be fu r t h er pr ot ect ed by mea n s of a
ver t i ca l gu a r d pl a ced i n fr on t of t h e
pu l l ey a n d ext en di n g a t l ea st t o t h e t op
of t h e l a r gest st ep of t h e con e.
(i i ) I f t h e bel t i s of t h e en dl ess t y pe
or l a ced wi t h r a wh i de l a ces, a n d a bel t
sh i ft er i s n ot desi r ed, t h e bel t wi l l be
con si der ed gu a r ded i f t h e n i p poi n t of
t h e bel t a n d pu l l ey i s pr ot ect ed by a
n i p poi n t gu a r d l oca t ed i n fr on t of t h e
con e ext en di n g a t l ea st t o t h e t op of
t h e l a r gest st ep of t h e con e, a n d for med
t o sh ow t h e con t ou r of t h e con e i n
or der t o gi ve t h e n i p poi n t of t h e bel t
a n d pu l l ey t h e ma xi mu m pr ot ect i on .
(i i i ) I f t h e con e i s l oca t ed l ess t h a n 3
feet fr om t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t -
for m, t h e con e pu l l ey a n d bel t sh a l l be
gu a r ded t o a h ei gh t of 3 feet r ega r dl ess
of wh et h er t h e bel t i s en dl ess or l a ced
wi t h r a wh i de.
(6) Belt t igh t en ers. (i ) S u spen ded
cou n t er ba l a n ced t i gh t en er s a n d a l l
pa r t s t h er eof sh a l l be of su bst a n t i a l
con st r u ct i on a n d secu r el y fa st en ed; t h e
bea r i n gs sh a l l be secu r el y ca pped.
Mea n s mu st be pr ovi ded t o pr even t
t i gh t en er fr om fa l l i n g, i n ca se t h e bel t
br ea k s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
659
(i i ) Wh er e su spen ded cou n t er wei gh t s
a r e u sed a n d n ot gu a r ded by l oca t i on ,
t h ey sh a l l be so en ca sed a s t o pr even t
a cci den t .
(f) Gears, sprock et s, an d ch ain s(1)
Gears. Gea r s sh a l l be gu a r ded i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h on e of t h e fol l owi n g met h -
ods:
(i ) By a compl et e en cl osu r e; or
(i i ) By a st a n da r d gu a r d a s descr i bed
i n pa r a gr a ph (o) of t h i s sect i on , a t
l ea st seven (7) feet h i gh ext en di n g si x
(6) i n ch es a bove t h e mesh poi n t of t h e
gea r s; or
(i i i ) By a ba n d gu a r d cover i n g t h e
fa ce of gea r a n d h a vi n g fl a n ges ex-
t en ded i n wa r d bey on d t h e r oot of t h e
t eet h on t h e exposed si de or si des.
Wh er e a n y por t i on of t h e t r a i n of gea r s
gu a r ded by a ba n d gu a r d i s l ess t h a n
si x (6) feet fr om t h e fl oor a di sk gu a r d
or a compl et e en cl osu r e t o t h e h ei gh t
of si x (6) feet sh a l l be r equ i r ed.
(2) Han d-operat ed gears. P a r a gr a ph
(f)(1) of t h i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o
h a n d-oper a t ed gea r s u sed on l y t o a d-
j u st ma ch i n e pa r t s a n d wh i ch do n ot
con t i n u e t o move a ft er h a n d power i s
r emoved. However , t h e gu a r di n g of
t h ese gea r s i s h i gh l y r ecommen ded.
(3) Sprock et s an d ch ain s. Al l spr ock et
wh eel s a n d ch a i n s sh a l l be en cl osed u n -
l ess t h ey a r e mor e t h a n seven (7) feet
a bove t h e fl oor or pl a t for m. Wh er e t h e
dr i ve ext en ds over ot h er ma ch i n e or
wor k i n g a r ea s, pr ot ect i on a ga i n st fa l l -
i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Th i s su bpa r a -
gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o ma n u a l l y oper -
a t ed spr ock et s.
(4) Open in gs f or oilin g. Wh en fr equ en t
oi l i n g mu st be don e, open i n gs wi t h
h i n ged or sl i di n g sel f-cl osi n g cover s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Al l poi n t s n ot r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e sh a l l h a ve oi l feed t u bes
i f l u br i ca n t i s t o be a dded wh i l e ma -
ch i n er y i s i n mot i on .
(g) Gu ardin g f rict ion drives. Th e dr i v-
i n g poi n t of a l l fr i ct i on dr i ves wh en ex-
posed t o con t a ct sh a l l be gu a r ded, a l l
a r m or spok e fr i ct i on dr i ves a n d a l l
web fr i ct i on dr i ves wi t h h ol es i n t h e
web sh a l l be en t i r el y en cl osed, a n d a l l
pr oj ect i n g bel t s on fr i ct i on dr i ves
wh er e exposed t o con t a ct sh a l l be
gu a r ded.
(h ) Key s, set screws, an d ot h er projec-
t ion s. (1) Al l pr oj ect i n g k ey s, set scr ews,
a n d ot h er pr oj ect i on s i n r evol vi n g
pa r t s sh a l l be r emoved or ma de fl u sh or
gu a r ded by met a l cover . Th i s su bpa r a -
gr a ph does n ot a ppl y t o k ey s or
set scr ews wi t h i n gea r or spr ock et ca s-
i n gs or ot h er en cl osu r es, n or t o k ey s,
set scr ews, or oi l cu ps i n h u bs of pu l l ey s
l ess t h a n t wen t y (20) i n ch es i n di a me-
t er wh er e t h ey a r e wi t h i n t h e pl a n e of
t h e r i m of t h e pu l l ey .
(2) I t i s r ecommen ded, h owever , t h a t
n o pr oj ect i n g set scr ews or oi l cu ps be
u sed i n a n y r evol vi n g pu l l ey or pa r t of
ma ch i n er y .
(i ) Collars an d cou plin gs(1) Collars.
Al l r evol vi n g col l a r s, i n cl u di n g spl i t
col l a r s, sh a l l be cy l i n dr i ca l , a n d scr ews
or bol t s u sed i n col l a r s sh a l l n ot
pr oj ect bey on d t h e l a r gest per i ph er y of
t h e col l a r .
(2) Cou plin gs. S h a ft cou pl i n gs sh a l l be
so con st r u ct ed a s t o pr esen t n o h a za r d
fr om bol t s, n u t s, set scr ews, or r evol v-
i n g su r fa ces. Bol t s, n u t s, a n d set scr ews
wi l l , h owever , be per mi t t ed wh er e t h ey
a r e cover ed wi t h sa fet y sl eeves or
wh er e t h ey a r e u sed pa r a l l el wi t h t h e
sh a ft i n g a n d a r e cou n t er su n k or el se do
n ot ext en d bey on d t h e fl a n ge of t h e
cou pl i n g.
(j ) Bearin gs an d f acilit ies f or oilin g. Al l
dr i p cu ps a n d pa n s sh a l l be secu r el y
fa st en ed.
(k ) Gu ardin g of clu t ch es, cu t of f cou -
plin gs, an d clu t ch pu lley s(1) Gu ards.
Cl u t ch es, cu t off cou pl i n gs, or cl u t ch
pu l l ey s h a vi n g pr oj ect i n g pa r t s, wh er e
su ch cl u t ch es a r e l oca t ed seven (7) feet
or l ess a bove t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t -
for m, sh a l l be en cl osed by a st a t i on a r y
gu a r d con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h i s sect i on . A U t y pe gu a r d i s per -
mi ssi bl e.
(2) En gin e rooms. I n en gi n e r ooms a
gu a r dr a i l , pr efer a bl y wi t h t oeboa r d,
ma y be u sed i n st ea d of t h e gu a r d r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (k )(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on , pr ovi ded su ch a r oom i s occu pi ed
on l y by en gi n e r oom a t t en da n t s.
(l ) Belt sh if t ers, clu t ch es, sh ippers,
poles, perch es, an d f ast en ers(1) Belt
sh if t ers. (i ) Ti gh t a n d l oose pu l l ey s on
a l l n ew i n st a l l a t i on s ma de on or a ft er
Au gu st 31, 1971, sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a per ma n en t bel t sh i ft er pr ovi ded wi t h
mech a n i ca l mea n s t o pr even t bel t fr om
cr eepi n g fr om l oose t o t i gh t pu l l ey . I t
i s r ecommen ded t h a t ol d i n st a l l a t i on s
be ch a n ged t o con for m t o t h i s r u l e.
(i i ) Bel t sh i ft er a n d cl u t ch h a n dl es
sh a l l be r ou n ded a n d be l oca t ed a s fa r
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
660
a s possi bl e fr om da n ger of a cci den t a l
con t a ct , bu t wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of t h e
oper a t or . Wh er e bel t sh i ft er s a r e n ot
di r ect l y l oca t ed over a ma ch i n e or
ben ch , t h e h a n dl es sh a l l be cu t off si x
feet si x i n ch es (6 ft . 6 i n . ) a bove fl oor
l evel .
(2) Belt sh ippers an d sh ipper poles. Th e
u se of bel t pol es a s su bst i t u t es for me-
ch a n i ca l sh i ft er s i s n ot r ecommen ded.
(3) Belt perch es. Wh er e l oose pu l l ey s
or i dl er s a r e n ot pr a ct i ca bl e, bel t
per ch es i n for m of br a ck et s, r ol l er s,
et c. , sh a l l be u sed t o k eep i dl e bel t s
a wa y fr om t h e sh a ft s.
(4) Belt f ast en ers. Bel t s wh i ch of n e-
cessi t y mu st be sh i ft ed by h a n d a n d
bel t s wi t h i n seven (7) feet of t h e fl oor
or wor k i n g pl a t for m wh i ch a r e n ot
gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l n ot be fa st en ed wi t h met a l i n
a n y ca se, n or wi t h a n y ot h er fa st en i n g
wh i ch by con st r u ct i on or wea r wi l l
con st i t u t e a n a cci den t h a za r d.
(m) St an dard gu ardsgen eral requ ire-
men t s(1) Mat erials. (i ) S t a n da r d con di -
t i on s sh a l l be secu r ed by t h e u se of t h e
fol l owi n g ma t er i a l s. Expa n ded met a l ,
per for a t ed or sol i d sh eet met a l , wi r e
mesh on a fr a me of a n gl e i r on , or i r on
pi pe secu r el y fa st en ed t o fl oor or t o
fr a me of ma ch i n e.
(i i ) Al l met a l sh ou l d be fr ee fr om
bu r r s a n d sh a r p edges.
(2) Met h ods of man u f act u re. (i ) Ex-
pa n ded met a l , sh eet or per for a t ed
met a l , a n d wi r e mesh sh a l l be secu r el y
fa st en ed t o fr a me.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(n ) [Reser ved]
(o) Approved mat erials(1) Min imu m
requ iremen t s. Th e ma t er i a l s a n d di men -
si on s speci fi ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph sh a l l
a ppl y t o a l l gu a r ds, except h or i zon t a l
over h ea d bel t s, r ope, ca bl e, or ch a i n
gu a r ds mor e t h a n seven (7) feet a bove
fl oor , or pl a t for m.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(a) Al l gu a r ds sh a l l be r i gi dl y br a ced
ever y t h r ee (3) feet or fr a ct i on a l pa r t of
t h ei r h ei gh t t o some fi xed pa r t of ma -
ch i n er y or bu i l di n g st r u ct u r e. Wh er e
gu a r d i s exposed t o con t a ct wi t h mov-
i n g equ i pmen t a ddi t i on a l st r en gt h ma y
be n ecessa r y .
(b) [Reser ved]
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(2) Wood gu ards. (i ) Wood gu a r ds ma y
be u sed i n t h e woodwor k i n g a n d ch em-
i ca l i n du st r i es, i n i n du st r i es wh er e t h e
pr esen ce of fu mes or wh er e ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g con di t i on s wou l d ca u se t h e
r a pi d det er i or a t i on of met a l gu a r ds;
a l so i n con st r u ct i on wor k a n d i n l oca -
t i on s ou t door s wh er e ext r eme col d or
ext r eme h ea t ma k e met a l gu a r ds a n d
r a i l i n gs u n desi r a bl e. I n a l l ot h er i n du s-
t r i es, wood gu a r ds sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(3) Gu ards f or h orizon t al overh ead
belt s. (i ) Gu a r ds for h or i zon t a l over h ea d
bel t s sh a l l r u n t h e en t i r e l en gt h of t h e
bel t a n d fol l ow t h e l i n e of t h e pu l l ey t o
t h e cei l i n g or be ca r r i ed t o t h e n ea r est
wa l l , t h u s en cl osi n g t h e bel t effec-
t i vel y . Wh er e bel t s a r e so l oca t ed a s t o
ma k e i t i mpr a ct i ca bl e t o ca r r y t h e
gu a r d t o wa l l or cei l i n g, con st r u ct i on
of gu a r d sh a l l be su ch a s t o en cl ose
compl et el y t h e t op a n d bot t om r u n s of
bel t a n d t h e fa ce of pu l l ey s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) S u i t a bl e r ei n for cemen t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for t h e cei l i n g r a ft er s or over -
h ea d fl oor bea ms, wh er e su ch i s n ec-
essa r y , t o su st a i n sa fel y t h e wei gh t a n d
st r ess l i k el y t o be i mposed by t h e
gu a r d. Th e i n t er i or su r fa ce of a l l
gu a r ds, by wh i ch i s mea n t t h e su r fa ce
of t h e gu a r d wi t h wh i ch a bel t wi l l
come i n con t a ct , sh a l l be smoot h a n d
fr ee fr om a l l pr oj ect i on s of a n y ch a r -
a ct er , except wh er e con st r u ct i on de-
ma n ds i t ; pr ot r u di n g sh a l l ow r ou n d-
h ea d r i vet s ma y be u sed. Over h ea d bel t
gu a r ds sh a l l be a t l ea st on e-qu a r t er
wi der t h a n bel t wh i ch t h ey pr ot ect , ex-
cept t h a t t h i s cl ea r a n ce n eed n ot i n
a n y ca se exceed si x (6) i n ch es on ea ch
si de. Over h ea d r ope dr i ve a n d bl ock a n d
r ol l er -ch a i n -dr i ve gu a r ds sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n si x (6) i n ch es wi der t h a n t h e
dr i ve on ea ch si de. I n over h ea d si l en t
ch a i n -dr i ve gu a r ds wh er e t h e ch a i n i s
h el d fr om l a t er a l di spl a cemen t on t h e
spr ock et s, t h e si de cl ea r a n ces r equ i r ed
on dr i ves of t wen t y (20) i n ch cen t er s or
u n der sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n on e-fou r t h
i n ch fr om t h e n ea r est movi n g ch a i n
pa r t , a n d on dr i ves of over t wen t y (20)
i n ch cen t er s a mi n i mu m of on e-h a l f
i n ch fr om t h e n ea r est movi n g ch a i n
pa r t .
(4) Gu ards f or h orizon t al overh ead rope
an d ch ain drives. Over h ea d-r ope a n d
ch a i n -dr i ve gu a r d con st r u ct i on sh a l l
con for m t o t h e r u l es for over h ea d-bel t
gu a r d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
661
(5) Gu ardrails an d t oeboards. (i ) Gu a r d-
r a i l sh a l l be for t y -t wo (42) i n ch es i n
h ei gh t , wi t h mi dr a i l bet ween t op r a i l
a n d fl oor .
(i i ) P ost s sh a l l be n ot mor e t h a n
ei gh t (8) feet a pa r t ; t h ey a r e t o be per -
ma n en t a n d su bst a n t i a l , smoot h , a n d
fr ee fr om pr ot r u di n g n a i l s, bol t s, a n d
spl i n t er s. I f ma de of pi pe, t h e post sh a l l
be on e a n d on e-fou r t h (1
1
4) i n ch es i n -
si de di a met er , or l a r ger . I f ma de of
met a l sh a pes or ba r s, t h ei r sect i on
sh a l l be equ a l i n st r en gt h t o t h a t of
on e a n d on e-h a l f (1
1
2) by on e a n d on e-
h a l f (1
1
2) by t h r ee-si xt een t h s (
3
16) i n ch
a n gl e i r on . I f ma de of wood, t h e post s
sh a l l be t wo by fou r (2 4) i n ch es or
l a r ger . Th e u pper r a i l sh a l l be t wo by
fou r (2 4) i n ch es, or t wo on e by fou r
(1 4) st r i ps, on e a t t h e t op a n d on e a t
t h e si de of post s. Th e mi dr a i l ma y be
on e by fou r (1 4) i n ch es or mor e.
Wh er e pa n el s a r e fi t t ed wi t h expa n ded
met a l or wi r e mesh t h e mi ddl e r a i l s
ma y be omi t t ed. Wh er e gu a r d i s ex-
posed t o con t a ct wi t h movi n g equ i p-
men t , a ddi t i on a l st r en gt h ma y be n ec-
essa r y .
(i i i ) Toeboa r ds sh a l l be fou r (4) i n ch es
or mor e i n h ei gh t , of wood, met a l , or of
met a l gr i l l n ot exceedi n g on e (1) i n ch
mesh .
(p) Care of equ ipmen t (1) Gen eral. Al l
power -t r a n smi ssi on equ i pmen t sh a l l be
i n spect ed a t i n t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 60
da y s a n d be k ept i n good wor k i n g con -
di t i on a t a l l t i mes.
(2) Sh af t in g. (i ) S h a ft i n g sh a l l be k ept
i n a l i gn men t , fr ee fr om r u st a n d excess
oi l or gr ea se.
(i i ) Wh er e expl osi ves, expl osi ve du st s,
fl a mma bl e va por s or fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds
exi st , t h e h a za r d of st a t i c spa r k s fr om
sh a ft i n g sh a l l be ca r efu l l y con si der ed.
(3) Bearin gs. Bea r i n gs sh a l l be k ept i n
a l i gn men t a n d pr oper l y a dj u st ed.
(4) Han gers. Ha n ger s sh a l l be i n -
spect ed t o ma k e cer t a i n t h a t a l l su p-
por t i n g bol t s a n d scr ews a r e t i gh t a n d
t h a t su ppor t s of h a n ger boxes a r e a d-
j u st ed pr oper l y .
(5) Pu lley s. (i ) P u l l ey s sh a l l be k ept i n
pr oper a l i gn men t t o pr even t bel t s fr om
r u n n i n g off.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(6) Care of belt s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) I n spect i on sh a l l be ma de of bel t s,
l a ci n gs, a n d fa st en er s a n d su ch equ i p-
men t k ept i n good r epa i r .
(7) L u bricat ion . Th e r egu l a r oi l er s
sh a l l wea r t i gh t -fi t t i n g cl ot h i n g. Ma -
ch i n er y sh a l l be oi l ed wh en n ot i n mo-
t i on , wh er ever possi bl e.
F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978; 43 F R 51760; Nov. 7,
1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 61 F R 9240, Ma r .
7, 1996; 69 F R 31882, J u n e 8, 2004]
Subpart PHand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other
Hand-Held Equipment
Or der No. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 90 (55 F R 9033), or 5
2002 (67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; 29 CF R pa r t
1911.
S ect i on 1910. 243 a l so i ssu ed u n der 29 CF R
pa r t 1910.
As u sed i n t h i s su bpa r t :
(a ) Explosive-act u at ed f ast en in g t ool
t erms(1) Hammer-operat ed pist on t ool
low-velocit y t y pe. A t ool wh i ch , by
mea n s of a h ea vy ma ss h a mmer su ppl e-
men t ed by a l oa d, moves a pi st on de-
si gn ed t o be ca pt i ve t o dr i ve a st u d,
pi n , or fa st en er i n t o a wor k su r fa ce, a l -
wa y s st a r t i n g t h e fa st en er a t r est a n d
i n con t a ct wi t h t h e wor k su r fa ce. I t
sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t wh en u sed
wi t h a n y l oa d t h a t a ccu r a t el y ch a m-
ber s i n i t a n d t h a t i s commer ci a l l y
a va i l a bl e a t t h e t i me t h e t ool i s su b-
mi t t ed for a ppr ova l , i t wi l l n ot ca u se
su ch st u d, pi n , or fa st en er t o h a ve a
mea n vel oci t y i n excess of 300 feet per
secon d wh en mea su r ed 6. 5 feet fr om t h e
mu zzl e en d of t h e ba r r el .
(2) High -velocit y t ool. A t ool or ma -
ch i n e wh i ch , wh en u sed wi t h a l oa d,
pr opel s or di sch a r ges a st u d, pi n , or
fa st en er , a t vel oci t i es i n excess of 300
feet per secon d wh en mea su r ed 6. 5 feet
fr om t h e mu zzl e en d of t h e ba r r el , for
t h e pu r pose of i mpi n gi n g i t u pon ,
a ffi xi n g i t t o, or pen et r a t i n g a n ot h er
obj ect or ma t er i a l .
(3) L ow-velocit y pist on t ool. A t ool
t h a t u t i l i zes a pi st on desi gn ed t o be
ca pt i ve t o dr i ve a st u d, pi n , or fa st en er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
662
i n t o a wor k su r fa ce. I t sh a l l be so de-
si gn ed t h a t wh en u sed wi t h a n y l oa d
t h a t a ccu r a t el y ch a mber s i n i t a n d
t h a t i s commer ci a l l y a va i l a bl e a t t h e
t i me t h e t ool i s su bmi t t ed for a ppr ova l ,
i t wi l l n ot ca u se su ch st u d, pi n , or fa s-
t en er t o h a ve a mea n vel oci t y i n excess
of 300 feet per secon d wh en mea su r ed
6. 5 feet fr om t h e mu zzl e en d of t h e ba r -
r el .
(4) St u d, pin , or f ast en er. A fa st en i n g
devi ce speci fi ca l l y desi gn ed a n d ma n u -
fa ct u r ed for u se i n expl osi ve-a ct u a t ed
fa st en i n g t ool s.
(5) T o ch amber. To fi t pr oper l y wi t h -
ou t t h e u se of excess for ce, t h e ca se
bei n g du l y su ppor t ed.
(6) Explosive powerload, also k n own as
load. An y su bst a n ce i n a n y for m ca pa -
bl e of pr odu ci n g a pr opel l a n t for ce.
(7) T ool. An expl osi ve-a ct u a t ed fa s-
t en i n g t ool , u n l ess ot h er wi se i n di ca t ed,
a n d a l l a ccessor i es per t a i n i n g t h er et o.
(8) Prot ect ive sh ield or gu ard. A devi ce
or gu a r d a t t a ch ed t o t h e mu zzl e en d of
t h e t ool , wh i ch i s desi gn ed t o con fi n e
fl y i n g pa r t i cl es.
(b) Abrasive wh eel t erms(1) Mou n t ed
wh eels. Mou n t ed wh eel s, u su a l l y 2-i n ch
di a met er or sma l l er , a n d of va r i ou s
sh a pes, ma y be ei t h er or ga n i c or i n or -
ga n i c bon ded a br a si ve wh eel s. Th ey a r e
secu r ed t o pl a i n or t h r ea ded st eel
ma n dr el s.
(2) T u ck poin t in g. Remova l , by gr i n d-
i n g, of cemen t , mor t a r , or ot h er n on -
met a l l i c j oi n t i n g ma t er i a l .
(3) T u ck poin t in g wh eels. Tu ck poi n t -
i n g wh eel s, u su a l l y Ty pe 1, r ei n for ced
or ga n i c bon ded wh eel s h a ve di a met er ,
t h i ck n ess a n d h ol e si ze di men si on .
Th ey a r e su bj ect t o t h e sa me l i mi t a -
t i on s of u se a n d mou n t i n g a s Ty pe 1
wh eel s defi n ed i n su bpa r a gr a ph (10) of
LI MI TATI ON: Wh eel s u sed for t u ck poi n t i n g
sh ou l d be r ei n for ced, or ga n i c bon ded. (S ee
1910. 243(c)(1)(i i )(c. ))
(4) Port able grin din g. A gr i n di n g oper -
a t i on wh er e t h e gr i n di n g ma ch i n e i s
desi gn ed t o be h a n d h el d a n d ma y be
ea si l y moved fr om on e l oca t i on t o a n -
ot h er .
(5) Organ ic bon ded wh eels. Or ga n i c
wh eel s a r e wh eel s wh i ch a r e bon ded by
mea n s of a n or ga n i c ma t er i a l su ch a s
r esi n , r u bber , sh el l a c, or ot h er si mi l a r
bon di n g a gen t .
(6) Saf et y gu ard. A sa fet y gu a r d i s a n
en cl osu r e desi gn ed t o r est r a i n t h e
pi eces of t h e gr i n di n g wh eel a n d fu r -
n i sh a l l possi bl e pr ot ect i on i n t h e
even t t h a t t h e wh eel i s br ok en i n oper -
a t i on .
(7) Rein f orced wh eels. Th e t er m rein -
f orced a s a ppl i ed t o gr i n di n g wh eel s
sh a l l defi n e a cl a ss of or ga n i c wh eel s
wh i ch con t a i n st r en gt h en i n g fa br i c or
fi l a men t . Th e t er m rein f orced does n ot
cover wh eel s u si n g su ch mech a n i ca l a d-
di t i on s a s st eel r i n gs, st eel cu p ba ck s
or wi r e or t a pe wi n di n g.
(8) T y pe 11 f larin g cu p wh eels. Ty pe 11
fl a r i n g cu p wh eel s h a ve dou bl e di a me-
t er di men si on s D a n d J , a n d i n a ddi t i on
h a ve t h i ck n ess, h ol e si ze, r i m a n d ba ck
si on . Ty pe 11 wh eel s a r e su bj ect t o a l l
l i mi t a t i on s of u se a n d mou n t i n g l i st ed
for Ty pe 6 st r a i gh t si ded cu p wh eel s
defi n i t i on i n su bpa r a gr a ph (9) of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
TYP E 11 F LARI NG CUP WHEELS
F I GURE P 1
T y pe 11Flarin g-cu p Wh eel
Side grin din g wh eel h avin g a wall f lared or t a-
pered ou t ward f rom t h e back . Wall t h ick n ess
at t h e back is n ormally great er t h an at t h e
grin din g f ace (W).
fou r t h T di men si on . I n a ddi t i on wh en
u n t h r ea ded h ol e wh eel s a r e speci fi ed t h e i n -
si de fl a t , K di men si on , sh a l l be l a r ge en ou gh
(9) T y pe 6 st raigh t cu p wh eels. Ty pe 6
cu p wh eel s h a ve di a met er , t h i ck n ess,
h ol e si ze, r i m t h i ck n ess, a n d ba ck
si on .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
663
fou r t h T di men si on . I n a ddi t i on , wh en
u n t h r ea ded h ol e wh eel s a r e speci fi ed, t h e i n -
si de fl a t , K di men si on , mu st be l a r ge en ou gh
TYP E 6 S TRAI GHT CUP WHEELS
F I GURE P 2
T y pe 6St raigh t Cu p Wh eel
n ess an d h ole wit h on e side st raigh t or f lat
an d t h e opposit e side recessed. T h is t y pe,
h owever, dif f ers f rom T y pe 5 in t h at t h e
grin din g is perf ormed on t h e wall of t h e abra-
sive creat ed by t h e dif f eren ce bet ween t h e di-
amet er of t h e recess an d t h e ou t side diamet er
of t h e wh eel. T h eref ore, t h e wall dimen sion
W t ak es preceden ce over t h e diamet er of t h e
recess as an essen t ial in t ermediat e dimen sion
t o describe t h is sh ape t y pe.
(10) T y pe 1 st raigh t wh eels. Ty pe 1
st r a i gh t wh eel s h a ve di a met er , t h i ck -
n ess, a n d h ol e si ze di men si on s a n d
sh ou l d be u sed on l y on t h e per i ph er y .
Ty pe 1 wh eel s sh a l l be mou n t ed be-
t ween fl a n ges.
LI MI TATI ON: Hol e di men si on (H) sh ou l d n ot
be gr ea t er t h a n t wo-t h i r ds of wh eel di a met er
di men si on (D) for pr eci si on , cy l i n dr i ca l ,
cen t er l ess, or su r fa ce gr i n di n g a ppl i ca t i on s.
Ma xi mu m h ol e si ze for a l l ot h er a ppl i ca t i on s
sh ou l d n ot exceed on e-h a l f wh eel di a met er .
TYP E 1 S TRAI GHT WHEELS
F I GURE P 3
T y pe 1St raigh t Wh eel
Periph eral grin din g wh eel h avin g a diamet er,
t h ick n ess an d h ole.
(c) [Reser ved]
(d) Jack t erms(1) Jack . A j a ck i s a n
a ppl i a n ce for l i ft i n g a n d l ower i n g or
movi n g h or i zon t a l l y a l oa d by a ppl i ca -
t i on of a pu sh i n g for ce.
NOTE: J a ck s ma y be of t h e fol l owi n g t y pes:
Lever a n d r a t ch et , scr ew a n d h y dr a u l i c.
(2) Rat in g. Th e r a t i n g of a j a ck i s t h e
ma xi mu m wor k i n g l oa d for wh i ch i t i s
desi gn ed t o l i ft sa fel y t h a t l oa d
t h r ou gh ou t i t s speci fi ed a mou n t of
t r a vel .
NOTE: To r a i se t h e r a t ed l oa d of a j a ck , t h e
poi n t of a ppl i ca t i on of t h e l oa d, t h e a ppl i ed
for ce, a n d t h e l en gt h of l ever a r m sh ou l d be
t h ose desi gn a t ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er for t h e
pa r t i cu l a r j a ck con si der ed.
F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978]
1910.242 Hand and portable powered
tools and equipment, general.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s. Ea ch em-
pl oy er sh a l l be r espon si bl e for t h e sa fe
con di t i on of t ool s a n d equ i pmen t u sed
by empl oy ees, i n cl u di n g t ool s a n d
equ i pmen t wh i ch ma y be fu r n i sh ed by
empl oy ees.
(b) Compressed air u sed f or clean in g.
Compr essed a i r sh a l l n ot be u sed for
cl ea n i n g pu r poses except wh er e r e-
du ced t o l ess t h a n 30 p. s. i . a n d t h en
on l y wi t h effect i ve ch i p gu a r di n g a n d
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
1910.243 Guarding of portable pow-
ered tools.
(a ) Port able powered t ool(1) Port able
circu lar saws. (i ) Al l por t a bl e, power -
dr i ven ci r cu l a r sa ws h a vi n g a bl a de di -
a met er gr ea t er t h a n 2 i n . sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h gu a r ds a bove a n d bel ow
t h e ba se pl a t e or sh oe. Th e u pper gu a r d
sh a l l cover t h e sa w t o t h e dept h of t h e
t eet h , except for t h e mi n i mu m a r c r e-
qu i r ed t o per mi t t h e ba se t o be t i l t ed
for bevel cu t s. Th e l ower gu a r d sh a l l
cover t h e sa w t o t h e dept h of t h e t eet h ,
except for t h e mi n i mu m a r c r equ i r ed
t o a l l ow pr oper r et r a ct i on a n d con t a ct
wi t h t h e wor k . Wh en t h e t ool i s wi t h -
dr a wn fr om t h e wor k , t h e l ower gu a r d
sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y a n d i n st a n t l y r e-
t u r n t o cover i n g posi t i on .
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
7
9
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
0
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
664
(i i ) P a r a gr a ph (a )(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on
does n ot a ppl y t o ci r cu l a r sa ws u sed i n
t h e mea t i n du st r y for mea t cu t t i n g
pu r poses.
(2) Swit ch es an d con t rols. (i ) Al l h a n d-
h el d power ed ci r cu l a r sa ws h a vi n g a
bl a de di a met er gr ea t er t h a n 2 i n ch es,
el ect r i c, h y dr a u l i c or pn eu ma t i c ch a i n
sa ws, a n d per cu ssi on t ool s wi t h ou t
posi t i ve a ccessor y h ol di n g mea n s sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a con st a n t pr essu r e
swi t ch or con t r ol t h a t wi l l sh u t off t h e
power wh en t h e pr essu r e i s r el ea sed.
Al l h a n d-h el d ga sol i n e power ed ch a i n
sa ws sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a con st a n t
pr essu r e t h r ot t l e con t r ol t h a t wi l l sh u t
off t h e power t o t h e sa w ch a i n wh en
t h e pr essu r e i s r el ea sed.
(i i ) Al l h a n d-h el d power ed dr i l l s, t a p-
per s, fa st en er dr i ver s, h or i zon t a l ,
ver t i ca l , a n d a n gl e gr i n der s wi t h
wh eel s gr ea t er t h a n 2 i n ch es i n di a me-
t er , di sc sa n der s wi t h di scs gr ea t er
t h a n 2 i n ch es i n di a met er , bel t sa n der s,
r eci pr oca t i n g sa ws, sa ber , scr ol l , a n d
j i g sa ws wi t h bl a de sh a n k s gr ea t er
t h a n a n omi n a l on e-fou r t h i n ch , a n d
ot h er si mi l a r l y oper a t i n g power ed
t ool s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a con st a n t
pr essu r e swi t ch or con t r ol , a n d ma y
h a ve a l ock -on con t r ol pr ovi ded t h a t
t u r n off ca n be a ccompl i sh ed by a si n gl e
mot i on of t h e sa me fi n ger or fi n ger s
t h a t t u r n i t on .
(i i i )(a) Al l ot h er h a n d-h el d power ed
t ool s, su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, pl a t -
en sa n der s, gr i n der s wi t h wh eel s 2
i n ch es i n di a met er or l ess, di sc sa n der s
wi t h di scs 2 i n ch es i n di a met er or l ess,
r ou t er s, pl a n er s, l a mi n a t e t r i mmer s,
n i bbl er s, sh ea r s, sa ber , scr ol l , a n d j i g
sa ws wi t h bl a de sh a n k s a n omi n a l on e-
fou r t h of a n i n ch wi de or l ess, ma y be
equ i pped wi t h ei t h er a posi t i ve on -
off con t r ol , or ot h er con t r ol s a s de-
scr i bed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(2)(i ) a n d (i i ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(b) S a ber , scr ol l , a n d j i g sa ws wi t h
n on st a n da r d bl a de h ol der s ma y u se
bl a des wi t h sh a n k s wh i ch a r e n on u n i -
for m i n wi dt h , pr ovi ded t h e n a r r owest
por t i on of t h e bl a de sh a n k i s a n i n t e-
gr a l pa r t i n mou n t i n g t h e bl a de.
(c) Bl a de sh a n k wi dt h sh a l l be mea s-
u r ed a t t h e n a r r owest por t i on of t h e
bl a de sh a n k wh en sa ber , scr ol l , a n d j i g
sa ws h a ve n on st a n da r d bl a de h ol der s.
(d) Nomin al i n t h i s su bpa r a gr a ph
mea n s t0. 05 i n ch .
(i v) Th e oper a t i n g con t r ol on h a n d-
h el d power t ool s sh a l l be so l oca t ed a s
t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of i t s a cci -
den t a l oper a t i on , i f su ch a cci den t a l op-
er a t i on wou l d con st i t u t e a h a za r d t o
empl oy ees.
(v) Th i s su bpa r a gr a ph does n ot a ppl y
t o con cr et e vi br a t or s, con cr et e br ea k -
er s, power ed t a mper s, j a ck h a mmer s,
r ock dr i l l s, ga r den a ppl i a n ces, h ou se-
h ol d a n d k i t ch en a ppl i a n ces, per son a l
ca r e a ppl i a n ces, medi ca l or den t a l
equ i pmen t , or t o fi xed ma ch i n er y .
(3) Port able belt san din g mach in es. Bel t
sa n di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h gu a r ds a t ea ch n i p poi n t wh er e
t h e sa n di n g bel t r u n s on t o a pu l l ey .
Th ese gu a r ds sh a l l effect i vel y pr even t
t h e h a n ds or fi n ger s of t h e oper a t or
fr om comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e n i p
poi n t s. Th e u n u sed r u n of t h e sa n di n g
bel t sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci -
(4) Crack ed saws. Al l cr a ck ed sa ws
sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
(5) Grou n din g. P or t a bl e el ect r i c pow-
er ed t ool s sh a l l meet t h e el ect r i ca l r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(b) Pn eu mat ic powered t ools an d h ose
(1) T ool ret ain er. A t ool r et a i n er sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed on ea ch pi ece of u t i l i za t i on
equ i pmen t wh i ch , wi t h ou t su ch a r e-
t a i n er , ma y ej ect t h e t ool .
(2) Airh ose. Hose a n d h ose con n ec-
t i on s u sed for con du ct i n g compr essed
a i r t o u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t sh a l l be
desi gn ed for t h e pr essu r e a n d ser vi ce t o
wh i ch t h ey a r e su bj ect ed.
(c) Port able abrasive wh eels(1) Gen -
eral requ iremen t s. Abr a si ve wh eel s sh a l l
be u sed on l y on ma ch i n e pr ovi ded wi t h
sa fet y gu a r ds a s defi n ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c) (1) t h r ou gh (4) of t h i s sect i on .
(i ) Except ion s. Th e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o
t h e fol l owi n g cl a sses of wh eel s a n d con -
di t i on s.
(a) Wh eel s u sed for i n t er n a l wor k
wh i l e wi t h i n t h e wor k bei n g gr ou n d;
(b) Mou n t ed wh eel s u sed i n por t a bl e
oper a t i on s 2 i n ch es a n d sma l l er i n di -
a met er ; (see defi n i t i on 1910. 241(b)(1));
a n d
(c) Ty pes 16, 17, 18, 18R, a n d 19 con es,
a n d pl u gs, a n d t h r ea ded h ol e pot ba l l s
wh er e t h e wor k offer s pr ot ect i on .
(i i )(a) A sa fet y gu a r d sh a l l cover t h e
spi n dl e en d, n u t a n d fl a n ge pr oj ect i on s.
Th e sa fet y gu a r d sh a l l be mou n t ed so
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
665
a s t o ma i n t a i n pr oper a l i gn men t wi t h
t h e wh eel , a n d t h e st r en gt h of t h e fa s-
t en i n gs sh a l l exceed t h e st r en gt h of t h e
gu a r d.
(b) Except ion . S a fet y gu a r ds on a l l op-
er a t i on s wh er e t h e wor k pr ovi des a
su i t a bl e mea su r e of pr ot ect i on t o t h e
oper a t or ma y be so con st r u ct ed t h a t
t h e spi n dl e en d, n u t a n d ou t er fl a n ge
a r e exposed. Wh er e t h e n a t u r e of t h e
wor k i s su ch a s t o en t i r el y cover t h e
si de of t h e wh eel , t h e si de cover s of t h e
gu a r d ma y be omi t t ed.
(c) Except ion . Th e spi n dl e en d, n u t ,
a n d ou t er fl a n ge ma y be exposed on
por t a bl e ma ch i n es desi gn ed for , a n d
u sed wi t h , t y pe 6, 11, 27, a n d 28 a br a si ve
wh eel s, cu t t i n g off wh eel s, a n d t u ck
poi n t i n g wh eel s.
(2) Cu p wh eels. Cu p wh eel s (Ty pes 6
a n d 11) sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by :
(i ) S a fet y gu a r ds a s speci fi ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(1) of t h i s sect i on ; or ,
(i i ) S peci a l r evol vi n g cu p gu a r ds
wh i ch mou n t beh i n d t h e wh eel a n d
t u r n wi t h i t . Th ey sh a l l be ma de of
st eel or ot h er ma t er i a l wi t h a dequ a t e
st r en gt h a n d sh a l l en cl ose t h e wh eel
si des u pwa r d fr om t h e ba ck for on e-
t h i r d of t h e wh eel t h i ck n ess. Th e
mou n t i n g fea t u r es sh a l l con for m wi t h
a l l r egu l a t i on s. (S ee pa r a gr a ph (c)(5) of
t h i s sect i on . ) I t i s n ecessa r y t o ma i n -
t a i n cl ea r a n ce bet ween t h e wh eel si de
a n d t h e gu a r d. Th e cl ea r a n ce sh a l l n ot
exceed on e-si xt een t h i n ch ; or ,
(i i i ) S ome ot h er for m of gu a r d t h a t
wi l l i n su r e a s good pr ot ect i on a s t h a t
wh i ch wou l d be pr ovi ded by t h e gu a r ds
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(1) (i ) or (i i ) of
(3) Vert ical port able grin ders. S a fet y
gu a r ds u sed on ma ch i n es k n own a s
r i gh t a n gl e h ea d or ver t i ca l por t a bl e
gr i n der s sh a l l h a ve a ma xi mu m expo-
su r e a n gl e of 180, a n d t h e gu a r d sh a l l
be so l oca t ed so a s t o be bet ween t h e
oper a t or a n d t h e wh eel du r i n g u se. Ad-
j u st men t of gu a r d sh a l l be su ch t h a t
pi eces of a n a cci den t a l l y br ok en wh eel
wi l l be defl ect ed a wa y fr om t h e oper -
a t or . (S ee F i gu r e P 4. )
F I GURE NO. P 4
(4) Ot h er port able grin ders. Th e ma x-
i mu m a n gu l a r exposu r e of t h e gr i n di n g
wh eel per i ph er y a n d si des for sa fet y
gu a r ds u sed on ot h er por t a bl e gr i n di n g
ma ch i n es sh a l l n ot exceed 180 a n d t h e
t op h a l f of t h e wh eel sh a l l be en cl osed
a t a l l t i mes. (S ee F i gu r es P 5 a n d P 6. )
F I GURE NO. P 5
F I GURE NO. P 6
(5) Mou n t in g an d in spect ion of abrasive
wh eels. (i ) I mmedi a t el y befor e mou n t -
i n g, a l l wh eel s sh a l l be cl osel y i n -
spect ed a n d sou n ded by t h e u ser (r i n g
t est , see su bpa r t O, 1910. 215(d)(1)) t o
ma k e su r e t h ey h a ve n ot been da ma ged
i n t r a n si t , st or a ge, or ot h er wi se. Th e
spi n dl e speed of t h e ma ch i n e sh a l l be
ch eck ed befor e mou n t i n g of t h e wh eel
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
1
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
2
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
3
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
666
t o be cer t a i n t h a t i t does n ot exceed
t h e ma xi mu m oper a t i n g speed ma r k ed
on t h e wh eel .
(i i ) Gr i n di n g wh eel s sh a l l fi t fr eel y on
t h e spi n dl e a n d r ema i n fr ee u n der a l l
gr i n di n g con di t i on s. A con t r ol l ed cl ea r -
a n ce bet ween t h e wh eel h ol e a n d t h e
ma ch i n e spi n dl e (or wh eel sl eeves or
a da pt or s) i s essen t i a l t o a voi d exces-
si ve pr essu r e fr om mou n t i n g a n d spi n -
dl e expa n si on . To a ccompl i sh t h i s, t h e
ma ch i n e spi n dl e sh a l l be ma de t o n omi -
n a l (st a n da r d) si ze pl u s zer o mi n u s . 002
i n ch , a n d t h e wh eel h ol e sh a l l be ma de
su i t a bl y over si ze t o a ssu r e sa fet y cl ea r -
a n ce u n der t h e con di t i on s of oper a t i n g
h ea t a n d pr essu r e.
(i i i ) Al l con t a ct su r fa ces of wh eel s,
bl ot t er s, a n d fl a n ger s sh a l l be fl a t a n d
fr ee of for ei gn ma t t er .
(i v) Wh en a bu sh i n g i s u sed i n t h e
wh eel h ol e i t sh a l l n ot exceed t h e
wi dt h of t h e wh eel a n d sh a l l n ot con -
t a ct t h e fl a n ges.
(v) Requ i r emen t s for t h e u se of
fl a n ges a n d bl ot t er s, see su bpa r t O,
1910. 215(c).
(6) Exclu ded mach in ery . Na t u r a l sa n d-
st on e wh eel s a n d met a l , wooden , cl ot h ,
or pa per di scs, h a vi n g a l a y er of a br a -
si ve on t h e su r fa ce a r e n ot cover ed by
(d) Explosive act u at ed f ast en in g t ools
(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) Expl osi ve-
a ct u a t ed fa st en i n g t ool s wh i ch a r e a c-
t u a t ed by expl osi ves or a n y si mi l a r
mea n s a n d pr opel a st u d, pi n , fa st en er ,
or ot h er obj ect for t h e pu r pose of
a ffi xi n g i t by pen et r a t i on t o a n y ot h er
obj ect sh a l l meet t h e desi gn r equ i r e-
men t s i n Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for Expl osi ve-Ac-
t u a t ed F a st en i n g Tool s, ANS I A10. 3
a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Th i s r equ i r e-
men t does n ot a ppl y t o devi ces de-
si gn ed for a t t a ch i n g obj ect s t o soft
con st r u ct i on ma t er i a l s, su ch a s wood,
pl a st er , t a r , dr y wa l l boa r d, a n d t h e
l i k e, or t o st u d wel di n g equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Oper a t or s a n d a ssi st a n t s u si n g
t ool s sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded by mea n s of
ey e pr ot ect i on . Hea d a n d fa ce pr ot ec-
t i on sh a l l be u sed, a s r equ i r ed by wor k -
i n g con di t i on s, a s set for t h i n su bpa r t
I .
(2) I n spect ion , main t en an ce, an d t ool
h an dlin g(i ) High -velocit y t ools. Tool s
of t h i s t y pe sh a l l h a ve t h e ch a r a ct er i s-
t i cs ou t l i n ed i n (a) t h r ou gh (h ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(a) Th e mu zzl e en d of t h e t ool sh a l l
h a ve a pr ot ect i ve sh i el d or gu a r d a t
l ea st 3
1
2 i n ch es i n di a met er , mou n t ed
per pen di cu l a r t o a n d con cen t r i c wi t h
t h e ba r r el , a n d desi gn ed t o con fi n e a n y
fl y i n g fr a gmen t s or pa r t i cl es t h a t
mi gh t ot h er wi se cr ea t e a h a za r d a t t h e
t i me of fi r i n g.
(b) Wh er e a st a n da r d sh i el d or gu a r d
ca n n ot be u sed, or wh er e i t does n ot
cover a l l a ppa r en t a ven u es t h r ou gh
wh i ch fl y i n g pa r t i cl es mi gh t esca pe, a
speci a l sh i el d, gu a r d, fi xt u r e, or j i g de-
si gn ed a n d bu i l t by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
of t h e t ool bei n g u sed, wh i ch pr ovi des
t h i s degr ee of pr ot ect i on , sh a l l be u sed
a s a su bst i t u t e.
(c) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
i t ca n n ot be fi r ed u n l ess i t i s equ i pped
wi t h a st a n da r d pr ot ect i ve sh i el d or
gu a r d, or a speci a l sh i el d, gu a r d, fi x-
t u r e, or j i g.
(d)(1) Th e fi r i n g mech a n i sm sh a l l be
so desi gn ed t h a t t h e t ool ca n n ot fi r e
du r i n g l oa di n g or pr epa r a t i on t o fi r e,
or i f t h e t ool sh ou l d be dr opped wh i l e
l oa ded.
(2) F i r i n g of t h e t ool sh a l l be depen d-
en t u pon a t l ea st t wo sepa r a t e a n d di s-
t i n ct oper a t i on s of t h e oper a t or , wi t h
t h e fi n a l fi r i n g movemen t bei n g sepa -
r a t e fr om t h e oper a t i on of br i n gi n g t h e
t ool i n t o t h e fi r i n g posi t i on .
(e) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s
n ot t o be oper a bl e ot h er t h a n a ga i n st a
wor k su r fa ce, a n d u n l ess t h e oper a t or
i s h ol di n g t h e t ool a ga i n st t h e wor k
su r fa ce wi t h a for ce a t l ea st 5 pou n ds
gr ea t er t h a n t h e t ot a l wei gh t of t h e
t ool .
(f ) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
i t wi l l n ot oper a t e wh en equ i pped wi t h
t h e st a n da r d gu a r d i n dexed t o t h e cen -
t er posi t i on i f a n y bea r i n g su r fa ce of
t h e gu a r d i s t i l t ed mor e t h a n 8 fr om
con t a ct wi t h t h e wor k su r fa ce.
(g) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
posi t i ve mea n s of va r y i n g t h e power
a r e a va i l a bl e or ca n be ma de a va i l a bl e
t o t h e oper a t or a s pa r t of t h e t ool , or
a s a n a u xi l i a r y , i n or der t o ma k e i t
possi bl e for t h e oper a t or t o sel ect a
power l evel a dequ a t e t o per for m t h e
desi r ed wor k wi t h ou t excessi ve for ce.
(h ) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
a l l br eech i n g pa r t s wi l l be r ea son a bl y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
667
vi si bl e t o a l l ow a ch eck for a n y for ei gn
ma t t er t h a t ma y be pr esen t .
(i i ) Tool s of t h e l ow-vel oci t y -pi st on
t y pe sh a l l h a ve t h e ch a r a ct er i st i cs ou t -
l i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (d)(2)(i i ) (a)
t h r ou gh (e) of t h i s sect i on a n d a n y a d-
di t i on a l sa fet y fea t u r es h e ma y wi sh t o
i n cor por a t e.
be desi gn ed so t h a t su i t a bl e pr ot ect i ve
sh i el ds, gu a r ds, j i gs, or fi xt u r es, de-
of t h e t ool bei n g u sed, ca n be mou n t ed
per pen di cu l a r t o t h e ba r r el . A st a n da r d
spa l l sh i el d sh a l l be su ppl i ed wi t h ea ch
t ool .
(b)(1) Th e t ool sh a l l be desi gn ed so
t h a t i t sh a l l n ot i n or di n a r y u sa ge pr o-
pel or di sch a r ge a st u d, pi n , or fa st en er
wh i l e l oa di n g or du r i n g pr epa r a t i on t o
fi r e, or i f t h e t ool sh ou l d be dr opped
wh i l e l oa ded.
(2) F i r i n g of t h e t ool sh a l l be depen d-
(c) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s
n ot t o be oper a bl e ot h er t h a n a ga i n st a
wor k su r fa ce, a n d u n l ess t h e oper a t or
i s h ol di n g t h e t ool a ga i n st t h e wor k
su r fa ce wi t h a for ce a t l ea st 5 pou n ds
gr ea t er t h a n t h e t ot a l wei gh t of t h e
t ool .
(d) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
(e) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
(i i i ) Tool s of t h e h a mmer -oper a t ed
pi st on t ool sl ow-vel oci t y t y pe sh a l l
h a ve t h e ch a r a ct er i st i cs ou t l i n ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (d)(2)(i i i ) (a) t h r ou gh (e) of
t h i s sect i on .
be so desi gn ed t h a t su i t a bl e pr ot ect i ve
sh i el ds, gu a r ds, j i gs, or fi xt u r es, de-
of t h e t ool bei n g u sed, ca n be mou n t ed
per pen di cu l a r t o t h e ba r r el . A st a n da r d
spa l l sh i el d sh a l l be su ppl i ed wi t h ea ch
t ool .
(b) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
i t sh a l l n ot i n or di n a r y u sa ge pr opel or
di sch a r ge a st u d, pi n , or fa st en er wh i l e
l oa di n g, or du r i n g pr epa r a t i on t o fi r e,
or i f t h e t ool sh ou l d be dr opped wh i l e
l oa ded.
(c) F i r i n g of t h e t ool sh a l l be depen d-
(d) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
(e) Th e t ool sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
(3) Requ iremen t s f or loads an d f as-
t en ers. (i ) Th er e sh a l l be a st a n da r d
mea n s of i den t i fy i n g t h e power l evel s
of l oa ds u sed i n t ool s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) No l oa d (ca sed or ca sel ess) sh a l l
be u sed i f i t wi l l a ccu r a t el y ch a mber i n
a n y exi st i n g a ppr oved commer ci a l l y
a va i l a bl e l ow-vel oci t y pi st on t ool or
h a mmer oper a t ed pi st on t ool l ow-ve-
l oci t y t y pe a n d wi l l ca u se a fa st en er t o
h a ve a mea n vel oci t y i n excess of 300
feet per secon d wh en mea su r ed 6. 5 feet
fr om t h e mu zzl e en d of t h e ba r r el . No
i n di vi du a l t est fi r i n g of a ser i es sh a l l
exceed 300 feet per secon d by mor e t h a n
8 per cen t .
(i v) F a st en er s u sed i n t ool s sh a l l be
on l y t h ose speci fi ca l l y ma n u fa ct u r ed
for u se i n su ch t ool s.
(4) Operat in g requ iremen t s. (i ) Befor e
u si n g a t ool , t h e oper a t or sh a l l i n spect
i t t o det er mi n e t o h i s sa t i sfa ct i on t h a t
i t i s cl ea n , t h a t a l l movi n g pa r t s oper -
a t e fr eel y , a n d t h a t t h e ba r r el i s fr ee
fr om obst r u ct i on s.
(i i ) Wh en a t ool devel ops a defect
du r i n g u se, t h e oper a t or sh a l l i mme-
di a t el y cea se t o u se i t , u n t i l i t i s pr op-
er l y r epa i r ed.
(i i i ) Tool s sh a l l n ot be l oa ded u n t i l
j u st pr i or t o t h e i n t en ded fi r i n g t i me.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
668
Nei t h er l oa ded n or empt y t ool s a r e t o
be poi n t ed a t a n y wor k men .
(i v) No t ool s sh a l l be l oa ded u n l ess
bei n g pr epa r ed for i mmedi a t e u se, n or
sh a l l a n u n a t t en ded t ool be l eft l oa ded.
(v) I n ca se of a mi sfi r e, t h e oper a t or
sh a l l h ol d t h e t ool i n t h e oper a t i n g po-
si t i on for a t l ea st 30 secon ds. He sh a l l
t h en t r y t o oper a t e t h e t ool a secon d
t i me. He sh a l l wa i t a n ot h er 30 secon ds,
h ol di n g t h e t ool i n t h e oper a t i n g posi -
t i on ; t h en h e sh a l l pr oceed t o r emove
t h e expl osi ve l oa d i n st r i ct a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
(vi ) A t ool sh a l l n ever be l eft u n a t -
t en ded i n a pl a ce wh er e i t wou l d be
a va i l a bl e t o u n a u t h or i zed per son s.
(vi i ) F a st en er s sh a l l n ot be dr i ven
i n t o ver y h a r d or br i t t l e ma t er i a l s i n -
cl u di n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, ca st i r on ,
gl a zed t i l e, su r fa ce-h a r den ed st eel ,
gl a ss bl ock , l i ve r ock , fa ce br i ck , or
h ol l ow t i l e.
(vi i i ) Dr i vi n g i n t o ma t er i a l s ea si l y
pen et r a t ed sh a l l be a voi ded u n l ess su ch
ma t er i a l s a r e ba ck ed by a su bst a n ce
t h a t wi l l pr even t t h e pi n or fa st en er
fr om pa ssi n g compl et el y t h r ou gh a n d
cr ea t i n g a fl y i n g-mi ssi l e h a za r d on t h e
ot h er si de.
(i x)(a) F a st en er s sh a l l n ot be dr i ven
di r ect l y i n t o ma t er i a l s su ch a s br i ck or
con cr et e cl oser t h a n 3 i n ch es fr om t h e
u n su ppor t ed edge or cor n er , or i n t o
st eel su r fa ces cl oser t h a n on e-h a l f i n ch
fr om t h e u n su ppor t ed edge or cor n er ,
u n l ess a speci a l gu a r d, fi xt u r e, or j i g i s
u sed. (Except i on : Low-vel oci t y t ool s
ma y dr i ve n o cl oser t h a n 2 i n ch es fr om
a n edge i n con cr et e or on e-fou r t h i n ch
i n st eel . )
(b) Wh en fa st en i n g ot h er ma t er i a l s,
su ch a s a 2- by 4-i n ch wood sect i on t o
a con cr et e su r fa ce, i t i s per mi ssi bl e t o
dr i ve a fa st en er of n o gr ea t er t h a n
7
32-
i n ch sh a n k di a met er n ot cl oser t h a n 2
i n ch es fr om t h e u n su ppor t ed edge or
cor n er of t h e wor k su r fa ce.
(x) F a st en er s sh a l l n ot be dr i ven
t h r ou gh exi st i n g h ol es u n l ess a posi t i ve
gu i de i s u sed t o secu r e a ccu r a t e a l i gn -
men t .
(xi ) No fa st en er sh a l l be dr i ven i n t o a
spa l l ed a r ea ca u sed by a n u n sa t i sfa c-
t or y fa st en i n g.
(xi i ) Tool s sh a l l n ot be u sed i n a n ex-
pl osi ve or fl a mma bl e a t mosph er e.
(xi i i ) Al l t ool s sh a l l be u sed wi t h t h e
cor r ect sh i el d, gu a r d, or a t t a ch men t
(xi v) An y t ool fou n d n ot i n pr oper
wor k i n g or der sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r e-
moved fr om ser vi ce. Th e t ool sh a l l be
i n spect ed a t r egu l a r i n t er va l s a n d sh a l l
be r epa i r ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s speci fi ca t i on s.
(e) Power lawn mowers(1) Gen eral re-
qu iremen t s. (i ) P ower l a wn mower s of
t h e wa l k -beh i n d, r i di n g-r ot a r y , a n d
r eel power l a wn mower s sh a l l be gu a r d-
ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e ma ch i n e
gu a r di n g r equ i r emen t s i n 29 CF R
1910. 212, Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s for a l l
ma ch i n es.
(i i ) Al l power -dr i ven ch a i n s, bel t s,
a n d gea r s sh a l l be so posi t i on ed or ot h -
er wi se gu a r ded t o pr even t t h e oper a -
t or s a cci den t a l con t a ct t h er ewi t h , du r -
i n g n or ma l st a r t i n g, mou n t i n g, a n d op-
er a t i on of t h e ma ch i n e.
(i i i ) A sh u t off devi ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o st op oper a t i on of t h e mot or or
en gi n e. Th i s devi ce sh a l l r equ i r e ma n -
u a l a n d i n t en t i on a l r ea ct i va t i on t o r e-
st a r t t h e mot or or en gi n e.
(i v) Al l posi t i on s of t h e oper a t i n g
con t r ol s sh a l l be cl ea r l y i den t i fi ed.
(v) Th e wor ds, Ca u t i on . Be su r e t h e
oper a t i n g con t r ol (s) i s i n n eu t r a l befor e
st a r t i n g t h e en gi n e, or si mi l a r wor d-
i n g sh a l l be cl ea r l y vi si bl e a t a n en gi n e
st a r t i n g con t r ol poi n t on sel f-pr opel l ed
mower s.
(2) Walk -beh in d an d ridin g rot ary mow-
ers. (i ) Th e mower bl a de sh a l l be en -
cl osed except on t h e bot t om a n d t h e
en cl osu r e sh a l l ext en d t o or bel ow t h e
l owest cu t t i n g poi n t of t h e bl a de i n t h e
l owest bl a de posi t i on .
(i i ) Gu a r ds wh i ch mu st be r emoved t o
i n st a l l a ca t ch er a ssembl y sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(a) Wa r n i n g i n st r u ct i on s sh a l l be a f-
fi xed t o t h e mower n ea r t h e open i n g
st a t i n g t h a t t h e mower sh a l l n ot be
u sed wi t h ou t ei t h er t h e ca t ch er a ssem-
bl y or t h e gu a r d i n pl a ce.
(b) Th e ca t ch er a ssembl y or t h e
gu a r d sh a l l be sh i pped a n d sol d a s pa r t
of t h e mower .
(c) Th e i n st r u ct i on ma n u a l sh a l l
st a t e t h a t t h e mower sh a l l n ot be u sed
wi t h ou t ei t h er t h e ca t ch er a ssembl y or
t h e gu a r d i n pl a ce.
(d) Th e ca t ch er a ssembl y , wh en pr op-
er l y a n d compl et el y i n st a l l ed, sh a l l n ot
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
669
cr ea t e a con di t i on wh i ch vi ol a t es t h e
l i mi t s gi ven for t h e gu a r ded open i n g.
(i i i ) Open i n gs i n t h e bl a de en cl osu r e,
i n t en ded for t h e di sch a r ge of gr a ss,
sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o a ma xi mu m ver t i ca l
a n gl e of t h e open i n g of 30. Mea su r e-
men t s sh a l l be t a k en fr om t h e l owest
bl a de posi t i on .
(i v) Th e t ot a l effect i ve open i n g a r ea
of t h e gr a ss di sch a r ge open i n g(s) sh a l l
n ot exceed 1, 000 squ a r e degr ees on u n i t s
h a vi n g a wi dt h of cu t l ess t h a n 27
1
2
i n ch es, or 2, 000 squ a r e degr ees on u n i t s
h a vi n g a wi dt h of cu t 27
1
2 i n ch es or
over .
(v) Th e wor d Ca u t i on . or st r on ger
wor di n g, sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e mower
a t or n ea r ea ch di sch a r ge open i n g.
(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Bl a de(s) sh a l l st op r ot a t i n g fr om
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s speci fi ed ma xi mu m
speed wi t h i n 15 secon ds a ft er decl u t ch -
i n g, or sh u t t i n g off power .
(vi i i ) I n a mu l t i pi ece bl a de, t h e
mea n s of fa st en i n g t h e cu t t i n g mem-
ber s t o t h e body of t h e bl a de or di sc
sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t t h ey wi l l n ot
become wor n t o a h a za r dou s con di t i on
befor e t h e cu t t i n g member s t h emsel ves
a r e wor n bey on d u se.
(i x) Th e ma xi mu m t i p speed of a n y
bl a de sh a l l be 19, 000 feet per mi n u t e.
(3) Walk -beh in d rot ary mowers. (i ) Th e
h or i zon t a l a n gl e of t h e open i n g(s) i n
t h e bl a de en cl osu r e, i n t en ded for t h e
di sch a r ge of gr a ss, sh a l l n ot con t a ct
t h e oper a t or a r ea .
(i i ) Th er e sh a l l be on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g a t a l l open i n gs i n t h e bl a de en -
cl osu r e i n t en ded for t h e di sch a r ge of
gr a ss:
(a) A mi n i mu m u n obst r u ct ed h or i -
zon t a l di st a n ce of 3 i n ch es fr om t h e en d
of t h e di sch a r ge ch u t e t o t h e bl a de t i p
ci r cl e.
(b) A r i gi d ba r fa st en ed a cr oss t h e
di sch a r ge open i n g, secu r ed t o pr even t
r emova l wi t h ou t t h e u se of t ool s. Th e
bot t om of t h e ba r sh a l l be n o h i gh er
t h a n t h e bot t om edge of t h e bl a de en -
cl osu r e.
(i i i ) Th e h i gh est poi n t (s) of t h e fr on t
of t h e bl a de en cl osu r e, except di s-
ch a r ge open i n gs, sh a l l be su ch t h a t a n y
l i n e ext en di n g a ma xi mu m of 15 down -
wa r d fr om t h e h or i zon t a l t owa r d t h e
bl a de sh a ft a xi s (a xes) sh a l l n ot i n t er -
sect t h e h or i zon t a l pl a n e wi t h i n t h e
bl a de t i p ci r cl e. Th e h i gh est poi n t (s) on
t h e bl a de en cl osu r e fr on t , except di s-
ch a r ge-open i n gs, sh a l l n ot exceed 1
1
4
i n ch es a bove t h e l owest cu t t i n g poi n t
of t h e bl a de i n t h e l owest bl a de posi -
t i on . Mower s wi t h a swi n gover h a n dl e
a r e t o be con si der ed a s h a vi n g n o fr on t
i n t h e bl a de en cl osu r e a n d t h er efor e
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(2)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i v) Th e mower h a n dl e sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed t o t h e mower so a s t o pr even t
l oss of con t r ol by u n i n t en t i on a l u n cou -
pl i n g wh i l e i n oper a t i on .
(v) A posi t i ve u pst op or l a t ch sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for t h e mower h a n dl e i n t h e
n or ma l oper a t i n g posi t i on (s). Th e
u pst op sh a l l n ot be su bj ect t o u n i n t en -
t i on a l di sen ga gemen t du r i n g n or ma l
oper a t i on of t h e mower . Th e u pst op or
l a t ch sh a l l n ot a l l ow t h e cen t er or t h e
h a n dl e gr i ps t o come cl oser t h a n 17
i n ch es h or i zon t a l l y beh i n d t h e cl osest
pa t h of t h e mower bl a de(s) u n l ess
ma n u a l l y di sen ga ged.
(vi ) A swi n g-over h a n dl e, wh i ch com-
pl i es wi t h t h e a bove r equ i r emen t s, wi l l
be per mi t t ed.
(vi i ) Wh eel dr i ve di sen ga gi n g con -
t r ol s, except dea dma n con t r ol s, sh a l l
move opposi t e t o t h e di r ect i on of t h e
veh i cl e mot i on i n or der t o di sen ga ge
t h e dr i ve. Dea dma n con t r ol s sh a l l
a u t oma t i ca l l y i n t er r u pt power t o a
dr i ve wh en t h e oper a t or s a ct u a t i n g
for ce i s r emoved, a n d ma y oper a t e i n
a n y di r ect i on t o di sen ga ge t h e dr i ve.
(4) Ridin g rot ary mowers. (i ) Th e h i gh -
est poi n t (s) of a l l open i n gs i n t h e bl a de
en cl osu r e, fr on t sh a l l be l i mi t ed by a
ver t i ca l a n gl e of open i n g of 15 a n d a
ma xi mu m di st a n ce of 1
1
4 i n ch es a bove
t h e l owest cu t t i n g poi n t of t h e bl a de i n
t h e l owest bl a de posi t i on .
(i i ) Open i n g(s) sh a l l be pl a ced so t h a t
gr a ss or debr i s wi l l n ot di sch a r ge di -
r ect l y t owa r d a n y pa r t of a n oper a t or
sea t ed i n a n or ma l oper a t or posi t i on .
(i i i ) Th er e sh a l l be on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g a t a l l open i n gs i n t h e bl a de en -
cl osu r e i n t en ded for t h e di sch a r ge of
gr a ss:
(a) A mi n i mu m u n obst r u ct ed h or i -
zon t a l di st a n ce of 6 i n ch es fr om t h e en d
of t h e di sch a r ge ch u t e t o t h e bl a de t i p
ci r cl e.
(b) A r i gi d ba r fa st en ed a cr oss t h e
di sch a r ge open i n g, secu r ed t o pr even t
r emova l wi t h ou t t h e u se of t ool s. Th e
bot t om of t h e ba r sh a l l be n o h i gh er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
670
t h a n t h e bot t om edge of t h e bl a de en -
cl osu r e.
(i v) Mower s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
st ops t o pr even t j a ck k n i fi n g or l ock i n g
of t h e st eer i n g mech a n i sm.
(v) Veh i cl e st oppi n g mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(vi ) Ha n d-oper a t ed wh eel dr i ve di s-
en ga gi n g con t r ol s sh a l l move opposi t e
t o t h e di r ect i on of veh i cl e mot i on i n
or der t o di sen ga ge t h e dr i ve. F oot -op-
er a t ed wh eel dr i ve di sen ga gi n g con t r ol s
sh a l l be depr essed t o di sen ga ge t h e
dr i ve. Dea dma n con t r ol s, bot h h a n d
a n d foot oper a t ed, sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y
i n t er r u pt power t o a dr i ve wh en t h e op-
er a t or s a ct u a t i n g for ce i s r emoved,
a n d ma y oper a t e i n a n y di r ect i on t o
di sen ga ge t h e dr i ve.
F R 49750, Oct . 24, 1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10,
1984; 50 F R 4649, F eb. 1, 1985; 61 F R 9240, Ma r .
7, 1996; 70 F R 53929, S ept . 13, 2005]
1910.244 Other portable tools and
equipment.
(a ) Jack s(1) L oadin g an d mark in g. (i )
Th e oper a t or sh a l l ma k e su r e t h a t t h e
j a ck u sed h a s a r a t i n g su ffi ci en t t o l i ft
a n d su st a i n t h e l oa d.
(i i ) Th e r a t ed l oa d sh a l l be l egi bl y
a n d per ma n en t l y ma r k ed i n a pr omi -
n en t l oca t i on on t h e j a ck by ca st i n g,
st a mpi n g, or ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s.
(2) Operat ion an d main t en an ce. (i ) I n
t h e a bsen ce of a fi r m fou n da t i on , t h e
ba se of t h e j a ck sh a l l be bl ock ed. I f
t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y of sl i ppa ge of t h e
ca p, a bl ock sh a l l be pl a ced i n bet ween
t h e ca p a n d t h e l oa d.
(i i ) Th e oper a t or sh a l l wa t ch t h e st op
i n di ca t or , wh i ch sh a l l be k ept cl ea n , i n
or der t o det er mi n e t h e l i mi t of t r a vel .
Th e i n di ca t ed l i mi t sh a l l n ot be over -
r u n .
(i i i ) Aft er t h e l oa d h a s been r a i sed, i t
sh a l l be cr i bbed, bl ock ed, or ot h er wi se
secu r ed a t on ce.
(i v) Hy dr a u l i c j a ck s exposed t o fr eez-
i n g t emper a t u r es sh a l l be su ppl i ed wi t h
a n a dequ a t e a n t i fr eeze l i qu i d.
(v) Al l j a ck s sh a l l be pr oper l y l u br i -
ca t ed a t r egu l a r i n t er va l s.
(vi ) Ea ch j a ck sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y i n -
spect ed a t t i mes wh i ch depen d u pon
t h e ser vi ce con di t i on s. I n spect i on s
sh a l l be n ot l ess fr equ en t t h a n t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(a) F or con st a n t or i n t er mi t t en t u se
a t on e l oca l i t y , on ce ever y 6 mon t h s,
(b) F or j a ck s sen t ou t of sh op for spe-
ci a l wor k , wh en sen t ou t a n d wh en r e-
t u r n ed,
(c) F or a j a ck su bj ect ed t o a bn or ma l
l oa d or sh ock , i mmedi a t el y befor e a n d
i mmedi a t el y t h er ea ft er .
(vi i ) Repa i r or r epl a cemen t pa r t s
sh a l l be exa mi n ed for possi bl e defect s.
(vi i i ) J a ck s wh i ch a r e ou t of or der
sh a l l be t a gged a ccor di n gl y , a n d sh a l l
n ot be u sed u n t i l r epa i r s a r e ma de.
(b) Abrasive blast clean in g n ozzles. Th e
bl a st cl ea n i n g n ozzl es sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a n oper a t i n g va l ve wh i ch mu st be
h el d open ma n u a l l y . A su ppor t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on wh i ch t h e n ozzl e ma y be
mou n t ed wh en i t i s n ot i n u se.
F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984]
Subpart QWelding, Cutting and
Brazing
U. S . C. 653, 655, 657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or -
der s 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R 25059), 9
83 (48 F R 35736), 190 (55 F R 9033), 696 (62 F R
111), or 52002 (67 F R 65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; a n d
29 CF R pa r t 1911.
S OURCE: 55 F R 13696, Apr . 11, 1990, u n l ess
As u sed i n t h i s su bpa r t :
(a ) Welder a n d weldin g operat or mea n
a n y oper a t or of el ect r i c or ga s wel di n g
a n d cu t t i n g equ i pmen t .
(b) Approved mea n s l i st ed or a ppr oved
by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a b-
or a t or y . Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3) for defi -
n i t i on s of l i st ed a n d a ppr oved, a n d
1910. 7 for n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est -
i n g l a bor a t or y .
(c) Al l ot h er wel di n g t er ms a r e u sed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Wel di n g
S oci et y Ter ms a n d Defi n i t i on s
A3. 01969, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996]
(a ) Fire preven t ion an d prot ect ion (1)
Basic precau t ion s. F or el a bor a t i on of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
671
t h ese ba si c pr eca u t i on s a n d of t h e spe-
ci a l pr eca u t i on s of pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of
t h i s sect i on a s wel l a s a del i n ea t i on of
t h e fi r e pr ot ect i on a n d pr even t i on r e-
spon si bi l i t i es of wel der s a n d cu t t er s,
t h ei r su per vi sor s (i n cl u di n g ou t si de
con t r a ct or s) a n d t h ose i n ma n a gemen t
on wh ose pr oper t y cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g
i s t o be per for med, see S t a n da r d for
F i r e P r even t i on i n Use of Cu t t i n g a n d
Wel di n g P r ocesses, NF P A S t a n da r d
51B, 1962, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Th e ba si c
pr eca u t i on s for fi r e pr even t i on i n wel d-
i n g or cu t t i n g wor k a r e:
(i ) Fire h azards. I f t h e obj ect t o be
wel ded or cu t ca n n ot r ea di l y be moved,
a l l mova bl e fi r e h a za r ds i n t h e vi ci n i t y
sh a l l be t a k en t o a sa fe pl a ce.
(i i ) Gu ards. I f t h e obj ect t o be wel ded
or cu t ca n n ot be moved a n d i f a l l t h e
fi r e h a za r ds ca n n ot be r emoved, t h en
gu a r ds sh a l l be u sed t o con fi n e t h e
h ea t , spa r k s, a n d sl a g, a n d t o pr ot ect
t h e i mmova bl e fi r e h a za r ds.
(i i i ) Rest rict ion s. I f t h e r equ i r emen t s
st a t ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (a )(1)(i ) a n d
(a )(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on ca n n ot be fol -
l owed t h en wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g sh a l l
n ot be per for med.
(2) Special precau t ion s. Wh en t h e n a -
t u r e of t h e wor k t o be per for med fa l l s
wi t h i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph (a )(1)(i i )
of t h i s sect i on cer t a i n a ddi t i on a l pr e-
ca u t i on s ma y be n ecessa r y :
(i ) Combu st ible mat erial. Wh er ever
t h er e a r e fl oor open i n gs or cr a ck s i n
t h e fl oor i n g t h a t ca n n ot be cl osed, pr e-
ca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en so t h a t n o
r ea di l y combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s on t h e
fl oor bel ow wi l l be exposed t o spa r k s
wh i ch mi gh t dr op t h r ou gh t h e fl oor .
Th e sa me pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be obser ved
wi t h r ega r d t o cr a ck s or h ol es i n wa l l s,
open door wa y s a n d open or br ok en wi n -
dows.
(i i ) Fire ext in qu ish ers. S u i t a bl e fi r e
ext i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed i n a st a t e of r ea di n ess for
i n st a n t u se. S u ch equ i pmen t ma y con -
si st of pa i l s of wa t er , bu ck et s of sa n d,
h ose or por t a bl e ext i n gu i sh er s depen d-
i n g u pon t h e n a t u r e a n d qu a n t i t y of
t h e combu st i bl e ma t er i a l exposed.
(i i i ) Fire wat ch . (A) F i r e wa t ch er s
sh a l l be r equ i r ed wh en ever wel di n g or
cu t t i n g i s per for med i n l oca t i on s wh er e
ot h er t h a n a mi n or fi r e mi gh t devel op,
or a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s
exi st :
(1) Appr eci a bl e combu st i bl e ma t er i a l ,
i n bu i l di n g con st r u ct i on or con t en t s,
cl oser t h a n 35 feet (10. 7 m) t o t h e poi n t
of oper a t i on .
(2) Appr eci a bl e combu st i bl es a r e
mor e t h a n 35 feet (10. 7 m) a wa y bu t a r e
ea si l y i gn i t ed by spa r k s.
(3) Wa l l or fl oor open i n gs wi t h i n a 35-
foot (10. 7 m) r a di u s expose combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l i n a dj a cen t a r ea s i n cl u di n g
con cea l ed spa ces i n wa l l s or fl oor s.
(4) Combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s a r e a dj a -
cen t t o t h e opposi t e si de of met a l pa r -
t i t i on s, wa l l s, cei l i n gs, or r oofs a n d a r e
l i k el y t o be i gn i t ed by con du ct i on or
r a di a t i on .
(B) F i r e wa t ch er s sh a l l h a ve fi r e ex-
t i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t r ea di l y a va i l -
a bl e a n d be t r a i n ed i n i t s u se. Th ey
sh a l l be fa mi l i a r wi t h fa ci l i t i es for
sou n di n g a n a l a r m i n t h e even t of a
fi r e. Th ey sh a l l wa t ch for fi r es i n a l l
exposed a r ea s, t r y t o ext i n gu i sh t h em
on l y wh en obvi ou sl y wi t h i n t h e ca pa c-
i t y of t h e equ i pmen t a va i l a bl e, or ot h -
er wi se sou n d t h e a l a r m. A fi r e wa t ch
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed for a t l ea st a h a l f
h ou r a ft er compl et i on of wel di n g or
cu t t i n g oper a t i on s t o det ect a n d ext i n -
gu i sh possi bl e smol der i n g fi r es.
(i v) Au t h orizat ion . Befor e cu t t i n g or
wel di n g i s per mi t t ed, t h e a r ea sh a l l be
i n spect ed by t h e i n di vi du a l r espon si bl e
for a u t h or i zi n g cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g op-
er a t i on s. He sh a l l desi gn a t e pr e-
ca u t i on s t o be fol l owed i n gr a n t i n g a u -
t h or i za t i on t o pr oceed pr efer a bl y i n t h e
for m of a wr i t t en per mi t .
(v) Floors. Wh er e combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l s su ch a s pa per cl i ppi n gs, wood
sh a vi n gs, or t ext i l e fi ber s a r e on t h e
fl oor , t h e fl oor sh a l l be swept cl ea n for
a r a di u s of 35 feet (10. 7 m). Combu st i bl e
fl oor s sh a l l be k ept wet , cover ed wi t h
da mp sa n d, or pr ot ect ed by fi r e-r esi st -
a n t sh i el ds. Wh er e fl oor s h a ve been wet
down , per son n el oper a t i n g a r c wel di n g
or cu t t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed fr om possi bl e sh ock .
(vi ) Proh ibit ed areas. Cu t t i n g or wel d-
i n g sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed i n t h e fol -
l owi n g si t u a t i on s:
(A) I n a r ea s n ot a u t h or i zed by ma n -
a gemen t .
(B) I n spr i n k l er ed bu i l di n gs wh i l e
su ch pr ot ect i on i s i mpa i r ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
672
(C) I n t h e pr esen ce of expl osi ve
a t mosph er es (mi xt u r es of fl a mma bl e
ga ses, va por s, l i qu i ds, or du st s wi t h
a i r ), or expl osi ve a t mosph er es t h a t
ma y devel op i n si de u n cl ea n ed or i m-
pr oper l y pr epa r ed t a n k s or equ i pmen t
wh i ch h a ve pr evi ou sl y con t a i n ed su ch
ma t er i a l s, or t h a t ma y devel op i n a r ea s
wi t h a n a ccu mu l a t i on of combu st i bl e
du st s.
(D) I n a r ea s n ea r t h e st or a ge of l a r ge
qu a n t i t i es of exposed, r ea di l y i gn i t i bl e
ma t er i a l s su ch a s bu l k su l fu r , ba l ed
pa per , or cot t on .
(vi i ) Relocat ion of combu st ibles. Wh er e
pr a ct i ca bl e, a l l combu st i bl es sh a l l be
r el oca t ed a t l ea st 35 feet (10. 7 m) fr om
t h e wor k si t e. Wh er e r el oca t i on i s i m-
pr a ct i ca bl e, combu st i bl es sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wi t h fl a mepr oofed cover s or ot h -
er wi se sh i el ded wi t h met a l or a sbest os
gu a r ds or cu r t a i n s.
(vi i i ) Du ct s. Du ct s a n d con vey or sy s-
t ems t h a t mi gh t ca r r y spa r k s t o di s-
t a n t combu st i bl es sh a l l be su i t a bl y
pr ot ect ed or sh u t down .
(i x) Combu st ible walls. Wh er e cu t t i n g
or wel di n g i s don e n ea r wa l l s, pa r t i -
t i on s, cei l i n g or r oof of combu st i bl e
con st r u ct i on , fi r e-r esi st a n t sh i el ds or
gu a r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t i g-
n i t i on .
(x) Non combu st ible walls. I f wel di n g i s
t o be don e on a met a l wa l l , pa r t i t i on ,
cei l i n g or r oof, pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en t o pr even t i gn i t i on of combu st i -
bl es on t h e ot h er si de, du e t o con du c-
t i on or r a di a t i on , pr efer a bl y by r el o-
ca t i n g combu st i bl es. Wh er e combu st i -
bl es a r e n ot r el oca t ed, a fi r e wa t ch on
t h e opposi t e si de fr om t h e wor k sh a l l
be pr ovi ded.
(xi ) Combu st ible cover. Wel di n g sh a l l
n ot be a t t empt ed on a met a l pa r t i t i on ,
wa l l , cei l i n g or r oof h a vi n g a combu s-
t i bl e cover i n g n or on wa l l s or pa r t i -
t i on s of combu st i bl e sa n dwi ch -t y pe
pa n el con st r u ct i on .
(xi i ) Pipes. Cu t t i n g or wel di n g on
pi pes or ot h er met a l i n con t a ct wi t h
combu st i bl e wa l l s, pa r t i t i on s, cei l i n gs
or r oofs sh a l l n ot be u n der t a k en i f t h e
wor k i s cl ose en ou gh t o ca u se i gn i t i on
by con du ct i on .
(xi i i ) Man agemen t . Ma n a gemen t sh a l l
r ecogn i ze i t s r espon si bi l i t y for t h e sa fe
u sa ge of cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g equ i p-
men t on i t s pr oper t y a n d:
(A) Ba sed on fi r e pot en t i a l s of pl a n t
fa ci l i t i es, est a bl i sh a r ea s for cu t t i n g
a n d wel di n g, a n d est a bl i sh pr ocedu r es
for cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g, i n ot h er a r ea s.
(B) Desi gn a t e a n i n di vi du a l r espon -
si bl e for a u t h or i zi n g cu t t i n g a n d wel d-
i n g oper a t i on s i n a r ea s n ot speci fi ca l l y
desi gn ed for su ch pr ocesses.
(C) I n si st t h a t cu t t er s or wel der s a n d
t h ei r su per vi sor s a r e su i t a bl y t r a i n ed
i n t h e sa fe oper a t i on of t h ei r equ i p-
men t a n d t h e sa fe u se of t h e pr ocess.
(D) Advi se a l l con t r a ct or s a bou t
fl a mma bl e ma t er i a l s or h a za r dou s con -
di t i on s of wh i ch t h ey ma y n ot be
a wa r e.
(xi v) Su pervisor. Th e S u per vi sor :
(A) S h a l l be r espon si bl e for t h e sa fe
h a n dl i n g of t h e cu t t i n g or wel di n g
equ i pmen t a n d t h e sa fe u se of t h e cu t -
t i n g or wel di n g pr ocess.
(B) S h a l l det er mi n e t h e combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l s a n d h a za r dou s a r ea s pr esen t
or l i k el y t o be pr esen t i n t h e wor k l o-
ca t i on .
(C) S h a l l pr ot ect combu st i bl es fr om
i gn i t i on by t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) Ha ve t h e wor k moved t o a l oca -
t i on fr ee fr om da n ger ou s combu st i bl es.
(2) I f t h e wor k ca n n ot be moved, h a ve
t h e combu st i bl es moved t o a sa fe di s-
t a n ce fr om t h e wor k or h a ve t h e com-
bu st i bl es pr oper l y sh i el ded a ga i n st i g-
n i t i on .
(3) S ee t h a t cu t t i n g a n d wel di n g a r e
so sch edu l ed t h a t pl a n t oper a t i on s t h a t
mi gh t expose combu st i bl es t o i gn i t i on
a r e n ot st a r t ed du r i n g cu t t i n g or wel d-
i n g.
(D) S h a l l secu r e a u t h or i za t i on for t h e
cu t t i n g or wel di n g oper a t i on s fr om t h e
desi gn a t ed ma n a gemen t r epr esen t a -
t i ve.
(E) S h a l l det er mi n e t h a t t h e cu t t er
or wel der secu r es h i s a ppr ova l t h a t
con di t i on s a r e sa fe befor e goi n g a h ea d.
(F ) S h a l l det er mi n e t h a t fi r e pr ot ec-
t i on a n d ext i n gu i sh i n g equ i pmen t a r e
pr oper l y l oca t ed a t t h e si t e.
(G) Wh er e fi r e wa t ch es a r e r equ i r ed,
h e sh a l l see t h a t t h ey a r e a va i l a bl e a t
t h e si t e.
(xv) Fire preven t ion precau t ion s. Cu t -
t i n g or wel di n g sh a l l be per mi t t ed on l y
i n a r ea s t h a t a r e or h a ve been ma de
fi r e sa fe. Wh en wor k ca n n ot be moved
pr a ct i ca l l y , a s i n most con st r u ct i on
wor k , t h e a r ea sh a l l be ma de sa fe by
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
673
r emovi n g combu st i bl es or pr ot ect i n g
combu st i bl es fr om i gn i t i on sou r ces.
(3) Weldin g or cu t t in g con t ain ers(i )
Used con t ain ers. No wel di n g, cu t t i n g, or
ot h er h ot wor k sh a l l be per for med on
u sed dr u ms, ba r r el s, t a n k s or ot h er
con t a i n er s u n t i l t h ey h a ve been
cl ea n ed so t h or ou gh l y a s t o ma k e a bso-
l u t el y cer t a i n t h a t t h er e a r e n o fl a m-
ma bl e ma t er i a l s pr esen t or a n y su b-
st a n ces su ch a s gr ea ses, t a r s, a ci ds, or
ot h er ma t er i a l s wh i ch wh en su bj ect ed
t o h ea t , mi gh t pr odu ce fl a mma bl e or
t oxi c va por s. An y pi pe l i n es or con n ec-
t i on s t o t h e dr u m or vessel sh a l l be di s-
con n ect ed or bl a n k ed.
(i i ) Ven t in g an d pu rgin g. Al l h ol l ow
spa ces, ca vi t i es or con t a i n er s sh a l l be
ven t ed t o per mi t t h e esca pe of a i r or
ga ses befor e pr eh ea t i n g, cu t t i n g or
wel di n g. P u r gi n g wi t h i n er t ga s i s r ec-
ommen ded.
(4) Con f in ed spaces(i ) Acciden t al con -
t act . Wh en a r c wel di n g i s t o be su s-
pen ded for a n y su bst a n t i a l per i od of
t i me, su ch a s du r i n g l u n ch or over -
n i gh t , a l l el ect r odes sh a l l be r emoved
fr om t h e h ol der s a n d t h e h ol der s ca r e-
fu l l y l oca t ed so t h a t a cci den t a l con t a ct
ca n n ot occu r a n d t h e ma ch i n e be di s-
con n ect ed fr om t h e power sou r ce.
(i i ) T orch valve. I n or der t o el i mi n a t e
t h e possi bi l i t y of ga s esca pi n g t h r ou gh
l ea k s or i mpr oper l y cl osed va l ves,
wh en ga s wel di n g or cu t t i n g, t h e t or ch
va l ves sh a l l be cl osed a n d t h e ga s su p-
pl y t o t h e t or ch posi t i vel y sh u t off a t
some poi n t ou t si de t h e con fi n ed a r ea
wh en ever t h e t or ch i s n ot t o be u sed
for a su bst a n t i a l per i od of t i me, su ch
a s du r i n g l u n ch h ou r or over n i gh t .
Wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e, t h e t or ch a n d h ose
sh a l l a l so be r emoved fr om t h e con -
fi n ed spa ce.
(b) Prot ect ion of person n el(1) Gen -
eral(i ) Railin g. A wel der or h el per
wor k i n g on pl a t for ms, sca ffol ds, or
r u n wa y s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st fa l l -
i n g. Th i s ma y be a ccompl i sh ed by t h e
u se of r a i l i n gs, sa fet y bel t s, l i fe l i n es,
or some ot h er equ a l l y effect i ve sa fe-
gu a r ds.
(i i ) Weldin g cable. Wel der s sh a l l pl a ce
wel di n g ca bl e a n d ot h er equ i pmen t so
t h a t i t i s cl ea r of pa ssa gewa y s, l a dder s,
a n d st a i r wa y s.
(2) Ey e prot ect ion (i ) Select ion . (A)
Hel met s or h a n d sh i el ds sh a l l be u sed
du r i n g a l l a r c wel di n g or a r c cu t t i n g
oper a t i on s, excl u di n g su bmer ged a r c
wel di n g. Hel per s or a t t en da n t s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h pr oper ey e pr ot ect i on .
(B) Goggl es or ot h er su i t a bl e ey e pr o-
t ect i on sh a l l be u sed du r i n g a l l ga s
wel di n g or oxy gen cu t t i n g oper a t i on s.
S pect a cl es wi t h ou t si de sh i el ds, wi t h
su i t a bl e fi l t er l en ses a r e per mi t t ed for
u se du r i n g ga s wel di n g oper a t i on s on
l i gh t wor k , for t or ch br a zi n g or for i n -
spect i on .
(C) Al l oper a t or s a n d a t t en da n t s of
r esi st a n ce wel di n g or r esi st a n ce br a z-
i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l u se t r a n spa r en t
fa ce sh i el ds or goggl es, depen di n g on
t h e pa r t i cu l a r j ob, t o pr ot ect t h ei r
fa ces or ey es, a s r equ i r ed.
(D) Ey e pr ot ect i on i n t h e for m of
su i t a bl e goggl es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wh er e n eeded for br a zi n g oper a t i on s
n ot cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(i )(A)
t h r ou gh (b)(2)(i )(C) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Specif icat ion s f or prot ect ors. (A)
Hel met s a n d h a n d sh i el ds sh a l l be ma de
of a ma t er i a l wh i ch i s a n i n su l a t or for
h ea t a n d el ect r i ci t y . Hel met s, sh i el ds
a n d goggl es sh a l l be n ot r ea di l y fl a m-
ma bl e a n d sh a l l be ca pa bl e of wi t h -
st a n di n g st er i l i za t i on .
(B) Hel met s a n d h a n d sh i el ds sh a l l be
a r r a n ged t o pr ot ect t h e fa ce, n eck a n d
ea r s fr om di r ect r a di a n t en er gy fr om
t h e a r c.
(C) Hel met s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
fi l t er pl a t es a n d cover pl a t es desi gn ed
for ea sy r emova l .
(D) Al l pa r t s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed of a
ma t er i a l wh i ch wi l l n ot r ea di l y cor r ode
or di scol or t h e sk i n .
(E) Goggl es sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed t o
pr even t foggi n g of t h e l en ses a s mu ch
a s pr a ct i ca bl e.
(F ) Al l gl a ss for l en ses sh a l l be t em-
per ed, su bst a n t i a l l y fr ee fr om st r i a e,
a i r bu bbl es, wa ves a n d ot h er fl a ws. Ex-
cept wh en a l en s i s gr ou n d t o pr ovi de
pr oper opt i ca l cor r ect i on for defect i ve
vi si on , t h e fr on t a n d r ea r su r fa ces of
l en ses a n d wi n dows sh a l l be smoot h
a n d pa r a l l el .
(G) Len ses sh a l l bea r some per ma -
n en t di st i n ct i ve ma r k i n g by wh i ch t h e
sou r ce a n d sh a de ma y be r ea di l y i den t i -
fi ed.
(H) Th e fol l owi n g i s a gu i de for t h e
sel ect i on of t h e pr oper sh a de n u mber s.
Th ese r ecommen da t i on s ma y be va r i ed
t o su i t t h e i n di vi du a l s n eeds.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
674
Welding operation
Shade
No.
Shielded metal-arc welding
1
16-,
3
32-,
1
8-,
5
32-
inch electrodes ....................................................... 10
Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous)
1
16-,
3
32-,
1
8-,
5
32-inch electrodes ......................................... 11
Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous)
1
16-,
3
32-,
1
8-,
5
32-inch electrodes ................................................ 12
Shielded metal-arc welding:
3
16-,
7
32-,
1
4-inch electrodes ...................... 12
5
16-,
3
8-inch electrodes .............................. 14
Atomic hydrogen welding .......................................... 1014
Carbon arc welding ................................................... 14
Soldering .................................................................... 2
Torch brazing ............................................................. 3 or 4
Light cutting, up to 1 inch .......................................... 3 or 4
Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches ........................... 4 or 5
Heavy cutting, 6 inches and over .............................. 5 or 6
Gas welding (light) up to
1
8 inch .............................. 4 or 5
Gas welding (medium)
1
8 inch to
1
2 inch ................. 5 or 6
Gas welding (heavy)
1
2 inch and over ..................... 6 or 8
Note: In gas welding or oxygen cutting where the torch pro-
duces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter or lens
that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of
the operation.
(I ) Al l fi l t er l en ses a n d pl a t es sh a l l
meet t h e t est for t r a n smi ssi on of r a di -
a n t en er gy pr escr i bed i n ANS I Z87. 1
1968Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
P r a ct i ce for Occu pa t i on a l a n d Edu -
ca t i on a l Ey e a n d F a ce P r ot ect i on ,
(i i i ) Prot ect ion f rom arc weldin g ray s.
Wh er e t h e wor k per mi t s, t h e wel der
sh ou l d be en cl osed i n a n i n di vi du a l
boot h pa i n t ed wi t h a fi n i sh of l ow r e-
fl ect i vi t y su ch a s zi n c oxi de (a n i mpor -
t a n t fa ct or for a bsor bi n g u l t r a vi ol et
r a di a t i on s) a n d l a mp bl a ck , or sh a l l be
en cl osed wi t h n on combu st i bl e scr een s
si mi l a r l y pa i n t ed. Boot h s a n d scr een s
sh a l l per mi t ci r cu l a t i on of a i r a t fl oor
l evel . Wor k er s or ot h er per son s a dj a -
cen t t o t h e wel di n g a r ea s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed fr om t h e r a y s by n on combu s-
t i bl e or fl a mepr oof scr een s or sh i el ds
or sh a l l be r equ i r ed t o wea r a ppr o-
pr i a t e goggl es.
(3) Prot ect ive clot h in gGen eral requ ire-
men t s. Empl oy ees exposed t o t h e h a z-
a r ds cr ea t ed by wel di n g, cu t t i n g, or
br a zi n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t i n
1910. 132 of t h i s pa r t . Appr opr i a t e pr o-
t ect i ve cl ot h i n g r equ i r ed for a n y wel d-
i n g oper a t i on wi l l va r y wi t h t h e si ze,
n a t u r e a n d l oca t i on of t h e wor k t o be
per for med.
(4) Work in con f in ed spaces(i ) Gen -
eral. As u sed h er ei n con fi n ed spa ce i s
i n t en ded t o mea n a r el a t i vel y sma l l or
r est r i ct ed spa ce su ch a s a t a n k , boi l er ,
pr essu r e vessel , or sma l l compa r t men t
of a sh i p.
(i i ) Ven t ilat ion . Ven t i l a t i on i s a pr e-
r equ i si t e t o wor k i n con fi n ed spa ces.
F or ven t i l a t i on r equ i r emen t s see pa r a -
(i i i ) Secu rin g cy lin ders an d mach in ery .
Wh en wel di n g or cu t t i n g i s bei n g per -
for med i n a n y con fi n ed spa ces t h e ga s
cy l i n der s a n d wel di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l
be l eft on t h e ou t si de. Befor e oper -
a t i on s a r e st a r t ed, h ea vy por t a bl e
equ i pmen t mou n t ed on wh eel s sh a l l be
secu r el y bl ock ed t o pr even t a cci den t a l
movemen t .
(i v) L if elin es. Wh er e a wel der mu st
en t er a con fi n ed spa ce t h r ou gh a ma n -
h ol e or ot h er sma l l open i n g, mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for qu i ck l y r emovi n g
h i m i n ca se of emer gen cy . Wh en sa fet y
bel t s a n d l i fel i n es a r e u sed for t h i s pu r -
pose t h ey sh a l l be so a t t a ch ed t o t h e
wel der s body t h a t h i s body ca n n ot be
j a mmed i n a sma l l exi t open i n g. An a t -
t en da n t wi t h a pr epl a n n ed r escu e pr o-
cedu r e sh a l l be st a t i on ed ou t si de t o ob-
ser ve t h e wel der a t a l l t i mes a n d be ca -
pa bl e of pu t t i n g r escu e oper a t i on s i n t o
effect .
(v) Elect rode removal. Wh en a r c wel d-
i n g i s t o be su spen ded for a n y su bst a n -
t i a l per i od of t i me, su ch a s du r i n g
l u n ch or over n i gh t , a l l el ect r odes sh a l l
be r emoved fr om t h e h ol der s a n d t h e
h ol der s ca r efu l l y l oca t ed so t h a t a cci -
den t a l con t a ct ca n n ot occu r a n d t h e
ma ch i n e di scon n ect ed fr om t h e power
sou r ce.
(vi ) Gas cy lin der sh u t of f . I n or der t o
el i mi n a t e t h e possi bi l i t y of ga s esca p-
i n g t h r ou gh l ea k s of i mpr oper l y cl osed
va l ves, wh en ga s wel di n g or cu t t i n g,
t h e t or ch va l ves sh a l l be cl osed a n d t h e
fu el -ga s a n d oxy gen su ppl y t o t h e t or ch
posi t i vel y sh u t off a t some poi n t ou t -
si de t h e con fi n ed a r ea wh en ever t h e
t or ch i s n ot t o be u sed for a su bst a n t i a l
per i od of t i me, su ch a s du r i n g l u n ch
h ou r or over n i gh t . Wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e
t h e t or ch a n d h ose sh a l l a l so be r e-
moved fr om t h e con fi n ed spa ce.
(vi i ) Warn in g sign . Aft er wel di n g op-
er a t i on s a r e compl et ed, t h e wel der
sh a l l ma r k t h e h ot met a l or pr ovi de
some ot h er mea n s of wa r n i n g ot h er
wor k er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
675
(c) Healt h prot ect ion an d ven t ilat ion
(1) Gen eral(i ) Con t amin at ion . Th e r e-
qu i r emen t s i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph h a ve been
est a bl i sh ed on t h e ba si s of t h e fol -
l owi n g t h r ee fa ct or s i n a r c a n d ga s
wel di n g wh i ch gover n t h e a mou n t of
con t a mi n a t i on t o wh i ch wel der s ma y
be exposed:
(A) Di men si on s of spa ce i n wh i ch
wel di n g i s t o be don e (wi t h speci a l r e-
ga r d t o h ei gh t of cei l i n g).
(B) Nu mber of wel der s.
(C) P ossi bl e evol u t i on of h a za r dou s
fu mes, ga ses, or du st a ccor di n g t o t h e
met a l s i n vol ved.
(i i ) Screen s. Wh en wel di n g mu st be
per for med i n a spa ce en t i r el y scr een ed
on a l l si des, t h e scr een s sh a l l be so a r -
r a n ged t h a t n o ser i ou s r est r i ct i on of
ven t i l a t i on exi st s. I t i s desi r a bl e t o
h a ve t h e scr een s so mou n t ed t h a t t h ey
a r e a bou t 2 feet (0. 61 m) a bove t h e fl oor
u n l ess t h e wor k i s per for med a t so l ow
a l evel t h a t t h e scr een mu st be ex-
t en ded n ea r er t o t h e fl oor t o pr ot ect
n ea r by wor k er s fr om t h e gl a r e of wel d-
i n g.
(i i i ) Maximu m allowable con cen t rat ion .
Loca l exh a u st or gen er a l ven t i l a t i n g
sy st ems sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d a r r a n ged
t o k eep t h e a mou n t of t oxi c fu mes,
ga ses, or du st s bel ow t h e ma xi mu m a l -
l owa bl e con cen t r a t i on a s speci fi ed i n
1910. 1000 of t h i s pa r t .
(i v) Precau t ion ary labels. A n u mber of
pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s ma t er i a l s a r e
empl oy ed i n fl u xes, coa t i n gs, cov-
er i n gs, a n d fi l l er met a l s u sed i n wel d-
i n g a n d cu t t i n g or a r e r el ea sed t o t h e
a t mosph er e du r i n g wel di n g a n d cu t -
t i n g. Th ese i n cl u de bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed
t o t h e ma t er i a l s i t emi zed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (c)(5) t h r ou gh (c)(12) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Th e su ppl i er s of wel di n g ma t e-
r i a l s sh a l l det er mi n e t h e h a za r d, i f a n y ,
a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e u se of t h ei r ma t e-
r i a l s i n wel di n g, cu t t i n g, et c.
(A) Al l fi l l er met a l s a n d fu si bl e
gr a n u l a r ma t er i a l s sh a l l ca r r y t h e fol -
l owi n g n ot i ce, a s a mi n i mu m, on t a gs,
boxes, or ot h er con t a i n er s:
CAUTI ON
Wel di n g ma y pr odu ce fu mes a n d ga ses h a z-
a r dou s t o h ea l t h . Avoi d br ea t h i n g t h ese
fu mes a n d ga ses. Use a dequ a t e ven t i l a t i on .
S ee ANS I Z49. 1 1967 S a fet y i n Wel di n g a n d
Cu t t i n g pu bl i sh ed by t h e Amer i ca n Wel di n g
S oci et y .
(B) Br a zi n g (wel di n g) fi l l er met a l s
con t a i n i n g ca dmi u m i n si gn i fi ca n t
a mou n t s sh a l l ca r r y t h e fol l owi n g n o-
t i ce on t a gs, boxes, or ot h er con t a i n er s:
WARNI NG
CONTAI NS CADMI UMP OI S ONOUS
F UMES MAY BE F ORMED ON HEATI NG
Do n ot br ea t h e fu mes. Use on l y wi t h a de-
qu a t e ven t i l a t i on su ch a s fu me col l ect or s,
exh a u st ven t i l a t or s, or a i r -su ppl i ed r es-
pi r a t or s. S ee ANS I Z49. 1 1967. I f ch est pa i n ,
cou gh , or fever devel ops a ft er u se ca l l ph y si -
ci a n i mmedi a t el y .
(C) Br a zi n g a n d ga s wel di n g fl u xes
con t a i n i n g fl u or i n e compou n ds sh a l l
h a ve a ca u t i on a r y wor di n g t o i n di ca t e
t h a t t h ey con t a i n fl u or i n e compou n ds.
On e su ch ca u t i on a r y wor di n g r ec-
ommen ded by t h e Amer i ca n Wel di n g
S oci et y for br a zi n g a n d ga s wel di n g
fl u xes r ea ds a s fol l ows:
CAUTI ON
CONTAI NS F LUORI DES
Th i s fl u x wh en h ea t ed gi ves off fu mes t h a t
ma y i r r i t a t e ey es, n ose a n d t h r oa t .
1. Avoi d fu mesu se on l y i n wel l -ven t i l a t ed
spa ces.
2. Avoi d con t a ct of fl u x wi t h ey es or sk i n .
3. Do n ot t a k e i n t er n a l l y .
(2) Ven t ilat ion f or gen eral weldin g an d
cu t t in g(i ) Gen eral. Mech a n i ca l ven -
t i l a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en wel di n g
or cu t t i n g i s don e on met a l s n ot cov-
er ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c)(5) t h r ou gh (c)(12)
of t h i s sect i on . (F or speci fi c ma t er i a l s,
see t h e ven t i l a t i on r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (c)(5) t h r ou gh (c)(12) of t h i s
sect i on . )
(A) I n a spa ce of l ess t h a n 10, 000 cu bi c
feet (284 m
3
) per wel der .
(B) I n a r oom h a vi n g a cei l i n g h ei gh t
of l ess t h a n 16 feet (5 m).
(C) I n con fi n ed spa ces or wh er e t h e
wel di n g spa ce con t a i n s pa r t i t i on s, ba l -
con i es, or ot h er st r u ct u r a l ba r r i er s t o
t h e ext en t t h a t t h ey si gn i fi ca n t l y ob-
st r u ct cr oss ven t i l a t i on .
(i i ) Min imu m rat e. S u ch ven t i l a t i on
sh a l l be a t t h e mi n i mu m r a t e of 2, 000
cu bi c feet (57 m
3
) per mi n u t e per wel d-
er , except wh er e l oca l exh a u st h oods
a n d boot h s a s per pa r a gr a ph (c)(3) of
t h i s sect i on , or a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s a p-
pr oved by t h e Mi n e S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Admi n i st r a t i on a n d t h e Na t i on a l I n st i -
t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h , pu r su a n t t o t h e pr ovi si on s of 30
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
676
CF R pa r t 11, a r e pr ovi ded. Na t u r a l ven -
t i l a t i on i s con si der ed su ffi ci en t for
wel di n g or cu t t i n g oper a t i on s wh er e
t h e r est r i ct i on s i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(2)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on a r e n ot pr esen t .
(3) L ocal exh au st h oods an d boot h s.
Mech a n i ca l l oca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on
ma y be by mea n s of ei t h er of t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Hoods. F r eel y mova bl e h oods i n -
t en ded t o be pl a ced by t h e wel der a s
n ea r a s pr a ct i ca bl e t o t h e wor k bei n g
wel ded a n d pr ovi ded wi t h a r a t e of a i r -
fl ow su ffi ci en t t o ma i n t a i n a vel oci t y
i n t h e di r ect i on of t h e h ood of 100 l i n -
ea r feet (30 m) per mi n u t e i n t h e zon e
of wel di n g wh en t h e h ood i s a t i t s most
r emot e di st a n ce fr om t h e poi n t of
wel di n g. Th e r a t es of ven t i l a t i on r e-
qu i r ed t o a ccompl i sh t h i s con t r ol ve-
l oci t y u si n g a 3-i n ch (7. 6 cm) wi de
fl a n ged su ct i on open i n g a r e sh own i n
t h e fol l owi n g t a bl e:
Welding zone
Minimum air
flow
1
cubic
feet/minute
Duct diame-
ter, inches
2

4 to 6 inches from arc or torch 150 3
1
2
1
2
10 to 12 inches from arc or
torch ....................................... 600 5
1
2
1
When brazing with cadmium bearing materials or when
cutting on such materials increased rates of ventilation may
be required.
2
Nearest half-inch duct diameter based on 4,000 feet per
minute velocity in pipe.
(i i ) Fixed en closu re. A fi xed en cl osu r e
wi t h a t op a n d n ot l ess t h a n t wo si des
wh i ch su r r ou n d t h e wel di n g or cu t t i n g
oper a t i on s a n d wi t h a r a t e of a i r fl ow
su ffi ci en t t o ma i n t a i n a vel oci t y a wa y
fr om t h e wel der of n ot l ess t h a n 100 l i n -
ea r feet (30 m) per mi n u t e.
(4) Ven t ilat ion in con f in ed spaces(i )
Air replacemen t . Al l wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g
oper a t i on s ca r r i ed on i n con fi n ed
spa ces sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed
t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of t oxi c
ma t er i a l s or possi bl e oxy gen defi -
ci en cy . Th i s a ppl i es n ot on l y t o t h e
wel der bu t a l so t o h el per s a n d ot h er
per son n el i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t y .
Al l a i r r epl a ci n g t h a t wi t h dr a wn sh a l l
be cl ea n a n d r espi r a bl e.
(i i ) Airlin e respirat ors. I n ci r -
cu mst a n ces for wh i ch i t i s i mpossi bl e
t o pr ovi de su ch ven t i l a t i on , a i r l i n e r es-
pi r a t or s or h ose ma sk s a ppr oved for
t h i s pu r pose by t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e
for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
(NI OS H) u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 mu st be
u sed.
(i i i ) Self -con t ain ed u n it s. I n a r ea s i m-
medi a t el y h a za r dou s t o l i fe, a fu l l -fa ce-
pi ece, pr essu r e-dema n d, sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g a ppa r a t u s or a combi n a t i on
fu l l -fa cepi ece, pr essu r e-dema n d su p-
pl i ed-a i r r espi r a t or wi t h a n a u xi l i a r y ,
sel f-con t a i n ed a i r su ppl y a ppr oved by
NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84 mu st be
u sed.
(i v) Ou t side h elper. Wh er e wel di n g op-
er a t i on s a r e ca r r i ed on i n con fi n ed
spa ces a n d wh er e wel der s a n d h el per s
a r e pr ovi ded wi t h h ose ma sk s, h ose
ma sk s wi t h bl ower s or sel f-con t a i n ed
br ea t h i n g equ i pmen t a ppr oved by t h e
Mi n e S a fet y a n d Hea l t h Admi n i st r a -
t i on a n d t h e Na t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Oc-
cu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h , a wor k er
sh a l l be st a t i on ed on t h e ou t si de of
su ch con fi n ed spa ces t o i n su r e t h e sa fe-
t y of t h ose wor k i n g wi t h i n .
(v) Oxy gen f or ven t ilat ion . Oxy gen
sh a l l n ever be u sed for ven t i l a t i on .
(5) Flu orin e compou n ds(i ) Gen eral. I n
con fi n ed spa ces, wel di n g or cu t t i n g i n -
vol vi n g fl u xes, cover i n gs, or ot h er ma -
t er i a l s wh i ch con t a i n fl u or i n e com-
pou n ds sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(4) of t h i s sect i on . A
fl u or i n e compou n d i s on e t h a t con t a i n s
fl u or i n e, a s a n el emen t i n ch emi ca l
combi n a t i on , n ot a s a fr ee ga s.
(i i ) Maximu m allowable con cen t rat ion .
Th e n eed for l oca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on
or a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s for wel di n g or
cu t t i n g i n ot h er t h a n con fi n ed spa ces
wi l l depen d u pon t h e i n di vi du a l ci r -
cu mst a n ces. However , exper i en ce h a s
sh own su ch pr ot ect i on t o be desi r a bl e
for fi xed-l oca t i on pr odu ct i on wel di n g
a n d for a l l pr odu ct i on wel di n g on st a i n -
l ess st eel s. Wh er e a i r sa mpl es t a k en a t
t h e wel di n g l oca t i on i n di ca t e t h a t t h e
fl u or i des l i ber a t ed a r e bel ow t h e ma x-
i mu m a l l owa bl e con cen t r a t i on , su ch
pr ot ect i on i s n ot n ecessa r y .
(6) Z in c(i ) Con f in ed spaces. I n con -
fi n ed spa ces wel di n g or cu t t i n g i n vol v-
i n g zi n c-bea r i n g ba se or fi l l er met a l s or
met a l s coa t ed wi t h zi n c-bea r i n g ma t e-
r i a l s sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (c)(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) I n doors. I n door s, wel di n g or cu t -
t i n g i n vol vi n g zi n c-bea r i n g ba se or
fi l l er met a l s coa t ed wi t h zi n c-bea r i n g
ma t er i a l s sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
677
(7) L ead(i ) Con f in ed spaces. I n con -
fi n ed spa ces, wel di n g i n vol vi n g l ea d-
ba se met a l s (er r on eou sl y ca l l ed l ea d-
bu r n i n g) sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce
(i i ) I n doors. I n door s, wel di n g i n vol v-
i n g l ea d-ba se met a l s sh a l l be don e i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(3) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i i ) L ocal ven t ilat ion . I n con fi n ed
spa ces or i n door s, wel di n g or cu t t i n g
oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g met a l s con t a i n i n g
l ea d, ot h er t h a n a s a n i mpu r i t y , or
met a l s coa t ed wi t h l ea d-bea r i n g ma t e-
r i a l s, i n cl u di n g pa i n t , mu st be don e
u si n g l oca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on or a i r -
l i n e r espi r a t or s. S u ch oper a t i on s, wh en
don e ou t door s, mu st be don e u si n g r es-
pi r a t or s a ppr oved for t h i s pu r pose by
NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84. I n a l l
ca ses, wor k er s i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n -
i t y of t h e cu t t i n g oper a t i on mu st be
pr ot ect ed by l oca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on
or a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s.
(8) Bery lliu m. Wel di n g or cu t t i n g i n -
door s, ou t door s, or i n con fi n ed spa ces
i n vol vi n g ber y l l i u m-con t a i n i n g ba se or
fi l l er met a l s sh a l l be don e u si n g l oca l
exh a u st ven t i l a t i on a n d a i r l i n e r es-
pi r a t or s u n l ess a t mosph er i c t est s u n der
t h e most a dver se con di t i on s h a ve es-
t a bl i sh ed t h a t t h e wor k er s exposu r e i s
wi t h i n t h e a ccept a bl e con cen t r a t i on s
defi n ed by 1910. 1000 of t h i s pa r t . I n a l l
ca ses, wor k er s i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n -
i t y of t h e wel di n g or cu t t i n g oper a t i on s
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a s n ecessa r y by l oca l
exh a u st ven t i l a t i on or a i r l i n e r es-
pi r a t or s.
(9) Cadmiu m(i ) Gen eral. I n con fi n ed
spa ces or i n door s, wel di n g or cu t t i n g
oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g ca dmi u m-bea r i n g
or ca dmi u m-coa t ed ba se met a l s mu st
be don e u si n g l oca l exh a u st ven t i l a t i on
or a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s u n l ess a t mos-
ph er i c t est s u n der t h e most a dver se
con di t i on s sh ow t h a t empl oy ee expo-
su r e i s wi t h i n t h e a ccept a bl e con -
cen t r a t i on s speci fi ed by 29 CF R
1910. 1000. S u ch oper a t i on s, wh en don e
ou t door s, mu st be don e u si n g r es-
pi r a t or s, su ch a s fu me r espi r a t or s, a p-
pr oved for t h i s pu r pose by NI OS H
u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84.
(i i ) Con f in ed space. Wel di n g (br a zi n g)
i n vol vi n g ca dmi u m-bea r i n g fi l l er met -
a l s sh a l l be don e u si n g ven t i l a t i on a s
pr escr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(3) or (c)(4)
of t h i s sect i on i f t h e wor k i s t o be don e
i n a con fi n ed spa ce.
(10) Mercu ry . I n con fi n ed spa ces or i n -
door s, wel di n g or cu t t i n g oper a t i on s i n -
vol vi n g met a l s coa t ed wi t h mer cu r y -
bea r i n g ma t er i a l s, i n cl u di n g pa i n t ,
mu st be don e u si n g l oca l exh a u st ven -
t i l a t i on or a i r l i n e r espi r a t or s u n l ess a t -
mosph er i c t est s u n der t h e most a dver se
con di t i on s sh ow t h a t empl oy ee expo-
su r e i s wi t h i n t h e a ccept a bl e con -
cen t r a t i on s speci fi ed by 29 CF R
1910. 1000. S u ch oper a t i on s, wh en don e
ou t door s, mu st be don e u si n g r es-
pi r a t or s a ppr oved for t h i s pu r pose by
NI OS H u n der 42 CF R pa r t 84.
(11) Clean in g compou n ds(i ) Man u f ac-
t u rers in st ru ct ion s. I n t h e u se of cl ea n -
i n g ma t er i a l s, beca u se of t h ei r possi bl e
t oxi ci t y or fl a mma bi l i t y , a ppr opr i a t e
pr eca u t i on s su ch a s ma n u fa ct u r er s i n -
st r u ct i on s sh a l l be fol l owed.
(i i ) Degreasin g. Degr ea si n g a n d ot h er
cl ea n i n g oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g
ch l or i n a t ed h y dr oca r bon s sh a l l be so
l oca t ed t h a t n o va por s fr om t h ese oper -
a t i on s wi l l r ea ch or be dr a wn i n t o t h e
a t mosph er e su r r ou n di n g a n y wel di n g
oper a t i on . I n a ddi t i on , t r i ch l or o-
et h y l en e a n d per ch l or et h y l en e sh ou l d
be k ept ou t of a t mosph er es pen et r a t ed
by t h e u l t r a vi ol et r a di a t i on of ga s-
sh i el ded wel di n g oper a t i on s.
(12) Cu t t in g of st ain less st eels. Oxy gen
cu t t i n g, u si n g ei t h er a ch emi ca l fl u x or
i r on powder or ga s-sh i el ded a r c cu t t i n g
of st a i n l ess st eel , sh a l l be don e u si n g
mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i on a dequ a t e t o r e-
move t h e fu mes gen er a t ed.
(13) First -aid equ ipmen t . F i r st -a i d
equ i pmen t sh a l l be a va i l a bl e a t a l l
t i mes. Al l i n j u r i es sh a l l be r epor t ed a s
soon a s possi bl e for medi ca l a t t en t i on .
F i r st a i d sh a l l be r en der ed u n t i l med-
i ca l a t t en t i on ca n be pr ovi ded.
(d) I n du st rial applicat ion s(1) T ran s-
mission pipelin e(i ) Gen eral. Th e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (b) a n d (c) of
t h i s sect i on a n d 1910. 254 of t h i s pa r t
sh a l l be obser ved.
(i i ) Field sh op operat ion s. Wh er e fi el d
sh op oper a t i on s a r e i n vol ved for fa b-
r i ca t i on of fi t t i n gs, r i ver cr ossi n gs,
r oa d cr ossi n gs, a n d pu mpi n g a n d com-
pr essor st a t i on s t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph s (a ), (b), a n d (c) of t h i s sec-
t i on a n d 1910. 253 a n d 1910. 254 of t h i s
pa r t sh a l l be obser ved.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
678
(i i i ) Elect ric sh ock . Wh en a r c wel di n g
i s per for med i n wet con di t i on s, or
u n der con di t i on s of h i gh h u mi di t y , spe-
ci a l pr ot ect i on a ga i n st el ect r i c sh ock
sh a l l be su ppl i ed.
(i v) Pressu re t est in g. I n pr essu r e t est -
i n g of pi pel i n es, t h e wor k er s a n d t h e
pu bl i c sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st i n j u r y
by t h e bl owi n g ou t of cl osu r es or ot h er
pr essu r e r est r a i n i n g devi ces. Al so, pr o-
t ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded a ga i n st expu l -
si on of l oose di r t t h a t ma y h a ve be-
come t r a pped i n t h e pi pe.
(v) Con st ru ct ion st an dards. Th e wel ded
con st r u ct i on of t r a n smi ssi on pi pel i n es
sh a l l be con du ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e S t a n da r d for Wel di n g P i pe Li n es
a n d Rel a t ed F a ci l i t i es, AP I S t d. 1104
(vi ) Flammable su bst an ce lin es. Th e
con n ect i on , by wel di n g, of br a n ch es t o
pi pel i n es ca r r y i n g fl a mma bl e su b-
st a n ces sh a l l be per for med i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Wel di n g or Hot Ta ppi n g on
Equ i pmen t Con t a i n i n g F l a mma bl es,
AP I S t d. P S D No. 22011963, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6.
(vi i ) X -ray in spect ion . Th e u se of X-
r a y s a n d r a di oa ct i ve i sot opes for t h e
i n spect i on of wel ded pi pel i n e j oi n t s
sh a l l be ca r r i ed ou t i n con for ma n ce
wi t h t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
S a fet y S t a n da r d for Non -Medi ca l X-r a y
a n d S ea l ed Ga mma -Ra y S ou r ces, ANS I
(2) Mech an ical pipin g sy st ems(i ) Gen -
eral. Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(a ), (b), a n d (c) of t h i s sect i on a n d
1910. 253 a n d 1910. 254 of t h i s pa r t sh a l l
be obser ved.
(i i ) X -ray in spect ion . Th e u se of X-
r a y s a n d r a di oa ct i ve i sot opes for t h e
i n spect i on of wel ded pi pi n g j oi n t s sh a l l
be i n con for ma n ce wi t h t h e Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y S t a n da r d for
Non -Medi ca l X-r a y a n d S ea l ed Ga mma -
Ra y S ou r ces, ANS I Z54. 11963.
F R 9240, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 1284, J a n . 8, 1998]
1910.253 Oxygen-fuel gas welding
and cutting.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Flam-
mable mixt u re. Mi xt u r es of fu el ga ses
a n d a i r or oxy gen ma y be expl osi ve a n d
sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st . No devi ce or
a t t a ch men t fa ci l i t a t i n g or per mi t t i n g
mi xt u r es of a i r or oxy gen wi t h fl a m-
ma bl e ga ses pr i or t o con su mpt i on , ex-
cept a t t h e bu r n er or i n a st a n da r d
t or ch , sh a l l be a l l owed u n l ess a ppr oved
for t h e pu r pose.
(2) Maximu m pressu re. Un der n o con di -
t i on sh a l l a cet y l en e be gen er a t ed,
pi ped (except i n a ppr oved cy l i n der
ma n i fol ds) or u t i l i zed a t a pr essu r e i n
excess of 15 psi g (103 k P a ga u ge pr es-
su r e) or 30 psi a (206 k P a a bsol u t e). Th e
30 psi a (206 k P a a bsol u t e) l i mi t i s i n -
t en ded t o pr even t u n sa fe u se of
a cet y l en e i n pr essu r i zed ch a mber s su ch
a s ca i sson s, u n der gr ou n d exca va t i on s
or t u n n el con st r u ct i on . ) Th i s r equ i r e-
men t i s n ot i n t en ded t o a ppl y t o st or -
a ge of a cet y l en e di ssol ved i n a su i t a bl e
sol ven t i n cy l i n der s ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d
ma i n t a i n ed a ccor di n g t o U. S . Depa r t -
men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on r equ i r emen t s,
or t o a cet y l en e for ch emi ca l u se. Th e
u se of l i qu i d a cet y l en e sh a l l be pr oh i b-
i t ed.
(3) Apparat u s. On l y a ppr oved a ppa -
r a t u s su ch a s t or ch es, r egu l a t or s or
pr essu r e-r edu ci n g va l ves, a cet y l en e
gen er a t or s, a n d ma n i fol ds sh a l l be
u sed.
(4) Person n el. Wor k men i n ch a r ge of
t h e oxy gen or fu el -ga s su ppl y equ i p-
men t , i n cl u di n g gen er a t or s, a n d oxy gen
or fu el -ga s di st r i bu t i on pi pi n g sy st ems
sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed a n d j u dged com-
pet en t by t h ei r empl oy er s for t h i s i m-
por t a n t wor k befor e bei n g l eft i n
ch a r ge. Ru l es a n d i n st r u ct i on s cov-
er i n g t h e oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of
oxy gen or fu el -ga s su ppl y equ i pmen t
i n cl u di n g gen er a t or s, a n d oxy gen or
fu el -ga s di st r i bu t i on pi pi n g sy st ems
sh a l l be r ea di l y a va i l a bl e.
(b) Cy lin ders an d con t ain ers(1) Ap-
proval an d mark in g. (i ) Al l por t a bl e cy l -
i n der s u sed for t h e st or a ge a n d sh i p-
men t of compr essed ga ses sh a l l be con -
wi t h t h e r egu l a t i on s of t h e U. S . De-
pa r t men t of Tr a n spor t a t i on , 49 CF R
pa r t s 171179.
(i i ) Compr essed ga s cy l i n der s sh a l l be
l egi bl y ma r k ed, for t h e pu r pose of i den -
t i fy i n g t h e ga s con t en t , wi t h ei t h er t h e
ch emi ca l or t h e t r a de n a me of t h e ga s.
S u ch ma r k i n g sh a l l be by mea n s of
st en ci l i n g, st a mpi n g, or l a bel i n g, a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
679
sh a l l n ot be r ea di l y r emova bl e. Wh en -
ever pr a ct i ca l , t h e ma r k i n g sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed on t h e sh ou l der of t h e cy l i n der .
Th i s met h od con for ms t o t h e Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d Met h od for Ma r k i n g
P or t a bl e Compr essed Ga s Con t a i n er s t o
I den t i fy t h e Ma t er i a l Con t a i n ed, ANS I
(i i i ) Compr essed ga s cy l i n der s sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h con n ect i on s com-
pl y i n g wi t h t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d Compr essed Ga s Cy l i n der
Va l ve Ou t l et a n d I n l et Con n ect i on s,
ANS I B57. 11965, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(i v) Al l cy l i n der s wi t h a wa t er wei gh t
ca pa ci t y of over 30 pou n ds (13. 6 k g)
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h mea n s of con -
n ect i n g a va l ve pr ot ect i on ca p or wi t h
a col l a r or r ecess t o pr ot ect t h e va l ve.
(2) St orage of cy lin dersgen eral. (i )
Cy l i n der s sh a l l be k ept a wa y fr om r a di -
a t or s a n d ot h er sou r ces of h ea t .
(i i ) I n si de of bu i l di n gs, cy l i n der s
sh a l l be st or ed i n a wel l -pr ot ect ed,
wel l -ven t i l a t ed, dr y l oca t i on , a t l ea st
20 feet (6. 1 m) fr om h i gh l y combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l s su ch a s oi l or excel si or . Cy l -
i n der s sh ou l d be st or ed i n defi n i t el y a s-
si gn ed pl a ces a wa y fr om el eva t or s,
st a i r s, or ga n gwa y s. Assi gn ed st or a ge
spa ces sh a l l be l oca t ed wh er e cy l i n der s
wi l l n ot be k n ock ed over or da ma ged
by pa ssi n g or fa l l i n g obj ect s, or su bj ect
t o t a mper i n g by u n a u t h or i zed per son s.
Cy l i n der s sh a l l n ot be k ept i n
u n ven t i l a t ed en cl osu r es su ch a s l ock er s
a n d cu pboa r ds.
(i i i ) Empt y cy l i n der s sh a l l h a ve t h ei r
va l ves cl osed.
(i v) Va l ve pr ot ect i on ca ps, wh er e cy l -
i n der i s desi gn ed t o a ccept a ca p, sh a l l
a l wa y s be i n pl a ce, h a n d-t i gh t , except
wh en cy l i n der s a r e i n u se or con n ect ed
for u se.
(3) Fu el-gas cy lin der st orage. I n si de a
bu i l di n g, cy l i n der s, except t h ose i n a c-
t u a l u se or a t t a ch ed r ea dy for u se,
sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o a t ot a l ga s ca pa ci t y
of 2, 000 cu bi c feet (56 m
3
) or 300 pou n ds
(135. 9 k g) of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s.
(i ) F or st or a ge i n excess of 2, 000 cu bi c
feet (56 m
3
) t ot a l ga s ca pa ci t y of cy l -
i n der s or 300 (135. 9 k g) pou n ds of l i qu e-
fi ed pet r ol eu m ga s, a sepa r a t e r oom or
compa r t men t con for mi n g t o t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(6)(i )(H) a n d (f)(6)(i )(I ) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded, or cy l i n der s sh a l l be
k ept ou t si de or i n a speci a l bu i l di n g.
S peci a l bu i l di n gs, r ooms or compa r t -
men t s sh a l l h a ve n o open fl a me for
h ea t i n g or l i gh t i n g a n d sh a l l be wel l
ven t i l a t ed. Th ey ma y a l so be u sed for
st or a ge of ca l ci u m ca r bi de i n qu a n -
t i t i es n ot t o exceed 600 (271. 8 k g)
pou n ds, wh en con t a i n ed i n met a l con -
t a i n er s compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(g)(1)(i ) a n d (g)(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Acet y l en e cy l i n der s sh a l l be
st or ed va l ve en d u p.
(4) Oxy gen st orage. (i ) Oxy gen cy l -
i n der s sh a l l n ot be st or ed n ea r h i gh l y
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l , especi a l l y oi l
a n d gr ea se; or n ea r r eser ve st ock s of
ca r bi de a n d a cet y l en e or ot h er fu el -ga s
cy l i n der s, or n ea r a n y ot h er su bst a n ce
l i k el y t o ca u se or a ccel er a t e fi r e; or i n
a n a cet y l en e gen er a t or compa r t men t .
(i i ) Oxy gen cy l i n der s st or ed i n ou t -
si de gen er a t or h ou ses sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed fr om t h e gen er a t or or ca r bi de
st or a ge r ooms by a n on combu st i bl e
pa r t i t i on h a vi n g a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t -
i n g of a t l ea st 1 h ou r . Th i s pa r t i t i on
sh a l l be wi t h ou t open i n gs a n d sh a l l be
ga st i gh t .
(i i i ) Oxy gen cy l i n der s i n st or a ge sh a l l
be sepa r a t ed fr om fu el -ga s cy l i n der s or
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s (especi a l l y oi l
or gr ea se), a mi n i mu m di st a n ce of 20
feet (6. 1 m) or by a n on combu st i bl e ba r -
r i er a t l ea st 5 feet (1. 5 m) h i gh h a vi n g
a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st on e-
h a l f h ou r .
(i v) Wh er e a l i qu i d oxy gen sy st em i s
t o be u sed t o su ppl y ga seou s oxy gen for
wel di n g or cu t t i n g a n d t h e sy st em h a s
a st or a ge ca pa ci t y of mor e t h a n 13, 000
cu bi c feet (364 m
3
) of oxy gen (mea su r ed
a t 14. 7 psi a (101 k P a ) a n d 70 F (21. 1
C)), con n ect ed i n ser vi ce or r ea dy for
ser vi ce, or mor e t h a n 25, 000 cu bi c feet
(700 m
3
) of oxy gen (mea su r ed a t 14. 7
psi a (101 k P a ) a n d 70 F (21. 1 C)), i n -
cl u di n g u n con n ect ed r eser ves on h a n d
a t t h e si t e, i t sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
pr ovi si on s of t h e S t a n da r d for Bu l k Ox-
y gen S y st ems a t Con su mer S i t es,
1910. 6.
(5) Operat in g procedu res. (i ) Cy l i n der s,
cy l i n der va l ves, cou pl i n gs, r egu l a t or s,
h ose, a n d a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be k ept fr ee
fr om oi l y or gr ea sy su bst a n ces. Oxy gen
cy l i n der s or a ppa r a t u s sh a l l n ot be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
680
h a n dl ed wi t h oi l y h a n ds or gl oves. A
j et of oxy gen mu st n ever be per mi t t ed
t o st r i k e a n oi l y su r fa ce, gr ea sy
cl ot h es, or en t er a fu el oi l or ot h er
st or a ge t a n k .
(i i )(A) Wh en t r a n spor t i n g cy l i n der s
by a cr a n e or der r i ck , a cr a dl e, boa t , or
su i t a bl e pl a t for m sh a l l be u sed. S l i n gs
or el ect r i c ma gn et s sh a l l n ot be u sed
for t h i s pu r pose. Va l ve-pr ot ect i on ca ps,
wh er e cy l i n der i s desi gn ed t o a ccept a
ca p, sh a l l a l wa y s be i n pl a ce.
(B) Cy l i n der s sh a l l n ot be dr opped or
st r u ck or per mi t t ed t o st r i k e ea ch
ot h er vi ol en t l y .
(C) Va l ve-pr ot ect i on ca ps sh a l l n ot be
u sed for l i ft i n g cy l i n der s fr om on e
ver t i ca l posi t i on t o a n ot h er . Ba r s sh a l l
n ot be u sed u n der va l ves or va l ve-pr o-
t ect i on ca ps t o pr y cy l i n der s l oose
wh en fr ozen t o t h e gr ou n d or ot h er wi se
fi xed; t h e u se of wa r m (n ot boi l i n g)
wa t er i s r ecommen ded. Va l ve-pr ot ec-
t i on ca ps a r e desi gn ed t o pr ot ect cy l -
i n der va l ves fr om da ma ge.
(D) Un l ess cy l i n der s a r e secu r ed on a
speci a l t r u ck , r egu l a t or s sh a l l be r e-
moved a n d va l ve-pr ot ect i on ca ps, wh en
pr ovi ded for , sh a l l be pu t i n pl a ce be-
for e cy l i n der s a r e moved.
(E) Cy l i n der s n ot h a vi n g fi xed h a n d
wh eel s sh a l l h a ve k ey s, h a n dl es, or
n on a dj u st a bl e wr en ch es on va l ve st ems
wh i l e t h ese cy l i n der s a r e i n ser vi ce. I n
mu l t i pl e cy l i n der i n st a l l a t i on s on l y
on e k ey or h a n dl e i s r equ i r ed for ea ch
ma n i fol d.
(F ) Cy l i n der va l ves sh a l l be cl osed be-
for e movi n g cy l i n der s.
(G) Cy l i n der va l ves sh a l l be cl osed
wh en wor k i s fi n i sh ed.
(H) Va l ves of empt y cy l i n der s sh a l l
be cl osed.
(I ) Cy l i n der s sh a l l be k ept fa r en ou gh
a wa y fr om t h e a ct u a l wel di n g or cu t -
t i n g oper a t i on so t h a t spa r k s, h ot sl a g,
or fl a me wi l l n ot r ea ch t h em, or fi r e-
r esi st a n t sh i el ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(J ) Cy l i n der s sh a l l n ot be pl a ced
wh er e t h ey mi gh t become pa r t of a n
el ect r i c ci r cu i t . Con t a ct s wi t h t h i r d
r a i l s, t r ol l ey wi r es, et c. , sh a l l be a voi d-
ed. Cy l i n der s sh a l l be k ept a wa y fr om
r a di a t or s, pi pi n g sy st ems, l a y ou t t a -
bl es, et c. , t h a t ma y be u sed for gr ou n d-
i n g el ect r i c ci r cu i t s su ch a s for a r c
wel di n g ma ch i n es. An y pr a ct i ce su ch
a s t h e t a ppi n g of a n el ect r ode a ga i n st a
cy l i n der t o st r i k e a n a r c sh a l l be pr o-
h i bi t ed.
(K) Cy l i n der s sh a l l n ever be u sed a s
r ol l er s or su ppor t s, wh et h er fu l l or
empt y .
(L) Th e n u mber s a n d ma r k i n gs
st a mped i n t o cy l i n der s sh a l l n ot be
t a mper ed wi t h .
(M) No per son , ot h er t h a n t h e ga s
su ppl i er , sh a l l a t t empt t o mi x ga ses i n
a cy l i n der . No on e, except t h e own er of
t h e cy l i n der or per son a u t h or i zed by
h i m, sh a l l r efi l l a cy l i n der .
(N) No on e sh a l l t a mper wi t h sa fet y
devi ces i n cy l i n der s or va l ves.
(O) Cy l i n der s sh a l l n ot be dr opped or
ot h er wi se r ou gh l y h a n dl ed.
(P ) Un l ess con n ect ed t o a ma n i fol d,
oxy gen fr om a cy l i n der sh a l l n ot be
u sed wi t h ou t fi r st a t t a ch i n g a n oxy gen
r egu l a t or t o t h e cy l i n der va l ve. Befor e
con n ect i n g t h e r egu l a t or t o t h e cy l -
i n der va l ve, t h e va l ve sh a l l be open ed
sl i gh t l y for a n i n st a n t a n d t h en cl osed.
Al wa y s st a n d t o on e si de of t h e ou t l et
wh en open i n g t h e cy l i n der va l ve.
(Q) A h a mmer or wr en ch sh a l l n ot be
u sed t o open cy l i n der va l ves. I f va l ves
ca n n ot be open ed by h a n d, t h e su ppl i er
sh a l l be n ot i fi ed.
(R)(1) Cy l i n der va l ves sh a l l n ot be
t a mper ed wi t h n or sh ou l d a n y a t t empt
be ma de t o r epa i r t h em. I f t r ou bl e i s
exper i en ced, t h e su ppl i er sh ou l d be
sen t a r epor t pr ompt l y i n di ca t i n g t h e
ch a r a ct er of t h e t r ou bl e a n d t h e cy l -
i n der s ser i a l n u mber . S u ppl i er s i n -
st r u ct i on s a s t o i t s di sposi t i on sh a l l be
fol l owed.
(2) Compl et e r emova l of t h e st em
fr om a di a ph r a gm-t y pe cy l i n der va l ve
sh a l l be a voi ded.
(i i i )(A) F u el -ga s cy l i n der s sh a l l be
pl a ced wi t h va l ve en d u p wh en ever
t h ey a r e i n u se. Li qu efi ed ga ses sh a l l
be st or ed a n d sh i pped wi t h t h e va l ve
en d u p.
(B) Cy l i n der s sh a l l be h a n dl ed ca r e-
fu l l y . Rou gh h a n dl i n g, k n ock s, or fa l l s
a r e l i a bl e t o da ma ge t h e cy l i n der ,
va l ve or sa fet y devi ces a n d ca u se l ea k -
a ge.
(C) Befor e con n ect i n g a r egu l a t or t o
a cy l i n der va l ve, t h e va l ve sh a l l be
open ed sl i gh t l y a n d cl osed i mme-
di a t el y . Th e va l ve sh a l l be open ed
wh i l e st a n di n g t o on e si de of t h e ou t -
l et ; n ever i n fr on t of i t . Never cr a ck a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
681
fu el -ga s cy l i n der va l ve n ea r ot h er wel d-
i n g wor k or n ea r spa r k s, fl a me, or
ot h er possi bl e sou r ces of i gn i t i on .
(D) Befor e a r egu l a t or i s r emoved
fr om a cy l i n der va l ve, t h e cy l i n der
va l ve sh a l l be cl osed a n d t h e ga s r e-
l ea sed fr om t h e r egu l a t or .
(E) Not h i n g sh a l l be pl a ced on t op of
a n a cet y l en e cy l i n der wh en i n u se
wh i ch ma y da ma ge t h e sa fet y devi ce or
i n t er fer e wi t h t h e qu i ck cl osi n g of t h e
va l ve.
(F ) I f cy l i n der s a r e fou n d t o h a ve
l ea k y va l ves or fi t t i n gs wh i ch ca n n ot
be st opped by cl osi n g of t h e va l ve, t h e
cy l i n der s sh a l l be t a k en ou t door s a wa y
fr om sou r ces of i gn i t i on a n d sl owl y
empt i ed.
(G) A wa r n i n g sh ou l d be pl a ced n ea r
cy l i n der s h a vi n g l ea k i n g fu se pl u gs or
ot h er l ea k i n g sa fet y devi ces n ot t o a p-
pr oa ch t h em wi t h a l i gh t ed ci ga r et t e or
ot h er sou r ce of i gn i t i on . S u ch cy l i n der s
sh ou l d be pl a i n l y t a gged; t h e su ppl i er
sh ou l d be pr ompt l y n ot i fi ed a n d h i s i n -
st r u ct i on s fol l owed a s t o t h ei r r et u r n .
(H) S a fet y devi ces sh a l l n ot be t a m-
per ed wi t h .
(I ) F u el -ga s sh a l l n ever be u sed fr om
cy l i n der s t h r ou gh t or ch es or ot h er de-
vi ces equ i pped wi t h sh u t off va l ves
wi t h ou t r edu ci n g t h e pr essu r e t h r ou gh
a su i t a bl e r egu l a t or a t t a ch ed t o t h e
cy l i n der va l ve or ma n i fol d.
(J ) Th e cy l i n der va l ve sh a l l a l wa y s be
open ed sl owl y .
(K) An a cet y l en e cy l i n der va l ve sh a l l
n ot be open ed mor e t h a n on e a n d on e-
h a l f t u r n s of t h e spi n dl e, a n d pr ef-
er a bl y n o mor e t h a n t h r ee-fou r t h s of a
t u r n .
(L) Wh er e a speci a l wr en ch i s r e-
qu i r ed i t sh a l l be l eft i n posi t i on on t h e
st em of t h e va l ve wh i l e t h e cy l i n der i s
i n u se so t h a t t h e fu el -ga s fl ow ca n be
qu i ck l y t u r n ed off i n ca se of emer -
gen cy . I n t h e ca se of ma n i fol ded or
cou pl ed cy l i n der s a t l ea st on e su ch
wr en ch sh a l l a l wa y s be a va i l a bl e for
i mmedi a t e u se.
(c) Man if oldin g of cy lin ders(1) Fu el-
gas man if olds. (i ) Ma n i fol ds sh a l l be a p-
pr oved ei t h er sepa r a t el y for ea ch com-
pon en t pa r t or a s a n a ssembl ed u n i t .
(i i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(1)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on fu el -ga s cy l -
i n der s con n ect ed t o on e ma n i fol d i n -
si de a bu i l di n g sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o a
t ot a l ca pa ci t y n ot exceedi n g 300 pou n ds
(135. 9 k g) of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s or
3, 000 cu bi c feet (84 m
3
) of ot h er fu el -
ga s. Mor e t h a n on e su ch ma n i fol d wi t h
con n ect ed cy l i n der s ma y be l oca t ed i n
t h e sa me r oom pr ovi ded t h e ma n i fol ds
a r e a t l ea st 50 feet (15 m) a pa r t or sepa -
r a t ed by a n on combu st i bl e ba r r i er a t
l ea st 5 feet (1. 5 m) h i gh h a vi n g a fi r e-
r esi st a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st on e-h a l f
h ou r .
(i i i ) F u el -ga s cy l i n der s con n ect ed t o
on e ma n i fol d h a vi n g a n a ggr ega t e ca -
pa ci t y exceedi n g 300 pou n ds (135. 9 k g)
of l i qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s or 3, 000
cu bi c feet (84 m
3
) of ot h er fu el -ga s
sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t door s, or i n a sepa -
r a t e bu i l di n g or r oom con st r u ct ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (f)(6)(i )(H)
a n d (f)(6)(i )(I ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) S epa r a t e ma n i fol d bu i l di n gs or
r ooms ma y a l so be u sed for t h e st or a ge
of dr u ms of ca l ci u m ca r bi de a n d cy l -
i n der s con t a i n i n g fu el ga ses a s pr o-
vi ded i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on . S u ch bu i l di n gs or r ooms sh a l l
h a ve n o open fl a mes for h ea t i n g or
l i gh t i n g a n d sh a l l be wel l -ven t i l a t ed.
(v) Hi gh -pr essu r e fu el -ga s ma n i fol ds
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a ppr oved pr es-
su r e r egu l a t i n g devi ces.
(2) High -pressu re oxy gen man if olds (f or
u se wit h cy lin ders h avin g a Depart men t
of T ran sport at ion service pressu re above
200 psig (1. 36 MPa)). (i ) Ma n i fol ds sh a l l
be a ppr oved ei t h er sepa r a t el y for ea ch
compon en t pa r t or a s a n a ssembl ed
u n i t .
(i i ) Oxy gen ma n i fol ds sh a l l n ot be l o-
ca t ed i n a n a cet y l en e gen er a t or r oom.
Oxy gen ma n i fol ds sh a l l be sepa r a t ed
fr om fu el -ga s cy l i n der s or combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l s (especi a l l y oi l or gr ea se), a
mi n i mu m di st a n ce of 20 feet (6. 1 m) or
by a n on combu st i bl e ba r r i er a t l ea st 5
feet (1. 5 m) h i gh h a vi n g a fi r e-r esi st -
a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st on e-h a l f h ou r .
(i i i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on , oxy gen cy l -
i n der s con n ect ed t o on e ma n i fol d sh a l l
be l i mi t ed t o a t ot a l ga s ca pa ci t y of
6, 000 cu bi c feet (168 m
3
). Mor e t h a n on e
su ch ma n i fol d wi t h con n ect ed cy l i n der s
ma y be l oca t ed i n t h e sa me r oom pr o-
vi ded t h e ma n i fol ds a r e a t l ea st 50 feet
(15 m) a pa r t or sepa r a t ed by a n on -
combu st i bl e ba r r i er a t l ea st 5 feet (1. 5
m) h i gh h a vi n g a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t i n g
of a t l ea st on e-h a l f h ou r .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
682
(i v) An oxy gen ma n i fol d, t o wh i ch
cy l i n der s h a vi n g a n a ggr ega t e ca pa ci t y
of mor e t h a n 6, 000 cu bi c feet (168 m
3
) of
oxy gen a r e con n ect ed, sh ou l d be l o-
ca t ed ou t door s or i n a sepa r a t e n on -
combu st i bl e bu i l di n g. S u ch a ma n i fol d,
i f l oca t ed i n si de a bu i l di n g h a vi n g
ot h er occu pa n cy , sh a l l be l oca t ed i n a
sepa r a t e r oom of n on combu st i bl e con -
st r u ct i on h a vi n g a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t -
i n g of a t l ea st on e-h a l f h ou r or i n a n
a r ea wi t h n o combu st i bl e ma t er i a l
wi t h i n 20 feet (6. 1 m) of t h e ma n i fol d.
(v) An oxy gen ma n i fol d or oxy gen
bu l k su ppl y sy st em wh i ch h a s st or a ge
ca pa ci t y of mor e t h a n 13, 000 cu bi c feet
(364 m
3
) of oxy gen (mea su r ed a t 14. 7
psi a (101 k P a ) a n d 70 F (21. 1 C)), con -
n ect ed i n ser vi ce or r ea dy for ser vi ce,
or mor e t h a n 25, 000 cu bi c feet (700 m
3
)
of oxy gen (mea su r ed a t 14. 7 psi a (101
k P a ) a n d 70 F (21. 1 C)), i n cl u di n g
u n con n ect ed r eser ves on h a n d a t t h e
si t e, sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s
of t h e S t a n da r d for Bu l k Oxy gen S y s-
t ems a t Con su mer S i t es, NF P A No. 566
1965.
(vi ) Hi gh -pr essu r e oxy gen ma n i fol ds
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a ppr oved pr es-
su r e-r egu l a t i n g devi ces.
(3) L ow-pressu re oxy gen man if olds (f or
u se wit h cy lin ders h avin g a Depart men t
of T ran sport at ion service pressu re n ot ex-
ceedin g 200 psig (1. 36 MPa)). (i ) Ma n i -
fol ds sh a l l be of su bst a n t i a l con st r u c-
t i on su i t a bl e for u se wi t h oxy gen a t a
pr essu r e of 250 psi g (1. 7 MP a ). Th ey
sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m bu r st i n g pr es-
su r e of 1, 000 psi g (6. 8 MP a ) a n d sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed by a sa fet y r el i ef devi ce
wh i ch wi l l r el i eve a t a ma xi mu m pr es-
su r e of 500 psi g (3. 4 MP a ). DOT4L200
cy l i n der s h a ve sa fet y devi ces wh i ch r e-
l i eve a t a ma xi mu m pr essu r e of 250 psi g
(1. 7 MP a ) (or 235 psi g (1. 6 MP a ) i f va cu -
u m i n su l a t i on i s u sed).
(i i ) Hose a n d h ose con n ect i on s su b-
j ect t o cy l i n der pr essu r e sh a l l compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
Hose sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m bu r st i n g
pr essu r e of 1, 000 psi g (6. 8 MP a ).
(i i i ) Th e a ssembl ed ma n i fol d i n cl u d-
i n g l ea ds sh a l l be t est ed a n d pr oven
ga s-t i gh t a t a pr essu r e of 300 psi g (2. 04
MP a ). Th e fl u i d u sed for t est i n g oxy gen
ma n i fol ds sh a l l be oi l -fr ee a n d n ot
combu st i bl e.
(i v) Th e l oca t i on of ma n i fol ds sh a l l
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c)(2)(i i ),
(c)(2)(i i i ), (c)(2)(i v), a n d (c)(2)(v) of t h i s
sect i on .
(v) Th e fol l owi n g si gn sh a l l be con -
spi cu ou sl y post ed a t ea ch ma n i fol d:
Low-P r essu r e Ma n i fol d
Do Not Con n ect Hi gh -P r essu r e Cy l i n der s
Ma xi mu m P r essu r e250 psi g (1. 7 MP a )
(4) Port able ou t let h eaders. (i ) P or t a bl e
ou t l et h ea der s sh a l l n ot be u sed i n -
door s except for t empor a r y ser vi ce
wh er e t h e con di t i on s pr ecl u de a di r ect
su ppl y fr om ou t l et s l oca t ed on t h e
ser vi ce pi pi n g sy st em.
(i i ) Ea ch ou t l et on t h e ser vi ce pi pi n g
fr om wh i ch oxy gen or fu el -ga s i s wi t h -
dr a wn t o su ppl y a por t a bl e ou t l et h ea d-
er sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e sh u t off va l ve.
(i i i ) Hose a n d h ose con n ect i on s u sed
for con n ect i n g t h e por t a bl e ou t l et
h ea der t o t h e ser vi ce pi pi n g sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i v) Ma st er sh u t off va l ves for bot h
oxy gen a n d fu el -ga s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a t t h e en t r y en d of t h e por t a bl e ou t l et
h ea der .
(v) P or t a bl e ou t l et h ea der s for fu el -
ga s ser vi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n
a ppr oved h y dr a u l i c ba ck -pr essu r e va l ve
i n st a l l ed a t t h e i n l et a n d pr ecedi n g t h e
ser vi ce ou t l et s, u n l ess a n a ppr oved
pr essu r e-r edu ci n g r egu l a t or , a n a p-
pr oved ba ck -fl ow ch eck va l ve, or a n a p-
pr oved h y dr a u l i c ba ck -pr essu r e va l ve i s
i n st a l l ed a t ea ch ou t l et . Ou t l et s pr o-
vi ded on h ea der s for oxy gen ser vi ce
ma y be fi t t ed for u se wi t h pr essu r e-r e-
du ci n g r egu l a t or s or for di r ect h ose
con n ect i on .
(vi ) Ea ch ser vi ce ou t l et on por t a bl e
ou t l et h ea der s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
va l ve a ssembl y t h a t i n cl u des a det a ch -
a bl e ou t l et sea l ca p, ch a i n ed or ot h er -
wi se a t t a ch ed t o t h e body of t h e va l ve.
(vi i ) Ma t er i a l s a n d fa br i ca t i on pr oce-
du r es for por t a bl e ou t l et h ea der s sh a l l
compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)(1), (d)(2),
a n d (d)(5) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi i i ) P or t a bl e ou t l et h ea der s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h fr a mes wh i ch wi l l su p-
por t t h e equ i pmen t secu r el y i n t h e cor -
r ect oper a t i n g posi t i on a n d pr ot ect
t h em fr om da ma ge du r i n g h a n dl i n g a n d
oper a t i on .
(5) Man if old operat ion procedu res. (i )
Cy l i n der ma n i fol ds sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
683
u n der t h e su per vi si on of someon e fa -
mi l i a r wi t h t h e pr oper pr a ct i ces wi t h
r efer en ce t o t h ei r con st r u ct i on a n d u se.
(i i ) Al l ma n i fol ds a n d pa r t s u sed i n
met h ods of ma n i fol di n g sh a l l be u sed
on l y for t h e ga s or ga ses for wh i ch t h ey
a r e a ppr oved.
(i i i ) Wh en a cet y l en e cy l i n der s a r e
cou pl ed, a ppr oved fl a sh a r r est er s sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed bet ween ea ch cy l i n der a n d
t h e cou pl er bl ock . F or ou t door u se
on l y , a n d wh en t h e n u mber of cy l i n der s
cou pl ed does n ot exceed t h r ee, on e
fl a sh a r r est er i n st a l l ed bet ween t h e
cou pl er bl ock a n d r egu l a t or i s a ccept -
a bl e.
(i v) Th e a ggr ega t e ca pa ci t y of fu el -
ga s cy l i n der s con n ect ed t o a por t a bl e
ma n i fol d i n si de a bu i l di n g sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 3, 000 cu bi c feet (84 m
3
) of ga s.
(v) Acet y l en e a n d l i qu efi ed fu el -ga s
cy l i n der s sh a l l be ma n i fol ded i n a
ver t i ca l posi t i on .
(vi ) Th e pr essu r e i n t h e ga s cy l i n der s
con n ect ed t o a n d di sch a r ged si mu l t a -
n eou sl y t h r ou gh a common ma n i fol d
sh a l l be a ppr oxi ma t el y equ a l .
(d) Service pipin g sy st ems(1) Mat erials
an d design . (i )(A) P i pi n g a n d fi t t i n gs
sh a l l compl y wi t h sect i on 2, I n du st r i a l
Ga s a n d Ai r P i pi n g S y st ems, of t h e
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d Code for
P r essu r e P i pi n g ANS I B31. 1, 1967, wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6, i n sofa r a s i t does n ot
con fl i ct wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)(1)(i )(A)(1)
a n d (d)(1)(i )(A)(2) of t h i s sect i on :
(1) P i pe sh a l l be a t l ea st S ch edu l e 40
a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be a t l ea st st a n da r d
wei gh t i n si zes u p t o a n d i n cl u di n g 6-
i n ch n omi n a l .
(2) Copper t u bi n g sh a l l be Ty pes K or
L i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e S t a n da r d
S peci fi ca t i on for S ea ml ess Copper
Wa t er Tu be, AS TM B8866a , wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6.
(B) P i pi n g sh a l l be st eel , wr ou gh t
i r on , br a ss or copper pi pe, or sea ml ess
copper , br a ss or st a i n l ess st eel t u bi n g,
except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s
(d)(1)(i i ) a n d (d)(1)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i )(A) Oxy gen pi pi n g a n d fi t t i n gs a t
pr essu r es i n excess of 700 psi (4. 8 MP a ),
sh a l l be st a i n l ess st eel or copper a l l oy s.
(B) Hose con n ect i on s a n d h ose com-
pl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e)(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on ma y be u sed t o con n ect t h e ou t l et
of a ma n i fol d pr essu r e r egu l a t or t o pi p-
i n g pr ovi di n g t h e wor k i n g pr essu r e of
t h e pi pi n g i s 250 psi (1. 7 MP a ) or l ess
a n d t h e l en gt h of t h e h ose does n ot ex-
ceed 5 feet (1. 5 m). Hose sh a l l h a ve a
mi n i mu m bu r st i n g pr essu r e of 1, 000
psi g (6. 8 MP a ).
(C) Wh en oxy gen i s su ppl i ed t o a
ser vi ce pi pi n g sy st em fr om a l ow-pr es-
su r e oxy gen ma n i fol d wi t h ou t a n i n t er -
ven i n g pr essu r e r egu l a t i n g devi ce, t h e
pi pi n g sy st em sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m
desi gn pr essu r e of 250 psi g (1. 7 MP a ). A
pr essu r e r egu l a t i n g devi ce sh a l l be u sed
a t ea ch st a t i on ou t l et wh en t h e con -
n ect ed equ i pmen t i s for u se a t pr es-
su r es l ess t h a n 250 psi g (1. 7 MP a ).
(i i i )(A) P i pi n g for a cet y l en e or
a cet y l en i c compou n ds sh a l l be st eel or
wr ou gh t i r on .
(B) Un a l l oy ed copper sh a l l n ot be
u sed for a cet y l en e or a cet y l en i c com-
pou n ds except i n l i st ed equ i pmen t .
(2) Pipin g join t s. (i ) J oi n t s i n st eel or
wr ou gh t i r on pi pi n g sh a l l be wel ded,
t h r ea ded or fl a n ged. F i t t i n gs, su ch a s
el l s, t ees, cou pl i n gs, a n d u n i on s, ma y
be r ol l ed, for ged or ca st st eel , ma l l e-
a bl e i r on or n odu l a r i r on . Gr a y or
wh i t e ca st i r on fi t t i n gs a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(i i ) J oi n t s i n br a ss or copper pi pe
sh a l l be wel ded, br a zed, t h r ea ded, or
fl a n ged. I f of t h e sock et t y pe, t h ey
sh a l l be br a zed wi t h si l ver -br a zi n g
a l l oy or si mi l a r h i gh mel t i n g poi n t
(n ot l ess t h a n 800 F (427 C)) fi l l er
met a l .
(i i i ) J oi n t s i n sea ml ess copper , br a ss,
or st a i n l ess st eel t u bi n g sh a l l be a p-
pr oved ga s t u bi n g fi t t i n gs or t h e j oi n t s
sh a l l be br a zed. I f of t h e sock et t y pe,
t h ey sh a l l be br a zed wi t h si l ver -br a zi n g
a l l oy or si mi l a r h i gh mel t i n g poi n t
(n ot l ess t h a n 800 F (427 C)) fi l l er
met a l .
(3) I n st allat ion . (i ) Di st r i bu t i on l i n es
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a
sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on .
(i i ) Al l pi pi n g sh a l l be r u n a s di r ect l y
a s pr a ct i ca bl e, pr ot ect ed a ga i n st ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge, pr oper a l l owa n ce bei n g
ma de for expa n si on a n d con t r a ct i on ,
j a r r i n g a n d vi br a t i on . P i pe l a i d u n der -
gr ou n d i n ea r t h sh a l l be l oca t ed bel ow
t h e fr ost l i n e a n d pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
cor r osi on . Aft er a ssembl y , pi pi n g sh a l l
be t h or ou gh l y bl own ou t wi t h a i r , n i -
t r ogen , or ca r bon di oxi de t o r emove
for ei gn ma t er i a l s. F or oxy gen pi pi n g,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
684
on l y oi l -fr ee a i r , oi l -fr ee n i t r ogen , or
oi l -fr ee ca r bon di oxi de sh a l l be u sed.
(i i i ) On l y pi pi n g wh i ch h a s been wel d-
ed or br a zed sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n t u n -
n el s, t r en ch es or du ct s. S h u t off va l ves
sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de su ch con du i t s.
Oxy gen pi pi n g ma y be pl a ced i n t h e
sa me t u n n el , t r en ch or du ct wi t h fu el -
ga s pi pel i n es, pr ovi ded t h er e i s good
n a t u r a l or for ced ven t i l a t i on .
(i v) Low poi n t s i n pi pi n g ca r r y i n g
moi st ga s sh a l l be dr a i n ed i n t o dr i p
pot s con st r u ct ed so a s t o per mi t pu mp-
i n g or dr a i n i n g ou t t h e con den sa t e a t
n ecessa r y i n t er va l s. Dr a i n va l ves sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed for t h i s pu r pose h a vi n g
ou t l et s n or ma l l y cl osed wi t h scr ew
ca ps or pl u gs. No open en d va l ves or
pet cock s sh a l l be u sed, except t h a t i n
dr i ps l oca t ed ou t of door s, u n der -
gr ou n d, a n d n ot r ea di l y a ccessi bl e,
va l ves ma y be u sed a t su ch poi n t s i f
t h ey a r e equ i pped wi t h mea n s t o secu r e
t h em i n t h e cl osed posi t i on . P i pes l ea d-
i n g t o t h e su r fa ce of t h e gr ou n d sh a l l
be ca sed or j a ck et ed wh er e n ecessa r y
t o pr even t l oosen i n g or br ea k i n g.
(v) Ga s cock s or va l ves sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for a l l bu i l di n gs a t poi n t s wh er e
t h ey wi l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e for sh u t -
t i n g off t h e ga s su ppl y t o t h ese bu i l d-
i n gs i n a n y emer gen cy . Th er e sh a l l a l so
be pr ovi ded a sh u t off va l ve i n t h e di s-
ch a r ge l i n e fr om t h e gen er a t or , ga s
h ol der , ma n i fol d or ot h er sou r ce of su p-
pl y .
(vi ) S h u t off va l ves sh a l l n ot be i n -
st a l l ed i n sa fet y r el i ef l i n es i n su ch a
ma n n er t h a t t h e sa fet y r el i ef devi ce
ca n be r en der ed i n effect i ve.
(vi i ) F i t t i n gs a n d l en gt h s of pi pe
sh a l l be exa mi n ed i n t er n a l l y befor e a s-
sembl y a n d, i f n ecessa r y fr eed fr om
sca l e or di r t . Oxy gen pi pi n g a n d fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l be wa sh ed ou t wi t h a su i t -
a bl e sol u t i on wh i ch wi l l effect i vel y r e-
move gr ea se a n d di r t bu t wi l l n ot r ea ct
wi t h oxy gen . Hot wa t er sol u t i on s of
ca u st i c soda or t r i sodi u m ph osph a t e
a r e effect i ve cl ea n i n g a gen t s for t h i s
pu r pose.
(vi i i ) P i pi n g sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y
bl own ou t a ft er a ssembl y t o r emove
for ei gn ma t er i a l s. F or oxy gen pi pi n g,
oi l -fr ee a i r , oi l -fr ee n i t r ogen , or oi l -fr ee
ca r bon di oxi de sh a l l be u sed. F or ot h er
pi pi n g, a i r or i n er t ga s ma y be u sed.
(i x) Wh en fl a mma bl e ga s l i n es or
ot h er pa r t s of equ i pmen t a r e bei n g
pu r ged of a i r or ga s, open l i gh t s or
ot h er sou r ces of i gn i t i on sh a l l n ot be
per mi t t ed n ea r u n ca pped open i n gs.
(x) No wel di n g or cu t t i n g sh a l l be
per for med on a n a cet y l en e or oxy gen
pi pel i n e, i n cl u di n g t h e a t t a ch men t of
h a n ger s or su ppor t s, u n t i l t h e l i n e h a s
been pu r ged. On l y oi l -fr ee a i r , oi l -fr ee
n i t r ogen , or oi l -fr ee ca r bon di oxi de
sh a l l be u sed t o pu r ge oxy gen l i n es.
(4) Pain t in g an d sign s. (i ) Un der gr ou n d
pi pe a n d t u bi n g a n d ou t door fer r ou s
pi pe a n d t u bi n g sh a l l be cover ed or
pa i n t ed wi t h a su i t a bl e ma t er i a l for
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st cor r osi on .
(i i ) Abovegr ou n d pi pi n g sy st ems sh a l l
be ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S ch eme
for t h e I den t i fi ca t i on of P i pi n g S y s-
t ems, ANS I A13. 11956, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i i ) S t a t i on ou t l et s sh a l l be ma r k ed
t o i n di ca t e t h e n a me of t h e ga s.
(5) T est in g. (i ) P i pi n g sy st ems sh a l l be
t est ed a n d pr oved ga st i gh t a t 1
1
2 t i mes
t h e ma xi mu m oper a t i n g pr essu r e, a n d
sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y pu r ged of a i r befor e
bei n g pl a ced i n ser vi ce. Th e ma t er i a l
u sed for t est i n g oxy gen l i n es sh a l l be
oi l fr ee a n d n on combu st i bl e. F l a mes
sh a l l n ot be u sed t o det ect l ea k s.
(i i ) Wh en fl a mma bl e ga s l i n es or
ot h er pa r t s of equ i pmen t a r e bei n g
pu r ged of a i r or ga s, sou r ces of i gn i t i on
sh a l l n ot be per mi t t ed n ea r u n ca pped
open i n gs.
(e) Prot ect ive equ ipmen t , h ose, an d reg-
u lat ors(1) Gen eral. Equ i pmen t sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed a n d u sed on l y i n t h e ser vi ce
for wh i ch i t i s a ppr oved a n d a s r ec-
(2) Pressu re relief devices. S er vi ce pi p-
i n g sy st ems sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by pr es-
su r e r el i ef devi ces set t o fu n ct i on a t
n ot mor e t h a n t h e desi gn pr essu r e of
t h e sy st ems a n d di sch a r gi n g u pwa r ds
t o a sa fe l oca t i on .
(3) Pipin g prot ect ive equ ipmen t . (i ) Th e
fu el -ga s a n d oxy gen pi pi n g sy st ems, i n -
cl u di n g por t a bl e ou t l et h ea der s sh a l l
i n cor por a t e t h e pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sh own i n F i gu r es Q1, Q2, a n d Q3.
Wh en on l y a por t i on of a fu el -ga s sy s-
t em i s t o be u sed wi t h oxy gen , on l y
t h a t por t i on n eed compl y wi t h t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (e)(3)(i ).
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
685
(i i ) Appr oved pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
(desi gn a t ed P F i n F i gu r es Q1, Q2, a n d
Q3) sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n fu el -ga s pi p-
i n g t o pr even t :
(A) Ba ck fl ow of oxy gen i n t o t h e fu el -
ga s su ppl y sy st em;
(B) P a ssa ge of a fl a sh ba ck i n t o t h e
fu el -ga s su ppl y sy st em; a n d
(C) Excessi ve ba ck pr essu r e of oxy gen
i n t h e fu el -ga s su ppl y sy st em. Th e
t h r ee fu n ct i on s of t h e pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t ma y be combi n ed i n on e devi ce or
ma y be pr ovi ded by sepa r a t e devi ces.
(1) Th e pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be
l oca t ed i n t h e ma i n su ppl y l i n e, a s i n
F i gu r e Q1 or a t t h e h ea d of ea ch
br a n ch l i n e, a s i n F i gu r e Q2 or a t ea ch
l oca t i on wh er e fu el -ga s i s wi t h dr a wn ,
a s i n F i gu r e Q3. Wh er e br a n ch l i n es
a r e of 2-i n ch pi pe si ze or l a r ger or of
su bst a n t i a l l en gt h , pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t (desi gn a t ed a s P F) sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a s sh own i n ei t h er Q2 a n d Q3.
(2) Ba ck fl ow pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded by a n a ppr oved devi ce t h a t wi l l
pr even t oxy gen fr om fl owi n g i n t o t h e
fu el -ga s sy st em or fu el fr om fl owi n g
i n t o t h e oxy gen sy st em (see S F, F i gu r es
Q1 a n d Q2).
(3) F l a sh -ba ck pr ot ect i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded by a n a ppr oved devi ce t h a t
wi l l pr even t fl a me fr om pa ssi n g i n t o
t h e fu el -ga s sy st em.
(4) Ba ck -pr essu r e pr ot ect i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded by a n a ppr oved pr essu r e-r el i ef
devi ce set a t a pr essu r e n ot gr ea t er
t h a n t h e pr essu r e r a t i n g of t h e ba ck -
fl ow or t h e fl a sh ba ck pr ot ect i on de-
vi ce, wh i ch ever i s l ower . Th e pr essu r e-
r el i ef devi ce sh a l l be l oca t ed on t h e
down st r ea m si de of t h e ba ck fl ow a n d
fl a sh ba ck pr ot ect i on devi ces. Th e ven t
fr om t h e pr essu r e-r el i ef devi ce sh a l l be
a t l ea st a s l a r ge a s t h e r el i ef devi ce
i n l et a n d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed wi t h ou t l ow
poi n t s t h a t ma y col l ect moi st u r e. I f
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
686
l ow poi n t s a r e u n a voi da bl e, dr i p pot s
wi t h dr a i n s cl osed wi t h scr ew pl u gs or
ca ps sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t t h e l ow
poi n t s. Th e ven t t er mi n u s sh a l l n ot en -
da n ger per son n el or pr oper t y t h r ou gh
ga s di sch a r ge; sh a l l be l oca t ed a wa y
fr om i gn i t i on sou r ces; a n d sh a l l t er mi -
n a t e i n a h ood or ben d.
(i i i ) I f pi pel i n e pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
i n cor por a t es a l i qu i d, t h e l i qu i d l evel
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed, a n d a su i t a bl e
a n t i fr eeze ma y be u sed t o pr even t
fr eezi n g.
(i v) F u el ga s for u se wi t h equ i pmen t
n ot r equ i r i n g oxy gen sh a l l be wi t h -
dr a wn u pst r ea m of t h e pi pi n g pr ot ec-
t i ve devi ces.
(4) St at ion ou t let prot ect ive equ ipmen t .
(i ) A ch eck va l ve, pr essu r e r egu l a t or ,
h y dr a u l i c sea l , or combi n a t i on of t h ese
devi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ea ch st a -
t i on ou t l et , i n cl u di n g t h ose on por t a bl e
h ea der s, t o pr even t ba ck fl ow, a s sh own
i n F i gu r es Q1, Q2, a n d Q3 a n d des-
i gn a t ed a s S F a n d S O.
(i i ) Wh en a ppr oved pi pel i n e pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t (desi gn a t ed P F) i s l o-
ca t ed a t t h e st a t i on ou t l et a s i n F i gu r e
Q3, n o a ddi t i on a l ch eck va l ve, pr es-
su r e r egu l a t or , or h y dr a u l i c sea l i s r e-
qu i r ed.
(i i i ) A sh u t off va l ve (desi gn a t ed VF
a n d VO) sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t ea ch st a -
t i on ou t l et a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed on t h e
u pst r ea m si de of ot h er st a t i on ou t l et
equ i pmen t .
(i v) I f t h e st a t i on ou t l et i s equ i pped
wi t h a det a ch a bl e r egu l a t or , t h e ou t l et
sh a l l t er mi n a t e i n a u n i on con n ect i on
t h a t compl i es wi t h t h e Regu l a t or Con -
n ect i on S t a n da r ds, 1958, Compr essed
Ga s Associ a t i on , wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(v) I f t h e st a t i on ou t l et i s con n ect ed
di r ect l y t o a h ose, t h e ou t l et sh a l l t er -
mi n a t e i n a u n i on con n ect i on com-
pl y i n g wi t h t h e S t a n da r d Hose Con n ec-
t i on S peci fi ca t i on s, 1957, Compr essed
Ga s Associ a t i on , wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(vi ) S t a t i on ou t l et s ma y t er mi n a t e i n
pi pe t h r ea ds t o wh i ch per ma n en t con -
n ect i on s a r e t o be ma de, su ch a s t o a
ma ch i n e.
(vi i ) S t a t i on ou t l et s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a det a ch a bl e ou t l et sea l
ca p secu r ed i n pl a ce. Th i s ca p sh a l l be
u sed t o sea l t h e ou t l et except wh en a
h ose, a r egu l a t or , or pi pi n g i s a t t a ch ed.
(vi i i ) Wh er e st a t i on ou t l et s a r e
equ i pped wi t h a ppr oved ba ck fl ow a n d
fl a sh ba ck pr ot ect i ve devi ces, a s ma n y
a s fou r t or ch es ma y be su ppl i ed fr om
on e st a t i on ou t l et t h r ou gh r i gi d pi pi n g,
pr ovi ded ea ch ou t l et fr om su ch pi pi n g
i s equ i pped wi t h a sh u t off va l ve a n d
pr ovi ded t h e fu el -ga s ca pa ci t y of a n y
on e t or ch does n ot exceed 15 cu bi c feet
(0. 42 m
3
) per h ou r . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
(e)(4)(vi i i ) does n ot a ppl y t o ma ch i n es.
(5) Hose an d h ose con n ect ion s. (i ) Hose
for oxy -fu el ga s ser vi ce sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e S peci fi ca t i on for Ru bber
Wel di n g Hose, 1958, Compr essed Ga s As-
soci a t i on a n d Ru bber Ma n u fa ct u r er s
Associ a t i on , wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(i i ) Wh en pa r a l l el l en gt h s of oxy gen
a n d a cet y l en e h ose a r e t a ped t oget h er
for con ven i en ce a n d t o pr even t t a n -
gl i n g, n ot mor e t h a n 4 i n ch es (10. 2 cm)
ou t of 12 i n ch es (30. 5 cm) sh a l l be cov-
er ed by t a pe.
(i i i ) Hose con n ect i on s sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e S t a n da r d Hose Con n ect i on
S peci fi ca t i on s, 1957, Compr essed Ga s
Associ a t i on .
(i v) Hose con n ect i on s sh a l l be
cl a mped or ot h er wi se secu r el y fa st en ed
i n a ma n n er t h a t wi l l wi t h st a n d, wi t h -
ou t l ea k a ge, t wi ce t h e pr essu r e t o
wh i ch t h ey a r e n or ma l l y su bj ect ed i n
ser vi ce, bu t i n n o ca se l ess t h a n a pr es-
su r e of 300 psi (2. 04 MP a ). Oi l -fr ee a i r or
a n oi l -fr ee i n er t ga s sh a l l be u sed for
t h e t est .
(v) Hose sh owi n g l ea k s, bu r n s, wor n
pl a ces, or ot h er defect s r en der i n g i t
u n fi t for ser vi ce sh a l l be r epa i r ed or r e-
pl a ced.
(6) Pressu re-redu cin g regu lat ors. (i )
P r essu r e-r edu ci n g r egu l a t or s sh a l l be
u sed on l y for t h e ga s a n d pr essu r es for
wh i ch t h ey a r e i n t en ded. Th e r egu l a t or
i n l et con n ect i on s sh a l l compl y wi t h
Regu l a t or Con n ect i on S t a n da r ds, 1958,
Compr essed Ga s Associ a t i on .
(i i ) Wh en r egu l a t or s or pa r t s of r egu -
l a t or s, i n cl u di n g ga ges, n eed r epa i r , t h e
wor k sh a l l be per for med by sk i l l ed me-
ch a n i cs wh o h a ve been pr oper l y i n -
st r u ct ed.
(i i i ) Ga ges on oxy gen r egu l a t or s sh a l l
be ma r k ed US E NO OI L.
(i v) Un i on n u t s a n d con n ect i on s on
r egu l a t or s sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e u se
t o det ect fa u l t y sea t s wh i ch ma y ca u se
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
687
l ea k a ge of ga s wh en t h e r egu l a t or s a r e
a t t a ch ed t o t h e cy l i n der va l ves.
(f) Acet y len e gen erat ors(1) Approval
an d mark in g. (i ) Gen er a t or s sh a l l be of
a ppr oved con st r u ct i on a n d sh a l l be
pl a i n l y ma r k ed wi t h t h e ma xi mu m
r a t e of a cet y l en e i n cu bi c feet per h ou r
for wh i ch t h ey a r e desi gn ed; t h e wei gh t
a n d si ze of ca r bi de n ecessa r y for a si n -
gl e ch a r ge; t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s n a me
a n d a ddr ess; a n d t h e n a me or n u mber
of t h e t y pe of gen er a t or .
(i i ) Ca r bi de sh a l l be of t h e si ze
ma r k ed on t h e gen er a t or n a mepl a t e.
(2) Rat in g an d pressu re limit at ion s. (i )
Th e t ot a l h ou r l y ou t pu t of a gen er a t or
sh a l l n ot exceed t h e r a t e for wh i ch i t i s
a ppr oved a n d ma r k ed. Un l ess speci fi -
ca l l y a ppr oved for h i gh er r a t i n gs, ca r -
bi de-feed gen er a t or s sh a l l be r a t ed a t 1
cu bi c foot (0. 028 m
3
) per h ou r per pou n d
of ca r bi de r equ i r ed for a si n gl e com-
pl et e ch a r ge.
(i i ) Rel i ef va l ves sh a l l be r egu l a r l y
oper a t ed t o i n su r e pr oper fu n ct i on i n g.
Rel i ef va l ves for gen er a t i n g ch a mber s
sh a l l be set t o open a t a pr essu r e n ot i n
excess of 15 psi g (103 k P a ga u ge pr es-
su r e). Rel i ef va l ves for h y dr a u l i c ba ck
pr essu r e va l ves sh a l l be set t o open a t
a pr essu r e n ot i n excess of 20 psi g (137
k P a ga u ge pr essu r e).
(i i i ) Non a u t oma t i c gen er a t or s sh a l l
n ot be u sed for gen er a t i n g a cet y l en e a t
pr essu r es exceedi n g l psi g (7 k P a ga u ge
pr essu r e), a n d a l l wa t er over fl ows sh a l l
be vi si bl e.
(3) L ocat ion . Th e spa ce a r ou n d t h e
gen er a t or sh a l l be a mpl e for fr ee, u n ob-
st r u ct ed oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce
a n d sh a l l per mi t r ea dy a dj u st men t a n d
ch a r gi n g.
(4) St at ion ary acet y len e gen erat ors
(au t omat ic an d n on au t omat ic). (i )(A) Th e
fou n da t i on sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t
t h e gen er a t or wi l l be l evel a n d so t h a t
n o excessi ve st r a i n wi l l be pl a ced on
t h e gen er a t or or i t s con n ect i on s.
Acet y l en e gen er a t or s sh a l l be gr ou n d-
ed.
(B) Gen er a t or s sh a l l be pl a ced wh er e
wa t er wi l l n ot fr eeze. Th e u se of com-
mon sa l t (sodi u m ch l or i de) or ot h er
cor r osi ve ch emi ca l s for pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st fr eezi n g i s n ot per mi t t ed. (F or
h ea t i n g sy st ems see pa r a gr a ph
(f)(6)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on . )
(C) Except wh en gen er a t or s a r e pr e-
pa r ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(f)(7)(v) of t h i s sect i on , sou r ces of i gn i -
t i on sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed i n ou t si de gen -
er a t or h ou ses or i n si de gen er a t or
r ooms.
(D) Wa t er sh a l l n ot be su ppl i ed
t h r ou gh a con t i n u ou s con n ect i on t o
t h e gen er a t or except wh en t h e gen er -
a t or i s pr ovi ded wi t h a n a dequ a t e open
over fl ow or a u t oma t i c wa t er sh u t off
wh i ch wi l l effect i vel y pr even t over -
fi l l i n g of t h e gen er a t or . Wh er e a n on -
con t i n u ou s con n ect i on i s u sed, t h e su p-
pl y l i n e sh a l l t er mi n a t e a t a poi n t n ot
l ess t h a n 2 i n ch es (5 cm) a bove t h e r eg-
u l a r l y pr ovi ded open i n g for fi l l i n g so
t h a t t h e wa t er ca n be obser ved a s i t en -
t er s t h e gen er a t or .
(E) Un l ess ot h er wi se speci fi ca l l y a p-
pr oved, gen er a t or s sh a l l n ot be fi t t ed
wi t h con t i n u ou s dr a i n con n ect i on s
l ea di n g t o sewer s, bu t sh a l l di sch a r ge
t h r ou gh a n open con n ect i on i n t o a
su i t a bl y ven t ed ou t door r ecept a cl e or
r esi du e pi t wh i ch ma y h a ve su ch con -
n ect i on s. An open con n ect i on for t h e
sl u dge dr a woff i s desi r a bl e t o en a bl e
t h e gen er a t or oper a t or t o obser ve l ea k -
a ge of gen er a t i n g wa t er fr om t h e dr a i n
va l ve or sl u dge cock .
(i i )(A) Ea ch gen er a t or sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a ven t pi pe.
(B) Th e esca pe or r el i ef pi pe sh a l l be
r i gi dl y i n st a l l ed wi t h ou t t r a ps a n d so
t h a t a n y con den sa t i on wi l l dr a i n ba ck
t o t h e gen er a t or .
(C) Th e esca pe or r el i ef pi pe sh a l l be
ca r r i ed fu l l si ze t o a su i t a bl e poi n t ou t -
si de t h e bu i l di n g. I t sh a l l t er mi n a t e i n
a h ood or ben d l oca t ed a t l ea st 12 feet
(3. 7 m) a bove t h e gr ou n d, pr efer a bl y
a bove t h e r oof, a n d a s fa r a wa y a s pr a c-
t i ca bl e fr om wi n dows or ot h er open i n gs
i n t o bu i l di n gs a n d a s fa r a wa y a s pr a c-
t i ca bl e fr om sou r ces of i gn i t i on su ch a s
fl u es or ch i mn ey s a n d t r a ck s u sed by
l ocomot i ves. Gen er a t i n g ch a mber r el i ef
pi pes sh a l l n ot be i n t er -con n ect ed bu t
sh a l l be sepa r a t el y l ed t o t h e ou t si de
a i r . Th e h ood or ben d sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t i t wi l l n ot be obst r u ct ed
by r a i n , sn ow, i ce, i n sect s, or bi r ds.
Th e ou t l et sh a l l be a t l ea st 3 feet (0. 9
m) fr om combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on .
(i i i )(A) Ga s h ol der s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed on t h e ga somet er pr i n ci pl e,
t h e bel l bei n g su i t a bl y gu i ded. Th e ga s
bel l sh a l l move fr eel y wi t h ou t t en d-
en cy t o bi n d a n d sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r a n ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
688
of a t l ea st 2 i n ch es (5 cm) fr om t h e
sh el l .
(B) Th e ga s h ol der ma y be l oca t ed i n
t h e gen er a t or r oom, i n a sepa r a t e r oom
or ou t of door s. I n or der t o pr even t col -
l a pse of t h e ga s bel l or i n fi l t r a t i on of
a i r du e t o a va cu u m ca u sed by t h e com-
pr essor or boost er pu mp or cool i n g of
t h e ga s, a compr essor or boost er cu t off
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t a poi n t 12 i n ch es
(0. 3 m) or mor e a bove t h e l a n di n g poi n t
of t h e bel l . Wh en t h e ga s h ol der i s l o-
ca t ed i n door s, t h e r oom sh a l l be ven t i -
l a t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(f)(6)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on a n d h ea t ed a n d
l i gh t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(6)(i i i ) a n d (f)(6)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(C) Wh en t h e ga s h ol der i s n ot l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n a h ea t ed bu i l di n g, ga s
h ol der sea l s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
fr eezi n g.
(D) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o st op
t h e gen er a t or -feedi n g mech a n i sm be-
for e t h e ga s h ol der r ea ch es t h e u pper
l i mi t of i t s t r a vel .
(E) Wh en t h e ga s h ol der i s con n ect ed
t o on l y on e gen er a t or , t h e ga s ca pa ci t y
of t h e h ol der sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n on e-
t h i r d of t h e h ou r l y r a t i n g of t h e gen er -
a t or .
(F ) I f a cet y l en e i s u sed fr om t h e ga s
h ol der wi t h ou t i n cr ea se i n pr essu r e a t
some poi n t s bu t wi t h i n cr ea se i n pr es-
su r e by a compr essor or boost er pu mp
a t ot h er poi n t s, a ppr oved pi pi n g pr o-
t ect i ve devi ces sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
ea ch su ppl y l i n e. Th e l ow-pr essu r e pr o-
t ect i ve devi ce sh a l l be l oca t ed bet ween
t h e ga s h ol der a n d t h e sh op pi pi n g, a n d
t h e medi u m-pr essu r e pr ot ect i ve devi ce
sh a l l be l oca t ed bet ween t h e com-
pr essor or boost er pu mp a n d t h e sh op
pi pi n g (see F i gu r e Q4). Appr oved pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t (desi gn a t ed P F) i s
u sed t o pr even t : Ba ck fl ow of oxy gen
i n t o t h e fu el -ga s su ppl y sy st em; pa s-
sa ge of a fl a sh ba ck i n t o t h e fu el -ga s
su ppl y sy st em; a n d excessi ve ba ck
pr essu r e of oxy gen i n t h e fu el -ga s su p-
pl y sy st em. Th e t h r ee fu n ct i on s of t h e
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ma y be combi n ed
i n on e devi ce or ma y be pr ovi ded by
sepa r a t e devi ces.
E
C
2
7
O
C
9
1
.
0
8
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
689
(i v)(A) Th e compr essor or boost er
sy st em sh a l l be of a n a ppr oved t y pe.
(B) Wi r i n g a n d el ect r i c equ i pmen t i n
compr essor or boost er pu mp r ooms or
en cl osu r es sh a l l con for m t o t h e pr ovi -
si on s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t for Cl a ss
I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s.
(C) Compr essor s a n d boost er pu mp
equ i pmen t sh a l l be l oca t ed i n wel l -ven -
t i l a t ed a r ea s a wa y fr om open fl a mes,
el ect r i ca l or mech a n i ca l spa r k s, or
ot h er i gn i t i on sou r ces.
(D) Compr essor or boost er pu mps
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h pr essu r e r el i ef
va l ves wh i ch wi l l r el i eve pr essu r e ex-
ceedi n g 15 psi g (103 k P a ga u ge pr essu r e)
t o a sa fe ou t door l oca t i on a s pr ovi ded
i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(4)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , or
by r et u r n i n g t h e ga s t o t h e i n l et si de
or t o t h e ga s su ppl y sou r ce.
(E) Compr essor or boost er pu mp di s-
ch a r ge ou t l et s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
a ppr oved pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t . (S ee
pa r a gr a ph (e) of t h i s sect i on . )
(5) Port able acet y len e gen erat ors. (i )(A)
Al l por t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l be of a
t y pe a ppr oved for por t a bl e u se.
(B) P or t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l n ot be
u sed wi t h i n 10 feet (3 m) of combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l ot h er t h a n t h e fl oor .
(C) P or t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l n ot be
u sed i n r ooms of t ot a l vol u me l ess t h a n
35 t i mes t h e t ot a l ga s-gen er a t i n g ca -
pa ci t y per ch a r ge of a l l gen er a t or s i n
t h e r oom. Gen er a t or s sh a l l n ot be u sed
i n r ooms h a vi n g a cei l i n g h ei gh t of l ess
t h a n 10 feet (3 m). (To obt a i n t h e ga s-
gen er a t i n g ca pa ci t y i n cu bi c feet per
ch a r ge, mu l t i pl y t h e pou n ds of ca r bi de
per ch a r ge by 4. 5. )
(D) P or t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed a ga i n st fr eezi n g. Th e u se of sa l t
or ot h er cor r osi ve ch emi ca l t o pr even t
fr eezi n g i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(i i )(A) P or t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l be
cl ea n ed a n d r ech a r ged a n d t h e a i r mi x-
t u r e bl own off ou t si de bu i l di n gs.
(B) Wh en ch a r ged wi t h ca r bi de, por t -
a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l n ot be moved by
cr a n e or der r i ck .
(C) Wh en n ot i n u se, por t a bl e gen er a -
t or s sh a l l n ot be st or ed i n r ooms i n
wh i ch open fl a mes a r e u sed u n l ess t h e
gen er a t or s con t a i n n o ca r bi de a n d h a ve
been t h or ou gh l y pu r ged of a cet y l en e.
S t or a ge r ooms sh a l l be wel l ven t i l a t ed.
(D) Wh en por t a bl e a cet y l en e gen er a -
t or s a r e t o be t r a n spor t ed a n d oper a t ed
on veh i cl es, t h ey sh a l l be secu r el y a n -
ch or ed t o t h e veh i cl es. I f t r a n spor t ed
by t r u ck , t h e mot or sh a l l be t u r n ed off
du r i n g ch a r gi n g, cl ea n i n g, a n d gen er -
a t i n g per i ods.
(E) P or t a bl e gen er a t or s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a t a sa fe di st a n ce fr om t h e wel d-
i n g posi t i on so t h a t t h ey wi l l n ot be ex-
posed t o spa r k s, sl a g, or mi sdi r ect i on
of t h e t or ch fl a me or over h ea t i n g fr om
h ot ma t er i a l s or pr ocesses.
(6) Ou t side gen erat or h ou ses an d in side
gen erat or rooms f or st at ion ary acet y len e
gen erat ors. (i )(A) No open i n g i n a n y
ou t si de gen er a t or h ou se sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n 5 feet (1. 5 m) of a n y open -
i n g i n a n ot h er bu i l di n g.
(B) Wa l l s, fl oor s, a n d r oofs of ou t si de
gen er a t or h ou ses sh a l l be of n on -
combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on .
(C) Wh en a pa r t of t h e gen er a t or
h ou se i s t o be u sed for t h e st or a ge or
ma n i fol di n g of oxy gen cy l i n der s, t h e
spa ce t o be so occu pi ed sh a l l be sepa -
r a t ed fr om t h e gen er a t or or ca r bi de
st or a ge sect i on by pa r t i t i on wa l l s con -
t i n u ou s fr om fl oor t o r oof or cei l i n g, of
t h e t y pe of con st r u ct i on st a t ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (f)(6)(i )(H) of t h i s sect i on . S u ch
sepa r a t i on wa l l s sh a l l be wi t h ou t open -
i n gs a n d sh a l l be j oi n ed t o t h e fl oor ,
ot h er wa l l s a n d cei l i n g or r oof i n a
ma n n er t o effect a per ma n en t ga s-t i gh t
j oi n t .
(D) Exi t door s sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s
t o be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e i n ca se of emer -
gen cy .
(E) Expl osi on ven t i n g for ou t si de
gen er a t or h ou ses a n d i n si de gen er a t or
r ooms sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n ext er i or
wa l l s or r oofs. Th e ven t i n g a r ea s sh a l l
be equ a l t o n ot l ess t h a n 1 squ a r e foot
(0. 09 m
2
) per 50 cu bi c feet (1. 4 m
3
) of
r oom vol u me a n d ma y con si st of a n y
l owi n g: Wa l l s of l i gh t , n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l pr efer a bl y si n gl e-t h i ck n ess,
si n gl e-st r en gt h gl a ss; l i gh t l y fa st en ed
h a t ch cover s; l i gh t l y fa st en ed swi n gi n g
door s i n ext er i or wa l l s open i n g ou t -
wa r d; l i gh t l y fa st en ed wa l l s or r oof de-
si gn ed t o r el i eve a t a ma xi mu m pr es-
su r e of 25 pou n ds per squ a r e foot (0. 001
MP a ).
(F ) Th e i n st a l l a t i on of a cet y l en e gen -
er a t or s wi t h i n bu i l di n gs sh a l l be r e-
st r i ct ed t o bu i l di n gs n ot exceedi n g on e
st or y i n h ei gh t ; provided, h owever, t h a t
t h i s wi l l n ot be con st r u ed a s pr oh i b-
i t i n g su ch i n st a l l a t i on s on t h e r oof or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
690
t op fl oor of a bu i l di n g exceedi n g su ch
h ei gh t .
(G) Gen er a t or s i n st a l l ed i n si de bu i l d-
i n gs sh a l l be en cl osed i n a sepa r a t e
r oom.
(H) Th e wa l l s, pa r t i t i on s, fl oor s, a n d
cei l i n gs of i n si de gen er a t or r ooms sh a l l
be of n on combu st i bl e con st r u ct i on h a v-
i n g a fi r e-r esi st a n ce r a t i n g of a t l ea st 1
h ou r . Th e wa l l s or pa r t i t i on s sh a l l be
con t i n u ou s fr om fl oor t o cei l i n g a n d
sh a l l be secu r el y a n ch or ed. At l ea st
on e wa l l of t h e r oom sh a l l be a n ext e-
r i or wa l l .
(I ) Open i n gs fr om a n i n si de gen er a t or
r oom t o ot h er pa r t s of t h e bu i l di n g
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a swi n gi n g t y pe,
sel f-cl osi n g fi r e door for a Cl a ss B
open i n g a n d h a vi n g a r a t i n g of a t l ea st
1 h ou r . Wi n dows i n pa r t i t i on s sh a l l be
wi r ed gl a ss a n d a ppr oved met a l fr a mes
wi t h fi xed sa sh . I n st a l l a t i on sh a l l be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e S t a n da r d for t h e
I n st a l l a t i on of F i r e Door s a n d Wi n -
dows, NF P A 801970, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i ) I n si de gen er a t or r ooms or ou t si de
gen er a t or h ou ses sh a l l be wel l ven t i -
l a t ed wi t h ven t s l oca t ed a t fl oor a n d
cei l i n g l evel s.
(i i i ) Hea t i n g sh a l l be by st ea m, h ot
wa t er , en cl osed el ect r i ca l l y h ea t ed el e-
men t s or ot h er i n di r ect mea n s. Hea t i n g
by fl a mes or fi r es sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed i n
ou t si de gen er a t or h ou ses or i n si de gen -
er a t or r ooms, or i n a n y en cl osu r e com-
mu n i ca t i n g wi t h t h em.
(i v)(A) Gen er a t or h ou ses or r ooms
sh a l l h a ve n a t u r a l l i gh t du r i n g da y -
l i gh t h ou r s. Wh er e a r t i fi ci a l l i gh t i n g i s
n ecessa r y i t sh a l l be r est r i ct ed t o el ec-
t r i c l a mps i n st a l l ed i n a fi xed posi t i on .
Un l ess speci fi ca l l y a ppr oved for u se i n
a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g a cet y l en e,
su ch l a mps sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h en -
cl osu r es of gl a ss or ot h er n on combu s-
t i bl e ma t er i a l so desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed a s t o pr even t ga s va por s fr om
r ea ch i n g t h e l a mp or sock et a n d t o r e-
si st br ea k a ge. Ri gi d con du i t wi t h
t h r ea ded con n ect i on s sh a l l be u sed.
(B) La mps i n st a l l ed ou t si de of wi r ed-
gl a ss pa n el s set i n ga s-t i gh t fr a mes i n
t h e ext er i or wa l l s or r oof of t h e gen er -
a t or h ou se or r oom a r e a ccept a bl e.
(v) El ect r i c swi t ch es, t el eph on es, a n d
a l l ot h er el ect r i ca l a ppa r a t u s wh i ch
ma y ca u se a spa r k , u n l ess speci fi ca l l y
a ppr oved for u se i n si de a cet y l en e gen -
er a t or r ooms, sh a l l be l oca t ed ou t si de
t h e gen er a t or h ou se or i n a r oom or
spa ce sepa r a t ed fr om t h e gen er a t or
r oom by a ga s-t i gh t pa r t i t i on , except
t h a t wh er e t h e gen er a t or sy st em i s de-
si gn ed so t h a t n o ca r bi de fi l l open i n g
or ot h er pa r t of t h e gen er a t or i s open
t o t h e gen er a t or h ou se or r oom du r i n g
t h e oper a t i on of t h e gen er a t or , a n d so
t h a t r esi du e i s ca r r i ed i n cl osed pi pi n g
fr om t h e r esi du e di sch a r ge va l ve t o a
poi n t ou t si de t h e gen er a t or h ou se or
r oom, el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t i n t h e gen -
er a t or h ou se or r oom sh a l l con for m t o
t h e pr ovi si on s of su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t
for Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s.
(7) Main t en an ce an d operat ion . (i ) Un -
a u t h or i zed per son s sh a l l n ot be per -
mi t t ed i n ou t si de gen er a t or h ou ses or
i n si de gen er a t or r ooms.
(A) Oper a t i n g i n st r u ct i on s sh a l l be
post ed i n a con spi cu ou s pl a ce n ea r t h e
gen er a t or or k ept i n a su i t a bl e pl a ce
a va i l a bl e for r ea dy r efer en ce.
(B) Wh en r ech a r gi n g gen er a t or s t h e
or der of oper a t i on s speci fi ed i n t h e i n -
st r u ct i on s su ppl i ed by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er sh a l l be fol l owed.
(C) I n t h e ca se of ba t ch -t y pe gen er a -
t or s, wh en t h e ch a r ge of ca r bi de i s ex-
h a u st ed a n d befor e a ddi t i on a l ca r bi de
i s a dded, t h e gen er a t i n g ch a mber sh a l l
a l wa y s be fl u sh ed ou t wi t h wa t er , r e-
n ewi n g t h e wa t er su ppl y i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e i n st r u ct i on ca r d fu r n i sh ed by
(D) Th e wa t er -ca r bi de r esi du e mi x-
t u r e dr a i n ed fr om t h e gen er a t or sh a l l
n ot be di sch a r ged i n t o sewer pi pes or
st or ed i n a r ea s n ea r open fl a mes. Cl ea r
wa t er fr om r esi du e set t l i n g pi t s ma y be
di sch a r ged i n t o sewer pi pes.
(i i ) Th e ca r bi de a dded ea ch t i me t h e
gen er a t or i s r ech a r ged sh a l l be su ffi -
ci en t t o r efi l l t h e spa ce pr ovi ded for
ca r bi de wi t h ou t r a mmi n g t h e ch a r ge.
S t eel or ot h er fer r ou s t ool s sh a l l n ot be
u sed i n di st r i bu t i n g t h e ch a r ge.
(i i i ) Gen er a t or wa t er ch a mber s sh a l l
be k ept fi l l ed t o pr oper l evel a t a l l
t i mes except wh i l e dr a i n i n g du r i n g t h e
r ech a r gi n g oper a t i on .
(i v) Wh en ever r epa i r s a r e t o be ma de
or t h e gen er a t or i s t o be ch a r ged or
ca r bi de i s t o be r emoved, t h e wa t er
ch a mber sh a l l be fi l l ed t o t h e pr oper
l evel .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
691
(v) P r evi ou s t o ma k i n g r epa i r s i n -
vol vi n g wel di n g, sol der i n g, or ot h er h ot
wor k or ot h er oper a t i on s wh i ch
pr odu ce a sou r ce of i gn i t i on , t h e ca r -
bi de ch a r ge a n d feed mech a n i sm sh a l l
be compl et el y r emoved. Al l a cet y l en e
sh a l l be expel l ed by compl et el y fl ood-
i n g t h e gen er a t or sh el l wi t h wa t er a n d
t h e gen er a t or sh a l l be di scon n ect ed
fr om t h e pi pi n g sy st em. Th e gen er a t or
sh a l l be k ept fi l l ed wi t h wa t er , i f pos-
si bl e, or posi t i on ed t o h ol d a s mu ch
wa t er a s possi bl e.
(vi ) Hot r epa i r s sh a l l n ot be ma de i n
a r oom wh er e t h er e a r e ot h er gen er a -
t or s u n l ess a l l t h e gen er a t or s a n d pi p-
i n g h a ve been pu r ged of a cet y l en e.
(g) Calciu m carbide st orage(1) Pack -
agin g. (i ) Ca l ci u m ca r bi de sh a l l be con -
t a i n ed i n met a l pa ck a ges of su ffi ci en t
st r en gt h t o pr even t r u pt u r e. Th e pa ck -
a ges sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a scr ew t op
or equ i va l en t . Th ese pa ck a ges sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed wa t er - a n d a i r -t i gh t . S ol -
der sh a l l n ot be u sed i n su ch a ma n n er
t h a t t h e pa ck a ge wou l d fa i l i f exposed
t o fi r e.
(i i ) P a ck a ges con t a i n i n g ca l ci u m ca r -
bi de sh a l l be con spi cu ou sl y ma r k ed
Ca l ci u m Ca r bi deDa n ger ou s I f Not
Kept Dr y or wi t h equ i va l en t wa r n i n g.
(i i i ) Ca u t i on : Met a l t ool s, even t h e
so-ca l l ed spa r k r esi st a n t t y pe ma y
ca u se i gn i t i on of a n a cet y l en e a n d a i r
mi xt u r e wh en open i n g ca r bi de con -
t a i n er s.
(i v) S pr i n k l er sy st ems sh a l l n ot be
i n st a l l ed i n ca r bi de st or a ge r ooms.
(2) St orage in doors. (i ) Ca l ci u m ca r -
bi de i n qu a n t i t i es n ot t o exceed 600
pou n ds (272. 2 k g) ma y be st or ed i n door s
i n dr y , wa t er pr oof, a n d wel l -ven t i l a t ed
l oca t i on s.
(A) Ca l ci u m ca r bi de n ot exceedi n g 600
pou n ds (272. 2 k g) ma y be st or ed i n door s
i n t h e sa me r oom wi t h fu el -ga s cy l -
i n der s.
(B) P a ck a ges of ca l ci u m ca r bi de, ex-
cept for on e of ea ch si ze, sh a l l be k ept
sea l ed. Th e sea l s sh a l l n ot be br ok en
wh en t h er e i s ca r bi de i n excess of 1
pou n d (0. 5 k g) i n a n y ot h er u n sea l ed
pa ck a ge of t h e sa me si ze of ca r bi de i n
t h e r oom.
(i i ) Ca l ci u m ca r bi de exceedi n g 600
pou n ds (272. 2 k g) bu t n ot exceedi n g
5, 000 pou n ds (2, 268 k g) sh a l l be st or ed:
(A) I n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(B) I n a n i n si de gen er a t or r oom or
ou t si de gen er a t or h ou se; or
(C) I n a sepa r a t e r oom i n a on e-st or y
bu i l di n g wh i ch ma y con t a i n ot h er oc-
cu pa n ci es, bu t wi t h ou t cel l a r or ba se-
men t ben ea t h t h e ca r bi de st or a ge sec-
t i on . S u ch r ooms sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(6)(i )(H) a n d (f)(6)(i )(I ) of t h i s sect i on
a n d ven t i l a t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (f)(6)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
Th ese r ooms sh a l l be u sed for n o ot h er
pu r pose.
(i i i ) Ca l ci u m ca r bi de i n excess of 5, 000
pou n ds (2, 268 k g) sh a l l be st or ed i n on e-
st or y bu i l di n gs wi t h ou t cel l a r or ba se-
men t a n d u sed for n o ot h er pu r pose, or
i n ou t si de gen er a t or h ou ses. I f t h e st or -
a ge bu i l di n g i s of n on combu st i bl e con -
st r u ct i on , i t ma y a dj oi n ot h er on e-
st or y bu i l di n gs i f sepa r a t ed t h er efr om
by u n pi er ced fi r ewa l l s; i f i t i s det a ch ed
l ess t h a n 10 feet (3 m) fr om su ch bu i l d-
i n g or bu i l di n gs, t h er e sh a l l be n o open -
i n g i n a n y of t h e mu t u a l l y exposi n g
si des of su ch bu i l di n gs wi t h i n 10 feet (3
m). I f t h e st or a ge bu i l di n g i s of com-
bu st i bl e con st r u ct i on , i t sh a l l be a t
l ea st 20 feet (6. 1 m) fr om a n y ot h er on e-
or t wo-st or y bu i l di n g, a n d a t l ea st 30
feet (9. 1 m) fr om a n y ot h er bu i l di n g ex-
ceedi n g t wo st or i es.
(3) St orage ou t doors. (i ) Ca l ci u m ca r -
bi de i n u n open ed met a l con t a i n er s ma y
be st or ed ou t door s.
(i i ) Ca r bi de con t a i n er s t o be st or ed
ou t door s sh a l l be exa mi n ed t o ma k e
su r e t h a t t h ey a r e i n good con di t i on .
P er i odi c r eexa mi n a t i on s sh a l l be ma de
for r u st i n g or ot h er da ma ge t o a con -
t a i n er t h a t mi gh t a ffect i t s wa t er or
a i r t i gh t n ess.
(i i i ) Th e bot t om t i er of ea ch r ow
sh a l l be pl a ced on wooden pl a n k i n g or
equ i va l en t , so t h a t t h e con t a i n er s wi l l
n ot come i n con t a ct wi t h t h e gr ou n d or
gr ou n d wa t er .
(i v) Con t a i n er s of ca r bi de wh i ch h a ve
been i n st or a ge t h e l on gest sh a l l be
u sed fi r st .
F R 32015, Au g 6, 1990; 55 F R 46053, Nov. 1, 1990;
61 F R 9241, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.254 Arc welding and cutting.
(a ) Gen eral(1) Equ ipmen t select ion .
Wel di n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be ch osen for
sa fe a ppl i ca t i on t o t h e wor k t o be don e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
692
a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) I n st allat ion . Wel di n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed sa fel y a s speci fi ed by
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) I n st ru ct ion . Wor k men desi gn a t ed
t o oper a t e a r c wel di n g equ i pmen t sh a l l
h a ve been pr oper l y i n st r u ct ed a n d
qu a l i fi ed t o oper a t e su ch equ i pmen t a s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(b) Applicat ion of arc weldin g equ ip-
men t (1) Gen eral. Assu r a n ce of con si d-
er a t i on of sa fet y i n desi gn i s obt a i n a bl e
by ch oosi n g a ppa r a t u s compl y i n g wi t h
t h e Requ i r emen t s for El ect r i c Ar c-
Wel di n g Appa r a t u s, NEMA EW11962,
Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Ma n u fa ct u r er s As-
soci a t i on or t h e S a fet y S t a n da r d for
Tr a n sfor mer -Ty pe Ar c-Wel di n g Ma -
ch i n es, ANS I C33. 21956, Un der wr i t er s
La bor a t or i es, bot h of wh i ch a r e i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) En viron men t al con dit ion s. (i )
S t a n da r d ma ch i n es for a r c wel di n g
ser vi ce sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed t o ca r r y t h ei r r a t ed l oa d wi t h
r a t ed t emper a t u r e r i ses wh er e t h e t em-
per a t u r e of t h e cool i n g a i r does n ot ex-
ceed 40 C (104 F ) a n d wh er e t h e a l t i -
t u de does n ot exceed 3, 300 feet (1, 005. 8
m), a n d sh a l l be su i t a bl e for oper a t i on
i n a t mosph er es con t a i n i n g ga ses, du st ,
a n d l i gh t r a y s pr odu ced by t h e wel di n g
a r c.
(i i ) Un u su a l ser vi ce con di t i on s ma y
exi st , a n d i n su ch ci r cu mst a n ces ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be especi a l l y desi gn ed t o
sa fel y meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e
ser vi ce. Ch i ef a mon g t h ese con di t i on s
a r e:
(A) Exposu r e t o u n u su a l l y cor r osi ve
fu mes.
(B) Exposu r e t o st ea m or excessi ve
h u mi di t y .
(C) Exposu r e t o excessi ve oi l va por .
(D) Exposu r e t o fl a mma bl e ga ses.
(E) Exposu r e t o a bn or ma l vi br a t i on
or sh ock .
(F ) Exposu r e t o excessi ve du st .
(G) Exposu r e t o wea t h er .
(H) Exposu r e t o u n u su a l sea coa st or
sh i pboa r d con di t i on s.
(3) Volt age. Th e fol l owi n g l i mi t s sh a l l
n ot be exceeded:
(i ) Al t er n a t i n g-cu r r en t ma ch i n es
(A) Ma n u a l a r c wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g
80 vol t s.
(B) Au t oma t i c (ma ch i n e or mech a -
n i zed) a r c wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g100
vol t s.
(i i ) Di r ect -cu r r en t ma ch i n es
(A) Ma n u a l a r c wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g
100 vol t s.
(B) Au t oma t i c (ma ch i n e or mech a -
n i zed) a r c wel di n g a n d cu t t i n g-100
vol t s.
(i i i ) Wh en speci a l wel di n g a n d cu t -
t i n g pr ocesses r equ i r e va l u es of open
ci r cu i t vol t a ges h i gh er t h a n t h e a bove,
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e
oper a t or fr om ma k i n g a cci den t a l con -
t a ct wi t h t h e h i gh vol t a ge by a dequ a t e
i n su l a t i on or ot h er mea n s.
(i v) F or a . c. wel di n g u n der wet con di -
t i on s or wa r m su r r ou n di n gs wh er e per -
spi r a t i on i s a fa ct or , t h e u se of r el i a bl e
a u t oma t i c con t r ol s for r edu ci n g n o
l oa d vol t a ge i s r ecommen ded t o r edu ce
t h e sh ock h a za r d.
(4) Design . (i ) A con t r ol l er i n t egr a l l y
mou n t ed i n a n el ect r i c mot or dr i ven
wel der sh a l l h a ve ca pa ci t y for ca r r y i n g
r a t ed mot or cu r r en t , sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of ma k i n g a n d i n t er r u pt i n g st a l l ed
r ot or cu r r en t of t h e mot or , a n d ma y
ser ve a s t h e r u n n i n g over cu r r en t devi ce
i f pr ovi ded wi t h t h e n u mber of over cu r -
r en t u n i t s a s speci fi ed by su bpa r t S of
t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) On a l l t y pes of a r c wel di n g ma -
ch i n es, con t r ol a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be en -
cl osed except for t h e oper a t i n g wh eel s,
l ever s, or h a n dl es.
(i i i ) I n pu t power t er mi n a l s, t a p
ch a n ge devi ces a n d l i ve met a l pa r t s
con n ect ed t o i n pu t ci r cu i t s sh a l l be
compl et el y en cl osed a n d a ccessi bl e
on l y by mea n s of t ool s.
(i v) Ter mi n a l s for wel di n g l ea ds
sh ou l d be pr ot ect ed fr om a cci den t a l
el ect r i ca l con t a ct by per son n el or by
met a l obj ect s, i . e. , veh i cl es, cr a n e
h ook s, et c. P r ot ect i on ma y be obt a i n ed
by u se of: Dea d-fr on t r ecept a cl es for
pl u g con n ect i on s; r ecessed open i n gs
wi t h n on r emova bl e h i n ged cover s;
h ea vy i n su l a t i n g sl eevi n g or t a pi n g or
ot h er equ i va l en t el ect r i ca l a n d me-
ch a n i ca l pr ot ect i on . I f a wel di n g l ea d
t er mi n a l wh i ch i s i n t en ded t o be u sed
excl u si vel y for con n ect i on t o t h e wor k
i s con n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n ded en cl osu r e,
i t mu st be don e by a con du ct or a t l ea st
t wo AWG si zes sma l l er t h a n t h e
gr ou n di n g con du ct or a n d t h e t er mi n a l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
693
sh a l l be ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e t h a t i t i s
gr ou n ded.
(v) No con n ect i on s for por t a bl e con -
t r ol devi ces su ch a s pu sh bu t t on s t o be
ca r r i ed by t h e oper a t or sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o a n a . c. ci r cu i t of h i gh er t h a n
120 vol t s. Exposed met a l pa r t s of por t -
a bl e con t r ol devi ces oper a t i n g on ci r -
cu i t s a bove 50 vol t s sh a l l be gr ou n ded
by a gr ou n di n g con du ct or i n t h e con -
t r ol ca bl e.
(vi ) Au t o t r a n sfor mer s or a . c. r ea c-
t or s sh a l l n ot be u sed t o dr a w wel di n g
cu r r en t di r ect l y fr om a n y a . c. power
sou r ce h a vi n g a vol t a ge exceedi n g 80
vol t s.
(c) I n st allat ion of arc weldin g equ ip-
men t (1) Gen eral. I n st a l l a t i on i n cl u d-
i n g power su ppl y sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t S of
t h i s pa r t .
(2) Grou n din g. (i ) Th e fr a me or ca se of
t h e wel di n g ma ch i n e (except en gi n e-
dr i ven ma ch i n es) sh a l l be gr ou n ded
u n der t h e con di t i on s a n d a ccor di n g t o
t h e met h ods pr escr i bed i n su bpa r t S of
t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) Con du i t s con t a i n i n g el ect r i ca l
con du ct or s sh a l l n ot be u sed for com-
pl et i n g a wor k -l ea d ci r cu i t . P i pel i n es
sh a l l n ot be u sed a s a per ma n en t pa r t
of a wor k -l ea d ci r cu i t , bu t ma y be u sed
du r i n g con st r u ct i on , ext en si on or r e-
pa i r pr ovi di n g cu r r en t i s n ot ca r r i ed
t h r ou gh t h r ea ded j oi n t s, fl a n ged bol t ed
j oi n t s, or ca u l k ed j oi n t s a n d t h a t spe-
ci a l pr eca u t i on s a r e u sed t o a voi d
spa r k i n g a t con n ect i on of t h e wor k -
l ea d ca bl e.
(i i i ) Ch a i n s, wi r e r opes, cr a n es,
h oi st s, a n d el eva t or s sh a l l n ot be u sed
t o ca r r y wel di n g cu r r en t .
(i v) Wh er e a st r u ct u r e, con vey or , or
fi xt u r e i s r egu l a r l y empl oy ed a s a
wel di n g cu r r en t r et u r n ci r cu i t , j oi n t s
sh a l l be bon ded or pr ovi ded wi t h a de-
qu a t e cu r r en t col l ect i n g devi ces.
(v) Al l gr ou n d con n ect i on s sh a l l be
ch eck ed t o det er mi n e t h a t t h ey a r e
mech a n i ca l l y st r on g a n d el ect r i ca l l y
a dequ a t e for t h e r equ i r ed cu r r en t .
(3) Su pply con n ect ion s an d con du ct ors.
(i ) A di scon n ect i n g swi t ch or con t r ol l er
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t or n ea r ea ch wel d-
i n g ma ch i n e wh i ch i s n ot equ i pped wi t h
su ch a swi t ch or con t r ol l er mou n t ed a s
a n i n t egr a l pa r t of t h e ma ch i n e. Th e
swi t ch sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Over cu r r en t pr ot ec-
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s speci fi ed i n
su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t . A di scon n ect
swi t ch wi t h over l oa d pr ot ect i on or
equ i va l en t di scon n ect a n d pr ot ect i on
mea n s, per mi t t ed by su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t , sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch ou t l et
i n t en ded for con n ect i on t o a por t a bl e
wel di n g ma ch i n e.
(i i ) F or i n di vi du a l wel di n g ma ch i n es,
t h e r a t ed cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g ca pa ci t y of
t h e su ppl y con du ct or s sh a l l be n ot l ess
t h a n t h e r a t ed pr i ma r y cu r r en t of t h e
wel di n g ma ch i n es.
(i i i ) F or gr ou ps of wel di n g ma ch i n es,
t h e r a t ed cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g ca pa ci t y of
con du ct or s ma y be l ess t h a n t h e su m of
t h e r a t ed pr i ma r y cu r r en t s of t h e wel d-
i n g ma ch i n es su ppl i ed. Th e con du ct or
r a t i n g sh a l l be det er mi n ed i n ea ch ca se
a ccor di n g t o t h e ma ch i n e l oa di n g ba sed
on t h e u se t o be ma de of ea ch wel di n g
ma ch i n e a n d t h e a l l owa n ce per mi ssi bl e
i n t h e even t t h a t a l l t h e wel di n g ma -
ch i n es su ppl i ed by t h e con du ct or s wi l l
n ot be i n u se a t t h e sa me t i me.
(i v) I n oper a t i on s i n vol vi n g sever a l
wel der s on on e st r u ct u r e, d. c. wel di n g
pr ocess r equ i r emen t s ma y r equ i r e t h e
u se of bot h pol a r i t i es; or su ppl y ci r cu i t
l i mi t a t i on s for a . c. wel di n g ma y r e-
qu i r e di st r i bu t i on of ma ch i n es a mon g
t h e ph a ses of t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t . I n
su ch ca ses n o l oa d vol t a ges bet ween
el ect r ode h ol der s wi l l be 2 t i mes n or -
ma l i n d. c. or 1, 1. 41, 1. 73, or 2 t i mes
n or ma l on a . c. ma ch i n es. S i mi l a r vol t -
a ge di ffer en ces wi l l exi st i f bot h a . c.
a n d d. c. wel di n g a r e don e on t h e sa me
st r u ct u r e.
(A) Al l d. c. ma ch i n es sh a l l be con -
n ect ed wi t h t h e sa me pol a r i t y .
(B) Al l a . c. ma ch i n es sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o t h e sa me ph a se of t h e su ppl y
ci r cu i t a n d wi t h t h e sa me i n st a n t a -
n eou s pol a r i t y .
(d) Operat ion an d main t en an ce(1)
Gen eral. Wor k er s a ssi gn ed t o oper a t e or
ma i n t a i n a r c wel di n g equ i pmen t sh a l l
be a cqu a i n t ed wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s sect i on a n d wi t h 1910. 252 (a ), (b),
a n d (c) of t h i s pa r t .
(2) Mach in e h ook u p. Befor e st a r t i n g
oper a t i on s a l l con n ect i on s t o t h e ma -
ch i n e sh a l l be ch eck ed t o ma k e cer t a i n
t h ey a r e pr oper l y ma de. Th e wor k l ea d
sh a l l be fi r ml y a t t a ch ed t o t h e wor k ;
ma gn et i c wor k cl a mps sh a l l be fr eed
fr om a dh er en t met a l pa r t i cl es of spa t -
t er on con t a ct su r fa ces. Coi l ed wel di n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
694
ca bl e sh a l l be spr ea d ou t befor e u se t o
a voi d ser i ou s over h ea t i n g a n d da ma ge
t o i n su l a t i on .
(3) Grou n din g. Gr ou n di n g of t h e wel d-
i n g ma ch i n e fr a me sh a l l be ch eck ed.
S peci a l a t t en t i on sh a l l be gi ven t o
sa fet y gr ou n d con n ect i on s of por t a bl e
ma ch i n es.
(4) L eak s. Th er e sh a l l be n o l ea k s of
cool i n g wa t er , sh i el di n g ga s or en gi n e
fu el .
(5) Swit ch es. I t sh a l l be det er mi n ed
t h a t pr oper swi t ch i n g equ i pmen t for
sh u t t i n g down t h e ma ch i n e i s pr ovi ded.
(6) Man u f act u rers in st ru ct ion s. P r i n t -
ed r u l es a n d i n st r u ct i on s cover i n g op-
er a t i on of equ i pmen t su ppl i ed by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s sh a l l be st r i ct l y fol -
l owed.
(7) Elect rode h olders. El ect r ode h ol d-
er s wh en n ot i n u se sh a l l be so pl a ced
t h a t t h ey ca n n ot ma k e el ect r i ca l con -
t a ct wi t h per son s, con du ct i n g obj ect s,
fu el or compr essed ga s t a n k s.
(8) Elect ric sh ock . Ca bl es wi t h spl i ces
wi t h i n 10 feet (3 m) of t h e h ol der sh a l l
n ot be u sed. Th e wel der sh ou l d n ot coi l
or l oop wel di n g el ect r ode ca bl e a r ou n d
pa r t s of h i s body .
(9) Main t en an ce. (i ) Th e oper a t or
sh ou l d r epor t a n y equ i pmen t defect or
sa fet y h a za r d t o h i s su per vi sor a n d t h e
u se of t h e equ i pmen t sh a l l be di scon -
t i n u ed u n t i l i t s sa fet y h a s been a s-
su r ed. Repa i r s sh a l l be ma de on l y by
qu a l i fi ed per son n el .
(i i ) Ma ch i n es wh i ch h a ve become wet
sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y dr i ed a n d t est ed
befor e bei n g u sed.
(i i i ) Ca bl es wi t h da ma ged i n su l a t i on
or exposed ba r e con du ct or s sh a l l be r e-
pl a ced. J oi n i n g l en gt h s of wor k a n d
el ect r ode ca bl es sh a l l be don e by t h e
u se of con n ect i n g mea n s speci fi ca l l y
i n t en ded for t h e pu r pose. Th e con -
n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l h a ve i n su l a t i on
a dequ a t e for t h e ser vi ce con di t i on s.
F R 9241, Ma r . 7, 1996; 70 F R 53929, S ept . 13,
2005]
1910.255 Resistance welding.
(a ) Gen eral(1) I n st allat ion . Al l equ i p-
men t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed by a qu a l i fi ed
el ect r i ci a n i n con for ma n ce wi t h su b-
pa r t S of t h i s pa r t . Th er e sh a l l be a
sa fet y -t y pe di scon n ect i n g swi t ch or a
ci r cu i t br ea k er or ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er
t o open ea ch power ci r cu i t t o t h e ma -
ch i n e, con ven i en t l y l oca t ed a t or n ea r
t h e ma ch i n e, so t h a t t h e power ca n be
sh u t off wh en t h e ma ch i n e or i t s con -
t r ol s a r e t o be ser vi ced.
(2) T h ermal prot ect ion . I gn i t r on t u bes
u sed i n r esi st a n ce wel di n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a t h er ma l pr o-
t ect i on swi t ch .
(3) Person n el. Wor k men desi gn a t ed t o
oper a t e r esi st a n ce wel di n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l h a ve been pr oper l y i n st r u ct ed a n d
j u dged compet en t t o oper a t e su ch
equ i pmen t .
(4) Gu ardin g. Con t r ol s of a l l a u t o-
ma t i c or a i r a n d h y dr a u l i c cl a mps sh a l l
be a r r a n ged or gu a r ded t o pr even t t h e
oper a t or fr om a cci den t a l l y a ct i va t i n g
t h em.
(b) Spot an d seam weldin g mach in es
(n on port able)(1) Volt age. Al l ext er n a l
wel d i n i t i a t i n g con t r ol ci r cu i t s sh a l l
oper a t e on l ow vol t a ge, n ot over 120
vol t s, for t h e sa fet y of t h e oper a t or s.
(2) Capacit or weldin g. S t or ed en er gy
or ca pa ci t or di sch a r ge t y pe of r esi st -
a n ce wel di n g equ i pmen t a n d con t r ol
pa n el s i n vol vi n g h i gh vol t a ge (over 550
vol t s) sh a l l be su i t a bl y i n su l a t ed a n d
pr ot ect ed by compl et e en cl osu r es, a l l
door s of wh i ch sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
su i t a bl e i n t er l ock s a n d con t a ct s wi r ed
i n t o t h e con t r ol ci r cu i t (si mi l a r t o el e-
va t or i n t er l ock s). S u ch i n t er l ock s or
con t a ct s sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s t o ef-
fect i vel y i n t er r u pt power a n d sh or t ci r -
cu i t a l l ca pa ci t or s wh en t h e door or
pa n el i s open . A ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
swi t ch or su i t a bl e posi t i ve devi ce sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed, i n a ddi t i on t o t h e mech a n -
i ca l i n t er l ock s or con t a ct s, a s a n a dded
sa fet y mea su r e a ssu r i n g a bsol u t e di s-
ch a r ge of a l l ca pa ci t or s.
(3) I n t erlock s. Al l door s a n d a ccess
pa n el s of a l l r esi st a n ce wel di n g ma -
ch i n es a n d con t r ol pa n el s sh a l l be k ept
l ock ed a n d i n t er l ock ed t o pr even t a c-
cess, by u n a u t h or i zed per son s, t o l i ve
por t i on s of t h e equ i pmen t .
(4) Gu ardin g. Al l pr ess wel di n g ma -
ch i n e oper a t i on s, wh er e t h er e i s a pos-
si bi l i t y of t h e oper a t or s fi n ger s bei n g
u n der t h e poi n t of oper a t i on , sh a l l be
effect i vel y gu a r ded by t h e u se of a de-
vi ce su ch a s a n el ect r on i c ey e sa fet y
ci r cu i t , t wo h a n d con t r ol s or pr ot ec-
t i on si mi l a r t o t h a t pr escr i bed for
pu n ch pr ess oper a t i on , 1910. 217 of t h i s
pa r t . Al l ch a i n s, gea r s, oper a t i n g bu s
l i n k a ge, a n d bel t s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
695
a dequ a t e gu a r ds, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
1910. 219 of t h i s pa r t .
(5) Sh ields. Th e h a za r d of fl y i n g
spa r k s sh a l l be, wh er ever pr a ct i ca l ,
el i mi n a t ed by i n st a l l i n g a sh i el d gu a r d
of sa fet y gl a ss or su i t a bl e fi r e-r esi st a n t
pl a st i c a t t h e poi n t of oper a t i on . Addi -
t i on a l sh i el ds or cu r t a i n s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a s n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect pa ssi n g
per son s fr om fl y i n g spa r k s. (S ee
1910. 252(b)(2)(i )(C) of t h i s pa r t . )
(6) Foot swit ch es. Al l foot swi t ch es
sh a l l be gu a r ded t o pr even t a cci den t a l
oper a t i on of t h e ma ch i n e.
(7) St op bu t t on s. Two or mor e sa fet y
emer gen cy st op bu t t on s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on a l l speci a l mu l t i spot wel di n g
ma ch i n es, i n cl u di n g 2-post a n d 4-post
wel d pr esses.
(8) Saf et y pin s. On l a r ge ma ch i n es,
fou r sa fet y pi n s wi t h pl u gs a n d r ecep-
t a cl es (on e i n ea ch cor n er ) sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded so t h a t wh en sa fet y pi n s a r e r e-
moved a n d i n ser t ed i n t h e r a m or pl a t -
en , t h e pr ess becomes i n oper a t i ve.
(9) Grou n din g. Wh er e t ech n i ca l l y
pr a ct i ca l , t h e secon da r y of a l l wel di n g
t r a n sfor mer s u sed i n mu l t i spot , pr oj ec-
t i on a n d sea m wel di n g ma ch i n es sh a l l
be gr ou n ded. Th i s ma y be don e by per -
ma n en t l y gr ou n di n g on e si de of t h e
wel di n g secon da r y cu r r en t ci r cu i t .
Wh er e n ot t ech n i ca l l y pr a ct i ca l , a cen -
t er t a pped gr ou n di n g r ea ct or con n ect ed
a cr oss t h e secon da r y or t h e u se of a
sa fet y di scon n ect swi t ch i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h t h e wel di n g con t r ol a r e a c-
cept a bl e a l t er n a t es. S a fet y di scon n ect
sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o open bot h si des of
t h e l i n e wh en wel di n g cu r r en t i s n ot
pr esen t .
(c) Port able weldin g mach in es(1)
Cou n t erbalan ce. Al l por t a bl e wel di n g
gu n s sh a l l h a ve su i t a bl e
cou n t er ba l a n ced devi ces for su ppor t i n g
t h e gu n s, i n cl u di n g ca bl es, u n l ess t h e
desi gn of t h e gu n or fi xt u r e ma k es
cou n t er ba l a n ci n g i mpr a ct i ca l or u n -
n ecessa r y .
(2) Saf et y ch ain s. Al l por t a bl e wel di n g
gu n s, t r a n sfor mer s a n d r el a t ed equ i p-
men t t h a t i s su spen ded fr om over h ea d
st r u ct u r es, ey e bea ms, t r ol l ey s, et c. ,
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y ch a i n s or
ca bl es. S a fet y ch a i n s or ca bl es sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g t h e t ot a l sh ock
l oa d i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e of a n y com-
pon en t of t h e su ppor t i n g sy st em.
(3) Clevis. Ea ch cl evi s sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of su ppor t i n g t h e t ot a l sh ock l oa d of
t h e su spen ded equ i pmen t i n t h e even t
of t r ol l ey fa i l u r e.
(4) Swit ch gu ards. Al l i n i t i a t i n g
swi t ch es, i n cl u di n g r et r a ct i on a n d du a l
sch edu l e swi t ch es, l oca t ed on t h e por t -
a bl e wel di n g gu n sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
su i t a bl e gu a r ds ca pa bl e of pr even t i n g
a cci den t a l i n i t i a t i on t h r ou gh con t a ct
wi t h fi xt u r i n g, oper a t or s cl ot h i n g, et c.
I n i t i a t i n g swi t ch vol t a ge sh a l l n ot ex-
ceed 24 vol t s.
(5) Movin g h older. Th e mova bl e h ol d-
er , wh er e i t en t er s t h e gu n fr a me, sh a l l
h a ve su ffi ci en t cl ea r a n ce t o pr even t
t h e sh ea r i n g of fi n ger s ca r el essl y
pl a ced on t h e oper a t i n g mova bl e h ol d-
er .
(6) Grou n din g. Th e secon da r y a n d
ca se of a l l por t a bl e wel di n g t r a n s-
for mer s sh a l l be gr ou n ded. S econ da r y
gr ou n di n g ma y be by cen t er t a pped sec-
on da r y or by a cen t er t a pped gr ou n di n g
r ea ct or con n ect ed a cr oss t h e sec-
on da r y .
(d) Flash weldin g equ ipmen t (1) Ven -
t ilat ion an d f lash gu ard. F l a sh wel di n g
ma ch i n es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a h ood
t o con t r ol fl y i n g fl a sh . I n ca ses of h i gh
pr odu ct i on , wh er e ma t er i a l s ma y con -
t a i n a fi l m of oi l a n d wh er e t oxi c el e-
men t s a n d met a l fu mes a r e gi ven off,
ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h 1910. 252(c) of t h i s pa r t .
(2) Fire cu rt ain s. F or t h e pr ot ect i on of
t h e oper a t or s of n ea r by equ i pmen t ,
fi r e-r esi st a n t cu r t a i n s or su i t a bl e
sh i el ds sh a l l be set u p a r ou n d t h e ma -
ch i n e a n d i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h e
oper a t or s movemen t s a r e n ot h a m-
per ed.
(e) Main t en an ce. P er i odi c i n spect i on
sh a l l be ma de by qu a l i fi ed ma i n t en a n ce
per son n el , a n d a cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
ma i n t a i n ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d
sh a l l i n cl u de t h e da t e of i n spect i on , t h e
si gn a t u r e of t h e per son wh o per for med
t h e i n spect i on a n d t h e ser i a l n u mber ,
or ot h er i den t i fi er , for t h e equ i pmen t
i n spect ed. Th e oper a t or sh a l l be i n -
st r u ct ed t o r epor t a n y equ i pmen t de-
fect s t o h i s su per vi sor a n d t h e u se of
t h e equ i pmen t sh a l l be di scon t i n u ed
u n t i l sa fet y r epa i r s h a ve been com-
pl et ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
696
Subpart RSpecial Industries
Or der Nos. 1271 (36 F R 8754), 876 (41 F R
25059), 983 (48 F R 35736), 696 (62 F R 111), 3
2000 (65 F R 50017), or 52002 (67 F R 65008) a s
a ppl i ca bl e; a n d 29 CF R pa r t 1911.
1910.261 Pulp, paper, and paper-
board mills.
t ion . Th i s sect i on a ppl i es t o est a bl i sh -
men t s wh er e pu l p, pa per , a n d pa per -
boa r d a r e ma n u fa ct u r ed a n d con ver t ed.
Th i s sect i on does n ot a ppl y t o l oggi n g
a n d t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of l ogs t o pu l p,
pa per , a n d pa per boa r d mi l l s.
(2) St an dards in corporat ed by ref eren ce.
S t a n da r ds cover i n g i ssu es of occu pa -
t i on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h wh i ch h a ve
gen er a l a ppl i ca t i on wi t h ou t r ega r d t o
a n y speci fi c i n du st r y a r e i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce i n pa r a gr a ph s (b) t h r ou gh
(m) of t h i s sect i on a n d i n su bpa r a -
gr a ph s (3) a n d (4) of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a n d
ma de a ppl i ca bl e u n der t h i s sect i on .
S u ch st a n da r ds sh a l l be con st r u ed a c-
cor di n g t o t h e r u l es set for t h i n 1910. 5.
(3) Gen eral in corporat ion of st an dards.
Est a bl i sh men t s su bj ect t o t h i s sect i on
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g st a n d-
a r ds of t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r ds I n st i t u t e, wh i ch a r e i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6:
(i ) P r a ct i ce for I n du st r i a l Li gh t i n g,
A11. 11965 (R1970).
(i i ) S ch eme for t h e I den t i fi ca t i on of
P i pi n g S y st ems, A13. 11956.
(i i i ) S a fet y Code for El eva t or s,
Du mbwa i t er s, a n d Movi n g Wa l k s,
A17. 11965, i n cl u di n g S u ppl emen t s
A17. 1a 1967, A17. 1b1968, A17. 1c1969,
a n d A17. 1d1970.
(i v) P r a ct i ce for t h e I n spect i on of
El eva t or s (I n spect or s Ma n u a l ), A17. 2
1960, i n cl u di n g S u ppel emen t s A17. 2a
1965 a n d A17. 2b1967.
(v) S a fet y Code for Con vey or s,
Ca bl ewa y s, a n d Rel a t ed Equ i pmen t ,
B20. 11957.
(vi ) P ower P i pi n g, B31. 1. 01967 a n d
a dden da B31. 10a 1969. F u el Ga s P i pi n g,
B31. 21968.
(vi i ) I den t i fi ca t i on of Ga s-Ma sk Ca n -
i st er s, K13. 11967.
(vi i i ) P r even t i on of S u l fu r F i r es a n d
Expl osi on s, Z12. 121968.
(i x) I n st a l l a t i on of Bl ower a n d Ex-
h a u st S y st ems for Du st , S t ock , a n d
Va por Remova l or Con vey i n g, Z33. 1
1961.
(4) Ot h er st an dards. Th e fol l owi n g
st a n da r ds, wh i ch a r e i n cor por a t ed by
r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, sh a l l
be con si der ed st a n da r ds u n der t h i s sec-
t i on :
(i ) AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel
Code, S ect i on VI I I , Un fi r ed P r essu r e
Vessel s, i n cl u di n g a dden da 1969.
(i i ) Bu i l di n g Exi t s Code for Li fe S a fe-
t y fr om F i r e, NF P A 1011970.
(i i i ) S a fet y i n t h e Ha n dl i n g a n d Use
of Expl osi ves, I ME P a mph l et No. 17,
J u l y 1960, I n st i t u t e of Ma k er s of Expl o-
si ves.
(b) Saf e pract ices(1) L ock ou t s. De-
vi ces su ch a s pa dl ock s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for l ock i n g ou t t h e sou r ce of
power a t t h e ma i n di scon n ect swi t ch .
Befor e a n y ma i n t en a n ce, i n spect i on ,
cl ea n i n g, a dj u st i n g, or ser vi ci n g of
equ i pmen t (el ect r i ca l , mech a n i ca l , or
ot h er ) t h a t r equ i r es en t r a n ce i n t o or
cl ose con t a ct wi t h t h e ma ch i n er y or
equ i pmen t , t h e ma i n power di scon n ect
swi t ch or va l ve, or bot h , con t r ol l i n g i t s
sou r ce of power or fl ow of ma t er i a l ,
sh a l l be l ock ed ou t or bl ock ed off wi t h
pa dl ock , bl a n k fl a n ge, or si mi l a r de-
vi ce.
(2) Emergen cy ligh t in g. Emer gen cy
l i gh t i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er ever i t
i s n ecessa r y for empl oy ees t o r ema i n a t
t h ei r ma ch i n es or st a t i on s t o sh u t
down equ i pmen t i n ca se of power fa i l -
u r e. Emer gen cy l i gh t i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded a t st a i r wa y s a n d pa ssa gewa y s or
a i sl ewa y s u sed by empl oy ees for emer -
gen cy exi t i n ca se of power fa i l u r e.
Emer gen cy l i gh t i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded
i n a l l pl a n t fi r st a i d a n d medi ca l fa ci l i -
t i es.
(c) Han dlin g an d st orage of pu lpwood
an d pu lp ch ips(1) Han dlin g pu lpwood
wit h f ork lif t t ru ck s. Wh er e l a r ge for k l i ft
t r u ck s, or l i ft t r u ck s wi t h cl a m-j a ws,
a r e u sed i n t h e y a r d, t h e oper a t or s en -
cl osed ca b sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n es-
ca pe h a t ch , wh en ever t h e h y dr a u l i c
a r m bl ock s esca pe t h r ou gh t h e si de
door s.
(2) Han dlin g pu lpwood wit h cran es or
st ack ers. (i ) Wh er e l ocomot i ve cr a n es
a r e u sed for l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g pu l p-
wood, t h e pu l pwood sh a l l be pi l ed so a s
t o a l l ow a cl ea r a n ce of n ot l ess t h a n 24
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
697
i n ch es bet ween t h e pi l e a n d t h e en d of
t h e ca b of a n y l ocomot i ve cr a n e i n u se,
wh en t h e ca b i s t u r n ed i n a n y wor k i n g
posi t i on .
(i i ) Th e mi n i mu m di st a n ce of t h e
pu l pwood pi l e fr om t h e cen t er l i n e of a
st a n da r d-ga ge t r a ck sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed a t n ot l ess t h a n 8
1
2 feet .
(i i i ) Logs sh a l l be pi l ed i n a n or der l y
a n d st a bl e ma n n er , wi t h n o pr oj ect i on
i n t o wa l k wa y s or r oa dwa y s.
(i v) Ra i l r oa d ca r s sh a l l n ot be spot t ed
on t r a ck s a dj a cen t t o t h e l ocomot i ve
cr a n es u n l ess a 24-i n ch cl ea r a n ce i s
ma i n t a i n ed, a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(v) Th e h a n dl i n g a n d st or a ge of ot h er
ma t er i a l s sh a l l con for m t o pa r a gr a ph s
(c)(2) (i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on wi t h r e-
spect t o cl ea r a n ce.
(vi ) No per son sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
wa l k ben ea t h a su spen ded l oa d, bu ck et ,
or h ook .
(3) Han dlin g pu lpwood f rom sh ips.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Th e h a t ch t en der sh a l l be r e-
qu i r ed t o si gn a l t h e h oi st i n g en gi n eer
t o move t h e l oa d on l y a ft er t h e men
wor k i n g i n t h e h ol d a r e i n t h e cl ea r .
(i i i ) Th e a i r i n t h e sh i ps h ol d, t a n k s,
or cl osed vessel s sh a l l be t est ed for ox-
y gen defi ci en cy a n d for bot h t oxi c a n d
expl osi ve ga ses a n d va por s.
(4) Han dlin g pu lpwood f rom f lat cars
an d all ot h er railway cars. (i ) Ra i l r oa d
fl a t ca r s for t h e con vey a n ce of pu l p-
wood l oa ded pa r a l l el t o t h e l en gt h of
t h e ca r sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h sa fet y -
st a k e pock et s.
(i i ) Wh er e pu l pwood i s l oa ded cr oss-
wi se on a fl a t ca r su ffi ci en t st a k es of
si zes n ot sma l l er t h a n 4 by 4 i n ch es
sh a l l be u sed t o pr even t t h e l oa d fr om
sh i ft i n g.
(i i i ) Wh en i t i s n ecessa r y t o cu t
st a k es, t h ose on t h e u n l oa di n g si de
sh ou l d be pa r t i a l l y cu t t h r ou gh fi r st ,
a n d t h en t h e bi n der wi r es cu t on t h e
opposi t e si de. Wi r e cu t t er s equ i pped
wi t h l on g ext en si on h a n dl es sh a l l be
u sed. No per son sh a l l be per mi t t ed
a l on g t h e du mpi n g si de of t h e ca r a ft er
t h e st a k es h a ve been cu t .
(i v) Wh en st eel st r a ps wi t h ou t st a k es
a r e u sed, t h e st eel st r a ps sh a l l be cu t
fr om a sa fe a r ea t o pr even t empl oy ees
fr om bei n g st r u ck by t h e fa l l i n g l ogs.
(v) F l a t ca r s a n d a l l ot h er ca r s sh a l l
be ch ock ed du r i n g u n l oa di n g. Wh er e
equ i pmen t i s n ot pr ovi ded wi t h h a n d
br a k es, r a i l cl a mpi n g ch ock s sh a l l be
u sed.
(vi ) A der a i l sh a l l be u sed t o pr even t
movemen t of ot h er r a i l equ i pmen t i n t o
ca r s wh er e per son s a r e wor k i n g.
(5) Han dlin g pu lpwood f rom t ru ck s. (i )
Cu t t i n g of st a k es a n d bi n der wi r es
sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (c)4(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Wh er e bi n der ch a i n a n d st eel
st a k es a r e u sed, t h e bi n der ch a i n s sh a l l
be r el ea sed a n d t h e st a k es t r i pped fr om
t h e opposi t e si de of t h e l oa d spi l l a ge.
(i i i ) Wh er e bi n der ch a i n s a n d cr a n e
sl i n gs a r e u sed, t h e cr a n e sl i n gs sh a l l
be a t t a ch ed a n d t a u t befor e t h e bi n der
ch a i n s a r e r el ea sed. Th e h ook er sh a l l
see t h a t t h e h el per i s cl ea r befor e si g-
n a l i n g for t h e movemen t of t h e l oa d.
(6) Han dlin g pu lp ch ips f rom railway
cars. Al l ca r s sh a l l be secu r el y fa st en ed
i n pl a ce a n d a l l empl oy ees i n t h e cl ea r
befor e du mpi n g i s st a r t ed.
(7) Han dlin g pu lp ch ips f rom t ru ck s an d
t railers. Al l t r u ck s a n d t r a i l er s sh a l l be
secu r el y fa st en ed i n pl a ce a n d a l l em-
pl oy ees i n t h e cl ea r befor e du mpi n g i s
st a r t ed.
(8) Cran es.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) A sa fet y devi ce su ch a s a h ea vy
ch a i n or ca bl e a t l ea st equ a l i n
st r en gt h t o t h e l i ft i n g ca bl es sh a l l be
fa st en ed t o t h e boom a n d t o t h e fr a me
of t h e boom cr a n e (i f i t i s ot h er t h a n
l ocomot i ve) a t t h e ba se. Al t er n a t i vel y ,
a t el escopi n g sa fet y devi ce sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed t o t h e boom a n d t o t h e ca b
fr a me, so a s t o pr even t t h e boom fr om
sn a ppi n g ba ck over t h e ca b i n t h e
even t of l i ft i n g ca bl e br ea k a ge.
(i i i ) A cr a n e sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed
wh er e a n y pa r t t h er eof ma y come wi t h -
i n 10 feet of over h ea d power l i n es (or
ot h er over h ea d obst r u ct i on s) u n l ess t h e
power l i n es h a ve been deen er gi zed. Th e
boom sh a l l be pa i n t ed br i gh t y el l ow
fr om a n d i n cl u di n g t h e h ea d sh ea ve t o
a poi n t 6 feet down t h e boom t owa r ds
t h e ca b.
(i v) S t a n da r d si gn a l s for t h e oper -
a t i on of cr a n es sh a l l be est a bl i sh ed for
a l l movemen t s of t h e cr a n e, i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r ds B30. 21943 (r ea ffi r med 1968) a n d
B30. 2. 01967.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
698
(v) On l y on e member of t h e cr ew
sh a l l be a u t h or i zed t o gi ve si gn a l s t o
t h e cr a n e oper a t or .
(vi ) Al l cr a n es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a su i t a bl e wa r n i n g devi ce su ch a s a
h or n or wh i st l e.
(vi i ) A sh ea ve gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
ben ea t h t h e h ea d sh ea ve of t h e boom.
(9) T raf f ic warn in g sign s or sign als. (i )
A fl a gma n sh a l l di r ect t h e movemen t
of cr a n es or l ocomot i ves bei n g moved
a cr oss r a i l r oa d t r a ck s or r oa ds, a n d a t
a n y poi n t s wh er e t h e vi si on of t h e op-
er a t or i s r est r i ct ed. Th e fl a gma n mu st
a l wa y s r ema i n i n si gh t of t h e oper a t or
wh en t h e cr a n e or l ocomot i ve i s i n mo-
t i on . Th e bl u e fl a g pol i cy sh a l l be u sed
t o ma r k st a t i on a r y ca r s da y a n d n i gh t .
Th i s pol i cy sh a l l i n cl u de ma r k i n g t h e
t r a ck i n a dva n ce of t h e spot t ed ca r s
(fl a g for da y t i me, l i gh t for da r k n ess).
(i i ) Aft er ca r s a r e spot t ed for l oa di n g
or u n l oa di n g, wa r n i n g fl a gs or si gn s
sh a l l be pl a ced i n t h e cen t er of t h e
t r a ck a t l ea st 50 feet a wa y fr om t h e
ca r s a n d a der a i l set t o pr ot ect wor k -
men i n t h e ca r .
(10) I llu min at ion . Ar t i fi ci a l i l l u mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en l oa di n g or
u n l oa di n g i s per for med a ft er da r k , i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d A11. 11965 (R1970).
(11) [Reser ved]
(12) Bark in g devices. Wh en ba r k i n g
dr u ms a r e empl oy ed i n t h e y a r d, t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (e)(12) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y .
(13) Han d t ools. Ha n dl es of wood
h ook s sh a l l be l ock ed t o t h e sh a n k t o
pr even t t h em fr om r ot a t i n g.
(14) Removal of pu lpwood. (i ) Th e en ds
of a woodpi l e sh a l l be pr oper l y sl oped
a n d cr oss-t i er ed i n t o t h e pi l e. Upr i gh t
pol es sh a l l n ot be u sed a t t h e en ds of
woodpi l es. To k n ock down wood fr om
t h e woodpi l e, mech a n i ca l equ i pmen t
sh a l l be u sed t o per mi t empl oy ees t o
k eep i n t h e cl ea r of l oosen ed wood.
(i i ) I f dy n a mi t e i s u sed t o l oosen t h e
pi l e, on l y a u t h or i zed per son n el sh a l l be
per mi t t ed t o h a n dl e a n d di sch a r ge t h e
expl osi ve. An el ect r i c det on a t or i s pr ef-
er a bl e for fi r i n g; i f a fu se i s u sed, i t
sh a l l be a n a ppr oved sa fet y fu se wi t h a
bu r n i n g r a t e of n ot l ess t h a n 120 sec-
on ds per y a r d a n d a mi n i mu m l en gt h of
3 feet , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h S a fet y i n t h e
Ha n dl i n g a n d Use of Expl osi ves, I ME
P a mph l et No. 17, J u l y 1960.
(15) Belt con vey ors. (i ) Th e si des of t h e
con vey or sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so t h a t
t h e wood wi l l n ot fa l l off.
(i i ) Wh er e con vey or s cr oss pa ssa ge-
wa y s or r oa dwa y s, a h or i zon t a l pl a t -
for m sh a l l be pr ovi ded u n der t h e con -
vey or ext en di n g ou t fr om t h e si des of
t h e con vey or a di st a n ce equ a l t o 1
1
2
t i mes t h e l en gt h of t h e wood h a n dl ed.
Th e pl a t for m sh a l l ext en d t h e wi dt h of
t h e r oa d pl u s 2 feet on ea ch si de a n d
sh a l l be k ept fr ee of wood a n d r u bbi sh .
Th e edges of t h e pl a t for m sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h t oeboa r ds or ot h er pr ot ec-
t i on t o pr even t wood fr om fa l l i n g, i n
S t a n da r d A12. 11967.
(i i i ) Al l con vey or s for pu l pwood sh a l l
h a ve t h e i n r u n n i n g n i ps bet ween ch a i n
a n d spr ock et s gu a r ded; a l so, t u r n i n g
dr u ms sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(i v) Ever y bel t con vey or sh a l l h a ve
a n emer gen cy st op ca bl e ext en di n g t h e
l en gt h of t h e con vey or so t h a t i t ma y
be st opped fr om a n y l oca t i on a l on g t h e
l i n e, or con ven i en t l y l oca t ed st op bu t -
t on s wi t h i n 10 feet of ea ch wor k st a -
t i on , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d B20. 11957.
(16) Sign s. Wh er e con vey or s cr oss
wa l k wa y s or r oa dwa y s i n t h e y a r ds,
si gn s r ea di n g Da n ger Over h ea d Con -
vey or or a n equ i va l en t wa r n i n g sh a l l
be er ect ed, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d Z35. 11968.
(d) Han dlin g an d st orage of raw mat e-
rials ot h er t h an pu lpwood or pu lp ch ips
(1) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . Wh en -
ever possi bl e, a l l du st , fu mes, a n d ga ses
i n ci den t t o h a n dl i n g ma t er i a l s sh a l l be
con t r ol l ed a t t h e sou r ce, i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
Z9. 21960. Wh er e con t r ol a t t h e sou r ce
i s n ot possi bl e, r espi r a t or s wi t h goggl es
or pr ot ect i ve ma sk s sh a l l be pr ovi ded,
a n d empl oy ees sh a l l wea r t h em wh en
h a n dl i n g a l u m, cl a y , soda a sh , l i me,
bl ea ch powder , su l fu r , ch l or i n e, a n d
si mi l a r ma t er i a l s, a n d wh en open i n g
r a g ba l es.
(2) Clearan ce. (i ) Wh en ma t er i a l s a r e
bei n g pi l ed i n si de a bu i l di n g a n d u pon
pl a t for ms, a n a i sl e cl ea r a n ce a t l ea st 3
feet gr ea t er t h a n t h e wi dest t r u ck i n
u se sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Ba l ed pa per a n d r a gs st or ed i n si de
a bu i l di n g sh a l l n ot be pi l ed cl oser t h a n
18 i n ch es t o wa l l s, pa r t i t i on s, or spr i n -
k l er h ea ds.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
699
(3) Pilin g an d u n pilin g pu lp. (i ) P i l es
of wet l a p pu l p (u n l ess pa l l et i zed) sh a l l
be st epped ba ck on e-h a l f t h e wi dt h of
t h e sh eet for ea ch 8 feet of pi l e h ei gh t .
S h eet s of pu l p sh a l l be i n t er l a pped t o
ma k e t h e pi l e secu r e. P u l p sh a l l n ot be
pi l ed over pi pel i n es t o j eopa r di ze pi pes,
or so a s t o ca u se over l oa di n g of fl oor s,
or t o wi t h i n 18 i n ch es bel ow spr i n k l er
h ea ds.
(i i ) P i l es of pu l p sh a l l n ot be u n der -
mi n ed wh en bei n g u n pi l ed.
(i i i ) F l oor ca pa ci t i es sh a l l be cl ea r l y
ma r k ed on a l l fl oor s.
(4)(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Wh er e r ol l s a r e py r a mi ded t wo or
mor e h i gh , ch ock s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed be-
t ween ea ch r ol l on t h e fl oor a n d a t
ever y r ow. Wh er e pu l p a n d pa per r ol l s
a r e st or ed on smoot h fl oor s i n pr oc-
essi n g a r ea s, r u bber ch ock s wi t h wood-
en cor e sh a l l be u sed.
(i i i ) Wh en r ol l s a r e deck ed t wo or
mor e h i gh , t h e bot t om r ol l s sh a l l be
ch ock ed on ea ch si de t o pr even t sh i ft -
i n g i n ei t h er di r ect i on .
(e) Preparin g pu lpwood(1) Gan g an d
slash er saws. A gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
i n fr on t of a l l ga n g a n d sl a sh er sa ws t o
pr ot ect wor k er s fr om wood t h r own by
sa ws. A gu a r d sh a l l be pl a ced over t a i l
spr ock et s.
(2) Slash er t ables. S a ws sh a l l be
st opped a n d power swi t ch es sh a l l be
l ock ed ou t a n d t a gged wh en ever i t i s
n ecessa r y for a n y per son t o be on t h e
sl a sh er t a bl e.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Ru n way t o t h e jack ladder. Th e
r u n wa y fr om t h e pon d or u n l oa di n g
dock t o t h e t a bl e sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
wi t h st a n da r d h a n dr a i l s a n d t oeboa r ds.
I n cl i n ed por t i on s sh a l l h a ve cl ea t s or
equ i va l en t n on sl i p su r fa ci n g, i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
A12. 11967. P r ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for per son s wor k i n g over
wa t er .
(5) Gu ards below t able. Wh er e n ot pr o-
t ect ed by t h e fr a me of t h e ma ch i n e, t h e
u n der si de of t h e sl a sh er sa ws sh a l l be
en cl osed wi t h gu a r ds.
(6) Con vey ors. Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (c)(15)(i v) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l a ppl y .
(7) [Reser ved]
(8) Bark er f eed. Ea ch ba r k er sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a feed a n d t u r n over de-
vi ce wh i ch wi l l ma k e i t u n n ecessa r y
for t h e oper a t or t o h ol d a bol t or l og by
h a n d du r i n g t h e ba r k i n g oper a t i on .
Ey e, ea r , a n d h ea d pr ot ect i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for t h e oper a t or , i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(9) [Reser ved]
(10) St ops. Al l con t r ol devi ces sh a l l be
l ock ed ou t a n d t a gged wh en k n i ves a r e
bei n g ch a n ged.
(11) Speed govern or. Wa t er wh eel s,
wh en di r ect l y con n ect ed t o ba r k er
di sk s or gr i n der s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h speed gover n or s, i f oper a t ed wi t h
ga t e wi de open .
(12) Con t in u ou s bark in g dru ms. (i )
Wh en pl a t for ms or fl oor s a l l ow a ccess
t o t h e si des of t h e dr u ms, a st a n da r d
r a i l i n g sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a r ou n d t h e
dr u ms. Wh en t wo or mor e dr u ms a r e
a r r a n ged si de by si de, pr oper wa l k wa y s
wi t h st a n da r d h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded bet ween ea ch set , i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) S pr ock et s a n d ch a i n s, gea r s, a n d
t r u n n i on s sh a l l h a ve st a n da r d gu a r ds,
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(1) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Wh en ever i t becomes n ecessa r y
for a wor k ma n t o go wi t h i n a dr u m,
t h e dr i vi n g mech a n i sm sh a l l be l ock ed
a n d t a gged, a t t h e ma i n di scon n ect
swi t ch , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(b)(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(13) I n t ermit t en t bark in g dru ms. I n a d-
di t i on t o mot or swi t ch , cl u t ch , bel t
sh i ft er , or ot h er power di scon n ect i n g
devi ce, i n t er mi t t en t ba r k i n g dr u ms
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a devi ce wh i ch
ma y be l ock ed t o pr even t t h e dr u m
fr om movi n g wh i l e i t i s bei n g empt i ed
or fi l l ed.
(14) Hy drau lic bark ers. Hy dr a u l i c
ba r k er s sh a l l be en cl osed wi t h st r on g
ba ffl es a t t h e i n l et a n d t h e ou t l et . Th e
oper a t or sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a t l ea st
fi ve-pl y l a mi n a t ed gl a ss.
(15) Split t er block . Th e bl ock u pon or
a ga i n st wh i ch t h e wood i s r est ed sh a l l
h a ve a cor r u ga t ed su r fa ce or ot h er
mea n s pr ovi ded t h a t t h e wood wi l l n ot
sl i p. Wood t o be spl i t , a n d a l so t h e
spl i t t i n g bl ock , sh a l l be fr ee of i ce,
sn ow, or ch i ps. Th e oper a t or sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h ey e a n d foot pr ot ect i on .
A cl ea r a n d u n obst r u ct ed vi ew sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed bet ween equ i pmen t a n d
wor k er s a r ou n d t h e bl ock a n d t h e
wor k er s h el p a r ea .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
700
(16) Power con t rol. P ower for t h e oper -
a t i on of t h e spl i t t er sh a l l be con t r ol l ed
by a cl u t ch or equ i va l en t devi ce.
(17) Kn ot clean ers. Th e oper a t or s of
k n ot cl ea n er s of t h e woodpeck er t y pe
sh a l l wea r ey e pr ot ect i on equ i pmen t .
(18) Ch ipper spou t . Th e feed sy st em t o
t h e ch i pper spou t sh a l l be a r r a n ged i n
su ch a wa y t h a t t h e oper a t or does n ot
st a n d i n a di r ect l i n e wi t h t h e ch i pper
spou t . Al l ch i pper spou t s sh a l l be en -
cl osed t o a h ei gh t of a t l ea st 42 i n ch es
fr om t h e fl oor or oper a t or s pl a t for m.
Wh en ot h er pr ot ect i on i s n ot su ffi ci en t ,
t h e oper a t or sh a l l wea r a sa fet y bel t
l i n e. Th e sa fet y bel t l i n e sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o ma k e i t
i mpossi bl e for t h e oper a t or t o fa l l i n t o
t h e t h r oa t of t h e ch i pper . Ea r pr ot ec-
t i on equ i pmen t sh a l l be wor n by t h e
oper a t or a n d ot h er s i n t h e i mmedi a t e
a r ea i f t h er e i s a n y possi bi l i t y t h a t t h e
n oi se l evel ma y be h a r mfu l (see
1910. 95).
(19) Carriers f or k n ives. Ca r r i er s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a n d u sed for t r a n spor t a t i on
of k n i ves.
(f) Rag an d old paper preparat ion (1)
Rippin g an d t rimmin g t ools. (i ) Ha n d
k n i ves a n d sci ssor s sh a l l h a ve bl u n t
poi n t s, sh a l l be fa st en ed t o t h e t a bl e
wi t h ch a i n or t h on g, a n d sh a l l n ot be
ca r r i ed on t h e per son bu t pl a ced sa fel y
i n r a ck s or sh ea t h s wh en n ot i n u se.
(i i ) Ha n d k n i ves a n d sh a r pen i n g
st eel s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h gu a r ds a t
t h e j u n ct i on of t h e h a n dl e a n d t h e
bl a de.
(2) Sh redders, cu t t ers, an d du st ers. (i )
Rot a t i n g h ea ds or cy l i n der s sh a l l be
compl et el y en cl osed except for a n
open i n g a t t h e feed si de su ffi ci en t t o
per mi t on l y t h e en t r y of st ock . Th e en -
cl osu r e sh a l l ext en d over t h e t op of t h e
feed r ol l s. I t sh a l l be con st r u ct ed ei t h er
of sol i d ma t er i a l or wi t h mesh or open -
i n gs n ot exceedi n g on e-h a l f i n ch a n d
su bst a n t i a l en ou gh t o con t a i n fl y i n g
pa r t i cl es a n d pr even t a cci den t a l con -
t a ct wi t h movi n g pa r t s. Th e en cl osu r e
sh a l l be bol t ed or l ock ed i n t o pl a ce.
(i i ) A smoot h -pi vot ed i dl er r ol l r est -
i n g on t h e st ock or feed t a bl e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n fr on t of feed r ol l s except
wh en a r r a n gemen t s pr even t t h e oper -
a t or fr om st a n di n g cl oser t h a n 36
i n ch es t o a n y pa r t of t h e feed r ol l s.
(i i i ) An y ma n u a l l y fed cu t t er , sh r ed-
der , or du st er sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n
i dl er r ol l a s per su bdi vi si on (i i ) of t h i s
su bpa r a gr a ph or t h e oper a t or sh a l l u se
speci a l h a n d-feedi n g t ool s.
(i v) Hoods of cu t t er s, sh r edder s, a n d
du st er s sh a l l h a ve exh a u st ven t i l a t i on ,
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d Z9. 21960.
(3) Blowers. (i ) Bl ower s u sed for t r a n s-
por t i n g r a gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h feed
h opper s h a vi n g ou t er edges l oca t ed n ot
l ess t h a n 48 i n ch es fr om t h e fa n .
(i i ) Th e a r r a n gemen t of t h e bl ower
di sch a r ge ou t l et s a n d wor k a r ea s sh a l l
be su ch a s t o pr even t ma t er i a l fr om
fa l l i n g on wor k er s.
(4) Con vey ors. Con vey or s a n d con -
vey or dr i ve bel t s a n d pu l l ey s sh a l l be
fu l l y en cl osed or , i f open a n d wi t h i n 7
feet of t h e fl oor , sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
a n d gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(15) of t h i s sect i on a n d Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds B15. 11953
(Rea ffi r med 1958) a n d B20. 11957.
(5) Du st . Mea su r es for t h e con t r ol of
du st sh a l l be pr ovi ded, i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds
Z33. 11961, Z87. 11968, a n d Z88. 21969.
(6) Rag cook ers. (i ) Wh en cl ea n i n g, i n -
spect i on , or ot h er wor k r equ i r es t h a t
per son s en t er r a g cook er s, a l l st ea m
a n d wa t er va l ves, or ot h er con t r ol de-
vi ces, sh a l l be l ock ed a n d t a gged i n t h e
cl osed or off posi t i on . Bl a n k fl a n gi n g
of pi pel i n es i s a ccept a bl e i n pl a ce of
cl osed a n d l ock ed va l ves.
(i i ) Wh en cl ea n i n g, i n spect i on , or
ot h er wor k r equ i r es t h a t per son s mu st
en t er t h e cook er , on e per son sh a l l be
st a t i on ed ou t si de i n a posi t i on t o ob-
ser ve a n d a ssi st i n ca se of emer gen cy ,
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(5) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i v) Ra g cook er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h sa fet y va l ves i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel
Vessel s1968, wi t h Adden da .
(g) Ch emical processes of mak in g pu lp
(1) Su lf u r bu rn ers. (i ) S u l fu r -bu r n er
h ou ses sh a l l be sa fel y a n d a dequ a t el y
ven t i l a t ed, a n d ever y pr eca u t i on sh a l l
be t a k en t o gu a r d a ga i n st du st expl o-
si on h a za r ds a n d fi r es, i n a ccor da n ce
Z9. 21960 a n d Z12. 121968.
(i i ) Non spa r k i n g t ool s a n d equ i pmen t
sh a l l be u sed i n h a n dl i n g dr y su l fu r .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
701
(i i i ) S u l fu r st or a ge bi n s sh a l l be k ept
fr ee of su l fu r du st a ccu mu l a t i on , i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d Z9. 21960.
(i v) S u l fu r -mel t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l
n ot be l oca t ed i n t h e bu r n er r oom.
(2) Prot ect ion f or employ ees (acid
plan t s). (i ) S u ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or s
sh a l l be st r a t egi ca l l y l oca t ed for emer -
gen cy a n d r escu e u se.
(i i ) Du r i n g i n spect i on , r epa i r s, or
ma i n t en a n ce of a ci d t ower s, t h e wor k -
ma n sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h ey e pr ot ec-
t i on , a su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or , a sa fet y
bel t , a n d a n a t t a ch ed l i fel i n e. Th e l i n e
sh a l l be ext en ded t o a n a t t en da n t st a -
t i on ed ou t si de t h e t ower open i n g.
(3) Acid t ower st ru ct u re. Ou t si de el e-
va t or s sh a l l be i n spect ed da i l y du r i n g
wi n t er mon t h s wh en i ce ma t er i a l l y a f-
fect s sa fet y . El eva t or s, r u n wa y s, st a i r s,
et c. , for t h e a ci d t ower sh a l l be i n -
spect ed mon t h l y for defect s t h a t ma y
occu r beca u se of exposu r e t o a ci d or
cor r osi ve ga ses.
(4) T an k s (acid). (i ) Ta n k s sh a l l be
fr ee of a ci d a n d sh a l l be wa sh ed ou t
wi t h wa t er , a n d fr esh a i r sh a l l be bl own
i n t o t h em befor e a l l owi n g men t o
en t er . Men en t er i n g t h e t a n k s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h su ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or s,
l i febel t s, a n d a t t a ch ed l i fel i n es.
(i i ) A ma n sh a l l be st a t i on ed ou t si de
t o su mmon a ssi st a n ce i f n ecessa r y . Al l
i n t a k e va l ves t o a t a n k sh a l l be
bl a n k ed off or di scon n ect ed.
(5) Clot h in g. Wh er e l i me sl a k i n g
t a k es pl a ce, empl oy ees sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h r u bber boot s, r u bber gl oves,
pr ot ect i ve a pr on s, a n d ey e pr ot ect i on .
A del u ge sh ower a n d ey e fou n t a i n sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o fl u sh t h e sk i n a n d ey es
t o cou n t er a ct l i me or a ci d bu r n s.
(6) L ead bu rn in g. Wh en l ea d bu r n i n g
i s bei n g don e wi t h i n t a n k s, fr esh a i r
sh a l l be for ced i n t o t h e t a n k s so t h a t
fr esh a i r wi l l r ea ch t h e fa ce of t h e
wor k er fi r st a n d t h e di r ect i on of t h e
cu r r en t wi l l n ever be fr om t h e sou r ce
of t h e fu mes t owa r d t h e fa ce of t h e
wor k er s. S u ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or s (con -
st a n t -fl ow t y pe) sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(7) Hoops f or acid st orage t an k s. Hoops
of t a n k s sh a l l be ma de of r ods r a t h er
t h a n fl a t st r i ps a n d sh a l l be sa fel y
ma i n t a i n ed by sch edu l ed i n spect i on s.
(8) Ch ip an d sawdu st bin s. S t ea m or
compr essed-a i r l a n ces, or ot h er fa ci l i -
t i es, sh a l l be u sed for br ea k i n g down
t h e a r ch es ca u sed by j a mmi n g i n ch i p
l oft s. No wor k er sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
en t er a bi n u n l ess pr ovi ded wi t h a sa fe-
t y bel t , wi t h l i n e a t t a ch ed, a n d a n a t -
t en da n t st a t i on ed a t t h e bi n t o su m-
mon a ssi st a n ce.
(9) Exit s (digest er bu ildin g). At l ea st
on e u n obst r u ct ed exi t a t ea ch en d of
t h e r oom sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ea ch
fl oor of a di gest er bu i l di n g.
(10) Gas mask s (digest er bu ildin g). Ga s
ma sk s mu st be a va i l a bl e, a n d t h ey
mu st fu r n i sh a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st su l fu r ou s a ci d a n d ch l or i n e
ga ses a n d be i n spect ed a n d r epa i r ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h 29 CF R 1910. 134.
(11) Elevat ors. (i ) El eva t or s sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d A17. 11965.
(i i ) El eva t or s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
ga s ma sk s for t h e ma xi mu m n u mber of
pa ssen ger s.
(i i i ) El eva t or s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a n a l a r m sy st em t o a dvi se of fa i l u r e.
(12) Blowof f valves an d pipin g. (i ) Th e
bl owoff va l ve of a di gest er sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged so a s t o be oper a t ed fr om a n -
ot h er r oom, r emot e fr om sa fet y va l ves.
(i i ) Th r ou gh bol t s i n st ea d of ca p bol t s
sh a l l be u sed on a l l di gest er pi pi n gs.
(i i i ) Hea vy du t y pi pe, va l ves, a n d fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l be u sed bet ween t h e di -
gest er a n d bl ow pi t . Th ese va l ves, fi t -
t i n gs, a n d pi pes sh a l l be i n spect ed a t
l ea st semi a n n u a l l y t o det er mi n e t h e
degr ee of det er i or a t i on .
(i v) Di gest er bl ow va l ves sh a l l be
pi n n ed or l ock ed i n cl osed posi t i on
t h r ou gh ou t t h e en t i r e cook i n g per i od.
(13) Blow pit s an d blow t an k s. (i ) Bl ow-
pi t open i n gs sh a l l be pr efer a bl y on t h e
si de of t h e pi t i n st ea d of on t op. Wh en
l oca t ed on t op, open i n gs sh a l l be a s
sma l l a s possi bl e a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h r a i l i n gs, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d A12. 1
1967.
(i i ) A speci a l l y con st r u ct ed l a dder
sh a l l be u sed for a ccess t o bl ow pi t s, t o
be con st r u ct ed so t h a t t h e door of t h e
bl ow pi t ca n n ot be cl osed wh en t h e l a d-
der i s i n pl a ce; ot h er mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e cl osi n g of t h e
pi t door wh en a n y on e i s i n t h e pi t .
(i i i ) A si gn a l i n g devi ce sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n t h e di gest er a n d bl ow-pi t
r ooms a n d ch i p bi n s t o be oper a t ed a s
a wa r n i n g befor e a n d wh i l e di gest er s
a r e bei n g bl own .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
702
(i v) Bl ow-pi t h oops sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a sa fe con di t i on .
(14) Blowin g digest er. (i ) Bl owoff
va l ves sh a l l be open ed sl owl y .
(i i ) Aft er t h e di gest er h a s st a r t ed t o
be bl own , t h e bl owoff va l ve sh a l l be l eft
open , a n d t h e h a n d pl a t e sh a l l n ot be
r emoved u n t i l t h e di gest er cook si gn a l s
t h e bl ow-pi t ma n t h a t t h e bl ow i s com-
pl et ed. Wh en ever i t becomes n ecessa r y
t o r emove t h e h a n d pl a t e t o cl ea r
st ock , oper a t or s sh a l l wea r ey e pr ot ec-
t i on equ i pmen t a n d pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g
t o gu a r d a ga i n st bu r n s fr om h ot st ock .
(i i i ) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er eby
t h e di gest er cook sh a l l si gn a l t h e ma n
i n t h e ch i p bi n befor e st a r t i n g t o l oa d
t h e di gest er .
(15) I n spect in g an d repairin g digest er.
(i ) Va l ves con t r ol l i n g l i n es l ea di n g i n t o
a di gest er sh a l l be l ock ed ou t a n d
t a gged. Th e k ey s t o t h e l ock s sh a l l be
i n t h e possessi on of a per son or per son s
doi n g t h e i n spect i n g or ma k i n g r epa i r s.
(i i ) F r esh a i r sh a l l be bl own i n t o t h e
di gest er con st a n t l y wh i l e wor k men a r e
i n si de. S u ppl i ed a i r r espi r a t or s sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e i n t h e even t t h e fr esh a i r su p-
pl y fa i l s or i s i n a dequ a t e.
(i i i ) No i n spect or sh a l l en t er a di -
gest er u n l ess a l i fel i n e i s secu r el y fa s-
t en ed t o h i s body by mea n s of a sa fet y
bel t a n d a t l ea st on e ot h er exper i en ced
empl oy ee i s st a t i on ed ou t si de t h e di -
gest er t o h a n dl e t h e l i n e a n d t o su m-
mon a ssi st a n ce. Al l l a dder s a n d l i fe-
l i n es sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e ea ch u se.
(i v) Al l empl oy ees en t er i n g di gest er s
for i n spect i on or r epa i r wor k sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h pr ot ect i ve h ea dgea r . Ey e
pr ot ect i on a n d du st ma sk s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o wor k men wh i l e t h e ol d br i ck
l i n i n g i s bei n g r emoved, i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds,
Z87. 11968, Z88. 21969, a n d Z99. 11969.
(16) Pressu re t an k s-accu mu lat ors (acid).
(i ) S a fet y r egu l a t i on s gover n i n g i n spec-
t i on a n d r epa i r i n g of pr essu r e t a n k s-a c-
cu mu l a t or s (a ci d) sh a l l be t h e sa me a s
t h ose speci fi ed i n su bpa r a gr a ph (15) of
(i i ) Th e pr essu r e t a n k s-a ccu mu l a t or s
sh a l l be i n spect ed t wi ce a n n u a l l y . (S ee
t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e Vessel
Vessel s1968, wi t h Adden da . )
(17) Pressu re vessels (saf et y devices). (i )
A sa fet y va l ve sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a
sepa r a t e l i n e fr om ea ch pr essu r e vessel ;
n o h a n d va l ve sh a l l be i n st a l l ed be-
t ween t h i s sa fet y va l ve a n d t h e pr es-
su r e vessel . S a fet y va l ves sh a l l be
ch eck ed bet ween ea ch cook t o be su r e
t h ey h a ve n ot become pl u gged or cor -
r oded t o t h e poi n t of bei n g i n oper a t i ve.
(S ee t h e AS ME Boi l er a n d P r essu r e
Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I , Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s1968, wi t h Adden da . )
(i i ) Al l sa fet y devi ces sh a l l con for m
t o P a r a gr a ph U2 i n t h e AS ME Boi l er
a n d P r essu r e Vessel Code, S ect i on VI I I ,
Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s1968, wi t h
Adden da .
(18) Miscellan eou s. I n sofa r a s t h e pr oc-
esses of t h e su l fa t e a n d soda oper a t i on s
a r e si mi l a r t o t h ose of t h e su l fi t e pr oc-
esses, t h e st a n da r d of pa r a gr a ph s (g) (1)
t h r ou gh (17) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l a ppl y .
(i ) Qu i ck oper a t i n g sh ower s, bu b-
bl er s, et c. , sh a l l be a va i l a bl e for emer -
gen cy u se i n ca se of ca u st i c soda bu r n s.
(i i ) Rot a r y t en der s, smel t er oper a -
t or s, a n d t h ose cl ea n i n g smel t spou t s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h ey e pr ot ect i on
equ i pmen t (fi t t ed wi t h l en ses t h a t fi l -
t er ou t t h e h a r mfu l r a y s ema n a t i n g
fr om t h e l i gh t sou r ce) wh en a ct i vel y
en ga ged i n t h ei r du t i es, i n a ccor da n ce
Z87. 11968.
(i i i ) Hea vy -du t y pi pe, va l ves, a n d fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l be u sed bet ween di gest er
a n d bl ow pi t . Th ese sh a l l be i n spect ed
a t l ea st semi a n n u a l l y t o det er mi n e t h e
degr ee of det er i or a t i on a n d r epa i r ed or
r epl a ced wh en n ecessa r y , i n a ccor da n ce
B31. 11955, B31. 1a 1963, B31. 1. 01967,
a n d B31. 21968.
(i v) S mel t -di ssol vi n g t a n k s sh a l l be
cover ed a n d t h e cover k ept cl osed, ex-
cept wh en sa mpl es a r e bei n g t a k en .
(v) S mel t t a n k s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h ven t st a ck s a n d expl osi on door s,
S t a n da r d Z9. 11951.
(19) Blow lin es.
(i i i ) Wh en bl ow l i n es fr om mor e t h a n
on e di gest er l ea d i n t o on e pi pe, t h e
cock or va l ve of t h e bl ow l i n e fr om t h e
t a n k bei n g i n spect ed or r epa i r ed sh a l l
be l ock ed or t a gged ou t , or t h e l i n e
sh a l l be di scon n ect ed a n d bl ock ed off.
(20) Fu rn ace room. Exh a u st ven t i l a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e n i t er ca k e
i s fed i n t o a r ot a r y fu r n a ce a n d sh a l l be
so desi gn ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed a s t o k eep
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
703
t h e con cen t r a t i on of h y dr ogen su l fi de
ga s bel ow t h e pa r t s per mi l l i on l i st ed
i n 1910. 1000.
(21) I n spect ion an d repair of t an k s. Al l
pi pi n g l ea di n g t o t a n k s sh a l l be
bl a n k ed off or va l ved a n d l ock ed or
t a gged. An y l i n es t o sewer s sh a l l be
bl a n k ed off t o pr ot ect wor k er s fr om a i r
con t a mi n a n t s.
(22) Weldin g. Wel di n g on bl ow t a n k s,
a ccu mu l a t or t a n k s, or a n y ot h er ves-
sel s wh er e t u r pen t i n e va por or ot h er
combu st i bl e va por cou l d ga t h er sh a l l
be don e on l y a ft er t h e vessel h a s been
compl et el y pu r ged of fu mes. F r esh a i r
sh a l l be su ppl i ed wor k er s i n si de of ves-
sel s.
(23) T u rpen t in e sy st ems an d st orage
t an k s. Non spa r k i n g t ool s a n d gr ou n d
h ose sh a l l be u sed wh en pu mpi n g ou t
t h e t a n k . Th e t a n k sh a l l be su r r ou n ded
by a ber m or moa t .
(h ) Bleach in g(1) Bleach in g en gin es.
Bl ea ch i n g en gi n es, except t h e Bel l mer
t y pe, sh a l l be compl et el y cover ed on
t h e t op, wi t h t h e except i on of on e
sma l l open i n g l a r ge en ou gh t o a l l ow
fi l l i n g bu t t oo sma l l t o a dmi t a ma n .
P l a t for ms l ea di n g fr om on e en gi n e t o
a n ot h er sh a l l h a ve st a n da r d gu a r dr a i l s,
S t a n da r d A12. 11967.
(2) Bleach mixin g rooms. (i ) Th e r oom
i n wh i ch t h e bl ea ch powder i s mi xed
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a dequ a t e ex-
h a u st ven t i l a t i on , l oca t ed a t t h e fl oor
l evel , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d Z9. 11951.
(i i ) Ch l or i n e ga s sh a l l be ca r r i ed
a wa y fr om t h e wor k pl a ce a n d br ea t h -
i n g a r ea by a n exh a u st sy st em. Th e ga s
sh a l l be r en der ed n eu t r a l or h a r ml ess
befor e bei n g di sch a r ged i n t o t h e a t mos-
ph er e. Th e r equ i r emen t s of Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d Z9. 21960 sh a l l
a ppl y t o t h i s su bdi vi si on .
(i i i ) F or emer gen cy a n d r escu e oper -
a t i on s, t h e empl oy er mu st pr ovi de em-
pl oy ees wi t h sel f-con t a i n ed br ea t h i n g
a ppa r a t u ses or su ppl i ed-a i r r espi r a t or s,
a n d en su r e t h a t empl oy ees u se t h ese
r espi r a t or s, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 134.
(3) L iqu id ch lorin e. (i ) Ta n k s of l i qu i d
ch l or i n e sh a l l be st or ed i n a n a de-
qu a t el y ven t i l a t ed u n occu pi ed r oom,
wh er e t h ei r possi bl e l ea k a ge ca n n ot a f-
fect wor k er s.
(i i ) Ga s ma sk s ca pa bl e of a bsor bi n g
ch l or i n e sh a l l be su ppl i ed, con ven -
i en t l y pl a ced, a n d r egu l a r l y i n spect ed,
a n d wor k er s wh o ma y be exposed t o
ch l or i n e ga s sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed i n t h ei r
u se.
(i i i ) F or emer gen cy a n d r escu e wor k ,
i n depen den t sel f-con t a i n ed oxy gen -
t y pe ma sk s or su ppl i ed a i r equ i pmen t
(i v) At l ea st t wo exi t s, r emot e fr om
ea ch ot h er , sh a l l be pr ovi ded for a l l
r ooms i n wh i ch ch l or i n e i s st or ed.
(v) S pu r t r a ck s u pon wh i ch t a n k ca r s
con t a i n i n g ch l or i n e a n d ca u st i c a r e
spot t ed a n d con n ect ed t o pi pel i n es
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by mea n s of a der a i l
i n fr on t of t h e ca r s.
(vi ) Al l ch l or i n e, ca u st i c, a n d a ci d
l i n es sh a l l be ma r k ed for posi t i ve i den -
t i fi ca t i on , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer -
(4) Bagged or dru mmed ch emicals.
Ba gged or dr u mmed ch emi ca l s r equ i r e
effi ci en t h a n dl i n g t o pr even t da ma ge
a n d spi l l a ge. Cer t a i n oxi di zi n g ch emi -
ca l s u sed i n bl ea ch i n g pu l p a n d a l so i n
some sa n i t i zi n g wor k r equ i r e a dded
pr eca u t i on s for sa fet y i n st or a ge a n d
h a n dl i n g. I n st or a ge, t h ese ch emi ca l s
mu st be i sol a t ed fr om combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l s a n d ot h er ch emi ca l s wi t h wh i ch
t h ey wi l l r ea ct su ch a s a ci ds. Th ey
mu st a l so be k ept dr y , cl ea n a n d
u n con t a mi n a t ed.
(i ) Mech an ical pu lp process(1) Pu lp
grin ders. (i ) Wa t er wh eel s di r ect l y con -
n ect ed t o pu l p gr i n der s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h speed gover n or s l i mi t i n g t h e
per i ph er a l speed of t h e gr i n der t o t h a t
(i i ) Door s of pock et gr i n der s sh a l l be
a r r a n ged so a s t o k eep t h em fr om cl os-
i n g a cci den t a l l y .
(2) Bu t t in g saws. Hood gu a r ds sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on bu t t i n g sa ws, i n a ccor d-
O1. 11954 (r ea ffi r med 1961).
(3) Floors an d plat f orms. Th e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l a ppl y .
(4) Person al prot ect ion . P er son s ex-
posed t o fa l l i n g ma t er i a l sh a l l wea r
ey e, h ea d, foot , a n d sh i n pr ot ect i on
equ i pmen t , i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds Z87. 11968,
Z88. 21969, Z89. 11969, a n d Z41. 11967.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
704
(j ) St ock preparat ion (1) Pu lp sh red-
ders. (i ) Cu t t i n g h ea ds sh a l l be com-
pl et el y en cl osed except for a n open i n g
a t t h e feed si de su ffi ci en t t o per mi t
on l y en t r y of st ock . Th e en cl osu r e
sh a l l be bol t ed or l ock ed i n pl a ce. Th e
en cl osu r e sh a l l be of sol i d ma t er i a l or
wi t h mesh or ot h er open i n gs n ot ex-
ceedi n g on e-h a l f i n ch .
(i i ) Ei t h er a sl a n t i n g feed t a bl e wi t h
i t s ou t er edge n ot l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es
fr om t h e cu t t i n g h ea d or a n a u t oma t i c
feedi n g devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i i ) Repa i r s for cl ea n i n g of bl ock a ge
sh a l l be don e on l y wh en t h e sh r edder i s
sh u t down a n d con t r ol devi ces l ock ed.
(2) Pu lp con vey ors. P u l p con vey or s
a n d con vey or dr i ve bel t s a n d pu l l ey s
sh a l l be fu l l y en cl osed, or i f open a n d
wi t h i n 7 feet of t h e fl oor , sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d gu a r ded i n a ccor da n ce
B20. 11957.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Beat ers. (i ) Bea t er r ol l s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h cover s.
(i i ) Wh en cl ea n i n g, i n spect i n g, or
ot h er wor k r equ i r es t h a t per son s en t er
t h e bea t er s, a l l con t r ol devi ces sh a l l be
l ock ed or t a gged ou t , i n a ccor da n ce
(i i i ) Wh en bea t er s a r e fed fr om fl oor
a bove, t h e ch u t e open i n g, i f l ess t h a n
42 i n ch es fr om t h e fl oor , sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a compl et e r a i l or ot h er en -
cl osu r e. Open i n gs for ma n u a l feedi n g
sh a l l be su ffi ci en t on l y for en t r y of
st ock a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t
l ea st t wo per ma n en t l y secu r ed
cr ossr a i l s, i n a ccor da n ce Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d A12. 11967.
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) F l oor s a r ou n d bea t er s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h su ffi ci en t dr a i n a ge t o r e-
move wa st es.
(5) Pu lpers. (i ) Al l pu l per s h a vi n g t h e
t op or a n y ot h er open i n g of vessel l ess
t h a n 42 i n ch es fr om t h e fl oor or wor k
pl a t for m sh a l l h a ve su ch open i n gs
gu a r ded by r a i l ed or ot h er en cl osu r es.
F or ma n u a l ch a r gi n g, open i n gs sh a l l be
su ffi ci en t on l y t o per mi t t h e en t r y of
st ock a n d sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t
l ea st t wo per ma n en t l y secu r ed
cr ossr a i l s, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer -
t h e pu l per s, t h ey sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h sa fet y bel t a n d l i fel i n e, a n d on e
per son sh a l l be st a t i on ed ou t si de a t a
posi t i on t o obser ve a n d a ssi st i n ca se of
emer gen cy .
(i i i ) Wh en cl ea n i n g, i n spect i n g, or
pu l per s, a l l st ea m, wa t er , or ot h er con -
t r ol devi ces sh a l l be l ock ed or t a gged
ou t . Bl a n k fl a n gi n g a n d t a ggi n g of pi pe
l i n es i s a ccept a bl e i n pl a ce of cl osed
a n d l ock ed or t a gged va l ves. Bl a n k
fl a n gi n g of st ea m a n d wa t er l i n es sh a l l
be a ccept a bl e i n pl a ce of va l ve l ock s.
(6) St ock ch est s. (i ) Al l con t r ol devi ces
sh a l l be l ock ed or t a gged ou t wh en per -
son s en t er st ock ch est s, i n a ccor da n ce
st ock ch est s, t h ey sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a l ow-vol t a ge ext en si on l i gh t .
(k ) Mach in e room(1) Emergen cy st ops.
P a per ma ch i n es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
devi ces t h a t wi l l st op t h e ma ch i n e
qu i ck l y i n a n emer gen cy . Th e devi ces
sh a l l con si st of pu sh bu t t on s for el ec-
t r i c mot i ve power (or el ect r i ca l l y oper -
a t ed en gi n e st ops), pu l l cor ds con -
n ect ed di r ect l y t o t h e pr i me mover ,
con t r ol cl u t ch es, or ot h er devi ces,
i n t er l ock ed wi t h a dequ a t e br a k i n g a c-
t i on . Th e devi ces sh a l l be t est ed per i -
odi ca l l y by ma k i n g u se of t h em wh en
st oppi n g t h e ma ch i n e a n d sh a l l be so
l oca t ed t h a t a n y per son wor k i n g on t h e
ma ch i n e ca n qu i ck l y di scon n ect t h e
ma ch i n e fr om t h e sou r ce of power i n
ca se of emer gen cy .
(2) Drives. (i ) Al l dr i ves sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h l ock ou t devi ces a t t h e
power swi t ch wh i ch i n t er r u pt s t h e fl ow
of cu r r en t t o t h e u n i t .
(i i ) Al l en ds of r ot a t i n g sh a ft s i n cl u d-
i n g dr y er dr u m sh a ft s sh a l l be com-
pl et el y gu a r ded.
(i i i ) Al l a ccessi bl e di sen ga ged doct or
bl a des sh ou l d be cover ed.
(i v) Al l exposed sh a ft s sh a l l be gu a r d-
ed. Cr ossover s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(v) Oi l cu ps a n d gr ea se fi t t i n gs sh a l l
be pl a ced i n a sa fe a r ea r emot e fr om
n i p a n d h ea t h a za r ds.
(3) Prot ect ive equ ipmen t . F a ce sh i el ds,
a pr on s, a n d r u bber gl oves sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for wor k men h a n dl i n g a ci ds i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2) a n d
(d)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(4)(5) [Reser ved]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
705
(6) St eps. S t eps of u n i for m r i se a n d
t r ea d wi t h n on sl i p su r fa ces sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a t ea ch pr ess i n a ccor da n ce
A12. 11967.
(7) Plan k walk way s. A r emova bl e
pl a n k sh a l l be pr ovi ded a l on g ea ch
pr ess, wi t h st a n da r d gu a r dr a i l s i n -
st a l l ed. Th e pl a n k s sh a l l h a ve n on sl i p
su r fa ces i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(8) Dry er lu bricat ion . I f a gea r bea r i n g
mu st be oi l ed wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s i n
oper a t i on , a n a u t oma t i c oi l i n g devi ce
t o pr ot ect t h e oi l er sh a l l be pr ovi ded,
or oi l cu ps a n d gr ea se fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
pl a ced a l on g t h e wa l k wa y s ou t of r ea ch
of h ot pi pes a n d dr y er gea r s.
(9) L evers. Al l l ever s ca r r y i n g wei gh t s
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so t h a t wei gh t s
wi l l n ot sl i p or fa l l off.
(10) First dry er. Ei t h er a per ma n en t
gu a r dr a i l or a pr on gu a r d or bot h sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n fr on t of t h e fi r st dr y er
i n ea ch sect i on i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
(11) St eam an d h ot -wat er pipes. Al l ex-
posed st ea m a n d h ot -wa t er pi pes wi t h i n
7 feet of t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t for m
or wi t h i n 15 i n ch es mea su r ed h or i -
zon t a l l y fr om st a i r wa y s, r a mps, or
fi xed l a dder s sh a l l be cover ed wi t h a n
i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l , or gu a r ded i n su ch
ma n n er a s t o pr even t con t a ct .
(12) Dry er gears. Dr y er gea r s sh a l l be
gu a r ded except i n g wh er e t h e oi l er s
wa l k wa y i s r emoved ou t of r ea ch of t h e
gea r s n i ps a n d spok es a n d h ot pi pes i n
S t a n da r d B15. 11953 (r ea ffi r med 1958).
(13) Brok e h ole. (i ) A gu a r dr a i l sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t br ok e h ol es i n a ccor d-
A12. 11967.
(i i ) Wh er e pu l per s a r e l oca t ed di -
r ect l y bel ow t h e br ok e h ol e on a pa per
ma ch i n e a n d wh er e t h e br ok e h ol e
open i n g i s l a r ge en ou gh t o per mi t a
wor k er t o fa l l t h r ou gh , a n y empl oy ee
pu sh i n g br ok e down t h e h ol e sh a l l wea r
a sa fet y bel t a t t a ch ed t o a sa fet y bel t
l i n e. Th e sa fet y bel t l i n e sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t i t i s i m-
possi bl e for t h e per son t o fa l l i n t o t h e
pu l per .
(i i i ) An a l a r m bel l or a fl a sh i n g l i gh t
sh a l l be a ct u a t ed befor e dr oppi n g ma -
t er i a l t h r ou gh t h e br ok e h ol e.
(14) Feeder belt . A feeder bel t or ot h er
effect i ve devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
st a r t i n g pa per t h r ou gh t h e ca l en der
st a ck .
(15) St eps. S t eps or l a dder s of u n i for m
r i se a n d t r ea d wi t h n on sl i p su r fa ces
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ea ch ca l en der
st a ck . Ha n dr a i l s a n d h a n d gr i ps sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t ea ch ca l en der st a ck i n
S t a n da r d A12. 11967.
(16) [Reser ved]
(17) Sole plat es. Al l exposed sol e pl a t es
bet ween dr y er s, ca l en der s, r eel s, a n d
r ewi n der s sh a l l h a ve a n on sk i d su r fa ce.
(18) Nip poin t s. Th e h a za r d of t h e n i p
poi n t s on a l l ca l en der r ol l s sh a l l be
el i mi n a t ed or mi n i mi zed by mea n s of
a n effect i ve ba r r i er devi ce, or by feed-
i n g t h e pa per i n t o t h e r ol l s by mea n s of
a r ope ca r r i er , a i r j et s, or h a n d feedi n g
devi ces.
(19) Plat f orms. [Reser ved]
(20) Scrapers. Al l oy st eel scr a per s
wi t h pu l l t h r ou gh bl a des a ppr oxi ma t el y
3 by 5 i n ch es i n si ze sh a l l be u sed t o r e-
move sca bs fr om ca l en der r ol l s.
(21) I llu min at ion . P er ma n en t l i gh t i n g
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a l l a r ea s wh er e
empl oy ees a r e r equ i r ed t o ma k e ma -
ch i n e a dj u st men t s a n d sh eet t r a n sfer s
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d A11. 11965 (R 1970).
(22) Con t rol pan els. Al l con t r ol pa n el
h a n dl es a n d bu t t on s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
fr om a cci den t a l con t a ct .
(23) [Reser ved]
(24) L if t in g reels. (i ) Th e r eel s sh a l l
st op r ot a t i n g befor e bei n g l i ft ed fr om
bea r i n gs.
(i i ) Al l l i ft i n g equ i pmen t (cl a mps, ca -
bl es, a n d sl i n gs) sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n
a sa fe con di t i on a n d i n spect ed r egu -
l a r l y .
(i i i ) Reel sh a ft s wi t h squ a r e bl ock
en ds sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(25) Feeder belt s. F eeder bel t s, ca r r i er
r opes, a i r ca r r i a ge, or ot h er equ a l l y ef-
fect i ve mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
st a r t i n g pa per i n t o t h e n i p or dr u m-
t y pe r eel s.
(26) I n ru n n in g n ip. (i ) Wh er e t h e n i p-
pi n g poi n t s of a l l dr u m wi n der s a n d r e-
wi n der s i s on t h e oper a t or s si de, i t
sh a l l be gu a r ded by ba r r i er gu a r ds
i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e dr i ve mech a n i sm.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(27) Core collars. S et scr ews for secu r -
i n g cor e col l a r s t o wi n di n g a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
706
u n wi n di n g sh a ft s sh a l l n ot pr ot r u de
a bove t h e fa ce of t h e col l a r . Al l edges
of t h e col l a r wi t h wh i ch a n oper a t or s
h a n d comes i n con t a ct sh a l l be bevel ed
t o r emove a l l sh a r p cor n er s.
(28) Slit t er k n ives. S l i t t er k n i ves sh a l l
be gu a r ded so a s t o pr even t a cci den t a l
con t a ct . Ca r r i er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
u sed for t r a n spor t a t i on of sl i t t er
k n i ves.
(29) Win der sh af t . Th e wi n der sh a l l
h a ve a gu i de r a i l t o a l i gn t h e sh a ft for
ea sy en t r a n ce i n t o t h e open ed r ewi n d
sh a ft bea r i n g h ou si n gs.
(30) Core sh af t . Wh en t h e cor e sh a ft
wei gh s i n excess of t h e sa fe st a n da r d, a
mech a n i ca l devi ce su ch a s a dol l y sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for ca r r y i n g a l l or pa r t of
t h e wei gh t wh en i t i s bei n g r emoved
fr om t h e set of pa per a n d pl a ced i n t h e
dr essi n g br a ck et s on t h e wi n der .
(31) Win der area. A n on sk i d su r fa ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e fr on t vi ci n i t y
of t h e wi n der t o pr even t a cci den t a l
sl i ppi n g.
(32) Radiat ion . S peci a l st a n da r ds r e-
ga r di n g t h e u se of r a di a t i on equ i pmen t
sh a l l be post ed a n d fol l owed a s r equ i r ed
by 1910. 96.
(l ) Fin ish in g room(1) Clean in g rolls.
Rol l s sh a l l be cl ea n ed on l y on t h e
ou t r u n n i n g si de.
(2) Emergen cy st ops. El ect r i ca l l y or
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed qu i ck power di s-
con n ect i n g devi ces, i n t er l ock ed wi t h
br a k i n g a ct i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded on a l l
oper a t i n g si des of t h e ma ch i n e wi t h i n
ea sy r ea ch of a l l empl oy ees. Th ese de-
vi ces sh a l l be t est ed by ma k i n g u se of
t h em wh en st oppi n g t h e ma ch i n e.
(3) Core collars. Th e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (k )(27) of t h i s sect i on a n d
t h e Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d
B15. 11953 (r ea ffi r med 1958) sh a l l
a ppl y .
(4) Elevat ors. Th ese sh a l l be i n a ccor d-
A17. 11965.
(5) Con t rol pan els. Th e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (k )(22) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l a ppl y .
(6) Gu illot in e-t y pe cu t t ers. (i ) Ea ch
gu i l l ot i n e-t y pe cu t t er sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a con t r ol wh i ch r equ i r es t h e oper -
a t or a n d h i s h el per , i f a n y , t o u se bot h
h a n ds t o en ga ge t h e cl u t ch .
(i i ) Ea ch gu i l l ot i n e-t y pe cu t t er sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a n on r epea t devi ce.
(i i i ) Ca r r i er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
u sed for t r a n spor t a t i on of gu i l l ot i n e-
t y pe cu t t er k n i ves.
(7) Rot ary cu t t er. (i ) On si n gl e-k n i fe
ma ch i n es a gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t a
poi n t of con t a ct t o t h e k n i fe.
(i i ) On du pl ex cu t t er s t h e pr ot ect i on
r equ i r ed for si n gl e-k n i fe ma ch i n es
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for t h e fi r st k n i fe,
a n d a h ood sh a l l be pr ovi ded for t h e
secon d k n i fe.
(i i i ) S a fe a ccess sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
t h e k n i ves of a r ot a r y cu t t er by mea n s
of ca t wa l k s wi t h n on sl i p su r fa ces, r a i l -
i n gs, a n d t oeboa r ds i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
(i v) A gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded for t h e
spr ea der or squ eeze r ol l a t t h e n i p si de
on sh eet cu t t er s.
(v) El ect r i ca l l y or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
qu i ck power di scon n ect i n g devi ces wi t h
a dequ a t e br a k i n g a ct i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on a l l oper a t i n g si des of t h e ma -
ch i n e wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of a l l oper a -
t or s.
(vi ) Th e ou t si de sl i t t er s sh a l l be
gu a r ded.
(8) Plat ers. (i ) A gu a r d sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged a cr oss t h e fa ce of t h e r ol l s t o
ser ve a s a wa r n i n g t h a t t h e oper a t or s
h a n d i s a ppr oa ch i n g t h e da n ger zon e.
(i i ) A qu i ck power di scon n ect i n g de-
vi ce sh a l l be i n st a l l ed on ea ch ma ch i n e
wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of t h e oper a t or .
(9) Fin ish in g room rewin ders. (i ) Th e
n i ppi n g poi n t s of a l l dr u m wi n der s a n d
r ewi n der s l oca t ed on t h e oper a t or s
si de sh a l l be gu a r ded by ei t h er a u t o-
ma t i c or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed ba r r i er
gu a r ds of su ffi ci en t h ei gh t t o pr ot ect
fu l l y a n y on e wor k i n g a r ou n d t h em.
Th e ba r r i er gu a r d sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed
wi t h t h e dr i ve mech a n i sm t o pr even t
oper a t i n g a bove j og speed wi t h ou t t h e
gu a r d i n pl a ce.
A zer o speed swi t ch sh ou l d be i n st a l l ed
t o pr even t t h e gu a r d fr om bei n g r a i sed
wh i l e t h e r ol l i s t u r n i n g.
(i i ) A n on sk i d su r fa ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n fr on t of t h e r ewi n der t o pr e-
ven t a n empl oy ee fr om sl i ppi n g i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i i ) Mech a n i ca l l i ft i n g devi ces sh a l l
be pr ovi ded for pl a ci n g a n d r emovi n g
r ol l s fr om t h e ma ch i n e.
(10) Con t rol pan els. Th e r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (k )(22) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l a ppl y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
707
(11) Roll-t y pe embosser. Th e n i ppi n g
poi n t l oca t ed on t h e oper a t or s si de
sh a l l be gu a r ded by ei t h er a u t oma t i c or
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed ba r r i er gu a r ds
i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e dr i ve.
(12) Sort in g an d cou n t in g t ables. (i ) Ta -
bl es sh a l l be smoot h a n d fr ee fr om
spl i n t er s, wi t h edges a n d cor n er s
r ou n ded.
(i i ) P a ddl es sh a l l be smoot h a n d fr ee
fr om spl i n t er s.
(13) Roll split t ers. Th e n i p poi n t a n d
cu t t er k n i fe sh a l l be gu a r ded by ei t h er
a u t oma t i c or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed ba r -
r i er gu a r ds.
(m) Mat erials h an dlin g(1) Han d
t ru ck s. No per son sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
r i de on a power ed h a n d t r u ck u n l ess i t
i s so desi gn ed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er . A
l i mi t swi t ch sh a l l be on oper a t i n g h a n -
dl e30 degr ees ea ch wa y fr om a 45-de-
gr ee a n gl e u p a n d down .
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Cart on s. Th e ca r t on -st i t ch i n g ma -
ch i n e sh a l l be gu a r ded t o pr even t t h e
oper a t or fr om comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h
t h e st i t ch i n g h ea d.
(4) [Reser ved]
(5) Un loadin g cars. F l a g si gn a l s, de-
r a i l s, or ot h er pr ot ect i ve devi ces sh a l l
be u sed t o pr ot ect men du r i n g swi t ch -
i n g oper a t i on s. Th e bl u e fl a g pol i cy
sh a l l be i n vok ed a ccor di n g t o pa r a -
gr a ph (c)(9)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
F R 23073, Ma y 28, 1975; 43 F R 49751, Oct . 24,
1978; 49 F R 5323, F eb. 10, 1984; 55 F R 32015,
Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R 9241, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R
1285, J a n . 8, 1998; 63 F R 33467, J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.262 Textiles.
(a ) Applicat ion requ iremen t s(1) Appli-
cat ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s su b-
pa r t for t ext i l e sa fet y a ppl y t o t h e de-
si gn , i n st a l l a t i on , pr ocesses, oper a t i on ,
a n d ma i n t en a n ce of t ext i l e ma ch i n er y ,
equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er pl a n t fa ci l i t i es i n
a l l pl a n t s en ga ged i n t h e ma n u fa ct u r e
a n d pr ocessi n g of t ext i l es, except t h ose
pr ocesses u sed excl u si vel y i n t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r e of sy n t h et i c fi ber s.
(2) St an dards in corporat ed by ref eren ce.
S t a n da r ds cover i n g i ssu es of occu pa -
t i on a l sa fet y a n d h ea l t h wh i ch a r e of
gen er a l a ppl i ca t i on wi t h ou t r ega r d t o
a n y speci fi c i n du st r y a r e i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce i n pa r a gr a ph s of t h i s sec-
t i on a n d ma de a ppl i ca bl e t o t ext i l es.
Al l su ch st a n da r ds sh a l l be con st r u ed
a ccor di n g t o t h e r u l es of con st r u ct i on
set ou t i n 1910. 5.
t ion (1) Belt sh if t er. A belt sh if t er i s a
devi ce for mech a n i ca l l y sh i ft i n g a bel t
fr om on e pu l l ey t o a n ot h er .
(2) Belt sh if t er lock . A belt sh if t er lock
i s a devi ce for posi t i vel y l ock i n g t h e
bel t sh i ft er i n posi t i on wh i l e t h e ma -
ch i n e i s st opped a n d t h e bel t i s i dl i n g
on t h e l oose pu l l ey s.
(3) Calen der. A calen der i n essen ce
con si st s of a set of h ea vy r ol l er s
mou n t ed on ver t i ca l si de fr a mes a n d
a r r a n ged t o pa ss cl ot h bet ween t h em.
Ca l en der s ma y h a ve t wo t o t en r ol l er s,
or bowl s, some of wh i ch ca n be h ea t ed.
(4) Embossin g calen der. An embossin g
calen der i s a ca l en der wi t h t wo or mor e
r ol l s, on e of wh i ch i s en gr a ved for pr o-
du ci n g fi gu r ed effect s of va r i ou s k i n ds
on a fa br i c.
(5) Can s (dry in g). Dr y i n g can s a r e h ol -
l ow cy l i n dr i ca l dr u ms mou n t ed i n a
fr a me so t h ey ca n r ot a t e. Th ey a r e
h ea t ed wi t h st ea m a n d a r e u sed t o dr y
fa br i cs or y a r n a s i t pa sses a r ou n d t h e
per i met er of t h e ca n .
(6) Carbon izin g. Carbon izin g mea n s t h e
r emovi n g of veget a bl e ma t t er su ch a s
bu r n s, st r a ws, et c. , fr om wool by t r ea t -
men t wi t h a ci d, fol l owed by h ea t . Th e
u n desi r ed ma t t er i s r edu ced t o a ca r -
bon -l i k e for m wh i ch ma y be r emoved
by du st i n g or sh a k i n g.
(7) Card. A card ma ch i n e con si st s of
cy l i n der s of va r i ou s si zesa n d i n cer -
t a i n ca ses fl a t scover ed wi t h ca r d
cl ot h i n g a n d set i n r el a t i on t o ea ch
ot h er so t h a t fi ber s i n st a pl e for m ma y
be sepa r a t ed i n t o i n di vi du a l r el a t i on -
sh i p. Th e speed of t h e cy l i n der s a n d
t h ei r di r ect i on of r ot a t i on va r i es. Th e
fi n i sh ed pr odu ct i s del i ver ed a s a sl i v-
er . Ca r ds of di ffer en t t y pes a r e: Th e r e-
vol vi n g fl a t ca r d, t h e r ol l er -a n d-cl ea r er
ca r d, et c.
(8) Card clot h in g. Card clot h in g i s t h e
ma t er i a l wi t h wh i ch ma n y of t h e su r -
fa ces of a ca r d a r e cover ed; e. g. , t h e
cy l i n der , doffer , et c. I t con si st s of a
t h i ck fou n da t i on ma t er i a l , u su a l l y
ma de of t ext i l e fa br i cs, t h r ou gh wh i ch
a r e pr essed ma n y fi n e, cl osel y spa ced,
speci a l l y ben t wi r es.
(9) Comber. A comber i s a ma ch i n e for
combi n g fi ber s of cot t on , wool , et c. Th e
essen t i a l pa r t s a r e a devi ce for feedi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
708
for wa r d a fr i n ge of fi ber s a t r egu l a r i n -
t er va l s a n d a n a r r a n gemen t of combs
or pi n s wh i ch , a t t h e r i gh t t i me, pa ss
t h r ou gh t h e fr i n ge. Al l t a n gl ed fi ber s,
sh or t fi ber s, a n d n eps a r e r emoved a n d
t h e l on g fi ber s a r e l a i d pa r a l l el .
(10) Combin g mach in ery . Combin g ma-
ch in ery i s a gen er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on , i n -
cl u di n g comber s, sl i ver l a p ma ch i n es,
r i bbon l a p ma ch i n es, a n d gi l l boxes,
bu t excl u di n g ca r ds.
(11) Cu t t er (rot ary st aple). A r ot a r y
st a pl e cu t t er i s a ma ch i n e con si st i n g of
on e or mor e r ot a r y bl a des u sed for t h e
pu r pose of cu t t i n g t ext i l e fi ber s i n t o
st a pl e l en gt h s.
(12) Exposed t o con t act . Exposed t o con -
t act sh a l l mea n t h a t t h e l oca t i on of a n
obj ect , ma t er i a l , n i p poi n t , or poi n t of
oper a t i on i s su ch t h a t a per son i s l i a bl e
t o come i n con t a ct wi t h i t i n h i s n or -
ma l cou r se of empl oy men t .
(13) Garn et t mach in e. A Garn et t ma-
ch in e mea n s a n y of a n u mber of t y pes
of ma ch i n es for open i n g h a r d t wi st ed
wa st e of wool , cot t on , si l k , et c. Essen -
t i a l l y , su ch ma ch i n es con si st of a
l i ck er i n ; on e or mor e cy l i n der s, ea ch
h a vi n g a compl emen t wor k er a n d st r i p-
per r ol l s; a n d a fa n cy r ol l a n d doffer .
Th e a ct i on of su ch ma ch i n es i s some-
wh a t l i k e t h a t of a wool ca r d, bu t i t i s
mu ch mor e sever e i n t h a t t h e va r i ou s
r ol l s a r e cover ed wi t h ga r n et t wi r e i n -
st ea d of ca r d cl ot h i n g.
(14) Gill box. A gill box i s a ma ch i n e
u sed i n t h e wor st ed sy st em of ma n u fa c-
t u r i n g y a r n s. I t s fu n ct i on i s t o a r r a n ge
t h e fi ber s i n pa r a l l el or der . Essen t i a l l y ,
i t con si st s of a pa i r of feed r ol l s a n d a
ser i es of fol l ower s wh er e t h e fol l ower s
move a t a fa st er su r fa ce speed a n d per -
for m a combi n g a ct i on .
(15) I n t erlock . An in t erlock i s a devi ce
t h a t oper a t es t o pr even t t h e oper a t i on
of ma ch i n e wh i l e t h e cover or door of
t h e ma ch i n e i s open or u n l ock ed, a n d
wh i ch wi l l a l so h ol d t h e cover or door
cl osed a n d l ock ed wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s
i n mot i on .
(16) Jig (dy e). A dy e jig i s a ma ch i n e
for dy ei n g pi ece goods. Th e cl ot h , a t
fu l l wi dt h , pa sses fr om a r ol l er t h r ou gh
t h e dy e l i qu or i n a n open va t a n d i s
t h en wou n d on a n ot h er r ol l er . Th e op-
er a t i on i s r epea t ed u n t i l t h e desi r ed
sh a de i s obt a i n ed.
(17) Kier. A k ier i s a l a r ge met a l va t ,
u su a l l y a pr essu r e t y pe, i n wh i ch fa b-
r i cs ma y be boi l ed ou t , bl ea ch ed, et c.
(18) L apper (ribbon ). A r i bbon lapper i s
a ma ch i n e u sed t o pr epa r e l a ps for
feedi n g a cot t on comb; i t s pu r pose i s t o
pr ovi de a u n i for m l a p i n wh i ch t h e fi -
ber s h a ve been st r a i gh t en ed a s mu ch a s
possi bl e.
(19) L apper (sliver). A sl i ver lapper i s a
ma ch i n e i n wh i ch a n u mber of pa r a l l el
ca r d sl i ver s a r e dr a ft ed sl i gh t l y , l a i d
si de by si de i n a compa ct sh eet , a n d
wou n d i n t o a cy l i n dr i ca l pa ck a ge.
(20) L oom. A loom i s a ma ch i n e for ef-
fect i n g t h e i n t er l a ci n g of t wo ser i es of
y a r n s cr ossi n g on e a n ot h er a t r i gh t a n -
gl es. Th e wa r p y a r n s a r e wou n d on a
wa r p bea m a n d pa ss t h r ou gh h eddl es
a n d r eed. Th e fi l l i n g i s sh ot a cr oss i n a
sh u t t l e a n d set t l ed i n pl a ce by r eed a n d
l a y , a n d t h e fa br i c i s wou n d on a cl ot h
bea m.
(21) Man gle (st arch ). A st arch man gle i s
a ma n gl e t h a t i s u sed speci fi ca l l y for
st a r ch i n g cot t on goods. I t common l y
con si st s of t wo l a r ge r ol l s a n d a sh a l -
l ow open va t wi t h sever a l i mmer si on
r ol l s. Th e va t con t a i n s t h e st a r ch sol u -
t i on .
(22) Man gle (wat er). A wat er man gle i s
a ca l en der h a vi n g t wo or mor e r ol l s
u sed for squ eezi n g wa t er fr om fa br i cs
befor e dr y i n g. Wa t er ma n gl es a l so ma y
be u sed i n ot h er wa y s du r i n g t h e fi n -
i sh i n g of va r i ou s fa br i cs.
(23) Mu le. A mu le i s a t y pe of spi n n i n g
fr a me h a vi n g a h ea d st ock a n d a ca r -
r i a ge a s i t s t wo ma i n sect i on s. Th e
h ea d st ock i s st a t i on a r y . Th e ca r r i a ge
i s mova bl e a n d i t ca r r i es t h e spi n dl es
wh i ch dr a ft a n d spi n t h e r ovi n g i n t o
t h e y a r n . Th e ca r r i a ge ext en ds over t h e
wh ol e wi dt h of t h e ma ch i n e a n d moves
sl owl y t owa r d a n d a wa y fr om t h e h ea d
st ock du r i n g t h e spi n n i n g oper a t i on .
(24) Nip. Nip sh a l l mea n t h e poi n t of
con t a ct bet ween t wo i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s.
(25) Open ers an d pick ers. Open ers an d
pick ers mea n s a gen er a l cl a ssi fi ca t i on
wh i ch i n cl u des br ea k er pi ck er s, i n t er -
medi a t e pi ck er s, fi n i sh er pi ck er s, si n -
gl e pr ocess pi ck er s, mu l t i pl e pr ocess
pi ck er s, wi l l ow ma ch i n es, ca r d a n d
pi ck er wa st e cl ea n er s, t h r ea d ext r a c-
t or s, sh r eddi n g ma ch i n es, r ovi n g wa st e
open er s, sh oddy pi ck er s, ba l e br ea k er s,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
709
feeder s, ver t i ca l open er s, l a t t i ce cl ea n -
er s, h or i zon t a l cl ea n er s, a n d a n y si mi -
l a r ma ch i n er y equ i pped wi t h ei t h er
cy l i n der s, scr een sect i on , ca l en der sec-
t i on , r ol l s, or bea t er s u sed for t h e pr ep-
a r a t i on of st ock for fu r t h er pr ocessi n g.
(26) Paddler. A paddler con si st s of a
t r ou gh for a sol u t i on a n d t wo or mor e
squ eeze r ol l s bet ween wh i ch cl ot h
pa sses a ft er bei n g pa ssed t h r ou gh a
mor da n t or dy e ba t h .
(27) Poin t of operat ion . Poin t of oper-
at ion sh a l l mea n t h a t pa r t of t h e ma -
ch i n e wh er e t h e wor k of cu t t i n g, sh ea r -
i n g, squ eezi n g, dr a wi n g, or ma n i pu -
l a t i n g t h e st ock i n a n y ot h er wa y i s
don e.
(28) Prin t in g mach in e (roller t y pe). A
roller prin t in g mach in e i s a ma ch i n e con -
si st i n g of a l a r ge cen t r a l cy l i n der , or
pr essu r e bowl , a r ou n d t h e l ower pa r t of
t h e per i met er of wh i ch i s pl a ced a se-
r i es of en gr a ved col or r ol l er s (ea ch h a v-
i n g a col or t r ou gh ), a fu r n i sh er r ol l er ,
doct or bl a des, et c. Th e ma ch i n e i s u sed
for pr i n t i n g fa br i cs.
(29) Ran ges (bleach in g con t in u ou s).
Con t in u ou s bleach in g ran ges a r e of sev-
er a l t y pes a n d ma y be ma de for cl ot h
i n r ope or open -wi dt h for m. Th e goods,
a ft er wet t i n g ou t , pa ss t h r ou gh a
squ eeze r ol l i n t o a sa t u r a t or con -
t a i n i n g a sol u t i on of ca u st i c soda a n d
t h en t o a n en cl osed J -box. A V-sh a ped
a r r a n gemen t i s a t t a ch ed t o t h e fr on t
pa r t of t h e J -box for u n i for m a n d r a pi d
sa t u r a t i on of t h e cl ot h wi t h st ea m be-
for e i t i s pa ck ed down i n t h e J -box. Th e
cl ot h , i n a si n gl e st r a n d r ope for m,
pa sses over a gu i de r ol l down t h e fi r st
a r m of t h e V a n d u p t h e secon d.
S t ea m i s i n j ect ed i n t o t h e V a t t h e
u pper en d of t h e secon d a r m so t h a t t h e
cl ot h i s r a pi dl y sa t u r a t ed wi t h st ea m
a t t h i s poi n t . Th e J -box ca pa ci t y i s
su ch t h a t cl ot h wi l l r ema i n h ot for a
su ffi ci en t t i me t o compl et e t h e scou r -
i n g a ct i on . I t t h en pa sses a ser i es of
wa sh er s wi t h a squ eeze r ol l i n bet ween .
Th e cl ot h t h en pa sses t h r ou gh a secon d
set of sa t u r a t or , J -box, a n d wa sh er ,
wh er e i t i s t r ea t ed wi t h t h e per oxi de
sol u t i on . By sl i gh t modi fi ca t i on of t h e
for m of t h e u n i t , t h e sa me pr ocess ca n
be a ppl i ed t o open -wi dt h cl ot h .
(30) Ran ge (mercerizin g). A mercerizin g
ran ge con si st s gen er a l l y of a 3-bowl
ma n gl e, a t en t er fr a me, a n d a n u mber
of boxes for wa sh i n g a n d scou r i n g. Th e
wh ol e set u p i s i n a st r a i gh t l i n e a n d a l l
pa r t s oper a t e con t i n u ou sl y . Th e com-
bi n a t i on i s u sed t o sa t u r a t e t h e cl ot h
wi t h sodi u m h y dr oxi de, st r et ch i t wh i l e
sa t u r a t ed, a n d wa sh i n g ou t most of t h e
ca u st i c befor e r el ea si n g t en si on .
(31) San f orizin g mach in e. A san f orizin g
mach in e i s a ma ch i n e con si st i n g of a
l a r ge st ea m-h ea t ed cy l i n der , a n en d-
l ess, t h i ck , wool en fel t bl a n k et wh i ch
i s i n cl ose con t a ct wi t h t h e cy l i n der for
most of i t s per i met er , a n d a n el ec-
t r i ca l l y h ea t ed sh oe wh i ch pr esses t h e
cl ot h a ga i n st t h e bl a n k et wh i l e t h e l a t -
t er i s i n a st r et ch ed con di t i on a s i t
cu r ves a r ou n d feed-i n r ol l .
(32) Sh earin g mach in e. A sh earin g ma-
ch in e i s a ma ch i n e u sed i n sh ea r i n g
cl ot h . Cu t t i n g a ct i on i s pr ovi ded by a
n u mber of st eel bl a des spi r a l l y mou n t -
ed on a r ol l er . Th e r ol l er r ot a t es i n
cl ose con t a ct wi t h a fi xed l edger bl a de.
Th er e ma y be fr om on e t o si x su ch r ol l -
er s on a ma ch i n e.
(33) Sin gein g mach in e. A sin gein g ma-
ch in e i s a ma ch i n e u sed pa r t i cu l a r l y
wi t h cot t on ; i t compr i ses of a h ea t ed
r ol l er , pl a t e, or a n open ga s fl a me. Th e
ma t er i a l i s r a pi dl y pa ssed over t h e
r ol l er or t h e pl a t e or t h r ou gh t h e open
ga s fl a me t o r emove, fu zz or h a i r i n ess
on y a r n or cl ot h by bu r n i n g.
(34) Slash er. A slash er i s a ma ch i n e
u sed for a ppl y i n g a si ze mi xt u r e t o
wa r p y a r n s. Essen t i a l l y , i t con si st s of a
st a n d for h ol di n g sect i on bea ms, a si ze
box, on e or mor e cy l i n dr i ca l dr y er s or
a n en cl osed h ot a i r dr y er , a n d a bea m-
i n g en d for fi n di n g t h e y a r n on t h e
l oom bea ms.
(35) Solven t (in du st rial organ ic). I n du s-
t rial organ ic solven t mea n s a n y or ga n i c
vol a t i l e l i qu i d or compou n d, or a n y
combi n a t i on of t h ese su bst a n ces wh i ch
a r e u sed t o di ssol ve or su spen d a n on -
vol a t i l e or sl i gh t l y vol a t i l e su bst a n ce
for i n du st r i a l u t i l i za t i on . I t sh a l l a l so
a ppl y t o su ch su bst a n ces wh en u sed a s
det er gen t s or cl ea n si n g a gen t s. I t sh a l l
n ot a ppl y t o pet r ol eu m pr odu ct s wh en
su ch pr odu ct s a r e u sed a s fu el .
(36) T en t er f rame. A t en t er f rame i s a
ma ch i n e for dr y i n g cl ot h u n der t en -
si on . I t essen t i a l l y con si st s of a pa i r of
en dl ess t r a vel i n g ch a i n s fi t t ed wi t h
cl i ps of fi n e pi n s a n d ca r r i ed on t r a ck s.
Th e cl ot h i s fi r ml y h el d a t t h e sel va ges
by t h e t wo ch a i n s wh i ch di ver ge a s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
710
t h ey move for wa r d so t h a t t h e cl ot h i s
br ou gh t t o t h e desi r ed wi dt h .
(37) Warper. A warper i s a n y ma ch i n e
for pr epa r i n g a n d a r r a n gi n g t h e y a r n s
i n t en ded for t h e wa r p of a fa br i c, spe-
ci fi ca l l y , a bea m wa r per .
(c) Gen eral saf et y requ iremen t s(1)
Mean s of st oppin g mach in es. Ever y t ex-
t i l e ma ch i n e sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h i n -
di vi du a l mech a n i ca l or el ect r i ca l
mea n s for st oppi n g su ch ma ch i n es. On
ma ch i n es dr i ven by bel t s a n d sh a ft i n g,
a l ock i n g-t y pe sh i ft er or a n equ i va l en t
posi t i ve devi ce sh a l l be u sed. On oper -
a t i on s wh er e i n j u r y t o t h e oper a t or
mi gh t r esu l t i f mot or s wer e t o r est a r t
a ft er power fa i l u r es, pr ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de t o pr even t ma ch i n es fr om a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y r est a r t i n g u pon r est or a t i on
of power .
(2) Han dles. S t oppi n g a n d st a r t i n g
h a n dl es sh a l l be desi gn ed t o t h e pr oper
l en gt h t o pr even t t h e wor k er s h a n d or
fi n ger s fr om st r i k i n g a ga i n st a n y r e-
vol vi n g pa r t , gea r gu a r d, or a n y ot h er
pa r t of t h e ma ch i n e.
(3)(4) [Reser ved]
(5) I n spect ion an d main t en an ce. Al l
gu a r ds a n d ot h er sa fet y devi ces, i n cl u d-
i n g st a r t i n g a n d st oppi n g devi ces, sh a l l
be pr oper l y ma i n t a i n ed.
(6) L igh t in g. Li gh t i n g sh a l l con for m
t o Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r d A11. 1
(7) I den t if icat ion of pipin g sy st ems.
I den t i fi ca t i on of pi pi n g sy st ems sh a l l
con for m t o Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r d A13. 11956, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(8) I den t if icat ion of ph y sical h azards.
I den t i fi ca t i on of ph y si ca l h a za r ds sh a l l
be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s
of 1910. 144.
(9) St eam pipes. Al l pi pes ca r r y i n g
st ea m or h ot wa t er for pr ocess or ser v-
i ci n g ma ch i n er y , wh en exposed t o con -
t a ct a n d l oca t ed wi t h i n seven feet of
t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be
cover ed wi t h a h ea t -i n su l a t i n g ma t e-
r i a l , or ot h er wi se pr oper l y gu a r ded.
(d) Open ers an d pick ers(1) Beat er
gu ards. Wh en a n y open i n g or pi ck er
ma ch i n er y i s equ i pped wi t h a bea t er ,
su ch bea t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
met a l cover s wh i ch wi l l pr even t con -
t a ct wi t h t h e bea t er . S u ch cover s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a n i n t er l ock wh i ch
wi l l pr even t t h e cover fr om bei n g
r a i sed wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s i n mot i on
a n d pr even t t h e oper a t i on of t h e ma -
ch i n e wh i l e t h e cover i s open .
(2) Clean ou t h oles. Cl ea n ou t h ol es
wi t h i n r ea ch i n g di st a n ce of t h e fa n or
pi ck er bea t er sh a l l h a ve t h ei r cover s
secu r el y fa st en ed a n d t h ey sh a l l n ot be
open ed wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s i n mot i on .
(3) Feed rolls. Th e feed r ol l s on a l l
open i n g a n d pi ck i n g ma ch i n er y sh a l l
be cover ed wi t h a gu a r d desi gn ed t o
pr even t t h e oper a t or fr om r ea ch i n g t h e
n i p wh i l e t h e ma ch i n er y i s i n oper -
a t i on .
(4) Removal of f oreign f errou s mat erial.
Al l t ext i l e open er l i n es sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h ma gn et i c sepa r a t or s,
t r a mp i r on sepa r a t or s, or ot h er mea n s
for t h e r emova l of for ei gn fer r ou s ma -
t er i a l .
(e) Cot t on cards(1) En closu res. Cy l -
i n der a n d l i ck er i n s sh a l l be compl et el y
pr ot ect ed a n d t h e doffer s sh ou l d be en -
cl osed.
(2) En closu re f ast en in gs. Th e en cl o-
su r es or cover s sh a l l be k ept i n pl a ce
wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s i n oper a t i on , ex-
cept wh en st r i ppi n g or gr i n di n g.
(3) St rippin g rolls. On oper a t i on s ca l l -
i n g for fl a t st r i ppi n gs wh i ch a r e a l -
l owed t o fa l l on t h e doffer cover , wh er e
su ch st r i ppi n gs a r e r emoved by h a n d,
t h e doffer cover sh a l l be k ept cl osed
a n d secu r el y fa st en ed t o pr even t t h e
open i n g of t h e cover wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e
i s i n oper a t i on . Wh en i t becomes n ec-
essa r y t o cl ea n t h e ca r ds wh i l e t h ey
a r e i n mot i on , a l on g-h a n dl ed br u sh or
du st mop sh a l l be u sed.
(f) Garn et t mach in es(1) L ick erin . Ga r -
n et t l i ck er i n s sh a l l be en cl osed.
(2) Fan cy rolls. Ga r n et t fa n cy r ol l s
sh a l l be en cl osed by cover s. Th ese sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n a wa y t h a t k eeps wor k er
r ol l s r ea son a bl y a ccessi bl e for r emova l
or a dj u st men t .
(3) Un derside of mach in e. Th e u n der -
si de of t h e ga r n et t sh a l l be gu a r ded by
a scr een mesh or ot h er for m of en cl o-
su r e t o pr even t a ccess.
(g) Spin n in g mu lesA su bst a n t i a l
fen der of met a l or h a r dwood sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed i n fr on t of t h e ca r r i a ge
wh eel s, t h e fen der t o ext en d t o wi t h i n
on e-fou r t h i n ch of t h e r a i l .
(h ) Slash ers(1) Cy lin der dry ers(i )
Redu cin g valves, saf et y valves, an d pres-
su re gages. Redu ci n g va l ves, sa fet y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
711
va l ves, a n d pr essu r e ga ges sh a l l con -
for m t o t h e AS ME P r essu r e Vessel
Vessel s, 1968, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(i i ) Vacu u m relief valves. Va cu u m r e-
l i ef va l ves sh a l l con for m t o t h e AS ME
Code for P r essu r e Vessel s, S ect i on VI I I ,
Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s, 1968.
(i i i ) L ever con t rol. Wh en sl a sh er s a r e
oper a t ed by con t r ol l ever s, t h ese l ever s
sh a l l be con n ect ed t o a h or i zon t a l ba r
or t r ea dl e l oca t ed n ot mor e t h a n 69
i n ch es a bove t h e fl oor t o con t r ol t h e
oper a t i on fr om a n y poi n t .
(i v) Pu sh bu t t on con t rol. S l a sh er s oper -
a t ed by pu sh bu t t on con t r ol sh a l l h a ve
st op a n d st a r t bu t t on s l oca t ed a t ea ch
en d of t h e ma ch i n e, a n d a ddi t i on a l bu t -
t on s l oca t ed on bot h si des of t h e ma -
ch i n e, a t t h e si ze box a n d t h e del i ver y
en d. I f ca l en der r ol l s a r e u sed, a ddi -
t i on a l bu t t on s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t
bot h si des of t h e ma ch i n e a t poi n t s
n ea r t h e n i ps, except wh en sl a sh er s a r e
equ i pped wi t h a n en cl osed dr y er .
(v) Nip gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(vi ) Cy lin der en closu re. Wh en en cl o-
su r es or h oods a r e u sed over cy l i n der
dr y i n g r ol l s, su ch en cl osu r es or h oods
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n exh a u st sy s-
t em wh i ch wi l l effect i vel y pr even t wet
a i r a n d st ea m fr om esca pi n g i n t o t h e
wor k r oom.
(vi i ) Expan sion ch ambers. S l a sh er k et -
t l es a n d cook er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
expa n si on ch a mber s i n t h e cover s, or
dr a i n s, t o pr even t su r gi n g over . S t ea m-
con t r ol va l ves sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t
t h ey ca n be oper a t ed wi t h ou t exposi n g
t h e wor k er t o movi n g pa r t s, h ot su r -
fa ces, or st ea m.
(2) En closed h ot air dry er(i ) L ever
con t rol. Wh en sl a sh er s a r e oper a t ed by
con t r ol l ever s, t h ese l ever s sh a l l be
con n ect ed t o a h or i zon t a l ba r or t r ea -
dl e l oca t ed n ot mor e t h a n 69 i n ch es
a bove t h e fl oor t o con t r ol t h e oper -
a t i on fr om a n y poi n t .
(i i ) Pu sh -bu t t on con t rol. S l a sh er s op-
er a t ed by pu sh -bu t t on con t r ol sh a l l
h a ve on e st a r t bu t t on a t ea ch en d of
t h e ma ch i n e a n d st op bu t t on s sh a l l be
l oca t ed on bot h si des of t h e ma ch i n es
a t i n t er va l s spa ced n ot mor e t h a n 6
feet on cen t er s. I n ch i n g bu t t on s sh ou l d
be i n st a l l ed.
(i i i ) Dry er en closu re. Th e dr y er en cl o-
su r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n exh a u st
sy st em wh i ch wi l l effect i vel y pr even t
wet a i r a n d st ea m fr om esca pi n g i n t o
t h e wor k r oom.
(i v) Nip gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds sh a l l
compl y wi t h Ta bl e R1.
TABLE R1GUARD OPENINGS
[Openings in the guard or between the guard and working
surface shall not be greater than the following]
Distance of opening from nip point
Maximum
width of
opening
0 to 1
1
2 ................................................................
1
4
1
1
2 to 2
1
2 ............................................................
3
8
2
1
2 to 3
1
2 ............................................................
1
2
3
1
2 to 5
1
2 ............................................................
5
8
5
1
2 to 6
1
2 ............................................................
3
4
6
1
2 to 7
1
2 ............................................................
7
8
7
1
2 to 8
1
2 ............................................................ 1
1
4
The measurements in Table R1 are all in inches.
(v) Expan sion ch ambers. S l a sh er k et -
t l es a n d cook er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
expa n si on ch a mber s i n t h e cover s, or
dr a i n s, t o pr even t su r gi n g over . S t ea m
con t r ol va l ves sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t
t h ey ca n be oper a t ed wi t h ou t exposi n g
t h e wor k er t o movi n g pa r t s, h ot su r -
fa ces, or st ea m.
(i ) Warpers(1) Swiveled dou ble-bar
gat es. S wi vel ed dou bl e-ba r ga t es sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed on a l l wa r per s oper a t i n g i n
excess of 450 y a r ds per mi n u t e. Th ese
ga t es sh a l l be so i n t er l ock ed t h a t t h e
ma ch i n e ca n n ot be oper a t ed u n t i l t h e
ga t e i s i n t h e cl osed posi t i on , except
for t h e pu r pose of i n ch i n g or j oggi n g.
(2) Closed posit ion . Closed posit ion
sh a l l mea n t h a t t h e t op ba r of t h e ga t e
sh a l l be a t l ea st 42 i n ch es fr om t h e
fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t for m; a n d t h e
l ower ba r sh a l l be a t l ea st 21 i n ch es
fr om t h e fl oor or wor k i n g pl a t for m;
a n d t h e ga t e sh a l l be l oca t ed 15 i n ch es
fr om t h e ver t i ca l t a n gen t t o t h e bea m
h ea d.
(j ) Drawin g f rames, slu bbers, rovin g
part s, cot t on combers, rin g spin n in g
f rames, t wist ers. Gea r h ou si n g cover s on
a l l i n st a l l a t i on s of dr a wi n g fr a mes,
sl u bber s, r ovi n g fr a mes, cot t on comb-
er s, r i n g spi n n i n g fr a mes, a n d t wi st er s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h i n t er l ock s.
(k ) Gill boxes(1) Pin gu ard. A gu a r d
sh a l l be pl a ced a h ea d of t h e feed en d
a n d sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t i t wi l l
pr even t t h e wor k er s fi n ger s fr om bei n g
ca u gh t i n t h e pi n s of t h e i n t er sect i n g
fa l l er s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
712
(2) Nip gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(l ) Heavy draw boxes, f in ish ers, an d
speeders u sed in worst ed drawin g(1)
Ban d pu lley covers. Cover s for ba n d pu l -
l ey s sh a l l be cl osed wh en t h e ma ch i n e
i s i n mot i on .
(2) Ben ch es or work in g plat f orms.
Br a n ch es or wor k i n g pl a t for ms a p-
pr oxi ma t el y 10 i n ch es i n h ei gh t a n d 8
i n ch es i n wi dt h sh ou l d be i n st a l l ed
a l on g t h e en t i r e r u n n i n g l en gt h of t h e
ma ch i n e for t h e wor k er t o st a n d on
wh i l e cr eel i n g t h e ma ch i n e. S u ch
ben ch es or pl a t for ms sh a l l be cover ed
wi t h a n a br a si ve or n on sl i p ma t er i a l .
(m) Sliver an d ribbon lappers (cot t on ).
Cover gu a r d. An i n t er l ock i n g cover
gu a r d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed over t h e l a r ge
ca l en der dr u ms a n d t h e l a p spool , de-
si gn ed t o pr even t t h e oper a t or fr om
comi n g i n con t a ct wi t h t h e n i p.
(n ) L ooms(1) Sh u t t le gu ard. Ea ch
l oom sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a gu a r d de-
si gn ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e da n ger of t h e
sh u t t l e fl y i n g ou t of t h e sh ed.
(2) Prot ect ion f or loom f ixer. P r ovi si on s
sh a l l be ma de so t h a t ever y l oom fi xer
ca n pr even t t h e l oom fr om bei n g st a r t -
ed wh i l e h e i s a t wor k on t h e l oom.
Th i s ma y be a ccompl i sh ed by mea n s of
a l ock , t h e k ey t o wh i ch i s r et a i n ed i n
t h e possessi on of t h e l oom fi xer , or by
some ot h er effect i ve mea n s t o pr even t
st a r t i n g t h e l oom.
(o) Sh earin g mach in es. Al l r evol vi n g
bl a des on sh ea r i n g ma ch i n es sh a l l be
gu a r ded so t h a t t h e open i n g bet ween
t h e cl ot h su r fa ce a n d t h e bot t om of t h e
gu a r d wi l l n ot exceed t h r ee-ei gh t h s
i n ch .
(p) Con t in u ou s bleach ran ge (cot t on
an d ray on )(1) J-box prot ect ion . Ea ch
va l ve con t r ol l i n g t h e fl ow of st ea m, i n -
j u r i ou s ga ses, or l i qu i ds i n t o a J -box
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a ch a i n , l ock ,
a n d k ey , so t h a t a n y wor k er wh o en t er s
t h e J -box ca n l ock t h e va l ve a n d r et a i n
t h e k ey i n h i s possessi on . An y ot h er
met h od wh i ch wi l l pr even t st ea m, i n j u -
r i ou s ga ses, or l i qu i ds fr om en t er i n g
t h e J -box wh i l e t h e wor k er i s i n i t wi l l
be a ccept a bl e.
(2) Open -widt h bleach in g. Th e n i p of
a l l i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s on open -wi dt h
bl ea ch i n g ma ch i n e r ol l s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wi t h a gu a r d t o pr even t t h e
wor k er fr om bei n g ca u gh t a t t h e n i p.
Th e gu a r d sh a l l ext en d a cr oss t h e en -
t i r e l en gt h of t h e n i p.
(q) Kiers(1) Redu cin g valves, saf et y
valves, an d pressu re gages. Redu ci n g
va l ves, sa fet y va l ves, a n d pr essu r e
ga ges sh a l l con for m t o t h e AS ME Code
for Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s, S ect i on
VI I I , Un fi r ed/P r essu r e Vessel s, 1968.
(2) Kier valve prot ect ion . Ea ch va l ve
con t r ol l i n g t h e fl ow of st ea m, i n j u r i ou s
ga ses, or l i qu i ds i n t o a k i er sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a ch a i n , l ock , a n d k ey ,
so t h a t a n y wor k er wh o en t er s t h e k i er
ca n l ock t h e va l ve a n d r et a i n t h e k ey
i n h i s possessi on . An y ot h er met h od
wh i ch wi l l pr even t st ea m, i n j u r i ou s
ga ses, or l i qu i ds fr om en t er i n g t h e k i er
wh i l e t h e wor k er i s i n i t wi l l be a ccept -
a bl e.
(r ) Gray an d wh it e bin s. On n ew i n -
st a l l a t i on s gu a r d r a i l s con for mi n g t o
1910. 23 sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e wor k -
er s a r e r equ i r ed t o pl a i t by h a n d fr om
t h e t op of t h e bi n so a s t o pr ot ect t h e
wor k er fr om fa l l i n g t o a l ower l evel .
(s) Mercerizin g ran ge (piece goods)(1)
St oppin g devices. A st oppi n g devi ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t ea ch en d of t h e
ma ch i n e.
(2) Frame en ds. A gu a r d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t ea ch en d of t h e fr a me be-
t ween t h e i n -r u n n i n g ch a i n a n d t h e cl i p
open er , t o pr even t t h e wor k er s fi n ger s
fr om bei n g ca u gh t .
(3) Man gle an d wash ers. Th e n i p a t
t h e i n -r u n n i n g r ol l s sh a l l con for m t o
1910. 264.
(t ) T en t er f rames(1) St oppin g devices.
A st oppi n g devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t
ea ch en d of t h e ma ch i n e.
(2) Frame en ds. A gu a r d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t ea ch en d of t h e fr a me a t t h e
i n -r u n n i n g ch a i n a n d cl i p open er .
(3) Oil cu ps. Oi l cu ps sh a l l be sa fel y
l oca t ed t o per mi t ea sy a ccess.
(u ) Dy ein g jigs(1) St oppin g devices.
Ea ch dy e j i g sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h i n -
di vi du a l mech a n i ca l or el ect r i ca l
mea n s for st oppi n g t h e ma ch i n e.
(2) Roll arms. Rol l a r ms on j i gs sh a l l
be bu i l t t o a l l ow for ext r a l a r ge
ba t ch es, a n d t o pr even t t h e cen t er ba r
fr om bei n g for ced off, ca u si n g t h e
ba t ch t o fa l l .
(v) PaddersNip gu ards. Al l n i p
gu a r ds sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(i v) of t h i s
sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
713
(w) Dry in g can s(1) Pressu re redu cin g
valves an d pressu re gages. P r essu r e r e-
du ci n g va l ves a n d pr essu r e ga ges sh a l l
con for m t o t h e AS ME Code for P r es-
su r e Vessel s, S ect i on VI I I , 1968, Un fi r ed
P r essu r e Vessel s.
(2) Vacu u m collapse. I f ca n s a r e n ot
desi gn ed t o pr even t va cu u m col l a pse,
ea ch ca n sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h on e or
mor e va cu u m r el i ef va l ves wi t h open -
i n gs of su ffi ci en t si ze t o pr even t t h e
col l a pse of t h e ca n i f va cu u m occu r s.
(x) Flat -work iron er(1) Feed rolls.
Th e feed r ol l s sh a l l be gu a r ded t o con -
for m t o 1910. 264.
(2) Pressu re rolls. P r essu r e r ol l s sh a l l
be cover ed or gu a r ded t o con for m t o
1910. 264.
(y ) Ext ract ors(1) Cen t rif u gal ext rac-
t or(i ) Cover. Ea ch ext r a ct or sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a met a l cover .
(i i ) I n t erlock in g device. Ea ch ext r a ct or
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n i n t er l ock i n g
devi ce t h a t wi l l pr even t t h e cover fr om
bei n g open ed wh i l e t h e ba sk et i s i n mo-
t i on , a n d a l so pr even t t h e power oper -
a t i on of t h e ba sk et wh i l e t h e cover i s
open .
(i i i ) Brak es. Ea ch ext r a ct or sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a mech a n i ca l l y or el ec-
t r i ca l l y oper a t ed br a k e t o qu i ck l y st op
t h e ba sk et wh en t h e power dr i vi n g t h e
ba sk et i s sh u t off.
(i v) Maximu m allowable speed. Ea ch
cen t r i fu ga l ext r a ct or sh a l l be effec-
t i vel y secu r ed i n posi t i on on t h e fl oor
or fou n da t i on so a s t o el i mi n a t e u n n ec-
essa r y vi br a t i on , a n d sh ou l d n ot be op-
er a t ed a t a speed gr ea t er t h a n t h e ma n -
u fa ct u r er s r a t i n g, wh i ch sh a l l be
st a mped wh er e ea si l y vi si bl e i n l et t er s
n ot l ess t h a n on e-qu a r t er i n ch i n
h ei gh t . Th e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e speed
sh a l l be gi ven i n r evol u t i on s per
mi n u t e (r pm).
(2) En gin e dru m ext ract orOver-speed
govern or. Ea ch en gi n e i n di vi du a l l y
dr i vi n g a n ext r a ct or sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a n a ppr oved en gi n e st op a n d speed
l i mi t gover n or .
(3) Squ eezer or wrin ger ext ract orNip
gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds sh a l l compl y
(h )(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(z) Nip gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds for
wa t er ma n gl e, st a r ch ma n gl e, ba ck -
wa sh er (wor st ed y a r n ) cr a bbi n g ma -
ch i n es, deca t i n g ma ch i n es, sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph
(h )(2)(i v).
(a a ) San f orizin g an d palmer mach in e. A
sa fet y t r i p r od, ca bl e, or wi r e cen t er
cor d sh a l l be pr ovi ded a cr oss t h e fr on t
a n d ba ck of a l l pa l mer cy l i n der s ex-
t en di n g t h e l en gt h of t h e fa ce of t h e
cy l i n der . I t sh a l l oper a t e r ea di l y
wh et h er pu sh ed or pu l l ed. Th i s sa fet y
t r i p sh a l l be n ot mor e t h a n 72 i n ch es
a bove t h e l evel on wh i ch t h e oper a t or
st a n ds a n d sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e.
(bb) Rope wash ers(1) Splash gu ard.
S pl a sh gu a r ds sh a l l be i n st a l l ed on a l l
r ope wa sh er s u n l ess t h e ma ch i n e i s so
desi gn ed a s t o pr even t t h e wa t er or l i q-
u i d fr om spl a sh i n g t h e oper a t or , t h e
fl oor , or wor k i n g su r fa ce.
(2) Saf et y st op bar. A sa fet y t r i p r od,
ca bl e or wi r e cen t er cor d sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded a cr oss t h e fr on t a n d ba ck of a l l
r ope wa sh er s ext en di n g t h e l en gt h of
t h e fa ce of t h e wa sh er . I t sh a l l oper a t e
r ea di l y wh et h er pu sh ed or pu l l ed. Th i s
sa fet y t r i p sh a l l be n ot mor e t h a n 72
i n ch es a bove t h e l evel on wh i ch t h e op-
er a t or st a n ds a n d sh a l l be r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e.
(cc) L au n dry wash er t u mbler or sh ak -
er(1) I n t erlock in g device. Ea ch dr y i n g
t u mbl er , ea ch dou bl e cy l i n der sh a k er
or cl ot h es t u mbl er , a n d ea ch wa sh i n g
ma ch i n e sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n
i n t er l ock devi ce wh i ch wi l l pr even t t h e
power oper a t i on of t h e i n si de cy l i n der
wh en t h e ou t er door on t h e ca se or
sh el l i s open , a n d wh i ch wi l l a l so pr e-
ven t t h e ou t er door on t h e ca se or sh el l
fr om bei n g open ed wi t h ou t sh u t t i n g off
t h e power .
(2) Mean s of h oldin g covers or doors in
open posit ion . Ea ch en cl osed ba r r el
sh a l l a l so be equ i pped wi t h a dequ a t e
mea n s for h ol di n g open t h e door s or
cover s of t h e i n n er a n d ou t er cy l i n der s
or sh el l s wh i l e i t i s bei n g l oa ded or u n -
l oa ded.
(dd) Prin t in g mach in e (roller t y pe)(1)
Nip gu ards. Al l n i p gu a r ds sh a l l compl y
(h )(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Crown wh eel an d roller gear n ip pro-
t ect ion . Th e en gr a ved r ol l er gea r s a n d
t h e l a r ge cr own wh eel sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a pr ot ect i ve di sc wh i ch wi l l en -
cl ose t h e n i ps of t h e i n -r u n n i n g gea r s.
I n di vi du a l di scs for ea ch n i p wi l l be a c-
cept a bl e.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
714
(ee) Calen ders. Th e n i p a t t h e i n -r u n -
n i n g si de of t h e r ol l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a gu a r d ext en di n g a cr oss t h e en -
t i r e l en gt h of t h e n i p a n d a r r a n ged t o
pr even t t h e fi n ger s of t h e wor k er s fr om
bei n g pu l l ed i n bet ween t h e r ol l s or be-
t ween t h e gu a r d a n d t h e r ol l s, a n d con -
st r u ct ed so t h a t t h e cl ot h ca n be fed
i n t o t h e r ol l s sa fel y .
(ff) Rot ary st aple cu t t ers. A gu a r d sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed compl et el y en cl osi n g t h e
cu t t er s t o pr even t t h e h a n ds of t h e op-
er a t or fr om r ea ch i n g t h e cu t t i n g zon e.
(gg) [Reser ved]
(h h ) Han d bailin g mach in e. An a n gl e-
i r on -h a n dl e st op gu a r d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t t h e r i gh t a n gl e t o t h e fr a me
of t h e ma ch i n e. Th e st op gu a r d sh a l l be
so desi gn ed a n d so l oca t ed t h a t i t wi l l
pr even t t h e h a n dl e fr om t r a vel i n g be-
y on d t h e ver t i ca l posi t i on sh ou l d t h e
h a n dl e sl i p fr om t h e oper a t or s h a n d
wh en t h e pa wl h a s been r el ea sed fr om
t h e t eet h of t h e t a k eu p gea r .
(i i ) Roll ben ch . Cl ea t s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed on t h e en ds of r ol l ben ch es.
(j j ) Cu t t le or swin g f older (overh ead
t y pe). Th e bot t om of t h e over h ea d fol d-
er s sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 7 feet
fr om t h e fl oor or wor k i n g su r fa ce.
(k k ) Color-mixin g room. F l oor s i n
col or -mi xi n g r ooms sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed t o dr a i n ea si l y .
(l l ) Open t an k s an d vat s f or mixin g an d
st orage of h ot or corrosive liqu idsSh u t -
of f valves. Boi l i n g t a n k s, ca u st i c t a n k s,
a n d h ot l i qu i d con t a i n er s, so l oca t ed
t h a t t h e oper a t or ca n n ot see t h e con -
t en t s fr om t h e fl oor or wor k i n g a r ea ,
sh a l l h a ve emer gen cy sh u t off va l ves
con t r ol l ed fr om a poi n t n ot su bj ect t o
da n ger of spl a sh . Va l ves sh a l l con for m
t o t h e AS ME P r essu r e Vessel Code, sec-
t i on VI I I , Un fi r ed P r essu r e Vessel s,
1968.
(mm) Dy e k et t les an d vat sP i pes or
dr a i n s of su ffi ci en t ca pa ci t y t o ca r r y
t h e con t en t s sa fel y a wa y fr om t h e
wor k i n g a r ea sh a l l be i n st a l l ed wh er e
t h er e a r e dy e k et t l es a n d va t s wh i ch
ma y a t a n y t i me con t a i n h ot or cor r o-
si ve l i qu i ds. Th ese sh a l l n ot empt y di -
r ect l y on t o t h e fl oor .
(n n ) Acid carboy s. Ca r boy s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h i n cl i n a t or s, or t h e a ci d
sh a l l be wi t h dr a wn fr om t h e ca r boy s by
mea n s of pu mpi n g wi t h ou t pr essu r e i n
t h e ca r boy , or by mea n s of h a n d oper -
a t ed si ph on s.
(oo) Han dlin g cau st ic soda an d cau st ic
pot ash . Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
h a n dl i n g a n d empt y i n g ca u st i c soda
a n d ca u st i c pot a sh con t a i n er s t o pr e-
ven t wor k er s fr om comi n g i n con t a ct
wi t h t h e ca u st i c (see pa r a gr a ph (qq) of
t h i s sect i on ).
(pp) First aid. Wh er ever a ci ds or
ca u st i cs a r e u sed, pr ovi si on sh a l l be
ma de for a copi ou s a n d fl owi n g su ppl y
of fr esh , cl ea n wa t er .
F R 23073, Ma y 28, 1975; 49 F R 5324, F eb. 10,
1984; 61 F R 9241, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 33467,
J u n e 18, 1998]
1910.263 Bakery equipment.
t ion . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l a ppl y t o t h e desi gn , i n st a l l a t i on ,
oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of ma ch i n -
er y a n d equ i pmen t u sed wi t h i n a ba k -
er y .
(2) [Reser ved]
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Gen eral mach in e gu ardin g.
(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Gears. Al l gea r s sh a l l be com-
pl et el y en cl osed r ega r dl ess of l oca t i on .
(3) Sprock et s an d V-belt drives. S pr ock -
et s a n d V-bel t dr i ves l oca t ed wi t h i n
r ea ch fr om pl a t for ms or pa sa gewa y s or
l oca t ed wi t h i n 8 feet 6 i n ch es fr om t h e
fl oor sh a l l be compl et el y en cl osed.
(4) [Reser ved]
(5) L u bricat ion . Wh er e ma ch i n er y
mu st be l u br i ca t ed wh i l e i n mot i on ,
st a t i on a r y l u br i ca t i on fi t t i n gs i n si de a
ma ch i n e sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h ext en -
si on pi pi n g t o a poi n t of sa fet y so t h a t
t h e empl oy ee wi l l n ot h a ve t o r ea ch
i n t o a n y da n ger ou s pa r t of t h e ma ch i n e
wh en l u br i ca t i n g.
(6)(7) [Reser ved]
(8) Hot pipes. Exposed h ot wa t er a n d
st ea m pi pes sh a l l be cover ed wi t h i n su -
l a t i n g ma t er i a l wh er ever n ecessa r y t o
pr ot ect empl oy ee fr om con t a ct .
(d) Flou r-h an dlin g equ ipmen t (1) Gen -
eral requ iremen t s f or f lou r h an dlin g. (i )
Wh er ever a n y of t h e va r i ou s pi eces of
a ppa r a t u s compr i si n g a fl ou r -h a n dl i n g
sy st em a r e r u n i n el ect r i ca l u n i t y wi t h
on e a n ot h er t h e fol l owi n g sa fegu a r ds
sh a l l a ppl y :
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Wh er ever a fl ou r -h a n dl i n g sy st em
i s of su ch si ze t h a t t h e begi n n i n g of i t s
oper a t i on i s fa r r emot e fr om i t s fi n a l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
715
del i ver y en d, a l l el ect r i c mot or s oper -
a t i n g ea ch a ppa r a t u s compr i si n g t h i s
sy st em sh a l l be con t r ol l ed a t ea ch of
t wo poi n t s, on e l oca t ed a t ea ch r emot e
en d, ei t h er of wh i ch wi l l st op a l l mo-
t or s.
(c) [Reser ved]
(d) Con t r ol ci r cu i t s for ma gn et i c con -
t r ol l er s sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t t h e
open i n g of a n y on e of sever a l l i mi t
swi t ch es, wh i ch ma y be on a n i n di -
vi du a l u n i t , wi l l ser ve t o de-en er gi ze
a l l of t h e mot or s of t h a t u n i t .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(2) Bag ch u t es an d bag lif t s (bag-arm
elevat ors). (i ) Ba g ch u t es (gr a vi t y
ch u t es for h a n dl i n g fl ou r ba gs) sh a l l be
so desi gn ed so a s t o k eep t o a mi n i mu m
t h e speed of fl ou r ba gs. I f t h e ch u t e i n -
cl i n es mor e t h a n 30 fr om t h e h or i -
zon t a l , t h er e sh a l l be a n u pt u r n a t t h e
l ower en d of t h e ch u t e t o sl ow down
t h e ba gs.
(i i ) Ba g-a r m el eva t or s wi t h ma n u a l
t a k eoff sh a l l be desi gn ed t o oper a t e a t
a ca pa ci t y n ot exceedi n g seven ba gs per
mi n u t e. Th e a r ms on t h e con vey or
ch a i n sh a l l be so spa ced a s t o obt a i n
t h e fu l l ca pa ci t y of t h e el eva t or wi t h
t h e l owest possi bl e ch a i n speed. Th er e
sh a l l be a n el ect r i c l i mi t swi t ch a t t h e
u n l oa di n g en d of t h e ba g-a r m el eva t or
so i n st a l l ed a s t o a u t oma t i ca l l y st op
t h e con vey or ch a i n i f a n y ba g fa i l s t o
cl ea r t h e con vey or a r ms.
(i v) Ma n l i ft s sh a l l be pr oh i bi t ed i n
ba k er i es. Ba g or ba r r el l i ft s sh a l l n ot
be u sed a s ma n l i ft s.
(3) Du mpbin an d blen der.
(i )(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Al l du mpbi n a n d bl en der h oods
sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t ca pa ci t y t o pr e-
ven t ci r cu l a t i on of fl ou r du st ou t si de
t h e h oods.
(vi ) Al l du mpbi n s sh a l l be of a su i t -
a bl e h ei gh t fr om fl oor t o en a bl e t h e op-
er a t or t o du mp fl ou r fr om ba gs, wi t h -
ou t ca u si n g u n du e st r a i n or fa t i gu e.
Wh er e t h e edge of a n y bi n i s mor e t h a n
24 i n ch es a bove t h e fl ou r , a ba g r est
st ep sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(vi i ) A con t r ol devi ce for st oppi n g t h e
du mpbi n a n d bl en der sh a l l be pr ovi ded
cl ose t o t h e n or ma l l oca t i on of t h e op-
er a t or .
(4)(5) [Reser ved]
(6) St orage bin s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) S t or a ge bi n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h ga sk et s a n d l ock s or l a t ch es t o
k eep t h e cover cl osed, or ot h er equ i va -
l en t devi ces i n or der t o i n su r e t h e du st
t i gh t n ess of t h e cover . Cover s a t open -
i n gs wh er e a n empl oy ee ma y en t er t h e
bi n sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded wi t h a h a sp
a n d a l ock , so l oca t ed t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ee ma y l ock t h e cover i n t h e open
posi t i on wh en ever i t i s n ecessa r y t o
en t er t h e bi n .
(i i i ) S t or a ge bi n s wh er e t h e si de i s
mor e t h a n 5 feet i n dept h sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h st a n da r d st a t i on a r y sa fet y
l a dder s, bot h i n si de a n d ou t si de, t o
r ea ch fr om fl oor l evel t o t op of bi n a n d
fr om t op of bi n t o i n si de bot t om, k eep-
i n g t h e l a dder en d a wa y fr om t h e mov-
i n g scr ew con vey or .
(i v)(v) [Reser ved]
(vi ) Th e ma i n en t r a n ce cover of l a r ge
st or a ge bi n s l oca t ed a t t h e i n t er i or exi t
l a dder sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n el ec-
t r i c i n t er l ock for mot or s oper a t i n g
bot h feed a n d u n l oa di n g scr ew, so t h a t
t h ese mot or s ca n n ot oper a t e wh i l e t h e
cover i s open .
(7) Screw con vey ors.
(i i i ) Th e cover s of a l l scr ew con -
vey or s sh a l l be ma de r emova bl e i n con -
ven i en t sect i on s, h el d on wi t h st a -
t i on a r y cl a mps l oca t ed a t pr oper i n t er -
va l s k eepi n g a l l cover s du st -t i gh t .
Wh er e dr op or h i n ged bot t om sect i on s
a r e pr ovi ded t h i s pr ovi si on sh a l l n ot
a ppl y .
(8) Sif t ers. (i ) En cl osu r es of a l l t y pes
of fl ou r si ft er s sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed
t h a t t h ey a r e du st -t i gh t bu t r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e for i n t er i or i n spect i on .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(9) Flou r scales.
(i i i ) Tr a vel i n g or t r a ck -t y pe fl ou r
sca l es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h ba r h a n -
dl es for movi n g sa me. Th e ba r sh ou l d
be a t l ea st 1 i n ch i n di a met er a n d wel l
a wa y fr om t r ol l ey t r a ck wh eel s.
(e) Mixers(1) Horizon t al dou gh mix-
ers. (i ) Mi xer s wi t h ext er n a l power a p-
pl i ca t i on sh a l l h a ve a l l bel t s, ch a i n s,
gea r s, pu l l ey s, spr ock et s, cl u t ch es, a n d
ot h er movi n g pa r t s compl et el y en -
cl osed.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Ea ch mi xer sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a n i n di vi du a l mot or a n d con t r ol ,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
716
a n d wi t h a con ven i en t l y l oca t ed ma n -
u a l swi t ch t o pr even t t h e mi xer fr om
bei n g st a r t ed i n t h e u su a l ma n n er
wh i l e t h e ma ch i n e i s bei n g ser vi ced
a n d cl ea n ed.
(i v) Al l el ect r i ca l con t r ol st a t i on s
sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t t h e oper a t or
mu st be i n fu l l vi ew of t h e bowl i n i t s
open posi t i on . No du pl i ca t i on of su ch
con t r ol s ot h er t h a n a st op swi t ch sh a l l
be per mi t t ed.
(v) Al l mi xer s wi t h power a n d ma n u a l
du mpi n g a r r a n gemen t s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sa fet y devi ces wh i ch
sh a l l :
(a) En ga ge bot h h a n ds of t h e oper -
a t or , wh en t h e a gi t a t or i s i n mot i on
u n der power , a n d wh i l e t h e bowl i s
open ed mor e t h a n on e-fi ft h of i t s t ot a l
open i n g.
(b) P r even t t h e a gi t a t or fr om bei n g
st a r t ed, wh i l e t h e bowl i s mor e t h a n
on e-fi ft h open , wi t h ou t en ga gi n g bot h
h a n ds of t h e oper a t or ;
(vi )(vi i ) [Reser ved]
(vi i i ) Ever y mi xer sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a fu l l en cl osu r e over t h e bowl
wh i ch i s cl osed a t a l l t i mes wh i l e t h e
a gi t a t or i s i n mot i on . On l y mi n or open -
i n gs i n t h i s en cl osu r e, su ch a s i n gr e-
di en t door s, fl ou r i n l et s, et c. , ea ch r ep-
r esen t i n g l ess t h a n 1
1
2 squ a r e feet i n
a r ea , sh a l l be ca pa bl e of bei n g open ed
wh i l e t h e mi xer i s i n oper a t i on .
(i x) [Reser ved]
(x) Over h ea d cover s or door s wh i ch
a r e su bj ect t o a cci den t a l cl osu r e sh a l l
be cou n t er ba l a n ced t o r ema i n i n a n
open posi t i on or pr ovi ded wi t h mea n s
t o h ol d t h em open u n t i l posi t i vel y r e-
l ea sed by t h e oper a t or .
(xi )(xvi i ) [Reser ved]
(xvi i i ) Va l ves a n d con t r ol s t o r egu -
l a t e t h e cool a n t i n mi xer j a ck et s sh a l l
be l oca t ed so a s t o per mi t a ccess by t h e
oper a t or wi t h ou t j eopa r di zi n g h i s sa fe-
t y .
(2) Vert ical mixers. (i ) Ver t i ca l mi xer s
sh a l l compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (e)(1) (i ),
(i i i ), (i x) a n d (x), of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(i i i ) Bowl l ock i n g devi ces sh a l l be of
a posi t i ve t y pe wh i ch r equ i r e t h e a t -
t en t i on of t h e oper a t or for u n l ock i n g.
(i v) Devi ces sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e
for movi n g bowl s wei gh i n g mor e t h a n
80 pou n ds, wi t h con t en t s, i n t o a n d ou t
of t h e mi xi n g posi t i on on t h e ma ch i n e.
(f) Dividers.
(1)(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Rear of divider. Th e ba ck of t h e di -
vi der sh a l l h a ve a compl et e cover t o
en cl ose a l l of t h e movi n g pa r t s, or ea ch
i n di vi du a l pa r t sh a l l be en cl osed or
gu a r ded t o r emove t h e sepa r a t e h a z-
a r ds. Th e r ea r cover sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a l i mi t swi t ch i n or der t h a t t h e
ma ch i n e ca n n ot oper a t e wh en t h i s
cover i s open . Th e gu a r d on t h e ba ck
sh a l l be h i n ged so t h a t i t ca n n ot be
compl et el y r emoved a n d i f a ca t ch or
br a ce i s pr ovi ded for h ol di n g t h e cover
open , i t sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t i t wi l l
n ot r el ea se du e t o vi br a t i on s or mi n or
bu mpi n g wh er eby t h e cover ma y dr op
on a n empl oy ee.
(g) Mou lders(1) Hoppers. Mech a n i ca l
feed mou l der s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
h opper s so desi gn ed a n d con n ect ed t o
t h e pr oofer t h a t a n empl oy ees h a n ds
ca n n ot get i n t o t h e h opper wh er e t h ey
wi l l come i n con t a ct wi t h t h e i n -r u n -
n i n g r ol l s.
(2) Han d-f ed mou lders. Ha n d-fed
mou l der s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a bel t -
feed devi ce or t h e h opper sh a l l be ex-
t en ded h i gh en ou gh so t h a t t h e h a n ds
of t h e oper a t or ca n n ot get i n t o t h e feed
r ol l s. Th e t op edge of su ch a h opper
sh a l l be wel l r ou n ded t o pr even t i n j u r y
wh en i t i s st r u ck or bu mped by t h e em-
pl oy ees h a n d.
(3) St oppin g devices. Th er e sh a l l be a
st oppi n g devi ce wi t h i n ea sy r ea ch of
t h e oper a t or wh o feeds t h e mou l der a n d
a n ot h er st oppi n g devi ce wi t h i n t h e
r ea ch of t h e empl oy ee t a k i n g t h e
dou gh a wa y fr om t h e mou l der .
(h ) Man u ally f ed dou gh brak es(1)
T op-roll prot ect ion . Th e t op r ol l sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed by a h ea vy ga ge met a l sh i el d
ext en di n g over t h e r ol l t o go wi t h i n 6
i n ch es of t h e h opper bot t om boa r d. Th e
sh i el d ma y be per for a t ed t o per mi t ob-
ser va t i on of t h e dou gh en t er i n g t h e
r ol l s.
(2) Emergen cy st op barAn emer gen cy
st op ba r sh a l l be pr ovi ded, a n d so l o-
ca t ed t h a t t h e body of t h e oper a t or wi l l
pr ess a ga i n st t h e ba r i f t h e oper a t or
sl i ps a n d fa l l s t owa r d t h e r ol l s, or i f
t h e oper a t or get s h i s h a n d ca u gh t i n
t h e r ol l s. Th e ba r sh a l l a ppl y t h e body
pr essu r e t o open posi t i vel y a ci r cu i t
t h a t wi l l deen er gi ze t h e dr i ve mot or . I n
a ddi t i on , a br a k e wh i ch i s i n h er en t l y
sel f-en ga gi n g by r equ i r i n g power or
for ce fr om a n ext er n a l sou r ce t o ca u se
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
717
di sen ga gemen t sh a l l be a ct i va t ed a t
t h e sa me t i me ca u si n g t h e r ol l s t o st op
i n st a n t l y . Th e emer gen cy st op ba r
sh a l l be ch eck ed for pr oper oper a t i on
ever y 30 da y s.
(i ) Miscellan eou s equ ipmen t (1) Proof
boxes. Al l door l ock s sh a l l be oper a bl e
bot h fr om wi t h i n a n d ou t si de t h e box.
Gu i de r a i l s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o cen t er
t h e r a ck a s i t en t er s, pa sses t h r ou gh ,
a n d l ea ves t h e pr oof box.
(2) Fermen t at ion room. F er men t a t i on
r oom door s sh a l l h a ve n on sh a t t er a bl e
wi r e gl a ss or pl a st i c pa n el s for vi si on
t h r ou gh door s.
(3) T rou gh s. Tr ou gh s sh a l l be mou n t -
ed on a n t i fr i ct i on bea r i n g ca st er s t h u s
ma k i n g i t possi bl e for t h e oper a t or t o
move a n d di r ect t h e mot i on of t h e
t r ou gh wi t h a mi n i mu m of effor t .
(4) Han d t ru ck s. (i ) Ca st er s sh a l l be
set ba ck fr om cor n er s t o be ou t of t h e
wa y of t oes a n d h eel s, bu t n ot fa r
en ou gh ba ck t o ca u se t h e t r u ck t o be
u n st a bl e.
(i i ) A l ock or ot h er devi ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o h ol d t h e h a n dl e i n ver t i ca l
posi t i on wh en t h e t r u ck i s n ot i n u se.
(5) L if t t ru ck s. A l ock or ot h er devi ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o h ol d t h e h a n dl e i n
ver t i ca l posi t i on wh en t h e t r u ck i s n ot
i n u se.
(6) Rack s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Ra ck s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h h a n -
dl es so l oca t ed wi t h r efer en ce t o t h e
fr a me of t h e r a ck t h a t n o pa r t of t h e
oper a t or s h a n ds ext en ds bey on d t h e
ou t er edge of t h e fr a me wh en h ol di n g
on t o t h e h a n dl es.
(i i i ) An t i fr i ct i on bea r i n g ca st er s
sh a l l be u sed t o gi ve t h e oper a t or bet -
t er con t r ol of t h e r a ck .
(7) Con vey ors. (i ) Wh er ever a con vey or
pa sses over a ma i n a i sl ewa y , r egu l a r l y
occu pi ed wor k a r ea , or pa ssa gewa y , t h e
u n der si de of t h e con vey or sh a l l be com-
pl et el y en cl osed t o pr even t br ok en
ch a i n s or ot h er ma t er i a l fr om fa l l i n g
i n t h e pa ssa gewa y .
(i i ) S t op bu mper s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
on a l l del i ver y en ds of con vey or s, wh er -
ever ma n u a l r emova l of t h e pr odu ct
ca r r i ed i s pr a ct i ced.
(i i i ) Wh er e h a za r d of get t i n g ca u gh t
exi st s a su ffi ci en t n u mber of st op bu t -
t on s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o en a bl e qu i ck
st oppi n g of t h e con vey or .
(8)(10) [Reser ved]
(11) I n gredien t premixers, emu lsif iers,
et c. (i ) Al l t op open i n gs sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h cover s a t t a ch ed t o t h e ma -
ch i n es. Th ese cover s sh ou l d be so a r -
r a n ged a n d i n t er l ock ed t h a t power wi l l
be sh u t off wh en ever t h e cover i s
open ed t o a poi n t wh er e t h e oper a t or s
fi n ger s mi gh t come i n con t a ct wi t h t h e
bea t er s.
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(12) Ch ain t ack le. (i ) Al l ch a i n t a ck l e
sh a l l be ma r k ed pr omi n en t l y , per ma -
n en t l y , a n d l egi bl y wi t h ma xi mu m l oa d
ca pa ci t y .
(i i ) Al l ch a i n t a ck l e sh a l l be ma r k ed
per ma n en t l y a n d l egi bl y wi t h mi n -
i mu m su ppor t speci fi ca t i on .
(i i i ) S a fet y h ook s sh a l l be u sed.
(13) T rou gh h oist s, et c. (i ) Al l h oi st s
sh a l l be ma r k ed pr omi n en t l y , per ma -
n en t l y , a n d l egi bl y wi t h ma xi mu m l oa d
ca pa ci t y .
(i i ) Al l h oi st s sh a l l be ma r k ed per ma -
n en t l y a n d l egi bl y wi t h mi n i mu m su p-
por t speci fi ca t i on s.
(i i i ) S a fet y ca t ch es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for t h e ch a i n so t h a t t h e ch a i n wi l l
h ol d t h e l oa d i n a n y posi t i on .
(i v) S a fet y h ook s sh a l l be u sed.
(14) Air-con dit ion in g u n it s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) On l a r ge u n i t s wi t h door s t o
ch a mber s l a r ge en ou gh t o be en t er ed,
a l l door l ock s sh a l l be oper a bl e fr om
bot h i n si de a n d ou t si de.
(15) Pan wash in g t an k s.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Th e su r fa ce of t h e fl oor of t h e
wor k i n g pl a t for m sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
i n n on sl i p con di t i on .
(v) P ower ven t i l a t ed exh a u st h oods
sh a l l be pr ovi ded over t h e t a n k s.
(20) Bread coolers, rack t y pe.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Al l door l ock s sh a l l be oper a bl e
fr om bot h wi t h i n a n d ou t si de t h e cool -
er .
(21) [Reser ved]
(22) Dou gh n u t mach in es. S epa r a t e
fl u es sh a l l be pr ovi ded, (i ) for ven t i n g
va por s fr om t h e fr y i n g sect i on , a n d (i i )
for ven t i n g pr odu ct s of combu st i on
fr om t h e combu st i on ch a mber u sed t o
h ea t t h e fa t .
(23) Open f at k et t les. (i ) Th e fl oor
a r ou n d k et t l es sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n
n on sl i p con di t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
718
(i i )(i i i ) [Reser ved]
(i v) Th e t op of t h e k et t l e sh a l l be n ot
l ess t h a n 36 i n ch es a bove fl oor or wor k -
i n g l evel .
(24) St eam k et t les. (i ) P osi t i ve l ock i n g
devi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o h ol d k et -
t l es i n t h e desi r ed posi t i on .
(i i ) Ket t l es wi t h st ea m j a ck et s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y va l ves i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e AS ME P r essu r e Ves-
sel Code, S ect i on VI I I , Un fi r ed P r es-
su r e Vessel s, 1968, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(j ) Slicers an d wrappers(1) Slicers.
(i i i ) Th e cover over t h e k n i fe h ea d of
r eci pr oca t i n g-bl a de sl i cer s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n i n t er l ock i n g a r r a n ge-
men t so t h a t t h e ma ch i n e ca n n ot oper -
a t e u n l ess t h e cover i s i n pl a ce.
(i v) On sl i cer s wi t h en dl ess ba n d
k n i ves, ea ch mot or sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a ma gn et br a k e wh i ch oper a t es
wh en ever t h e mot or i s n ot en er gi zed.
Ea ch door , pa n el , or ot h er poi n t of a c-
cess t o t h e cu t t i n g bl a des sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged by mea n s of mech a n i ca l or el ec-
t r i c i n t er l ock s so t h a t t h e mot or wi l l
be deen er gi zed i f a l l su ch a ccess door s,
pa n el s, or a ccess poi n t s a r e n ot cl osed.
(v) Wh en i t i s n ecessa r y t o sh a r pen
sl i cer bl a des on t h e ma ch i n e, a ba r r i er
sh a l l be pr ovi ded l ea vi n g on l y su ffi -
ci en t open i n g for t h e sh a r pen i n g st on e
t o r ea ch t h e k n i fe bl a des.
(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Slicer wrapper con dit ion s.
(a)(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Mech a n i ca l con t r ol l ever s for
st a r t i n g a n d st oppi n g bot h sl i ci n g ma -
ch i n e con vey or s a n d wr a ppi n g ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be ext en ded or so l oca t ed
t h a t a n oper a t or i n on e l oca t i on ca n
con t r ol bot h ma ch i n es. S u ch l ever s
sh ou l d be pr ovi ded wh er ever n ecessa r y ,
bu t t h ese sh ou l d be so a r r a n ged t h a t
t h er e i s on l y on e st a t i on ca pa bl e of
st a r t i n g t h e wr a ppi n g ma ch i n e a n d
con vey or a ssembl y , a n d t h i s st a r t i n g
st a t i on sh ou l d be so a r r a n ged or gu a r d-
ed a s t o pr even t a cci den t a l st a r t i n g.
Th e el ect r i c con t r ol st a t i on for st a r t -
i n g a n d st oppi n g t h e el ect r i c mot or
dr i vi n g t h e wr a ppi n g ma ch i n e a n d con -
vey or sh ou l d be l oca t ed n ea r t h e cl u t ch
st a r t i n g l ever .
(2) Wrappers.
(i i i ) El ect r i ca l h ea t er s on wr a pper s
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a cover pl a t e
pr oper l y sepa r a t ed or i n su l a t ed fr om
t h e h ea t er s i n or der t h a t a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h t h i s cover pl a t e wi l l n ot
ca u se a bu r n t o t h e oper a t or .
(k ) Biscu it an d crack er equ ipmen t (1)
Meal, pean u t , an d f ig grin ders. (i ) I f t h e
h opper i s r emova bl e i t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n el ect r i c i n t er l ock so t h a t
t h e ma ch i n e ca n n ot be pu t i n oper a t i on
wh en t h e h opper i s r emoved.
(i i ) Wh er e gr i d gu a r ds ca n n ot be u sed,
feed con vey or s t o h opper s, or ba ffl e-
t y pe h opper s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Hop-
per s i n su ch ca ses sh a l l be en cl osed a n d
pr ovi ded wi t h h i n ged cover s, a n d
equ i pped wi t h el ect r i c i n t er l ock t o pr e-
ven t oper a t i on of t h e ma ch i n e wi t h t h e
cover open .
(2) Su gar an d spice pu lverizers. (i ) Al l
dr i ve bel t s u sed i n con n ect i on wi t h
su ga r a n d spi ce pu l ver i zer s sh a l l be
gr ou n ded by mea n s of met a l combs or
ot h er effect i ve mea n s of r emovi n g st a t -
i c el ect r i ci t y . Al l pu l ver i zi n g of su ga r
or spi ce gr i n di n g sh a l l be don e i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h NF P A 621967 (S t a n da r d
for Du st Ha za r ds of S u ga r a n d Cocoa )
a n d NF P A 6561959 (S t a n da r d for Du st
Ha za r ds i n S pi ce Gr i n di n g P l a n t s),
wh i ch a r e i n cor por a t ed by r efer en ce a s
(i i ) Ma gn et i c sepa r a t or s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o r edu ce fi r e a n d expl osi on h a z-
a r ds.
(3) Ch eese, f ru it , an d f ood cu t t ers.
Th ese ma ch i n es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (k )(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) [Reser ved]
(5) Reversible dou gh brak es. Rever si bl e
br a k es sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a gu a r d
or t r i ppi n g mech a n i sm on ea ch si de of
t h e r ol l s. Th ese gu a r ds sh a l l be so a r -
r a n ged a s t o st op t h e ma ch i n e or r e-
ver se t h e di r ect i on of t h e r ol l s so t h a t
t h ey a r e ou t r u n n i n g i f t h e gu a r d i s
moved by con t a ct of t h e oper a t or .
(6) Cross-roll brak es. Cr oss-r ol l br a k es
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h gu a r ds t h a t a r e
si mi l a r i n n u mber a n d equ a l i n effec-
t i ven ess t o gu a r ds on h a n d-fed br a k es.
(7) Box- an d roll-t y pe dou gh sh eet ers.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Hopper s for sh eet er s sh a l l h a ve a n
a u t oma t i c st op ba r or a u t oma t i c st op-
pi n g devi ce a l on g t h e ba ck edge of t h e
h opper . I f con st r u ct i on does n ot per mi t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
719
l oca t i on a t t h e ba ck edge, t h e a u t o-
ma t i c st op ba r or a u t oma t i c st oppi n g
devi ce sh a l l be l oca t ed wh er e i t wi l l be
most effect i ve t o a ccompl i sh t h e de-
si r ed pr ot ect i on .
(8) [Reser ved]
(9) Rot ary , die mach in es, pret zel rollin g,
an d pret zel-st ick ext ru din g mach in es.
Dou gh h opper s sh a l l h a ve t h e en t i r e
open i n g pr ot ect ed wi t h su bst a n t i a l
gr i d-t y pe gu a r ds t o pr even t t h e em-
pl oy ee fr om get t i n g h i s h a n ds ca u gh t
i n movi n g pa r t s, or t h e h opper sh a l l be
ext en ded h i gh en ou gh so t h a t t h e oper -
a t or s h a n ds ca n n ot get i n t o movi n g
pa r t s.
(12) Pan coolin g t owers. (i ) Wh er e pa n
cool i n g t ower s ext en d t o t wo or mor e
fl oor s, a l ock ou t swi t ch sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on ea ch fl oor i n or der t h a t me-
ch a n i cs wor k i n g on t h e t ower ma y
posi t i vel y l ock t h e mech a n i sm a ga i n st
st a r t i n g. On l y on e st a r t swi t ch sh a l l be
u sed i n t h e mot or con t r ol ci r cu i t .
(i i ) [Reser ved]
(13) Ch ocolat e melt in g, ref in in g, an d
mixin g k et t les. Ea ch k et t l e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a cover t o en cl ose t h e t op of
t h e k et t l e. Th e bot t om ou t l et of ea ch
k et t l e sh a l l be of su ch si ze a n d sh a pe
t h a t t h e oper a t or ca n n ot r ea ch i n t o
t ou ch t h e r evol vi n g pa ddl e or come i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e sh ea r poi n t bet ween
t h e pa ddl e a n d t h e si de of t h e k et t l e.
(17) Pean u t coolin g t ru ck s. Mech a n i -
ca l l y oper a t ed pea n u t cool i n g t r u ck s
sh a l l h a ve a gr i d-t y pe cover over t h e
en t i r e t op.
(l ) Oven s(1) Gen eral locat ion .
(i )(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Oven s sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t
possi bl e fi r e or expl osi on wi l l n ot ex-
pose gr ou ps of per son s t o possi bl e i n -
j u r y . F or t h i s r ea son oven s sh a l l n ot
a dj oi n l ock er s, l u n ch or sa l es r ooms,
ma i n pa ssa gewa y s, or exi t s.
(2) [Reser ved]
(3) Saf egu ards of mech an ical part s. (i )
Emer gen cy st op bu t t on s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on mech a n i ca l oven s n ea r t h e
poi n t wh er e oper a t or s a r e st a t i on ed.
(i i ) Al l pi pi n g a t oven s sh a l l be t est ed
t o be ga st i gh t .
(i i i ) Ma i n sh u t off va l ves, oper a bl e
sepa r a t el y fr om a n y a u t oma t i c va l ve,
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o per mi t t u r n i n g off
t h e fu el or st ea m i n ca se of a n emer -
gen cy .
(a) Ma i n sh u t off va l ves sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed so t h a t expl osi on s, fi r es, et c. wi l l
n ot pr even t a ccess t o t h ese va l ves.
(b) Ma i n sh u t off va l ves sh a l l be
l ock ed i n t h e cl osed posi t i on wh en men
mu st en t er t h e oven or wh en t h e oven
i s n ot i n ser vi ce.
(4)(7) [Reser ved]
(8) Elect rical h eat in g equ ipmen t .
(i i i ) A ma i n di scon n ect swi t ch or ci r -
cu i t br ea k er sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Th i s
swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er sh a l l be so l o-
ca t ed t h a t i t ca n be r ea ch ed qu i ck l y
a n d sa fel y . Th e ma i n swi t ch or ci r cu i t
br ea k er sh a l l h a ve pr ovi si on s for l ock -
i n g i t i n t h e open posi t i on i f a n y wor k
on t h e el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t or i n si de
t h e oven mu st be per for med.
(9) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) P r ot ect i n g
devi ces sh a l l be pr oper l y ma i n t a i n ed
a n d k ept i n wor k i n g or der .
(i i ) Al l sa fet y devi ces on oven s sh a l l
be i n spect ed a t i n t er va l s of n ot l ess
t h a n t wi ce a mon t h by a n especi a l l y
a ppoi n t ed, pr oper l y i n st r u ct ed ba k er y
empl oy ee, a n d n ot l ess t h a n on ce a
y ea r by r epr esen t a t i ves of t h e oven
ma n u fa ct u r er s.
(i i i )(a) P r ot ect i on of ga s pi l ot l i gh t s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en i t i s i mpr a ct i -
ca bl e t o pr ot ect t h e ma i n fl a me of t h e
bu r n er a n d wh er e t h e pi l ot fl a me ca n -
n ot con t a ct t h e fl a me el ect r ode wi t h -
ou t bei n g i n t h e pa t h of t h e ma i n fl a me
of t h e bu r n er . F a i l u r e of a n y ga s pi l ot
sh a l l a u t oma t i ca l l y sh u t off t h e fu el
su ppl y t o t h e bu r n er .
(b) Oven s wi t h mu l t i pl e bu r n er s sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h i n di vi du a l a t mos-
ph er i c pi l ot l i gh t s wh er e t h er e i s su ffi -
ci en t secon da r y a i r i n t h e ba k i n g
ch a mber a n d wh er e ga s i s a va i l a bl e; or
el se ea ch bu r n er sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a n el ect r i c spa r k -t y pe i gn i t i on devi ce.
(i v) Bu r n er s of a ca pa ci t y exceedi n g
150, 000 B. t . u . per h ou r equ i pped wi t h
el ect r i c i gn i t i on sh a l l be pr ot ect ed i n
a ddi t i on by qu i ck -a ct i n g combu st i on
sa fegu a r ds.
(a) Th e h i gh -t en si on cu r r en t for a n y
el ect r i c spa r k -t y pe i gn i t i on devi ce
sh a l l or i gi n a t e i n a power su ppl y l i n e
wh i ch i s i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e fu el su p-
pl y for t h e oven i n su ch a wa y t h a t i n
ca se of cu r r en t fa i l u r e bot h t h e sou r ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
720
of el ect r i ci t y t o t h e h i gh -t en si on ci r -
cu i t s a n d t h e fu el su ppl y sh a l l be
t u r n ed off si mu l t a n eou sl y .
(b) [Reser ved]
(c) Combu st i on sa fegu a r ds u sed i n
con n ect i on wi t h el ect r i c i gn i t i on sy s-
t ems on oven s sh a l l be so desi gn ed a s
t o pr even t a n expl osi ve mi xt u r e fr om
a ccu mu l a t i n g i n si de t h e oven befor e i g-
n i t i on h a s t a k en pl a ce.
(v) Wh en fu el i s su ppl i ed a n d u sed a t
l i n e pr essu r e, sa fet y sh u t off va l ves
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e fu el l i n e l ea d-
i n g t o t h e bu r n er .
(a) Wh en fu el i s su ppl i ed i n excess of
l i n e pr essu r e, sa fet y sh u t off va l ves
sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e fu el l i n e l ea d-
i n g t o t h e bu r n er s, u n l ess t h e fu el su p-
pl y l i n es a r e equ i pped wi t h ot h er a u t o-
ma t i c va l ves wh i ch wi l l pr even t t h e
fl ow of fu el wh en t h e compr essi n g
equ i pmen t i s st opped.
(b) Th e sa fet y sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be
posi t i vel y t i gh t a n d sh a l l be t est ed a t
l ea st t wi ce mon t h l y .
(c)(d) [Reser ved]
(e) A sa fet y sh u t off va l ve sh a l l r e-
qu i r e ma n u a l oper a t i on for r eopen i n g
a ft er i t h a s cl osed, or t h e el ect r i c ci r -
cu i t sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t i t wi l l r e-
qu i r e a ma n u a l oper a t i on for r eopen i n g
t h e sa fet y sh u t off va l ve.
(f ) Ma n u a l r eset -t y pe sa fet y sh u t off
va l ves sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t t h ey
ca n n ot be l ock ed i n a n open posi t i on by
ext er n a l mea n s.
(g) Wh er e bl ower s a r e u sed for su p-
pl y i n g t h e a i r for combu st i on t h e sa fe-
t y sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be i n t er l ock ed so
t h a t i t wi l l cl ose i n ca se of a i r fa i l u r e.
(h ) Wh er e ga s or el ect r i c i gn i t i on i s
u sed, t h e sa fet y sh u t off va l ve sh a l l
cl ose i n ca se of i gn i t i on fa i l u r e. On
bu r n er s equ i pped wi t h combu st i on sa fe-
gu a r ds, t h e va l ve sh a l l cl ose i n ca se of
bu r n er fl a me fa i l u r e.
(vi ) On e ma i n , ma n u a l l y oper a t ed,
fu el sh u t off va l ve sh a l l be pr ovi ded on
ea ch oven , a n d sh a l l be l oca t ed a h ea d
of a l l ot h er va l ves i n t h e sy st em.
(vi i ) Al l i n di vi du a l ga s or oi l bu r n er s
wi t h a h ea t i n g ca pa ci t y over 150, 000
B. t . u . per h ou r sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
sa fegu a r d wh i ch i s a ct u a t ed by t h e
fl a me a n d wh i ch wi l l r ea ct t o fl a me
fa i l u r e i n a t i me i n t er va l n ot t o exceed
2 secon ds. Al l sa fegu a r ds, on ce h a vi n g
sh u t down a ga s or oi l bu r n er , sh a l l r e-
qu i r e ma n u a l r eset t i n g a n d st a r t i n g of
t h e bu r n er or bu r n er s.
(vi i i ) An y spa ce i n a n oven (except di -
r ect fi r ed oven s) wh i ch cou l d be fi l l ed
wi t h a n expl osi ve mi xt u r e sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by expl osi on ven t s. Expl osi on
ven t s sh a l l be ma de of mi n i mu m
wei gh t con si st en t wi t h a dequ a t e i n su -
l a t i on .
(a) Expl osi on door s wh i ch h a ve a su b-
st a n t i a l wei gh t sh a l l be a t t a ch ed by
ch a i n s or si mi l a r mea n s t o pr even t fl y -
i n g pa r t s fr om i n j u r i n g t h e per son n el
i n ca se of a n expl osi on .
(b) Wh er e expl osi on ven t s a r e so l o-
ca t ed t h a t fl y i n g pa r t s or ga ses mi gh t
en da n ger t h e per son n el wor k i n g on or
n ea r t h e oven , i n t er n a l or ext er n a l pr o-
t ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e
for m of h ea vi l y con st r u ct ed sh i el ds or
defl ect or s ma de fr om n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l .
(c) S peci fi ca l l y exempt ed fr om t h e
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph pa r a gr a ph
(l )(8)(vi i i ) of t h i s sect i on a r e h ea t i n g
sy st ems on oven s i n wh i ch t h e fu el i s
a dmi t t ed on l y t o en cl osed spa ces wh i ch
sh a l l h a ve been t est ed t o pr ove t h a t
t h ei r con st r u ct i on wi l l r esi st r epea t ed
expl osi on s wi t h ou t defor ma t i on a r e ex-
empt fr om t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (l )(8)(vi i i ) (a) a n d (b) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i x)(x) [Reser ved]
(xi ) Wh er e t h e ga s su ppl y pr essu r e i s
su bst a n t i a l l y h i gh er t h a n t h a t a t
wh i ch t h e bu r n er s of a n oven a r e de-
si gn ed t o oper a t e, a ga s pr essu r e r egu -
l a t or sh a l l be empl oy ed.
(a)(c) [Reser ved]
(d) A r el i ef va l ve sh a l l be pl a ced on
t h e ou t l et si de of ga s pr essu r e r egu -
l a t or s wh er e ga s i s su ppl i ed a t h i gh
pr essu r e. Th e di sch a r ge fr om t h i s va l ve
sh a l l be pi ped t o t h e ou t si de of t h e
bu i l di n g.
(10) Direct -f ired oven s. (i ) Di r ect -fi r ed
oven s sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded a ga i n st fa i l -
u r e of fu el , a i r , or i gn i t i on .
(i i ) To pr even t t h e possi bl e a ccu mu -
l a t i on of expl osi ve ga ses fr om bei n g i g-
n i t ed a ft er a sh u t down , a l l di r ect -fi r ed
oven s wi t h a h ea t i n g ca pa ci t y over
150, 000 B. t . u . per h ou r sh a l l be ven t i -
l a t ed befor e t h e i gn i t i on sy st em, com-
bu st i on a i r bl ower , a n d t h e fu el ca n be
t u r n ed on . Th e pr even t i l a t i on sh a l l i n -
su r e a t l ea st fou r compl et e ch a n ges of
a t mosph er e i n t h e ba k i n g ch a mber by
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
721
di sch a r gi n g t h e oven a t mosph er e t o t h e
ou t si de of t h e bu i l di n g a n d en t r a i n i n g
fr esh a i r i n t o i t . Th e pr even t i l a t i on
sh a l l be r epea t ed wh en ever t h e h ea t i n g
equ i pmen t i s sh u t down by a sa fet y de-
vi ce.
(11) Direct recircu lat in g oven s. (i ) Ea ch
ci r cu l a t i n g fa n i n di r ect r eci r cu l a t i n g
oven s sh a l l be i n t er con n ect ed wi t h t h e
bu r n er i n su ch a ma n n er t h a t t h e fu el
i s sh u t off by a sa fet y va l ve wh en t h e
fa n i s n ot r u n n i n g.
(i i ) Th e fl a me of t h e bu r n er or bu r n -
er s i n di r ect r eci r cu l a t i n g oven s sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed by a qu i ck -a ct i n g fl a me-
sen si t i ve sa fegu a r d wh i ch wi l l a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y sh u t off t h e fu el su ppl y i n
ca se of bu r n er fa i l u r e.
(15) I n direct recircu lat in g oven s.
(i i i ) Du ct sy st ems (i n oven s) oper -
a t i n g u n der pr essu r e sh a l l be t est ed for
t i gh t n ess i n t h e i n i t i a l st a r t i n g of t h e
oven a n d a l so a t i n t er va l s n ot fa r t h er
a pa r t t h a n 6 mon t h s.
F R 49765, Oct . 24, 1978; 43 F R 51760, Nov. 7,
1978; 61 F R 9241, Ma r . 7, 1996]
1910.264 Laundry machinery and op-
erations.
(a ) [Reser ved]
(b) Gen eral requ iremen t s. Th i s sect i on
a ppl i es t o movi n g pa r t s of equ i pmen t
u sed i n l a u n dr i es a n d t o con di t i on s pe-
cu l i a r t o t h i s i n du st r y , wi t h speci a l
r efer en ce t o t h e poi n t of oper a t i on of
l a u n dr y ma ch i n es. Th i s sect i on does
n ot a ppl y t o dr y -cl ea n i n g oper a t i on s.
(c) Poin t -of -operat ion gu ards(1)
Wash room mach in es.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Wash in g mach in e.
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Ea ch wa sh i n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h mea n s for h ol di n g open
t h e door s or cover s of i n n er a n d ou t er
cy l i n der s or sh el l s wh i l e bei n g l oa ded
or u n l oa ded.
(2) St arch in g an d dry in g mach in es.
(i i i ) Dry in g t u mbler.
(a) [Reser ved]
(b) Ea ch dr y i n g t u mbl er sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h mea n s for h ol di n g open t h e
door s or cover s of i n n er a n d ou t er cy l -
i n der s or sh el l s wh i l e bei n g l oa ded or
u n l oa ded.
(i v) Sh ak er (clot h es t u mbler).
(a) [Reser ved]
(b)(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Ea ch sh a k er or cl ot h es t u mbl er of
t h e dou bl e-cy l i n der t y pe sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h mea n s for h ol di n g open t h e
door s or cover s of i n n er a n d ou t er cy l -
i n der s or sh el l s wh i l e bei n g l oa ded or
u n l oa ded.
(v) Except ion . P r ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(c)(2) (i i i ), (i v)(a)(1), a n d (i v)(b) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l n ot a ppl y t o sh a k eou t or
con di t i on i n g t u mbl er s wh er e t h e
cl ot h es a r e l oa ded i n t o t h e open en d of
t h e r evol vi n g cy l i n der a n d a r e a u t o-
ma t i ca l l y di sch a r ged ou t of t h e oppo-
si t e en d.
(3) [Reser ved]
(4) Miscellan eou s mach in es an d equ ip-
men t .
(i i i ) St eam pipes. (a) Al l st ea m pi pes
t h a t a r e wi t h i n 7 feet of t h e fl oor or
wor k i n g pl a t for m, a n d wi t h wh i ch t h e
wor k er ma y come i n t o con t a ct , sh a l l
be i n su l a t ed or cover ed wi t h a h ea t -r e-
si st i ve ma t er i a l or sh a l l be ot h er wi se
pr oper l y gu a r ded.
(b) Wh er e pr essu r e-r edu ci n g va l ves
a r e u sed, on e or mor e r el i ef or sa fet y
va l ves sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e l ow-
pr essu r e si de of t h e r edu ci n g va l ve, i n
ca se t h e pi pi n g or equ i pmen t on t h e
l ow-pr essu r e si de does n ot meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s for fu l l i n i t i a l pr essu r e.
Th e r el i ef or sa fet y va l ve sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a dj a cen t t o, or a s cl ose a s pos-
si bl e t o, t h e r edu ci n g va l ve. P r oper
pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t
i n j u r y or da ma ge ca u sed by fl u i d esca p-
i n g fr om r el i ef or sa fet y va l ves i f ven t -
ed t o t h e a t mosph er e. Th e ven t s sh a l l
be of a mpl e si ze a n d a s sh or t a n d di r ect
a s possi bl e. Th e combi n ed di sch a r ge ca -
pa ci t y of t h e r el i ef va l ves sh a l l be su ch
t h a t t h e pr essu r e r a t i n g of t h e l ower -
pr essu r e pi pi n g a n d equ i pmen t wi l l n ot
be exceeded i f t h e r edu ci n g va l ve st i ck s
or fa i l s t o open .
(d) Operat in g ru les(1) Gen eral.
(i i i ) Mark ers. Ma r k er s a n d ot h er s
h a n dl i n g soi l ed cl ot h es sh a l l be wa r n ed
a ga i n st t ou ch i n g t h e ey es, mou t h , or
a n y pa r t of t h e body on wh i ch t h e sk i n
h a s been br ok en by a scr a t ch or a br a -
si on ; a n d t h ey sh a l l be ca u t i on ed n ot t o
t ou ch or ea t food u n t i l t h ei r h a n ds
h a ve been t h or ou gh l y wa sh ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
722
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) I n st ru ct ion of employ ees. Empl oy -
ees sh a l l be pr oper l y i n st r u ct ed a s t o
t h e h a za r ds of t h ei r wor k a n d be i n -
st r u ct ed i n sa fe pr a ct i ces, by bu l l et i n s,
pr i n t ed r u l es, a n d ver ba l i n st r u ct i on s.
(2) Mech an ical(i ) Saf et y gu ards. (a)
No sa fegu a r d, sa fet y a ppl i a n ce, or de-
vi ce a t t a ch ed t o, or for mi n g a n i n t e-
gr a l pa r t of a n y ma ch i n er y sh a l l be r e-
moved or ma de i n effect i ve except for
t h e pu r pose of ma k i n g i mmedi a t e r e-
pa i r s or a dj u st men t s. An y su ch sa fe-
gu a r d, sa fet y a ppl i a n ce, or devi ce r e-
moved or ma de i n effect i ve du r i n g t h e
r epa i r or a dj u st men t of su ch ma ch i n -
er y sh a l l be r epl a ced i mmedi a t el y u pon
t h e compl et i on of su ch r epa i r s or a d-
j u st men t s.
(b) [Reser ved]
F R 49767, Oct . 24, 1978; 43 F R 51760, Nov. 7,
1978]
1910.265 Sawmills.
(a ) Gen eral requ iremen t sApplicat ion .
Th i s sect i on i n cl u des sa fet y r equ i r e-
men t s for sa wmi l l oper a t i on s i n cl u d-
i n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, l og a n d l u mber
h a n dl i n g, sa wi n g, t r i mmi n g, a n d
pl a n i n g; wa st e di sposa l ; oper a t i on of
dr y k i l n s; fi n i sh i n g; sh i ppi n g; st or a ge;
y a r d a n d y a r d equ i pmen t ; a n d for
power t ool s a n d a ffi l i a t ed equ i pmen t
u sed i n con n ect i on wi t h su ch oper -
a t i on s, bu t excl u di n g t h e ma n u fa ct u r e
of pl y wood, cooper a ge, a n d ven eer .
t ion (1) A-f rame. Th e t er m A-f rame
mea n s a st r u ct u r e ma de of t wo i n de-
pen den t col u mn s fa st en ed t oget h er a t
t h e t op a n d sepa r a t ed a t t h e bot t om for
st a bi l i t y .
(2) An n ealin g. Th e t er m an n ealin g
mea n s h ea t i n g t h en cool i n g t o soft en
a n d r en der l ess br i t t l e.
(3) Bin der. Th e t er m bin der mea n s a
ch a i n , ca bl e, r ope, or ot h er a ppr oved
ma t er i a l u sed for bi n di n g l oa ds.
(4) Boom. Th e t er m boom mea n s l ogs
or t i mber s fa st en ed t oget h er en d t o en d
a n d u sed t o con t a i n fl oa t i n g l ogs. Th e
t er m i n cl u des en cl osed l ogs.
(5) Brow log. Th e t er m brow log mea n s
a l og pl a ced pa r a l l el t o a r oa dwa y a t a
l a n di n g or du mp t o pr ot ect veh i cl es
wh i l e l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g.
(6) Bu n k . Th e t er m bu n k mea n s a
cr oss su ppor t for a l oa d.
(7) Can t . Th e t er m can t mea n s a l og
sl a bbed on on e or mor e si des.
(8) Carriage (log carriage). Th e t er m
carriage mea n s a fr a mewor k mou n t ed
on wh eel s wh i ch r u n s on t r a ck s or i n
gr ooves i n a di r ect i on pa r a l l el t o t h e
fa ce of t h e sa w, a n d wh i ch con t a i n s a p-
pa r a t u s t o h ol d a l og secu r el y a n d a d-
va n ce i t t owa r ds t h e sa w.
(9) Carrier. Th e t er m carrier mea n s a n
i n du st r i a l t r u ck so desi gn ed a n d con -
st r u ct ed t h a t i t st r a ddl es t h e l oa d t o be
t r a n spor t ed wi t h mech a n i sms t o pi ck
u p t h e l oa d a n d su ppor t i t du r i n g t r a n s-
por t a t i on .
(10) Ch ipper. Th e t er m ch ipper mea n s
a ma ch i n e wh i ch cu t s ma t er i a l i n t o
ch i ps.
(11) Ch ock (bu n k block ) (ch eese block ).
Th e t er ms ch ock , bu n k block , a n d ch eese
block mea n a wedge t h a t pr even t s l ogs
or l oa ds fr om movi n g.
(12) Cold deck . Th e t er m cold deck
mea n s a pi l e of l ogs st or ed for fu t u r e
r emova l .
(13) Crot ch lin es. Th e t er m crot ch lin es
mea n s t wo sh or t l i n es a t t a ch ed t o a
h oi st i n g l i n e by a r i n g or sh a ck l e, t h e
l ower en ds bei n g a t t a ch ed t o l oa di n g
h ook s.
(14) Dog (carriage dog). Th e t er m dog
mea n s a st eel t oot h , on e or mor e of
wh i ch a r e a t t a ch ed t o ea ch ca r r i a ge
k n ee t o h ol d l og fi r ml y i n pl a ce on ca r -
r i a ge.
(15) Drag saw. Th e t er m drag saw
mea n s a power -dr i ven , r eci pr oca t i n g
cr osscu t sa w mou n t ed on su i t a bl e
fr a me a n d u sed for bu ck i n g l ogs.
(16) Head block . Th e t er m h ead block
mea n s t h a t pa r t of a ca r r i a ge wh i ch
h ol ds t h e l og a n d u pon wh i ch i t r est s.
I t gen er a l l y con si st s of ba se, k n ee,
t a per set , a n d mech a n i sm.
(17) Head rig. Th e t er m h ead rig
mea n s a combi n a t i on of h ea d sa w a n d
l og ca r r i a ge u sed for t h e i n i t i a l br ea k -
down of l ogs i n t o t i mber s, ca n t s, a n d
boa r ds.
(18) Hog. Th e t er m h og mea n s a ma -
ch i n e for cu t t i n g or gr i n di n g sl a bs a n d
ot h er coa r se r esi du e fr om t h e mi l l .
(19) Hu sk . Th e t er m h u sk mea n s a
h ea d sa w fr a mewor k on a ci r cu l a r mi l l .
(20) I n du st rial t ru ck . Th e t er m in du s-
t rial t ru ck mea n s a mobi l e power dr i ven
t r u ck or t r a ct or .
(21) Kiln t en der. Th e t er m k iln t en der
mea n s t h e oper a t or of a k i l n .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
723
(22) L if t t ru ck . Th e t er m lif t t ru ck
mea n s a n i n du st r i a l t r u ck u sed for l a t -
er a l t r a n spor t a t i on a n d equ i pped wi t h
a power -oper a t ed l i ft i n g devi ce, u su a l l y
i n t h e for m of for k s, for pi l i n g or
u n pi l i n g l u mber u n i t s or pa ck a ges.
(23) L ive rolls. Th e t er m live rolls
mea n s cy l i n der s of wood or met a l
mou n t ed on h or i zon t a l a xes a n d r o-
t a t ed by power , wh i ch a r e u sed t o con -
vey sl a bs, l u mber , a n d ot h er wood
pr odu ct s.
(24) L oadin g boom. Th e t er m loadin g
boom mea n s a n y st r u ct u r e pr oj ect i n g
fr om a pi vot poi n t t o gu i de a l og wh en
l i ft ed.
(25) L og deck . Th e t er m L og deck
mea n s a pl a t for m i n t h e sa wmi l l on
wh i ch t h e l ogs r ema i n u n t i l n eeded for
sa wi n g.
(26) L u mber h au lin g t ru ck . Th e t er m
lu mber h au lin g t ru ck mea n s a n i n du s-
t r i a l t r u ck , ot h er t h a n a l i ft t r u ck or a
ca r r i er , u sed for t h e t r a n spor t of l u m-
ber .
(27) L og h au l. Th e t er m log h au l
mea n s a con vey or for t r a n sfer r i n g l ogs
t o mi l l .
(28) Pack age. Th e t er m pack age mea n s
a u n i t of l u mber .
(29) Peavy . Th e t er m peavy mea n s a
st ou t wooden h a n dl e fi t t ed wi t h a spi k e
a n d h ook a n d u sed for r ol l i n g l ogs.
(30) Pik e pole. Th e t er m pik e pole
mea n s a l on g pol e wh ose en d i s sh od
wi t h a sh a r p poi n t ed spi k e.
(31) Pit man rod. Th e t er m pit man rod
mea n s con n ect i n g r od.
(32) Resaw. Th e t er m resaw mea n s
ba n d, ci r cu l a r , or sa sh ga n g sa ws u sed
t o br ea k down sl a bs, ca n t s, or fl i t ch es
i n t o l u mber .
(33) Ru n n in g lin e. Th e t er m ru n n in g
lin e mea n s a n y movi n g r ope a s di st i n -
gu i sh ed fr om a st a t i on a r y r ope su ch a s
a gu y l i n e.
(34) Saf et y f act or. Th e t er m saf et y f ac-
t or mea n s a ca l cu l a t ed r edu ct i on fa ct or
wh i ch ma y be a ppl i ed t o l a bor a t or y
t est va l u es t o obt a i n sa fe wor k i n g
st r esses for wooden bea ms a n d ot h er
mech a n i ca l member s; r a t i o of br ea k i n g
l oa d t o sa fe l oa d.
(35) Saw gu ide. Th e t er m saw gu ide
mea n s a devi ce for st ea dy i n g a ci r cu l a r
or ba n dsa w.
(36) Set work . Th e t er m set work mea n s
a mech a n i sm on a sa wmi l l ca r r i a ge
wh i ch en a bl es a n oper a t or t o move t h e
l og i n t o posi t i on for a n ot h er cu t .
(37) Sort in g gaps. Th e t er m sort in g
gaps mea n s t h e a r ea s on a l og pon d en -
cl osed by boom st i ck s i n t o wh i ch l ogs
a r e sor t ed.
(38) Spreader wh eel. Th e t er m spreader
wh eel mea n s a met a l wh eel t h a t sepa -
r a t es t h e boa r d fr om t h e l og i n ba ck of
ci r cu l a r sa ws t o pr even t bi n di n g.
(39) Split t er. Th e t er m split t er mea n s a
k n i fe-t y pe, n on r ot a t i n g spr ea der .
(40) St ick er. Th e t er m st ick er mea n s a
st r i p of wood or ot h er ma t er i a l u sed t o
sepa r a t e l a y er s of l u mber .
(41) St if f boom. Th e t er m st if f boom
mea n s t h e a n ch or ed, st a t i on a r y boom
st i ck s wh i ch a r e t i ed t oget h er a n d on
wh i ch boom men wor k .
(42) Swif t er. Th e t er m swif t er i s a
mea n s of t y i n g boom st i ck s t oget h er t o
pr even t t h em fr om spr ea di n g wh i l e
bei n g t owed.
(43) T ellt ale. Th e t er m t ellt ale mea n s a
devi ce u sed t o ser ve a s a wa r n i n g for
over h ea d obj ect s.
(44) T op saw. Th e t er m t op saw mea n s
t h e u pper of t wo ci r cu l a r sa ws on a
h ea d r i g, bot h bei n g on t h e sa me h u sk .
(45) T ramway . Th e t er m t ramway
mea n s a wa y for t r a ms, u su a l l y con -
si st i n g of pa r a l l el t r a ck s l a i d on wood-
en bea ms.
(46) T rest le. Th e t er m t rest le mea n s a
br a ced fr a mewor k of t i mber s, pi l es or
st eel wor k for ca r r y i n g a r oa d or r a i l -
r oa d over a depr essi on .
(c) Bu ildin g f acilit ies, an d isolat ed
equ ipmen t (1) Saf et y f act or. Al l bu i l d-
i n gs, dock s, t r a mwa y s, wa l k wa y s, l og
du mps, a n d ot h er st r u ct u r es sh a l l be
desi gn ed, con st r u ct ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed
so a s t o su ppor t t h e i mposed l oa d i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h a sa fet y fa ct or .
(2) Work areas. Wor k a r ea s u n der
mi l l s sh a l l be a s even l y su r fa ced a s
l oca l con di t i on s per mi t . Th ey sh a l l be
fr ee fr om u n n ecessa r y obst r u ct i on s a n d
pr ovi ded wi t h l i gh t i n g fa ci l i t i es i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d for I n du st r i a l Li gh t i n g
A11. 11965, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(3) Floors. F l oor i n g i n bu i l di n gs a n d
on r a mps a n d wa l k wa y s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h est a bl i sh ed pr i n ci pl es of mech a n -
i cs a n d sou n d en gi n eer i n g pr a ct i ces.
Th ey sh a l l be of a dequ a t e st r en gt h t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
724
su ppor t t h e est i ma t ed or a ct u a l dea d
a n d l i ve l oa ds a ct i n g on t h em wi t h t h e
r esu l t a n t st r ess n ot exceedi n g t h e a l -
l owa bl e st r ess for t h e ma t er i a l bei n g
u sed.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) Areas ben eat h f loor open in gs. Ar ea s
u n der fl oor open i n gs sh a l l , wh er e pr a c-
t i ca l , be fen ced off. Wh en t h i s i s n ot
pr a ct i ca l , t h ey sh a l l be pl a i n l y ma r k ed
a n d t el l t a l es sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o h a n g
over t h ese a r ea s.
(i i i ) Floor main t en an ce. Th e fl oor i n g
of bu i l di n gs, dock s, a n d pa ssa gewa y s
sh a l l be k ept i n good r epa i r . Wh en a
h a za r dou s con di t i on devel ops t h a t ca n -
n ot be i mmedi a t el y r epa i r ed, t h e a r ea
sh a l l be gu a r ded u n t i l a dequ a t e r epa i r s
a r e ma de.
(i v) Non slip f loors. F l oor s, foot wa l k s,
a n d pa ssa gewa y s i n t h e wor k a r ea
a r ou n d ma ch i n es or ot h er pl a ces wh er e
a per son i s r equ i r ed t o st a n d or wa l k
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h effect i ve mea n s
t o mi n i mi ze sl i ppi n g.
(4) Walk way s, dock s, an d plat f orms(i )
Widt h . Wa l k wa y s, dock s, a n d pl a t for ms
sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t wi dt h t o pr ovi de
a dequ a t e pa ssa ge a n d wor k i n g a r ea s.
(i i ) Main t en an ce. Wa l k wa y s sh a l l be
even l y fl oor ed a n d k ept i n good r epa i r .
(i i i ) Dock s. Dock s a n d r u n wa y s u sed
for t h e oper a t i on of l i ft t r u ck s a n d
ot h er veh i cl es sh a l l h a ve a su bst a n t i a l
gu a r d or sh ea r t i mber except wh er e
l oa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g a r e bei n g per -
for med.
(i v) Elevat ed walk s. Al l el eva t ed
wa l k s, r u n wa y s, or pl a t for ms, i f 4 feet
or mor e fr om t h e fl oor l evel , sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a st a n da r d r a i l i n g except
on l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g si des of pl a t -
for ms. I f h ei gh t exceeds 6 feet , a st a n d-
a r d t oe boa r d a l so sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr even t ma t er i a l fr om r ol l i n g or fa l l i n g
off.
(v) Elevat ed plat f orms. Wh er e el eva t ed
pl a t for ms a r e u sed r ou t i n el y on a da i l y
ba si s t h ey sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h st a i r -
wa y s or fi xed l a dder s i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h 1910. 27.
(vi ) Hazardou s locat ion s. Wh er e r e-
qu i r ed, wa l k wa y s a n d st a i r wa y s wi t h
st a n da r d h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n
el eva t ed a n d h a za r dou s l oca t i on s.
Wh er e su ch pa ssa gewa y s a r e over wa l k -
wa y s or wor k a r ea s, st a n da r d t oe
boa r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(5) St airway s(i ) Con st ru ct ion . S t a i r -
wa y s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h 1910. 24.
(i i ) Han drails. S t a i r wa y s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a st a n da r d h a n dr a i l on a t
l ea st on e si de or on a n y open si de.
Wh er e st a i r s a r e mor e t h a n fou r feet
wi de t h er e sh a l l be a st a n da r d h a n dr a i l
a t ea ch si de, a n d wh er e mor e t h a n
ei gh t feet wi de, a t h i r d st a n da r d h a n d-
r a i l sh a l l be er ect ed i n t h e cen t er of
t h e st a i r wa y .
(i i i ) L igh t in g. Al l st a i r wa y s sh a l l be
a dequ a t el y l i gh t ed a s pr escr i bed i n
pa r a gr a ph (c)(9) of t h i s sect i on .
(6) Emergen cy exit s in clu din g doors an d
f ire escapes(i ) Open in g. Door s sh a l l
n ot open di r ect l y on or bl ock a fl i gh t of
st a i r s, a n d sh a l l swi n g i n t h e di r ect i on
of exi t t r a vel .
(i i ) I den t if icat ion . Exi t s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed a n d i den t i fi ed i n a ma n n er t h a t
a ffor ds r ea dy exi t fr om a l l wor k a r ea s.
(i i i ) Swin gin g doors. Al l swi n gi n g
door s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h wi n dows;
wi t h on e wi n dow for ea ch sect i on of
dou bl e swi n gi n g door s. S u ch wi n dows
sh a l l be of sh a t t er pr oof or sa fet y gl a ss
u n l ess ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed a ga i n st
br ea k a ge.
(i v) Slidin g doors. Wh er e sl i di n g door s
a r e u sed a s exi t s, a n i n n er door sh a l l be
cu t i n si de ea ch of t h e ma i n door s a n d
a r r a n ged t o open ou t wa r d.
(v) Barriers an d warn in g sign s. Wh er e
a door wa y open s u pon a r a i l r oa d t r a ck
or u pon a t r a mwa y or dock over wh i ch
veh i cl es t r a vel , a ba r r i er or ot h er
wa r n i n g devi ce sh a l l be pl a ced t o pr e-
ven t wor k men fr om st eppi n g i n t o mov-
i n g t r a ffi c.
(7) Air requ iremen t s. Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o su ppl y a dequ a t e fr esh
h ea l t h fu l a i r t o r ooms, bu i l di n gs, a n d
wor k a r ea s.
(8) Vat s an d t an k s. Al l open va t s a n d
t a n k s i n t o wh i ch wor k men cou l d fa l l
sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(9) L igh t in g(i ) Adequ acy . I l l u mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d desi gn ed t o
su ppl y a dequ a t e gen er a l a n d l oca l
l i gh t i n g t o r ooms, bu i l di n gs, a n d wor k
a r ea s du r i n g t h e t i me of u se.
(i i ) Ef f ect iven ess. F a ct or s u pon wh i ch
t h e a dequ a cy a n d effect i ven ess of i l l u -
mi n a t i on wi l l be j u dged, i n cl u de t h e
fol l owi n g:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
725
(a) Th e qu a n t i t y of l i gh t i n foot -ca n -
dl e i n t en si t y sh a l l be su ffi ci en t for t h e
wor k bei n g don e.
(b) Th e qu a l i t y of t h e l i gh t sh a l l be
su ch t h a t i t i s fr ee fr om gl a r e, a n d h a s
cor r ect di r ect i on , di ffu si on , a n d di s-
t r i bu t i on .
(c) S h a dows a n d ext r eme con t r a st s
sh a l l be a voi ded or k ept t o a mi n i mu m.
(10) [Reser ved]
(11) Hazard mark in g. P h y si ca l h a za r d
ma r k i n g sh a l l be a s speci fi ed i n
1910. 144 of t h i s pa r t .
(12) [Reser ved]
(13) Hy drau lic sy st ems. Mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o bl ock , ch a i n , or ot h er wi se
secu r e equ i pmen t n or ma l l y su ppor t ed
by h y dr a u l i c pr essu r e so a s t o pr ovi de
for sa fe ma i n t en a n ce.
(14) [Reser ved]
(15) Gas pipin g an d applian ces. Al l ga s
pi pi n g a n d a ppl i a n ces sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e Amer i ca n Na -
t i on a l S t a n da r d Requ i r emen t s for t h e
P i pi n g Z21. 301964, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(18) Con vey ors(i ) St an dards. Con -
st r u ct i on , oper a t i on , a n d ma i n t en a n ce
of con vey or s sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce
B20. 11957, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by
(i i ) Gu ardin g. S pi k ed l i ve r ol l s sh a l l
be gu a r ded.
(19) St at ion ary t ramway s an d t rest les
(i ) Fou n dat ion s an d walk way s. Tr a m-
wa y s a n d t r est l es sh a l l h a ve su bst a n -
t i a l mu d si l l s or fou n da t i on s wh i ch
sh a l l be fr equ en t l y i n spect ed a n d k ept
i n r epa i r . Wh en veh i cl es a r e oper a t ed
on t r a mwa y s a n d t r est l es wh i ch a r e
u sed for foot pa ssa ge, t r a ffi c sh a l l be
con t r ol l ed or a wa l k wa y wi t h st a n da r d
h a n dr a i l s a t t h e ou t er edge a n d sh ea r
t i mber on t h e i n n er edge sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded. Th i s wa l k wa y sh a l l be wi de
en ou gh t o a l l ow a dequ a t e cl ea r a n ce t o
veh i cl es. Wh en wa l k wa y s cr oss over
ot h er t h or ou gh fa r es, t h ey sh a l l be sol -
i dl y fen ced a t t h e ou t er edge t o a
h ei gh t of 42 i n ch es over su ch t h or ou gh -
fa r es.
(i i ) Clearan ce. S t a t i on a r y t r a mwa y s
a n d t r est l es sh a l l h a ve a ver t i ca l cl ea r -
a n ce of 22 feet over r a i l r oa d r a i l s. Wh en
con st r u ct ed over ca r r i er dock s or
r oa ds, t h ey sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r a n ce of 6
feet a bove t h e dr i ver s foot r est on t h e
ca r r i er , a n d i n n o even t sh a l l t h i s
cl ea r a n ce be l ess t h a n 12 feet fr om t h e
r oa dwa y . I n exi st i n g oper a t i on s wh er e
i t i s i mpr a ct i ca l t o obt a i n su ch cl ea r -
a n ce, t el l t a l es, el ect r i c si gn a l s, si gn s
or ot h er pr eca u t i on a r y mea su r es sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed.
(20) Blower, collect in g, an d exh au st sy s-
t ems(i ) Design , con st ru ct ion , an d main -
t en an ce. Bl ower col l ect i n g, a n d exh a u st
sy st ems sh ou l d be desi gn ed, con -
st r u ct ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce
Z33. 11961 (F or t h e I n st a l l a t i on of
vey i n g) a n d Z12. 21962 (R1969) (Code
for t h e P r even t i on of Du st Expl osi on i n
Woodwor k i n g a n d Wood F l ou r Ma n u -
fa ct u r i n g P l a n t s), wh i ch a r e i n cor -
1910. 6.
(i i ) Collect in g sy st ems. Al l mi l l s con -
t a i n i n g on e or mor e ma ch i n es t h a t cr e-
a t e du st , sh a vi n gs, ch i ps, or sl i ver s
du r i n g a per i od of t i me equ a l t o or
gr ea t er t h a n on e-fou r t h of t h e wor k i n g
da y , sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a col l ect i n g
sy st em. I t ma y be ei t h er con t i n u ou s or
a u t oma t i c, a n d sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t
st r en gt h a n d ca pa ci t y t o en a bl e i t t o
r emove su ch r efu se fr om poi n t s of oper -
a t i on a n d i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t i es of ma -
ch i n es a n d wor k a r ea s.
(i i i ) Exh au st or con vey or sy st ems. Ea ch
woodwor k i n g ma ch i n e t h a t cr ea t es
du st , sh a vi n gs, ch i ps, or sl i ver s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a n exh a u st or con vey or
sy st em l oca t ed a n d a dj u st ed t o r emove
t h e ma xi mu m a mou n t of r efu se fr om
t h e poi n t of oper a t i on a n d i mmedi a t e
vi ci n i t y .
(i v) [Reser ved]
(v) Du st ch ambers. Exh a u st pi pes sh a l l
n ot di sch a r ge i n t o a n u n con fi n ed ou t -
si de pi l e i f u n con t r ol l ed fi r e or expl o-
si on h a za r ds a r e cr ea t ed. Th ey ma y
empt y i n t o set t l i n g or du st ch a mber s,
desi gn ed t o pr even t t h e du st or r efu se
fr om en t er i n g a n y wor k a r ea . S u ch
ch a mber s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed a n d op-
er a t ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e da n ger of fi r e
or du st expl osi on .
(vi ) Han d removal of ref u se. P r ovi si on
for t h e da i l y r emova l of r efu se sh a l l be
ma de i n a l l oper a t i on s n ot r equ i r ed t o
h a ve a n exh a u st sy st em or h a vi n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
726
r efu se t oo h ea vy , bu l k y , or ot h er wi se
u n su i t a bl e t o be h a n dl ed by t h e ex-
h a u st sy st em.
(21) Ch ippers(i ) Wh ole-log ch ippers.
Th e feed sy st em t o t h e ch i pper sh a l l be
a r r a n ged so t h e oper a t or does n ot
st a n d i n di r ect l i n e wi t h t h e ch i pper
spou t (h opper ). Th e ch i pper spou t sh a l l
be en cl osed t o a h ei gh t of n ot l ess t h a n
36 i n ch es fr om t h e fl oor or t h e oper a -
t or s pl a t for m. A sa fet y bel t a n d l i fe-
l i n e sh a l l be wor n by wor k men wh en
wor k i n g a t or n ea r t h e spou t u n l ess t h e
spou t i s gu a r ded. Th e l i fel i n e sh a l l be
sh or t en ou gh t o pr even t wor k er s fr om
fa l l i n g i n t o t h e ch i pper .
(i i ) Hogs. (a) Hog mi l l s sh a l l be so de-
si gn ed a n d a r r a n ged t h a t fr om n o posi -
t i on on t h e r i m of t h e ch u t e sh a l l t h e
di st a n ce t o t h e cu t t er k n i ves be l ess
t h a n 40 i n ch es.
(b) Hog feed ch u t es sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h su i t a bl e a n d a ppr oved ba ffl es,
wh i ch sh a l l mi n i mi ze ma t er i a l fr om
bei n g t h r own fr om t h e mi l l .
(c) Empl oy ees feedi n g h og mi l l s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y bel t s a n d l i n es
u n l ess gu a r ded.
(22) [Reser ved]
(23) Bin s, bu n k ers, h oppers, an d f u el
h ou ses(i ) Gu ardin g. Open bi n s, bu n k -
er s, a n d h opper s wh ose u pper edges ex-
t en d l ess t h a n 3 feet a bove wor k i n g
l evel sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h st a n da r d
h a n dr a i l s a n d t oe boa r ds, or h a ve t h ei r
t ops cover ed by a su bst a n t i a l gr i l l or
gr a t i n g wi t h open i n gs sma l l en ou gh t o
pr even t a ma n fr om fa l l i n g t h r ou gh .
(i i ) Use of wh eeled equ ipmen t t o load
bin s. Wh er e a u t omot i ve or ot h er
wh eel ed equ i pmen t i s u sed t o move ma -
t er i a l s i n t o bi n s, bu n k er s, a n d h opper s,
a dequ a t e gu a r d r a i l s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
a l on g ea ch si de of t h e r u n wa y , a n d a
su bst a n t i a l bu mper st op pr ovi ded wh en
n ecessa r y .
(i i i ) Exit s, ligh t in g, an d saf et y devices.
F u el h ou ses a n d bi n s sh a l l h a ve a de-
qu a t e exi t s a n d l i gh t i n g, a n d a l l n ec-
essa r y sa fet y devi ces sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d sh a l l be u sed by per son s en t er i n g
t h ese st r u ct u r es.
(i v) Walk way s. Wh er e n eeded, fu el
h ou ses a n d bi n s sh a l l h a ve a st a n da r d
r a i l ed pl a t for m or wa l k wa y n ea r t h e
t op.
(24) Ropes, cables, slin gs, an d ch ain s
(i ) Saf e u sage. Ropes, ca bl es, sl i n gs, a n d
ch a i n s sh a l l be u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
sa fe u se pr a ct i ces r ecommen ded by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er or wi t h i n sa fe l i mi t s r ec-
ommen ded by t h e equ i pmen t ma n u fa c-
t u r er wh en u sed i n con j u n ct i on wi t h i t .
(i i ) Hook s. No open h ook sh a l l be u sed
i n r i ggi n g t o l i ft a n y l oa d wh er e t h er e
i s h a za r d fr om r el i evi n g t h e t en si on on
t h e h ook fr om t h e l oa d or h ook ca t ch -
i n g or fou l i n g.
(i i i ) Work by qu alif ied person s. I n st a l -
l a t i on , i n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce, r e-
pa i r , a n d t est i n g of r opes, ca bl es,
sl i n gs, a n d ch a i n s sh a l l be don e on l y by
per son s qu a l i fi ed t o do su ch wor k .
(i v) Slin gs. P r oper st or a ge sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for sl i n gs wh i l e n ot i n u se.
(v) Ropes or cables. (a) Wi r e r ope or
ca bl e sh a l l be i n spect ed wh en i n st a l l ed
a n d on ce ea ch week t h er ea ft er , wh en i n
u se. I t sh a l l be r emoved fr om h oi st i n g
or l oa d-ca r r y i n g ser vi ce wh en k i n k ed
or wh en on e of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s
exi st s:
(1) Wh en t h r ee br ok en wi r es a r e
fou n d i n on e l a y of 6 by 6 wi r e r ope.
(2) Wh en si x br ok en wi r es a r e fou n d
i n on e l a y of 6 by 19 wi r e r ope.
(3) Wh en n i n e br ok en wi r es a r e fou n d
i n on e l a y of 6 by 37 wi r e r ope.
(4) Wh en ei gh t br ok en wi r es a r e
fou n d i n on e l a y of 8 by 19 wi r e r ope.
(5) Wh en ma r k ed cor r osi on a ppea r s.
(6) Wi r e r ope of a t y pe n ot descr i bed
h er ei n sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce
wh en 4 per cen t of t h e t ot a l n u mber of
wi r es composi n g su ch r ope a r e fou n d t o
be br ok en i n on e l a y .
(b) Wi r e r ope r emoved fr om ser vi ce
du e t o defect s sh a l l be pl a i n l y ma r k ed
or i den t i fi ed a s bei n g u n fi t for fu r t h er
u se on cr a n es, h oi st s, a n d ot h er l oa d-
ca r r y i n g devi ces.
(c) Th e r a t i o bet ween t h e r ope di a me-
t er a n d t h e dr u m, bl ock , sh ea ve, or pu l -
l ey t r ea d di a met er sh a l l be su ch t h a t
t h e r ope wi l l a dj u st i t sel f t o t h e ben d
wi t h ou t excessi ve wea r , defor ma t i on ,
or i n j u r y . I n n o ca se sh a l l t h e sa fe
va l u e of dr u ms, bl ock s, sh ea ves, or pu l -
l ey s be r edu ced wh en r epl a ci n g su ch
i t ems u n l ess compen sa t i n g ch a n ges a r e
ma de for r ope u sed a n d for sa fe l oa di n g
l i mi t s.
(vi ) Dru ms, sh eaves, an d pu lley s.
Dr u ms, sh ea ves, a n d pu l l ey s sh a l l be
smoot h a n d fr ee fr om su r fa ce defect s
l i a bl e t o i n j u r e r ope. Dr u ms, sh ea ves,
or pu l l ey s h a vi n g eccen t r i c bor es or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
727
cr a ck ed h u bs, spok es, or fl a n ges sh a l l
be r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
(vi i ) Con n ect ion s. Con n ect i on s, fi t -
t i n gs, fa st en i n gs, a n d ot h er pa r t s u sed
i n con n ect i on wi t h r opes a n d ca bl es
sh a l l be of good qu a l i t y a n d of pr oper
si ze a n d st r en gt h , a n d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s
r ecommen da t i on s.
(vi i i ) Sock et in g, splicin g, an d seizin g.
(a) S ock et i n g, spl i ci n g, a n d sei zi n g of
ca bl es sh a l l be per for med on l y by
qu a l i fi ed per son s.
(b) Al l ey e spl i ces sh a l l be ma de i n a n
a ppr oved ma n n er a n d wi r e r ope t h i m-
bl es of pr oper si ze sh a l l be fi t t ed i n t h e
ey e, except t h a t i n sl i n gs t h e u se of
t h i mbl es sh a l l be opt i on a l .
(c) Wi r e r ope cl i ps a t t a ch ed wi t h U-
bol t s sh a l l h a ve t h ese bol t s on t h e dea d
or sh or t en d of t h e r ope. Th e U-bol t
n u t s sh a l l be r et i gh t en ed i mmedi a t el y
a ft er i n i t i a l l oa d ca r r y i n g u se a n d a t
fr equ en t i n t er va l s t h er ea ft er .
(d) Wh en a wedge sock et -t y pe fa s-
t en i n g i s u sed, t h e dea d or sh or t en d of
t h e ca bl e sh a l l be cl i pped wi t h a U-bol t
or ot h er wi se ma de secu r e a ga i n st l oos-
en i n g.
(e) Fit t in gs. Hook s, sh a ck l es, r i n gs,
pa d ey es, a n d ot h er fi t t i n gs t h a t sh ow
excessi ve wea r or t h a t h a ve been ben t ,
t wi st ed, or ot h er wi se da ma ged sh a l l be
r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
(f ) Ru n n in g lin es. Ru n n i n g l i n es of
h oi st i n g equ i pmen t l oca t ed wi t h i n 6
feet 6 i n ch es of t h e gr ou n d or wor k i n g
l evel sh a l l be boxed off or ot h er wi se
gu a r ded, or t h e oper a t i n g a r ea sh a l l be
r est r i ct ed.
(g) Nu mber of wraps on dru m. Th er e
sh a l l be n ot l ess t h a n t wo fu l l wr a ps of
h oi st i n g ca bl e on t h e dr u m of cr a n es
a n d h oi st s a t a l l t i mes of oper a t i on .
(h ) Dru m f lan ges. Dr u ms sh a l l h a ve a
fl a n ge a t ea ch en d t o pr even t t h e ca bl e
fr om sl i ppi n g off.
(i) Sh eave gu ards. Bot t om sh ea ves
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by cl ose fi t t i n g
gu a r ds t o pr even t ca bl e fr om j u mpi n g
t h e sh ea ve.
(j) Preven t in g abrasion . Th e r eevi n g of
a r ope sh a l l be so a r r a n ged a s t o mi n i -
mi ze ch a fi n g or a br a di n g wh i l e i n u se.
(i x) Ch ain s. (a) Ch a i n s u sed i n l oa d
ca r r y i n g ser vi ce sh a l l be i n spect ed be-
for e i n i t i a l u se a n d week l y t h er ea ft er .
(b) Ch a i n sh a l l be n or ma l i zed or a n -
n ea l ed per i odi ca l l y a s r ecommen ded by
(c) I f a t a n y t i me a n y 3-foot l en gt h of
ch a i n i s fou n d t o h a ve st r et ch ed on e-
t h i r d t h e l en gt h of a l i n k i t sh a l l be
di sca r ded.
(d) Bol t s or n a i l s sh a l l n ot be pl a ced
bet ween t wo l i n k s t o sh or t en or j oi n
ch a i n s.
(e) Br ok en ch a i n s sh a l l n ot be spl i ced
by i n ser t i n g a bol t bet ween t wo l i n k s
wi t h t h e h ea d of t h e bol t a n d n u t su s-
t a i n i n g t h e l oa d, or by pa ssi n g on e l i n k
t h r ou gh a n ot h er a n d i n ser t i n g a bol t or
n a i l t o h ol d i t .
(x) Fiber rope. (a) F r ozen fi ber r ope
sh a l l n ot be u sed i n l oa d ca r r y i n g ser v-
i ce.
(b) F i ber r ope t h a t h a s been su bj ect ed
t o a ci d or excessi ve h ea t sh a l l n ot be
u sed for l oa d ca r r y i n g pu r poses.
(c) F i ber r ope sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om
a br a si on by pa ddi n g wh er e i t i s fa s-
t en ed or dr a wn over squ a r e cor n er s or
sh a r p or r ou gh su r fa ces.
(25) [Reser ved]
(26) Mech an ical st ack ers an d
u n st ack ers.
(i ) [Reser ved]
(i i ) L u mber lif t in g devices. Lu mber l i ft -
i n g devi ces on a l l st a ck er s sh a l l be de-
si gn ed a n d a r r a n ged so a s t o mi n i mi ze
t h e possi bi l i t y of l u mber fa l l i n g fr om
su ch devi ces.
(i i i ) Block in g h oist in g plat f orm. Mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o posi t i vel y bl ock
t h e h oi st i n g pl a t for m wh en empl oy ees
mu st go ben ea t h t h e st a ck er or
u n st a ck er h oi st .
(i v) I den t if y in g con t rols. Ever y ma n u -
a l l y oper a t ed con t r ol swi t ch sh a l l be
pr oper l y i den t i fi ed a n d so l oca t ed a s t o
be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o t h e oper a t or .
(v) L ock in g main con t rol swit ch es.
Ma i n con t r ol swi t ch es sh a l l be so de-
si gn ed t h a t t h ey ca n be l ock ed i n t h e
open posi t i on .
(vi ) Gu ardin g side open in gs. Th e
h oi st wa y si de open i n gs a t t h e t op l evel
of t h e st a ck er a n d u n st a ck er sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed by en cl osu r es of st a n da r d
r a i l i n gs.
(vi i ) Gu ardin g h oist way open in gs.
Wh en t h e h oi st pl a t for m or t op of t h e
l oa d i s bel ow t h e wor k i n g pl a t for m, t h e
h oi st wa y open i n gs sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(vi i i ) Gu ardin g lower lan din g area. Th e
l ower l a n di n g a r ea of st a ck er s a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
728
u n st a ck er s sh a l l be gu a r ded by en cl o-
su r es t h a t pr even t en t r a n ce t o t h e a r ea
or pi t bel ow t h e h oi st pl a t for m. En -
t r a n ces sh ou l d be pr ot ect ed by el ec-
t r i ca l l y i n t er l ock ed ga t es wh i ch , wh en
open , wi l l di scon n ect t h e power a n d set
t h e h oi st br a k es. Wh en t h e i n t er l ock i s
n ot i n st a l l ed, ot h er posi t i ve mea n s of
pr ot ect i n g t h e en t r a n ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i x) I n spect ion . Ever y st a ck er a n d
u n st a ck er sh a l l be i n spect ed a t fr e-
qu en t i n t er va l s a n d a l l defect i ve pa r t s
sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y r epa i r ed or r e-
pl a ced.
(x) Clean in g pit s. S a fe mea n s of en -
t r a n ce a n d exi t sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
per mi t cl ea n i n g of pi t s.
(xi ) Preven t in g en t ry t o h azardou s
area. Wh er e t h e r et u r n of t r u ck s fr om
u n st a ck er t o st a ck er i s by mech a n i ca l
power or gr a vi t y , a dequ a t e si gn s, wa r n -
i n g devi ces, or ba r r i er s sh a l l be er ect ed
t o pr even t en t r y i n t o t h e h a za r dou s
a r ea .
(27) L u mber pilin g an d st orage(i ) Pile
f ou n dat ion s. I n st a ck i n g u n i t s of l u m-
ber , pi l e fou n da t i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed
a n d a r r a n ged t o su ppor t ma xi mu m
l oa ds wi t h ou t si n k i n g, sa ggi n g, or per -
mi t t i n g t h e pi l es t o t oppl e. I n u n i t
pa ck a ge pi l es, su bst a n t i a l bol st er s or
u n i t sepa r a t or s sh a l l be pl a ced bet ween
ea ch pa ck a ge di r ect l y over t h e st i ck -
er s.
(i i ) St ack in g dissimilar u n it pack ages.
Lon g u n i t s of l u mber sh a l l n ot be
st a ck ed u pon sh or t er pa ck a ges except
wh er e a st a bl e pi l e ca n be ma de wi t h
t h e u se of pa ck a ge sepa r a t or s.
(i i i ) Un st able piles. P i l es of l u mber
wh i ch h a ve become u n st a bl e sh a l l be
i mmedi a t el y ma de sa fe, or t h e a r ea
i n t o wh i ch t h ey mi gh t fa l l sh a l l be
fen ced or ba r r i ca ded a n d empl oy ees
pr oh i bi t ed fr om en t er i n g i t .
(i v) St ick ers. Un i t pa ck a ges of l u mber
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h st i ck er s a s n ec-
essa r y t o i n su r e st a bi l i t y u n der or di -
n a r y oper a t i n g con di t i on s.
(v) St ick er align men t . S t i ck er s sh a l l
ext en d t h e fu l l wi dt h of t h e pa ck a ge,
sh a l l be u n i for ml y spa ced, a n d sh a l l be
a l i gn ed on e a bove t h e ot h er . S t i ck er s
ma y be l a pped wi t h a mi n i mu m over -
l a ppi n g of 12 i n ch es. S t i ck er s sh a l l n ot
pr ot r u de mor e t h a n 2 i n ch es bey on d
t h e si des of t h e pa ck a ge.
(vi ) Pile h eigh t . Th e h ei gh t of u n i t
pa ck a ge pi l es sh a l l be depen den t on t h e
di men si on s of t h e pa ck a ges a n d sh a l l
be su ch a s t o pr ovi de st a bi l i t y u n der
n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s. Adj a cen t
l u mber pi l es ma y be t i ed t oget h er wi t h
sepa r a t or s t o i n cr ea se st a bi l i t y .
(28) L u mber loadin g. Loa ds sh a l l be
bu i l t a n d secu r ed t o i n su r e st a bi l i t y i n
t r a n si t .
(29) Bu rn ers(i ) Gu y in g. I f t h e bu r n er
st a ck i s n ot sel f-su ppor t i n g, i t sh a l l be
gu y ed or ot h er wi se su ppor t ed.
(i i ) Ru n way . Th e con vey or r u n wa y t o
t h e bu r n er sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a
st a n da r d h a n dr a i l . I f t h e r u n wa y
cr osses a r oa dwa y or t h or ou gh fa r e,
st a n da r d t oe boa r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded
i n a ddi t i on .
(30) Veh icles(i ) Scope. Veh i cl es sh a l l
i n cl u de a l l mobi l e equ i pmen t n or ma l l y
u sed i n sa wmi l l , pl a n i n g mi l l , st or a ge,
sh i ppi n g, a n d y a r d oper a t i on s.
(i i ) Warn in g sign als an d spark arres-
t ors. Al l veh i cl es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
a u di bl e wa r n i n g si gn a l s a n d wh er e
pr a ct i ca bl e sh a l l h a ve spa r k a r r est or s.
(i i i ) L igh t s. Al l veh i cl es oper a t ed i n
t h e da r k or i n poor l y l i gh t ed a r ea s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h h ea d a n d t a i l
l i gh t s.
(i v) Overh ead gu ard. Al l veh i cl es op-
er a t ed i n a r ea s wh er e over h ea d h a za r ds
exi st sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n a p-
pr oved over h ea d gu a r d. S ee Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r d S a fet y Code for
P ower ed I n du st r i a l Tr u ck s, B56. 11969,
(v) Plat f orm gu ard. Wh er e t h e oper -
a t or i s exposed t o h a za r d fr om ba ck i n g
t h e veh i cl e i n t o obj ect s, a n a ppr oved
pl a t for m gu a r d sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d so
a r r a n ged a s t o n ot i mpede exi t of dr i v-
er fr om veh i cl e.
(vi ) [Reser ved]
(vi i ) Operat ion in bu ildin gs. Veh i cl es
power ed by i n t er n a l combu st i on en -
gi n es sh a l l n ot oper a t e i n bu i l di n gs u n -
l ess t h e bu i l di n gs a r e a dequ a t el y ven t i -
l a t ed.
(vi i i ) L oad limit s. No veh i cl e sh a l l be
oper a t ed wi t h l oa ds exceedi n g i t s sa fe
l oa d ca pa ci t y .
(i x) Brak es. Al l veh i cl es sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h br a k es ca pa bl e of h ol d-
i n g a n d con t r ol l i n g t h e veh i cl e a n d ca -
pa ci t y l oa d u pon a n y i n cl i n e or gr a de
over wh i ch t h ey ma y be oper a t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
729
(x) [Reser ved]
(xi ) Carriers. (a) Ca r r i er s sh a l l be so
desi gn ed a n d con st r u ct ed t h a t t h e op-
er a t or s fi el d of vi si on sh a l l n ot be u n -
n ecessa r i l y r est r i ct ed.
(b) Ca r r i er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n
a ccess l a dder or equ i va l en t .
(xi i ) L u mber h au lin g t ru ck s. (a) On
t r u ck s wh er e movemen t of l oa d on
st oppi n g wou l d en da n ger t h e oper a t or ,
a su bst a n t i a l bu l k h ea d sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed beh i n d t h e oper a t or s sea t . Th i s
sh a l l ext en d t o t h e t op of t h e oper a -
t or s compa r t men t .
(b) S t a k es, st a k e pock et s, r a ck s,
t i gh t en er s, a n d bi n der s sh a l l pr ovi de
a dequ a t e mea n s t o secu r e t h e l oa d
a ga i n st a n y movemen t du r i n g t r a n si t .
(c) Wh er e r ol l er s a r e u sed, a t l ea st
t wo sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h l ock s wh i ch
sh a l l be l ock ed wh en su ppor t i n g l oa ds
du r i n g t r a n si t .
(31) T raf f ic con t rol an d f low(i ) Ha z-
a r dou s cr ossi n gs. Ra i l r oa d t r a ck s a n d
ot h er h a za r dou s cr ossi n gs sh a l l be
pl a i n l y post ed.
(i i ) Rest rict ed overh ead clearan ce. Al l
a r ea s of r est r i ct ed si de or over h ea d
cl ea r a n ce sh a l l be pl a i n l y ma r k ed.
(i i i ) Pick u p an d u n loadin g poin t s.
P i ck u p a n d u n l oa di n g poi n t s a n d pa t h s
for l u mber pa ck a ges on con vey or s a n d
t r a n sfer s a n d ot h er a r ea s wh er e a ccu -
r a t e spot t i n g i s r equ i r ed, sh a l l be
pl a i n l y ma r k ed a n d wh eel st ops pr o-
vi ded wh er e n ecessa r y .
(i v) Aisles, passageway s, an d roadway s.
Ai sl es, pa ssa gewa y s, a n d r oa dwa y s
sh a l l be su ffi ci en t l y wi de t o pr ovi de
sa fe si de cl ea r a n ce. On e-wa y a i sl es ma y
be u sed for t wo-wa y t r a ffi c i f su i t a bl e
t u r n ou t s a r e pr ovi ded.
(d) L og h an dlin g, sort in g, an d st orage
(1) L og u n loadin g met h ods, equ ipmen t ,
an d f acilit ies(i ) Un loadin g met h ods. (a)
S t a k es a n d ch ock s wh i ch t r i p sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed i n su ch ma n n er t h a t t h e
t r i ppi n g mech a n i sm t h a t r el ea ses t h e
st a k e or ch ock s i s a ct i va t ed a t t h e op-
posi t e si de of t h e l oa d bei n g t r i pped.
(b) Bi n der s on l ogs sh a l l n ot be r e-
l ea sed pr i or t o secu r i n g wi t h u n l oa di n g
l i n es or ot h er u n l oa di n g devi ce.
(c) Bi n der s sh a l l be r el ea sed on l y
fr om t h e si de on wh i ch t h e u n l oa der
oper a t es, except wh en r el ea sed by r e-
mot e con t r ol devi ces or except wh en
per son ma k i n g r el ea se i s pr ot ect ed by
r a ck s or st a n ch i on s or ot h er equ i va l en t
mea n s.
(d) Loa ds on wh i ch a bi n der i s fou l ed
by t h e u n l oa di n g ma ch i n e sh a l l h a ve
a n ext r a bi n der or met a l ba n d of equ a l
st r en gt h pl a ced a r ou n d t h e l oa d, or t h e
l oa d sh a l l be ot h er wi se secu r ed so t h e
fou l ed bi n der ca n be sa fel y r emoved.
(i i ) Un loadin g equ ipmen t an d f acilit ies.
(a) Ma ch i n es u sed for h oi st i n g, u n l oa d-
i n g, or l ower i n g l ogs sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h br a k es ca pa bl e of con t r ol l i n g or
h ol di n g t h e ma xi mu m l oa d i n mi da i r .
(b) Th e l i ft i n g cy l i n der s of a l l h y -
dr a u l i ca l l y oper a t ed l og h a n dl i n g ma -
ch i n es sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a posi t i ve
devi ce for pr even t i n g t h e u n con t r ol l ed
l ower i n g of t h e l oa d or for k s i n ca se of
a fa i l u r e i n t h e h y dr a u l i c sy st em.
(c) A l i mi t swi t ch sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
on power ed l og h a n dl i n g ma ch i n es t o
pr even t t h e l i ft a r ms fr om t r a vel i n g
t oo fa r i n t h e even t t h e con t r ol swi t ch
i s n ot r el ea sed i n t i me.
(d) Wh en for k l i ft -t y pe ma ch i n es a r e
u sed t o l oa d t r a i l er s, a mea n s of secu r -
i n g t h e l oa di n g a t t a ch men t t o t h e for k
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a n d u sed.
(e) A-fr a mes a n d si mi l a r l og u n l oa d-
i n g devi ces sh a l l h a ve a dequ a t e h ei gh t
t o pr ovi de sa fe cl ea r a n ce for swi n gi n g
l oa ds a n d t o pr ovi de for a dequ a t e
cr ot ch l i n es a n d spr ea der ba r devi ces.
(f ) Log h a n dl i n g ma ch i n es u sed t o
st a ck l ogs or l i ft l oa ds a bove oper a t or s
h ea d sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a dequ a t e
over h ea d pr ot ect i on .
(g) Al l mobi l e l og h a n dl i n g ma ch i n es
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h h ea dl i gh t s a n d
ba ck u p l i gh t s.
(h ) Un l oa di n g devi ces sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a h or n or ot h er pl a i n l y
a u di bl e si gn a l i n g devi ce.
(i) Movemen t of u n l oa di n g equ i pmen t
sh a l l be coor di n a t ed by a u di bl e or h a n d
si gn a l s wh en oper a t or s vi si on i s i m-
pa i r ed or oper a t i n g i n t h e vi ci n i t y of
ot h er empl oy ees.
(j) Wood pi k e pol es sh a l l be ma de of
st r a i gh t -gr a i n ed, sel ect ma t er i a l .
Met a l or con du ct i ve pi k e pol es sh a l l
n ot be u sed a r ou n d exposed en er gi zed
el ect r i ca l con du ct or s. Defect i ve, bl u n t ,
or du l l pi k e pol es sh a l l n ot be u sed.
(2) L og u n loadin g an d st orage areas
(i ) Gen eral. (a) Log du mps, booms,
pon ds, or st or a ge a r ea s u sed a t n i gh t
sh a l l be i l l u mi n a t ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
730
S t a n da r d A11. 11965 (R1970) S t a n da r d
P r a ct i ce for I n du st r i a l Li gh t i n g, wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(b) Log u n l oa di n g a r ea s sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged a n d ma i n t a i n ed t o pr ovi de a
sa fe wor k i n g a r ea .
(c) Wh er e sk i ds a r e u sed, spa ce a de-
qu a t e t o cl ea r a ma n s body sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed bet ween t h e t op of t h e
sk i ds a n d t h e gr ou n d.
(d) S i gn s pr oh i bi t i n g u n a u t h or i zed
foot or veh i cl e t r a ffi c i n l og u n l oa di n g
a n d st or a ge a r ea s sh a l l be post ed.
(i i ) Wat er log du mps. (a) Un gr ou n ded
el ect r i ca l l y power ed h oi st s u si n g
h a n dh el d r emot e con t r ol i n gr ou n ded
l oca t i on s, su ch a s l og du mps or mi l l l og
l i ft s, sh a l l be a ct u a t ed by ci r cu i t s oper -
a t i n g a t l ess t h a n 50 vol t s t o gr ou n d.
(b) Roa dbeds a t l og du mps sh a l l be of
su ffi ci en t wi dt h a n d even n ess t o i n su r e
sa fe oper a t i on of equ i pmen t .
(c) An a dequ a t e br ow l og or sk i d t i m-
ber s or t h e equ i va l en t sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wh er e n ecessa r y . Ra i l r oa d-t y pe du mps,
wh en l oca t ed wh er e l ogs a r e du mped di -
r ect l y i n t o wa t er or wh er e en t i r e l oa ds
a r e l i ft ed fr om veh i cl e, ma y be exempt -
ed pr ovi di n g su ch pr a ct i ce does n ot cr e-
a t e a h a za r dou s exposu r e of per son n el
or equ i pmen t .
(d) Un l oa di n g l i n es sh a l l be a r r a n ged
so t h a t i t i s n ot n ecessa r y for t h e em-
pl oy ees t o a t t a ch t h em fr om t h e pon d
or du mp si de of t h e l oa d except wh en
en t i r e l oa ds a r e l i ft ed fr om t h e l og-
t r a n spor t i n g veh i cl e.
(e) Un l oa di n g l i n es, cr ot ch l i n es, or
equ a l l y effect i ve mea n s sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged a n d u sed i n a ma n n er t o mi n i -
mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of a n y l og fr om
swi n gi n g or r ol l i n g ba ck .
(f ) Wh en l ogs a r e u n l oa ded wi t h
pea vy s or si mi l a r ma n u a l met h ods,
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d u sed t h a t
wi l l mi n i mi ze t h e da n ger fr om r ol l i n g
or swi n gi n g l ogs.
(g) Gu a r dr a i l s, wa l k wa y s, a n d st a n d-
a r d h a n dr a i l s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
(h ) Appr oved l i fe r i n gs (see: 46 CF R
160. 099 a n d 46 CF R 160. 050) wi t h l i n e a t -
t a ch ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed t o r et a i n bu oy -
a n cy sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i i ) L og booms an d pon ds. (a) Wa l k -
wa y s a n d fl oa t s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a n d
secu r el y a n ch or ed t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e
pa ssa gewa y for empl oy ees.
(b) Al l r egu l a r boom st i ck s a n d foot
l ogs sh a l l be r ea son a bl y st r a i gh t , wi t h
n o pr ot r u di n g k n ot s a n d ba r k , a n d
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g, a bove
t h e wa t er l i n e a t ei t h er en d, t h e wei gh t
of a n empl oy ee a n d equ i pmen t .
(c) P er ma n en t ca bl e swi ft er s sh a l l be
so a r r a n ged t h a t i t wi l l n ot be n ec-
essa r y t o r ol l boom st i ck s i n or der t o
a t t a ch or det a ch t h em.
(d) P er i odi c i n spect i on of ca bl e or
doggi n g l i n es sh a l l be ma de t o det er -
mi n e wh en r epa i r or r emova l fr om
ser vi ce i s n ecessa r y .
(e) Th e ba n k s of t h e l og pon d i n t h e
vi ci n i t y of t h e l og h a u l sh a l l be r ei n -
for ced t o pr even t ca vi n g i n .
(f ) Ar t i fi ci a l l og pon ds sh a l l be
dr a i n ed, cl ea n ed, a n d r efi l l ed wh en
u n h ea l t h y st a gn a t i on or pol l u t i on oc-
cu r s.
(g) Empl oy ees wh ose du t i es r equ i r e
t h em t o wor k fr om boa t s, fl oa t i n g l ogs,
boom st i ck s, or wa l k wa y s a l on g or on
wa t er sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n d sh a l l
wea r a ppr opr i a t e bu oy a n t devi ces wh i l e
per for mi n g su ch du t i es.
(h ) S t i ff booms sh a l l be t wo fl oa t l ogs
wi de secu r ed by boom ch a i n s or ot h er
con n ect i n g devi ces, a n d of a wi dt h a de-
qu a t e for t h e wor k i n g n eeds. Wa l k i n g
su r fa ces sh a l l be fr ee of l oose ma t er i a l
a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n good r epa i r .
(i) Boom st i ck s sh a l l be fa st en ed t o-
get h er wi t h a dequ a t e cr osst i es or cou -
pl i n gs.
(j) F l oa t i n g don k ey s or ot h er power -
dr i ven ma ch i n er y u sed on booms sh a l l
be pl a ced on a r a ft or fl oa t wi t h en ou gh
bu oy a n cy t o k eep t h e deck wel l a bove
wa t er .
(k ) Al l sor t i n g ga ps sh a l l h a ve a su b-
st a n t i a l st i ff boom on ea ch si de.
(i v) Pon d boat s an d raf t s. Th e a ppl i ca -
bl e pr ovi si on s of t h e S t a n da r d for F i r e
P r ot ect i on for Mot or cr a ft , NF P A No.
3021968, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
er en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6, sh a l l be
compl i ed wi t h .
(a) Deck s of pon d boa t s sh a l l be cov-
er ed wi t h n on sl i p ma t er i a l .
(b) P ower ed pon d boa t s or r a ft s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st on e a ppr oved
fi r e ext i n gu i sh er , a n d on e l i fer i n g wi t h
l i n e a t t a ch ed.
(c) Boa t fu el sh a l l be t r a n spor t ed a n d
st or ed i n a ppr oved sa fet y con t a i n er s.
Refer t o 1910. 155(c)(3) for defi n i t i on of
a ppr oved.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
731
(d) I n spect i on , ma i n t en a n ce, a n d ven -
t i l a t i on of t h e bi l ge a r ea sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o pr even t a ccu mu l a t i on of h i gh -
l y combu st i bl e ma t er i a l s.
(e) Adequ a t e ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for t h e ca bi n a r ea on en cl osed
ca bi n -t y pe boa t s t o pr even t a ccu mu l a -
t i on of h a r mfu l ga ses or va por s.
(v) Dry deck st orage. (a) Dr y deck
st or a ge a r ea s sh a l l be k ept or der l y a n d
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a con di t i on
wh i ch i s con du ci ve t o sa fe oper a t i on of
mobi l e equ i pmen t .
(b) Logs sh a l l be st or ed i n a sa fe a n d
or der l y ma n n er , a n d r oa dwa y s a n d
t r a ffi c l a n es sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t a
wi dt h a dequ a t e for sa fe t r a vel of l og
h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t .
(c) Logs sh a l l be a r r a n ged t o mi n i -
mi ze t h e ch a n ce of a cci den t a l l y r ol l i n g
fr om t h e deck .
(vi ) L og h au ls an d slips. (a) Wa l k wa y s
a l on g l og h a u l s sh a l l h a ve a st a n da r d
h a n dr a i l on t h e ou t er edge, a n d cl ea t s
or ot h er mea n s t o a ssu r e a dequ a t e
foot i n g a n d en a bl e empl oy ees t o wa l k
cl ea r of t h e l og ch u t e.
(b) Log h a u l bu l l ch a i n s or ca bl e sh a l l
be desi gn ed, i n st a l l ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed
t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e sa fet y for t h e wor k
n eed.
(c) Log h a u l gea r a n d bu l l ch a i n dr i ve
mech a n i sm sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(d) S u bst a n t i a l t r ou gh s for t h e r et u r n
st r a n d of l og h a u l ch a i n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded over pa ssa gewa y s.
(e) Log h a u l con t r ol s sh a l l be l oca t ed
a n d i den t i fi ed t o oper a t e fr om a posi -
t i on wh er e t h e oper a t or wi l l , a t a l l
t i mes, be i n t h e cl ea r of l ogs, ma ch i n -
er y , l i n es, a n d r i ggi n g. I n oper a t i on s
wh er e con t r ol i s by l ever exposed t o i n -
comi n g l ogs, t h e l ever sh a l l be a r -
r a n ged t o oper a t e t h e l og h a u l on l y
wh en moved t owa r d t h e l og sl i p or t o-
wa r d t h e l og pon d.
(f ) A posi t i ve st op sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
on a l l l og h a u l s t o pr even t l ogs fr om
t r a vel i n g t oo fa r a h ea d i n t h e mi l l .
(g) Over h ea d pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for empl oy ees wor k i n g bel ow l ogs
bei n g moved t o t h e l og deck .
(h ) Log wel l s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
sa fegu a r ds t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y
of l ogs r ol l i n g ba ck i n t o wel l fr om l og
deck .
(3) L og deck s(i ) Access. S a fe a ccess
t o t h e h ea d r i g sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i ) St ops. Log deck s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a dequ a t e st ops, ch a i n s, or ot h er
sa fegu a r ds t o pr even t l ogs fr om r ol l i n g
down t h e deck on t o t h e ca r r i a ge or i t s
r u n wa y .
(i i i ) Barricade. A ba r r i ca de or ot h er
posi t i ve st op of su ffi ci en t st r en gt h t o
st op a n y l og sh a l l be er ect ed bet ween
t h e sa wy er s st a n d a n d t h e l og deck .
(i v) L oose ch ain s. Loose ch a i n s fr om
over h ea d ca n t i n g devi ces or ot h er
equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot be a l l owed t o h a n g
over t h e l og deck i n su ch ma n n er a s t o
st r i k e empl oy ees.
(v) Swin g saws. S wi n g sa ws on l og
deck s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a ba r r i -
ca de a n d st ops for pr ot ect i on of em-
pl oy ees wh o ma y be on t h e opposi t e
si de of t h e l og h a u l ch u t e.
(vi ) Drag saws. Wh er e r eci pr oca t i n g
l og cu t off sa ws (dr a g sa ws) a r e pr o-
vi ded, t h ey sh a l l n ot pr oj ect i n t o wa l k -
wa y or a i sl e.
(vi i ) Circu lar cu t of f saws. Ci r cu l a r l og
bu ck i n g or cu t off sa ws sh a l l be so l o-
ca t ed a n d gu a r ded a s t o a l l ow sa fe en -
t r a n ce t o a n d exi t fr om t h e bu i l di n g.
(vi i i ) En t ran ce doorway . Wh er e t h e
cu t off sa w pa r t i a l l y bl ock s t h e en -
t r a n ce fr om t h e l og h a u l r u n wa y , t h e
en t r a n ce sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(4) Mech an ical bark ers(i ) Rot ary
bark ers. Rot a r y ba r k i n g devi ces sh a l l
be so gu a r ded a s t o pr ot ect empl oy ees
fr om fl y i n g ch i ps, ba r k , or ot h er ext r a -
n eou s ma t er i a l .
(i i ) Elevat in g ramp. I f a n el eva t i n g
r a mp or ga t e i s u sed, i t sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a sa fet y ch a i n , h ook , or
ot h er mea n s of su spen si on wh i l e em-
pl oy ees a r e u n der n ea t h .
(i i i ) Area arou n d bark ers. Th e h a z-
a r dou s a r ea a r ou n d r i n g ba r k er s a n d
t h ei r con vey or s sh a l l be fen ced off or
post ed a s a pr oh i bi t ed a r ea for u n a u -
t h or i zed per son s.
(i v) En closin g h y drau lic bark ers. Hy -
dr a u l i c ba r k er s sh a l l be en cl osed wi t h
st r on g ba ffl es a t t h e i n l et a n d ou t l et .
Th e oper a t or sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a de-
qu a t e sa fet y gl a ss or equ i va l en t .
(v) Holddown rolls. Hol ddown r ol l s
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t t h e i n feed a n d
ou t feed sect i on s of mech a n i ca l r i n g
ba r k er s t o con t r ol t h e movemen t of
l ogs.
(e) L og break down an d relat ed mach in -
ery an d f acilit ies(1) L og carriages an d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
732
carriage ru n way s(i ) Bu mpers. A su b-
st a n t i a l st op or bu mper wi t h a dequ a t e
sh ock -a bsor pt i ve qu a l i t i es sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a t ea ch en d of t h e ca r r i a ge r u n -
wa y .
(i i ) Foot in g. Ri der -t y pe ca r r i a ges
sh a l l be fl oor ed t o pr ovi de secu r e foot -
i n g a n d a fi r m wor k i n g pl a t for m for
t h e bl ock set t er .
(i i i ) Sh eave h ou sin g. S h ea ves on r ope-
dr i ven ca r r i a ges sh a l l be gu a r ded a t
fl oor l i n e wi t h su bst a n t i a l h ou si n gs.
(i v) Carriage con t rol. A posi t i ve mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t u n i n t en ded
movemen t of t h e ca r r i a ge. Th i s ma y
i n vol ve a con t r ol l ock i n g devi ce, a ca r -
r i a ge t i e-down , or bot h .
(v) Barriers an d warn in g sign s. A ba r -
r i er sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t em-
pl oy ees fr om en t er i n g t h e spa ce n ec-
essa r y for t r a vel of t h e ca r r i a ge, wi t h
h ea dbl ock s fu l l y r eceded, for t h e fu l l
l en gt h a n d ext r eme en ds of ca r r i a ge
r u n wa y s. Wa r n i n g si gn s sh a l l be post ed
a t possi bl e en t r y poi n t s t o t h i s a r ea .
(vi ) Overh ead clearan ce. F or a r i der -
t y pe ca r r i a ge a dequ a t e over h ea d cl ea r
spa ce a bove t h e ca r r i a ge deck sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for t h e fu l l ca r r i a ge r u n wa y
l en gt h .
(vi i ) Sweepin g devices. Ca r r i a ge t r a ck
sweepi n g devi ces sh a l l be u sed t o k eep
t r a ck r a i l s cl ea r of debr i s.
(vi i i ) Dogs. Doggi n g devi ces sh a l l be
a dequ a t e t o secu r e l ogs, ca n t s, or
boa r ds, du r i n g sa wi n g oper a t i on s.
(2) Head saws(i ) Ban d h ead saws. (a)
Ba n d h ea d sa ws sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed
a t speeds i n excess of t h ose r ec-
ommen ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
(b) Ba n d h ea d sa ws sh a l l be t h or -
ou gh l y i n spect ed for cr a ck s, spl i t s, br o-
k en t eet h , a n d ot h er defect s. A ba n d-
sa w wi t h a cr a ck gr ea t er t h a n on e-
t en t h t h e wi dt h of t h e sa w sh a l l n ot be
pl a ced i n ser vi ce u n t i l wi dt h of sa w i s
r edu ced t o el i mi n a t e cr a ck , u n t i l
cr a ck ed sect i on i s r emoved, or cr a ck
devel opmen t i s st opped.
(c) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de for a l er t -
i n g a n d wa r n i n g empl oy ees befor e
st a r t i n g ba n d h ea d sa ws, a n d mea su r es
sh a l l be t a k en t o i n su r e t h a t a l l per -
son s a r e i n t h e cl ea r .
(i i ) Ban dsaw wh eels. (a) No ba n dsa w
wh eel sh a l l be r u n a t a per i ph er a l speed
i n excess of t h a t r ecommen ded by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er . Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen ded ma xi mu m speed sh a l l be
st a mped i n pl a i n l y l egi bl e fi gu r es on
some por t i on of t h e wh eel .
(b) Ba n d h ea d sa w wh eel s sh a l l be
su bj ect ed t o mon t h l y i n spect i on s.
Hu bs, spok es, r i ms, bol t s, a n d r i vet s
sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y exa mi n ed i n t h e
cou r se of su ch i n spect i on s. A l oose or
da ma ged h u b, a r i m cr a ck , or l oose
spok es sh a l l ma k e t h e wh eel u n fi t for
ser vi ce.
(c) Ba n d wh eel s sh a l l be compl et el y
en ca sed or gu a r ded, except for a por -
t i on of t h e u pper wh eel i mmedi a t el y
a r ou n d t h e poi n t wh er e t h e bl a de
l ea ves t h e wh eel , t o per mi t oper a t or t o
obser ve movemen t of equ i pmen t . Nec-
essa r y ven t i l a t i n g a n d obser va t i on
por t s ma y be per mi t t ed. S u bst a n t i a l
door s or ga t es a r e a l l owed for r epa i r ,
l u br i ca t i on , a n d sa w ch a n ges; su ch
door s or ga t es sh a l l be cl osed secu r el y
du r i n g oper a t i on . Ba n d h ea d r i gs sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a sa w ca t ch er or
gu a r d of su bst a n t i a l con st r u ct i on .
(i i i ) Sin gle circu lar h ead saws. (a) Ci r -
cu l a r h ea d sa ws sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed
a t speeds i n excess of t h ose speci fi ed by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er . Ma xi mu m speed
sh a l l be et ch ed on t h e sa w.
(b) Ci r cu l a r h ea d sa ws sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sa fet y gu i des wh i ch ca n
be r ea di l y a dj u st ed wi t h ou t u se of h a n d
t ool s.
(c) Th e u pper sa w of a dou bl e ci r cu l a r
mi l l sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a su bst a n -
t i a l h ood or gu a r d. A scr een or ot h er
su i t a bl e devi ce sh a l l be pl a ced so a s t o
pr ot ect t h e sa wy er fr om fl y i n g pa r -
t i cl es.
(d) Al l ci r cu l a r sa wmi l l s wh er e l i ve
r ol l s a r e n ot u sed beh i n d t h e h ea d sa w
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a spr ea der wh eel
or spl i t t er .
(i v) T win circu lar h ead saws. Twi n ci r -
cu l a r h ea d sa w r i gs su ch a s scr a g sa ws
sh a l l meet t h e speci fi ca t i on s for si n gl e
ci r cu l a r h ea d sa ws i n pa r a gr a ph
(e)(1)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on wh er e a ppl i ca -
bl e.
(v) Wh ole-log sash gan g saws (Swedish
gan gs). (a) Cr a n k s, pi t ma n r ods, a n d
ot h er movi n g pa r t s sh a l l be a dequ a t el y
gu a r ded.
(b) F eed r ol l s sh a l l be en cl osed by a
cover over t h e t op, fr on t , a n d open en ds
except wh er e gu a r ded by l oca t i on .
Dr i ve mech a n i sm t o feed r ol l s sh a l l be
en cl osed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
733
(c) Ca r r i a ge cr a dl es of wh ol e-l og sa sh
ga n g sa ws (S wedi sh ga n gs), sh a l l be of
a dequ a t e h ei gh t t o pr even t l ogs fr om
k i ck i n g ou t wh i l e bei n g l oa ded.
(3) Resaws(i ) Ban d resaws. Ba n d
r esa ws sh a l l meet t h e speci fi ca t i on s for
ba n d h ea d sa ws a s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (e)(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Circu lar gan g resaws. (a) Ba n k s of
ci r cu l a r ga n g r esa ws sh a l l be gu a r ded
by a h ood.
(b) Ci r cu l a r ga n g r esa ws sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h sa fet y fi n ger s or ot h er
a n t i k i ck ba ck devi ces.
(c) Ci r cu l a r ga n g r esa ws sh a l l n ot be
oper a t ed a t speeds exceedi n g t h ose r ec-
(d) [Reser ved]
(e) F eed r ol l s sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(f ) Ea ch ci r cu l a r ga n g r esa w, except
sel f-feed sa ws wi t h a l i ve r ol l or wh eel
a t ba ck of sa w, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
spr ea der s.
(i i i ) Sash gan g resaws. S a sh ga n g
r esa ws sh a l l meet t h e sa fet y speci fi ca -
t i on s of wh ol e-l og sa sh ga n g sa ws i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (e)(2)(v) of t h i s sect i on .
(4) T rimmer saws(i ) Maximu m speed.
Tr i mmer sa ws sh a l l n ot be r u n a t pe-
r i ph er a l speeds i n excess of t h ose r ec-
(i i ) Gu ards. (a ) Tr i mmer sa ws sh a l l be
gu a r ded i n fr on t by a dequ a t e ba ffl es t o
pr ot ect a ga i n st fl y i n g debr i s a n d t h ey
sh a l l be secu r el y bol t ed t o a su bst a n -
t i a l fr a me. Th ese gu a r ds for a ser i es of
sa ws sh a l l be set a s cl ose t o t h e t op of
t h e t r i mmer t a bl e a s i s pr a ct i ca l .
(b) Th e en d sa ws on t r i mmer sh a l l be
gu a r ded.
(c) Th e r ea r of t r i mmer sa ws sh a l l
h a ve a gu a r d t h e fu l l wi dt h of t h e sa ws
a n d a s mu ch wi der a s pr a ct i ca l .
(i i i ) Saf et y st ops. Au t oma t i c t r i mmer
sa ws sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y
st ops or h a n ger s t o pr even t sa ws fr om
dr oppi n g on t a bl e.
(5) Edgers(i ) L ocat ion . (a) Wh er e
ver t i ca l a r bor edger sa ws a r e l oca t ed
a h ea d of t h e ma i n sa w, t h ey sh a l l be so
gu a r ded t h a t a n empl oy ee ca n n ot con -
t a ct a n y pa r t of t h e edger sa w fr om h i s
n or ma l posi t i on .
(b) Edger s sh a l l n ot be l oca t ed i n t h e
ma i n r ol l ca se beh i n d t h e h ea d sa ws.
(i i ) Gu ards. (a) Th e t op a n d t h e open -
i n gs i n en d a n d si de fr a mes of edger s
sh a l l be a dequ a t el y gu a r ded a n d gea r s
a n d ch a i n s sh a l l be fu l l y h ou sed.
Gu a r ds ma y be h i n ged or ot h er wi se a r -
r a n ged t o per mi t oi l i n g a n d t h e r e-
mova l of sa ws.
(b) Al l edger s sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h
pr essu r e feed r ol l s.
(c) P r essu r e feed r ol l s on edger s sh a l l
be gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci den t a l con t a ct .
(i i i ) An t ik ick back devices. (a) Edger s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h sa fet y fi n ger s or
ot h er a ppr oved met h ods of pr even t i n g
k i ck ba ck s or gu a r di n g a ga i n st t h em. A
ba r r i ca de i n l i n e wi t h t h e edger , i f
pr oper l y fen ced off, ma y be u sed i f sa fe-
t y fi n ger s a r e n ot fea si bl e t o i n st a l l .
(b) A con t r ol l i n g devi ce sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a n d l oca t ed so t h a t t h e oper a t or
ca n st op t h e feed mech a n i sm wi t h ou t
r el ea si n g t h e t en si on of t h e pr essu r e
r ol l s.
(i v) Operat in g speed of live rolls. Li ve
r ol l s a n d t a i l i n g devi ces i n ba ck of
edger sh a l l oper a t e a t a speed n ot l ess
t h a n t h e speed of t h e edger feed r ol l s.
(6) Plan ers(i ) Gu ards. (a) Al l cu t t i n g
h ea ds sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(b) S i de h ea d h oods sh a l l be of su ffi -
ci en t h ei gh t t o sa fegu a r d t h e h ea d set -
scr ew.
(c) P r essu r e feed r ol l s a n d pi n e-
a ppl es sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(d) Lever s or con t r ol s sh a l l be so a r -
r a n ged or gu a r ded a s t o r edu ce t h e pos-
si bi l i t y of a cci den t a l oper a t i on .
(f) Dry k iln s an d f acilit ies(1) Kiln
f ou n dat ion s. Dr y k i l n s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed u pon sol i d fou n da t i on s t o pr e-
ven t t r a ck s fr om sa ggi n g
(2) Passageway s. A pa ssa gewa y sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o gi ve a dequ a t e cl ea r a n ce
on a t l ea st on e si de or i n t h e cen t er of
en d-pi l ed k i l n s a n d on t wo si des of
cr oss-pi l ed k i l n s.
(3) Doors(i ) Main k iln doors. (a) Ma i n
k i l n door s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
met h od of h ol di n g t h em open wh i l e
k i l n i s bei n g l oa ded.
(b) Cou n t er wei gh t s on ver t i ca l l i ft
door s sh a l l be boxed or ot h er wi se
gu a r ded.
(c) Adequ a t e mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o fi r ml y secu r e ma i n door s, wh en t h ey
a r e di sen ga ged fr om ca r r i er s a n d h a n g-
er s, t o pr even t t oppl i n g.
(i i ) Escape doors. (a) I f oper a t i n g pr o-
cedu r es r equ i r e a ccess t o k i l n s, k i l n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h esca pe door s
t h a t oper a t e ea si l y fr om t h e i n si de,
swi n g i n t h e di r ect i on of exi t , a n d a r e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
734
l oca t ed i n or n ea r t h e ma i n door a t t h e
en d of t h e pa ssa gewa y .
(b) Esca pe door s sh a l l be of a dequ a t e
h ei gh t a n d wi dt h t o a ccommoda t e a n
a ver a ge si ze ma n .
(4) Pit s. P i t s sh a l l be wel l ven t i l a t ed,
dr a i n ed, a n d l i gh t ed, a n d sh a l l be l a r ge
en ou gh t o sa fel y a ccommoda t e t h e k i l n
oper a t or t oget h er wi t h oper a t i n g de-
vi ces su ch a s va l ves, da mper s, da mper
r ods, a n d t r a ps.
(5) St eam main s. Al l h i gh -pr essu r e
st ea m ma i n s l oca t ed i n or a dj a cen t t o
a n oper a t i n g pi t sh a l l be cover ed wi t h
h ea t -i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l .
(6) L adders. A fi xed l a dder , i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 27
or ot h er a dequ a t e mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o per mi t a ccess t o t h e r oof.
Wh er e con t r ol s a n d ma ch i n er y a r e
mou n t ed on t h e r oof, a per ma n en t
st a i r wa y wi t h st a n da r d h a n dr a i l sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 24.
(7) Ch ock s. A mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
for ch ock i n g or bl ock i n g ca r s.
(8) Kiln t en der room. A wa r m r oom
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for k i l n empl oy ees t o
st a y i n du r i n g col d wea t h er a ft er l ea v-
i n g a h ot k i l n .
F R 23073, Ma y 28, 1975; 43 F R 49751, Oct . 24,
1978; 43 F R 51760, Nov. 7, 1978; 53 F R 12123,
Apr . 12, 1988; 55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990; 61 F R
9241, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R 33467, J u n e 18, 1998;
70 F R 53929, S ept . 13, 2005]
1910.266 Logging operations.
(a ) T able of con t en t s.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph con t a i n s t h e l i st of
pa r a gr a ph s a n d a ppen di ces con t a i n ed
i n t h i s sect i on .
a . Ta bl e of con t en t s
b. S cope a n d a ppl i ca t i on
c. Defi n i t i on s
d. Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s
1. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
2. F i r st -a i d k i t s
3. S ea t bel t s
4. F i r e ext i n gu i sh er s
5. En vi r on men t a l con di t i on s
6. Wor k a r ea s
7. S i gn a l i n g a n d si gn a l equ i pmen t
8. Over h ea d el ect r i c l i n es
9. F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i qu i ds
10. Expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g a gen t s
e. Ha n d a n d por t a bl e power ed t ool s
1. Gen er a l r equ i r emen t s
2. Ch a i n sa ws
f. Ma ch i n es
2. Ma ch i n e oper a t i on
3. P r ot ect i ve st r u ct u r es
4. Over h ea d gu a r ds
5. Ma ch i n e a ccess
6. Exh a u st sy st ems
7. Br a k es
8. Gu a r di n g
g. Veh i cl es
h . Tr ee h a r vest i n g
2. Ma n u a l fel l i n g
3. Bu ck i n g a n d l i mbi n g
4. Ch i ppi n g
5. Ya r di n g
6. Loa di n g a n d u n l oa di n g
7. Tr a n spor t
8. S t or a ge
i . Tr a i n i n g
j . Appen di ces
AP P ENDI X AMI NI MUM F I RS T-AI D S UP P LI ES
AP P ENDI X BMI NI MUM F I RS T-AI D TRAI NI NG
AP P ENDI X CCORRES P ONDI NG I S O AGREE-
MENTS
(b) Scope an d applicat ion . (1) Th i s
st a n da r d est a bl i sh es sa fet y pr a ct i ces,
mea n s, met h ods a n d oper a t i on s for a l l
t y pes of l oggi n g, r ega r dl ess of t h e en d
u se of t h e wood. Th ese t y pes of l oggi n g
i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o, pu l p-
wood a n d t i mber h a r vest i n g a n d t h e
l oggi n g of sa wl ogs, ven eer bol t s, pol es,
pi l i n gs a n d ot h er for est pr odu ct s. Th i s
st a n da r d does n ot cover t h e con st r u c-
t i on or u se of ca bl e y a r di n g sy st ems.
(2) Th i s st a n da r d a ppl i es t o a l l l og-
gi n g oper a t i on s a s defi n ed by t h i s sec-
t i on .
(3) Ha za r ds a n d wor k i n g con di t i on s
n ot speci fi ca l l y a ddr essed by t h i s sec-
t i on a r e cover ed by ot h er a ppl i ca bl e
sect i on s of pa r t 1910.
(c) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is sec-
t ion .
Arch . An open -fr a med t r a i l er or bu i l t -
u p fr a mewor k u sed t o su spen d t h e l ea d-
i n g en ds of t r ees or l ogs wh en t h ey a r e
sk i dded.
Back cu t (f ellin g cu t ). Th e fi n a l cu t i n
a fel l i n g oper a t i on .
Ballist ic n y lon . A n y l on fa br i c of h i gh
t en si l e pr oper t i es desi gn ed t o pr ovi de
pr ot ect i on fr om l a cer a t i on s.
Bu ck . To cu t a fel l ed t r ee i n t o l ogs.
Bu t t . Th e bot t om of t h e fel l ed pa r t of
a t r ee.
Cable y ardin g. Th e movemen t of
fel l ed t r ees or l ogs fr om t h e a r ea wh er e
t h ey a r e fel l ed t o t h e l a n di n g on a sy s-
t em composed of a ca bl e su spen ded
fr om spa r s a n d/or t ower s. Th e t r ees or
l ogs ma y be ei t h er dr a gged a cr oss t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
735
gr ou n d on t h e ca bl e or ca r r i ed wh i l e
su spen ded fr om t h e ca bl e.
Ch ock . A bl ock , oft en wedge sh a ped,
wh i ch i s u sed t o pr even t movemen t ;
e. g. , a l og fr om r ol l i n g, a wh eel fr om
t u r n i n g.
Ch ok er. A sl i n g u sed t o en ci r cl e t h e
en d of a l og for y a r di n g. On e en d i s
pa ssed a r ou n d t h e l oa d, t h en t h r ou gh a
l oop ey e, en d fi t t i n g or ot h er devi ce a t
t h e ot h er en d of t h e sl i n g. Th e en d t h a t
pa ssed t h r ou gh t h e en d fi t t i n g or ot h er
devi ce i s t h en h ook ed t o t h e l i ft i n g or
pu l l i n g ma ch i n e.
Dan ger t ree. A st a n di n g t r ee t h a t pr e-
sen t s a h a za r d t o empl oy ees du e t o con -
di t i on s su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, de-
t er i or a t i on or ph y si ca l da ma ge t o t h e
r oot sy st em, t r u n k , st em or l i mbs, a n d
t h e di r ect i on a n d l ea n of t h e t r ee.
Debark . To r emove ba r k fr om t r ees or
l ogs.
Deck . A st a ck of t r ees or l ogs.
Design at ed person . An empl oy ee wh o
h a s t h e r equ i si t e k n owl edge, t r a i n i n g
a n d exper i en ce t o per for m speci fi c du -
t i es.
Domin o f ellin g. Th e pa r t i a l cu t t i n g of
mu l t i pl e t r ees wh i ch a r e l eft st a n di n g
a n d t h en pu sh ed over wi t h a pu sh er
t r ee.
Fell (f all). To cu t down t r ees.
Feller (f aller). An empl oy ee wh o fel l s
t r ees.
Grou n ded. Th e pl a cemen t of a compo-
n en t of a ma ch i n e on t h e gr ou n d or on
a devi ce wh er e i t i s fi r ml y su ppor t ed.
Gu arded. Cover ed, sh i el ded, fen ced,
en cl osed, or ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed by
mea n s of su i t a bl e en cl osu r es, cover s,
ca si n gs, sh i el ds, t r ou gh s, r a i l i n gs,
scr een s, ma t s, or pl a t for ms, or by l oca -
t i on , t o pr even t i n j u r y .
Healt h care provider. A h ea l t h ca r e
pr a ct i t i on er oper a t i n g wi t h t h e scope
of h i s/h er l i cen se, cer t i fi ca t e, r egi st r a -
t i on or l ega l l y a u t h or i zed pr a ct i ce.
L an din g. An y pl a ce wh er e l ogs a r e
l a i d a ft er bei n g y a r ded, a n d befor e
t r a n spor t fr om t h e wor k si t e.
L imbin g. To cu t br a n ch es off fel l ed
t r ees.
L odged t ree (h u n g t ree). A t r ee l ea n i n g
a ga i n st a n ot h er t r ee or obj ect wh i ch
pr even t s i t fr om fa l l i n g t o t h e gr ou n d.
L og. A segmen t sa wed or spl i t fr om a
fel l ed t r ee, su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
a sect i on , bol t , or t r ee l en gt h .
L oggin g operat ion s. Oper a t i on s a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h fel l i n g a n d movi n g t r ees a n d
l ogs fr om t h e st u mp t o t h e poi n t of de-
l i ver y , su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
ma r k i n g da n ger t r ees a n d t r ees/l ogs t o
be cu t t o l en gt h , fel l i n g, l i mbi n g, bu ck -
i n g, deba r k i n g, ch i ppi n g, y a r di n g, l oa d-
i n g, u n l oa di n g, st or i n g, a n d t r a n s-
por t i n g ma ch i n es, equ i pmen t a n d per -
son n el t o, fr om a n d bet ween l oggi n g
si t es.
Mach in e. A pi ece of st a t i on a r y or mo-
bi l e equ i pmen t h a vi n g a sel f-con t a i n ed
power pl a n t , t h a t i s oper a t ed off-r oa d
a n d u sed for t h e movemen t of ma t er i a l .
Ma ch i n es i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed
t o, t r a ct or s, sk i dder s, fr on t -en d l oa d-
er s, scr a per s, gr a der s, bu l l dozer s, swi n g
y a r der s, l og st a ck er s, l og l oa der s, a n d
mech a n i ca l fel l i n g devi ces, su ch a s t r ee
sh ea r s a n d fel l er -bu n ch er s. Ma ch i n es
do n ot i n cl u de a i r pl a n es or a i r cr a ft
(e. g. , h el i copt er s).
Rat ed capacit y . Th e ma xi mu m l oa d a
sy st em, veh i cl e, ma ch i n e or pi ece of
equ i pmen t wa s desi gn ed by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er t o h a n dl e.
Root wad. Th e ba l l of a t r ee r oot a n d
di r t t h a t i s pu l l ed fr om t h e gr ou n d
wh en a t r ee i s u pr oot ed.
Serviceable con dit ion . A st a t e or a bi l -
i t y of a t ool , ma ch i n e, veh i cl e or ot h er
devi ce t o oper a t e a s i t wa s i n t en ded by
t h e ma n u fa ct u r er t o oper a t e.
Sk iddin g. Th e y a r di n g of t r ees or l ogs
by pu l l i n g or t owi n g t h em a cr oss t h e
gr ou n d.
Slope (grade). Th e i n cr ea se or de-
cr ea se i n a l t i t u de over a h or i zon t a l di s-
t a n ce expr essed a s a per cen t a ge. F or
exa mpl e, a ch a n ge of a l t i t u de of 20 feet
(6 m) over a h or i zon t a l di st a n ce of 100
feet (30 m) i s expr essed a s a 20 per cen t
sl ope.
Sn ag. An y st a n di n g dea d t r ee or por -
t i on t h er eof.
Sprin g pole. A t r ee, segmen t of a t r ee,
l i mb, or sa pl i n g wh i ch i s u n der st r ess
or t en si on du e t o t h e pr essu r e or
wei gh t of a n ot h er obj ect .
T ie down . Ch a i n , ca bl e, st eel st r i ps or
fi ber webbi n g a n d bi n der s a t t a ch ed t o a
t r u ck , t r a i l er or ot h er con vey a n ce a s a
mea n s t o secu r e l oa ds a n d t o pr even t
t h em fr om sh i ft i n g or movi n g wh en
t h ey a r e bei n g t r a n spor t ed.
Un dercu t . A n ot ch cu t i n a t r ee t o
gu i de t h e di r ect i on of t h e t r ee fa l l a n d
t o pr even t spl i t t i n g or k i ck ba ck .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
736
Veh icle. A ca r , bu s, t r u ck , t r a i l er or
semi -t r a i l er own ed, l ea sed or r en t ed by
t h e empl oy er t h a t i s u sed for t r a n spor -
t a t i on of empl oy ees or movemen t of
ma t er i a l .
Win ch in g. Th e wi n di n g of ca bl e or
r ope on t o a spool or dr u m.
Y ardin g. Th e movemen t of l ogs fr om
t h e pl a ce t h ey a r e fel l ed t o a l a n di n g.
(d) Gen eral requ iremen t s(1) Person al
prot ect ive equ ipmen t . (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g a n y per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t pr ovi ded by a n em-
pl oy ee, i s ma i n t a i n ed i n a ser vi cea bl e
con di t i on .
per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t , i n cl u d-
i n g a n y per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
pr ovi ded by a n empl oy ee, i s i n spect ed
befor e i n i t i a l u se du r i n g ea ch
wor k sh i ft . Defect s or da ma ge sh a l l be
r epa i r ed or t h e u n ser vi cea bl e per son a l
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be r epl a ced
befor e wor k i s commen ced.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, a t
n o cost t o t h e empl oy ee, a n d a ssu r e
t h a t ea ch empl oy ee h a n dl i n g wi r e r ope
wea r s, h a n d pr ot ect i on wh i ch pr ovi des
a dequ a t e pr ot ect i on fr om pu n ct u r e
wou n ds, cu t s a n d l a cer a t i on s.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, a t n o
cost t o t h e empl oy ee, a n d a ssu r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee wh o oper a t es a ch a i n
sa w wea r s l eg pr ot ect i on con st r u ct ed
wi t h cu t -r esi st a n t ma t er i a l , su ch a s
ba l l i st i c n y l on . Th e l eg pr ot ect i on
sh a l l cover t h e fu l l l en gt h of t h e t h i gh
t o t h e t op of t h e boot on ea ch l eg t o
pr ot ect a ga i n st con t a ct wi t h a movi n g
ch a i n sa w. Except ion : Th i s r equ i r emen t
does n ot a ppl y wh en a n empl oy ee i s
wor k i n g a s a cl i mber i f t h e empl oy er
demon st r a t es t h a t a gr ea t er h a za r d i s
posed by wea r i n g l eg pr ot ect i on i n t h e
pa r t i cu l a r si t u a t i on , or wh en a n em-
pl oy ee i s wor k i n g fr om a veh i cu l a r
mou n t ed el eva t i n g a n d r ot a t i n g wor k
pl a t for m meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
29 CF R 1910. 68.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee wea r s foot pr ot ect i on ,
su ch a s h ea vy -du t y l oggi n g boot s t h a t
a r e wa t er pr oof or wa t er r epel l a n t ,
cover a n d pr ovi de su ppor t t o t h e a n k l e.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ea ch
empl oy ee wh o oper a t es a ch a i n sa w
wea r s foot pr ot ect i on t h a t i s con -
st r u ct ed wi t h cu t -r esi st a n t ma t er i a l
wh i ch wi l l pr ot ect t h e empl oy ee
a ga i n st con t a ct wi t h a r u n n i n g ch a i n
sa w. S h a r p, ca l k -sol ed boot s or ot h er
sl i p-r esi st a n t t y pe boot s ma y be wor n
wh er e t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es t h a t
t h ey a r e n ecessa r y for t h e empl oy ees
j ob, t h e t er r a i n , t h e t i mber t y pe, a n d
t h e wea t h er con di t i on s, pr ovi ded t h a t
foot pr ot ect i on ot h er wi se r equ i r ed by
t h i s pa r a gr a ph i s met .
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, a t n o
cost t o t h e empl oy ee, a n d a ssu r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee wh o wor k s i n a n a r ea
wh er e t h er e i s pot en t i a l for h ea d i n j u r y
fr om fa l l i n g or fl y i n g obj ect s wea r s
h ea d pr ot ect i on meet i n g t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t I of pa r t 1910.
(vi i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, a t
n o cost t o t h e empl oy ee, a n d a ssu r e
t h a t ea ch empl oy ee wea r s t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(A) Ey e pr ot ect i on meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t I of pa r t 1910
wh er e t h er e i s pot en t i a l for ey e i n j u r y
du e t o fa l l i n g or fl y i n g obj ect s; a n d
(B) F a ce pr ot ect i on meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t I of pa r t 1910
wh er e t h er e i s pot en t i a l for fa ci a l i n -
j u r y su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, oper -
a t i n g a ch i pper . Logger -t y pe mesh
scr een s ma y be wor n by empl oy ees per -
for mi n g ch a i n -sa w oper a t i on s a n d
y a r di n g.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (d)(1)(vi i ): Th e em-
pl oy ee does n ot h a ve t o wea r a sepa r a t e ey e
pr ot ect i on devi ce wh er e fa ce pr ot ect i on cov-
er i n g bot h t h e ey es a n d fa ce i s wor n .
(2) First -aid k it s. (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l pr ovi de fi r st -a i d k i t s a t ea ch
wor k si t e wh er e t r ees a r e bei n g cu t
(e. g. , fel l i n g, bu ck i n g, l i mbi n g), a t ea ch
a ct i ve l a n di n g, a n d on ea ch empl oy ee
t r a n spor t veh i cl e. Th e n u mber of fi r st -
a i d k i t s a n d t h e con t en t of ea ch k i t
sh a l l r efl ect t h e degr ee of i sol a t i on , t h e
n u mber of empl oy ees, a n d t h e h a za r ds
r ea son a bl y a n t i ci pa t ed a t t h e wor k
si t e.
(i i ) At a mi n i mu m, ea ch fi r st -a i d k i t
sh a l l con t a i n t h e i t ems l i st ed i n a ppen -
di x A a t a l l t i mes.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er a l so ma y h a ve t h e
n u mber a n d con t en t of fi r st -a i d k i t s r e-
vi ewed a n d a ppr oved a n n u a l l y by a
h ea l t h ca r e pr ovi der .
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l ma i n t a i n t h e
con t en t s of ea ch fi r st -a i d k i t i n a ser v-
i cea bl e con di t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
737
(3) Seat belt s. F or ea ch veh i cl e or ma -
ch i n e (equ i pped wi t h ROP S /F OP S or
over h ea d gu a r ds), i n cl u di n g a n y veh i -
cl e or ma ch i n e pr ovi ded by a n em-
pl oy ee, t h e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e:
(i ) Th a t a sea t bel t i s pr ovi ded for
ea ch veh i cl e or ma ch i n e oper a t or ;
(i i ) Th a t ea ch empl oy ee u ses t h e
a va i l a bl e sea t bel t wh i l e t h e veh i cl e or
ma ch i n e i s bei n g oper a t ed;
(i i i ) Th a t ea ch empl oy ee secu r el y a n d
t i gh t l y fa st en s t h e sea t bel t t o r est r a i n
t h e empl oy ee wi t h i n t h e veh i cl e or ma -
ch i n e ca b;
(i v) Th a t ea ch ma ch i n e sea t bel t
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e S oci et y
of Au t omot i ve En gi n eer s S t a n da r d
S AE J 386, J u n e 1985, Oper a t or Re-
st r a i n t S y st ems for Off-Roa d Wor k Ma -
ch i n es, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed by r ef-
(v) Th a t sea t bel t s a r e n ot r emoved
fr om a n y veh i cl e or ma ch i n e. Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l r epl a ce ea ch sea t bel t
wh i ch h a s been r emoved fr om a n y veh i -
cl e or ma ch i n e t h a t wa s equ i pped wi t h
sea t bel t s a t t h e t i me of ma n u fa ct u r e;
a n d
(vi ) Th a t ea ch sea t bel t i s ma i n t a i n ed
i n a ser vi cea bl e con di t i on .
(4) Fire ext in gu ish ers. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l pr ovi de a n d ma i n t a i n por t a bl e
fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s on ea ch ma ch i n e a n d
veh i cl e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t L of pa r t 1910.
(5) En viron men t al con dit ion s. Al l wor k
sh a l l t er mi n a t e a n d ea ch empl oy ee
sh a l l move t o a pl a ce of sa fet y wh en
en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s, su ch a s bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o, el ect r i ca l st or ms,
st r on g wi n ds wh i ch ma y a ffect t h e fa l l
of a t r ee, h ea vy r a i n or sn ow, ext r eme
col d, den se fog, fi r es, mu dsl i des, a n d
da r k n ess, cr ea t e a h a za r d for t h e em-
pl oy ee i n t h e per for ma n ce of t h e j ob.
(6) Work areas. (i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l be
spa ced a n d t h e du t i es of ea ch empl oy ee
sh a l l be or ga n i zed so t h e a ct i on s of on e
empl oy ee wi l l n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d for
a n y ot h er empl oy ee.
(i i ) Wor k a r ea s sh a l l be a ssi gn ed so
t h a t t r ees ca n n ot fa l l i n t o a n a dj a cen t
occu pi ed wor k a r ea . Th e di st a n ce be-
t ween a dj a cen t occu pi ed wor k a r ea s
sh a l l be a t l ea st t wo t r ee l en gt h s of t h e
t r ees bei n g fel l ed. Th e di st a n ce be-
t ween a dj a cen t occu pi ed wor k a r ea s
sh a l l r efl ect t h e degr ee of sl ope, t h e
den si t y of t h e gr owt h , t h e h ei gh t of t h e
t r ees, t h e soi l st r u ct u r e a n d ot h er h a z-
a r ds r ea son a bl y a n t i ci pa t ed a t t h a t
wor k si t e. A di st a n ce of gr ea t er t h a n
t wo t r ee l en gt h s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
bet ween a dj a cen t occu pi ed wor k a r ea s
on a n y sl ope wh er e r ol l i n g or sl i di n g of
t r ees or l ogs i s r ea son a bl y for eseea bl e.
(i i i ) Ea ch empl oy ee per for mi n g a l og-
gi n g oper a t i on a t a l oggi n g wor k si t e
sh a l l wor k i n a posi t i on or l oca t i on
t h a t i s wi t h i n vi su a l or a u di bl e con t a ct
wi t h a n ot h er empl oy ee.
(i v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ccou n t for
ea ch empl oy ee a t t h e en d of ea ch
wor k sh i ft .
(7) Sign alin g an d sign al equ ipmen t . (i )
Ha n d si gn a l s or a u di bl e con t a ct , su ch
a s bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, wh i st l es, h or n s,
or r a di os, sh a l l be u t i l i zed wh en ever
n oi se, di st a n ce, r est r i ct ed vi si bi l i t y , or
ot h er fa ct or s pr even t cl ea r u n der -
st a n di n g of n or ma l voi ce commu n i ca -
t i on s bet ween empl oy ees.
(i i ) En gi n e n oi se, su ch a s fr om a
ch a i n sa w, i s n ot a n a ccept a bl e mea n s
of si gn a l i n g. Ot h er l oca l l y a n d r egi on -
a l l y r ecogn i zed si gn a l s ma y be u sed.
(i i i ) On l y a desi gn a t ed per son sh a l l
gi ve si gn a l s, except i n a n emer gen cy .
(8) Overh ead elect ric lin es. (i ) Loggi n g
oper a t i on s n ea r over h ea d el ect r i c l i n es
sh a l l be don e i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 333(c)(3).
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot i fy t h e
power compa n y i mmedi a t el y i f a fel l ed
t r ee ma k es con t a ct wi t h a n y power
l i n e. Ea ch empl oy ee sh a l l r ema i n cl ea r
of t h e a r ea u n t i l t h e power compa n y
a dvi ses t h a t t h er e a r e n o el ect r i ca l
h a za r ds.
(9) Flammable an d combu st ible liqu ids.
(i ) F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i qu i ds
sh a l l be st or ed, h a n dl ed, t r a n spor t ed,
a n d u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t H of pa r t 1910.
(i i ) F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds sh a l l n ot be t r a n spor t ed i n t h e
dr i ver compa r t men t or i n a n y pa s-
sen ger -occu pi ed a r ea of a ma ch i n e or
veh i cl e.
(i i i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e, veh i cl e, a n d por t -
a bl e power ed t ool sh a l l be sh u t off du r -
i n g fu el i n g. Di esel -power ed ma ch i n es
a n d veh i cl es ma y be fu el ed wh i l e t h ey
a r e a t i dl e, pr ovi ded t h a t con t i n u ed op-
er a t i on i s i n t en ded a n d t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er fol l ows sa fe fu el i n g a n d oper -
a t i n g pr ocedu r es.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
738
(i v) F l a mma bl e a n d combu st i bl e l i q-
u i ds, i n cl u di n g ch a i n -sa w a n d di esel
fu el , ma y be u sed t o st a r t a fi r e, pr o-
vi ded t h e empl oy er a ssu r es t h a t i n t h e
pa r t i cu l a r si t u a t i on i t s u se does n ot
cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n empl oy ee.
(10) Explosives an d blast in g agen t s. (i )
Expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g a gen t s sh a l l be
st or ed, h a n dl ed, t r a n spor t ed, a n d u sed
i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
su bpa r t H of pa r t 1910.
(i i ) On l y a desi gn a t ed per son sh a l l
h a n dl e or u se expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g
a gen t s.
(i i i ) Expl osi ves a n d bl a st i n g a gen t s
sh a l l n ot be t r a n spor t ed i n t h e dr i ver
compa r t men t or i n a n y pa ssen ger -occu -
pi ed a r ea of a ma ch i n e or veh i cl e.
(e) Han d an d port able powered t ools
pl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ea ch h a n d a n d
por t a bl e power ed t ool , i n cl u di n g a n y
t ool pr ovi ded by a n empl oy ee, i s ma i n -
t a i n ed i n ser vi cea bl e con di t i on .
ea ch t ool , i n cl u di n g a n y t ool pr ovi ded
by a n empl oy ee, i s i n spect ed befor e i n i -
t i a l u se du r i n g ea ch wor k sh i ft . At a
mi n i mu m, t h e i n spect i on sh a l l i n cl u de
(A) Ha n dl es a n d gu a r ds, t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h ey a r e sou n d, t i gh t -fi t t i n g,
pr oper l y sh a ped, fr ee of spl i n t er s a n d
sh a r p edges, a n d i n pl a ce;
(B) Con t r ol s, t o a ssu r e pr oper fu n c-
t i on ;
(C) Ch a i n -sa w ch a i n s, t o a ssu r e pr op-
er a dj u st men t ;
(D) Ch a i n -sa w mu ffl er s, t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h ey a r e oper a t i on a l a n d i n pl a ce;
(E) Ch a i n br a k es a n d n ose sh i el di n g
devi ces, t o a ssu r e t h a t t h ey a r e i n
pl a ce a n d fu n ct i on pr oper l y ;
(F ) Hea ds of sh ock , i mpa ct -dr i ven
a n d dr i vi n g t ool s, t o a ssu r e t h a t t h er e
i s n o mu sh r oomi n g;
(G) Cu t t i n g edges, t o a ssu r e t h a t t h ey
a r e sh a r p a n d pr oper l y sh a ped; a n d
(H) Al l ot h er sa fet y devi ces, t o a ssu r e
t h a t t h ey a r e i n pl a ce a n d fu n ct i on
pr oper l y .
ea ch t ool i s u sed on l y for pu r poses for
wh i ch i t h a s been desi gn ed.
(i v) Wh en t h e h ea d of a n y sh ock , i m-
pa ct -dr i ven or dr i vi n g t ool begi n s t o
ch i p, i t sh a l l be r epa i r ed or r emoved
fr om ser vi ce.
(v) Th e cu t t i n g edge of ea ch t ool
sh a l l be sh a r pen ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
ma n u fa ct u r er s speci fi ca t i on s wh en -
ever i t becomes du l l du r i n g t h e
wor k sh i ft .
(vi ) Ea ch t ool sh a l l be st or ed i n t h e
pr ovi ded l oca t i on wh en n ot bei n g u sed
a t a wor k si t e.
(vi i ) Ra ck s, boxes, h ol st er s or ot h er
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded, a r r a n ged a n d
u sed for t h e t r a n spor t a t i on of t ool s so
t h a t a h a za r d i s n ot cr ea t ed for a n y ve-
h i cl e oper a t or or pa ssen ger .
(2) Ch ain saws. (i ) Ea ch ch a i n sa w
pl a ced i n t o i n i t i a l ser vi ce a ft er t h e ef-
fect i ve da t e of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a ch a i n br a k e a n d sh a l l
ot h er wi se meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e
ANS I B175. 11991 S a fet y Requ i r emen t s
for Ga sol i n e-P ower ed Ch a i n S a ws,
speci fi ed i n 1910. 6. Ea ch ch a i n sa w
pl a ced i n t o ser vi ce befor e t h e effect i ve
da t e of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a pr ot ect i ve devi ce t h a t mi n i -
mi zes ch a i n -sa w k i ck ba ck . No ch a i n -
sa w k i ck ba ck devi ce sh a l l be r emoved
or ot h er wi se di sa bl ed.
(i i ) Ea ch ga sol i n e-power ed ch a i n sa w
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a con t i n u ou s
pr essu r e t h r ot t l e con t r ol sy st em wh i ch
wi l l st op t h e ch a i n wh en pr essu r e on
t h e t h r ot t l e i s r el ea sed.
(i i i ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be oper a t ed
a n d a dj u st ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s i n st r u ct i on s.
(i v) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be fu el ed a t
l ea st 10 feet (3 m) fr om a n y open fl a me
or ot h er sou r ce of i gn i t i on .
(v) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be st a r t ed a t
l ea st 10 feet (3 m) fr om t h e fu el i n g
a r ea .
(vi ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be st a r t ed on
t h e gr ou n d or wh er e ot h er wi se fi r ml y
su ppor t ed. Dr op st a r t i n g a ch a i n sa w i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
(vi i ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be st a r t ed
wi t h t h e ch a i n br a k e en ga ged.
(vi i i ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be h el d
wi t h t h e t h u mbs a n d fi n ger s of bot h
h a n ds en ci r cl i n g t h e h a n dl es du r i n g op-
er a t i on u n l ess t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es t h a t a gr ea t er h a za r d i s
posed by k eepi n g bot h h a n ds on t h e
ch a i n sa w i n t h a t pa r t i cu l a r si t u a t i on .
(i x) Th e ch a i n -sa w oper a t or sh a l l be
cer t a i n of foot i n g befor e st a r t i n g t o
cu t . Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l n ot be u sed i n
a posi t i on or a t a di st a n ce t h a t cou l d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
739
ca u se t h e oper a t or t o become off-ba l -
a n ce, t o h a ve i n secu r e foot i n g, or t o r e-
l i n qu i sh a fi r m gr i p on t h e sa w.
(x) P r i or t o fel l i n g a n y t r ee, t h e
ch a i n -sa w oper a t or sh a l l cl ea r a wa y
br u sh or ot h er pot en t i a l obst a cl es
wh i ch mi gh t i n t er fer e wi t h cu t t i n g t h e
t r ee or u si n g t h e r et r ea t pa t h .
(xi ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l n ot be u sed
t o cu t di r ect l y over h ea d.
(xi i ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be ca r r i ed i n
a ma n n er t h a t wi l l pr even t oper a t or
con t a ct wi t h t h e cu t t i n g ch a i n a n d
mu ffl er .
(xi i i ) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be sh u t off
or t h e t h r ot t l e r el ea sed befor e t h e
fel l er st a r t s h i s r et r ea t .
(xi v) Th e ch a i n sa w sh a l l be sh u t
down or t h e ch a i n br a k e sh a l l be en -
ga ged wh en ever a sa w i s ca r r i ed fu r t h er
t h a n 50 feet (15. 2 m). Th e ch a i n sa w
sh a l l be sh u t down or t h e ch a i n br a k e
sh a l l be en ga ged wh en a sa w i s ca r r i ed
l ess t h a n 50 feet i f con di t i on s su ch a s,
bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e t er r a i n , u n der -
br u sh a n d sl i pper y su r fa ces, ma y cr ea t e
a h a za r d for a n empl oy ee.
(f) Mach in es(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s.
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ea ch
ma ch i n e, i n cl u di n g a n y ma ch i n e pr o-
vi ded by a n empl oy ee, i s ma i n t a i n ed i n
ser vi cea bl e con di t i on .
ea ch ma ch i n e, i n cl u di n g a n y ma ch i n e
pr ovi ded by a n empl oy ee, i s i n spect ed
befor e i n i t i a l u se du r i n g ea ch
wor k sh i ft . Defect s or da ma ge sh a l l be
r epa i r ed or t h e u n ser vi cea bl e ma ch i n e
sh a l l be r epl a ced befor e wor k i s com-
men ced.
oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce i n st r u c-
t i on s a r e a va i l a bl e on t h e ma ch i n e or
i n t h e a r ea wh er e t h e ma ch i n e i s bei n g
oper a t ed. Ea ch ma ch i n e oper a t or a n d
ma i n t en a n ce empl oy ee sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce
i n st r u ct i on s.
(2) Mach in e operat ion . (i ) Th e ma ch i n e
sh a l l be st a r t ed a n d oper a t ed on l y by a
desi gn a t ed per son .
(i i ) S t a t i on a r y l oggi n g ma ch i n es a n d
t h ei r compon en t s sh a l l be a n ch or ed or
ot h er wi se st a bi l i zed t o pr even t move-
men t du r i n g oper a t i on .
(i i i ) Th e r a t ed ca pa ci t y of a n y ma -
ch i n e sh a l l n ot be exceeded.
(i v) To ma i n t a i n st a bi l i t y , t h e ma -
ch i n e mu st be oper a t ed wi t h i n t h e l i m-
i t a t i on s i mposed by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er
a s descr i bed i n t h e oper a t i n g a n d ma i n -
t en a n ce i n st r u ct i on s for t h a t ma ch i n e.
(v) Befor e st a r t i n g or movi n g a n y
ma ch i n e, t h e oper a t or sh a l l det er mi n e
t h a t n o empl oy ee i s i n t h e pa t h of t h e
ma ch i n e.
(vi ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be oper a t ed
on l y fr om t h e oper a t or s st a t i on or a s
ot h er wi se r ecommen ded by t h e ma n u -
fa ct u r er .
(vi i ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be oper a t ed
a t su ch a di st a n ce fr om empl oy ees a n d
ot h er ma ch i n es su ch t h a t oper a t i on
wi l l n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n em-
pl oy ee.
(vi i i ) No empl oy ee ot h er t h a n t h e op-
er a t or sh a l l r i de on a n y mobi l e ma -
ch i n e u n l ess sea t i n g, sea t bel t s a n d
ot h er pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t
pr ovi ded for t h e oper a t or a r e pr ovi ded.
(i x) No empl oy ee sh a l l r i de on a n y
l oa d.
(x) Befor e t h e oper a t or l ea ves t h e op-
er a t or s st a t i on of a ma ch i n e, i t sh a l l
be secu r ed a s fol l ows:
(A) Th e pa r k i n g br a k e or br a k e l ock s
sh a l l be a ppl i ed;
(B) Th e t r a n smi ssi on sh a l l be pl a ced
i n t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s speci fi ed pa r k
posi t i on ; a n d
(C) Ea ch movi n g el emen t su ch a s, bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o bl a des, bu ck et s, sa ws
a n d sh ea r s, sh a l l be l ower ed t o t h e
gr ou n d or ot h er wi se secu r ed.
(xi ) I f a h y dr a u l i c or pn eu ma t i c st or -
a ge devi ce ca n move t h e movi n g el e-
men t s su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
bl a des, bu ck et s, sa ws a n d sh ea r s, a ft er
t h e ma ch i n e i s sh u t down , t h e pr essu r e
or st or ed en er gy fr om t h e el emen t
sh a l l be di sch a r ged a s speci fi ed by t h e
(xi i ) Th e r a t ed ca pa ci t y of a n y veh i -
cl e t r a n spor t i n g a ma ch i n e sh a l l n ot be
exceeded.
(xi i i ) Th e ma ch i n e sh a l l be l oa ded,
secu r ed a n d u n l oa ded so t h a t i t wi l l
n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n y empl oy ee.
(3) Prot ect ive st ru ct u res. (i ) Ea ch t r a c-
t or , sk i dder , swi n g y a r der , l og st a ck er ,
l og l oa der a n d mech a n i ca l fel l i n g de-
vi ce, su ch a s t r ee sh ea r s or fel l er -
bu n ch er , pl a ced i n t o i n i t i a l ser vi ce
a ft er F ebr u a r y 9, 1995, sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h fa l l i n g obj ect pr ot ect i ve
st r u ct u r e (F OP S ) a n d/or r ol l over pr o-
t ect i ve st r u ct u r e (ROP S ). Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l r epl a ce F OP S or ROP S
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
740
wh i ch h a ve been r emoved fr om a n y ma -
ch i n e. Except ion : Th i s r equ i r emen t does
n ot a ppl y t o ma ch i n es wh i ch a r e ca pa -
bl e of 360 degr ee r ot a t i on .
(i i )(A) ROP S sh a l l be t est ed, i n -
st a l l ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n ser vi cea bl e
con di t i on .
(B) Ea ch ma ch i n e ma n u fa ct u r ed a ft er
Au gu st 1, 1996, sh a l l h a ve ROP S t est ed,
i n st a l l ed, a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e S oci et y of Au t omot i ve
En gi n eer s S AE J 1040, Apr i l 1988, P er -
for ma n ce Cr i t er i a for Rol l over P r ot ec-
t i ve S t r u ct u r es (ROP S ) for Con st r u c-
t i on , Ea r t h movi n g, F or est r y , a n d Mi n -
i n g Ma ch i n es, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
(C) Th i s i n cor por a t i on by r efer en ce
wa s a ppr oved by t h e Di r ect or of t h e
F eder a l Regi st er i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 5
U. S . C. 552(a ) a n d 1 CF R pa r t 51. Copi es
ma y be obt a i n ed fr om t h e S oci et y of
Au t omot i ve En gi n eer s, 400 Common -
wea l t h Dr i ve, Wa r r en da l e, P A 15096.
Copi es ma y be i n spect ed a t t h e Dock et
Offi ce, Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d Hea l t h
Admi n i st r a t i on , U. S . Depa r t men t of
La bor , 200 Con st i t u t i on Aven u e NW. ,
r oom N2625, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20210, or
a t t h e Na t i on a l Ar ch i ves a n d Recor ds
Admi n i st r a t i on (NARA). F or i n for ma -
t i on on t h e a va i l a bi l i t y of t h i s ma t e-
r i a l a t NARA, ca l l 2027416030, or go
t o: h t t p://www. arch ives. gov/
f ederallregist er/
codelof lf ederallregu lat ion s/
ibrllocat ion s. h t ml.
(i i i ) F OP S sh a l l be i n st a l l ed, t est ed
a n d ma i n t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
S oci et y of Au t omot i ve En gi n eer s S AE
J 231, J a n u a r y 1981, Mi n i mu m P er -
for ma n ce Cr i t er i a for F a l l i n g Obj ect
P r ot ect i ve S t r u ct u r es (F OP S ), wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(i v) ROP S a n d F OP S sh a l l meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of t h e S oci et y of Au t o-
mot i ve En gi n eer s S AE J 397, Apr i l 1988,
Defl ect i on Li mi t i n g Vol u me-ROP S /
F OP S La bor a t or y Eva l u a t i on , wh i ch
fi ed i n 1910. 6.
(v) Ea ch pr ot ect i ve st r u ct u r e sh a l l be
of a si ze t h a t does n ot i mpede t h e oper -
a t or s n or ma l movemen t s.
(vi ) Th e over h ea d cover i n g of ea ch
ca b sh a l l be of sol i d ma t er i a l a n d sh a l l
ext en d over t h e en t i r e ca n opy .
(vi i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e ma n u fa ct u r ed
a ft er Au gu st 1, 1996, sh a l l h a ve a ca b
t h a t i s fu l l y en cl osed wi t h mesh ma t e-
r i a l wi t h open i n gs n o gr ea t er t h a n 2
i n ch es (5. 08 cm) a t i t s l ea st di men si on .
Th e ca b ma y be en cl osed wi t h ot h er
ma t er i a l (s) wh er e t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es su ch ma t er i a l (s) pr ovi des
equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on a n d vi si bi l i t y .
Except i on : Equ i va l en t vi si bi l i t y i s n ot
r equ i r ed for t h e l ower por t i on of t h e
ca b wh er e t h er e a r e con t r ol pa n el s or
si mi l a r obst r u ct i on s i n t h e ca b, or
wh er e vi si bi l i t y i s n ot n ecessa r y for
sa fe oper a t i on of t h e ma ch i n e.
(vi i i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e ma n u fa ct u r ed on
or befor e Au gu st 1, 1996 sh a l l h a ve a
ca b wh i ch meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(3)(vi i ) or a
pr ot ect i ve ca n opy for t h e oper a t or
wh i ch meet s t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r e-
men t s:
(A) Th e pr ot ect i ve ca n opy sh a l l be
con st r u ct ed t o pr ot ect t h e oper a t or
fr om i n j u r y du e t o fa l l i n g t r ees, l i mbs,
sa pl i n gs or br a n ch es wh i ch mi gh t en t er
t h e compa r t men t si de a r ea s a n d fr om
sn a ppi n g wi n ch l i n es or ot h er obj ect s;
(B) Th e l ower por t i on of t h e ca b sh a l l
be fu l l y en cl osed wi t h sol i d ma t er i a l ,
except a t en t r a n ces, t o pr even t t h e op-
er a t or fr om bei n g i n j u r ed fr om obst a -
cl es en t er i n g t h e ca b;
(C) Th e u pper r ea r por t i on of t h e ca b
sh a l l be fu l l y en cl osed wi t h open mesh
ma t er i a l wi t h open i n gs of su ch si ze a s
t o r ej ect t h e en t r a n ce of a n obj ect l a r g-
er t h a n 2 i n ch es i n di a met er . I t sh a l l
pr ovi de ma xi mu m r ea r wa r d vi si bi l i t y ;
a n d
(D) Open mesh sh a l l be ext en ded for -
wa r d a s fa r a s possi bl e fr om t h e r ea r
cor n er s of t h e ca b si des so a s t o gi ve
t h e ma xi mu m pr ot ect i on a ga i n st ob-
st a cl es, br a n ch es, et c. , en t er i n g t h e ca b
a r ea .
(i x) Th e en cl osu r e of t h e u pper por -
t i on of ea ch ca b sh a l l a l l ow ma xi mu m
vi si bi l i t y .
(x) Wh en t r a n spa r en t ma t er i a l i s
u sed t o en cl ose t h e u pper por t i on of t h e
ca b, i t sh a l l be ma de of sa fet y gl a ss or
ot h er ma t er i a l t h a t t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es pr ovi des equ i va l en t pr ot ec-
t i on a n d vi si bi l i t y .
(xi ) Tr a n spa r en t ma t er i a l sh a l l be
k ept cl ea n t o a ssu r e oper a t or vi si -
bi l i t y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
741
(xi i ) Tr a n spa r en t ma t er i a l t h a t ma y
cr ea t e a h a za r d for t h e oper a t or , su ch
a s bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, cr a ck ed, br ok en
or scr a t ch ed sa fet y gl a ss, sh a l l be r e-
pl a ced.
(xi i i ) Defl ect or s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n
fr on t of ea ch ca b t o defl ect wh i ppi n g
sa pl i n gs a n d br a n ch es. Defl ect or s sh a l l
be l oca t ed so a s n ot t o i mpede vi si -
bi l i t y a n d a ccess t o t h e ca b.
(xi v) Th e h ei gh t of ea ch ca b en t r a n ce
sh a l l be a t l ea st 52 i n ch es (1. 3 met er s)
fr om t h e fl oor of t h e ca b.
(xv) Ea ch ma ch i n e oper a t ed n ea r
ca bl e y a r di n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h sh eds or r oofs of su ffi -
ci en t st r en gt h t o pr ovi de pr ot ect i on
fr om br ea k i n g l i n es.
(4) Overh ead gu ards. Ea ch for k l i ft
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n over h ea d
gu a r d meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h e
Amer i ca n S oci et y of Mech a n i ca l En gi -
n eer s, AS ME B56. 61992 (wi t h a dden da ),
S a fet y S t a n da r d for Rou gh Ter r a i n
F or k l i ft Tr u ck s, wh i ch i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(5) Mach in e access. (i ) Ma ch i n e a ccess
sy st ems, meet i n g t h e speci fi ca t i on s of
t h e S oci et y of Au t omot i ve En gi n eer s,
S AE J 185, J u n e 1988, Recommen ded
P r a ct i ce for Access S y st ems for Off-
Roa d Ma ch i n es, wh i ch i s i n cor por a t ed
by r efer en ce a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 6,
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch ma ch i n e
wh er e t h e oper a t or or a n y ot h er em-
pl oy ee mu st cl i mb on t o t h e ma ch i n e t o
en t er t h e ca b or t o per for m ma i n t e-
n a n ce.
(i i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e ca b sh a l l h a ve a
secon d mea n s of egr ess.
(i i i ) Wa l k i n g a n d wor k i n g su r fa ces of
ea ch ma ch i n e a n d ma ch i n e wor k st a -
t i on sh a l l h a ve a sl i p r esi st a n t su r fa ce
t o a ssu r e sa fe foot i n g.
(i v) Th e wa l k i n g a n d wor k i n g su r fa ce
of ea ch ma ch i n e sh a l l be k ept fr ee of
wa st e, debr i s a n d a n y ot h er ma t er i a l
wh i ch mi gh t r esu l t i n fi r e, sl i ppi n g, or
fa l l i n g.
(6) Exh au st sy st ems. (i ) Th e exh a u st
pi pes on ea ch ma ch i n e sh a l l be l oca t ed
so exh a u st ga ses a r e di r ect ed a wa y
fr om t h e oper a t or .
(i i ) Th e exh a u st pi pes on ea ch ma -
ch i n e sh a l l be mou n t ed or gu a r ded t o
pr ot ect ea ch empl oy ee fr om a cci den t a l
con t a ct .
(i i i ) Th e exh a u st pi pes sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h spa r k a r r est er s. En gi n es
equ i pped wi t h t u r boch a r ger s do n ot r e-
qu i r e spa r k a r r est er s.
(i v) Ea ch ma ch i n e mu ffl er pr ovi ded
by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er , or t h ei r equ i va -
l en t , sh a l l be i n pl a ce a t a l l t i mes t h e
ma ch i n e i s i n oper a t i on .
(7) Brak es. (i ) S er vi ce br a k es sh a l l be
su ffi ci en t t o st op a n d h ol d ea ch ma -
ch i n e a n d i t s r a t ed l oa d ca pa ci t y on
t h e sl opes over wh i ch i t i s bei n g oper -
a t ed.
(i i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e pl a ced i n t o i n i t i a l
ser vi ce on or a ft er S ept ember 8, 1995
sh a l l a l so be equ i pped wi t h : ba ck -u p or
secon da r y br a k es t h a t a r e ca pa bl e of
st oppi n g t h e ma ch i n e r ega r dl ess of t h e
di r ect i on of t r a vel or wh et h er t h e en -
gi n e i s r u n n i n g; a n d pa r k i n g br a k es
t h a t a r e ca pa bl e of con t i n u ou sl y h ol d-
i n g a st opped ma ch i n e st a t i on a r y .
(8) Gu ardin g. (i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h gu a r di n g t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees fr om exposed movi n g el e-
men t s, su ch a s bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o,
sh a ft s, pu l l ey s, bel t s on con vey or s, a n d
gea r s, i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t O of pa r t 1910.
(i i ) Ea ch ma ch i n e u sed for deba r k i n g,
l i mbi n g a n d ch i ppi n g sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h gu a r di n g t o pr ot ect empl oy ees
fr om fl y i n g wood ch u n k s, l ogs, ch i ps,
ba r k , l i mbs a n d ot h er ma t er i a l i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of su b-
pa r t O of pa r t 1910.
(i i i ) Th e gu a r di n g on ea ch ma ch i n e
sh a l l be i n pl a ce a t a l l t i mes t h e ma -
ch i n e i s i n oper a t i on .
(g) Veh icles. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a ssu r e t h a t ea ch veh i cl e u sed t o per -
for m a n y l oggi n g oper a t i on i s ma i n -
t a i n ed i n ser vi cea bl e con di t i on .
ea ch veh i cl e u sed t o per for m a n y l og-
gi n g oper a t i on i s i n spect ed befor e i n i -
t i a l u se du r i n g ea ch wor k sh i ft . Defect s
or da ma ge sh a l l be r epa i r ed or t h e u n -
ser vi cea bl e veh i cl e sh a l l be r epl a ced
befor e wor k i s commen ced.
oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce i n st r u c-
t i on s a r e a va i l a bl e i n ea ch veh i cl e.
Ea ch veh i cl e oper a t or a n d ma i n t en a n ce
empl oy ee sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e oper -
a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce i n st r u ct i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
742
ea ch veh i cl e oper a t or h a s a va l i d oper -
a t or s l i cen se for t h e cl a ss of veh i cl e
bei n g oper a t ed.
(5) Mou n t i n g st eps a n d h a n dh ol ds
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch veh i cl e wh er -
ever i t i s n ecessa r y t o pr even t a n em-
pl oy ee fr om bei n g i n j u r ed wh en en t er -
i n g or l ea vi n g t h e veh i cl e.
(6) Th e sea t s of ea ch veh i cl e sh a l l be
secu r el y fa st en ed.
(7) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(2)(i i i ), (f)(2)(v), (f)(2)(vi i ), (f)(2)(x),
(f)(2)(xi i i ), a n d (f)(7) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l a l so a ppl y t o ea ch veh i cl e u sed t o
t r a n spor t a n y empl oy ee off pu bl i c
r oa ds or t o per for m a n y l oggi n g oper -
a t i on , i n cl u di n g a n y veh i cl e pr ovi ded
by a n empl oy ee.
(h ) T ree h arvest in g(1) Gen eral re-
qu iremen t s. (i ) Tr ees sh a l l n ot be fel l ed
i n a ma n n er t h a t ma y cr ea t e a h a za r d
for a n empl oy ee, su ch a s bu t n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, st r i k i n g a r ope, ca bl e, power
l i n e, or ma ch i n e.
(i i ) Th e i mmedi a t e su per vi sor sh a l l
be con su l t ed wh en u n fa mi l i a r or u n u su -
a l l y h a za r dou s con di t i on s n ecessi t a t e
t h e su per vi sor s a ppr ova l befor e cu t -
t i n g i s commen ced.
(i i i ) Wh i l e ma n u a l fel l i n g i s i n
pr ogr ess, n o y a r di n g ma ch i n e sh a l l be
oper a t ed wi t h i n t wo t r ee l en gt h s of
t r ees bei n g ma n u a l l y fel l ed. Except i on :
Th i s pr ovi si on does n ot a ppl y t o
y a r di n g ma ch i n es per for mi n g t r ee pu l l -
(i v) No empl oy ee sh a l l a ppr oa ch a
fel l er cl oser t h a n t wo t r ee l en gt h s of
t r ees bei n g fel l ed u n t i l t h e fel l er h a s
a ck n owl edged t h a t i t i s sa fe t o do so,
u n l ess t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es t h a t
a t ea m of empl oy ees i s n ecessa r y t o
ma n u a l l y fel l a pa r t i cu l a r t r ee.
(v) No empl oy ee sh a l l a ppr oa ch a me-
ch a n i ca l fel l i n g oper a t i on cl oser t h a n
t wo t r ee l en gt h s of t h e t r ees bei n g
fel l ed u n t i l t h e ma ch i n e oper a t or h a s
a ck n owl edged t h a t i t i s sa fe t o do so.
(vi ) Ea ch da n ger t r ee sh a l l be fel l ed,
r emoved or a voi ded. Ea ch da n ger t r ee,
i n cl u di n g l odged t r ees a n d sn a gs, sh a l l
be fel l ed or r emoved u si n g mech a n i ca l
or ot h er t ech n i qu es t h a t mi n i mi ze em-
pl oy ee exposu r e befor e wor k i s com-
men ced i n t h e a r ea of t h e da n ger t r ee.
I f t h e da n ger t r ee i s n ot fel l ed or r e-
moved, i t sh a l l be ma r k ed a n d n o wor k
sh a l l be con du ct ed wi t h i n t wo t r ee
l en gt h s of t h e da n ger t r ee u n l ess t h e
empl oy er demon st r a t es t h a t a sh or t er
di st a n ce wi l l n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n
empl oy ee.
(vi i ) Ea ch da n ger t r ee sh a l l be ca r e-
fu l l y ch eck ed for si gn s of l oose ba r k ,
br ok en br a n ch es a n d l i mbs or ot h er
da ma ge befor e t h ey a r e fel l ed or r e-
moved. Accessi bl e l oose ba r k a n d ot h er
da ma ge t h a t ma y cr ea t e a h a za r d for
a n empl oy ee sh a l l be r emoved or h el d
i n pl a ce befor e fel l i n g or r emovi n g t h e
t r ee.
(vi i i ) F el l i n g on a n y sl ope wh er e r ol l -
i n g or sl i di n g of t r ees or l ogs i s r ea son -
a bl y for eseea bl e sh a l l be don e u ph i l l
fr om, or on t h e sa me l evel a s, pr e-
vi ou sl y fel l ed t r ees.
(i x) Domi n o fel l i n g of t r ees i s pr oh i b-
i t ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (h )(1)(i x): Th e defi n i -
t i on of domi n o fel l i n g does n ot i n cl u de t h e
fel l i n g of a si n gl e da n ger t r ee by fel l i n g a n -
ot h er si n gl e t r ee i n t o i t .
(2) Man u al f ellin g. (i ) Befor e fel l i n g i s
st a r t ed, t h e fel l er sh a l l pl a n a n d cl ea r
a r et r ea t pa t h . Th e r et r ea t pa t h sh a l l
ext en d di a gon a l l y a wa y fr om t h e ex-
pect ed fel l i n g l i n e u n l ess t h e empl oy er
demon st r a t es t h a t su ch a r et r ea t pa t h
poses a gr ea t er h a za r d t h a n a n a l t er -
n a t e pa t h . On ce t h e ba ck cu t h a s been
ma de t h e fel l er sh a l l i mmedi a t el y
move a sa fe di st a n ce a wa y fr om t h e
t r ee on t h e r et r ea t pa t h .
(i i ) Befor e ea ch t r ee i s fel l ed, con di -
t i on s su ch a s, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, sn ow
a n d i ce a ccu mu l a t i on , t h e wi n d, t h e
l ea n of t r ee, dea d l i mbs, a n d t h e l oca -
t i on of ot h er t r ees, sh a l l be eva l u a t ed
by t h e fel l er a n d pr eca u t i on s t a k en so
a h a za r d i s n ot cr ea t ed for a n em-
pl oy ee.
(i i i ) Ea ch t r ee sh a l l be ch eck ed for
a ccu mu l a t i on s of sn ow a n d i ce. Accu -
mu l a t i on s of sn ow a n d i ce t h a t ma y
cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n empl oy ee sh a l l
be r emoved befor e fel l i n g i s com-
men ced i n t h e a r ea or t h e a r ea sh a l l be
a voi ded.
(i v) Wh en a spr i n g pol e or ot h er t r ee
u n der st r ess i s cu t , n o empl oy ee ot h er
t h a n t h e fel l er sh a l l be cl oser t h a n t wo
t r ees l en gt h s wh en t h e st r ess i s r e-
l ea sed.
(v) An u n der cu t sh a l l be ma de i n ea ch
t r ee bei n g fel l ed u n l ess t h e empl oy er
demon st r a t es t h a t fel l i n g t h e pa r -
t i cu l a r t r ee wi t h ou t a n u n der cu t wi l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
743
n ot cr ea t e a h a za r d for a n empl oy ee.
Th e u n der cu t sh a l l be of a si ze so t h e
t r ee wi l l n ot spl i t a n d wi l l fa l l i n t h e
i n t en ded di r ect i on .
(vi ) A ba ck cu t sh a l l be ma de i n ea ch
t r ee bei n g fel l ed. Th e ba ck cu t sh a l l
l ea ve su ffi ci en t h i n ge wood t o h ol d t h e
t r ee t o t h e st u mp du r i n g most of i t s
fa l l so t h a t t h e h i n ge i s a bl e t o gu i de
t h e t r ees fa l l i n t h e i n t en ded di r ect i on .
(vi i ) Th e ba ck cu t sh a l l be a bove t h e
l evel of t h e h or i zon t a l fa cecu t i n or der
t o pr ovi de a n a dequ a t e pl a t for m t o pr e-
ven t k i ck ba ck . Except i on : Th e ba ck cu t
ma y be a t or bel ow t h e h or i zon t a l
fa cecu t i n t r ee pu l l i n g oper a t i on s.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (h )(2)(vi i ): Th i s r e-
qu i r emen t does n ot a ppl y t o open fa ce fel l i n g
wh er e t wo a n gl ed fa cecu t s r a t h er t h a n a h or -
i zon t a l fa cecu t a r e u sed.
(3) L imbin g an d bu ck in g. (i ) Li mbi n g
a n d bu ck i n g on a n y sl ope wh er e r ol l i n g
or sl i di n g of t r ees or l ogs i s r ea son a bl y
for eseea bl e sh a l l be don e on t h e u ph i l l
si de of ea ch t r ee or l og.
(i i ) Befor e bu ck i n g or l i mbi n g wi n d-
t h r own t r ees, pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en t o pr even t t h e r oot wa d, bu t t or
l ogs fr om st r i k i n g a n empl oy ee. Th ese
pr eca u t i on s i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, ch ock i n g or movi n g t h e t r ee t o
a st a bl e posi t i on .
(4) Ch ippin g (in -woods locat ion s). (i )
Ch i pper a ccess cover s or door s sh a l l
n ot be open ed u n t i l t h e dr u m or di sc i s
a t a compl et e st op.
(i i ) I n feed a n d di sch a r ge por t s sh a l l
be gu a r ded t o pr even t con t a ct wi t h t h e
di sc, k n i ves, or bl ower bl a des.
(i i i ) Th e ch i pper sh a l l be sh u t down
a n d l ock ed ou t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 29 CF R 1910. 147 wh en
a n empl oy ee per for ms a n y ser vi ci n g or
ma i n t en a n ce.
(i v) Det a ch ed t r a i l er ch i pper s sh a l l
be ch ock ed du r i n g u sa ge on a n y sl ope
wh er e r ol l i n g or sl i di n g of t h e ch i pper
i s r ea son a bl y for eseea bl e.
(5) Y ardin g. (i ) No l og sh a l l be moved
u n t i l ea ch empl oy ee i s i n t h e cl ea r .
(i i ) Ea ch ch ok er sh a l l be h ook ed a n d
u n h ook ed fr om t h e u ph i l l si de or en d of
t h e l og, u n l ess t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es t h a t i s i t n ot fea si bl e i n t h e
pa r t i cu l a r si t u a t i on t o h ook or u n h ook
t h e ch ok er fr om t h e u ph i l l si de. Wh er e
t h e ch ok er i s h ook ed or u n h ook ed fr om
t h e down h i l l si de or en d of t h e l og, t h e
l og sh a l l be secu r el y ch ock ed t o pr e-
ven t r ol l i n g, sl i di n g or swi n gi n g.
(i i i ) Ea ch ch ok er sh a l l be posi t i on ed
n ea r t h e en d of t h e l og or t r ee l en gt h .
(i v) Ea ch ma ch i n e sh a l l be posi t i on ed
du r i n g wi n ch i n g so t h e ma ch i n e a n d
wi n ch a r e oper a t ed wi t h i n t h ei r desi gn
l i mi t s.
(v) No y a r di n g l i n e sh a l l be moved
u n l ess t h e y a r di n g ma ch i n e oper a t or
h a s cl ea r l y r ecei ved a n d u n der st ood t h e
si gn a l t o do so. Wh en i n dou bt , t h e
y a r di n g ma ch i n e oper a t or sh a l l r epea t
t h e si gn a l a n d wa i t for a con fi r mi n g
si gn a l befor e movi n g a n y l i n e.
(vi ) No l oa d sh a l l exceed t h e r a t ed ca -
pa ci t y of t h e pa l l et , t r a i l er , or ot h er
ca r r i er .
(vi i ) Towed equ i pmen t , su ch a s bu t
n ot l i mi t ed t o, sk i d pa n s, pa l l et s, a r ch -
es, a n d t r a i l er s, sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o
ea ch ma ch i n e or veh i cl e i n su ch a ma n -
n er a s t o a l l ow a fu l l 90 degr ee t u r n ; t o
pr even t over r u n n i n g of t h e t owi n g ma -
ch i n e or veh i cl e; a n d t o a ssu r e t h a t t h e
oper a t or i s a l wa y s i n con t r ol of t h e
t owed equ i pmen t .
(vi i i ) Th e y a r di n g ma ch i n e or veh i -
cl e, i n cl u di n g i t s l oa d, sh a l l be oper -
a t ed wi t h sa fe cl ea r a n ce fr om a l l ob-
st r u ct i on s t h a t ma y cr ea t e a h a za r d for
a n empl oy ee.
(i x) Ea ch y a r ded t r ee sh a l l be pl a ced
i n a l oca t i on t h a t does n ot cr ea t e a
h a za r d for a n empl oy ee a n d a n or der l y
ma n n er so t h a t t h e t r ees a r e st a bl e be-
for e bu ck i n g or l i mbi n g i s commen ced.
(6) L oadin g an d u n loadin g. (i ) Th e
t r a n spor t veh i cl e sh a l l be posi t i on ed t o
pr ovi de wor k i n g cl ea r a n ce bet ween t h e
veh i cl e a n d t h e deck .
(i i ) On l y t h e l oa di n g or u n l oa di n g
ma ch i n e oper a t or a n d ot h er per son n el
t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es a r e essen -
t i a l sh a l l be i n t h e l oa di n g or u n l oa d-
i n g wor k a r ea du r i n g t h i s oper a t i on .
(i i i ) No t r a n spor t veh i cl e oper a t or
sh a l l r ema i n i n t h e ca b du r i n g l oa di n g
a n d u n l oa di n g i f t h e l ogs a r e ca r r i ed or
moved over t h e t r u ck ca b, u n l ess t h e
empl oy er demon st r a t es t h a t i t i s n ec-
essa r y for t h e oper a t or t o do so. Wh er e
t h e t r a n spor t veh i cl e oper a t or r ema i n s
i n t h e ca b, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de
oper a t or pr ot ect i on , su ch a s bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, r ei n for cemen t of t h e ca b.
(i v) Ea ch l og sh a l l be pl a ced on a
t r a n spor t veh i cl e i n a n or der l y ma n n er
a n d t i gh t l y secu r ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
744
(v) Th e l oa d sh a l l be posi t i on ed t o
pr even t sl i ppa ge or l oss du r i n g h a n -
dl i n g a n d t r a n spor t .
(vi ) Ea ch st a k e a n d ch ock wh i ch i s
u sed t o t r i p l oa ds sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed t h a t t h e t r i ppi n g mech a n i sm
i s a ct i va t ed on t h e si de opposi t e t h e r e-
l ea se of t h e l oa d.
(vi i ) Ea ch t i e down sh a l l be l eft i n
pl a ce over t h e pea k l og t o secu r e a l l
l ogs u n t i l t h e u n l oa di n g l i n es or ot h er
pr ot ect i on t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es
i s equ i va l en t h a s been pu t i n pl a ce. A
st a k e of su ffi ci en t st r en gt h t o wi t h -
st a n d t h e for ces of sh i ft i n g or movi n g
l ogs, sh a l l be con si der ed equ i va l en t
pr ot ect i on pr ovi ded t h a t t h e l ogs a r e
n ot l oa ded h i gh er t h a n t h e st a k e.
(vi i i ) Ea ch t i e down sh a l l be r el ea sed
on l y fr om t h e si de on wh i ch t h e u n -
l oa di n g ma ch i n e oper a t es, except a s
fol l ows:
(A) Wh en t h e t i e down i s r el ea sed by
a r emot e con t r ol devi ce; a n d
(B) Wh en t h e empl oy ee ma k i n g t h e
r el ea se i s pr ot ect ed by r a ck s, st a n -
ch i on s or ot h er pr ot ect i on t h e em-
pl oy er demon st r a t es i s ca pa bl e of wi t h -
st a n di n g t h e for ce of t h e l ogs.
(7) T ran sport . Th e t r a n spor t veh i cl e
oper a t or sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ea ch t i e
down i s t i gh t befor e t r a n spor t i n g t h e
l oa d. Wh i l e en r ou t e, t h e oper a t or sh a l l
ch eck a n d t i gh t en t h e t i e down s wh en -
ever t h er e i s r ea son t o bel i eve t h a t t h e
t i e down s h a ve l oosen ed or t h e l oa d h a s
sh i ft ed.
(8) St orage. Ea ch deck sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d l oca t ed so i t i s st a bl e a n d
pr ovi des ea ch empl oy ee wi t h en ou gh
r oom t o sa fel y move a n d wor k i n t h e
a r ea .
(i ) T rain in g. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de t r a i n i n g for ea ch empl oy ee, i n -
cl u di n g su per vi sor s, a t n o cost t o t h e
empl oy ee.
(2) Frequ en cy . Tr a i n i n g sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded a s fol l ows:
(i ) As soon a s possi bl e bu t n ot l a t er
t h a n t h e effect i ve da t e of t h i s sect i on
for i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g for ea ch cu r r en t a n d
n ew empl oy ee;
(i i ) P r i or t o i n i t i a l a ssi gn men t for
ea ch n ew empl oy ee;
(i i i ) Wh en ever t h e empl oy ee i s a s-
si gn ed n ew wor k t a sk s, t ool s, equ i p-
men t , ma ch i n es or veh i cl es; a n d
(i v) Wh en ever a n empl oy ee dem-
on st r a t es u n sa fe j ob per for ma n ce.
(3) Con t en t . At a mi n i mu m, t r a i n i n g
sh a l l con si st of t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s:
(i ) S a fe per for ma n ce of a ssi gn ed wor k
t a sk s;
(i i ) S a fe u se, oper a t i on a n d ma i n t e-
n a n ce of t ool s, ma ch i n es a n d veh i cl es
t h e empl oy ee u ses or oper a t es, i n cl u d-
i n g emph a si s on u n der st a n di n g a n d fol -
l owi n g t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s oper a t i n g
a n d ma i n t en a n ce i n st r u ct i on s, wa r n -
i n gs a n d pr eca u t i on s;
(i i i ) Recogn i t i on of sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e empl oy ees
speci fi c wor k t a sk s, i n cl u di n g t h e u se
of mea su r es a n d wor k pr a ct i ces t o pr e-
ven t or con t r ol t h ose h a za r ds;
(i v) Recogn i t i on , pr even t i on a n d con -
t r ol of ot h er sa fet y a n d h ea l t h h a za r ds
i n t h e l oggi n g i n du st r y ;
(v) P r ocedu r es, pr a ct i ces a n d r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e empl oy er s wor k si t e; a n d
(vi ) Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s st a n d-
a r d.
(4) Tr a i n i n g of a n empl oy ee du e t o
u n sa fe j ob per for ma n ce, or a ssi gn men t
of n ew wor k t a sk s, t ool s, equ i pmen t ,
ma ch i n es, or veh i cl es; ma y be l i mi t ed
t o t h ose el emen t s i n pa r a gr a ph (i )(3) of
t h i s sect i on wh i ch a r e r el eva n t t o t h e
ci r cu mst a n ces gi vi n g r i se t o t h e n eed
for t r a i n i n g.
(5) Port abilit y of t rain in g. (i ) Ea ch cu r -
r en t empl oy ee wh o h a s r ecei ved t r a i n -
i n g i n t h e pa r t i cu l a r el emen t s speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (i )(3) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
n ot be r equ i r ed t o be r et r a i n ed i n t h ose
el emen t s.
(i i ) Ea ch n ew empl oy ee wh o h a s r e-
cei ved t r a i n i n g i n t h e pa r t i cu l a r el e-
men t s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (i )(3) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l n ot be r equ i r ed t o be
r et r a i n ed i n t h ose el emen t s pr i or t o
i n i t i a l a ssi gn men t .
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l t r a i n ea ch
cu r r en t a n d n ew empl oy ee i n t h ose el e-
men t s for wh i ch t h e empl oy ee h a s n ot
r ecei ved t r a i n i n g.
(i v) Th e empl oy er i s r espon si bl e for
en su r i n g t h a t ea ch cu r r en t a n d n ew
empl oy ee ca n pr oper l y a n d sa fel y per -
for m t h e wor k t a sk s a n d oper a t e t h e
t ool s, equ i pmen t , ma ch i n es, a n d veh i -
cl es u sed i n t h ei r j ob.
(6) Ea ch n ew empl oy ee a n d ea ch em-
pl oy ee wh o i s r equ i r ed t o be t r a i n ed a s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (i )(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on , sh a l l wor k u n der t h e cl ose su per -
vi si on of a desi gn a t ed per son u n t i l t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
745
empl oy ee demon st r a t es t o t h e em-
pl oy er t h e a bi l i t y t o sa fel y per for m
t h ei r n ew du t i es i n depen den t l y .
(7) First -aid t rain in g. (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee, i n -
cl u di n g su per vi sor s, r ecei ves or h a s r e-
cei ved fi r st -a i d a n d CP R t r a i n i n g meet -
i n g a t l ea st t h e r equ i r emen t s speci fi ed
i n a ppen di x B.
ea ch empl oy ees fi r st -a i d a n d CP R
t r a i n i n g a n d/or cer t i fi ca t e of t r a i n i n g
r ema i n cu r r en t .
(8) Al l t r a i n i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed by
a desi gn a t ed per son .
(9) Th e empl oy er sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on i s pr e-
sen t ed i n a ma n n er t h a t t h e empl oy ee
i s a bl e t o u n der st a n d. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l a ssu r e t h a t a l l t r a i n i n g ma t er i a l s
u sed a r e a ppr opr i a t e i n con t en t a n d vo-
ca bu l a r y t o t h e edu ca t i on a l l evel , l i t -
er a cy , a n d l a n gu a ge sk i l l s of t h e em-
pl oy ees bei n g t r a i n ed.
(10) Cert if icat ion of t rain in g. (i ) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l ver i fy compl i a n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (i ) of t h i s sect i on by pr e-
pa r i n g a wr i t t en cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d.
Th e wr i t t en cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l
con t a i n t h e n a me or ot h er i den t i t y of
t h e empl oy ee t r a i n ed, t h e da t e(s) of t h e
t r a i n i n g, a n d t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e per -
son wh o con du ct ed t h e t r a i n i n g or t h e
si gn a t u r e of t h e empl oy er . I f t h e em-
pl oy er r el i es on t r a i n i n g con du ct ed
pr i or t o t h e empl oy ees h i r i n g or com-
pl et ed pr i or t o t h e effect i ve da t e of t h i s
sect i on , t h e cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l
i n di ca t e t h e da t e t h e empl oy er det er -
mi n ed t h e pr i or t r a i n i n g wa s a dequ a t e.
(i i ) Th e most r ecen t t r a i n i n g cer t i fi -
ca t i on sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed.
(11) Saf et y an d h ealt h meet in gs. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l h ol d sa fet y a n d h ea l t h
meet i n gs a s n ecessa r y a n d a t l ea st
ea ch mon t h for ea ch empl oy ee. S a fet y
a n d h ea l t h meet i n gs ma y be con du ct ed
i n di vi du a l l y , i n cr ew meet i n gs, i n l a r g-
er gr ou ps, or a s pa r t of ot h er st a ff
meet i n gs.
(j ) Appen dices. Appen di ces A a n d B of
t h i s sect i on a r e ma n da t or y . Th e i n for -
ma t i on con t a i n ed i n a ppen di x C of t h i s
sect i on i s i n for ma t i on a l a n d i s n ot i n -
t en ded t o cr ea t e a n y a ddi t i on a l obl i ga -
t i on s n ot ot h er wi se i mposed or t o de-
t r a ct fr om exi st i n g r egu l a t i on s.
NOTE: I n t h e F EDERAL REGI S TER of Au gu st
9, 1995, OS HA ext en ded t h e st a y of t h e fol -
l owi n g pa r a gr a ph s of 1910. 266 u n t i l S ep-
t ember 8, 1995. Th e r ema i n i n g r equ i r emen t s
of 1910. 266, wh i ch beca me effect i ve on F eb-
r u a r y 9, 1995, a r e u n a ffect ed by t h e ext en si on
of t h e pa r t i a l st a y :
1. (d)(1)(v)i n sofa r a s i t r equ i r es foot pr o-
t ect i on t o be ch a i n -sa w r esi st a n t .
2. (d)(1)(vi i )i n sofa r a s i t r equ i r ed fa ce
pr ot ect i on .
3. (d)(2)(i i i ).
4. (f)(2)(i v).
5. (f)(2)(xi ).
6. (f)(3)(i i ).
7. (f)(3)(vi i ).
8. (f)(3)(vi i i ).
9. (f)(7)(i i )i n sofa r a s i t r equ i r es pa r k i n g
br a k es t o be a bl e t o st op a movi n g ma ch i n e.
10. (g)(1) a n d (g)(2) i n sofa r a s t h ey r equ i r e
i n spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of empl oy ee-
own ed veh i cl es.
11. (h )(2)(vi i )i n sofa r a s i t pr ecl u des
ba ck cu t s a t t h e l evel of t h e h or i zon t a l cu t of
t h e u n der cu t wh en t h e Hu mbol dt cu t t i n g
met h od i s u sed.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 266F I RS T-AI D KI TS
(MANDATORY)
Th e fol l owi n g l i st set s for t h t h e mi n i ma l l y
a ccept a bl e n u mber a n d t y pe of fi r st -a i d su p-
pl i es for fi r st -a i d k i t s r equ i r ed u n der pa r a -
gr a ph (d)(2) of t h e l oggi n g st a n da r d. Th e con -
t en t s of t h e fi r st -a i d k i t l i st ed sh ou l d be a de-
qu a t e for sma l l wor k si t es, con si st i n g of a p-
pr oxi ma t el y t wo t o t h r ee empl oy ees. Wh en
l a r ger oper a t i on s or mu l t i pl e oper a t i on s a r e
bei n g con du ct ed a t t h e sa me l oca t i on , a ddi -
t i on a l fi r st -a i d k i t s sh ou l d be pr ovi ded a t t h e
wor k si t e or a ddi t i on a l qu a n t i t i es of su ppl i es
sh ou l d be i n cl u ded i n t h e fi r st -a i d k i t s:
1. Ga u ze pa ds (a t l ea st 44 i n ch es).
2. Two l a r ge ga u ze pa ds (a t l ea st 810
i n ch es).
3. Box a dh esi ve ba n da ges (ba n d-a i ds).
4. On e pa ck a ge ga u ze r ol l er ba n da ge a t
l ea st 2 i n ch es wi de.
5. Two t r i a n gu l a r ba n da ges.
6. Wou n d cl ea n i n g a gen t su ch a s sea l ed
moi st en ed t owel et t es.
7. S ci ssor s.
8. At l ea st on e bl a n k et .
9. Tweezer s.
10. Adh esi ve t a pe.
11. La t ex gl oves.
12. Resu sci t a t i on equ i pmen t su ch a s r esu s-
ci t a t i on ba g, a i r wa y , or pock et ma sk .
13. Two el a st i c wr a ps.
14. S pl i n t .
15. Di r ect i on s for r equ est i n g emer gen cy a s-
si st a n ce.
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 266F I RS T-AI D AND CP R
TRAI NI NG (MANDATORY)
Th e fol l owi n g i s deemed t o be t h e mi n i ma l
a ccept a bl e fi r st -a i d a n d CP R t r a i n i n g pr o-
gr a m for empl oy ees en ga ged i n l oggi n g a c-
t i vi t i es.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
746
F i r st -a i d a n d CP R t r a i n i n g sh a l l be con -
du ct ed u si n g t h e con ven t i on a l met h ods of
t r a i n i n g su ch a s l ect u r e, demon st r a t i on ,
pr a ct i ca l exer ci se a n d exa mi n a t i on (bot h
wr i t t en a n d pr a ct i ca l ). Th e l en gt h of t r a i n -
i n g mu st be su ffi ci en t t o a ssu r e t h a t t r a i n ees
u n der st a n d t h e con cept s of fi r st a i d a n d ca n
demon st r a t e t h ei r a bi l i t y t o per for m t h e va r -
i ou s pr ocedu r es con t a i n ed i n t h e ou t l i n e
bel ow.
At a mi n i mu m, fi r st -a i d a n d CP R t r a i n i n g
sh a l l con si st of t h e fol l owi n g:
1. Th e defi n i t i on of fi r st a i d.
2. Lega l i ssu es of a ppl y i n g fi r st a i d (Good
S a ma r i t a n La ws).
3. Ba si c a n a t omy .
4. P a t i en t a ssessmen t a n d fi r st a i d for t h e
fol l owi n g:
a . Respi r a t or y a r r est .
b. Ca r di a c a r r est .
c. Hemor r h a ge.
d. La cer a t i on s/a br a si on s.
e. Ampu t a t i on s.
f. Mu scu l osk el et a l i n j u r i es.
g. S h ock .
h . Ey e i n j u r i es.
i . Bu r n s.
j . Loss of con sci ou sn ess.
k . Ext r eme t emper a t u r e exposu r e (h y po-
t h er mi a /h y per t h er mi a )
l . P a r a l y si s
m. P oi son i n g.
n . Loss of men t a l fu n ct i on i n g (psy ch osi s/
h a l l u ci n a t i on s, et c. ). Ar t i fi ci a l ven t i l a t i on .
o. Dr u g over dose.
5. CP R.
6. Appl i ca t i on of dr essi n gs a n d sl i n gs.
7. Tr ea t men t of st r a i n s, spr a i n s, a n d fr a c-
t u r es.
8. I mmobi l i za t i on of i n j u r ed per son s.
9. Ha n dl i n g a n d t r a n spor t i n g i n j u r ed per -
son s.
10. Tr ea t men t of bi t es, st i n gs, or con t a ct
wi t h poi son ou s pl a n t s or a n i ma l s.
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 266COMP ARABLE I S O
S TANDARDS (NON-MANDATORY)
Th e fol l owi n g I n t er n a t i on a l La bor Or ga n i -
za t i on (I S O) st a n da r ds a r e compa r a bl e t o t h e
cor r espon di n g S oci et y of Au t omot i ve En gi -
n eer s (S t a n da r ds t h a t a r e r efer en ced i n t h i s
st a n da r d. )
Ut i l i za t i on of t h e I S O st a n da r ds i n l i eu of
t h e cor r espon di n g S AE st a n da r ds sh ou l d r e-
su l t i n a ma ch i n e t h a t meet s t h e OS HA
st a n da r d.
SAE standard ISO standard Subject
SAE J1040 ISO 34711 Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Construction,
Earthmoving, Forestry and Mining Machines.
SAE J397 ISO 3164 Deflection Limiting VolumeROPS/FOPS Laboratory Evaluation.
SAE J231 ISO 3449 Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS).
SAE J386 ISO 6683 Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines.
SAE J185 ISO 2897 Access Systems for Off-Road Machines.
[59 F R 51741, Oct . 12, 1994, a s a men ded a t 60 F R 7449, F eb. 8, 1995; 60 F R 40458, Au g. 9, 1996;
60 F R 4703547037, S ept . 8, 1995; 61 F R 9241, 9242, Ma r . 7, 1996; 69 F R 18803, Apr . 9, 2004; 71 F R
16673, Apr . 3, 2006]
1910.268 Telecommunications.
(a ) Applicat ion . (1) Th i s sect i on set s
for t h sa fet y a n d h ea l t h st a n da r ds t h a t
a ppl y t o t h e wor k con di t i on s, pr a c-
t i ces, mea n s, met h ods, oper a t i on s, i n -
st a l l a t i on s a n d pr ocesses per for med a t
t el ecommu n i ca t i on s cen t er s a n d a t
t el ecommu n i ca t i on s fi el d i n st a l l a t i on s,
wh i ch a r e l oca t ed ou t door s or i n bu i l d-
i n g spa ces u sed for su ch fi el d i n st a l l a -
t i on s. Cen t er wor k i n cl u des t h e i n st a l -
l a t i on , oper a t i on , ma i n t en a n ce, r ea r -
r a n gemen t , a n d r emova l of commu -
n i ca t i on s equ i pmen t a n d ot h er a ssoci -
a t ed equ i pmen t i n t el ecommu n i ca t i on s
swi t ch i n g cen t er s. Field wor k i n cl u des
t h e i n st a l l a t i on , oper a t i on , ma i n t e-
n a n ce, r ea r r a n gemen t , a n d r emova l of
con du ct or s a n d ot h er equ i pmen t u sed
for si gn a l or commu n i ca t i on ser vi ce,
a n d of t h ei r su ppor t i n g or con t a i n i n g
st r u ct u r es, over h ea d or u n der gr ou n d,
on pu bl i c or pr i va t e r i gh t s of wa y , i n -
cl u di n g bu i l di n gs or ot h er st r u ct u r es.
(2) Th ese st a n da r ds do n ot a ppl y : (i )
To con st r u ct i on wor k , a s defi n ed i n
1910. 12, n or (i i ) t o i n st a l l a t i on s u n der
t h e excl u si ve con t r ol of el ect r i c u t i l i -
t i es u sed for t h e pu r pose of commu -
n i ca t i on s or met er i n g, or for gen er a -
t i on , con t r ol , t r a n sfor ma t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on of el ect r i c
en er gy , wh i ch a r e l oca t ed i n bu i l di n gs
u sed excl u si vel y by t h e el ect r i c u t i l i -
t i es for su ch pu r poses, or l oca t ed ou t -
door s on pr oper t y own ed or l ea sed by
t h e el ect r i c u t i l i t i es or on pu bl i c h i gh -
wa y s, st r eet s, r oa ds, et c. , or ou t door s
by est a bl i sh ed r i gh t s on pr i va t e pr op-
er t y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
747
(3) Oper a t i on s or con di t i on s n ot spe-
ci fi ca l l y cover ed by t h i s sect i on a r e
su bj ect t o a l l t h e a ppl i ca bl e st a n da r ds
con t a i n ed i n t h i s pa r t 1910. S ee
1910. 5(c). Oper a t i on s wh i ch i n vol ve
con st r u ct i on wor k , a s defi n ed i n
1910. 12 a r e su bj ect t o a l l t h e a ppl i ca -
bl e st a n da r ds con t a i n ed i n pa r t 1926 of
t h i s ch a pt er .
(b) Gen eral(1) Bu ildin gs con t ain in g
t elecommu n icat ion s cen t ers(i ) I llu min a-
t ion . Li gh t i n g i n t el ecommu n i ca t i on
cen t er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n a n a de-
qu a t e a mou n t su ch t h a t con t i n u i n g
wor k oper a t i on s, r ou t i n e obser va t i on s,
a n d t h e pa ssa ge of empl oy ees ca n be
ca r r i ed ou t i n a sa fe a n d h ea l t h fu l
ma n n er . Cer t a i n speci fi c t a sk s i n cen -
t er s, su ch a s spl i ci n g ca bl e a n d t h e
ma i n t en a n ce a n d r epa i r of equ i pmen t
fr a me l i n eu ps, ma y r equ i r e a h i gh er
l evel of i l l u mi n a t i on . I n su ch ca ses, t h e
empl oy er sh a l l i n st a l l per ma n en t l i gh t -
i n g or por t a bl e su ppl emen t a l l i gh t i n g
t o a t t a i n a h i gh er l evel of i l l u mi n a t i on
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a s n eeded t o per mi t
sa fe per for ma n ce of t h e r equ i r ed t a sk .
(i i ) Work in g su rf aces. Gu a r d r a i l s a n d
t oe boa r ds ma y be omi t t ed on di st r i bu -
t i on fr a me mezza n i n e pl a t for ms t o per -
mi t a ccess t o equ i pmen t . Th i s exemp-
t i on a ppl i es on l y on t h e si de or si des of
t h e pl a t for m fa ci n g t h e fr a mes a n d
on l y on t h ose por t i on s of t h e pl a t for m
a dj a cen t t o equ i pped fr a mes.
(i i i ) Work in g spaces. Ma i n t en a n ce
a i sl es, or wi r i n g a i sl es, bet ween equ i p-
men t fr a me l i n eu ps a r e wor k i n g spa ces
a n d a r e n ot a n exi t r ou t e for pu r poses
of 29 CF R 1910. 34.
(i v) Special doors. Wh en bl a st pr oof or
power a ct u a t ed door s a r e i n st a l l ed i n
speci a l l y desi gn ed h a r dsi t e secu r i t y
bu i l di n gs a n d spa ces, t h ey sh a l l be de-
si gn ed a n d i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h ey ca n
be u sed a s a mea n s of egr ess i n emer -
gen ci es.
(v) Equ ipmen t , mach in ery an d mach in e
gu ardin g. Wh en power pl a n t ma ch i n er y
i n t el ecommu n i ca t i on s cen t er s i s oper -
a t ed wi t h commu t a t or s a n d cou pl i n gs
u n cover ed, t h e a dj a cen t h ou si n g sh a l l
be cl ea r l y ma r k ed t o a l er t per son n el t o
t h e r ot a t i n g ma ch i n er y .
(2) Bat t ery h an dlin g. (i ) Ey e pr ot ec-
t i on devi ces wh i ch pr ovi de si de a s wel l
a s fr on t a l ey e pr ot ect i on for empl oy ees
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh en mea su r i n g st or -
a ge ba t t er y speci fi c gr a vi t y or h a n -
dl i n g el ect r ol y t e, a n d t h e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t su ch devi ces a r e u sed
by t h e empl oy ees. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
a l so en su r e t h a t a ci d r esi st a n t gl oves
a n d a pr on s sh a l l be wor n for pr ot ect i on
a ga i n st spa t t er i n g. F a ci l i t i es for qu i ck
dr en ch i n g or fl u sh i n g of t h e ey es a n d
body sh a l l be pr ovi ded u n l ess t h e st or -
a ge ba t t er i es a r e of t h e en cl osed t y pe
a n d equ i pped wi t h expl osi on pr oof
ven t s, i n wh i ch ca se sea l ed wa t er r i n se
or n eu t r a l i zi n g pa ck s ma y be su b-
st i t u t ed for t h e qu i ck dr en ch i n g or
fl u sh i n g fa ci l i t i es. Empl oy ees a ssi gn ed
t o wor k wi t h st or a ge ba t t er i es sh a l l be
i n st r u ct ed i n emer gen cy pr ocedu r es
su ch a s dea l i n g wi t h a cci den t a l a ci d
spi l l s.
(i i ) El ect r ol y t e (a ci d or ba se, a n d di s-
t i l l ed wa t er ) for ba t t er y cel l s sh a l l be
mi xed i n a wel l ven t i l a t ed r oom. Aci d
or ba se sh a l l be pou r ed gr a du a l l y , wh i l e
st i r r i n g, i n t o t h e wa t er . Wa t er sh a l l
n ever be pou r ed i n t o con cen t r a t ed
(gr ea t er t h a n 75 per cen t ) a ci d sol u -
t i on s. El ect r ol y t e sh a l l n ever be pl a ced
i n met a l con t a i n er s n or st i r r ed wi t h
met a l obj ect s.
(i i i ) Wh en t a k i n g speci fi c gr a vi t y
r ea di n gs, t h e open en d of t h e h y dr om-
et er sh a l l be cover ed wi t h a n a ci d r e-
si st a n t ma t er i a l wh i l e movi n g i t fr om
cel l t o cel l t o a voi d spl a sh i n g or t h r ow-
i n g t h e el ect r ol y t e.
(3) Empl oy er s mu st pr ovi de empl oy -
ees wi t h r ea di l y a ccessi bl e, a dequ a t e,
a n d a ppr opr i a t e fi r st a i d su ppl i es. A
n on -ma n da t or y exa mpl e of a ppr opr i a t e
su ppl i es i s l i st ed i n Appen di x A t o 29
CF R 1910. 151.
(4) Hazardou s mat erials. Hi gh wa y mo-
bi l e veh i cl es a n d t r a i l er s st or ed i n ga -
r a ges i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 1910. 110 ma y
be equ i pped t o ca r r y mor e t h a n on e
LP -ga s con t a i n er , bu t t h e t ot a l ca pa c-
i t y of LP -ga s con t a i n er s per wor k veh i -
cl e st or ed i n ga r a ges sh a l l n ot exceed
100 pou n ds of LP -ga s. Al l con t a i n er
va l ves sh a l l be cl osed wh en n ot i n u se.
(5) Compressed gas. Wh en u si n g or
t r a n spor t i n g n i t r ogen cy l i n der s i n a
h or i zon t a l posi t i on , speci a l compa r t -
men t s, r a ck s, or a dequ a t e bl ock i n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t cy l i n der
movemen t . Regu l a t or s sh a l l be r e-
moved or gu a r ded befor e a cy l i n der i s
t r a n spor t ed.
(6) Su pport st ru ct u res. No empl oy ee, or
a n y ma t er i a l or equ i pmen t , ma y be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
748
su ppor t ed or per mi t t ed t o be su ppor t ed
on a n y por t i on of a pol e st r u ct u r e,
pl a t for m, l a dder , wa l k wa y or ot h er el e-
va t ed st r u ct u r e or a er i a l devi ce u n l ess
t h e empl oy er en su r es t h a t t h e su ppor t
st r u ct u r e i s fi r st i n spect ed by a com-
pet en t per son a n d i t i s det er mi n ed t o
be a dequ a t el y st r on g, i n good wor k i n g
con di t i on a n d pr oper l y secu r ed i n
pl a ce.
(7) Approach dist an ces t o exposed en er-
gized overh ead power lin es an d part s. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t n o em-
pl oy ee a ppr oa ch es or t a k es a n y con du c-
t i ve obj ect cl oser t o a n y el ect r i ca l l y
en er gi zed over h ea d power l i n es a n d
pa r t s t h a n pr escr i bed i n Ta bl e R2, u n -
l ess:
(i ) Th e empl oy ee i s i n su l a t ed or
gu a r ded fr om t h e en er gi zed pa r t s (i n su -
l a t i n g gl oves r a t ed for t h e vol t a ge i n -
vol ved sh a l l be con si der ed a dequ a t e i n -
su l a t i on ), or
(i i ) Th e en er gi zed pa r t s a r e i n su l a t ed
or gu a r ded fr om t h e empl oy ee a n d a n y
ot h er con du ct i ve obj ect a t a di ffer en t
pot en t i a l , or
(i i i ) Th e power con du ct or s a n d equ i p-
men t a r e deen er gi zed a n d gr ou n ded.
TABLE R2APPROACH DISTANCES TO EX-
POSED ENERGIZED OVERHEAD POWER LINES
AND PARTS
Voltage range (phase to phase, RMS)
Approach
distance
(inches)
300 V and less .................................................... (
1
)
Over 300V, not over 750V .................................. 12
Over 750V not over 2 kV .................................... 18
Over 2 kV, not over 15 kV .................................. 24
Over 15 kV, not over 37 kV ................................ 36
Over 37 kV, not over 87.5 kV ............................. 42
Over 87.5 kV, not over 121 kV ........................... 48
Over 121 kV, not over 140 kV ............................ 54
1
Avoid contact.
(8) I llu min at ion of f ield work . Wh en -
ever n a t u r a l l i gh t i s i n su ffi ci en t t o
a dequ a t el y i l l u mi n a t e t h e wor k si t e, a r -
t i fi ci a l i l l u mi n a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
t o en a bl e t h e empl oy ee t o per for m t h e
wor k sa fel y .
(c) T rain in g. Empl oy er s sh a l l pr ovi de
t r a i n i n g i n t h e va r i ou s pr eca u t i on s a n d
sa fe pr a ct i ces descr i bed i n t h i s sect i on
a n d sh a l l i n su r e t h a t empl oy ees do n ot
en ga ge i n t h e a ct i vi t i es t o wh i ch t h i s
sect i on a ppl i es u n t i l su ch empl oy ees
h a ve r ecei ved pr oper t r a i n i n g i n t h e
va r i ou s pr eca u t i on s a n d sa fe pr a ct i ces
r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on . However ,
wh er e t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t a n empl oy ee i s a l r ea dy t r a i n ed i n
t h e pr eca u t i on s a n d sa fe pr a ct i ces r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on pr i or t o h i s em-
pl oy men t , t r a i n i n g n eed n ot be pr o-
vi ded t o t h a t empl oy ee i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h i s sect i on . Wh er e t r a i n i n g i s r e-
qu i r ed, i t sh a l l con si st of on -t h e-j ob
t r a i n i n g or cl a ssr oom-t y pe t r a i n i n g or
a combi n a t i on of bot h . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t empl oy ees h a ve been
t r a i n ed by pr epa r i n g a cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d wh i ch i n cl u des t h e i den t i t y of
t h e per son t r a i n ed, t h e si gn a t u r e of t h e
empl oy er or t h e per son wh o con du ct ed
t h e t r a i n i n g, a n d t h e da t e t h e t r a i n i n g
wa s compl et ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on
r ecor d sh a l l be pr epa r ed a t t h e compl e-
t i on of t r a i n i n g a n d sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed on fi l e for t h e du r a t i on of t h e
empl oy ees empl oy men t . Th e cer t i fi -
ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e
u pon r equ est t o t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h . S u ch t r a i n i n g sh a l l , wh er e a p-
pr opr i a t e, i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g su b-
j ect s:
(1) Recogn i t i on a n d a voi da n ce of da n -
ger s r el a t i n g t o en cou n t er s wi t h h a r m-
fu l su bst a n ces a n d a n i ma l , i n sect , or
pl a n t l i fe;
(2) P r ocedu r es t o be fol l owed i n emer -
gen cy si t u a t i on s; a n d,
(3) F i r st a i d t r a i n i n g, i n cl u di n g i n -
st r u ct i on i n a r t i fi ci a l r espi r a t i on .
(d) Employ ee prot ect ion in pu blic work
areas. (1) Befor e wor k i s begu n i n t h e
vi ci n i t y of veh i cu l a r or pedest r i a n t r a f-
fi c wh i ch ma y en da n ger empl oy ees,
wa r n i n g si gn s a n d/or fl a gs or ot h er
t r a ffi c con t r ol devi ces sh a l l be pl a ced
con spi cu ou sl y t o a l er t a n d ch a n n el a p-
pr oa ch i n g t r a ffi c. Wh er e fu r t h er pr o-
t ect i on i s n eeded, ba r r i er s sh a l l be u t i -
l i zed. At n i gh t , wa r n i n g l i gh t s sh a l l be
pr omi n en t l y di spl a y ed, a n d exca va t ed
a r ea s sh a l l be en cl osed wi t h pr ot ect i ve
ba r r i ca des.
(2) I f wor k exposes en er gi zed or mov-
i n g pa r t s t h a t a r e n or ma l l y pr ot ect ed,
da n ger si gn s sh a l l be di spl a y ed a n d ba r -
r i ca des er ect ed, a s n ecessa r y , t o wa r n
ot h er per son n el i n t h e a r ea .
(3) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t a n
empl oy ee fi n di n g a n y cr ossed or fa l l en
wi r es wh i ch cr ea t e or ma y cr ea t e a
h a za r dou s si t u a t i on a t t h e wor k a r ea :
(i ) Rema i n s on gu a r d or a dopt s ot h er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
749
a dequ a t e mea n s t o wa r n ot h er empl oy -
ees of t h e da n ger a n d (i i ) h a s t h e pr oper
a u t h or i t y n ot i fi ed a t t h e ea r l i est pr a c-
t i ca l momen t .
(e) T ools an d person al prot ect ive equ ip-
men t Gen erally . P er son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t , pr ot ect i ve devi ces a n d spe-
ci a l t ool s n eeded for t h e wor k of em-
pl oy ees sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e u sed
by empl oy ees. Befor e ea ch da y s u se
t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t t h ese
per son a l pr ot ect i ve devi ces, t ool s, a n d
equ i pmen t a r e ca r efu l l y i n spect ed by a
compet en t per son t o a scer t a i n t h a t
t h ey a r e i n good con di t i on .
(f) Ru bber in su lat in g equ ipmen t . (1)
Ru bber i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t desi gn ed
for t h e vol t a ge l evel s t o be en cou n t er ed
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d t h e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e u sed by em-
pl oy ees a s r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on . Th e
r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 137, El ect r i ca l
P r ot ect i ve Equ i pmen t , sh a l l be fol -
l owed except for Ta bl e I 6.
(2) Th e empl oy er i s r espon si bl e for
t h e per i odi c r et est i n g of a l l i n su l a t i n g
gl oves, bl a n k et s, a n d ot h er r u bber i n -
su l a t i n g equ i pmen t . Th i s r et est i n g
sh a l l be el ect r i ca l , vi su a l a n d mech a n -
i ca l . Th e fol l owi n g ma xi mu m r et est i n g
i n t er va l s sh a l l a ppl y :
Gloves, blankets, and other insu-
lating equipment
Natural
rubber
Synthetic
rubber
Months
New ............................................... 12 18
Re-issued ...................................... 9 15
(3) Gl oves a n d bl a n k et s sh a l l be
ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e r et est sch edu l e, a n d sh a l l be
ma r k ed wi t h t h e da t e t h e n ext t est i s
du e. Gl oves fou n d t o be defect i ve i n t h e
fi el d or by t h e t est s set for t h i n pa r a -
gr a ph (f)(2) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be de-
st r oy ed by cu t t i n g t h em open fr om t h e
fi n ger t o t h e ga u n t l et .
(g) Person al climbin g equ ipmen t (1)
Gen eral. S a fet y bel t s a n d st r a ps sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h ei r u se wh en wor k i s per for med
a t posi t i on s mor e t h a n 4 feet a bove
gr ou n d, on pol es, a n d on t ower s, except
a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (n )(7) a n d
(n )(8) of t h i s sect i on . No sa fet y bel t s,
sa fet y st r a ps or l a n y a r ds a cqu i r ed a ft er
J u l y 1, 1975 ma y be u sed u n l ess t h ey
meet t h e t est s set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2) of t h i s sect i on . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t a l l sa fet y bel t s a n d
st r a ps a r e i n spect ed by a compet en t
per son pr i or t o ea ch da y s u se t o det er -
mi n e t h a t t h ey a r e i n sa fe wor k i n g
con di t i on .
(2) T elecommu n icat ion lin eman s body
belt s, saf et y st raps, an d lan y ards(i )
Gen eral requ iremen t s. (A) Ha r dwa r e for
l i n ema n s body bel t s, sa fet y st r a ps, a n d
l a n y a r ds sh a l l be dr op for ged or pr essed
st eel a n d sh a l l h a ve a cor r osi on r esi st -
a n t fi n i sh t est ed t o meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h e Amer i ca n S oci et y for
Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s B11764, wh i ch i s
i n 1910. 6 (50-h ou r t est ). S u r fa ces sh a l l
be smoot h a n d fr ee of sh a r p edges. P r o-
du ct i on sa mpl es of l i n ema n s sa fet y
st r a ps, body bel t s a n d l a n y a r ds sh a l l be
a ppr oved by a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed
t est i n g l a bor a t or y , a s h a vi n g been t est -
ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a n d a s meet i n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(B) Al l bu ck l es sh a l l wi t h st a n d a
2, 000-pou n d t en si l e t est wi t h a ma x-
i mu m per ma n en t defor ma t i on n o
gr ea t er t h a n on e si xt y -for t h i n ch .
(C) D r i n gs sh a l l wi t h st a n d a 5, 000-
pou n d t en si l e t est wi t h ou t cr a ck i n g or
br ea k i n g.
(D) S n a ph ook s sh a l l wi t h st a n d a
5, 000-pou n d t en si l e t est , or sh a l l wi t h -
st a n d a 3, 000-pou n d t en si l e t est a n d a
180 ben d t est . Ten si l e fa i l u r e i s i n di -
ca t ed by di st or t i on of t h e sn a ph ook
su ffi ci en t t o r el ea se t h e k eeper ; ben d
t est fa i l u r e i s i n di ca t ed by cr a ck i n g of
t h e sn a ph ook .
(i i ) Specif ic requ iremen t s. (A)(1) Al l
fa br i c u sed for sa fet y st r a ps sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g a n A. C. di el ec-
t r i c t est of n ot l ess t h a n 25, 000 vol t s per
foot dr y for 3 mi n u t es, wi t h ou t vi si -
bl e det er i or a t i on .
(2) Al l fa br i c a n d l ea t h er u sed sh a l l
be t est ed for l ea k a ge cu r r en t . F a br i c or
l ea t h er ma y n ot be u sed i f t h e l ea k a ge
cu r r en t exceeds 1 mi l l i a mper e wh en a
pot en t i a l of 3, 000 vol t s i s a ppl i ed t o t h e
el ect r odes posi t i on ed 12 i n ch es a pa r t .
(3) I n l i eu of a l t er n a t i n g cu r r en t
t est s, equ i va l en t di r ect cu r r en t t est s
ma y be per for med.
(B) Th e cu sh i on pa r t of t h e body bel t
sh a l l :
(1) Con t a i n n o exposed r i vet s on t h e
i n si de. Th i s pr ovi si on does n ot a ppl y t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
750
bel t s u sed by cr a ft smen n ot en ga ged i n
l i n e wor k .
(2) Be a t l ea st t h r ee i n ch es i n wi dt h ;
(3) Be a t l ea st fi ve t h i r t y -secon ds
(
5
32) i n ch t h i ck , i f ma de of l ea t h er ; a n d
(C) [Reser ved]
(D) S u i t a bl e copper , st eel , or equ i va -
l en t l i n er s sh a l l be u sed a r ou n d t h e
ba r s of D r i n gs t o pr even t wea r be-
t ween t h ese member s a n d t h e l ea t h er
or fa br i c en cl osi n g t h em.
(E) Al l st i t ch i n g sh a l l be don e wi t h a
mi n i mu m 42-pou n d wei gh t n y l on or
equ i va l en t t h r ea d a n d sh a l l be l ock
st i t ch ed. S t i t ch i n g pa r a l l el t o a n edge
ma y n ot be l ess t h a n t h r ee-si xt een t h s
(
3
16) i n ch fr om t h e edge of t h e n a r -
r owest member ca u gh t by t h e t h r ea d.
Th e u se of cr oss st i t ch i n g on l ea t h er i s
pr oh i bi t ed.
(F ) Th e k eeper s of sn a ph ook s sh a l l
h a ve a spr i n g t en si on t h a t wi l l n ot
a l l ow t h e k eeper t o begi n t o open wh en
a wei gh t of 2
1
2 pou n ds or l ess i s a p-
pl i ed, bu t t h e k eeper s sh a l l begi n t o
open wh en a wei gh t of fou r pou n ds i s
a ppl i ed. I n ma k i n g t h i s det er mi n a t i on ,
t h e wei gh t sh a l l be su ppor t ed on t h e
k eeper a ga i n st t h e en d of t h e n ose.
(G) S a fet y st r a ps, l a n y a r ds, a n d body
bel t s sh a l l be t est ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h e fol l owi n g pr ocedu r e:
(1) At t a ch on e en d of t h e sa fet y st r a p
or l a n y a r d t o a r i gi d su ppor t , a n d t h e
ot h er en d t o a 250-pou n d ca n va s ba g of
sa n d;
(2) Al l ow t h e 250-pou n d ca n va s ba g of
sa n d t o fr ee fa l l 4 feet wh en t est i n g
sa fet y st r a ps a n d 6 feet wh en t est i n g
l a n y a r ds. I n ea ch ca se, t h e st r a p or l a n -
y a r d sh a l l st op t h e fa l l of t h e 250-pou n d
ba g;
(3) F a i l u r e of t h e st r a p or l a n y a r d
sh a l l be i n di ca t ed by a n y br ea k a ge or
sl i ppa ge su ffi ci en t t o per mi t t h e ba g t o
fa l l fr ee fr om t h e st r a p or l a n y a r d.
(4) Th e en t i r e body bel t a ssembl y
sh a l l be t est ed u si n g on D r i n g. A sa fe-
t y st r a p or l a n y a r d sh a l l be u sed t h a t i s
ca pa bl e of pa ssi n g t h e i mpa ct l oa di n g
t est descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2)(i i )(G)(2) of t h i s sect i on a n d a t -
t a ch ed a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2)(i i )(G)(1) of t h i s sect i on . Th e body
bel t sh a l l be secu r ed t o t h e 250-pou n d
ba g of sa n d a t a poi n t wh i ch si mu l a t es
t h e wa i st of a ma n a n d sh a l l be dr opped
a s st a t ed i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(2)(i i )(G)(2) of
t h i s sect i on . F a i l u r e of t h e body bel t
sh a l l be i n di ca t ed by a n y br ea k a ge or
sl i ppa ge su ffi ci en t t o per mi t t h e ba g t o
fa l l fr ee fr om t h e body bel t .
(3) Pole climbers. (i ) P ol e cl i mber s
ma y n ot be u sed i f t h e ga ffs a r e l ess
t h a n 1
1
4 i n ch es i n l en gt h a s mea su r ed
on t h e u n der si de of t h e ga ff. Th e ga ffs
of pol e cl i mber s sh a l l be cover ed wi t h
sa fet y ca ps wh en n ot bei n g u sed for
t h ei r i n t en ded u se.
pol e cl i mber s a r e i n spect ed by a com-
pet en t per son for t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s: F r a ct u r ed or cr a ck ed ga ffs or l eg
i r on s, l oose or du l l ga ffs, br ok en st r a ps
or bu ck l es. I f a n y of t h ese con di t i on s
exi st , t h e defect sh a l l be cor r ect ed be-
for e t h e cl i mber s a r e u sed.
(i i i ) P ol e cl i mber s sh a l l be i n spect ed
a s r equ i r ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph (g)(3) be-
for e ea ch da y s u se a n d a ga ff cu t -ou t
t est per for med a t l ea st week l y wh en i n
u se.
(i v) P ol e cl i mber s ma y n ot be wor n
wh en :
(A) Wor k i n g i n t r ees (speci fi ca l l y de-
si gn ed t r ee cl i mber s sh a l l be u sed for
t r ee cl i mbi n g),
(B) Wor k i n g on l a dder s,
(C) Wor k i n g i n a n a er i a l l i ft ,
(D) Dr i vi n g a veh i cl e, n or
(E) Wa l k i n g on r ock y , h a r d, fr ozen ,
br u sh y or h i l l y t er r a i n .
(h ) L adders. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t n o empl oy ee n or a n y ma t e-
r i a l or equ i pmen t ma y be su ppor t ed or
per mi t t ed t o be su ppor t ed on a n y por -
t i on of a l a dder u n l ess i t i s fi r st det er -
mi n ed, by i n spect i on s a n d ch eck s con -
du ct ed by a compet en t per son t h a t
su ch l a dder i s a dequ a t el y st r on g, i n
good con di t i on , a n d pr oper l y secu r ed i n
pl a ce, a s r equ i r ed i n su bpa r t D of t h i s
pa r t a n d a s r equ i r ed i n t h i s sect i on .
(2) Th e spa ci n g bet ween st eps or
r u n gs per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed on pol es
a n d t ower s sh a l l be n o mor e t h a n 18
i n ch es (36 i n ch es on a n y on e si de). Th i s
r equ i r emen t a l so a ppl i es t o fi xed l a d-
der s on t ower s, wh en t ower s a r e so
equ i pped. S pa ci n g bet ween st eps sh a l l
be u n i for m a bove t h e i n i t i a l u n st epped
sect i on , except wh er e wor k i n g, st a n d-
i n g, or a ccess st eps a r e r equ i r ed. F i xed
l a dder r u n gs a n d st ep r u n gs for pol es
a n d t ower s sh a l l h a ve a mi n i mu m di -
a met er of
5
8. F i xed l a dder r u n gs sh a l l
h a ve a mi n i mu m cl ea r wi dt h of 12
i n ch es. S t eps for pol es a n d t ower s sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
751
h a ve a mi n i mu m cl ea r wi dt h of 4
1
2
i n ch es. Th e spa ci n g bet ween det a ch a bl e
st eps ma y n ot exceed 30 i n ch es on a n y
on e si de, a n d t h ese st eps sh a l l be pr op-
er l y secu r ed wh en i n u se.
(3) P or t a bl e wood l a dder s i n t en ded
for gen er a l u se ma y n ot be pa i n t ed bu t
ma y be coa t ed wi t h a t r a n scl u cen t n on -
con du ct i ve coa t i n g. P or t a bl e wood l a d-
der s ma y n ot be l on gi t u di n a l l y r ei n -
for ced wi t h met a l .
(4) P or t a bl e wood l a dder s t h a t a r e
n ot bei n g ca r r i ed on veh i cl es a n d a r e
n ot i n a ct i ve u se sh a l l be st or ed wh er e
t h ey wi l l n ot be exposed t o t h e el e-
men t s a n d wh er e t h er e i s good ven t i l a -
t i on .
(5) Th e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 25(c)(5)
sh a l l a ppl y t o r ol l i n g l a dder s u sed i n
t el ecommu n i ca t i on s cen t er s, except
t h a t su ch l a dder s sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m i n si de wi dt h , bet ween t h e si de
r a i l s, of a t l ea st ei gh t i n ch es.
(6) Cl i mbi n g l a dder s or st a i r wa y s on
sca ffol ds u sed for a ccess a n d egr ess
sh a l l be a ffi xed or bu i l t i n t o t h e sca f-
fol d by pr oper desi gn a n d en gi n eer i n g,
a n d sh a l l be so l oca t ed t h a t t h ei r u se
wi l l n ot di st u r b t h e st a bi l i t y of t h e
sca ffol d. Th e r u n gs of t h e cl i mbi n g de-
vi ce sh a l l be equ a l l y spa ced, bu t ma y
n ot be l ess t h a n 12 i n ch es n omi n a l n or
mor e t h a n 16 i n ch es n omi n a l a pa r t .
Hor i zon t a l en d r u n gs u sed for pl a t for m
su ppor t ma y a l so be u t i l i zed a s a
cl i mbi n g devi ce i f su ch r u n gs meet t h e
spa ci n g r equ i r emen t of t h i s pa r a gr a ph
(h )(6), a n d i f t h er e i s su ffi ci en t cl ea r -
a n ce bet ween t h e r u n g a n d t h e edge of
t h e pl a t for m t o a ffor d a n a dequ a t e
h a n dh ol d. I f a por t a bl e l a dder i s a ffi xed
t o t h e sca ffol d, i t sh a l l be secu r el y a t -
t a ch ed a n d sh a l l h a ve r u n gs meet i n g
t h e spa ci n g r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (h )(6). Cl ea r a n ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded i n t h e ba ck of t h e l a dder of n ot
l ess t h a n 6 i n ch es fr om cen t er of r u n g
t o t h e n ea r est sca ffol d st r u ct u r a l mem-
ber .
(7) Wh en a l a dder i s su ppor t ed by a n
a er i a l st r a n d, a n d l a dder h ook s or
ot h er su ppor t s a r e n ot bei n g u sed, t h e
l a dder sh a l l be ext en ded a t l ea st 2 feet
a bove t h e st r a n d a n d sh a l l be secu r ed
t o i t (e. g. l a sh ed or h el d by a sa fet y
st r a p a r ou n d t h e st r a n d a n d l a dder si de
r a i l ). Wh en a l a dder i s su ppor t ed by a
pol e, i t sh a l l be secu r el y l a sh ed t o t h e
pol e u n l ess t h e l a dder i s speci fi ca l l y
desi gn ed t o pr even t movemen t wh en
u sed i n t h i s a ppl i ca t i on .
(8) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o met a l ma n h ol e l a dder s. (i ) Met a l
ma n h ol e l a dder s sh a l l be fr ee of st r u c-
t u r a l defect s a n d fr ee of a cci den t h a z-
a r ds su ch a s sh a r p edges a n d bu r r s. Th e
met a l sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a ga i n st cor r o-
si on u n l ess i n h er en t l y cor r osi on -r esi st -
a n t .
(i i ) Th ese l a dder s ma y be desi gn ed
wi t h pa r a l l el si de r a i l s, or wi t h si de
r a i l s va r y i n g u n i for ml y i n sepa r a t i on
a l on g t h e l en gt h (t a per ed), or wi t h si de
r a i l s fl a r i n g a t t h e ba se t o i n cr ea se st a -
bi l i t y .
(i i i ) Th e spa ci n g of r u n gs or st eps
sh a l l be on 12-i n ch cen t er s.
(i v) Con n ect i on s bet ween r u n gs or
st eps a n d si der a i l s sh a l l be con st r u ct ed
t o i n su r e r i gi di t y a s wel l a s st r en gt h .
(v) Ru n gs a n d st eps sh a l l be cor -
r u ga t ed, k n u r l ed, di mpl ed, coa t ed wi t h
sk i d-r esi st a n t ma t er i a l , or ot h er wi se
t r ea t ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of
sl i ppi n g.
(vi ) La dder h a r dwa r e sh a l l meet t h e
st r en gt h r equ i r emen t s of t h e l a dder s
compon en t pa r t s a n d sh a l l be of a ma -
t er i a l t h a t i s pr ot ect ed a ga i n st cor r o-
si on u n l ess i n h er en t l y cor r osi on -r esi st -
a n t . Met a l s sh a l l be so sel ect ed a s t o
a voi d excessi ve ga l va n i c a ct i on .
(i ) Ot h er t ools an d person al prot ect ive
equ ipmen t (1) Head prot ect ion . Hea d
pr ot ect i on meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
ANS I Z89. 21971, S a fet y Requ i r emen t s
for I n du st r i a l P r ot ect i ve Hel met s for
El ect r i ca l Wor k er s, Cl a ss B sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wh en ever t h er e i s exposu r e t o
possi bl e h i gh vol t a ge el ect r i ca l con -
t a ct , a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e
t h a t t h e h ea d pr ot ect i on i s u sed by em-
pl oy ees. ANS I Z89. 21971 i s i n cor -
1910. 6.
(2) Ey e prot ect ion . Ey e pr ot ect i on
meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 133
(a )(2) t h r u (a )(6) sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e i t s u se by
empl oy ees wh er e for ei gn obj ect s ma y
en t er t h e ey es du e t o wor k oper a t i on s
su ch a s bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o:
(i ) Dr i l l i n g or ch i ppi n g st on e, br i ck
or ma son r y , br ea k i n g con cr et e or pa ve-
men t , et c. by h a n d t ool s (sl edge-
h a mmer , et c. ) or power t ool s su ch a s
pn eu ma t i c dr i l l s or h a mmer s;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
752
(i i ) Wor k i n g on or a r ou n d h i gh speed
emer y or ot h er gr i n di n g wh eel s u n pr o-
t ect ed by gu a r ds;
(i i i ) Cu t t i n g or ch i ppi n g t er r a cot t a
du ct s, t i l e, et c. ;
(i v) Wor k i n g u n der mot or veh i cl es r e-
qu i r i n g h a mmer i n g;
(v) Cl ea n i n g oper a t i on s u si n g com-
pr essed a i r , st ea m, or sa n d bl a st ;
(vi ) Acet y l en e wel di n g or si mi l a r op-
er a t i on s wh er e spa r k s a r e t h r own off;
(vi i ) Usi n g powder a ct u a t ed st u d
dr i ver s;
(vi i i ) Tr ee pr u n i n g or cu t t i n g u n der -
br u sh ;
(i x) Ha n dl i n g ba t t er y cel l s a n d sol u -
t i on s, su ch a s t a k i n g ba t t er y r ea di n gs
wi t h a h y dr omet er a n d t h er momet er ;
(x) Removi n g or r ea r r a n gi n g st r a n d
or open wi r e; a n d
(xi ) P er for mi n g l ea d sl eeve wi pi n g
a n d wh i l e sol der i n g.
(3) T en t h eat ers. F l a me-t y pe h ea t er s
ma y n ot be u sed wi t h i n gr ou n d t en t s or
on pl a t for ms wi t h i n a er i a l t en t s u n l ess:
(i ) Th e t en t cover s a r e con st r u ct ed of
fi r e r esi st a n t ma t er i a l s, a n d
(i i ) Adequ a t e ven t i l a t i on i s pr ovi ded
t o ma i n t a i n sa fe oxy gen l evel s a n d
a voi d h a r mfu l bu i l du p of combu st i on
pr odu ct s a n d combu st i bl e ga ses.
(4) T orch es. Tor ch es ma y be u sed on
a er i a l spl i ci n g pl a t for ms or i n bu ck et s
en cl osed by t en t s pr ovi ded t h e t en t ma -
t er i a l i s con st r u ct ed of fi r e r esi st a n t
ma t er i a l a n d t h e t or ch i s t u r n ed off
wh en n ot i n a ct u a l u se. Aer i a l t en t s
sh a l l be a dequ a t el y ven t i l a t ed wh i l e
t h e t or ch i s i n oper a t i on .
(5) Port able power equ ipmen t . Nomi n a l
120V, or l ess, por t a bl e gen er a t or s u sed
for pr ovi di n g power a t wor k l oca t i on s
do n ot r equ i r e gr ou n di n g i f t h e ou t pu t
ci r cu i t i s compl et el y i sol a t ed fr om t h e
fr a me of t h e u n i t .
(6) Veh icle-mou n t ed u t ilit y gen erat ors.
Veh i cl e-mou n t ed u t i l i t y gen er a t or s
u sed for pr ovi di n g n omi n a l 240V AC or
l ess for power i n g por t a bl e t ool s a n d
equ i pmen t n eed n ot be gr ou n ded t o
ea r t h i f a l l of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s
a r e met :
(i ) On e si de of t h e vol t a ge sou r ce i s
sol i dl y st r a pped t o t h e met a l l i c st r u c-
t u r e of t h e veh i cl e;
(i i ) Gr ou n di n g-t y pe ou t l et s a r e u sed,
wi t h a gr ou n di n g con du ct or bet ween
t h e ou t l et gr ou n di n g t er mi n a l a n d t h e
si de of t h e vol t a ge sou r ce t h a t i s
st r a pped t o t h e veh i cl e;
(i i i ) Al l met a l l i c en ca sed t ool s a n d
equ i pmen t t h a t a r e power ed fr om t h i s
sy st em a r e equ i pped wi t h t h r ee-wi r e
cor ds a n d gr ou n di n g-t y pe a t t a ch men t
pl u gs, except a s desi gn a t ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (i )(7) of t h i s sect i on .
(7) Port able ligh t s, t ools, an d appli-
an ces. P or t a bl e l i gh t s, t ool s, a n d a ppl i -
a n ces h a vi n g n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g ex-
t er n a l met a l h ou si n g ma y be u sed wi t h
power equ i pmen t descr i bed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (i )(5) of t h i s sect i on wi t h ou t a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or . Wh en
oper a t ed fr om commer ci a l power su ch
met a l pa r t s of t h ese devi ces sh a l l be
gr ou n ded, u n l ess t h ese t ool s or a ppl i -
a n ces a r e pr ot ect ed by a sy st em of dou -
bl e i n su l a t i on , or i t s equ i va l en t . Wh er e
su ch a sy st em i s empl oy ed, t h e equ i p-
men t sh a l l be di st i n ct i vel y ma r k ed t o
i n di ca t e dou bl e i n su l a t i on .
(8) Solderin g devices. Gr ou n di n g sh a l l
be omi t t ed wh en u si n g sol der i n g i r on s,
gu n s or wi r e-wr a p t ool s on t el e-
commu n i ca t i on s ci r cu i t s.
(9) L ead work . Th e wi pi n g of l ea d
j oi n t s u si n g mel t ed sol der , ga s fu el ed
t or ch es, sol der i n g i r on s or ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e h ea t i n g devi ces, a n d t h e sol -
der i n g of wi r es or ot h er el ect r i ca l con -
n ect i on s do n ot con st i t u t e t h e wel di n g,
cu t t i n g a n d br a zi n g descr i bed i n su b-
pa r t Q of t h i s pa r t . Wh en oper a t ed fr om
commer ci a l power t h e met a l h ou si n g of
el ect r i c sol der pot s sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
El ect r i c sol der pot s ma y be u sed wi t h
t h e power equ i pmen t descr i bed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (i )(5) of t h i s sect i on wi t h ou t a
gr ou n di n g con du ct or . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t wi pi n g gl oves or
cl ot h s a n d ey e pr ot ect i on a r e u sed i n
l ea d wi pi n g oper a t i on s. A dr i p pa n t o
ca t ch h ot l ea d dr i ppi n gs sh a l l a l so be
pr ovi ded a n d u sed.
(j ) Veh icle-mou n t ed mat erial h an dlin g
devices an d ot h er mech an ical equ ipmen t
(1) Gen eral. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h a t vi su a l i n spect i on s a r e ma de
of t h e equ i pmen t by a compet en t per -
son ea ch da y t h e equ i pmen t i s t o be
u sed t o a scer t a i n t h a t i t i s i n good con -
di t i on .
t est s sh a l l be ma de a t t h e begi n n i n g of
ea ch sh i ft by a compet en t per son t o i n -
su r e t h e veh i cl e br a k es a n d oper a t i n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
753
sy st ems a r e i n pr oper wor k i n g con di -
t i on .
(2) Scrapers, loaders, dozers, graders
an d t ract ors. (i ) Al l r u bber -t i r ed, sel f-
pr opel l ed scr a per s, r u bber -t i r ed fr on t
en d l oa der s, r u bber -t i r ed dozer s, a gr i -
cu l t u r a l a n d i n du st r i a l t r a ct or s, cr a wl -
er t r a ct or s, cr a wl er -t y pe l oa der s, a n d
mot or gr a der s, wi t h or wi t h ou t a t t a ch -
men t s, t h a t a r e u sed i n t el ecommu n i -
ca t i on s wor k sh a l l h a ve r ol l over pr o-
t ect i ve st r u ct u r es t h a t meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of su bpa r t W of pa r t 1926 of
t h i s Ti t l e.
(i i ) Ey e pr ot ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t i t i s
u sed by empl oy ees wh en wor k i n g i n
a r ea s wh er e fl y i n g ma t er i a l i s gen -
er a t ed.
(3) Veh icle-mou n t ed elevat in g an d ro-
t at in g work plat f orms. Th ese devi ces
sh a l l n ot be oper a t ed wi t h a n y con du c-
t i ve pa r t of t h e equ i pmen t cl oser t o ex-
posed en er gi zed power l i n es t h a n t h e
cl ea r a n ces set for t h i n Ta bl e R2 of
t h i s sect i on .
(4) Derrick t ru ck s an d similar equ ip-
men t . (i ) Th i s equ i pmen t sh a l l n ot be
oper a t ed wi t h a n y con du ct i ve pa r t of
t h e equ i pmen t cl oser t o exposed en er -
gi zed power l i n es t h a n t h e cl ea r a n ces
set for t h i n Ta bl e R2 of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Wh en der r i ck s a r e u sed t o h a n dl e
pol es n ea r en er gi zed power con du ct or s,
t h ese oper a t i on s sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e
r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(b)(7) a n d (n )(11) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Movi n g pa r t s of equ i pmen t a n d
ma ch i n er y ca r r i ed on or mou n t ed on
t el ecommu n i ca t i on s l i n e t r u ck s sh a l l
be gu a r ded. Th i s ma y be don e wi t h ba r -
r i ca des a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)
(i v) Der r i ck s a n d t h e oper a t i on of
der r i ck s sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g r equ i r emen t s: (A) Ma n u fa ct u r -
er s speci fi ca t i on s, l oa d r a t i n gs a n d i n -
st r u ct i on s for der r i ck oper a t i on sh a l l
be st r i ct l y obser ved.
(B) Ra t ed l oa d ca pa ci t i es a n d i n st r u c-
t i on s r el a t ed t o der r i ck oper a t i on sh a l l
be con spi cu ou sl y post ed on a per ma -
n en t wea t h er -r esi st a n t pl a t e or deca l
i n a l oca t i on on t h e der r i ck t h a t i s
pl a i n l y vi si bl e t o t h e der r i ck oper a t or .
(C) P r i or t o der r i ck oper a t i on t h e
pa r k i n g br a k e mu st be set a n d t h e st a -
bi l i zer s ext en ded i f t h e veh i cl e i s so
equ i pped. Wh en t h e veh i cl e i s si t u a t ed
on a gr a de, a t l ea st t wo wh eel s mu st be
ch ock ed on t h e down gr a de si de.
(D) On l y per son s t r a i n ed i n t h e oper -
a t i on of t h e der r i ck sh a l l be per mi t t ed
t o oper a t e t h e der r i ck .
(E) Ha n d si gn a l s t o der r i ck oper a t or s
sh a l l be t h ose pr escr i bed by ANS I
B30. 61969, S a fet y Code for Der r i ck s,
(F ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
t h e der r i ck a n d i t s a ssoci a t ed equ i p-
men t a r e i n spect ed by a compet en t per -
son a t i n t er va l s set by t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er bu t i n n o ca se l ess t h a n on ce per
y ea r . Recor ds sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n -
cl u di n g t h e da t es of i n spect i on s, a n d
n ecessa r y r epa i r s ma de, i f cor r ect i ve
a ct i on wa s r equ i r ed.
(G) Modi fi ca t i on s or a ddi t i on s t o t h e
der r i ck a n d i t s a ssoci a t ed equ i pmen t
t h a t a l t er i t s ca pa ci t y or a ffect i t s sa fe
oper a t i on sh a l l be ma de on l y wi t h wr i t -
t en cer t i fi ca t i on fr om t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er , or ot h er equ i va l en t en t i t y , su ch
a s a n a t i on a l l y r ecogn i zed t est i n g l a b-
or a t or y , t h a t t h e modi fi ca t i on r esu l t s
i n t h e equ i pmen t bei n g sa fe for i t s i n -
t en ded u se. S u ch ch a n ges sh a l l r equ i r e
t h e ch a n gi n g a n d post i n g of r evi sed ca -
pa ci t y a n d i n st r u ct i on deca l s or pl a t es.
Th ese n ew r a t i n gs or l i mi t a t i on s sh a l l
be a s pr ovi ded by t h e ma n u fa ct u r er or
ot h er equ i va l en t en t i t y .
(H) Wi r e r ope u sed wi t h der r i ck s
sh a l l be of i mpr oved pl ow st eel or
equ i va l en t . Wi r e r ope sa fet y fa ct or s
sh a l l be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r ds I n st i t u t e B30. 6
1969.
(I ) Wi r e r ope sh a l l be t a k en ou t of
ser vi ce, or t h e defect i ve por t i on r e-
moved, wh en a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con -
di t i on s exi st : (1) Th e r ope st r en gt h h a s
been si gn i fi ca n t l y r edu ced du e t o cor -
r osi on , pi t t i n g, or excessi ve h ea t , or
(2) Th e t h i ck n ess of t h e ou t er wi r es
of t h e r ope h a s been r edu ced t o t wo-
t h i r ds or l ess of t h e or i gi n a l t h i ck n ess,
or
(3) Th er e a r e mor e t h a n si x br ok en
wi r es i n a n y on e r ope l a y , or
(4) Th er e i s excessi ve per ma n en t di s-
t or t i on ca u sed by k i n k i n g, cr u sh i n g, or
sever e t wi st i n g of t h e r ope.
(k ) Mat erials h an dlin g an d st orage(1)
Poles. Wh en wor k i n g wi t h pol es i n pi l es
or st a ck s, wor k sh a l l be per for med
fr om t h e en ds of t h e pol es a s mu ch a s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
754
possi bl e, a n d pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be
t a k en for t h e sa fet y of empl oy ees a t
t h e ot h er en d of t h e pol e. Du r i n g pol e
h a u l i n g oper a t i on s, a l l l oa ds sh a l l be
secu r ed t o pr even t di spl a cemen t .
Li gh t s, r efl ect or s a n d/or fl a gs sh a l l be
di spl a y ed on t h e en d a n d si des of t h e
l oa d a s n ecessa r y . Th e r equ i r emen t s
for i n st a l l a t i on , r emova l , or ot h er h a n -
dl i n g of pol es i n pol e l i n es a r e pr e-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (n ) of t h i s sect i on
wh i ch per t a i n s t o over h ea d l i n es. I n
t h e ca se of h oi st i n g ma ch i n er y
equ i pped wi t h a posi t i ve st op
l oa dh ol di n g devi ce, i t sh a l l be per mi s-
si bl e for t h e oper a t or t o l ea ve h i s posi -
t i on a t t h e con t r ol s (wh i l e a l oa d i s
su spen ded) for t h e sol e pu r pose of a s-
si st i n g i n posi t i on i n g t h e l oa d pr i or t o
l a n di n g i t . P r i or t o u n l oa di n g st eel ,
pol es, cr ossa r ms, a n d si mi l a r ma t er i a l ,
t h e l oa d sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y exa mi n ed
t o a scer t a i n t h a t t h e l oa d h a s n ot
sh i ft ed, t h a t bi n der s or st a k es h a ve n ot
br ok en , a n d t h a t t h e l oa d i s n ot ot h er -
wi se h a za r dou s t o empl oy ees.
(2) Cable reels. Ca bl e r eel s i n st or a ge
sh a l l be ch eck ed or ot h er wi se r e-
st r a i n ed wh en t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y
t h a t t h ey mi gh t a cci den t a l l y r ol l fr om
posi t i on .
(l ) Cable f au lt locat in g an d t est in g. (1)
Empl oy ees i n vol ved i n u si n g h i gh
vol t a ges t o l oca t e t r ou bl e or t est ca -
bl es sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed i n t h e pr e-
ca u t i on s n ecessa r y for t h ei r own sa fet y
a n d t h e sa fet y of ot h er empl oy ees.
(2) Befor e t h e vol t a ge i s a ppl i ed,
ca bl e con du ct or s sh a l l be i sol a t ed t o
t h e ext en t pr a ct i ca bl e. Empl oy ees
sh a l l be wa r n ed, by su ch t ech n i qu es a s
br i efi n g a n d t a ggi n g a t a l l a ffect ed l o-
ca t i on s, t o st a y cl ea r wh i l e t h e vol t a ge
i s a ppl i ed.
(m) Grou n din g f or employ ee prot ec-
t ion pole lin es(1) Power con du ct ors.
El ect r i c power con du ct or s a n d equ i p-
men t sh a l l be con si der ed a s en er gi zed
u n l ess t h e empl oy ee ca n vi su a l l y det er -
mi n e t h a t t h ey a r e bon ded t o on e of
t h e gr ou n ds l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(4)
(2) Non work in g open wire. Non wor k i n g
open wi r e commu n i ca t i on s l i n es sh a l l
be bon ded t o on e of t h e gr ou n ds l i st ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Vert ical power con du it , power
grou n d wires an d st reet ligh t f ixt u res. (i )
Met a l power con du i t on j oi n t u se pol es,
exposed ver t i ca l power gr ou n d wi r es,
a n d st r eet l i gh t fi xt u r es wh i ch a r e
bel ow commu n i ca t i on s a t t a ch men t s or
l ess t h a n 20 i n ch es a bove t h ese a t t a ch -
men t s, sh a l l be con si der ed en er gi zed
a n d sh a l l be t est ed for vol t a ge u n l ess
t h e empl oy ee ca n vi su a l l y det er mi n e
t h a t t h ey a r e bon ded t o t h e commu -
n i ca t i on s su spen si on st r a n d or ca bl e
sh ea t h .
(i i ) I f n o h a za r dou s vol t a ge i s sh own
by t h e vol t a ge t est , a t empor a r y bon d
sh a l l be pl a ced bet ween su ch st r eet
l i gh t fi xt u r e, exposed ver t i ca l power
gr ou n di n g con du ct or , or met a l l i c power
con du i t a n d t h e commu n i ca t i on s ca bl e
st r a n d. Tempor a r y bon ds u sed for t h i s
pu r pose sh a l l h a ve su ffi ci en t con du c-
t i vi t y t o ca r r y a t l ea st 500 a mper es for
a per i od of on e secon d wi t h ou t fu si n g.
(4) Su it able prot ect ive grou n din g. Ac-
cept a bl e gr ou n ds for pr ot ect i ve gr ou n d-
i n g a r e a s fol l ows:
(i ) A ver t i ca l gr ou n d wi r e wh i ch h a s
been t est ed, fou n d sa fe, a n d i s con -
n ect ed t o a power sy st em mu l t i -
gr ou n ded n eu t r a l or t h e gr ou n ded n eu -
t r a l of a power secon da r y sy st em wh er e
t h er e a r e a t l ea st t h r ee ser vi ces con -
n ect ed;
(i i ) Commu n i ca t i on s ca bl e sh ea t h or
sh i el d a n d i t s su ppor t i n g st r a n d wh er e
t h e sh ea t h or sh i el d i s:
(A) Bon ded t o a n u n der gr ou n d or bu r -
i ed ca bl e wh i ch i s con n ect ed t o a cen -
t r a l offi ce gr ou n d, or
(B) Bon ded t o a n u n der gr ou n d met a l -
l i c pi pi n g sy st em, or
(C) Bon ded t o a power sy st em mu l t i -
gr ou n ded n eu t r a l or gr ou n ded n eu t r a l
of a power secon da r y sy st em wh i ch h a s
a t l ea st t h r ee ser vi ces con n ect ed;
(i i i ) Gu y s wh i ch a r e bon ded t o t h e
gr ou n ds speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (m)(4)
(i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on a n d wh i ch
h a ve con t i n u i t y u n i n t er r u pt ed by a n
i n su l a t or ; a n d
(i v) I f a l l of t h e pr ecedi n g gr ou n ds
a r e n ot a va i l a bl e, a r r a y s of dr i ven
gr ou n d r ods wh er e t h e r esu l t a n t r esi st -
a n ce t o gr ou n d wi l l be l ow en ou gh t o
el i mi n a t e da n ger t o per son n el or per -
mi t pr ompt oper a t i on of pr ot ect i ve de-
vi ces.
(5) At t ach in g an d removin g t emporary
bon ds. Wh en a t t a ch i n g gr ou n ds (bon ds),
t h e fi r st a t t a ch men t sh a l l be ma de t o
t h e pr ot ect i ve gr ou n d. Wh en r emovi n g
bon ds, t h e con n ect i on t o t h e l i n e or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
755
equ i pmen t sh a l l be r emoved fi r st . I n su -
l a t i n g gl oves sh a l l be wor n du r i n g
t h ese oper a t i on s.
(6) T emporary grou n din g of su spen sion
st ran d. (i ) Th e su spen si on st r a n d sh a l l
be gr ou n ded t o t h e exi st i n g gr ou n ds
l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on wh en bei n g pl a ced on j oi n t l y u sed
pol es or du r i n g t h u n der st or m a ct i vi t y .
(i i ) Wh er e power cr ossi n gs a r e en -
cou n t er ed on n on j oi n t l i n es, t h e st r a n d
sh a l l be bon ded t o a n exi st i n g gr ou n d
l i st ed i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on a s cl ose a s possi bl e t o t h e cr oss-
i n g. Th i s bon di n g i s n ot r equ i r ed wh er e
cr ossi n gs a r e ma de on a common cr oss-
i n g pol e u n l ess t h er e i s a n u pwa r d
ch a n ge i n gr a de a t t h e pol e.
(i i i ) Wh er e r ol l er -t y pe bon ds a r e
u sed, t h ey sh a l l be r est r a i n ed so a s t o
a voi d st r essi n g t h e el ect r i ca l con n ec-
t i on s.
(i v) Bon ds bet ween t h e su spen si on
st r a n d a n d t h e exi st i n g gr ou n d sh a l l be
a t l ea st No. 6AWG copper .
(v) Tempor a r y bon ds sh a l l be l eft i n
pl a ce u n t i l t h e st r a n d h a s been t en -
si on ed, dea d-en ded, a n d per ma n en t l y
gr ou n ded.
(vi ) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(m)(6)(i ) t h r ou gh (m)(6)(v) of t h i s sec-
t i on do n ot a ppl y t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of
i n su l a t ed st r a n d.
(7) An t en n a work -radio t ran smit t in g
st at ion s 330 MHZ . (i ) P r i or t o gr ou n d-
i n g a r a di o t r a n smi t t i n g st a t i on a n -
t en n a , t h e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
t h e r i gger i n ch a r ge:
(A) P r epa r es a da n ger t a g si gn ed wi t h
h i s si gn a t u r e,
(B) Requ est s t h e t r a n smi t t i n g t ech n i -
ci a n t o sh u t down t h e t r a n smi t t er a n d
t o gr ou n d t h e a n t en n a wi t h i t s gr ou n d-
i n g swi t ch ,
(C) I s n ot i fi ed by t h e t r a n smi t t i n g
t ech n i ci a n t h a t t h e t r a n smi t t er h a s
been sh u t down , a n d
(D) Ta gs t h e a n t en n a gr ou n d swi t ch
per son a l l y i n t h e pr esen ce of t h e t r a n s-
mi t t i n g t ech n i ci a n a ft er t h e a n t en n a
h a s been gr ou n ded by t h e t r a n smi t t i n g
t ech n i ci a n .
(i i ) P ower sh a l l n ot be a ppl i ed t o t h e
a n t en n a , n or sh a l l t h e gr ou n di n g
swi t ch be open ed u n der a n y ci r -
cu mst a n ces wh i l e t h e t a g i s a ffi xed.
(i i i )(A) Wh er e n o gr ou n di n g swi t ch es
a r e pr ovi ded, gr ou n di n g st i ck s sh a l l be
u sed, on e on ea ch si de of l i n e, a n d t a gs
sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e gr ou n di n g st i ck s,
a n t en n a swi t ch , or pl a t e power swi t ch
i n a con spi cu ou s pl a ce.
(B) Wh en n ecessa r y t o fu r t h er r edu ce
excessi ve r a di o fr equ en cy pi ck u p,
gr ou n d st i ck s or sh or t ci r cu i t s sh a l l be
pl a ced di r ect l y on t h e t r a n smi ssi on
l i n es n ea r t h e t r a n smi t t er i n a ddi t i on
t o t h e r egu l a r gr ou n di n g swi t ch es.
(C) I n ot h er ca ses, t h e a n t en n a l i n es
ma y be di scon n ect ed fr om gr ou n d a n d
t h e t r a n smi t t er t o r edu ce pi ck u p a t t h e
poi n t i n t h e fi el d.
(i v) Al l r a di o fr equ en cy l i n e wi r es
sh a l l be t est ed for pi ck u p wi t h a n i n su -
l a t ed pr obe befor e t h ey a r e h a n dl ed ei -
t h er wi t h ba r e h a n ds or wi t h met a l
t ool s.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
t h e t r a n smi t t i n g t ech n i ci a n wa r n t h e
r i gger s a bou t a dj a cen t l i n es wh i ch a r e,
or ma y become en er gi zed.
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
wh en a n t en n a wor k h a s been com-
pl et ed, t h e r i gger i n ch a r ge of t h e j ob
r et u r n s t o t h e t r a n smi t t er , n ot i fi es t h e
t r a n smi t t i n g t ech n i ci a n i n ch a r ge t h a t
wor k h a s been compl et ed, a n d per son -
a l l y r emoves t h e t a g fr om t h e a n t en n a
gr ou n d swi t ch .
(n ) Overh ead lin es(1) Han dlin g su s-
pen sion st ran d. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
i n su r e t h a t wh en h a n dl i n g ca bl e su s-
pen si on st r a n d wh i ch i s bei n g i n st a l l ed
on pol es ca r r y i n g exposed en er gi zed
power con du ct or s, empl oy ees sh a l l
wea r i n su l a t i n g gl oves a n d sh a l l a voi d
body con t a ct wi t h t h e st r a n d u n t i l
a ft er i t h a s been t en si on ed, dea d-en ded
a n d per ma n en t l y gr ou n ded.
(i i ) Th e st r a n d sh a l l be r est r a i n ed
a ga i n st u pwa r d movemen t du r i n g i n -
st a l l a t i on :
(A) On j oi n t -u se pol es, wh er e t h er e i s
a n u pwa r d ch a n ge i n gr a de a t t h e pol e,
a n d
(B) On n on -j oi n t -u se pol es, wh er e t h e
l i n e cr oses u n der en er gi zed power con -
du ct or s.
(2) Need f or t est in g wood poles. Un l ess
t empor a r y gu y s or br a ces a r e a t t a ch ed,
t h e fol l owi n g pol es sh a l l be t est ed i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (n )(3) of
t h i s sect i on a n d det er mi n ed t o be sa fe
befor e empl oy ees a r e per mi t t ed t o
cl i mb t h em:
(i ) Dea d-en d pol es, except pr oper l y
br a ced or gu y ed Y or T ca bl e j u n c-
t i on pol es,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
756
(i i ) S t r a i gh t l i n e pol es wh i ch a r e n ot
st or m gu y ed a n d wh er e a dj a cen t spa n
l en gt h s exceed 165 feet ,
(i i i ) P ol es a t wh i ch t h er e i s a down -
wa r d ch a n ge i n gr a de a n d wh i ch a r e
n ot gu y ed or br a ced cor n er pol es or
ca bl e j u n ct i on pol es,
(i v) P ol es wh i ch su ppor t on l y t el e-
ph on e dr op wi r e, a n d
(v) P ol es wh i ch ca r r y l ess t h a n t en
commu n i ca t i on l i n e wi r es. On j oi n t u se
pol es, on e power l i n e wi r e sh a l l be con -
si der ed a s t wo commu n i ca t i on wi r es
for pu r poses of t h i s pa r a gr a ph (n )(2)(v).
(3) Met h ods f or t est in g wood poles. On e
of t h e fol l owi n g met h ods or a n equ i va -
l en t met h od sh a l l be u sed for t est i n g
wood pol es:
(i ) Ra p t h e pol e sh a r pl y wi t h a h a m-
mer wei gh i n g a bou t 3 pou n ds, st a r t i n g
n ea r t h e gr ou n d l i n e a n d con t i n u i n g
u pwa r ds ci r cu mfer en t i a l l y a r ou n d t h e
pol e t o a h ei gh t of a ppr oxi ma t el y 6
feet . Th e h a mmer wi l l pr odu ce a cl ea r
sou n d a n d r ebou n d sh a r pl y wh en st r i k -
i n g sou n d wood. Deca y pock et s wi l l be
i n di ca t ed by a du l l sou n d a n d/or a l ess
pr on ou n ced h a mmer r ebou n d. Wh en
deca y pock et s a r e i n di ca t ed, t h e pol e
sh a l l be con si der ed u n sa fe. Al so, pr od
t h e pol e a s n ea r t h e gr ou n d l i n e a s pos-
si bl e u si n g a pol e pr od or a scr ewdr i ver
wi t h a bl a de a t l ea st 5 i n ch es l on g. I f
su bst a n t i a l deca y i s en cou n t er ed, t h e
pol e sh a l l be con si der ed u n sa fe.
(i i ) Appl y a h or i zon t a l for ce t o t h e
pol e a n d a t t empt t o r ock i t ba ck a n d
for t h i n a di r ect i on per pen di cu l a r t o
t h e l i n e. Ca u t i on sh a l l be exer ci sed t o
a voi d ca u si n g power wi r es t o swi n g t o-
get h er . Th e for ce ma y be a ppl i ed ei t h er
by pu sh i n g wi t h a pi k e pol e or pu l l i n g
wi t h a r ope. I f t h e pol e cr a ck s du r i n g
t h e t est , i t sh a l l be con si der ed u n sa fe.
(4) Un saf e poles or st ru ct u res. P ol es or
st r u ct u r es det er mi n ed t o be u n sa fe by
t est or obser va t i on ma y n ot be cl i mbed
u n t i l ma de sa fe by gu y i n g, br a ci n g or
ot h er a dequ a t e mea n s. P ol es det er -
mi n ed t o be u n sa fe t o cl i mb sh a l l , u n t i l
t h ey a r e ma de sa fe, be t a gged i n a con -
spi cu ou s pl a ce t o a l er t a n d wa r n a l l
empl oy ees of t h e u n sa fe con di t i on .
(5) T est requ iremen t s f or cable su spen -
sion st ran d. (i ) Befor e a t t a ch i n g a spl i c-
i n g pl a t for m t o a ca bl e su spen si on
st r a n d, t h e st r a n d sh a l l be t est ed a n d
det er mi n ed t o h a ve st r en gt h su ffi ci en t
t o su ppor t t h e wei gh t of t h e pl a t for m
a n d t h e empl oy ee. Wh er e t h e st r a n d
cr osses a bove power wi r es or r a i l r oa d
t r a ck s i t ma y n ot be t est ed bu t sh a l l be
i n spect ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(n )(6) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g met h od or a n
equ i va l en t met h od sh a l l be u sed for
t est i n g t h e st r en gt h of t h e st r a n d: A
r ope, a t l ea st t h r ee-ei gh t h s i n ch i n di -
a met er , sh a l l be t h r own over t h e
st r a n d. On j oi n t l i n es, t h e r ope sh a l l be
pa ssed over t h e st r a n d u si n g t r ee pr u n -
er h a n dl es or a wi r e r a i si n g t ool . I f t wo
empl oy ees a r e pr esen t , bot h sh a l l gr i p
t h e dou bl e r ope a n d sl owl y t r a n sfer
t h ei r en t i r e wei gh t t o t h e r ope a n d a t -
t empt t o r a i se t h emsel ves off t h e
gr ou n d. I f on l y on e empl oy ee i s
pr esen t , on e en d of t h e r ope wh i ch h a s
been pa ssed over t h e st r a n d sh a l l be
t i ed t o t h e bu mper of t h e t r u ck , or
ot h er equ a l l y secu r e a n ch or a ge. Th e
empl oy ee t h en sh a l l gr a sp t h e ot h er
en d of t h e r ope a n d a t t empt t o r a i se
h i msel f off t h e gr ou n d.
(6) I n spect ion of st ran d. Wh er e st r a n d
pa sses over el ect r i c power wi r es or r a i l -
r oa d t r a ck s, i t sh a l l be i n spect ed fr om
a n el eva t ed wor k i n g posi t i on a t ea ch
pol e su ppor t i n g t h e spa n i n qu est i on .
Th e st r a n d ma y n ot be u sed t o su ppor t
a n y spl i ci n g pl a t for m, sca ffol d or ca bl e
ca r , i f a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s
exi st :
(i ) Cor r osi on so t h a t n o ga l va n i zi n g
ca n be det ect ed,
(i i ) On e or mor e wi r es of t h e st r a n d
a r e br ok en ,
(i i i ) Wor n spot s, or
(i v) Bu r n ma r k s su ch a s t h ose ca u sed
by con t a ct wi t h el ect r i c power wi r es.
(7) Ou t side work plat f orms. Un l ess a de-
qu a t e r a i l i n gs a r e pr ovi ded, sa fet y
st r a ps a n d body bel t s sh a l l be u sed
wh i l e wor k i n g on el eva t ed wor k pl a t -
for ms su ch a s a er i a l spl i ci n g pl a t for ms,
pol e pl a t for ms, l a dder pl a t for ms a n d
t er mi n a l ba l con i es.
(8) Ot h er elevat ed locat ion s. S a fet y
st r a ps a n d body bel t s sh a l l be wor n
wh en wor k i n g a t el eva t ed posi t i on s on
pol es, t ower s or si mi l a r st r u ct u r es,
wh i ch do n ot h a ve a dequ a t el y gu a r ded
wor k a r ea s.
(9) I n st allin g an d removin g wire an d
cable. Befor e i n st a l l i n g or r emovi n g
wi r e or ca bl e, t h e pol e or st r u ct u r e
sh a l l be gu y ed, br a ced, or ot h er wi se
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
757
su ppor t ed, a s n ecessa r y , t o pr even t
fa i l u r e of t h e pol e or st r u ct u r e.
(10) Avoidin g con t act wit h en ergized
power con du ct ors or equ ipmen t . Wh en
cr a n es, der r i ck s, or ot h er mech a n i zed
equ i pmen t a r e u sed for set t i n g, mov-
i n g, or r emovi n g pol es, a l l n ecessa r y
pr eca u t i on s sh a l l be t a k en t o a voi d
con t a ct wi t h en er gi zed power con du c-
t or s or equ i pmen t .
(11) Han dlin g poles n ear en ergized
power con du ct ors. (i ) J oi n t u se pol es
ma y n ot be set , moved, or r emoved
wh er e t h e n omi n a l vol t a ge of open
el ect r i ca l power con du ct or s exceeds
34. 5k V ph a se t o ph a se (20k V t o gr ou n d).
(i i ) P ol es t h a t a r e t o be pl a ced,
moved or r emoved du r i n g h ea vy r a i n s,
sl eet or wet sn ow i n j oi n t l i n es ca r -
r y i n g mor e t h a n 8. 7k V ph a se t o ph a se
vol t a ge (5k V t o gr ou n d) sh a l l be gu a r d-
ed or ot h er wi se pr even t ed fr om di r ect
con t a ct wi t h over h ea d en er gi zed power
con du ct or s.
(i i i )(A) I n j oi n t l i n es wh er e t h e power
vol t a ge i s gr ea t er t h a n 750 vol t s bu t
l ess t h a n 34. 5k V ph a se t o ph a se (20 k V
t o gr ou n d), wet pol es bei n g pl a ced,
moved or r emoved sh a l l be i n su l a t ed
wi t h ei t h er a r u bber i n su l a t i n g bl a n -
k et , a fi ber gl a ss box gu i de, or equ i va -
l en t pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t .
(B) I n j oi n t l i n es wh er e t h e power
vol t a ge i s gr ea t er t h a n 8. 7 k V ph a se t o
ph a se (5k V t o gr ou n d) bu t l ess t h a n
34. 5k V ph a se t o ph a se (20 k V t o
gr ou n d), dr y pol es bei n g pl a ced, moved,
or r emoved sh a l l be i n su l a t ed wi t h ei -
t h er a r u bber i n su l a t i n g bl a n k et , a fi -
ber gl a ss box gu i de, or equ i va l en t pr o-
(C) Wh er e wet or dr y pol es a r e bei n g
r emoved, i n su l a t i on of t h e pol e i s n ot
r equ i r ed i f t h e pol e i s cu t off 2 feet or
mor e bel ow t h e l owest power wi r e a n d
a l so cu t off n ea r t h e gr ou n d l i n e.
(i v) I n su l a t i n g gl oves sh a l l be wor n
wh en h a n dl i n g t h e pol e wi t h ei t h er
h a n ds or t ool s, wh en t h er e exi st s a pos-
si bi l i t y t h a t t h e pol e ma y con t a ct a
power con du ct or . Wh er e t h e vol t a ge t o
gr ou n d of t h e power con du ct or exceeds
15k V t o gr ou n d, Cl a ss I I gl oves (a s de-
fi n ed i n ANS I J 6. 61971) sh a l l be u sed.
F or vol t a ges n ot exceedi n g 15k V t o
gr ou n d, i n su l a t i n g gl oves sh a l l h a ve a
br ea k down vol t a ge of a t l ea st 17k V.
(v) Th e gu a r d or i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l
u sed t o pr ot ect t h e pol e sh a l l meet t h e
a ppr opr i a t e 3 mi n u t e pr oof t est vol t a ge
r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n t h e ANS I
J 6. 41971.
(vi ) Wh en t h er e exi st s a possi bi l i t y of
con t a ct bet ween t h e pol e or t h e veh i -
cl e-mou n t ed equ i pmen t u sed t o h a n dl e
t h e pol e, a n d a n en er gi zed power con -
du ct or , t h e fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s sh a l l
be obser ved:
(A) Wh en on t h e veh i cl e wh i ch ca r -
r i es t h e der r i ck , a voi d a l l con t a ct wi t h
t h e gr ou n d, wi t h per son s st a n di n g on
t h e gr ou n d, a n d wi t h a l l gr ou n ded ob-
j ect s su ch a s gu y s, t r ee l i mbs, or met a l
si gn post s. To t h e ext en t fea si bl e, r e-
ma i n on t h e veh i cl e a s l on g a s t h e pos-
si bi l i t y of con t a ct exi st s.
(B) Wh en i t i s n ecessa r y t o l ea ve t h e
veh i cl e, st ep on t o a n i n su l a t i n g bl a n -
k et a n d br ea k a l l con t a ct wi t h t h e ve-
h i cl e befor e st eppi n g off t h e bl a n k et
a n d on t o t h e gr ou n d. As a l a st r esor t , i f
a bl a n k et i s n ot a va i l a bl e, t h e em-
pl oy ee ma y j u mp cl ea n l y fr om t h e ve-
h i cl e.
(C) Wh en i t i s n ecessa r y t o en t er t h e
veh i cl e, fi r st st ep on t o a n i n su l a t i n g
bl a n k et a n d br ea k a l l con t a ct wi t h t h e
gr ou n d, gr ou n ded obj ect s a n d ot h er
per son s befor e t ou ch i n g t h e t r u ck or
der r i ck .
(12) Work in g posit ion on poles. Cl i mb-
i n g a n d wor k i n g a r e pr oh i bi t ed a bove
t h e l evel of t h e l owest el ect r i c power
con du ct er on t h e pol e (excl u si ve of
ver t i ca l r u n s a n d st r eet l i gh t wi r i n g),
except :
(i ) Wh er e commu n i ca t i on s fa ci l i t i es
a r e a t t a ch ed a bove t h e el ect r i c power
con du ct or s, a n d a r i gi d fi xed ba r r i er i s
i n st a l l ed bet ween t h e el ect r i c power fa -
ci l i t y a n d t h e commu n i ca t i on s fa ci l i t y ,
or
(i i ) Wh er e t h e el ect r i c power con du c-
t or s a r e ca bl ed secon da r y ser vi ce dr ops
ca r r y i n g l ess t h a n 300 vol t s t o gr ou n d
a n d a r e a t t a ch ed 40 i n ch es or mor e
bel ow t h e commu n i ca t i on s con du ct or s
or ca bl es.
(13) Met al t apes an d ropes. (i ) Met a l
mea su r i n g t a pes, met a l mea su r i n g
r opes, or t a pes con t a i n i n g con du ct i ve
st r a n ds ma y n ot be u sed wh en wor k i n g
n ea r exposed en er gi zed pa r t s.
(i i ) Wh er e i t i s n ecessa r y t o mea su r e
cl ea r a n ces fr om en er gi zed pa r t s, on l y
n on con du ct i ve devi ces sh a l l be u sed.
(o) Un dergrou n d lin es. Th e pr ovi si on s
of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl y t o t h e gu a r di n g
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
758
of ma n h ol es a n d st r eet open i n gs, a n d
t o t h e ven t i l a t i on a n d t est i n g for ga s
i n ma n h ol es a n d u n ven t ed va u l t s,
wh er e t el ecommu n i ca t i on s fi el d wor k
i s per for med on or wi t h u n der gr ou n d
l i n es.
(1) Gu ardin g man h oles an d st reet open -
in gs. (i ) Wh en cover s of ma n h ol es or
va u l t s a r e r emoved, t h e open i n g sh a l l
be pr ompt l y gu a r ded by a r a i l i n g, t em-
por a r y cover , or ot h er su i t a bl e t em-
por a r y ba r r i er wh i ch i s a ppr opr i a t e t o
pr even t a n a cci den t a l fa l l t h r ou gh t h e
open i n g a n d t o pr ot ect empl oy ees
wor k i n g i n t h e ma n h ol e fr om for ei gn
obj ect s en t er i n g t h e ma n h ol e.
(i i ) Wh i l e wor k i s bei n g per for med i n
t h e ma n h ol e, a per son wi t h ba si c fi r st
a i d t r a i n i n g sh a l l be i mmedi a t el y
a va i l a bl e t o r en der a ssi st a n ce i f t h er e
i s ca u se for bel i evi n g t h a t a sa fet y h a z-
a r d exi st s, a n d i f t h e r equ i r emen t s con -
t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (d)(1) a n d (o)(1)(i )
of t h i s sect i on do n ot a dequ a t el y pr o-
t ect t h e empl oy ee(s). Exa mpl es of ma n -
h ol e wor k si t e h a za r ds wh i ch sh a l l be
con si der ed t o con st i t u t e a sa fet y h a z-
a r d i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o:
(A) Ma n h ol e wor k si t es wh er e sa fet y
h a za r ds a r e cr ea t ed by t r a ffi c pa t t er n s
t h a t ca n n ot be cor r ect ed by pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph (d)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(B) Ma n h ol e wor k si t es t h a t a r e su b-
j ect t o u n u su a l wa t er h a za r ds t h a t ca n -
n ot be a ba t ed by con ven t i on a l mea n s.
(C) Ma n h ol e wor k si t es t h a t a r e occu -
pi ed j oi n t l y wi t h power u t i l i t i es a s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (o)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(2) Requ iremen t s prior t o en t erin g man -
h oles an d u n ven t ed vau lt s. (i ) Befor e a n
empl oy ee en t er s a ma n h ol e, t h e fol -
l owi n g st eps sh a l l be t a k en :
(A) Th e i n t er n a l a t mosph er e sh a l l be
t est ed for combu st i bl e ga s a n d, except
wh en con t i n u ou s for ced ven t i l a t i on i s
pr ovi ded, t h e a t mosph er e sh a l l a l so be
t est ed for oxy gen defi ci en cy .
(B) Wh en u n sa fe con di t i on s a r e de-
t ect ed by t est i n g or ot h er mea n s, t h e
wor k a r ea sh a l l be ven t i l a t ed a n d ot h -
er wi se ma de sa fe befor e en t r y .
(i i ) An a dequ a t e con t i n u ou s su ppl y of
a i r sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh i l e wor k i s per -
for med i n ma n h ol es u n der a n y of t h e
fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) Wh er e combu st i bl e or expl osi ve
ga s va por s h a ve been i n i t i a l l y det ect ed
a n d su bsequ en t l y r edu ced t o a sa fe
l evel by ven t i l a t i on ,
(B) Wh er e or ga n i c sol ven t s a r e u sed
i n t h e wor k pr ocedu r e,
(C) Wh er e open fl a me t or ch es a r e
u sed i n t h e wor k pr ocedu r e,
(D) Wh er e t h e ma n h ol e i s l oca t ed i n
t h a t por t i on of a pu bl i c r i gh t of wa y
open t o veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c a n d/or exposed
t o a seepa ge of ga s or ga ses, or
(E) Wh er e a t oxi c ga s or oxy gen defi -
ci en cy i s fou n d.
(i i i )(A) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (o)(2) (i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on
do n ot a ppl y t o wor k i n cen t r a l offi ce
ca bl e va u l t s t h a t a r e a dequ a t el y ven t i -
l a t ed.
(B) Th e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(o)(2) (i ) a n d (i i ) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o
wor k i n u n ven t ed va u l t s.
(3) Join t power an d t elecommu n icat ion
man h oles. Wh i l e wor k i s bei n g per -
for med i n a ma n h ol e occu pi ed j oi n t l y
by a n el ect r i c u t i l i t y a n d a t el e-
commu n i ca t i on u t i l i t y , a n empl oy ee
wi t h ba si c fi r st a i d t r a i n i n g sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t y t o
r en der emer gen cy a ssi st a n ce a s ma y be
r equ i r ed. Th e empl oy ee wh ose pr esen ce
i s r equ i r ed i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t y
for t h e pu r poses of r en der i n g emer -
gen cy a ssi st a n ce i s n ot t o be pr ecl u ded
fr om occa si on a l l y en t er i n g a ma n h ol e
t o pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce ot h er t h a n i n a n
emer gen cy . Th e r equ i r emen t of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (o)(3) does n ot pr ecl u de a
qu a l i fi ed empl oy ee, wor k i n g a l on e,
fr om en t er i n g for br i ef per i ods of t i me,
a ma n h ol e wh er e en er gi zed ca bl es or
equ i pmen t a r e i n ser vi ce, for t h e pu r -
pose of i n spect i on , h ou sek eepi n g, t a k -
i n g r ea di n gs, or si mi l a r wor k i f su ch
wor k ca n be per for med sa fel y .
(4) L adders. La dder s sh a l l be u sed t o
en t er a n d exi t ma n h ol es exceedi n g 4
feet i n dept h .
(5) Flames. Wh en open fl a mes a r e u sed
i n ma n h ol es, t h e fol l owi n g pr eca u t i on s
sh a l l be t a k en t o pr ot ect a ga i n st t h e
a ccu mu l a t i on of combu st i bl e ga s:
(i ) A t est for combu st i bl e ga s sh a l l be
ma de i mmedi a t el y befor e u si n g t h e
open fl a me devi ce, a n d a t l ea st on ce
per h ou r wh i l e u si n g t h e devi ce; a n d
(i i ) a fu el t a n k (e. g. , a cet y l en e) ma y
n ot be i n t h e ma n h ol e u n l ess i n a ct u a l
u se.
(p) Microwave t ran smission (1) Ey e
prot ect ion . Empl oy er s sh a l l i n su r e t h a t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
759
empl oy ees do n ot l ook i n t o a n open
wa vegu i de wh i ch i s con n ect ed t o a n en -
er gi zed sou r ce of mi cr owa ve r a di a t i on .
(2) Hazardou s area. Accessi bl e a r ea s
a ssoci a t ed wi t h mi cr owa ve commu -
n i ca t i on sy st ems wh er e t h e el ect r o-
ma gn et i c r a di a t i on l evel exceeds t h e
r a di a t i on pr ot ect i on gu i de gi ven i n
1910. 97 sh a l l be post ed a s descr i bed i n
t h a t sect i on . Th e l ower h a l f of t h e
wa r n i n g sy mbol sh a l l i n cl u de t h e fol -
l owi n g:
Ra di a t i on i n t h i s a r ea ma y exceed h a za r d
l i mi t a t i on s a n d speci a l pr eca u t i on s a r e r e-
qu i r ed. Obt a i n speci fi c i n st r u ct i on befor e en -
t er i n g.
(3) Prot ect ive measu res. Wh en a n em-
pl oy ee wor k s i n a n a r ea wh er e t h e el ec-
t r oma gn et i c r a di a t i on exceeds t h e r a -
di a t i on pr ot ect i on gu i de, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l i n st i t u t e mea su r es t h a t i n su r e
t h a t t h e empl oy ees exposu r e i s n ot
gr ea t er t h a n t h a t per mi t t ed by t h e r a -
di a t i on gu i de. S u ch mea su r es sh a l l i n -
cl u de, bu t n ot be l i mi t ed t o t h ose of a n
a dmi n i st r a t i ve or en gi n eer i n g n a t u r e
or t h ose i n vol vi n g per son a l pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t .
(q) T ree t rimmin gelect rical h azards
(1) Gen eral. (i ) Empl oy ees en ga ged i n
pr u n i n g, t r i mmi n g, r emovi n g, or cl ea r -
i n g t r ees fr om l i n es sh a l l be r equ i r ed t o
con si der a l l over h ea d a n d u n der gr ou n d
el ect r i ca l power con du ct or s t o be en er -
gi zed wi t h pot en t i a l l y fa t a l vol t a ges,
n ever t o be t ou ch ed (con t a ct ed) ei t h er
di r ect l y or i n di r ect l y .
(i i ) Empl oy ees en ga ged i n l i n e-cl ea r -
i n g oper a t i on s sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed t h a t :
(A) A di r ect con t a ct i s ma de wh en
a n y pa r t of t h e body t ou ch es or con -
t a ct s a n en er gi zed con du ct or , or ot h er
en er gi zed el ect r i ca l fi xt u r e or a ppa -
r a t u s.
(B) An i n di r ect con t a ct i s ma de wh en
a n y pa r t of t h e body t ou ch es a n y ob-
j ect i n con t a ct wi t h a n en er gi zed el ec-
t r i ca l con du ct or , or ot h er en er gi zed fi x-
t u r e or a ppa r a t u s.
(C) An i n di r ect con t a ct ca n be ma de
t h r ou gh con du ct i ve t ool s, t r ee
br a n ch es, t r u ck s, equ i pmen t , or ot h er
obj ect s, or a s a r esu l t of commu n i ca -
t i on s wi r es, ca bl es, fen ces, or gu y wi r es
bei n g a cci den t a l l y en er gi zed.
(D) El ect r i c sh ock wi l l occu r wh en a n
empl oy ee, by ei t h er di r ect or i n di r ect
con t a ct wi t h a n en er gi zed con du ct or ,
en er gi zed t r ee l i mb, t ool , equ i pmen t ,
or ot h er obj ect , pr ovi des a pa t h for t h e
fl ow of el ect r i ci t y t o a gr ou n ded obj ect
or t o t h e gr ou n d i t sel f. S i mu l t a n eou s
con t a ct wi t h t wo en er gi zed con du ct or s
wi l l a l so ca u se el ect r i c sh ock wh i ch
ma y r esu l t i n ser i ou s or fa t a l i n j u r y .
(i i i ) Befor e a n y wor k i s per for med i n
pr oxi mi t y t o en er gi zed con du ct or s, t h e
sy st em oper a t or /own er of t h e en er gi zed
con du ct or s sh a l l be con t a ct ed t o a scer -
t a i n i f h e k n ows of a n y h a za r ds a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h e con du ct or s wh i ch ma y
n ot be r ea di l y a ppa r en t . Th i s r u l e does
n ot a ppl y wh en oper a t i on s a r e per -
for med by or on beh a l f of, t h e sy st em
oper a t or /own er .
(2) Work in g in proximit y t o elect rical
h azards. (i ) Empl oy er s sh a l l en su r e
t h a t a cl ose i n spect i on i s ma de by t h e
empl oy ee a n d by t h e for emen or su per -
vi sor i n ch a r ge befor e cl i mbi n g, en t er -
i n g, or wor k i n g a r ou n d a n y t r ee, t o de-
t er mi n e wh et h er a n el ect r i ca l power
con du ct or pa sses t h r ou gh t h e t r ee, or
pa sses wi t h i n r ea ch i n g di st a n ce of a n
empl oy ee wor k i n g i n t h e t r ee. I f a n y of
t h ese con di t i on s exi st ei t h er di r ect l y
or i n di r ect l y , a n el ect r i ca l h a za r d sh a l l
be con si der ed t o exi st u n l ess t h e sy s-
t em oper a t or /own er h a s ca u sed t h e h a z-
a r d t o be r emoved by deen er gi zi n g t h e
l i n es, or i n st a l l i n g pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t .
(i i ) On l y qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees or
t r a i n ees, fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e speci a l
t ech n i qu es a n d h a za r ds i n vol ved i n l i n e
cl ea r a n ce, sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o per -
for m t h e wor k i f i t i s fou n d t h a t a n
el ect r i ca l h a za r d exi st s.
(i i i ) Du r i n g a l l t r ee wor k i n g oper -
a t i on s a l oft wh er e a n el ect r i ca l h a za r d
of mor e t h a n 750V exi st s, t h er e sh a l l be
a secon d empl oy ee or t r a i n ee qu a l i fi ed
i n l i n e cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmi n g wi t h i n
n or ma l voi ce commu n i ca t i on .
(i v) Wh er e t r ee wor k i s per for med by
empl oy ees qu a l i fi ed i n l i n e-cl ea r a n ce
t r ee t r i mmi n g a n d t r a i n ees qu a l i fi ed i n
l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmi n g, t h e
cl ea r a n ces fr om en er gi zed con du ct or s
gi ven i n Ta bl e R3 sh a l l a ppl y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
760
TABLE R3MINIMUM WORKING DISTANCES
FROM ENERGIZED CONDUCTORS FOR LINE-
CLEARANCE TREE TRIMMERS AND LINE-
CLEARANCE TREE-TRIMMER TRAINEES
Voltage range (phase to phase) (kilovolts)
Minimum
working dis-
tance
2.1 to 15.0 ........................................................ 2 ft. 0 in.
15.1 to 35.0 ...................................................... 2 ft. 4 in.
35.1 to 46.0 ...................................................... 2 ft. 6 in.
46.1 to 72.5 ...................................................... 3 ft. 0 in.
72.6 to 121.0 .................................................... 3 ft. 4 in.
138.0 to 145.0 .................................................. 3 ft. 6 in.
161.0 to 169.0 .................................................. 3 ft. 8 in.
230.0 to 242.0 .................................................. 5 ft. 0 in.
345.0 to 362.0 .................................................. 7 ft. 0 in.
500.0 to 552.0 .................................................. 11 ft. 0 in.
700.0 to 765.0 .................................................. 15 ft. 0 in.
(v) Br a n ch es h a n gi n g on a n en er gi zed
con du ct or ma y on l y be r emoved u si n g
a ppr opr i a t el y i n su l a t ed equ i pmen t .
(vi ) Ru bber foot wea r , i n cl u di n g
l i n ema n s over sh oes, sh a l l n ot be con -
si der ed a s pr ovi di n g a n y mea su r e of
sa fet y fr om el ect r i ca l h a za r ds.
(vi i ) La dder s, pl a t for ms, a n d a er i a l
devi ces, i n cl u di n g i n su l a t ed a er i a l de-
vi ces, ma y n ot be br ou gh t i n con t a ct
wi t h a n el ect r i ca l con du ct or . Rel i a n ce
sh a l l n ot be pl a ced on t h ei r di el ect r i c
ca pa bi l i t i es.
(vi i i ) Wh en a n a er i a l l i ft devi ce con -
t a ct s a n el ect r i ca l con du ct or , t h e t r u ck
su ppor t i n g t h e a er i a l l i ft devi ce sh a l l
be con si der ed a s en er gi zed.
(3) St orm work an d emergen cy con di-
t ion s. (i ) S i n ce st or m wor k a n d emer -
gen cy con di t i on s cr ea t e speci a l h a z-
a r ds, on l y a u t h or i zed r epr esen t a t i ves
of t h e el ect r i c u t i l i t y sy st em oper a t or /
own er a n d n ot t el ecommu n i ca t i on
wor k er s ma y per for m t r ee wor k i n
t h ese si t u a t i on s wh er e en er gi zed el ec-
t r i ca l power con du ct or s a r e i n vol ved.
(i i ) Wh en a n emer gen cy con di t i on de-
vel ops du e t o t r ee oper a t i on s, wor k
sh a l l be su spen ded a n d t h e sy st em op-
er a t or /own er sh a l l be n ot i fi ed i mme-
di a t el y .
(r ) Bu ried f acilit iesCommu n icat ion s
lin es an d power lin es in t h e same t ren ch .
[Reser ved]
(s) Def in it ion s(1) Aerial lif t s. Aer i a l
l i ft s i n cl u de t h e fol l owi n g t y pes of ve-
h i cl e-mou n t ed a er i a l devi ces u sed t o
el eva t e per son n el t o j obsi t es a bove
gr ou n d:
(i ) Ext en si bl e boom pl a t for ms,
(i i ) Aer i a l l a dder s,
(i i i ) Ar t i cu l a t i n g boom pl a t for ms,
(i v) Ver t i ca l t ower s,
(v) A combi n a t i on of a n y of t h e a bove
defi n ed i n ANS I A92. 21969, wh i ch i s i n -
1910. 6. Th ese devi ces a r e ma de of
met a l , wood, fi ber gl a ss r ei n for ced pl a s-
t i c (F RP ), or ot h er ma t er i a l ; a r e pow-
er ed or ma n u a l l y oper a t ed; a n d a r e
deemed t o be a er i a l l i ft s wh et h er or n ot
t h ey a r e ca pa bl e of r ot a t i n g a bou t a
su bst a n t i a l l y ver t i ca l a xi s.
(2) Aerial splicin g plat f orm. Th i s con -
si st s of a pl a t for m, a ppr oxi ma t el y 3 ft .
4 ft . , u sed t o per for m a er i a l ca bl e
wor k . I t i s fu r n i sh ed wi t h fi ber or sy n -
t h et i c r opes for su ppor t i n g t h e pl a t -
for m fr om a er i a l st r a n d, det a ch a bl e
gu y r opes for a n ch or i n g i t , a n d a devi ce
for r a i si n g a n d l ower i n g i t wi t h a
h a n dl i n e.
(3) Aerial t en t . A sma l l t en t u su a l l y
con st r u ct ed of vi n y l coa t ed ca n va s
wh i ch i s u su a l l y su ppor t ed by l i gh t
met a l or pl a st i c t u bi n g. I t i s desi gn ed
t o pr ot ect empl oy ees i n i n cl emen t
wea t h er wh i l e wor k i n g on l a dder s, a er -
i a l spl i ci n g pl a t for ms, or a er i a l de-
vi ces.
(4) Alive or live (en ergized). El ec-
t r i ca l l y con n ect ed t o a sou r ce of pot en -
t i a l di ffer en ce, or el ect r i ca l l y ch a r ged
so a s t o h a ve a pot en t i a l si gn i fi ca n t l y
di ffer en t fr om t h a t of t h e ea r t h i n t h e
vi ci n i t y . Th e t er m live i s somet i mes
u sed i n t h e pl a ce of t h e t er m cu rren t -
carry in g, wh er e t h e i n t en t i s cl ea r , t o
a voi d r epet i t i on of t h e l on ger t er m.
(5) Barricade. A ph y si ca l obst r u ct i on
su ch a s t a pes, con es, or A fr a me t y pe
wood a n d/or met a l st r u ct u r e i n t en ded
t o wa r n a n d l i mi t a ccess t o a wor k
a r ea .
(6) Barrier. A ph y si ca l obst r u ct i on
wh i ch i s i n t en ded t o pr even t con t a ct
wi t h en er gi zed l i n es or equ i pmen t , or
t o pr even t u n a u t h or i zed a ccess t o wor k
a r ea .
(7) Bon d. An el ect r i ca l con n ect i on
fr om on e con du ct i ve el emen t t o a n -
ot h er for t h e pu r pose of mi n i mi zi n g po-
t en t i a l di ffer en ces or pr ovi di n g su i t -
a bl e con du ct i vi t y for fa u l t cu r r en t or
for mi t i ga t i on of l ea k a ge cu r r en t a n d
el ect r ol y t i c a ct i on .
(8) Cable. A con du ct or wi t h i n su l a -
t i on , or a st r a n ded con du ct or wi t h or
wi t h ou t i n su l a t i on a n d ot h er cover i n gs
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
761
(si n gl e-con du ct or ca bl e), or a combi n a -
t i on of con du ct or s i n su l a t ed fr om on e
a n ot h er (mu l t i pl e-con du ct or ca bl e).
(9) Cable sh eat h . A pr ot ect i ve cov-
er i n g a ppl i ed t o ca bl es.
NOTE: A ca bl e sh ea t h ma y con si st of mu l -
t i pl e l a y er s of wh i ch on e or mor e i s con du c-
t i ve.
(10) Circu it . A con du ct or or sy st em of
con du ct or s t h r ou gh wh i ch a n el ect r i c
cu r r en t i s i n t en ded t o fl ow.
(11) Commu n icat ion lin es. Th e con du c-
t or s a n d t h ei r su ppor t i n g or con t a i n i n g
st r u ct u r es for t el eph on e, t el egr a ph ,
r a i l r oa d si gn a l , da t a , cl ock , fi r e, po-
l i ce-a l a r m, commu n i t y t el evi si on a n -
t en n a a n d ot h er sy st ems wh i ch a r e
u sed for pu bl i c or pr i va t e si gn a l or
commu n i ca t i on ser vi ce, a n d wh i ch op-
er a t e a t pot en t i a l s n ot exceedi n g 400
vol t s t o gr ou n d or 750 vol t s bet ween
a n y t wo poi n t s of t h e ci r cu i t , a n d t h e
t r a n smi t t ed power of wh i ch does n ot
exceed 150 wa t t s. Wh en commu n i ca -
t i on s l i n es oper a t e a t l ess t h a n 150
vol t s t o gr ou n d, n o l i mi t i s pl a ced on
t h e ca pa ci t y of t h e sy st em. S peci fi -
ca l l y desi gn ed commu n i ca t i on s ca bl es
ma y i n cl u de commu n i ca t i on ci r cu i t s
n ot compl y i n g wi t h t h e pr ecedi n g l i mi -
t a t i on s, wh er e su ch ci r cu i t s a r e a l so
u sed i n ci den t a l l y t o su ppl y power t o
commu n i ca t i on equ i pmen t .
(12) Con du ct or. A ma t er i a l , u su a l l y i n
t h e for m of a wi r e, ca bl e, or bu s ba r ,
su i t a bl e for ca r r y i n g a n el ect r i c cu r -
r en t .
(13) Ef f ect ively grou n ded. I n t en -
t i on a l l y con n ect ed t o ea r t h t h r ou gh a
gr ou n d con n ect i on or con n ect i on s of
su ffi ci en t l y l ow i mpeda n ce a n d h a vi n g
su ffi ci en t cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g ca pa ci t y t o
pr even t t h e bu i l d-u p of vol t a ges wh i ch
ma y r esu l t i n u n du e h a za r d t o con -
n ect ed equ i pmen t or t o per son s.
(14) Equ ipmen t . A gen er a l t er m wh i ch
i n cl u des ma t er i a l s, fi t t i n gs, devi ces,
a ppl i a n ces, fi xt u r es, a ppa r a t u s, a n d
si mi l a r i t ems u sed a s pa r t of, or i n con -
n ect i on wi t h , a su ppl y or commu n i ca -
t i on s i n st a l l a t i on .
(15) Grou n d (ref eren ce). Th a t con du c-
t i ve body , u su a l l y ea r t h , t o wh i ch a n
el ect r i c pot en t i a l i s r efer en ced.
(16) Grou n d (as a n ou n ). A con du ct i ve
con n ect i on , wh et h er i n t en t i on a l or a c-
ci den t a l , by wh i ch a n el ect r i c ci r cu i t
or equ i pmen t i s con n ect ed t o r efer en ce
gr ou n d.
(17) Grou n d (as a verb). Th e con -
n ect i n g or est a bl i sh men t of a con n ec-
t i on , wh et h er by i n t en t i on or a cci den t ,
of a n el ect r i c ci r cu i t or equ i pmen t t o
r efer en ce gr ou n d.
(18) Grou n d t en t . A sma l l t en t u su a l l y
con st r u ct ed of vi n y l coa t ed ca n va s su p-
por t ed by a met a l or pl a st i c fr a me. I t s
pu r pose i s t o pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om
i n cl emen t wea t h er wh i l e wor k i n g a t
bu r i ed ca bl e pedest a l si t es or si mi l a r
l oca t i on s.
(19) Grou n ded con du ct or. A sy st em or
ci r cu i t con du ct or wh i ch i s i n t en -
t i on a l l y gr ou n ded.
(20) Grou n ded sy st ems. A sy st em of
con du ct or s i n wh i ch a t l ea st on e con -
du ct or or poi n t (u su a l l y t h e mi ddl e
wi r e, or t h e n eu t r a l poi n t of t r a n s-
for mer or gen er a t or wi n di n gs) i s i n t en -
t i on a l l y gr ou n ded, ei t h er sol i dl y or
t h r ou gh a cu r r en t -l i mi t i n g devi ce (n ot
a cu r r en t -i n t er r u pt i n g devi ce).
(21) Grou n din g elect rode con du ct or.
(Grou n din g con du ct or). A con du ct or
u sed t o con n ect equ i pmen t or t h e
gr ou n ded ci r cu i t of a wi r i n g sy st em t o
a gr ou n di n g el ect r ode.
(22) I n su lat ed. S epa r a t ed fr om ot h er
con du ct i n g su r fa ces by a di el ect r i c su b-
st a n ce (i n cl u di n g a i r spa ce) offer i n g a
h i gh r esi st a n ce t o t h e pa ssa ge of cu r -
r en t .
NOTE: Wh en a n y obj ect i s sa i d t o be i n su -
l a t ed, i t i s u n der st ood t o be i n su l a t ed i n
su i t a bl e ma n n er for t h e con di t i on s t o wh i ch
i t i s su bj ect ed. Ot h er wi se, i t i s, wi t h i n t h e
pu r pose of t h ese r u l es, u n i n su l a t ed. I n su -
l a t i n g cover i n gs of con du ct or s i n on e mea n s
of ma k i n g t h e con du ct or i n su l a t ed.
(23) I n su lat ion (as applied t o cable).
Th a t wh i ch i s r el i ed u pon t o i n su l a t e
t h e con du ct or fr om ot h er con du ct or s or
con du ct i n g pa r t s or fr om gr ou n d.
(24) Join t u se. Th e sh a r i n g of a com-
mon fa ci l i t y , su ch a s a ma n h ol e, t r en ch
or pol e, by t wo or mor e di ffer en t k i n ds
of u t i l i t i es (e. g. , power a n d t el e-
commu n i ca t i on s).
(25) L adder plat f orm. A devi ce de-
si gn ed t o fa ci l i t a t e wor k i n g a l oft fr om
a n ext en si on l a dder . A t y pi ca l devi ce
con si st s of a pl a t for m (a ppr oxi ma t el y
9 18) h i n ged t o a wel ded pi pe fr a me.
Th e r ea r edge of t h e pl a t for m a n d t h e
bot t om cr oss-member of t h e fr a me a r e
equ i pped wi t h l a t ch es t o l ock t h e pl a t -
for m t o l a dder r u n gs.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
762
(26) L adder seat . A r emova bl e sea t
u sed t o fa ci l i t a t e wor k a t a n el eva t ed
posi t i on on r ol l i n g l a dder s i n t el e-
commu n i ca t i on cen t er s.
(27) Man h ole. A su bsu r fa ce en cl osu r e
wh i ch per son n el ma y en t er a n d wh i ch
i s u sed for t h e pu r pose of i n st a l l i n g, op-
er a t i n g, a n d ma i n t a i n i n g su bmer si bl e
equ i pmen t a n d/or ca bl e.
(28) Man h ole plat f orm. A pl a t for m
con si st i n g of sepa r a t e pl a n k s wh i ch a r e
l a i d a cr oss st eel pl a t for m su ppor t s. Th e
en ds of t h e su ppor t s a r e en ga ged i n t h e
ma n h ol e ca bl e r a ck s.
(29) Microwave t ran smission . Th e a ct
of commu n i ca t i n g or si gn a l i n g u t i -
l i zi n g a fr equ en cy bet ween 1 GHz
(gi ga h er t z) a n d 300 GHz i n cl u si vel y .
(30) Nomin al volt age. Th e n omi n a l
vol t a ge of a sy st em or ci r cu i t i s t h e
va l u e a ssi gn ed t o a sy st em or ci r cu i t of
a gi ven vol t a ge cl a ss for t h e pu r pose of
con ven i en t desi gn a t i on . Th e a ct u a l
vol t a ge ma y va r y a bove or bel ow t h i s
va l u e.
(31) Pole balcon y or seat . A ba l con y or
sea t u sed a s a su ppor t for wor k men a t
pol e-mou n t ed equ i pmen t or t er mi n a l
boxes. A t y pi ca l devi ce con si st s of a
bol t ed a ssembl y of st eel det a i l s a n d a
wooden pl a t for m. S t eel br a ces r u n fr om
t h e pol e t o t h e u n der si de of t h e ba l -
con y . A gu a r d r a i l (a ppr oxi ma t el y 30
h i gh ) ma y be pr ovi ded.
(32) Pole plat f orm. A pl a t for m i n -
t en ded for u se by a wor k ma n i n spl i c-
i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce oper a t i on s i n a n
el eva t ed posi t i on a dj a cen t t o a pol e. I t
con si st s of a pl a t for m equ i pped a t on e
en d wi t h a h i n ged ch a i n bi n der for se-
cu r i n g t h e pl a t for m t o a pol e. A br a ce
fr om t h e pol e t o t h e u n der si de of t h e
pl a t for m i s a l so pr ovi ded.
(33) Qu alif ied employ ee. An y wor k er
wh o by r ea son of h i s t r a i n i n g a n d expe-
r i en ce h a s demon st r a t ed h i s a bi l i t y t o
sa fel y per for m h i s du t i es.
(34) Qu alif ied lin e-clearan ce t ree t rim-
mer. A t r ee wor k er wh o t h r ou gh r el a t ed
t r a i n i n g a n d on -t h e-j ob exper i en ce i s
fa mi l a r wi t h t h e speci a l t ech n i qu es a n d
h a za r ds i n vol ved i n l i n e cl ea r a n ce.
(35) Qu alif ied lin e-clearan ce t ree-t rim-
mer t rain ee. An y wor k er r egu l a r l y a s-
si gn ed t o a l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i m-
mi n g cr ew a n d u n der goi n g on -t h e-j ob
t r a i n i n g wh o, i n t h e cou r se of su ch
t r a i n i n g, h a s demon st r a t ed h i s a bi l i t y
t o per for m h i s du t i es sa fel y a t h i s l evel
of t r a i n i n g.
(36) Sy st em operat or/own er. Th e per son
or or ga n i za t i on t h a t oper a t es or con -
t r ol s t h e el ect r i ca l con du ct or s i n -
vol ved.
(37) T elecommu n icat ion s cen t er. An i n -
st a l l a t i on of commu n i ca t i on equ i p-
men t u n der t h e excl u si ve con t r ol of a n
or ga n i za t i on pr ovi di n g t el ecommu n i -
ca t i on s ser vi ce, t h a t i s l oca t ed ou t -
door s or i n a va u l t , ch a mber , or a
bu i l di n g spa ce u sed pr i ma r i l y for su ch
i n st a l l a t i on s.
NOTE: Tel ecommu n i ca t i on cen t er s a r e fa -
ci l i t i es est a bl i sh ed, equ i pped a n d a r r a n ged i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h en gi n eer ed pl a n s for t h e
pu r pose of pr ovi di n g t el ecommu n i ca t i on s
ser vi ce. Th ey ma y be l oca t ed on pr emi ses
own ed or l ea sed by t h e or ga n i za t i on pr o-
vi di n g t el ecommu n i ca t i on ser vi ce, or on t h e
pr emi ses own ed or l ea sed by ot h er s. Th i s def-
i n i t i on i n cl u des swi t ch r ooms (wh et h er
el ect r omech a n i ca l , el ect r on i c, or compu t er
con t r ol l ed), t er mi n a l r ooms, power r ooms,
r epea t er r ooms, t r a n smi t t er a n d r ecei ver
r ooms, swi t ch boa r d oper a t i n g r ooms, ca bl e
va u l t s, a n d mi scel l a n eou s commu n i ca t i on s
equ i pmen t r ooms. S i mu l a t i on r ooms of t el e-
commu n i ca t i on cen t er s for t r a i n i n g or devel -
opmen t a l pu r poses a r e a l so i n cl u ded.
(38) T elecommu n icat ion s derrick s. Ro-
t a t i n g or n on r ot a t i n g der r i ck st r u c-
t u r es per ma n en t l y mou n t ed on veh i cl es
for t h e pu r pose of l i ft i n g, l ower i n g, or
posi t i on i n g h a r dwa r e a n d ma t er i a l s
u sed i n t el ecommu n i ca t i on s wor k .
(39) T elecommu n icat ion lin e t ru ck . A
t r u ck u sed t o t r a n spor t men , t ool s, a n d
ma t er i a l , a n d t o ser ve a s a t r a vel i n g
wor k sh op for t el ecommu n i ca t i on i n -
st a l l a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce wor k . I t i s
somet i mes equ i pped wi t h a boom a n d
a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t for set t i n g pol es,
di ggi n g h ol es, a n d el eva t i n g ma t er i a l
or men .
(40) T elecommu n icat ion service. Th e
fu r n i sh i n g of a ca pa bi l i t y t o si gn a l or
commu n i ca t e a t a di st a n ce by mea n s
su ch a s t el eph on e, t el egr a ph , pol i ce
a n d fi r ea l a r m, commu n i t y a n t en n a t el -
evi si on , or si mi l a r sy st em, u si n g wi r e,
con ven t i on a l ca bl e, coa xi a l ca bl e, wa ve
gu i des, mi cr owa ve t r a n smi ssi on , or
ot h er si mi l a r mea n s.
(41) Un ven t ed vau lt . An en cl osed va u l t
i n wh i ch t h e on l y open i n gs a r e a ccess
open i n gs.
(42) Vau lt . An en cl osu r e a bove or
bel ow gr ou n d wh i ch per son n el ma y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
763
en t er , a n d wh i ch i s u sed for t h e pu r -
pose of i n st a l l i n g, oper a t i n g, a n d/or
ma i n t a i n i n g equ i pmen t a n d/or ca bl e
wh i ch n eed n ot be of su bmer si bl e de-
si gn .
(43) Ven t ed vau lt . An en cl osu r e a s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (s) (42) of t h i s sec-
t i on , wi t h pr ovi si on for a i r ch a n ges
u si n g exh a u st fl u e st a ck (s) a n d l ow
l evel a i r i n t a k e(s), oper a t i n g on di f-
fer en t i a l s of pr essu r e a n d t emper a t u r e
pr ovi di n g for a i r fl ow.
(44) Volt age of an ef f ect ively grou n ded
circu it . Th e vol t a ge bet ween a n y con -
du ct or a n d gr ou n d u n l ess ot h er wi se i n -
di ca t ed.
(45) Volt age of a circu it n ot ef f ect ively
grou n ded. Th e vol t a ge bet ween a n y t wo
con du ct or s. I f on e ci r cu i t i s di r ect l y
con n ect ed t o a n d su ppl i ed fr om a n ot h er
ci r cu i t of h i gh er vol t a ge (a s i n t h e ca se
of a n a u t ot r a n sfor mer ), bot h a r e con -
si der ed a s of t h e h i gh er vol t a ge, u n l ess
t h e ci r cu i t of l ower vol t a ge i s effec-
t i vel y gr ou n ded, i n wh i ch ca se i t s vol t -
a ge i s n ot det er mi n ed by t h e ci r cu i t of
h i gh er vol t a ge. Di r ect con n ect i on i m-
pl i es el ect r i c con n ect i on a s di st i n -
gu i sh ed fr om con n ect i on mer el y
t h r ou gh el ect r oma gn et i c or el ect r o-
st a t i c i n du ct i on .
[40 F R 13441, Ma r . 26, 1975, a s a men ded a t 43
F R 49751, Oct . 24, 1978; 47 F R 14706, Apr . 6,
1982; 52 F R 36387, S ept . 28, 1987; 54 F R 24334,
J u n e 7, 1989; 61 F R 9242, Ma r . 7, 1996; 63 F R
33467, J u n e 18, 1998; 67 F R 67965, Nov. 7, 2002;
69 F R 31882, J u n e 8, 2004; 70 F R 1141, J a n . 5,
2005]
1910.269 Electric power generation,
transmission, and distribution.
NOTE: OS HA i s st a y i n g t h e en for cemen t of
t h e fol l owi n g pa r a gr a ph s of 1910. 269 u n t i l
November 1, 1994: (b)(1)(i i ), (d) except for
(d)(2)(i ) a n d (d)(2)(i i i ), (e)(2), (e)(3), (j )(2)(i i i ),
(l )(6)(i i i ), (m), (n )(3), (n )(4)(i i ), (n )(8), (o) ex-
cept for (o)(2)(i ), (r )(1)(vi ), (u )(1), (u )(4), (u )(5).
OS HA i s a l so st a y i n g t h e en for cemen t of
pa r a gr a ph s (n )(6) a n d (n )(7) of 1910. 269 u n t i l
November 1, 1994, bu t on l y i n sofa r a s t h ey
a ppl y t o l i n es a n d equ i pmen t oper a t ed a t 600
vol t s or l ess. F u r t h er , OS HA i s st a y i n g t h e
en for cemen t of pa r a gr a ph (v)(11)(xi i ) of
1910. 269 u n t i l F ebr u r a r y 1, 1996.
(a ) Gen eral(1) Applicat ion . (i ) Th i s
sect i on cover s t h e oper a t i on a n d ma i n -
t en a n ce of el ect r i c power gen er a t i on ,
con t r ol , t r a n sfor ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on ,
a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es a n d equ i pmen t .
Th ese pr ovi si on s a ppl y t o:
(A) P ower gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on ,
a n d di st r i bu t i on i n st a l l a t i on s, i n cl u d-
i n g r el a t ed equ i pmen t for t h e pu r pose
of commu n i ca t i on or met er i n g, wh i ch
a r e a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed empl oy -
ees;
NOTE: Th e t y pes of i n st a l l a t i on s cover ed by
t h i s pa r a gr a ph i n cl u de t h e gen er a t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on i n st a l l a t i on s of
el ect r i c u t i l i t i es, a s wel l a s equ i va l en t i n -
st a l l a t i on s of i n du st r i a l est a bl i sh men t s.
S u ppl emen t a r y el ect r i c gen er a t i n g equ i p-
men t t h a t i s u sed t o su ppl y a wor k pl a ce for
emer gen cy , st a n dby , or si mi l a r pu r poses
on l y i s cover ed u n der su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(S ee pa r a gr a ph (a )(1)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on . )
(B) Ot h er i n st a l l a t i on s a t a n el ect r i c
power gen er a t i n g st a t i on , a s fol l ows:
(1) F u el a n d a sh h a n dl i n g a n d pr oc-
essi n g i n st a l l a t i on s, su ch a s coa l con -
vey or s,
(2) Wa t er a n d st ea m i n st a l l a t i on s,
su ch a s pen st ock s, pi pel i n es, a n d
t a n k s, pr ovi di n g a sou r ce of en er gy for
el ect r i c gen er a t or s, a n d
(3) Ch l or i n e a n d h y dr ogen sy st ems;
(C) Test si t es wh er e el ect r i ca l t est i n g
i n vol vi n g t empor a r y mea su r emen t s a s-
soci a t ed wi t h el ect r i c power gen er a -
t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on i s
per for med i n l a bor a t or i es, i n t h e fi el d,
i n su bst a t i on s, a n d on l i n es, a s opposed
t o met er i n g, r el a y i n g, a n d r ou t i n e l i n e
wor k ;
(D) Wor k on or di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed
wi t h t h e i n st a l l a t i on s cover ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (a )(1)(i )(A) t h r ou gh (a )(1)(i )(C) of
t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(E) Li n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i mmi n g op-
er a t i on s, a s fol l ows:
(1) En t i r e 1910. 269 of t h i s pa r t , ex-
cept pa r a gr a ph (r )(1) of t h i s sect i on , a p-
pl i es t o l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i mmi n g
oper a t i on s per for med by qu a l i fi ed em-
pl oy ees (t h ose wh o a r e k n owl edgea bl e
i n t h e con st r u ct i on a n d oper a t i on of
el ect r i c power gen er a t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , or di st r i bu t i on equ i pmen t i n -
vol ved, a l on g wi t h t h e a ssoci a t ed h a z-
a r ds).
(2) P a r a gr a ph s (a )(2), (b), (c), (g), (k ),
(p), a n d (r ) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o l i n e-
cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i mmi n g oper a t i on s
per for med by l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i m-
mer s wh o a r e n ot qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees.
(i i ) Not wi t h st a n di n g pa r a gr a ph
(a )(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on , 1910. 269 of t h i s
pa r t does n ot a ppl y :
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
764
(A) To con st r u ct i on wor k , a s defi n ed
i n 1910. 12 of t h i s pa r t ; or
(B) To el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s, el ec-
t r i ca l sa fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces, or
el ect r i ca l ma i n t en a n ce con si der a t i on s
cover ed by su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
NOTE 1: Wor k pr a ct i ces con for mi n g t o
1910. 332 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 of t h i s pa r t a r e
con si der ed a s compl y i n g wi t h t h e el ect r i ca l
sa fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ce r equ i r emen t s of
t h i s sect i on i den t i fi ed i n Ta bl e 1 of a ppen di x
A2 t o t h i s sect i on , pr ovi ded t h e wor k i s
bei n g per for med on a gen er a t i on or di st r i bu -
t i on i n st a l l a t i on meet i n g 1910. 303 t h r ou gh
1910. 308 of t h i s pa r t . Th i s t a bl e a l so i den t i fi es
pr ovi si on s i n t h i s sect i on t h a t a ppl y t o wor k
by qu a l i fi ed per son s di r ect l y on or a ssoci a t ed
wi t h i n st a l l a t i on s of el ect r i c power gen er a -
t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es or
equ i pmen t , r ega r dl ess of compl i a n ce wi t h
1910. 332 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 of t h i s pa r t .
NOTE 2: Wor k pr a ct i ces per for med by qu a l i -
fi ed per son s a n d con for mi n g t o 1910. 269 of
t h i s pa r t a r e con si der ed a s compl y i n g wi t h
1910. 333(c) a n d 1910. 335 of t h i s pa r t .
(i i i ) Th i s sect i on a ppl i es i n a ddi t i on
t o a l l ot h er a ppl i ca bl e st a n da r ds con -
t a i n ed i n t h i s pa r t 1910. S peci fi c r ef-
er en ces i n t h i s sect i on t o ot h er sec-
t i on s of pa r t 1910 a r e pr ovi ded for em-
ph a si s on l y .
(2) T rain in g. (i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l be
t r a i n ed i n a n d fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e sa fet y -
r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces, sa fet y pr oce-
du r es, a n d ot h er sa fet y r equ i r emen t s i n
t h i s sect i on t h a t per t a i n t o t h ei r r e-
spect i ve j ob a ssi gn men t s. Empl oy ees
sh a l l a l so be t r a i n ed i n a n d fa mi l i a r
wi t h a n y ot h er sa fet y pr a ct i ces, i n cl u d-
i n g a ppl i ca bl e emer gen cy pr ocedu r es
(su ch a s pol e t op a n d ma n h ol e r escu e),
t h a t a r e n ot speci fi ca l l y a ddr essed by
t h i s sect i on bu t t h a t a r e r el a t ed t o
t h ei r wor k a n d a r e n ecessa r y for t h ei r
sa fet y .
(i i ) Qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees sh a l l a l so be
t r a i n ed a n d compet en t i n :
(A) Th e sk i l l s a n d t ech n i qu es n ec-
essa r y t o di st i n gu i sh exposed l i ve pa r t s
fr om ot h er pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t ,
(B) Th e sk i l l s a n d t ech n i qu es n ec-
essa r y t o det er mi n e t h e n omi n a l vol t -
a ge of exposed l i ve pa r t s,
(C) Th e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces
speci fi ed i n t h i s sect i on cor r espon di n g
t o t h e vol t a ges t o wh i ch t h e qu a l i fi ed
empl oy ee wi l l be exposed, a n d
(D) Th e pr oper u se of t h e speci a l pr e-
ca u t i on a r y t ech n i qu es, per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t , i n su l a t i n g a n d
sh i el di n g ma t er i a l s, a n d i n su l a t ed t ool s
for wor k i n g on or n ea r exposed en er -
gi zed pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
NOTE: F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s sect i on , a
per son mu st h a ve t h i s t r a i n i n g i n or der t o be
con si der ed a qu a l i fi ed per son .
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l det er mi n e,
t h r ou gh r egu l a r su per vi si on a n d
t h r ou gh i n spect i on s con du ct ed on a t
l ea st a n a n n u a l ba si s, t h a t ea ch em-
pl oy ee i s compl y i n g wi t h t h e sa fet y -r e-
l a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces r equ i r ed by t h i s
sect i on .
(i v) An empl oy ee sh a l l r ecei ve a ddi -
t i on a l t r a i n i n g (or r et r a i n i n g) u n der
a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) I f t h e su per vi si on a n d a n n u a l i n -
spect i on s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(a )(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on i n di ca t e t h a t
t h e empl oy ee i s n ot compl y i n g wi t h
t h e sa fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on , or
(B) I f n ew t ech n ol ogy , n ew t y pes of
equ i pmen t , or ch a n ges i n pr ocedu r es
n ecessi t a t e t h e u se of sa fet y -r el a t ed
wor k pr a ct i ces t h a t a r e di ffer en t fr om
t h ose wh i ch t h e empl oy ee wou l d n or -
ma l l y u se, or
(C) I f h e or sh e mu st empl oy sa fet y -
r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces t h a t a r e n ot
n or ma l l y u sed du r i n g h i s or h er r egu l a r
j ob du t i es.
NOTE: OS HA wou l d con si der t a sk s t h a t a r e
per for med l ess oft en t h a n on ce per y ea r t o
n ecessi t a t e r et r a i n i n g befor e t h e per for m-
a n ce of t h e wor k pr a ct i ces i n vol ved.
(v) Th e t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be of
t h e cl a ssr oom or on -t h e-j ob t y pe.
(vi ) Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l est a bl i sh em-
pl oy ee pr ofi ci en cy i n t h e wor k pr a c-
t i ces r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on a n d sh a l l
i n t r odu ce t h e pr ocedu r es n ecessa r y for
compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s sect i on .
(vi i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee h a s r ecei ved t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s
sect i on . Th i s cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l be
ma de wh en t h e empl oy ee demon st r a t es
pr ofi ci en cy i n t h e wor k pr a ct i ces i n -
vol ved a n d sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed for t h e
du r a t i on of t h e empl oy ees empl oy -
men t .
NOTE: Empl oy men t r ecor ds t h a t i n di ca t e
t h a t a n empl oy ee h a s r ecei ved t h e r equ i r ed
t r a i n i n g a r e a n a ccept a bl e mea n s of meet i n g
t h i s r equ i r emen t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
765
(3) Exist in g con dit ion s. Exi st i n g con di -
t i on s r el a t ed t o t h e sa fet y of t h e wor k
t o be per for med sh a l l be det er mi n ed be-
for e wor k on or n ea r el ect r i c l i n es or
equ i pmen t i s st a r t ed. S u ch con di t i on s
i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e
n omi n a l vol t a ges of l i n es a n d equ i p-
men t , t h e ma xi mu m swi t ch i n g t r a n -
si en t vol t a ges, t h e pr esen ce of h a z-
a r dou s i n du ced vol t a ges, t h e pr esen ce
a n d con di t i on of pr ot ect i ve gr ou n ds
a n d equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or s,
t h e con di t i on of pol es, en vi r on men t a l
con di t i on s r el a t i ve t o sa fet y , a n d t h e
l oca t i on s of ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t , i n -
cl u di n g power a n d commu n i ca t i on
l i n es a n d fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r -
cu i t s.
(b) Medical services an d f irst aid. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de medi ca l ser v-
i ces a n d fi r st a i d a s r equ i r ed i n
1910. 151 of t h i s pa r t . I n a ddi t i on t o t h e
r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 151 of t h i s pa r t ,
t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a l so a ppl y :
(1) Cardiopu lmon ary resu scit at ion an d
f irst aid t rain in g. Wh en empl oy ees a r e
per for mi n g wor k on or a ssoci a t ed wi t h
exposed l i n es or equ i pmen t en er gi zed
a t 50 vol t s or mor e, per son s t r a i n ed i n
fi r st a i d i n cl u di n g ca r di opu l mon a r y r e-
su sci t a t i on (CP R) sh a l l be a va i l a bl e a s
fol l ows:
(i ) F or fi el d wor k i n vol vi n g t wo or
mor e empl oy ees a t a wor k l oca t i on , a t
l ea st t wo t r a i n ed per son s sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e. However , on l y on e t r a i n ed
per son n eed be a va i l a bl e i f a l l n ew em-
pl oy ees a r e t r a i n ed i n fi r st a i d, i n cl u d-
i n g CP R, wi t h i n 3 mon t h s of t h ei r h i r -
i n g da t es.
(i i ) F or fi xed wor k l oca t i on s su ch a s
gen er a t i n g st a t i on s, t h e n u mber of
t r a i n ed per son s a va i l a bl e sh a l l be su ffi -
ci en t t o en su r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee ex-
posed t o el ect r i c sh ock ca n be r ea ch ed
wi t h i n 4 mi n u t es by a t r a i n ed per son .
However , wh er e t h e exi st i n g n u mber of
empl oy ees i s i n su ffi ci en t t o meet t h i s
r equ i r emen t (a t a r emot e su bst a t i on ,
for exa mpl e), a l l empl oy ees a t t h e
wor k l oca t i on sh a l l be t r a i n ed.
(2) First aid su pplies. F i r st a i d su p-
pl i es r equ i r ed by 1910. 151(b) of t h i s
pa r t sh a l l be pl a ced i n wea t h er pr oof
con t a i n er s i f t h e su ppl i es cou l d be ex-
posed t o t h e wea t h er .
(3) First aid k it s. Ea ch fi r st a i d k i t
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed, sh a l l be r ea di l y
a va i l a bl e for u se, a n d sh a l l be i n -
spect ed fr equ en t l y en ou gh t o en su r e
t h a t expen ded i t ems a r e r epl a ced bu t
a t l ea st on ce per y ea r .
(c) Job brief in g. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t t h e empl oy ee i n ch a r ge
con du ct s a j ob br i efi n g wi t h t h e em-
pl oy ees i n vol ved befor e t h ey st a r t ea ch
j ob. Th e br i efi n g sh a l l cover a t l ea st
t h e fol l owi n g su bj ect s: h a za r ds a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h e j ob, wor k pr ocedu r es i n -
vol ved, speci a l pr eca u t i on s, en er gy
sou r ce con t r ol s, a n d per son a l pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t r equ i r emen t s.
(1) Nu mber of brief in gs. I f t h e wor k or
oper a t i on s t o be per for med du r i n g t h e
wor k da y or sh i ft a r e r epet i t i ve a n d
si mi l a r , a t l ea st on e j ob br i efi n g sh a l l
be con du ct ed befor e t h e st a r t of t h e
fi r st j ob of ea ch da y or sh i ft . Addi -
t i on a l j ob br i efi n gs sh a l l be h el d i f si g-
n i fi ca n t ch a n ges, wh i ch mi gh t a ffect
t h e sa fet y of t h e empl oy ees, occu r du r -
i n g t h e cou r se of t h e wor k .
(2) Ext en t of brief in g. A br i ef di scu s-
si on i s sa t i sfa ct or y i f t h e wor k i n -
vol ved i s r ou t i n e a n d i f t h e empl oy ee,
by vi r t u e of t r a i n i n g a n d exper i en ce,
ca n r ea son a bl y be expect ed t o r ecog-
n i ze a n d a voi d t h e h a za r ds i n vol ved i n
t h e j ob. A mor e ext en si ve di scu ssi on
sh a l l be con du ct ed:
(i ) I f t h e wor k i s compl i ca t ed or pa r -
t i cu l a r l y h a za r dou s, or
(i i ) I f t h e empl oy ee ca n n ot be ex-
pect ed t o r ecogn i ze a n d a voi d t h e h a z-
a r ds i n vol ved i n t h e j ob.
NOTE: Th e br i efi n g i s a l wa y s r equ i r ed t o
t ou ch on a l l t h e su bj ect s l i st ed i n t h e i n t r o-
du ct or y t ext t o pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Work in g alon e. An empl oy ee wor k -
i n g a l on e n eed n ot con du ct a j ob br i ef-
i n g. However , t h e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h a t t h e t a sk s t o be per for med a r e
pl a n n ed a s i f a br i efi n g wer e r equ i r ed.
(d) Hazardou s en ergy con t rol (lock ou t /
t agou t ) procedu res(1) Applicat ion . Th e
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on a ppl y t o t h e u se of l ock ou t /t a gou t
pr ocedu r es for t h e con t r ol of en er gy
sou r ces i n i n st a l l a t i on s for t h e pu r pose
of el ect r i c power gen er a t i on , i n cl u di n g
r el a t ed equ i pmen t for commu n i ca t i on
or met er i n g. Lock i n g a n d t a ggi n g pr o-
cedu r es for t h e deen er gi zi n g of el ect r i c
en er gy sou r ces wh i ch a r e u sed excl u -
si vel y for pu r poses of t r a n smi ssi on a n d
di st r i bu t i on a r e a ddr essed by pa r a -
gr a ph (m) of t h i s sect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
766
NOTE 1: I n st a l l a t i on s i n el ect r i c power gen -
er a t i on fa ci l i t i es t h a t a r e n ot a n i n t egr a l
pa r t of, or i n ext r i ca bl y commi n gl ed wi t h ,
power gen er a t i on pr ocesses or equ i pmen t a r e
cover ed u n der 1910. 147 a n d su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t .
NOTE 2: Lock ou t a n d t a ggi n g pr ocedu r es
t h a t compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (f)
of 1910. 147 of t h i s pa r t wi l l a l so be deemed
t o compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on
i f t h e pr ocedu r es a ddr ess t h e h a za r ds cover ed
by pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) Gen eral. (i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l es-
t a bl i sh a pr ogr a m con si st i n g of en er gy
con t r ol pr ocedu r es, empl oy ee t r a i n i n g,
a n d per i odi c i n spect i on s t o en su r e t h a t ,
befor e a n y empl oy ee per for ms a n y
ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce on a ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t wh er e t h e u n expect ed en -
er gi zi n g, st a r t u p, or r el ea se of st or ed
en er gy cou l d occu r a n d ca u se i n j u r y ,
t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s i sol a t ed
fr om t h e en er gy sou r ce a n d r en der ed
i n oper a t i ve.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er s en er gy con t r ol
pr ogr a m u n der pa r a gr a ph (d)(2) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l meet t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s:
(A) I f a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce i s
n ot ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed ou t , t h e
empl oy er s pr ogr a m sh a l l u se a t a gou t
sy st em.
(B) I f a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce i s
ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed ou t , t h e em-
pl oy er s pr ogr a m sh a l l u se l ock ou t , u n -
l ess t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e u se of a t a gou t sy st em wi l l
pr ovi de fu l l empl oy ee pr ot ect i on a s fol -
l ows:
(1) Wh en a t a gou t devi ce i s u sed on
a n en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce wh i ch i s ca -
pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed ou t , t h e t a gou t
devi ce sh a l l be a t t a ch ed a t t h e sa me l o-
ca t i on t h a t t h e l ock ou t devi ce wou l d
h a ve been a t t a ch ed, a n d t h e empl oy er
sh a l l demon st r a t e t h a t t h e t a gou t pr o-
gr a m wi l l pr ovi de a l evel of sa fet y
equ i va l en t t o t h a t obt a i n ed by t h e u se
of a l ock ou t pr ogr a m.
(2) I n demon st r a t i n g t h a t a l evel of
sa fet y i s a ch i eved i n t h e t a gou t pr o-
gr a m equ i va l en t t o t h e l evel of sa fet y
obt a i n ed by t h e u se of a l ock ou t pr o-
gr a m, t h e empl oy er sh a l l demon st r a t e
fu l l compl i a n ce wi t h a l l t a gou t -r el a t ed
pr ovi si on s of t h i s st a n da r d t oget h er
wi t h su ch a ddi t i on a l el emen t s a s a r e
n ecessa r y t o pr ovi de t h e equ i va l en t
sa fet y a va i l a bl e fr om t h e u se of a l ock -
ou t devi ce. Addi t i on a l mea n s t o be con -
si der ed a s pa r t of t h e demon st r a t i on of
fu l l empl oy ee pr ot ect i on sh a l l i n cl u de
t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of a ddi t i on a l sa fe-
t y mea su r es su ch a s t h e r emova l of a n
i sol a t i n g ci r cu i t el emen t , bl ock i n g of a
con t r ol l i n g swi t ch , open i n g of a n ext r a
di scon n ect i n g devi ce, or t h e r emova l of
a va l ve h a n dl e t o r edu ce t h e l i k el i h ood
of i n a dver t en t en er gi zi n g.
(C) Aft er November 1, 1994, wh en ever
r epl a cemen t or ma j or r epa i r , r en ova -
t i on , or modi fi ca t i on of a ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t i s per for med, a n d wh en ever
n ew ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t a r e i n -
st a l l ed, en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces for
su ch ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o a ccept a l ock ou t devi ce.
(i i i ) P r ocedu r es sh a l l be devel oped,
docu men t ed, a n d u sed for t h e con t r ol
of pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s en er gy cov-
er ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(i v) Th e pr ocedu r e sh a l l cl ea r l y a n d
speci fi ca l l y ou t l i n e t h e scope, pu r pose,
r espon si bi l i t y , a u t h or i za t i on , r u l es,
a n d t ech n i qu es t o be a ppl i ed t o t h e
con t r ol of h a za r dou s en er gy , a n d t h e
mea su r es t o en for ce compl i a n ce i n cl u d-
i n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) A speci fi c st a t emen t of t h e i n -
t en ded u se of t h i s pr ocedu r e;
(B) S peci fi c pr ocedu r a l st eps for
sh u t t i n g down , i sol a t i n g, bl ock i n g a n d
secu r i n g ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t t o
con t r ol h a za r dou s en er gy ;
(C) S peci fi c pr ocedu r a l st eps for t h e
pl a cemen t , r emova l , a n d t r a n sfer of
l ock ou t devi ces or t a gou t devi ces a n d
t h e r espon si bi l i t y for t h em; a n d
(D) S peci fi c r equ i r emen t s for t est i n g
a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t t o det er mi n e
a n d ver i fy t h e effect i ven ess of l ock ou t
devi ces, t a gou t devi ces, a n d ot h er en -
er gy con t r ol mea su r es.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l con du ct a
per i odi c i n spect i on of t h e en er gy con -
t r ol pr ocedu r e a t l ea st a n n u a l l y t o en -
su r e t h a t t h e pr ocedu r e a n d t h e pr ovi -
si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on
a r e bei n g fol l owed.
(A) Th e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l be
per for med by a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee
wh o i s n ot u si n g t h e en er gy con t r ol
pr ocedu r e bei n g i n spect ed.
(B) Th e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o i den t i fy a n d cor r ect a n y
devi a t i on s or i n a dequ a ci es.
(C) I f l ock ou t i s u sed for en er gy con -
t r ol , t h e per i odi c i n spect i on sh a l l i n -
cl u de a r evi ew, bet ween t h e i n spect or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
767
a n d ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee, of t h a t
empl oy ees r espon si bi l i t i es u n der t h e
en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e bei n g i n -
spect ed.
(D) Wh er e t a gou t i s u sed for en er gy
a n d ea ch a u t h or i zed a n d a ffect ed em-
pl oy ee, of t h a t empl oy ees r espon si bi l -
i t i es u n der t h e en er gy con t r ol pr oce-
du r e bei n g i n spect ed, a n d t h e el emen t s
set for t h i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(vi i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(E) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
t h e i n spect i on s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(d)(2)(v) of t h i s sect i on h a ve been a c-
compl i sh ed. Th e cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l
i den t i fy t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t on
wh i ch t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e
wa s bei n g u sed, t h e da t e of t h e i n spec-
t i on , t h e empl oy ees i n cl u ded i n t h e i n -
spect i on , a n d t h e per son per for mi n g
t h e i n spect i on .
NOTE: I f n or ma l wor k sch edu l e a n d oper -
a t i on r ecor ds demon st r a t e a dequ a t e i n spec-
t i on a ct i vi t y a n d con t a i n t h e r equ i r ed i n for -
ma t i on , n o a ddi t i on a l cer t i fi ca t i on i s r e-
qu i r ed.
(vi ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de t r a i n -
i n g t o en su r e t h a t t h e pu r pose a n d
fu n ct i on of t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m
a r e u n der st ood by empl oy ees a n d t h a t
t h e k n owl edge a n d sk i l l s r equ i r ed for
t h e sa fe a ppl i ca t i on , u sa ge, a n d r e-
mova l of en er gy con t r ol s a r e a cqu i r ed
by empl oy ees. Th e t r a i n i n g sh a l l i n -
cl u de t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l
r ecei ve t r a i n i n g i n t h e r ecogn i t i on of
a ppl i ca bl e h a za r dou s en er gy sou r ces,
t h e t y pe a n d ma gn i t u de of en er gy
a va i l a bl e i n t h e wor k pl a ce, a n d i n t h e
met h ods a n d mea n s n ecessa r y for en -
er gy i sol a t i on a n d con t r ol .
(B) Ea ch a ffect ed empl oy ee sh a l l be
i n st r u ct ed i n t h e pu r pose a n d u se of
t h e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r e.
(C) Al l ot h er empl oy ees wh ose wor k
oper a t i on s a r e or ma y be i n a n a r ea
wh er e en er gy con t r ol pr ocedu r es ma y
be u sed sh a l l be i n st r u ct ed a bou t t h e
pr ocedu r es a n d a bou t t h e pr oh i bi t i on
r el a t i n g t o a t t empt s t o r est a r t or r e-
en er gi ze ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t t h a t
a r e l ock ed ou t or t a gged ou t .
(vi i ) Wh en t a gou t sy st ems a r e u sed,
empl oy ees sh a l l a l so be t r a i n ed i n t h e
fol l owi n g l i mi t a t i on s of t a gs:
(A) Ta gs a r e essen t i a l l y wa r n i n g de-
vi ces a ffi xed t o en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ces a n d do n ot pr ovi de t h e ph y si ca l
r est r a i n t on t h ose devi ces t h a t i s pr o-
vi ded by a l ock .
(B) Wh en a t a g i s a t t a ch ed t o a n en -
er gy i sol a t i n g mea n s, i t i s n ot t o be r e-
moved wi t h ou t a u t h or i za t i on of t h e a u -
t h or i zed per son r espon si bl e for i t , a n d
i t i s n ever t o be by pa ssed, i gn or ed, or
ot h er wi se defea t ed.
(C) Ta gs mu st be l egi bl e a n d u n der -
st a n da bl e by a l l a u t h or i zed empl oy ees,
a ffect ed empl oy ees, a n d a l l ot h er em-
pl oy ees wh ose wor k oper a t i on s a r e or
ma y be i n t h e a r ea , i n or der t o be effec-
t i ve.
(D) Ta gs a n d t h ei r mea n s of a t t a ch -
men t mu st be ma de of ma t er i a l s wh i ch
wi l l wi t h st a n d t h e en vi r on men t a l con -
di t i on s en cou n t er ed i n t h e wor k pl a ce.
(E) Ta gs ma y evok e a fa l se sen se of
secu r i t y , a n d t h ei r mea n i n g n eeds t o be
u n der st ood a s pa r t of t h e over a l l en -
(F ) Ta gs mu st be secu r el y a t t a ch ed
t o en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces so t h a t t h ey
ca n n ot be i n a dver t en t l y or a cci den -
t a l l y det a ch ed du r i n g u se.
(vi i i ) Ret r a i n i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded by
t h e empl oy er a s fol l ows:
(A) Ret r a i n i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
a l l a u t h or i zed a n d a ffect ed empl oy ees
wh en ever t h er e i s a ch a n ge i n t h ei r j ob
a ssi gn men t s, a ch a n ge i n ma ch i n es,
equ i pmen t , or pr ocesses t h a t pr esen t a
n ew h a za r d or wh en ever t h er e i s a
ch a n ge i n t h e en er gy con t r ol pr oce-
du r es.
(B) Ret r a i n i n g sh a l l a l so be con -
du ct ed wh en ever a per i odi c i n spect i on
u n der pa r a gr a ph (d)(2)(v) of t h i s sect i on
r evea l s, or wh en ever t h e empl oy er h a s
r ea son t o bel i eve, t h a t t h er e a r e devi -
a t i on s fr om or i n a dequ a ci es i n a n em-
pl oy ees k n owl edge or u se of t h e en er gy
con t r ol pr ocedu r es.
(C) Th e r et r a i n i n g sh a l l r eest a bl i sh
empl oy ee pr ofi ci en cy a n d sh a l l i n t r o-
du ce n ew or r evi sed con t r ol met h ods
a n d pr ocedu r es, a s n ecessa r y .
(i x) Th e empl oy er sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t
empl oy ee t r a i n i n g h a s been a ccom-
pl i sh ed a n d i s bei n g k ept u p t o da t e.
Th e cer t i fi ca t i on sh a l l con t a i n ea ch
empl oy ees n a me a n d da t es of t r a i n i n g.
(3) Prot ect ive mat erials an d h ardware.
(i ) Lock s, t a gs, ch a i n s, wedges, k ey
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
768
bl ock s, a da pt er pi n s, sel f-l ock i n g fa s-
t en er s, or ot h er h a r dwa r e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded by t h e empl oy er for i sol a t i n g, se-
cu r i n g, or bl ock i n g of ma ch i n es or
(i i ) Lock ou t devi ces a n d t a gou t de-
vi ces sh a l l be si n gu l a r l y i den t i fi ed;
sh a l l be t h e on l y devi ces u sed for con -
t r ol l i n g en er gy ; ma y n ot be u sed for
ot h er pu r poses; a n d sh a l l meet t h e fol -
l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Lock ou t devi ces a n d t a gou t de-
vi ces sh a l l be ca pa bl e of wi t h st a n di n g
t h e en vi r on men t t o wh i ch t h ey a r e ex-
posed for t h e ma xi mu m per i od of t i me
t h a t exposu r e i s expect ed.
(1) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed a n d pr i n t ed so t h a t exposu r e
t o wea t h er con di t i on s or wet a n d da mp
l oca t i on s wi l l n ot ca u se t h e t a g t o de-
t er i or a t e or t h e messa ge on t h e t a g t o
become i l l egi bl e.
(2) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l be so con -
st r u ct ed a s n ot t o det er i or a t e wh en
u sed i n cor r osi ve en vi r on men t s.
(B) Lock ou t devi ces a n d t a gou t de-
vi ces sh a l l be st a n da r di zed wi t h i n t h e
fa ci l i t y i n a t l ea st on e of t h e fol l owi n g
cr i t er i a : col or , sh a pe, si ze. Addi t i on -
a l l y , i n t h e ca se of t a gou t devi ces,
pr i n t a n d for ma t sh a l l be st a n da r di zed.
(C) Lock ou t devi ces sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l en ou gh t o pr even t r emova l wi t h ou t
t h e u se of excessi ve for ce or u n u su a l
t ech n i qu es, su ch a s wi t h t h e u se of bol t
cu t t er s or met a l cu t t i n g t ool s.
(D) Ta gou t devi ces, i n cl u di n g t h ei r
mea n s of a t t a ch men t , sh a l l be su bst a n -
t i a l en ou gh t o pr even t i n a dver t en t or
a cci den t a l r emova l . Ta gou t devi ce a t -
t a ch men t mea n s sh a l l be of a n on -r eu s-
a bl e t y pe, a t t a ch a bl e by h a n d, sel f-
l ock i n g, a n d n on -r el ea sa bl e wi t h a
mi n i mu m u n l ock i n g st r en gt h of n o l ess
t h a n 50 pou n ds a n d sh a l l h a ve t h e gen -
er a l desi gn a n d ba si c ch a r a ct er i st i cs of
bei n g a t l ea st equ i va l en t t o a on e-
pi ece, a l l -en vi r on men t -t ol er a n t n y l on
ca bl e t i e.
(E) Ea ch l ock ou t devi ce or t a gou t de-
vi ce sh a l l i n cl u de pr ovi si on s for t h e
i den t i fi ca t i on of t h e empl oy ee a ppl y i n g
t h e devi ce.
(F ) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l wa r n a ga i n st
h a za r dou s con di t i on s i f t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t i s en er gi zed a n d sh a l l i n -
cl u de a l egen d su ch a s t h e fol l owi n g:
Do Not S t a r t , Do Not Open , Do Not
Cl ose, Do Not En er gi ze, Do Not Oper -
a t e.
NOTE: F or speci fi c pr ovi si on s cover i n g a c-
ci den t pr even t i on t a gs, see 1910. 145 of t h i s
pa r t .
(4) En ergy isolat ion . Lock ou t a n d
t a gou t devi ce a ppl i ca t i on a n d r emova l
ma y on l y be per for med by t h e a u t h or -
i zed empl oy ees wh o a r e per for mi n g t h e
ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce.
(5) Not if icat ion . Affect ed empl oy ees
sh a l l be n ot i fi ed by t h e empl oy er or a u -
t h or i zed empl oy ee of t h e a ppl i ca t i on
a n d r emova l of l ock ou t or t a gou t de-
vi ces. Not i fi ca t i on sh a l l be gi ven befor e
t h e con t r ol s a r e a ppl i ed a n d a ft er t h ey
a r e r emoved fr om t h e ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t .
NOTE: S ee a l so pa r a gr a ph (d)(7) of t h i s sec-
t i on , wh i ch r equ i r es t h a t t h e secon d n ot i fi ca -
t i on t a k e pl a ce befor e t h e ma ch i n e or equ i p-
men t i s r een er gi zed.
(6) L ock ou t /t agou t applicat ion . Th e es-
t a bl i sh ed pr ocedu r es for t h e a ppl i ca -
t i on of en er gy con t r ol (t h e l ock ou t or
t a gou t pr ocedu r es) sh a l l i n cl u de t h e
fol l owi n g el emen t s a n d a ct i on s, a n d
t h ese pr ocedu r es sh a l l be per for med i n
t h e fol l owi n g sequ en ce:
(i ) Befor e a n a u t h or i zed or a ffect ed
empl oy ee t u r n s off a ma ch i n e or equ i p-
men t , t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l
h a ve k n owl edge of t h e t y pe a n d ma g-
n i t u de of t h e en er gy , t h e h a za r ds of t h e
en er gy t o be con t r ol l ed, a n d t h e met h -
od or mea n s t o con t r ol t h e en er gy .
(i i ) Th e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l
be t u r n ed off or sh u t down u si n g t h e
pr ocedu r es est a bl i sh ed for t h e ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t . An or der l y sh u t down
sh a l l be u sed t o a voi d a n y a ddi t i on a l or
i n cr ea sed h a za r ds t o empl oy ees a s a r e-
su l t of t h e equ i pmen t st oppa ge.
(i i i ) Al l en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces t h a t
a r e n eeded t o con t r ol t h e en er gy t o t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t sh a l l be ph y s-
i ca l l y l oca t ed a n d oper a t ed i n su ch a
ma n n er a s t o i sol a t e t h e ma ch i n e or
(i v) Lock ou t or t a gou t devi ces sh a l l
be a ffi xed t o ea ch en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ce by a u t h or i zed empl oy ees.
(A) Lock ou t devi ces sh a l l be a t t a ch ed
i n a ma n n er t h a t wi l l h ol d t h e en er gy
i sol a t i n g devi ces i n a sa fe or off
posi t i on .
(B) Ta gou t devi ces sh a l l be a ffi xed i n
su ch a ma n n er a s wi l l cl ea r l y i n di ca t e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
769
t h a t t h e oper a t i on or movemen t of en -
er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces fr om t h e sa fe
or off posi t i on i s pr oh i bi t ed.
(1) Wh er e t a gou t devi ces a r e u sed
wi t h en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces desi gn ed
wi t h t h e ca pa bi l i t y of bei n g l ock ed ou t ,
t h e t a g a t t a ch men t sh a l l be fa st en ed a t
t h e sa me poi n t a t wh i ch t h e l ock wou l d
h a ve been a t t a ch ed.
(2) Wh er e a t a g ca n n ot be a ffi xed di -
r ect l y t o t h e en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ce,
t h e t a g sh a l l be l oca t ed a s cl ose a s
sa fel y possi bl e t o t h e devi ce, i n a posi -
t i on t h a t wi l l be i mmedi a t el y obvi ou s
t o a n y on e a t t empt i n g t o oper a t e t h e
devi ce.
(v) F ol l owi n g t h e a ppl i ca t i on of l ock -
ou t or t a gou t devi ces t o en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ces, a l l pot en t i a l l y h a z-
a r dou s st or ed or r esi du a l en er gy sh a l l
be r el i eved, di scon n ect ed, r est r a i n ed,
or ot h er wi se r en der ed sa fe.
(vi ) I f t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y of r e-
a ccu mu l a t i on of st or ed en er gy t o a
h a za r dou s l evel , ver i fi ca t i on of i sol a -
t i on sh a l l be con t i n u ed u n t i l t h e ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s compl et ed or
u n t i l t h e possi bi l i t y of su ch a ccu mu l a -
t i on n o l on ger exi st s.
(vi i ) Befor e st a r t i n g wor k on ma -
ch i n es or equ i pmen t t h a t h a ve been
l ock ed ou t or t a gged ou t , t h e a u t h or -
i zed empl oy ee sh a l l ver i fy t h a t i sol a -
t i on a n d deen er gi zi n g of t h e ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t h a ve been a ccompl i sh ed.
I f n or ma l l y en er gi zed pa r t s wi l l be ex-
posed t o con t a ct by a n empl oy ee wh i l e
t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s deen er -
gi zed, a t est sh a l l be per for med t o en -
su r e t h a t t h ese pa r t s a r e deen er gi zed.
(7) Release f rom lock ou t /t agou t . Befor e
l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces a r e r emoved
a n d en er gy i s r est or ed t o t h e ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t , pr ocedu r es sh a l l be fol -
l owed a n d a ct i on s t a k en by t h e a u t h or -
i zed empl oy ees t o en su r e t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Th e wor k a r ea sh a l l be i n spect ed
t o en su r e t h a t n on essen t i a l i t ems h a ve
been r emoved a n d t h a t ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t compon en t s a r e oper a t i on -
a l l y i n t a ct .
(i i ) Th e wor k a r ea sh a l l be ch eck ed t o
en su r e t h a t a l l empl oy ees h a ve been
sa fel y posi t i on ed or r emoved.
(i i i ) Aft er l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces
h a ve been r emoved a n d befor e a ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t i s st a r t ed, a ffect ed
empl oy ees sh a l l be n ot i fi ed t h a t t h e
l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces h a ve been r e-
moved.
(i v) Ea ch l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce
sh a l l be r emoved fr om ea ch en er gy i so-
l a t i n g devi ce by t h e a u t h or i zed em-
pl oy ee wh o a ppl i ed t h e l ock ou t or
t a gou t devi ce. However , i f t h a t em-
pl oy ee i s n ot a va i l a bl e t o r emove i t ,
t h e devi ce ma y be r emoved u n der t h e
di r ect i on of t h e empl oy er , pr ovi ded
t h a t speci fi c pr ocedu r es a n d t r a i n i n g
for su ch r emova l h a ve been devel oped,
docu men t ed, a n d i n cor por a t ed i n t o t h e
empl oy er s en er gy con t r ol pr ogr a m.
Th e empl oy er sh a l l demon st r a t e t h a t
t h e speci fi c pr ocedu r e pr ovi des a de-
gr ee of sa fet y equ i va l en t t o t h a t pr o-
vi ded by t h e r emova l of t h e devi ce by
i t . Th e speci fi c pr ocedu r e sh a l l i n cl u de
a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g el emen t s:
(A) Ver i fi ca t i on by t h e empl oy er t h a t
t h e devi ce i s n ot a t t h e fa ci l i t y ;
(B) Ma k i n g a l l r ea son a bl e effor t s t o
con t a ct t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee t o i n -
for m h i m or h er t h a t h i s or h er l ock ou t
or t a gou t devi ce h a s been r emoved; a n d
(C) En su r i n g t h a t t h e a u t h or i zed em-
pl oy ee h a s t h i s k n owl edge befor e h e or
sh e r esu mes wor k a t t h a t fa ci l i t y .
(8) Addit ion al requ iremen t s. (i ) I f t h e
l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces mu st be t em-
por a r i l y r emoved fr om en er gy i sol a t i n g
devi ces a n d t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t
mu st be en er gi zed t o t est or posi t i on
t h e ma ch i n e, equ i pmen t , or compon en t
t h er eof, t h e fol l owi n g sequ en ce of a c-
t i on s sh a l l be fol l owed:
(A) Cl ea r t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t
of t ool s a n d ma t er i a l s i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d)(7)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ;
(B) Remove empl oy ees fr om t h e ma -
ch i n e or equ i pmen t a r ea i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (d)(7)(i i ) a n d (d)(7)(i i i )
(C) Remove t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t de-
vi ces a s speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d)(7)(i v)
(D) En er gi ze a n d pr oceed wi t h t h e
t est i n g or posi t i on i n g; a n d
(E) Deen er gi ze a l l sy st ems a n d r e-
a ppl y en er gy con t r ol mea su r es i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d)(6) of t h i s
sect i on t o con t i n u e t h e ser vi ci n g or
ma i n t en a n ce.
(i i ) Wh en ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s
per for med by a cr ew, cr a ft , depa r t -
men t , or ot h er gr ou p, t h ey sh a l l u se a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
770
pr ocedu r e wh i ch a ffor ds t h e empl oy ees
a l evel of pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t
pr ovi ded by t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of a
per son a l l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce.
Gr ou p l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ces sh a l l
be u sed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e pr oce-
du r es r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph s (d)(2)(i i i )
a n d (d)(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on i n cl u di n g,
bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g spe-
ci fi c r equ i r emen t s:
(A) P r i ma r y r espon si bi l i t y sh a l l be
vest ed i n a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee for a
set n u mber of empl oy ees wor k i n g
u n der t h e pr ot ect i on of a gr ou p l ock ou t
or t a gou t devi ce (su ch a s a n oper a t i on s
l ock );
(B) P r ovi si on sh a l l be ma de for t h e
a u t h or i zed empl oy ee t o a scer t a i n t h e
exposu r e st a t u s of a l l i n di vi du a l gr ou p
member s wi t h r ega r d t o t h e l ock ou t or
t a gou t of t h e ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t ;
(C) Wh en mor e t h a n on e cr ew, cr a ft ,
depa r t men t , or ot h er gr ou p i s i n vol ved,
a ssi gn men t of over a l l j ob-a ssoci a t ed
l ock ou t or t a gou t con t r ol r espon si -
bi l i t y sh a l l be gi ven t o a n a u t h or i zed
empl oy ee desi gn a t ed t o coor di n a t e a f-
fect ed wor k for ces a n d en su r e con -
t i n u i t y of pr ot ect i on ; a n d
(D) Ea ch a u t h or i zed empl oy ee sh a l l
a ffi x a per son a l l ock ou t or t a gou t de-
vi ce t o t h e gr ou p l ock ou t devi ce, gr ou p
l ock box, or compa r a bl e mech a n i sm
wh en h e or sh e begi n s wor k a n d sh a l l
r emove t h ose devi ces wh en h e or sh e
st ops wor k i n g on t h e ma ch i n e or equ i p-
men t bei n g ser vi ced or ma i n t a i n ed.
(i i i ) P r ocedu r es sh a l l be u sed du r i n g
sh i ft or per son n el ch a n ges t o en su r e
t h e con t i n u i t y of l ock ou t or t a gou t
pr ot ect i on , i n cl u di n g pr ovi si on for t h e
or der l y t r a n sfer of l ock ou t or t a gou t
devi ce pr ot ect i on bet ween off-goi n g
a n d on -comi n g empl oy ees, t o mi n i mi ze
t h ei r exposu r e t o h a za r ds fr om t h e u n -
expect ed en er gi zi n g or st a r t -u p of t h e
ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t or fr om t h e r e-
l ea se of st or ed en er gy .
(i v) Wh en ever ou t si de ser vi ci n g per -
son n el a r e t o be en ga ged i n a ct i vi t i es
cover ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e on -si t e empl oy er a n d t h e ou t -
si de empl oy er sh a l l i n for m ea ch ot h er
of t h ei r r espect i ve l ock ou t or t a gou t
pr ocedu r es, a n d ea ch empl oy er sh a l l
en su r e t h a t h i s or h er per son n el u n der -
st a n d a n d compl y wi t h r est r i ct i on s a n d
pr oh i bi t i on s of t h e en er gy con t r ol pr o-
cedu r es bei n g u sed.
(v) I f en er gy i sol a t i n g devi ces a r e i n -
st a l l ed i n a cen t r a l l oca t i on a n d a r e
u n der t h e excl u si ve con t r ol of a sy st em
oper a t or , t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y :
(A) Th e empl oy er sh a l l u se a pr oce-
du r e t h a t a ffor ds empl oy ees a l evel of
pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t pr ovi ded
by t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of a per son a l
l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce.
(B) Th e sy st em oper a t or sh a l l pl a ce
a n d r emove l ock ou t a n d t a gou t devi ces
i n pl a ce of t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee
u n der pa r a gr a ph s (d)(4), (d)(6)(i v), a n d
(d)(7)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(C) P r ovi si on s sh a l l be ma de t o i den -
t i fy t h e a u t h or i zed empl oy ee wh o i s r e-
spon si bl e for (t h a t i s, bei n g pr ot ect ed
by ) t h e l ock ou t or t a gou t devi ce, t o
t r a n sfer r espon si bi l i t y for l ock ou t a n d
t a gou t devi ces, a n d t o en su r e t h a t a n
a u t h or i zed empl oy ee r equ est i n g r e-
mova l or t r a n sfer of a l ock ou t or
t a gou t devi ce i s t h e on e r espon si bl e for
i t befor e t h e devi ce i s r emoved or
t r a n sfer r ed.
(e) En closed spaces. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
cover s en cl osed spa ces t h a t ma y be en -
t er ed by empl oy ees. I t does n ot a ppl y
t o ven t ed va u l t s i f a det er mi n a t i on i s
ma de t h a t t h e ven t i l a t i on sy st em i s op-
er a t i n g t o pr ot ect empl oy ees befor e
t h ey en t er t h e spa ce. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o r ou t i n e en t r y i n t o en cl osed
spa ces i n l i eu of t h e per mi t -spa ce en t r y
r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(d) t h r ou gh (k ) of 1910. 146 of t h i s pa r t .
I f, a ft er t h e pr eca u t i on s gi ven i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (e) a n d (t ) of t h i s sect i on a r e
t a k en , t h e h a za r ds r ema i n i n g i n t h e en -
cl osed spa ce en da n ger t h e l i fe of a n en -
t r a n t or cou l d i n t er fer e wi t h esca pe
fr om t h e spa ce, t h en en t r y i n t o t h e en -
cl osed spa ce sh a l l meet t h e per mi t -
spa ce en t r y r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s
(d) t h r ou gh (k ) of 1910. 146 of t h i s pa r t .
NOTE: En t r i es i n t o en cl osed spa ces con -
du ct ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e per mi t -spa ce
en t r y r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (d)
t h r ou gh (k ) of 1910. 146 of t h i s pa r t a r e con -
si der ed a s compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (e) of
t h i s sect i on .
(1) Saf e work pract ices. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h e u se of sa fe wor k pr a c-
t i ces for en t r y i n t o a n d wor k i n en -
cl osed spa ces a n d for r escu e of empl oy -
ees fr om su ch spa ces.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
771
(2) T rain in g. Empl oy ees wh o en t er en -
cl osed spa ces or wh o ser ve a s a t t en d-
a n t s sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n t h e h a za r ds of
en cl osed spa ce en t r y , i n en cl osed spa ce
en t r y pr ocedu r es, a n d i n en cl osed spa ce
r escu e pr ocedu r es.
(3) Rescu e equ ipmen t . Empl oy er s sh a l l
pr ovi de equ i pmen t t o en su r e t h e
pr ompt a n d sa fe r escu e of empl oy ees
fr om t h e en cl osed spa ce.
(4) Evalu at ion of pot en t ial h azards. Be-
for e a n y en t r a n ce cover t o a n en cl osed
spa ce i s r emoved, t h e empl oy er sh a l l
det er mi n e wh et h er i t i s sa fe t o do so by
ch eck i n g for t h e pr esen ce of a n y a t -
mosph er i c pr essu r e or t emper a t u r e di f-
fer en ces a n d by eva l u a t i n g wh et h er
t h er e mi gh t be a h a za r dou s a t mosph er e
i n t h e spa ce. An y con di t i on s ma k i n g i t
u n sa fe t o r emove t h e cover sh a l l be
el i mi n a t ed befor e t h e cover i s r emoved.
NOTE: Th e eva l u a t i on ca l l ed for i n t h i s
pa r a gr a ph ma y t a k e t h e for m of a ch eck of
t h e con di t i on s expect ed t o be i n t h e en cl osed
spa ce. F or exa mpl e, t h e cover cou l d be
ch eck ed t o see i f i t i s h ot a n d, i f i t i s fa s-
t en ed i n pl a ce, cou l d be l oosen ed gr a du a l l y
t o r el ea se a n y r esi du a l pr essu r e. A det er -
mi n a t i on mu st a l so be ma de of wh et h er con -
di t i on s a t t h e si t e cou l d ca u se a h a za r dou s
a t mosph er e, su ch a s a n oxy gen defi ci en t or
fl a mma bl e a t mosph er e, t o devel op wi t h i n
t h e spa ce.
(5) Removal of covers. Wh en cover s a r e
r emoved fr om en cl osed spa ces, t h e
open i n g sh a l l be pr ompt l y gu a r ded by a
r a i l i n g, t empor a r y cover , or ot h er ba r -
r i er i n t en ded t o pr even t a n a cci den t a l
fa l l t h r ou gh t h e open i n g a n d t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees wor k i n g i n t h e spa ce fr om
obj ect s en t er i n g t h e spa ce.
(6) Hazardou s at mosph ere. Empl oy ees
ma y n ot en t er a n y en cl osed spa ce wh i l e
i t con t a i n s a h a za r dou s a t mosph er e,
u n l ess t h e en t r y con for ms t o t h e ge-
n er i c per mi t -r equ i r ed con fi n ed spa ces
st a n da r d i n 1910. 146 of t h i s pa r t .
NOTE: Th e t er m en t r y i s defi n ed i n
1910. 146(b) of t h i s pa r t .
(7) At t en dan t s. Wh i l e wor k i s bei n g
per for med i n t h e en cl osed spa ce, a per -
son wi t h fi r st a i d t r a i n i n g meet i n g
pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
i mmedi a t el y a va i l a bl e ou t si de t h e en -
cl osed spa ce t o r en der emer gen cy a s-
si st a n ce i f t h er e i s r ea son t o bel i eve
t h a t a h a za r d ma y exi st i n t h e spa ce or
i f a h a za r d exi st s beca u se of t r a ffi c pa t -
t er n s i n t h e a r ea of t h e open i n g u sed
for en t r y . Th a t per son i s n ot pr ecl u ded
fr om per for mi n g ot h er du t i es ou t si de
t h e en cl osed spa ce i f t h ese du t i es do
n ot di st r a ct t h e a t t en da n t fr om mon i -
t or i n g empl oy ees wi t h i n t h e spa ce.
NOTE: S ee pa r a gr a ph (t )(3) of t h i s sect i on
for a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s on a t t en da n t s
for wor k i n ma n h ol es.
(8) Calibrat ion of t est in st ru men t s. Test
i n st r u men t s u sed t o mon i t or
a t mosph er es i n en cl osed spa ces sh a l l be
k ept i n ca l i br a t i on , wi t h a mi n i mu m
a ccu r a cy of t10 per cen t .
(9) T est in g f or oxy gen def icien cy . Be-
for e a n empl oy ee en t er s a n en cl osed
spa ce, t h e i n t er n a l a t mosph er e sh a l l be
t est ed for oxy gen defi ci en cy wi t h a di -
r ect -r ea di n g met er or si mi l a r i n st r u -
men t , ca pa bl e of col l ect i on a n d i mme-
di a t e a n a l y si s of da t a sa mpl es wi t h ou t
t h e n eed for off-si t e eva l u a t i on . I f con -
t i n u ou s for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on i s pr o-
vi ded, t est i n g i s n ot r equ i r ed pr ovi ded
t h a t t h e pr ocedu r es u sed en su r e t h a t
empl oy ees a r e n ot exposed t o t h e h a z-
a r ds posed by oxy gen defi ci en cy .
(10) T est in g f or f lammable gases an d va-
pors. Befor e a n empl oy ee en t er s a n en -
cl osed spa ce, t h e i n t er n a l a t mosph er e
sh a l l be t est ed for fl a mma bl e ga ses a n d
va por s wi t h a di r ect -r ea di n g met er or
si mi l a r i n st r u men t ca pa bl e of col l ec-
t i on a n d i mmedi a t e a n a l y si s of da t a
sa mpl es wi t h ou t t h e n eed for off-si t e
eva l u a t i on . Th i s t est sh a l l be per -
for med a ft er t h e oxy gen t est i n g a n d
ven t i l a t i on r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (e)(9)
of t h i s sect i on demon st r a t e t h a t t h er e
i s su ffi ci en t oxy gen t o en su r e t h e a ccu -
r a cy of t h e t est for fl a mma bi l i t y .
(11) Ven t ilat ion an d mon it orin g. I f
fl a mma bl e ga ses or va por s a r e det ect ed
or i f a n oxy gen defi ci en cy i s fou n d,
for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be u sed t o
ma i n t a i n oxy gen a t a sa fe l evel a n d t o
pr even t a h a za r dou s con cen t r a t i on of
fl a mma bl e ga ses a n d va por s fr om a ccu -
mu l a t i n g. A con t i n u ou s mon i t or i n g
pr ogr a m t o en su r e t h a t n o i n cr ea se i n
fl a mma bl e ga s or va por con cen t r a t i on
occu r s ma y be fol l owed i n l i eu of ven -
t i l a t i on , i f fl a mma bl e ga ses or va por s
a r e det ect ed a t sa fe l evel s.
NOTE: S ee t h e defi n i t i on of h a za r dou s a t -
mosph er e for gu i da n ce i n det er mi n i n g
wh et h er or n ot a gi ven con cen t r a t i on of a
su bst a n ce i s con si der ed t o be h a za r dou s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
772
(12) Specif ic ven t ilat ion requ iremen t s. I f
con t i n u ou s for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on i s
u sed, i t sh a l l begi n befor e en t r y i s
ma de a n d sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed l on g
en ou gh t o en su r e t h a t a sa fe a t mos-
ph er e exi st s befor e empl oy ees a r e a l -
l owed t o en t er t h e wor k a r ea . Th e
for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be so di -
r ect ed a s t o ven t i l a t e t h e i mmedi a t e
a r ea wh er e empl oy ees a r e pr esen t wi t h -
i n t h e en cl osed spa ce a n d sh a l l con -
t i n u e u n t i l a l l empl oy ees l ea ve t h e en -
cl osed spa ce.
(13) Air su pply . Th e a i r su ppl y for t h e
con t i n u ou s for ced a i r ven t i l a t i on sh a l l
be fr om a cl ea n sou r ce a n d ma y n ot i n -
cr ea se t h e h a za r ds i n t h e en cl osed
spa ce.
(14) Open f lames. I f open fl a mes a r e
u sed i n en cl osed spa ces, a t est for fl a m-
ma bl e ga ses a n d va por s sh a l l be ma de
i mmedi a t el y befor e t h e open fl a me de-
vi ce i s u sed a n d a t l ea st on ce per h ou r
wh i l e t h e devi ce i s u sed i n t h e spa ce.
Test i n g sh a l l be con du ct ed mor e fr e-
qu en t l y i f con di t i on s pr esen t i n t h e en -
cl osed spa ce i n di ca t e t h a t on ce per
h ou r i s i n su ffi ci en t t o det ect h a za r dou s
a ccu mu l a t i on s of fl a mma bl e ga ses or
va por s.
NOTE: S ee t h e defi n i t i on of h a za r dou s a t -
mosph er e for gu i da n ce i n det er mi n i n g
wh et h er or n ot a gi ven con cen t r a t i on of a
su bst a n ce i s con si der ed t o be h a za r dou s.
(f) Excavat ion s. Exca va t i on oper -
a t i on s sh a l l compl y wi t h su bpa r t P of
pa r t 1926 of t h i s ch a pt er .
(g) Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t (1)
Gen eral. P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t
sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t
I of t h i s pa r t .
(2) Fall prot ect ion . (i ) P er son a l fa l l a r -
r est equ i pmen t sh a l l meet t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of su bpa r t M of pa r t 1926 of t h i s
ch a pt er .
(i i ) Body bel t s a n d sa fet y st r a ps for
wor k posi t i on i n g sh a l l meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1926. 959 of t h i s ch a pt er .
(i i i ) Body bel t s, sa fet y st r a ps, l a n -
y a r ds, l i fel i n es, a n d body h a r n esses
sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e u se ea ch da y
t o det er mi n e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t i s i n
sa fe wor k i n g con di t i on . Defect i ve
equ i pmen t ma y n ot be u sed.
(i v) Li fel i n es sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st bei n g cu t or a br a ded.
(v) F a l l a r r est equ i pmen t , wor k posi -
t i on i n g equ i pmen t , or t r a vel r est r i ct -
i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l be u sed by empl oy -
ees wor k i n g a t el eva t ed l oca t i on s mor e
t h a n 4 feet (1. 2 m) a bove t h e gr ou n d on
pol es, t ower s, or si mi l a r st r u ct u r es i f
ot h er fa l l pr ot ect i on h a s n ot been pr o-
vi ded. F a l l pr ot ect i on equ i pmen t i s n ot
r equ i r ed t o be u sed by a qu a l i fi ed em-
pl oy ee cl i mbi n g or ch a n gi n g l oca t i on
on pol es, t ower s, or si mi l a r st r u ct u r es,
u n l ess con di t i on s, su ch a s, bu t n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, i ce, h i gh wi n ds, t h e desi gn of
t h e st r u ct u r e (for exa mpl e, n o pr ovi -
si on for h ol di n g on wi t h h a n ds), or t h e
pr esen ce of con t a mi n a n t s on t h e st r u c-
t u r e, cou l d ca u se t h e empl oy ee t o l ose
h i s or h er gr i p or foot i n g.
NOTE 1: Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o st r u c-
t u r es t h a t su ppor t over h ea d el ect r i c power
gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on
l i n es a n d equ i pmen t . I t does n ot a ppl y t o
por t i on s of bu i l di n gs, su ch a s l oa di n g dock s,
t o el ect r i c equ i pmen t , su ch a s t r a n sfor mer s
a n d ca pa ci t or s, n or t o a er i a l l i ft s. Requ i r e-
men t s for fa l l pr ot ect i on a ssoci a t ed wi t h
wa l k i n g a n d wor k i n g su r fa ces a r e con t a i n ed
i n su bpa r t D of t h i s pa r t ; r equ i r emen t s for
fa l l pr ot ect i on a ssoci a t ed wi t h a er i a l l i ft s
a r e con t a i n ed i n 1910. 67 of t h i s pa r t .
NOTE 2: Empl oy ees u n der goi n g t r a i n i n g a r e
n ot con si der ed qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees for t h e
pu r poses of t h i s pr ovi si on . Un qu a l i fi ed em-
pl oy ees (i n cl u di n g t r a i n ees) a r e r equ i r ed t o
u se fa l l pr ot ect i on a n y t i me t h ey a r e mor e
t h a n 4 feet (1. 2 m) a bove t h e gr ou n d.
(vi ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems:
(A) Wh en st oppi n g or a r r est i n g a fa l l ,
per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems sh a l l l i mi t
t h e ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce on a n
empl oy ee t o 900 pou n ds (4 k N) i f u sed
wi t h a body bel t .
(B) Wh en st oppi n g or a r r est i n g a fa l l ,
per son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems sh a l l l i mi t
t h e ma xi mu m a r r est i n g for ce on a n
empl oy ee t o 1800 pou n ds (8 k N) i f u sed
wi t h a body h a r n ess.
(C) P er son a l fa l l a r r est sy st ems sh a l l
be r i gged su ch t h a t a n empl oy ee ca n
n ei t h er fr ee fa l l mor e t h a n 6 feet (1. 8
m) n or con t a ct a n y l ower l evel .
(vi i ) I f ver t i ca l l i fel i n es or dr opl i n es
a r e u sed, n ot mor e t h a n on e empl oy ee
ma y be a t t a ch ed t o a n y on e l i fel i n e.
(vi i i ) S n a ph ook s ma y n ot be con -
n ect ed t o l oops ma de i n webbi n g-t y pe
l a n y a r ds.
(i x) S n a ph ook s ma y n ot be con n ect ed
t o ea ch ot h er .
(h ) L adders, plat f orms, st ep bolt s, an d
man h ole st eps(1) Gen eral. Requ i r e-
men t s for l a dder s con t a i n ed i n su bpa r t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
773
D of t h i s pa r t a ppl y , except a s speci fi -
ca l l y n ot ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2) of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Special ladders an d plat f orms. P or t -
a bl e l a dder s a n d pl a t for ms u sed on
st r u ct u r es or con du ct or s i n con j u n c-
t i on wi t h over h ea d l i n e wor k n eed n ot
meet pa r a gr a ph s (d)(2)(i ) a n d (d)(2)(i i i )
of 1910. 25 of t h i s pa r t or pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i i i ) of 1910. 26 of t h i s pa r t . How-
ever , t h ese l a dder s a n d pl a t for ms sh a l l
meet t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(i ) La dder s a n d pl a t for ms sh a l l be se-
cu r ed t o pr even t t h ei r becomi n g a cci -
den t a l l y di sl odged.
(i i ) La dder s a n d pl a t for ms ma y n ot
be l oa ded i n excess of t h e wor k i n g
l oa ds for wh i ch t h ey a r e desi gn ed.
(i i i ) La dder s a n d pl a t for ms ma y be
u sed on l y i n a ppl i ca t i on s for wh i ch
t h ey wer e desi gn ed.
(i v) I n t h e con fi gu r a t i on s i n wh i ch
t h ey a r e u sed, l a dder s a n d pl a t for ms
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g wi t h ou t
fa i l u r e a t l ea st 2. 5 t i mes t h e ma xi mu m
i n t en ded l oa d.
(3) Con du ct ive ladders. P or t a bl e met a l
l a dder s a n d ot h er por t a bl e con du ct i ve
l a dder s ma y n ot be u sed n ea r exposed
en er gi zed l i n es or equ i pmen t . However ,
i n speci a l i zed h i gh -vol t a ge wor k , con -
du ct i ve l a dder s sh a l l be u sed wh er e t h e
empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t n on -
con du ct i ve l a dder s wou l d pr esen t a
gr ea t er h a za r d t h a n con du ct i ve l a d-
der s.
(i ) Han d an d port able power t ools(1)
Gen eral. P a r a gr a ph (i )(2) of t h i s sect i on
a ppl i es t o el ect r i c equ i pmen t con -
n ect ed by cor d a n d pl u g. P a r a gr a ph
(i )(3) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o por t a bl e
a n d veh i cl e-mou n t ed gen er a t or s u sed
t o su ppl y cor d-a n d pl u g-con n ect ed
equ i pmen t . P a r a gr a ph (i )(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on a ppl i es t o h y dr a u l i c a n d pn eu -
ma t i c t ool s.
(2) Cord- an d plu g-con n ect ed equ ip-
men t . (i ) Cor d-a n d pl u g-con n ect ed
equ i pmen t su ppl i ed by pr emi ses wi r i n g
i s cover ed by su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t .
(i i ) An y cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed
equ i pmen t su ppl i ed by ot h er t h a n
pr emi ses wi r i n g sh a l l compl y wi t h on e
of t h e fol l owi n g i n l i eu of 1910. 243(a )(5)
of t h i s pa r t :
(A) I t sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a cor d
con t a i n i n g a n equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or con n ect ed t o t h e t ool fr a me
a n d t o a mea n s for gr ou n di n g t h e ot h er
en d (h owever , t h i s opt i on ma y n ot be
u sed wh er e t h e i n t r odu ct i on of t h e
gr ou n d i n t o t h e wor k en vi r on men t i n -
cr ea ses t h e h a za r d t o a n empl oy ee); or
(B) I t sh a l l be of t h e dou bl e-i n su l a t ed
t y pe con for mi n g t o su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t ; or
(C) I t sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e power
su ppl y t h r ou gh a n i sol a t i n g t r a n s-
for mer wi t h a n u n gr ou n ded secon da r y .
(3) Port able an d veh icle-mou n t ed gen -
erat ors. P or t a bl e a n d veh i cl e-mou n t ed
gen er a t or s u sed t o su ppl y cor d- a n d
pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t sh a l l meet
(i ) Th e gen er a t or ma y on l y su ppl y
equ i pmen t l oca t ed on t h e gen er a t or or
t h e veh i cl e a n d cor d- a n d pl u g-con -
n ect ed equ i pmen t t h r ou gh r ecept a cl es
mou n t ed on t h e gen er a t or or t h e veh i -
cl e.
(i i ) Th e n on -cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l
pa r t s of equ i pmen t a n d t h e equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or t er mi n a l s of t h e
r ecept a cl es sh a l l be bon ded t o t h e gen -
er a t or fr a me.
(i i i ) I n t h e ca se of veh i cl e-mou n t ed
gen er a t or s, t h e fr a me of t h e gen er a t or
sh a l l be bon ded t o t h e veh i cl e fr a me.
(i v) An y n eu t r a l con du ct or sh a l l be
bon ded t o t h e gen er a t or fr a me.
(4) Hy drau lic an d pn eu mat ic t ools. (i )
S a fe oper a t i n g pr essu r es for h y dr a u l i c
a n d pn eu ma t i c t ool s, h oses, va l ves,
pi pes, fi l t er s, a n d fi t t i n gs ma y n ot be
exceeded.
NOTE: I f a n y h a za r dou s defect s a r e pr esen t ,
n o oper a t i n g pr essu r e wou l d be sa fe, a n d t h e
h y dr a u l i c or pn eu ma t i c equ i pmen t i n vol ved
ma y n ot be u sed. I n t h e a bsen ce of defect s,
t h e ma xi mu m r a t ed oper a t i n g pr essu r e i s t h e
ma xi mu m sa fe pr essu r e.
(i i ) A h y dr a u l i c or pn eu ma t i c t ool
u sed wh er e i t ma y con t a ct exposed l i ve
pa r t s sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d ma i n t a i n ed
for su ch u se.
(i i i ) Th e h y dr a u l i c sy st em su ppl y i n g
a h y dr a u l i c t ool u sed wh er e i t ma y
con t a ct exposed l i ve pa r t s sh a l l pr ovi de
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st l oss of i n su l a t i n g
va l u e for t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved du e t o
t h e for ma t i on of a pa r t i a l va cu u m i n
t h e h y dr a u l i c l i n e.
NOTE: Hy dr a u l i c l i n es wi t h ou t ch eck
va l ves h a vi n g a sepa r a t i on of mor e t h a n 35
feet (10. 7 m) bet ween t h e oi l r eser voi r a n d
t h e u pper en d of t h e h y dr a u l i c sy st em pr o-
mot e t h e for ma t i on of a pa r t i a l va cu u m.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
774
(i v) A pn eu ma t i c t ool u sed on en er -
gi zed el ect r i c l i n es or equ i pmen t or
u sed wh er e i t ma y con t a ct exposed l i ve
pa r t s sh a l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on a ga i n st
t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of moi st u r e i n t h e
a i r su ppl y .
(v) P r essu r e sh a l l be r el ea sed befor e
con n ect i on s a r e br ok en , u n l ess qu i ck
a ct i n g, sel f-cl osi n g con n ect or s a r e
u sed. Hoses ma y n ot be k i n k ed.
(vi ) Empl oy ees ma y n ot u se a n y pa r t
of t h ei r bodi es t o l oca t e or a t t empt t o
st op a h y dr a u l i c l ea k .
(j ) L ive-lin e t ools(1) Design of t ools.
Li ve-l i n e t ool r ods, t u bes, a n d pol es
wi t h st a n d t h e fol l owi n g mi n i mu m
t est s:
(i ) 100, 000 vol t s per foot (3281 vol t s per
cen t i met er ) of l en gt h for 5 mi n u t es i f
t h e t ool i s ma de of fi ber gl a ss-r ei n -
for ced pl a st i c (F RP ), or
(i i ) 75, 000 vol t s per foot (2461 vol t s per
cen t i met er ) of l en gt h for 3 mi n u t es i f
t h e t ool i s ma de of wood, or
(i i i ) Ot h er t est s t h a t t h e empl oy er
ca n demon st r a t e a r e equ i va l en t .
NOTE: Li ve-l i n e t ool s u si n g r od a n d t u be
t h a t meet AS TM F 71189, S t a n da r d S peci -
fi ca t i on for F i ber gl a ss-Rei n for ced P l a st i c
(F RP ) Rod a n d Tu be Used i n Li ve-Li n e
Tool s, con for m t o pa r a gr a ph (j )(1)(i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(2) Con dit ion of t ools. (i ) Ea ch l i ve-l i n e
t ool sh a l l be wi ped cl ea n a n d vi su a l l y
i n spect ed for defect s befor e u se ea ch
da y .
(i i ) I f a n y defect or con t a mi n a t i on
t h a t cou l d a dver sel y a ffect t h e i n su -
l a t i n g qu a l i t i es or mech a n i ca l i n t eg-
r i t y of t h e l i ve-l i n e t ool i s pr esen t a ft er
wi pi n g, t h e t ool sh a l l be r emoved fr om
ser vi ce a n d exa mi n ed a n d t est ed a c-
cor di n g t o pa r a gr a ph (j )(2)(i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on befor e bei n g r et u r n ed t o ser v-
i ce.
(i i i ) Li ve-l i n e t ool s u sed for pr i ma r y
empl oy ee pr ot ect i on sh a l l be r emoved
fr om ser vi ce ever y 2 y ea r s a n d wh en -
ever r equ i r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (j )(2)(i i )
of t h i s sect i on for exa mi n a t i on , cl ea n -
i n g, r epa i r , a n d t est i n g a s fol l ows:
(A) Ea ch t ool sh a l l be t h or ou gh l y ex-
a mi n ed for defect s.
(B) I f a defect or con t a mi n a t i on t h a t
cou l d a dver sel y a ffect t h e i n su l a t i n g
qu a l i t i es or mech a n i ca l i n t egr i t y of
t h e l i ve-l i n e t ool i s fou n d, t h e t ool
sh a l l be r epa i r ed a n d r efi n i sh ed or sh a l l
be per ma n en t l y r emoved fr om ser vi ce.
I f n o su ch defect or con t a mi n a t i on i s
fou n d, t h e t ool sh a l l be cl ea n ed a n d
wa xed.
(C) Th e t ool sh a l l be t est ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (j )(2)(i i i )(D) a n d
(j )(2)(i i i )(E) of t h i s sect i on u n der t h e
(1) Aft er t h e t ool h a s been r epa i r ed or
r efi n i sh ed; a n d
(2) Aft er t h e exa mi n a t i on i f r epa i r or
r efi n i sh i n g i s n ot per for med, u n l ess t h e
t ool i s ma de of F RP r od or foa m-fi l l ed
F RP t u be a n d t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e t ool h a s n o defect s
t h a t cou l d ca u se i t t o fa i l i n u se.
(D) Th e t est met h od u sed sh a l l be de-
si gn ed t o ver i fy t h e t ool s i n t egr i t y
a l on g i t s en t i r e wor k i n g l en gt h a n d, i f
t h e t ool i s ma de of fi ber gl a ss-r ei n -
for ced pl a st i c, i t s i n t egr i t y u n der wet
con di t i on s.
(E) Th e vol t a ge a ppl i ed du r i n g t h e
t est s sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
(1) 75, 000 vol t s per foot (2461 vol t s per
cen t i met er ) of l en gt h for 1 mi n u t e i f
t h e t ool i s ma de of fi ber gl a ss, or
(2) 50, 000 vol t s per foot (1640 vol t s per
cen t i met er ) of l en gt h for 1 mi n u t e i f
t h e t ool i s ma de of wood, or
(3) Ot h er t est s t h a t t h e empl oy er ca n
demon st r a t e a r e equ i va l en t .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for t h e exa mi n a t i on ,
cl ea n i n g, r epa i r i n g, a n d i n -ser vi ce t est i n g of
l i ve-l i n e t ool s a r e con t a i n ed i n t h e I n st i t u t e
of El ect r i ca l a n d El ect r on i cs En gi n eer s
Gu i de for I n -S er vi ce Ma i n t en a n ce a n d El ec-
t r i ca l Test i n g of Li ve-Li n e Tool s, I EEE S t d.
9781984.
(k ) Mat erials h an dlin g an d st orage(1)
Gen eral. Ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g a n d st or a ge
su bpa r t N of t h i s pa r t .
(2) Mat erials st orage n ear en ergized
lin es or equ ipmen t . (i ) I n a r ea s n ot r e-
st r i ct ed t o qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y , ma -
t er i a l s or equ i pmen t ma y n ot be st or ed
cl oser t o en er gi zed l i n es or exposed en -
er gi zed pa r t s of equ i pmen t t h a n t h e
fol l owi n g di st a n ces pl u s a n a mou n t
pr ovi di n g for t h e ma xi mu m sa g a n d
si de swi n g of a l l con du ct or s a n d pr o-
vi di n g for t h e h ei gh t a n d movemen t of
ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t :
(A) F or l i n es a n d equ i pmen t en er -
gi zed a t 50 k V or l ess, t h e di st a n ce i s 10
feet (305 cm).
(B) F or l i n es a n d equ i pmen t en er -
gi zed a t mor e t h a n 50 k V, t h e di st a n ce
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
775
i s 10 feet (305 cm) pl u s 4 i n ch es (10 cm)
for ever y 10 k V over 50 k V.
(i i ) I n a r ea s r est r i ct ed t o qu a l i fi ed
empl oy ees, ma t er i a l ma y n ot be st or ed
wi t h i n t h e wor k i n g spa ce a bou t en er -
gi zed l i n es or equ i pmen t .
NOTE: Requ i r emen t s for t h e si ze of t h e
wor k i n g spa ce a r e con t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(u )(1) a n d (v)(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(l ) Work in g on or n ear exposed en er-
gized part s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o
wor k on exposed l i ve pa r t s, or n ea r
en ou gh t o t h em, t o expose t h e em-
pl oy ee t o a n y h a za r d t h ey pr esen t .
(1) Gen eral. On l y qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees
ma y wor k on or wi t h exposed en er gi zed
l i n es or pa r t s of equ i pmen t . On l y qu a l i -
fi ed empl oy ees ma y wor k i n a r ea s con -
t a i n i n g u n gu a r ded, u n i n su l a t ed en er -
gi zed l i n es or pa r t s of equ i pmen t oper -
a t i n g a t 50 vol t s or mor e. El ect r i c l i n es
a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be con si der ed a n d
t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed u n l ess t h e pr ovi -
si on s of pa r a gr a ph (d) or pa r a gr a ph (m)
of t h i s sect i on h a ve been fol l owed.
(i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(l )(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on , a t l ea st t wo
empl oy ees sh a l l be pr esen t wh i l e t h e
fol l owi n g t y pes of wor k a r e bei n g per -
for med:
(A) I n st a l l a t i on , r emova l , or r epa i r of
l i n es t h a t a r e en er gi zed a t mor e t h a n
600 vol t s,
(B) I n st a l l a t i on , r emova l , or r epa i r of
deen er gi zed l i n es i f a n empl oy ee i s ex-
posed t o con t a ct wi t h ot h er pa r t s en er -
gi zed a t mor e t h a n 600 vol t s,
(C) I n st a l l a t i on , r emova l , or r epa i r of
equ i pmen t , su ch a s t r a n sfor mer s, ca -
pa ci t or s, a n d r egu l a t or s, i f a n em-
pl oy ee i s exposed t o con t a ct wi t h pa r t s
en er gi zed a t mor e t h a n 600 vol t s,
(D) Wor k i n vol vi n g t h e u se of me-
ch a n i ca l equ i pmen t , ot h er t h a n i n su -
l a t ed a er i a l l i ft s, n ea r pa r t s en er gi zed
a t mor e t h a n 600 vol t s, a n d
(E) Ot h er wor k t h a t exposes a n em-
pl oy ee t o el ect r i ca l h a za r ds gr ea t er
t h a n or equ a l t o t h ose posed by oper -
a t i on s t h a t a r e speci fi ca l l y l i st ed i n
pa r a gr a ph s (l )(1)(i )(A) t h r ou gh
(l )(1)(i )(D) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) P a r a gr a ph (l )(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on
does n ot a ppl y t o t h e fol l owi n g oper -
a t i on s:
(A) Rou t i n e swi t ch i n g of ci r cu i t s, i f
t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t
con di t i on s a t t h e si t e a l l ow t h i s wor k
t o be per for med sa fel y ,
(B) Wor k per for med wi t h l i ve-l i n e
t ool s i f t h e empl oy ee i s posi t i on ed so
t h a t h e or sh e i s n ei t h er wi t h i n r ea ch
of n or ot h er wi se exposed t o con t a ct
wi t h en er gi zed pa r t s, a n d
(C) Emer gen cy r epa i r s t o t h e ext en t
n ecessa r y t o sa fegu a r d t h e gen er a l pu b-
l i c.
(2) Min imu m approach dist an ces. Th e
empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t n o em-
pl oy ee a ppr oa ch es or t a k es a n y con du c-
t i ve obj ect cl oser t o exposed en er gi zed
pa r t s t h a n set for t h i n Ta bl e R6
t h r ou gh Ta bl e R10, u n l ess:
(i ) Th e empl oy ee i s i n su l a t ed fr om
t h e en er gi zed pa r t (i n su l a t i n g gl oves or
i n su l a t i n g gl oves a n d sl eeves wor n i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (l )(3) of t h i s
sect i on a r e con si der ed i n su l a t i on of t h e
empl oy ee on l y wi t h r ega r d t o t h e en er -
gi zed pa r t u pon wh i ch wor k i s bei n g
per for med), or
(i i ) Th e en er gi zed pa r t i s i n su l a t ed
fr om t h e empl oy ee a n d fr om a n y ot h er
con du ct i ve obj ect a t a di ffer en t pot en -
t i a l , or
(i i i ) Th e empl oy ee i s i n su l a t ed fr om
a n y ot h er exposed con du ct i ve obj ect , a s
du r i n g l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d wor k .
NOTE: P a r a gr a ph s (u )(5)(i ) a n d (v)(5)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on con t a i n r equ i r emen t s for t h e
gu a r di n g a n d i sol a t i on of l i ve pa r t s. P a r t s of
el ect r i c ci r cu i t s t h a t meet t h ese t wo pr ovi -
si on s a r e n ot con si der ed a s exposed u n l ess
a gu a r d i s r emoved or a n empl oy ee en t er s
t h e spa ce i n t en ded t o pr ovi de i sol a t i on fr om
t h e l i ve pa r t s.
(3) T y pe of in su lat ion . I f t h e empl oy ee
i s t o be i n su l a t ed fr om en er gi zed pa r t s
by t h e u se of i n su l a t i n g gl oves (u n der
pa r a gr a ph (l )(2)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ), i n su -
l a t i n g sl eeves sh a l l a l so be u sed. How-
ever , i n su l a t i n g sl eeves n eed n ot be
u sed u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(i ) I f exposed en er gi zed pa r t s on
wh i ch wor k i s n ot bei n g per for med a r e
i n su l a t ed fr om t h e empl oy ee a n d
(i i ) I f su ch i n su l a t i on i s pl a ced fr om a
posi t i on n ot exposi n g t h e empl oy ees
u pper a r m t o con t a ct wi t h ot h er en er -
gi zed pa r t s.
(4) Work in g posit ion . Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee, t o t h e
ext en t t h a t ot h er sa fet y -r el a t ed con di -
t i on s a t t h e wor k si t e per mi t , wor k s i n
a posi t i on fr om wh i ch a sl i p or sh ock
wi l l n ot br i n g t h e empl oy ees body i n t o
con t a ct wi t h exposed, u n i n su l a t ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
776
pa r t s en er gi zed a t a pot en t i a l di ffer en t
fr om t h e empl oy ee.
(5) Mak in g con n ect ion s. Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t con n ect i on s a r e ma de
a s fol l ows:
(i ) I n con n ect i n g deen er gi zed equ i p-
men t or l i n es t o a n en er gi zed ci r cu i t by
mea n s of a con du ct i n g wi r e or devi ce,
a n empl oy ee sh a l l fi r st a t t a ch t h e wi r e
t o t h e deen er gi zed pa r t ;
(i i ) Wh en di scon n ect i n g equ i pmen t or
l i n es fr om a n en er gi zed ci r cu i t by
mea n s of a con du ct i n g wi r e or devi ce,
a n empl oy ee sh a l l r emove t h e sou r ce
en d fi r st ; a n d
(i i i ) Wh en l i n es or equ i pmen t a r e
con n ect ed t o or di scon n ect ed fr om en -
er gi zed ci r cu i t s, l oose con du ct or s sh a l l
be k ept a wa y fr om exposed en er gi zed
pa r t s.
(6) Apparel. (i ) Wh en wor k i s per -
for med wi t h i n r ea ch i n g di st a n ce of ex-
posed en er gi zed pa r t s of equ i pmen t , t h e
empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t ea ch em-
pl oy ee r emoves or r en der s n on con du c-
t i ve a l l exposed con du ct i ve a r t i cl es,
su ch a s k ey or wa t ch ch a i n s, r i n gs, or
wr i st wa t ch es or ba n ds, u n l ess su ch a r -
t i cl es do n ot i n cr ea se t h e h a za r ds a sso-
ci a t ed wi t h con t a ct wi t h t h e en er gi zed
pa r t s.
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l t r a i n ea ch
empl oy ee wh o i s exposed t o t h e h a za r ds
of fl a mes or el ect r i c a r cs i n t h e h a za r ds
i n vol ved.
(i i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee wh o i s exposed t o t h e
h a za r ds of fl a mes or el ect r i c a r cs does
n ot wea r cl ot h i n g t h a t , wh en exposed
t o fl a mes or el ect r i c a r cs, cou l d i n -
cr ea se t h e ext en t of i n j u r y t h a t wou l d
be su st a i n ed by t h e empl oy ee.
NOTE: Cl ot h i n g ma de fr om t h e fol l owi n g
t y pes of fa br i cs, ei t h er a l on e or i n bl en ds, i s
pr oh i bi t ed by t h i s pa r a gr a ph , u n l ess t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e fa br i c h a s
been t r ea t ed t o wi t h st a n d t h e con di t i on s
t h a t ma y be en cou n t er ed or t h a t t h e cl ot h -
i n g i s wor n i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o el i mi n a t e
t h e h a za r d i n vol ved: a cet a t e, n y l on , pol y -
est er , r a y on .
(7) Fu se h an dlin g. Wh en fu ses mu st be
i n st a l l ed or r emoved wi t h on e or bot h
t er mi n a l s en er gi zed a t mor e t h a n 300
vol t s or wi t h exposed pa r t s en er gi zed
a t mor e t h a n 50 vol t s, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t t ool s or gl oves r a t ed
for t h e vol t a ge a r e u sed. Wh en expu l -
si on -t y pe fu ses a r e i n st a l l ed wi t h on e
or bot h t er mi n a l s en er gi zed a t mor e
t h a n 300 vol t s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee wea r s ey e pr o-
t ect i on meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
su bpa r t I of t h i s pa r t , u ses a t ool r a t ed
for t h e vol t a ge, a n d i s cl ea r of t h e ex-
h a u st pa t h of t h e fu se ba r r el .
(8) Covered (n on in su lat ed) con du ct ors.
Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on wh i ch
per t a i n t o t h e h a za r ds of exposed l i ve
pa r t s a l so a ppl y wh en wor k i s per -
for med i n t h e pr oxi mi t y of cover ed
(n on i n su l a t ed) wi r es.
(9) Non cu rren t -carry in g met al part s.
Non cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of
equ i pmen t or devi ces, su ch a s t r a n s-
for mer ca ses a n d ci r cu i t br ea k er
h ou si n gs, sh a l l be t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed
a t t h e h i gh est vol t a ge t o wh i ch t h ey
a r e exposed, u n l ess t h e empl oy er i n -
spect s t h e i n st a l l a t i on a n d det er mi n es
t h a t t h ese pa r t s a r e gr ou n ded befor e
wor k i s per for med.
(10) Open in g circu it s u n der load. De-
vi ces u sed t o open ci r cu i t s u n der l oa d
con di t i on s sh a l l be desi gn ed t o i n t er -
r u pt t h e cu r r en t i n vol ved.
TABLE R6AC LIVE-LINE WORK MINIMUM
APPROACH DISTANCE
Nominal voltage in kilovolts
phase to phase
Distance
Phase to
ground expo-
sure
Phase to
phase expo-
sure
(ft-in) (m) (ft-in) (m)
0.05 to 1.0 ......................... (
4
) (
4
) (
4
) (
4
)
1.1 to 15.0 ......................... 21 0.64 22 0.66
15.1 to 36.0 ....................... 24 0.72 27 0.77
36.1 to 46.0 ....................... 27 0.77 210 0.85
46.1 to 72.5 ....................... 30 0.90 36 1.05
72.6 to 121 ........................ 32 0.95 43 1.29
138 to 145 ......................... 37 1.09 411 1.50
161 to 169 ......................... 40 1.22 58 1.71
230 to 242 ......................... 53 1.59 76 2.27
345 to 362 ......................... 86 2.59 126 3.80
500 to 550 ......................... 113 3.42 181 5.50
765 to 800 ......................... 1411 4.53 260 7.91
NOTE 1: These distances take into consideration the highest
switching surge an employee will be exposed to on any sys-
tem with air as the insulating medium and the maximum
voltages shown.
NOTE 2: The clear live-line tool distance shall equal or ex-
ceed the values for the indicated voltage ranges.
NOTE 3: See appendix B to this section for information on
how the minimum approach distances listed in the tables were
derived.
4
Avoid contact.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
777
TABLE R7AC LIVE-LINE WORK MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE WITH OVERVOLTAGE FACTOR
PHASE-TO-GROUND EXPOSURE
Maximum an-
ticipated per-
unit transient
overvoltage
Distance in feet-inches
Maximum phase-to-phase voltage in kilovolts
121 145 169 242 362 552 800
1.5 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 60 98
1.6 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 66 108
1.7 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 70 118
1.8 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 77 128
1.9 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 81 139
2.0 25 29 30 310 53 89 1411
2.1 26 210 32 40 55 94 ......................
2.2 27 211 33 41 59 911 ......................
2.3 28 30 34 43 61 106 ......................
2.4 29 31 35 45 64 113 ......................
2.5 29 32 36 46 68 ...................... ......................
2.6 210 33 38 48 71 ...................... ......................
2.7 211 34 39 410 75 ...................... ......................
2.8 30 35 310 411 79 ...................... ......................
2.9 31 36 311 51 82 ...................... ......................
3.0 32 37 40 53 86 ...................... ......................
NOTE 1: The distance specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage
has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. Table R6 applies otherwise.
NOTE 2: The distances specified in this table are the air, bare-hand, and live-line tool distances.
NOTE 3: See appendix B to this section for information on how the minimum approach distances listed in the tables were de-
rived and on how to calculate revised minimum approach distances based on the control of transient overvoltages.
TABLE R8AC LIVE-LINE WORK MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE WITH OVERVOLTAGE FACTOR
PHASE-TO-PHASE EXPOSURE
Maximum an-
ticipated per-
unit transient
overvoltage
Maximum phase-to-phase voltage in kilovolts
121 145 169 242 362 552 800
1.5 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 74 121
1.6 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 89 146
1.7 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 102 172
1.8 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 117 1911
1.9 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 132 2211
2.0 37 41 48 61 87 1410 260
2.1 37 42 49 63 810 157 ......................
2.2 38 43 410 64 92 164 ......................
2.3 39 44 411 66 96 172 ......................
2.4 310 45 50 67 911 181 ......................
2.5 311 46 52 6-9 104 ...................... ......................
2.6 40 47 53 611 109 ...................... ......................
2.7 41 48 54 70 112 ...................... ......................
2.8 41 49 55 72 117 ...................... ......................
2.9 42 410 56 74 121 ...................... ......................
3.0 43 411 58 76 126 ...................... ......................
NOTE 1: The distance specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage
has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. Table R6 applies otherwise.
NOTE 3: See appendix B to this section for information on how the minimum approach distances listed in the tables were de-
rived and on how to calculate revised minimum approach distances based on the control of transient overvoltages.
TABLE R9DC LIVE-LINE WORK MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE WITH OVERVOLTAGE FACTOR
Maximum anticipated per-unit transient over-
voltage
Maximum line-to-ground voltage in kilovolts
250 400 500 600 750
1.5 or lower ......................................................... 38 53 69 87 1110
1.6 ....................................................................... 310 57 74 95 131
1.7 ....................................................................... 41 60 711 103 144
1.8 ....................................................................... 43 65 87 112 159
NOTE 1: The distances specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient over-
voltage has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. However, if the transient over-
voltage factor is not known, a factor of 1.8 shall be assumed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
778
TABLE R10ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTOR
Altitude
Correction factor
ft m
3000 900 1.00
4000 1200 1.02
5000 1500 1.05
6000 1800 1.08
7000 2100 1.11
8000 2400 1.14
9000 2700 1.17
10000 3000 1.20
12000 3600 1.25
14000 4200 1.30
16000 4800 1.35
18000 5400 1.39
20000 6000 1.44
NOTE: If the work is performed at elevations greater than
3000 ft (900 m) above mean sea level, the minimum ap-
proach distance shall be determined by multiplying the dis-
tances in Table R6 through Table R9 by the correction fac-
tor corresponding to the altitude at which work is performed.
(m) Deen ergizin g lin es an d equ ipmen t
f or employ ee prot ect ion (1) Applicat ion .
P a r a gr a ph (m) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
t h e deen er gi zi n g of t r a n smi ssi on a n d
di st r i bu t i on l i n es a n d equ i pmen t for
t h e pu r pose of pr ot ect i n g empl oy ees.
Con t r ol of h a za r dou s en er gy sou r ces
u sed i n t h e gen er a t i on of el ect r i c en -
er gy i s cover ed i n pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s
sect i on . Con du ct or s a n d pa r t s of el ec-
t r i c equ i pmen t t h a t h a ve been deen er -
gi zed u n der pr ocedu r es ot h er t h a n
t h ose r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (d) or (m)
of t h i s sect i on , a s a ppl i ca bl e, sh a l l be
t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed.
(2) Gen eral. (i ) I f a sy st em oper a t or i s
i n ch a r ge of t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t a n d
t h ei r mea n s of di scon n ect i on , a l l of t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (m)(3) of
t h i s sect i on sh a l l be obser ved, i n t h e
or der gi ven .
(i i ) I f n o sy st em oper a t or i s i n ch a r ge
of t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t a n d t h ei r
mea n s of di scon n ect i on , on e empl oy ee
i n t h e cr ew sh a l l be desi gn a t ed a s bei n g
i n ch a r ge of t h e cl ea r a n ce. Al l of t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (m)(3) of
t h i s sect i on a ppl y , i n t h e or der gi ven ,
except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph
(m)(2)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on . Th e empl oy ee
i n ch a r ge of t h e cl ea r a n ce sh a l l t a k e
t h e pl a ce of t h e sy st em oper a t or , a s
n ecessa r y .
(i i i ) I f on l y on e cr ew wi l l be wor k i n g
on t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t a n d i f t h e
mea n s of di scon n ect i on i s a ccessi bl e
a n d vi si bl e t o a n d u n der t h e sol e con -
t r ol of t h e empl oy ee i n ch a r ge of t h e
cl ea r a n ce, pa r a gr a ph s (m)(3)(i ),
(m)(3)(i i i ), (m)(3)(i v), (m)(3)(vi i i ), a n d
(m)(3)(xi i ) of t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y .
Addi t i on a l l y , t a gs r equ i r ed by t h e r e-
ma i n i n g pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (m)(3)
of t h i s sect i on n eed n ot be u sed.
(i v) An y di scon n ect i n g mea n s t h a t
a r e a ccessi bl e t o per son s ou t si de t h e
empl oy er s con t r ol (for exa mpl e, t h e
gen er a l pu bl i c) sh a l l be r en der ed i n op-
er a bl e wh i l e t h ey a r e open for t h e pu r -
pose of pr ot ect i n g empl oy ees.
(3) Deen ergizin g lin es an d equ ipmen t .
(i ) A desi gn a t ed empl oy ee sh a l l ma k e a
r equ est of t h e sy st em oper a t or t o h a ve
t h e pa r t i cu l a r sect i on of l i n e or equ i p-
men t deen er gi zed. Th e desi gn a t ed em-
pl oy ee becomes t h e empl oy ee i n ch a r ge
(a s t h i s t er m i s u sed i n pa r a gr a ph
(m)(3) of t h i s sect i on ) a n d i s r espon -
si bl e for t h e cl ea r a n ce.
(i i ) Al l swi t ch es, di scon n ect or s,
j u mper s, t a ps, a n d ot h er mea n s
t h r ou gh wh i ch k n own sou r ces of el ec-
t r i c en er gy ma y be su ppl i ed t o t h e pa r -
t i cu l a r l i n es a n d equ i pmen t t o be deen -
er gi zed sh a l l be open ed. S u ch mea n s
sh a l l be r en der ed i n oper a bl e, u n l ess i t s
desi gn does n ot so per mi t , a n d t a gged
t o i n di ca t e t h a t empl oy ees a r e a t wor k .
(i i i ) Au t oma t i ca l l y a n d r emot el y
con t r ol l ed swi t ch es t h a t cou l d ca u se
t h e open ed di scon n ect i n g mea n s t o
cl ose sh a l l a l so be t a gged a t t h e poi n t
of con t r ol . Th e a u t oma t i c or r emot e
con t r ol fea t u r e sh a l l be r en der ed i n op-
er a bl e, u n l ess i t s desi gn does n ot so
per mi t .
(i v) Ta gs sh a l l pr oh i bi t oper a t i on of
t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s a n d sh a l l i n di -
ca t e t h a t empl oy ees a r e a t wor k .
(v) Aft er t h e a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r emen t s
i n pa r a gr a ph s (m)(3)(i ) t h r ou gh
(m)(3)(i v) of t h i s sect i on h a ve been fol -
l owed a n d t h e empl oy ee i n ch a r ge of
t h e wor k h a s been gi ven a cl ea r a n ce by
t h e sy st em oper a t or , t h e l i n es a n d
equ i pmen t t o be wor k ed sh a l l be t est ed
t o en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e deen er gi zed.
(vi ) P r ot ect i ve gr ou n ds sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed a s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (n ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(vi i ) Aft er t h e a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph s (m)(3)(i ) t h r ou gh
(m)(3)(vi ) of t h i s sect i on h a ve been fol -
l owed, t h e l i n es a n d equ i pmen t i n -
vol ved ma y be wor k ed a s deen er gi zed.
(vi i i ) I f t wo or mor e i n depen den t
cr ews wi l l be wor k i n g on t h e sa me
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
779
l i n es or equ i pmen t , ea ch cr ew sh a l l
i n depen den t l y compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s i n pa r a gr a ph (m)(3) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i x) To t r a n sfer t h e cl ea r a n ce, t h e
empl oy ee i n ch a r ge (or , i f t h e empl oy ee
i n ch a r ge i s for ced t o l ea ve t h e wor k -
si t e du e t o i l l n ess or ot h er emer gen cy ,
t h e empl oy ees su per vi sor ) sh a l l i n for m
t h e sy st em oper a t or ; empl oy ees i n t h e
cr ew sh a l l be i n for med of t h e t r a n sfer ;
a n d t h e n ew empl oy ee i n ch a r ge sh a l l
be r espon si bl e for t h e cl ea r a n ce.
(x) To r el ea se a cl ea r a n ce, t h e em-
pl oy ee i n ch a r ge sh a l l :
(A) Not i fy empl oy ees u n der h i s or h er
di r ect i on t h a t t h e cl ea r a n ce i s t o be r e-
l ea sed;
(B) Det er mi n e t h a t a l l empl oy ees i n
t h e cr ew a r e cl ea r of t h e l i n es a n d
equ i pmen t ;
(C) Det er mi n e t h a t a l l pr ot ect i ve
gr ou n ds i n st a l l ed by t h e cr ew h a ve
been r emoved; a n d
(D) Repor t t h i s i n for ma t i on t o t h e
sy st em oper a t or a n d r el ea se t h e cl ea r -
a n ce.
(xi ) Th e per son r el ea si n g a cl ea r a n ce
sh a l l be t h e sa me per son t h a t r equ est ed
t h e cl ea r a n ce, u n l ess r espon si bi l i t y h a s
been t r a n sfer r ed u n der pa r a gr a ph
(m)(3)(i x) of t h i s sect i on .
(xi i ) Ta gs ma y n ot be r emoved u n l ess
t h e a ssoci a t ed cl ea r a n ce h a s been r e-
l ea sed u n der pa r a gr a ph (m)(3)(x) of t h i s
sect i on .
(xi i i ) On l y a ft er a l l pr ot ect i ve
gr ou n ds h a ve been r emoved, a ft er a l l
cr ews wor k i n g on t h e l i n es or equ i p-
men t h a ve r el ea sed t h ei r cl ea r a n ces,
a ft er a l l empl oy ees a r e cl ea r of t h e
l i n es a n d equ i pmen t , a n d a ft er a l l pr o-
t ect i ve t a gs h a ve been r emoved fr om a
gi ven poi n t of di scon n ect i on , ma y a c-
t i on be i n i t i a t ed t o r een er gi ze t h e l i n es
or equ i pmen t a t t h a t poi n t of di s-
con n ect i on .
(n ) Grou n din g f or t h e prot ect ion of em-
ploy ees(1) Applicat ion . P a r a gr a ph (n )
of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o t h e gr ou n di n g
of t r a n smi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es
a n d equ i pmen t for t h e pu r pose of pr o-
t ect i n g empl oy ees. P a r a gr a ph (n )(4) of
t h i s sect i on a l so a ppl i es t o t h e pr ot ec-
t i ve gr ou n di n g of ot h er equ i pmen t a s
r equ i r ed el sewh er e i n t h i s sect i on .
(2) Gen eral. F or t h e empl oy ee t o wor k
l i n es or equ i pmen t a s deen er gi zed, t h e
l i n es or equ i pmen t sh a l l be deen er gi zed
u n der t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (m)
of t h i s sect i on a n d sh a l l be gr ou n ded a s
speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (n )(3) t h r ou gh
(n )(9) of t h i s sect i on . However , i f t h e
empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t i n st a l -
l a t i on of a gr ou n d i s i mpr a ct i ca bl e or
t h a t t h e con di t i on s r esu l t i n g fr om t h e
i n st a l l a t i on of a gr ou n d wou l d pr esen t
gr ea t er h a za r ds t h a n wor k i n g wi t h ou t
gr ou n ds, t h e l i n es a n d equ i pmen t ma y
be t r ea t ed a s deen er gi zed pr ovi ded a l l
of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s a r e met :
(i ) Th e l i n es a n d equ i pmen t h a ve
been deen er gi zed u n der t h e pr ovi si on s
of pa r a gr a ph (m) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Th er e i s n o possi bi l i t y of con t a ct
wi t h a n ot h er en er gi zed sou r ce.
(i i i ) Th e h a za r d of i n du ced vol t a ge i s
n ot pr esen t .
(3) Equ ipot en t ial zon e. Tempor a r y pr o-
t ect i ve gr ou n ds sh a l l be pl a ced a t su ch
l oca t i on s a n d a r r a n ged i n su ch a ma n -
n er a s t o pr even t ea ch empl oy ee fr om
bei n g exposed t o h a za r dou s di ffer en ces
i n el ect r i ca l pot en t i a l .
(4) Prot ect ive grou n din g equ ipmen t . (i )
P r ot ect i ve gr ou n di n g equ i pmen t sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of con du ct i n g t h e ma xi mu m
fa u l t cu r r en t t h a t cou l d fl ow a t t h e
poi n t of gr ou n di n g for t h e t i me n ec-
essa r y t o cl ea r t h e fa u l t . Th i s equ i p-
men t sh a l l h a ve a n a mpa ci t y gr ea t er
t h a n or equ a l t o t h a t of No. 2 AWG cop-
per .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for pr ot ect i ve gr ou n di n g
equ i pmen t a r e con t a i n ed i n Amer i ca n S oci -
et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t er i a l s S t a n da r d S pec-
i fi ca t i on s for Tempor a r y Gr ou n di n g S y st ems
t o be Used on De-En er gi zed El ect r i c P ower
Li n es a n d Equ i pmen t , AS TM F 8551990.
(i i ) P r ot ect i ve gr ou n ds sh a l l h a ve a n
i mpeda n ce l ow en ou gh t o ca u se i mme-
di a t e oper a t i on of pr ot ect i ve devi ces i n
ca se of a cci den t a l en er gi zi n g of t h e
l i n es or equ i pmen t .
(5) T est in g. Befor e a n y gr ou n d i s i n -
st a l l ed, l i n es a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be
t est ed a n d fou n d a bsen t of n omi n a l
vol t a ge, u n l ess a pr evi ou sl y i n st a l l ed
gr ou n d i s pr esen t .
(6) Order of con n ect ion . Wh en a gr ou n d
i s t o be a t t a ch ed t o a l i n e or t o equ i p-
men t , t h e gr ou n d-en d con n ect i on sh a l l
be a t t a ch ed fi r st , a n d t h en t h e ot h er
en d sh a l l be a t t a ch ed by mea n s of a
l i ve-l i n e t ool .
(7) Order of removal. Wh en a gr ou n d i s
t o be r emoved, t h e gr ou n di n g devi ce
sh a l l be r emoved fr om t h e l i n e or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
780
equ i pmen t u si n g a l i ve-l i n e t ool befor e
t h e gr ou n d-en d con n ect i on i s r emoved.
(8) Addit ion al precau t ion s. Wh en wor k
i s per for med on a ca bl e a t a l oca t i on
r emot e fr om t h e ca bl e t er mi n a l , t h e
ca bl e ma y n ot be gr ou n ded a t t h e ca bl e
t er mi n a l i f t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y of h a z-
a r dou s t r a n sfer of pot en t i a l sh ou l d a
fa u l t occu r .
(9) Removal of grou n ds f or t est .
Gr ou n ds ma y be r emoved t empor a r i l y
du r i n g t est s. Du r i n g t h e t est pr oce-
du r e, t h e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
ea ch empl oy ee u ses i n su l a t i n g equ i p-
men t a n d i s i sol a t ed fr om a n y h a za r ds
i n vol ved, a n d t h e empl oy er sh a l l i n st i -
t u t e a n y a ddi t i on a l mea su r es a s ma y
be n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect ea ch exposed
empl oy ee i n ca se t h e pr evi ou sl y
gr ou n ded l i n es a n d equ i pmen t become
en er gi zed.
(o) T est in g an d t est f acilit ies(1) Appli-
cat ion . P a r a gr a ph (o) of t h i s sect i on
pr ovi des for sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces for
h i gh -vol t a ge a n d h i gh -power t est i n g
per for med i n l a bor a t or i es, sh ops, a n d
su bst a t i on s, a n d i n t h e fi el d a n d on
el ect r i c t r a n smi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on
l i n es a n d equ i pmen t . I t a ppl i es on l y t o
t est i n g i n vol vi n g i n t er i m mea su r e-
men t s u t i l i zi n g h i gh vol t a ge, h i gh
power , or combi n a t i on s of bot h , a n d
n ot t o t est i n g i n vol vi n g con t i n u ou s
mea su r emen t s a s i n r ou t i n e met er i n g,
r el a y i n g, a n d n or ma l l i n e wor k .
NOTE: Rou t i n e i n spect i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce
mea su r emen t s ma de by qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees
a r e con si der ed t o be r ou t i n e l i n e wor k a n d
a r e n ot i n cl u ded i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph (o)
of t h i s sect i on , a s l on g a s t h e h a za r ds r el a t ed
t o t h e u se of i n t r i n si c h i gh -vol t a ge or h i gh -
power sou r ces r equ i r e on l y t h e n or ma l pr e-
ca u t i on s a ssoci a t ed wi t h r ou t i n e oper a t i on
a n d ma i n t en a n ce wor k r equ i r ed i n t h e ot h er
pa r a gr a ph s of t h i s sect i on . Two t y pi ca l ex-
a mpl es of su ch excl u ded t est wor k pr oce-
du r es a r e ph a si n g-ou t t est i n g a n d t est i n g
for a n o-vol t a ge con di t i on .
pl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d en for ce wor k
pr a ct i ces for t h e pr ot ect i on of ea ch
wor k er fr om t h e h a za r ds of h i gh -vol t -
a ge or h i gh -power t est i n g a t a l l t est
a r ea s, t empor a r y a n d per ma n en t . S u ch
wor k pr a ct i ces sh a l l i n cl u de, a s a mi n -
i mu m, t est a r ea gu a r di n g, gr ou n di n g,
a n d t h e sa fe u se of mea su r i n g a n d con -
t r ol ci r cu i t s. A mea n s pr ovi di n g for
per i odi c sa fet y ch eck s of fi el d t est
a r ea s sh a l l a l so be i n cl u ded. (S ee pa r a -
gr a ph (o)(6) of t h i s sect i on . )
(i i ) Empl oy ees sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n
sa fe wor k pr a ct i ces u pon t h ei r i n i t i a l
a ssi gn men t t o t h e t est a r ea , wi t h per i -
odi c r evi ews a n d u pda t es pr ovi ded a s
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(2) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(3) Gu ardin g of t est areas. (i ) P er ma -
n en t t est a r ea s sh a l l be gu a r ded by
wa l l s, fen ces, or ba r r i er s desi gn ed t o
k eep empl oy ees ou t of t h e t est a r ea s.
(i i ) I n fi el d t est i n g, or a t a t empor a r y
t est si t e wh er e per ma n en t fen ces a n d
ga t es a r e n ot pr ovi ded, on e of t h e fol -
l owi n g mea n s sh a l l be u sed t o pr even t
u n a u t h or i zed empl oy ees fr om en t er i n g:
(A) Th e t est a r ea sh a l l be gu a r ded by
t h e u se of di st i n ct i vel y col or ed sa fet y
t a pe t h a t i s su ppor t ed a ppr oxi ma t el y
wa i st h i gh a n d t o wh i ch sa fet y si gn s
a r e a t t a ch ed,
(B) Th e t est a r ea sh a l l be gu a r ded by
a ba r r i er or ba r r i ca de t h a t l i mi t s a c-
cess t o t h e t est a r ea t o a degr ee equ i va -
l en t , ph y si ca l l y a n d vi su a l l y , t o t h e
ba r r i ca de speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(o)(3)(i i )(A) of t h i s sect i on , or
(C) Th e t est a r ea sh a l l be gu a r ded by
on e or mor e t est obser ver s st a t i on ed so
t h a t t h e en t i r e a r ea ca n be mon i t or ed.
(i i i ) Th e ba r r i er s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (o)(3)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
r emoved wh en t h e pr ot ect i on t h ey pr o-
vi de i s n o l on ger n eeded.
(i v) Gu a r di n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h -
i n t est a r ea s t o con t r ol a ccess t o t est
equ i pmen t or t o a ppa r a t u s u n der t est
t h a t ma y become en er gi zed a s pa r t of
t h e t est i n g by ei t h er di r ect or i n du c-
t i ve cou pl i n g, i n or der t o pr even t a cci -
den t a l empl oy ee con t a ct wi t h en er -
gi zed pa r t s.
(4) Grou n din g pract ices. (i ) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d i mpl emen t
sa fe gr ou n di n g pr a ct i ces for t h e t est fa -
ci l i t y .
(A) Al l con du ct i ve pa r t s a ccessi bl e t o
t h e t est oper a t or du r i n g t h e t i me t h e
equ i pmen t i s oper a t i n g a t h i gh vol t a ge
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t gr ou n d pot en -
t i a l except for por t i on s of t h e equ i p-
men t t h a t a r e i sol a t ed fr om t h e t est
oper a t or by gu a r di n g.
(B) Wh er ever u n gr ou n ded t er mi n a l s
of t est equ i pmen t or a ppa r a t u s u n der
t est ma y be pr esen t , t h ey sh a l l be
t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed u n t i l det er mi n ed
by t est s t o be deen er gi zed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
781
(i i ) Vi si bl e gr ou n ds sh a l l be a ppl i ed,
ei t h er a u t oma t i ca l l y or ma n u a l l y wi t h
pr oper l y i n su l a t ed t ool s, t o t h e h i gh -
vol t a ge ci r cu i t s a ft er t h ey a r e deen er -
gi zed a n d befor e wor k i s per for med on
t h e ci r cu i t or i t em or a ppa r a t u s u n der
t est . Common gr ou n d con n ect i on s sh a l l
be sol i dl y con n ect ed t o t h e t est equ i p-
men t a n d t h e a ppa r a t u s u n der t est .
(i i i ) I n h i gh -power t est i n g, a n i so-
l a t ed gr ou n d-r et u r n con du ct or sy st em
sh a l l be pr ovi ded so t h a t n o i n t en t i on a l
pa ssa ge of cu r r en t , wi t h i t s a t t en da n t
vol t a ge r i se, ca n occu r i n t h e gr ou n d
gr i d or i n t h e ea r t h . However , a n i so-
l a t ed gr ou n d-r et u r n con du ct or n eed n ot
be pr ovi ded i f t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t bot h t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s a r e met :
(A) An i sol a t ed gr ou n d-r et u r n con -
du ct or ca n n ot be pr ovi ded du e t o t h e
di st a n ce of t h e t est si t e fr om t h e el ec-
t r i c en er gy sou r ce, a n d
(B) Empl oy ees a r e pr ot ect ed fr om
a n y h a za r dou s st ep a n d t ou ch pot en -
t i a l s t h a t ma y devel op du r i n g t h e t est .
NOTE: S ee a ppen di x C t o t h i s sect i on for i n -
for ma t i on on mea su r es t h a t ca n be t a k en t o
pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om h a za r dou s st ep a n d
t ou ch pot en t i a l s.
(i v) I n t est s i n wh i ch gr ou n di n g of
t est equ i pmen t by mea n s of t h e equ i p-
men t gr ou n di n g con du ct or l oca t ed i n
t h e equ i pmen t power cor d ca n n ot be
u sed du e t o i n cr ea sed h a za r ds t o t est
per son n el or t h e pr even t i on of sa t i sfa c-
t or y mea su r emen t s, a gr ou n d t h a t t h e
empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e a ffor ds
equ i va l en t sa fet y sh a l l be pr ovi ded, a n d
t h e sa fet y gr ou n d sh a l l be cl ea r l y i n di -
ca t ed i n t h e t est set -u p.
(v) Wh en t h e t est a r ea i s en t er ed
a ft er equ i pmen t i s deen er gi zed, a
gr ou n d sh a l l be pl a ced on t h e h i gh -
vol t a ge t er mi n a l a n d a n y ot h er exposed
t er mi n a l s.
(A) Hi gh ca pa ci t a n ce equ i pmen t or
a ppa r a t u s sh a l l be di sch a r ged t h r ou gh
a r esi st or r a t ed for t h e a va i l a bl e en -
er gy .
(B) A di r ect gr ou n d sh a l l be a ppl i ed
t o t h e exposed t er mi n a l s wh en t h e
st or ed en er gy dr ops t o a l evel a t wh i ch
i t i s sa fe t o do so.
(vi ) I f a t est t r a i l er or t est veh i cl e i s
u sed i n fi el d t est i n g, i t s ch a ssi s sh a l l
be gr ou n ded. P r ot ect i on a ga i n st h a z-
a r dou s t ou ch pot en t i a l s wi t h r espect t o
t h e veh i cl e, i n st r u men t pa n el s, a n d
ot h er con du ct i ve pa r t s a ccessi bl e t o
empl oy ees sh a l l be pr ovi ded by bon d-
i n g, i n su l a t i on , or i sol a t i on .
(5) Con t rol an d measu rin g circu it s. (i )
Con t r ol wi r i n g, met er con n ect i on s, t est
l ea ds a n d ca bl es ma y n ot be r u n fr om a
t est a r ea u n l ess t h ey a r e con t a i n ed i n a
gr ou n ded met a l l i c sh ea t h a n d t er mi -
n a t ed i n a gr ou n ded met a l l i c en cl osu r e
or u n l ess ot h er pr eca u t i on s a r e t a k en
t h a t t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e a s
en su r i n g equ i va l en t sa fet y .
(i i ) Met er s a n d ot h er i n st r u men t s
wi t h a ccessi bl e t er mi n a l s or pa r t s sh a l l
be i sol a t ed fr om t est per son n el t o pr o-
t ect a ga i n st h a za r ds a r i si n g fr om su ch
t er mi n a l s a n d pa r t s becomi n g en er -
gi zed du r i n g t est i n g. I f t h i s i sol a t i on i s
pr ovi ded by l oca t i n g t est equ i pmen t i n
met a l compa r t men t s wi t h vi ewi n g wi n -
dows, i n t er l ock s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
i n t er r u pt t h e power su ppl y i f t h e com-
pa r t men t cover i s open ed.
(i i i ) Th e r ou t i n g a n d con n ect i on s of
t empor a r y wi r i n g sh a l l be ma de secu r e
a ga i n st da ma ge, a cci den t a l i n t er r u p-
t i on s a n d ot h er h a za r ds. To t h e ma x-
i mu m ext en t possi bl e, si gn a l , con t r ol ,
gr ou n d, a n d power ca bl es sh a l l be k ept
sepa r a t e.
(i v) I f empl oy ees wi l l be pr esen t i n
t h e t est a r ea du r i n g t est i n g, a t est ob-
ser ver sh a l l be pr esen t . Th e t est ob-
ser ver sh a l l be ca pa bl e of i mpl e-
men t i n g t h e i mmedi a t e deen er gi zi n g of
t est ci r cu i t s for sa fet y pu r poses.
(6) Saf et y ch eck . (i ) S a fet y pr a ct i ces
gover n i n g empl oy ee wor k a t t empor a r y
or fi el d t est a r ea s sh a l l pr ovi de for a
r ou t i n e ch eck of su ch t est a r ea s for
sa fet y a t t h e begi n n i n g of ea ch ser i es
of t est s.
(i i ) Th e t est oper a t or i n ch a r ge sh a l l
con du ct t h ese r ou t i n e sa fet y ch eck s be-
for e ea ch ser i es of t est s a n d sh a l l ver i fy
a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) Th a t ba r r i er s a n d gu a r ds a r e i n
wor k a bl e con di t i on a n d a r e pr oper l y
pl a ced t o i sol a t e h a za r dou s a r ea s;
(B) Th a t sy st em t est st a t u s si gn a l s,
i f u sed, a r e i n oper a bl e con di t i on ;
(C) Th a t t est power di scon n ect s a r e
cl ea r l y ma r k ed a n d r ea di l y a va i l a bl e i n
a n emer gen cy ;
(D) Th a t gr ou n d con n ect i on s a r e
cl ea r l y i den t i fi a bl e;
(E) Th a t per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t i s pr ovi ded a n d u sed a s r equ i r ed
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
782
by su bpa r t I of t h i s pa r t a n d by t h i s
sect i on ; a n d
(F ) Th a t si gn a l , gr ou n d, a n d power
ca bl es a r e pr oper l y sepa r a t ed.
(p) Mech an ical equ ipmen t (1) Gen eral
requ iremen t s. (i ) Th e cr i t i ca l sa fet y
compon en t s of mech a n i ca l el eva t i n g
a n d r ot a t i n g equ i pmen t sh a l l r ecei ve a
t h or ou gh vi su a l i n spect i on befor e u se
on ea ch sh i ft .
NOTE: Cr i t i ca l sa fet y compon en t s of me-
ch a n i ca l el eva t i n g a n d r ot a t i n g equ i pmen t
a r e compon en t s wh ose fa i l u r e wou l d r esu l t i n
a fr ee fa l l or fr ee r ot a t i on of t h e boom.
(i i ) No veh i cu l a r equ i pmen t h a vi n g
a n obst r u ct ed vi ew t o t h e r ea r ma y be
oper a t ed on off-h i gh wa y j obsi t es wh er e
a n y empl oy ee i s exposed t o t h e h a za r ds
cr ea t ed by t h e movi n g veh i cl e, u n l ess:
(A) Th e veh i cl e h a s a r ever se si gn a l
a l a r m a u di bl e a bove t h e su r r ou n di n g
n oi se l evel , or
(B) Th e veh i cl e i s ba ck ed u p on l y
wh en a desi gn a t ed empl oy ee si gn a l s
t h a t i t i s sa fe t o do so.
(i i i ) Th e oper a t or of a n el ect r i c l i n e
t r u ck ma y n ot l ea ve h i s or h er posi t i on
a t t h e con t r ol s wh i l e a l oa d i s su s-
pen ded, u n l ess t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t n o empl oy ee (i n cl u di n g
t h e oper a t or ) mi gh t be en da n ger ed.
(i v) Ru bber -t i r ed, sel f-pr opel l ed
scr a per s, r u bber -t i r ed fr on t -en d l oa d-
er s, r u bber -t i r ed dozer s, wh eel -t y pe a g-
r i cu l t u r a l a n d i n du st r i a l t r a ct or s,
cr a wl er -t y pe t r a ct or s, cr a wl er -t y pe
l oa der s, a n d mot or gr a der s, wi t h or
wi t h ou t a t t a ch men t s, sh a l l h a ve r ol l -
over pr ot ect i ve st r u ct u r es t h a t meet
t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t W of pa r t
1926 of t h i s ch a pt er .
(2) Ou t riggers. (i ) Veh i cu l a r equ i p-
men t , i f pr ovi ded wi t h ou t r i gger s, sh a l l
be oper a t ed wi t h t h e ou t r i gger s ex-
t en ded a n d fi r ml y set a s n ecessa r y for
t h e st a bi l i t y of t h e speci fi c con fi gu r a -
t i on of t h e equ i pmen t . Ou t r i gger s ma y
n ot be ext en ded or r et r a ct ed ou t si de of
cl ea r vi ew of t h e oper a t or u n l ess a l l
empl oy ees a r e ou t si de t h e r a n ge of pos-
si bl e equ i pmen t mot i on .
(i i ) I f t h e wor k a r ea or t h e t er r a i n
pr ecl u des t h e u se of ou t r i gger s, t h e
equ i pmen t ma y be oper a t ed on l y wi t h -
i n i t s ma xi mu m l oa d r a t i n gs for t h e
pa r t i cu l a r con fi gu r a t i on of t h e equ i p-
men t wi t h ou t ou t r i gger s.
(3) Applied loads. Mech a n i ca l equ i p-
men t u sed t o l i ft or move l i n es or ot h er
ma t er i a l sh a l l be u sed wi t h i n i t s ma x-
i mu m l oa d r a t i n g a n d ot h er desi gn l i m-
i t a t i on s for t h e con di t i on s u n der wh i ch
t h e wor k i s bei n g per for med.
(4) Operat ion s n ear en ergized lin es or
equ ipmen t . (i ) Mech a n i ca l equ i pmen t
sh a l l be oper a t ed so t h a t t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ces of Ta bl e R6
t h r ou gh Ta bl e R10 a r e ma i n t a i n ed
fr om exposed en er gi zed l i n es a n d equ i p-
men t . However , t h e i n su l a t ed por t i on
of a n a er i a l l i ft oper a t ed by a qu a l i fi ed
empl oy ee i n t h e l i ft i s exempt fr om
t h i s r equ i r emen t .
(i i ) A desi gn a t ed empl oy ee ot h er t h a n
t h e equ i pmen t oper a t or sh a l l obser ve
t h e a ppr oa ch di st a n ce t o exposed l i n es
a n d equ i pmen t a n d gi ve t i mel y wa r n -
i n gs befor e t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ce r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (p)(4)(i ) i s
r ea ch ed, u n l ess t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e oper a t or ca n a ccu -
r a t el y det er mi n e t h a t t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i s bei n g ma i n t a i n ed.
(i i i ) I f, du r i n g oper a t i on of t h e me-
ch a n i ca l equ i pmen t , t h e equ i pmen t
cou l d become en er gi zed, t h e oper a t i on
sh a l l a l so compl y wi t h a t l ea st on e of
pa r a gr a ph s (p)(4)(i i i )(A) t h r ou gh
(p)(4)(i i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on .
(A) Th e en er gi zed l i n es exposed t o
con t a ct sh a l l be cover ed wi t h i n su -
l a t i n g pr ot ect i ve ma t er i a l t h a t wi l l
wi t h st a n d t h e t y pe of con t a ct t h a t
mi gh t be ma de du r i n g t h e oper a t i on .
(B) Th e equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n su l a t ed
for t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved. Th e equ i p-
men t sh a l l be posi t i on ed so t h a t i t s
u n i n su l a t ed por t i on s ca n n ot a ppr oa ch
t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t a n y cl oser t h a n
t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces speci -
fi ed i n Ta bl e R6 t h r ou gh Ta bl e R10.
(C) Ea ch empl oy ee sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
fr om h a za r ds t h a t mi gh t a r i se fr om
equ i pmen t con t a ct wi t h t h e en er gi zed
l i n es. Th e mea su r es u sed sh a l l en su r e
t h a t empl oy ees wi l l n ot be exposed t o
h a za r dou s di ffer en ces i n pot en t i a l . Un -
l ess t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e met h ods i n u se pr ot ect ea ch
empl oy ee fr om t h e h a za r ds t h a t mi gh t
a r i se i f t h e equ i pmen t con t a ct s t h e en -
er gi zed l i n e, t h e mea su r es u sed sh a l l
i n cl u de a l l of t h e fol l owi n g t ech n i qu es:
(1) Usi n g t h e best a va i l a bl e gr ou n d t o
mi n i mi ze t h e t i me t h e l i n es r ema i n en -
er gi zed,
(2) Bon di n g equ i pmen t t oget h er t o
mi n i mi ze pot en t i a l di ffer en ces,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
783
(3) P r ovi di n g gr ou n d ma t s t o ext en d
a r ea s of equ i pot en t i a l , a n d
(4) Empl oy i n g i n su l a t i n g pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t or ba r r i ca des t o gu a r d
a ga i n st a n y r ema i n i n g h a za r dou s po-
t en t i a l di ffer en ces.
NOTE: Appen di x C t o t h i s sect i on con t a i n s
i n for ma t i on on h a za r dou s st ep a n d t ou ch po-
t en t i a l s a n d on met h ods of pr ot ect i n g em-
pl oy ees fr om h a za r ds r esu l t i n g fr om su ch po-
t en t i a l s.
(q) Overh ead lin es. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
pr ovi des a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for
wor k per for med on or n ea r over h ea d
l i n es a n d equ i pmen t .
(1) Gen eral. (i ) Befor e el eva t ed st r u c-
t u r es, su ch a s pol es or t ower s, a r e su b-
j ect ed t o su ch st r esses a s cl i mbi n g or
t h e i n st a l l a t i on or r emova l of equ i p-
men t ma y i mpose, t h e empl oy er sh a l l
a scer t a i n t h a t t h e st r u ct u r es a r e ca pa -
bl e of su st a i n i n g t h e a ddi t i on a l or u n -
ba l a n ced st r esses. I f t h e pol e or ot h er
st r u ct u r e ca n n ot wi t h st a n d t h e l oa ds
wh i ch wi l l be i mposed, i t sh a l l be
br a ced or ot h er wi se su ppor t ed so a s t o
pr even t fa i l u r e.
NOTE: Appen di x D t o t h i s sect i on con t a i n s
t est met h ods t h a t ca n be u sed i n
a scer t a i n i n g wh et h er a wood pol e i s ca pa bl e
of su st a i n i n g t h e for ces t h a t wou l d be i m-
posed by a n empl oy ee cl i mbi n g t h e pol e.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph a l so r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o
a scer t a i n t h a t t h e pol e ca n su st a i n a l l ot h er
for ces t h a t wi l l be i mposed by t h e wor k t o be
per for med.
(i i ) Wh en pol es a r e set , moved, or r e-
moved n ea r exposed en er gi zed over h ea d
con du ct or s, t h e pol e ma y n ot con t a ct
t h e con du ct or s.
(i i i ) Wh en a pol e i s set , moved, or r e-
moved n ea r a n exposed en er gi zed over -
h ea d con du ct or , t h e empl oy er sh a l l en -
su r e t h a t ea ch empl oy ee wea r s el ec-
t r i ca l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t or u ses i n -
su l a t ed devi ces wh en h a n dl i n g t h e pol e
a n d t h a t n o empl oy ee con t a ct s t h e pol e
wi t h u n i n su l a t ed pa r t s of h i s or h er
body .
(i v) To pr ot ect empl oy ees fr om fa l l -
i n g i n t o h ol es i n t o wh i ch pol es a r e t o
be pl a ced, t h e h ol es sh a l l be a t t en ded
by empl oy ees or ph y si ca l l y gu a r ded
wh en ever a n y on e i s wor k i n g n ea r by .
(2) I n st allin g an d removin g overh ead
lin es. Th e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s a ppl y t o
t h e i n st a l l a t i on a n d r emova l of over -
h ea d con du ct or s or ca bl e.
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l u se t h e t en -
si on st r i n gi n g met h od, ba r r i er s, or
ot h er equ i va l en t mea su r es t o mi n i mi ze
t h e possi bi l i t y t h a t con du ct or s a n d ca -
bl es bei n g i n st a l l ed or r emoved wi l l
con t a ct en er gi zed power l i n es or equ i p-
men t .
(i i ) Th e pr ot ect i ve mea su r es r equ i r ed
by pa r a gr a ph (p)(4)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on
for mech a n i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l a l so be
pr ovi ded for con du ct or s, ca bl es, a n d
pu l l i n g a n d t en si on i n g equ i pmen t wh en
t h e con du ct or or ca bl e i s bei n g i n -
st a l l ed or r emoved cl ose en ou gh t o en -
er gi zed con du ct or s t h a t a n y of t h e fol -
l owi n g fa i l u r es cou l d en er gi ze t h e pu l l -
i n g or t en si on i n g equ i pmen t or t h e
wi r e or ca bl e bei n g i n st a l l ed or r e-
moved:
(A) F a i l u r e of t h e pu l l i n g or t en -
si on i n g equ i pmen t ,
(B) F a i l u r e of t h e wi r e or ca bl e bei n g
pu l l ed, or
(C) F a i l u r e of t h e pr evi ou sl y i n -
st a l l ed l i n es or equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) I f t h e con du ct or s bei n g i n st a l l ed
or r emoved cr oss over en er gi zed con -
du ct or s i n excess of 600 vol t s a n d i f t h e
desi gn of t h e ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt i n g de-
vi ces pr ot ect i n g t h e l i n es so per mi t s,
t h e a u t oma t i c-r ecl osi n g fea t u r e of
t h ese devi ces sh a l l be ma de i n oper -
a t i ve.
(i v) Befor e l i n es a r e i n st a l l ed pa r a l l el
t o exi st i n g en er gi zed l i n es, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l ma k e a det er mi n a t i on of
t h e a ppr oxi ma t e vol t a ge t o be i n du ced
i n t h e n ew l i n es, or wor k sh a l l pr oceed
on t h e a ssu mpt i on t h a t t h e i n du ced
vol t a ge i s h a za r dou s. Un l ess t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e l i n es
bei n g i n st a l l ed a r e n ot su bj ect t o t h e
i n du ct i on of a h a za r dou s vol t a ge or u n -
l ess t h e l i n es a r e t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed,
t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a l so a ppl y :
(A) Ea ch ba r e con du ct or sh a l l be
gr ou n ded i n i n cr emen t s so t h a t n o
poi n t a l on g t h e con du ct or i s mor e t h a n
2 mi l es (3. 22 k m) fr om a gr ou n d.
(B) Th e gr ou n ds r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (q)(2)(i v)(A) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be l eft i n pl a ce u n t i l t h e con du ct or i n -
st a l l a t i on i s compl et ed bet ween dea d
en ds.
(C) Th e gr ou n ds r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (q)(2)(i v)(A) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
be r emoved a s t h e l a st ph a se of a er i a l
cl ea n u p.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
784
(D) I f empl oy ees a r e wor k i n g on ba r e
con du ct or s, gr ou n ds sh a l l a l so be i n -
st a l l ed a t ea ch l oca t i on wh er e t h ese
empl oy ees a r e wor k i n g, a n d gr ou n ds
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a l l open dea d-en d
or ca t ch -off poi n t s or t h e n ext a dj a cen t
st r u ct u r e.
(E) I f t wo ba r e con du ct or s a r e t o be
spl i ced, t h e con du ct or s sh a l l be bon ded
a n d gr ou n ded befor e bei n g spl i ced.
(v) Reel h a n dl i n g equ i pmen t , i n cl u d-
i n g pu l l i n g a n d t en si on i n g devi ces,
sh a l l be i n sa fe oper a t i n g con di t i on a n d
sh a l l be l evel ed a n d a l i gn ed.
(vi ) Loa d r a t i n gs of st r i n gi n g l i n es,
pu l l i n g l i n es, con du ct or gr i ps, l oa d-
bea r i n g h a r dwa r e a n d a ccessor i es, r i g-
gi n g, a n d h oi st s ma y n ot be exceeded.
(vi i ) P u l l i n g l i n es a n d a ccessor i es
sh a l l be r epa i r ed or r epl a ced wh en de-
fect i ve.
(vi i i ) Con du ct or gr i ps ma y n ot be
u sed on wi r e r ope, u n l ess t h e gr i p i s
speci fi ca l l y desi gn ed for t h i s a ppl i ca -
t i on .
(i x) Rel i a bl e commu n i ca t i on s,
t h r ou gh t wo-wa y r a di os or ot h er equ i v-
a l en t mea n s, sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed be-
t ween t h e r eel t en der a n d t h e pu l l i n g
r i g oper a t or .
(x) Th e pu l l i n g r i g ma y on l y be oper -
a t ed wh en i t i s sa fe t o do so.
NOTE: Exa mpl es of u n sa fe con di t i on s i n -
cl u de empl oy ees i n l oca t i on s pr oh i bi t ed by
pa r a gr a ph (q)(2)(xi ) of t h i s sect i on , con -
du ct or a n d pu l l i n g l i n e h a n g-u ps, a n d sl i p-
pi n g of t h e con du ct or gr i p.
(xi ) Wh i l e t h e con du ct or or pu l l i n g
l i n e i s bei n g pu l l ed (i n mot i on ) wi t h a
power -dr i ven devi ce, empl oy ees a r e n ot
per mi t t ed di r ect l y u n der over h ea d op-
er a t i on s or on t h e cr oss a r m, except a s
n ecessa r y t o gu i de t h e st r i n gi n g sock
or boa r d over or t h r ou gh t h e st r i n gi n g
sh ea ve.
(3) L ive-lin e bare-h an d work . I n a ddi -
t i on t o ot h er a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s con -
t a i n ed i n t h i s sect i on , t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s a ppl y t o l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d
wor k :
(i ) Befor e u si n g or su per vi si n g t h e
u se of t h e l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d t ech n i qu e
on en er gi zed ci r cu i t s, empl oy ees sh a l l
be t r a i n ed i n t h e t ech n i qu e a n d i n t h e
sa fet y r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (q)(3)
of t h i s sect i on . Empl oy ees sh a l l r ecei ve
r efr esh er t r a i n i n g a s r equ i r ed by pa r a -
(i i ) Befor e a n y empl oy ee u ses t h e
l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d t ech n i qu e on en er -
gi zed h i gh -vol t a ge con du ct or s or pa r t s,
t h e fol l owi n g i n for ma t i on sh a l l be
a scer t a i n ed:
(A) Th e n omi n a l vol t a ge r a t i n g of t h e
ci r cu i t on wh i ch t h e wor k i s t o be per -
for med,
(B) Th e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces
t o gr ou n d of l i n es a n d ot h er en er gi zed
pa r t s on wh i ch wor k i s t o be per -
for med, a n d
(C) Th e vol t a ge l i mi t a t i on s of equ i p-
men t t o be u sed.
(i i i ) Th e i n su l a t ed equ i pmen t , i n su -
l a t ed t ool s, a n d a er i a l devi ces a n d pl a t -
for ms u sed sh a l l be desi gn ed, t est ed,
a n d i n t en ded for l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d
wor k . Tool s a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be
k ept cl ea n a n d dr y wh i l e t h ey a r e i n
u se.
(i v) Th e a u t oma t i c-r ecl osi n g fea t u r e
of ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt i n g devi ces pr o-
t ect i n g t h e l i n es sh a l l be ma de i n oper -
a t i ve, i f t h e desi gn of t h e devi ces per -
mi t s.
(v) Wor k ma y n ot be per for med wh en
a dver se wea t h er con di t i on s wou l d
ma k e t h e wor k h a za r dou s even a ft er
t h e wor k pr a ct i ces r equ i r ed by t h i s sec-
t i on a r e empl oy ed. Addi t i on a l l y , wor k
ma y n ot be per for med wh en wi n ds r e-
du ce t h e ph a se-t o-ph a se or ph a se-t o-
gr ou n d mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces a t
t h e wor k l oca t i on bel ow t h a t speci fi ed
i n pa r a gr a ph (q)(3)(xi i i ) of t h i s sect i on ,
u n l ess t h e gr ou n ded obj ect s a n d ot h er
l i n es a n d equ i pmen t a r e cover ed by i n -
su l a t i n g gu a r ds.
NOTE: Th u n der st or ms i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi -
ci n i t y , h i gh wi n ds, sn ow st or ms, a n d i ce
st or ms a r e exa mpl es of a dver se wea t h er con -
di t i on s t h a t a r e pr esu med t o ma k e l i ve-l i n e
ba r e-h a n d wor k t oo h a za r dou s t o per for m
sa fel y .
(vi ) A con du ct i ve bu ck et l i n er or
ot h er con du ct i ve devi ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for bon di n g t h e i n su l a t ed a er i a l
devi ce t o t h e en er gi zed l i n e or equ i p-
men t .
(A) Th e empl oy ee sh a l l be con n ect ed
t o t h e bu ck et l i n er or ot h er con du ct i ve
devi ce by t h e u se of con du ct i ve sh oes,
l eg cl i ps, or ot h er mea n s.
(B) Wh er e di ffer en ces i n pot en t i a l s a t
t h e wor k si t e pose a h a za r d t o empl oy -
ees, el ect r ost a t i c sh i el di n g desi gn ed for
t h e vol t a ge bei n g wor k ed sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
785
(vi i ) Befor e t h e empl oy ee con t a ct s
t h e en er gi zed pa r t , t h e con du ct i ve
bu ck et l i n er or ot h er con du ct i ve devi ce
sh a l l be bon ded t o t h e en er gi zed con -
du ct or by mea n s of a posi t i ve con n ec-
t i on . Th i s con n ect i on sh a l l r ema i n a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e en er gi zed con du ct or u n t i l
t h e wor k on t h e en er gi zed ci r cu i t i s
compl et ed.
(vi i i ) Aer i a l l i ft s t o be u sed for l i ve-
l i n e ba r e-h a n d wor k sh a l l h a ve du a l
con t r ol s (l ower a n d u pper ) a s fol l ows:
(A) Th e u pper con t r ol s sh a l l be wi t h -
i n ea sy r ea ch of t h e empl oy ee i n t h e
bu ck et . On a t wo-bu ck et -t y pe l i ft , a c-
cess t o t h e con t r ol s sh a l l be wi t h i n
ea sy r ea ch fr om ei t h er bu ck et .
(B) Th e l ower set of con t r ol s sh a l l be
l oca t ed n ea r t h e ba se of t h e boom, a n d
t h ey sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t t h ey ca n
over r i de oper a t i on of t h e equ i pmen t a t
a n y t i me.
(i x) Lower (gr ou n d-l evel ) l i ft con t r ol s
ma y n ot be oper a t ed wi t h a n empl oy ee
i n t h e l i ft , except i n ca se of emer gen cy .
(x) Befor e empl oy ees a r e el eva t ed
i n t o t h e wor k posi t i on , a l l con t r ol s
(gr ou n d l evel a n d bu ck et ) sh a l l be
ch eck ed t o det er mi n e t h a t t h ey a r e i n
pr oper wor k i n g con di t i on .
(xi ) Befor e t h e boom of a n a er i a l l i ft
i s el eva t ed, t h e body of t h e t r u ck sh a l l
be gr ou n ded, or t h e body of t h e t r u ck
sh a l l be ba r r i ca ded a n d t r ea t ed a s en er -
gi zed.
(xi i ) A boom-cu r r en t t est sh a l l be
ma de befor e wor k i s st a r t ed ea ch da y ,
ea ch t i me du r i n g t h e da y wh en h i gh er
vol t a ge i s en cou n t er ed, a n d wh en
ch a n ged con di t i on s i n di ca t e a n eed for
a n a ddi t i on a l t est . Th i s t est sh a l l con -
si st of pl a ci n g t h e bu ck et i n con t a ct
wi t h a n en er gi zed sou r ce equ a l t o t h e
vol t a ge t o be en cou n t er ed for a mi n -
i mu m of 3 mi n u t es. Th e l ea k a ge cu r -
r en t ma y n ot exceed 1 mi cr oa mper e per
k i l ovol t of n omi n a l ph a se-t o-gr ou n d
vol t a ge. Wor k fr om t h e a er i a l l i ft sh a l l
be i mmedi a t el y su spen ded u pon i n di ca -
t i on of a ma l fu n ct i on i n t h e equ i pmen t .
(xi i i ) Th e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces speci fi ed i n Ta bl e R6 t h r ou gh
Ta bl e R10 sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed fr om a l l
gr ou n ded obj ect s a n d fr om l i n es a n d
equ i pmen t a t a pot en t i a l di ffer en t fr om
t h a t t o wh i ch t h e l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d
equ i pmen t i s bon ded, u n l ess su ch
gr ou n ded obj ect s a n d ot h er l i n es a n d
equ i pmen t a r e cover ed by i n su l a t i n g
gu a r ds.
(xi v) Wh i l e a n empl oy ee i s a ppr oa ch -
i n g, l ea vi n g, or bon di n g t o a n en er gi zed
ci r cu i t , t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces i n Ta bl e R6 t h r ou gh Ta bl e R10
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween t h e em-
pl oy ee a n d a n y gr ou n ded pa r t s, i n cl u d-
i n g t h e l ower boom a n d por t i on s of t h e
t r u ck .
(xv) Wh i l e t h e bu ck et i s posi t i on ed
a l on gsi de a n en er gi zed bu sh i n g or i n su -
l a t or st r i n g, t h e ph a se-t o-gr ou n d mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces of Ta bl e R6
t h r ou gh Ta bl e R10 sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
bet ween a l l pa r t s of t h e bu ck et a n d t h e
gr ou n ded en d of t h e bu sh i n g or i n su -
l a t or st r i n g or a n y ot h er gr ou n ded su r -
fa ce.
(xvi ) Ha n d l i n es ma y n ot be u sed be-
t ween t h e bu ck et a n d t h e boom or be-
t ween t h e bu ck et a n d t h e gr ou n d. How-
ever , n on -con du ct i ve-t y pe h a n d l i n es
ma y be u sed fr om con du ct or t o gr ou n d
i f n ot su ppor t ed fr om t h e bu ck et .
Ropes u sed for l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d wor k
ma y n ot be u sed for ot h er pu r poses.
(xvi i ) Un i n su l a t ed equ i pmen t or ma -
t er i a l ma y n ot be pa ssed bet ween a
pol e or st r u ct u r e a n d a n a er i a l l i ft
wh i l e a n empl oy ee wor k i n g fr om t h e
bu ck et i s bon ded t o a n en er gi zed pa r t .
(xvi i i ) A mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce
t a bl e r efl ect i n g t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ces l i st ed i n Ta bl e R6 t h r ou gh
Ta bl e R10 sh a l l be pr i n t ed on a pl a t e
of du r a bl e n on -con du ct i ve ma t er i a l .
Th i s t a bl e sh a l l be mou n t ed so a s t o be
vi si bl e t o t h e oper a t or of t h e boom.
(xi x) A n on -con du ct i ve mea su r i n g de-
vi ce sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o a s-
si st empl oy ees i n ma i n t a i n i n g t h e r e-
qu i r ed mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce.
(4) T owers an d st ru ct u res. Th e fol -
l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o wor k per -
for med on t ower s or ot h er st r u ct u r es
wh i ch su ppor t over h ea d l i n es.
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t n o
empl oy ee i s u n der a t ower or st r u ct u r e
wh i l e wor k i s i n pr ogr ess, except wh er e
su ch a wor k i n g posi t i on i s n ecessa r y t o
a ssi st empl oy ees wor k i n g a bove.
(i i ) Ta g l i n es or ot h er si mi l a r devi ces
sh a l l be u sed t o ma i n t a i n con t r ol of
t ower sect i on s bei n g r a i sed or posi -
t i on ed, u n l ess t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e u se of su ch devi ces
wou l d cr ea t e a gr ea t er h a za r d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
786
(i i i ) Th e l oa dl i n e ma y n ot be de-
t a ch ed fr om a member or sect i on u n t i l
t h e l oa d i s sa fel y secu r ed.
(i v) Except du r i n g emer gen cy r es-
t or a t i on pr ocedu r es, wor k sh a l l be di s-
con t i n u ed wh en a dver se wea t h er con di -
t i on s wou l d ma k e t h e wor k h a za r dou s
i n spi t e of t h e wor k pr a ct i ces r equ i r ed
by t h i s sect i on .
di t i on s t h a t a r e pr esu med t o ma k e t h i s wor k
t oo h a za r dou s t o per for m, except u n der
emer gen cy con di t i on s.
(r ) L in e-clearan ce t ree t rimmin g oper-
at ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph pr ovi des a ddi -
t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for l i n e-cl ea r a n ce
t r ee-t r i mmi n g oper a t i on s a n d for
equ i pmen t u sed i n t h ese oper a t i on s.
(1) Elect rical h azards. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
does n ot a ppl y t o qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees.
(i ) Befor e a n empl oy ee cl i mbs, en t er s,
or wor k s a r ou n d a n y t r ee, a det er mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be ma de of t h e n omi n a l vol t -
a ge of el ect r i c power l i n es posi n g a h a z-
a r d t o empl oy ees. However , a det er -
mi n a t i on of t h e ma xi mu m n omi n a l
vol t a ge t o wh i ch a n empl oy ee wi l l be
exposed ma y be ma de i n st ea d, i f a l l
l i n es a r e con si der ed a s en er gi zed a t
t h i s ma xi mu m vol t a ge.
(i i ) Th er e sh a l l be a secon d l i n e-cl ea r -
a n ce t r ee t r i mmer wi t h i n n or ma l (t h a t
i s, u n a ssi st ed) voi ce commu n i ca t i on
u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) I f a l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer
i s t o a ppr oa ch mor e cl osel y t h a n 10 feet
(305 cm) a n y con du ct or or el ect r i c a p-
pa r a t u s en er gi zed a t mor e t h a n 750
vol t s or
(B) I f br a n ch es or l i mbs bei n g r e-
moved a r e cl oser t o l i n es en er gi zed a t
mor e t h a n 750 vol t s t h a n t h e di st a n ces
l i st ed i n Ta bl e R6, Ta bl e R9, a n d
Ta bl e R10 or
(C) I f r opi n g i s n ecessa r y t o r emove
br a n ch es or l i mbs fr om su ch con du c-
t or s or a ppa r a t u s.
(i i i ) Li n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer s
sh a l l ma i n t a i n t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ces fr om en er gi zed con du ct or s
gi ven i n Ta bl e R6, Ta bl e R9, a n d
Ta bl e R10.
(i v) Br a n ch es t h a t a r e con t a ct i n g ex-
posed en er gi zed con du ct or s or equ i p-
men t or t h a t a r e wi t h i n t h e di st a n ces
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e R6, Ta bl e R9, a n d
Ta bl e R10 ma y be r emoved on l y
t h r ou gh t h e u se of i n su l a t i n g equ i p-
men t .
NOTE: A t ool con st r u ct ed of a ma t er i a l
t h a t t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e h a s i n su -
l a t i n g qu a l i t i es meet i n g pa r a gr a ph (j )(1) of
t h i s sect i on i s con si der ed a s i n su l a t ed u n der
t h i s pa r a gr a ph i f t h e t ool i s cl ea n a n d dr y .
(v) La dder s, pl a t for ms, a n d a er i a l de-
vi ces ma y n ot be br ou gh t cl oser t o a n
en er gi zed pa r t t h a n t h e di st a n ces l i st ed
i n Ta bl e R6, Ta bl e R9, a n d Ta bl e R
10.
(vi ) Li n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i mmi n g
wor k ma y n ot be per for med wh en a d-
ver se wea t h er con di t i on s ma k e t h e
wor k h a za r dou s i n spi t e of t h e wor k
pr a ct i ces r equ i r ed by t h i s sect i on . Ea ch
empl oy ee per for mi n g l i n e-cl ea r a n ce
t r ee t r i mmi n g wor k i n t h e a ft er ma t h
of a st or m or u n der si mi l a r emer gen cy
con di t i on s sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n t h e spe-
ci a l h a za r ds r el a t ed t o t h i s t y pe of
wor k .
di t i on s t h a t a r e pr esu med t o ma k e l i n e-
cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmi n g wor k t oo h a za r dou s
t o per for m sa fel y .
(2) Bru sh ch ippers. (i ) Br u sh ch i pper s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a l ock i n g devi ce
i n t h e i gn i t i on sy st em.
(i i ) Access pa n el s for ma i n t en a n ce
a n d a dj u st men t of t h e ch i pper bl a des
a n d a ssoci a t ed dr i ve t r a i n sh a l l be i n
pl a ce a n d secu r e du r i n g oper a t i on of
t h e equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) Br u sh ch i pper s n ot equ i pped wi t h
a mech a n i ca l i n feed sy st em sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a n i n feed h opper of
l en gt h su ffi ci en t t o pr even t empl oy ees
fr om con t a ct i n g t h e bl a des or k n i ves of
t h e ma ch i n e du r i n g oper a t i on .
(i v) Tr a i l er ch i pper s det a ch ed fr om
t r u ck s sh a l l be ch ock ed or ot h er wi se
secu r ed.
(v) Ea ch empl oy ee i n t h e i mmedi a t e
a r ea of a n oper a t i n g ch i pper feed t a bl e
sh a l l wea r per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t a s r equ i r ed by su bpa r t I of t h i s
pa r t .
(3) Spray ers an d relat ed equ ipmen t . (i )
Wa l k i n g a n d wor k i n g su r fa ces of spr a y -
er s a n d r el a t ed equ i pmen t sh a l l be cov-
er ed wi t h sl i p-r esi st a n t ma t er i a l . I f
sl i ppi n g h a za r ds ca n n ot be el i mi n a t ed,
sl i p-r esi st a n t foot wea r or h a n dr a i l s a n d
st a i r r a i l s meet i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
787
su bpa r t D ma y be u sed i n st ea d of sl i p-
r esi st a n t ma t er i a l .
(i i ) Equ i pmen t on wh i ch empl oy ees
st a n d t o spr a y wh i l e t h e veh i cl e i s i n
mot i on sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h gu a r d-
r a i l s a r ou n d t h e wor k i n g a r ea . Th e
gu a r dr a i l sh a l l be con st r u ct ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h su bpa r t D of t h i s pa r t .
(4) St u mp cu t t ers. (i ) S t u mp cu t t er s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h en cl osu r es or
gu a r ds t o pr ot ect empl oy ees.
(i i ) Ea ch empl oy ee i n t h e i mmedi a t e
a r ea of st u mp gr i n di n g oper a t i on s (i n -
cl u di n g t h e st u mp cu t t er oper a t or )
sh a l l wea r per son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i p-
men t a s r equ i r ed by su bpa r t I of t h i s
pa r t .
(5) Gasolin e-en gin e power saws. Ga so-
l i n e-en gi n e power sa w oper a t i on s sh a l l
meet t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 266(e)
a n d t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Ea ch power sa w wei gh i n g mor e
t h a n 15 pou n ds (6. 8 k i l ogr a ms, ser vi ce
wei gh t ) t h a t i s u sed i n t r ees sh a l l be
su ppor t ed by a sepa r a t e l i n e, except
wh en wor k i s per for med fr om a n a er i a l
l i ft a n d except du r i n g t oppi n g or r e-
movi n g oper a t i on s wh er e n o su ppor t i n g
l i mb wi l l be a va i l a bl e.
(i i ) Ea ch power sa w sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a con t r ol t h a t wi l l r et u r n t h e sa w
t o i dl i n g speed wh en r el ea sed.
(i i i ) Ea ch power sa w sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a cl u t ch a n d sh a l l be so
a dj u st ed t h a t t h e cl u t ch wi l l n ot en -
ga ge t h e ch a i n dr i ve a t i dl i n g speed.
(i v) A power sa w sh a l l be st a r t ed on
t h e gr ou n d or wh er e i t i s ot h er wi se
fi r ml y su ppor t ed. Dr op st a r t i n g of sa ws
over 15 pou n ds (6. 8 k g) i s per mi t t ed
ou t si de of t h e bu ck et of a n a er i a l l i ft
on l y i f t h e a r ea bel ow t h e l i ft i s cl ea r
of per son n el .
(v) A power sa w en gi n e ma y be st a r t -
ed a n d oper a t ed on l y wh en a l l empl oy -
ees ot h er t h a n t h e oper a t or a r e cl ea r of
t h e sa w.
(vi ) A power sa w ma y n ot be r u n n i n g
wh en t h e sa w i s bei n g ca r r i ed u p i n t o a
t r ee by a n empl oy ee.
(vi i ) P ower sa w en gi n es sh a l l be
st opped for a l l cl ea n i n g, r efu el i n g, a d-
j u st men t s, a n d r epa i r s t o t h e sa w or
mot or , except a s t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s
ser vi ci n g pr ocedu r es r equ i r e ot h er wi se.
(6) Back pack power u n it s f or u se in
pru n in g an d clearin g. (i ) Wh i l e a ba ck -
pa ck power u n i t i s r u n n i n g, n o on e
ot h er t h a n t h e oper a t or ma y be wi t h i n
10 feet (305 cm) of t h e cu t t i n g h ea d of a
br u sh sa w.
(i i ) A ba ck pa ck power u n i t sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a qu i ck sh u t off swi t ch
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o t h e oper a t or .
(i i i ) Ba ck pa ck power u n i t en gi n es
sh a l l be st opped for a l l cl ea n i n g, r efu el -
i n g, a dj u st men t s, a n d r epa i r s t o t h e
sa w or mot or , except a s t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er s ser vi ci n g pr ocedu r es r equ i r e
ot h er wi se.
(7) Rope. (i ) Cl i mbi n g r opes sh a l l be
u sed by empl oy ees wor k i n g a l oft i n
t r ees. Th ese r opes sh a l l h a ve a mi n -
i mu m di a met er of 0. 5 i n ch (1. 2 cm) wi t h
a mi n i mu m br ea k i n g st r en gt h of 2300
pou n ds (10. 2 k N). S y n t h et i c r ope sh a l l
h a ve el a st i ci t y of n ot mor e t h a n 7 per -
cen t .
(i i ) Rope sh a l l be i n spect ed befor e
ea ch u se a n d, i f u n sa fe (for exa mpl e,
beca u se of da ma ge or defect ), ma y n ot
be u sed.
(i i i ) Rope sh a l l be st or ed a wa y fr om
cu t t i n g edges a n d sh a r p t ool s. Rope
con t a ct wi t h cor r osi ve ch emi ca l s, ga s,
a n d oi l sh a l l be a voi ded.
(i v) Wh en st or ed, r ope sh a l l be coi l ed
a n d pi l ed, or sh a l l be su spen ded, so
t h a t a i r ca n ci r cu l a t e t h r ou gh t h e
coi l s.
(v) Rope en ds sh a l l be secu r ed t o pr e-
ven t t h ei r u n r a vel i n g.
(vi ) Cl i mbi n g r ope ma y n ot be spl i ced
t o effect r epa i r .
(vi i ) A r ope t h a t i s wet , t h a t i s con -
t a mi n a t ed t o t h e ext en t t h a t i t s i n su -
l a t i n g ca pa ci t y i s i mpa i r ed, or t h a t i s
ot h er wi se n ot con si der ed t o be i n su -
l a t ed for t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved ma y n ot
be u sed n ea r exposed en er gi zed l i n es.
(8) Fall prot ect ion . Ea ch empl oy ee
sh a l l be t i ed i n wi t h a cl i mbi n g r ope
a n d sa fet y sa ddl e wh en t h e empl oy ee i s
wor k i n g a bove t h e gr ou n d i n a t r ee, u n -
l ess h e or sh e i s a scen di n g i n t o t h e
t r ee.
(s) Commu n icat ion f acilit ies(1) Micro-
wave t ran smission . (i ) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l en su r e t h a t n o empl oy ee l ook s
i n t o a n open wa vegu i de or a n t en n a
t h a t i s con n ect ed t o a n en er gi zed
mi cr owa ve sou r ce.
(i i ) I f t h e el ect r oma gn et i c r a di a t i on
l evel wi t h i n a n a ccessi bl e a r ea a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h mi cr owa ve commu n i ca t i on s
sy st ems exceeds t h e r a di a t i on pr ot ec-
t i on gu i de gi ven i n 1910. 97(a )(2) of t h i s
pa r t , t h e a r ea sh a l l be post ed wi t h t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
788
wa r n i n g sy mbol descr i bed i n
1910. 97(a )(3) of t h i s pa r t . Th e l ower
h a l f of t h e wa r n i n g sy mbol sh a l l i n -
cl u de t h e fol l owi n g st a t emen t s or on es
t h a t t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e a r e
equ i va l en t :
Ra di a t i on i n t h i s a r ea ma y exceed h a za r d
l i mi t a t i on s a n d speci a l pr eca u t i on s a r e r e-
qu i r ed. Obt a i n speci fi c i n st r u ct i on befor e en -
t er i n g.
(i i i ) Wh en a n empl oy ee wor k s i n a n
a r ea wh er e t h e el ect r oma gn et i c r a di -
a t i on cou l d exceed t h e r a di a t i on pr o-
t ect i on gu i de, t h e empl oy er sh a l l i n st i -
t u t e mea su r es t h a t en su r e t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ees exposu r e i s n ot gr ea t er t h a n
t h a t per mi t t ed by t h a t gu i de. S u ch
mea su r es ma y i n cl u de a dmi n i st r a t i ve
a n d en gi n eer i n g con t r ol s a n d per son a l
(2) Power lin e carrier. P ower l i n e ca r -
r i er wor k , i n cl u di n g wor k on equ i p-
men t u sed for cou pl i n g ca r r i er cu r r en t
t o power l i n e con du ct or s, sh a l l be per -
for med i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s sect i on per t a i n i n g t o
wor k on en er gi zed l i n es.
(t ) Un dergrou n d elect rical in st allat ion s.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph pr ovi des a ddi t i on a l r e-
qu i r emen t s for wor k on u n der gr ou n d
el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s.
(1) Access. A l a dder or ot h er cl i mbi n g
devi ce sh a l l be u sed t o en t er a n d exi t a
ma n h ol e or su bsu r fa ce va u l t exceedi n g
4 feet (122 cm) i n dept h . No empl oy ee
ma y cl i mb i n t o or ou t of a ma n h ol e or
va u l t by st eppi n g on ca bl es or h a n ger s.
(2) L owerin g equ ipmen t in t o man h oles.
Equ i pmen t u sed t o l ower ma t er i a l s a n d
t ool s i n t o ma n h ol es or va u l t s sh a l l be
ca pa bl e of su ppor t i n g t h e wei gh t t o be
l ower ed a n d sh a l l be ch eck ed for de-
fect s befor e u se. Befor e t ool s or ma t e-
r i a l a r e l ower ed i n t o t h e open i n g for a
ma n h ol e or va u l t , ea ch empl oy ee wor k -
i n g i n t h e ma n h ol e or va u l t sh a l l be
cl ea r of t h e a r ea di r ect l y u n der t h e
open i n g.
(3) At t en dan t s f or man h oles. (i ) Wh i l e
wor k i s bei n g per for med i n a ma n h ol e
con t a i n i n g en er gi zed el ect r i c equ i p-
men t , a n empl oy ee wi t h fi r st a i d a n d
CP R t r a i n i n g meet i n g pa r a gr a ph (b)(1)
of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be a va i l a bl e on t h e
su r fa ce i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi ci n i t y t o
r en der emer gen cy a ssi st a n ce.
(i i ) Occa si on a l l y , t h e empl oy ee on
t h e su r fa ce ma y br i efl y en t er a ma n -
h ol e t o pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce, ot h er t h a n
emer gen cy .
NOTE 1: An a t t en da n t ma y a l so be r equ i r ed
u n der pa r a gr a ph (e)(7) of t h i s sect i on . On e
per son ma y ser ve t o fu l fi l l bot h r equ i r e-
men t s. However , a t t en da n t s r equ i r ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (e)(7) of t h i s sect i on a r e n ot per -
mi t t ed t o en t er t h e ma n h ol e.
NOTE 2: Empl oy ees en t er i n g ma n h ol es con -
t a i n i n g u n gu a r ded, u n i n su l a t ed en er gi zed
l i n es or pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t oper -
a t i n g a t 50 vol t s or mor e a r e r equ i r ed t o be
qu a l i fi ed u n der pa r a gr a ph (l )(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(i i i ) F or t h e pu r pose of i n spect i on ,
h ou sek eepi n g, t a k i n g r ea di n gs, or si mi -
l a r wor k , a n empl oy ee wor k i n g a l on e
ma y en t er , for br i ef per i ods of t i me, a
ma n h ol e wh er e en er gi zed ca bl es or
equ i pmen t a r e i n ser vi ce, i f t h e em-
pl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t t h e em-
pl oy ee wi l l be pr ot ect ed fr om a l l el ec-
t r i ca l h a za r ds.
(i v) Rel i a bl e commu n i ca t i on s,
t h r ou gh t wo-wa y r a di os or ot h er equ i v-
a l en t mea n s, sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed
a mon g a l l empl oy ees i n vol ved i n t h e
j ob.
(4) Du ct rods. I f du ct r ods a r e u sed,
t h ey sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n t h e di r ect i on
pr esen t i n g t h e l ea st h a za r d t o empl oy -
ees. An empl oy ee sh a l l be st a t i on ed a t
t h e fa r en d of t h e du ct l i n e bei n g
r odded t o en su r e t h a t t h e r equ i r ed mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces a r e ma i n -
t a i n ed.
(5) Mu lt iple cables. Wh en mu l t i pl e ca -
bl es a r e pr esen t i n a wor k a r ea , t h e
ca bl e t o be wor k ed sh a l l be i den t i fi ed
by el ect r i ca l mea n s, u n l ess i t s i den t i t y
i s obvi ou s by r ea son of di st i n ct i ve a p-
pea r a n ce or l oca t i on or by ot h er r ea d-
i l y a ppa r en t mea n s of i den t i fi ca t i on .
Ca bl es ot h er t h a n t h e on e bei n g wor k ed
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om da ma ge.
(6) Movin g cables. En er gi zed ca bl es
t h a t a r e t o be moved sh a l l be i n spect ed
for defect s.
(7) Def ect ive cables. Wh er e a ca bl e i n a
ma n h ol e h a s on e or mor e a bn or ma l i t i es
t h a t cou l d l ea d t o or be a n i n di ca t i on
of a n i mpen di n g fa u l t , t h e defect i ve
ca bl e sh a l l be deen er gi zed befor e a n y
empl oy ee ma y wor k i n t h e ma n h ol e,
except wh en ser vi ce l oa d con di t i on s
a n d a l a ck of fea si bl e a l t er n a t i ves r e-
qu i r e t h a t t h e ca bl e r ema i n en er gi zed.
I n t h a t ca se, empl oy ees ma y en t er t h e
ma n h ol e pr ovi ded t h ey a r e pr ot ect ed
fr om t h e possi bl e effect s of a fa i l u r e by
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
789
sh i el ds or ot h er devi ces t h a t a r e ca pa -
bl e of con t a i n i n g t h e a dver se effect s of
a fa u l t i n t h e j oi n t .
NOTE: Abn or ma l i t i es su ch a s oi l or com-
pou n d l ea k i n g fr om ca bl e or j oi n t s, br ok en
ca bl e sh ea t h s or j oi n t sl eeves, h ot l oca l i zed
su r fa ce t emper a t u r es of ca bl es or j oi n t s, or
j oi n t s t h a t a r e swol l en bey on d n or ma l t ol er -
a n ce a r e pr esu med t o l ea d t o or be a n i n di ca -
t i on of a n i mpen di n g fa u l t .
(8) Sh eat h con t in u it y . Wh en wor k i s
per for med on bu r i ed ca bl e or on ca bl e
i n ma n h ol es, met a l l i c sh ea t h con -
t i n u i t y sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed or t h e
ca bl e sh ea t h sh a l l be t r ea t ed a s en er -
gi zed.
(u ) Su bst at ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph pr o-
vi des a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s for su b-
st a t i on s a n d for wor k per for med i n
t h em.
(1) Access an d work in g space. S u ffi -
ci en t a ccess a n d wor k i n g spa ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed a bou t el ect r i c
equ i pmen t t o per mi t r ea dy a n d sa fe op-
er a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of su ch equ i p-
men t .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for t h e di men si on s of a c-
cess a n d wor k i n g spa ce a bou t el ect r i c equ i p-
men t i n su bst a t i on s a r e con t a i n ed i n Amer -
i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r dNa t i on a l El ect r i ca l
S a fet y Code, ANS I C21987. I n st a l l a t i on s
meet i n g t h e ANS I pr ovi si on s compl y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (u )(1) of t h i s sect i on . An i n st a l l a -
t i on t h a t does n ot con for m t o t h i s ANS I
st a n da r d wi l l , n on et h el ess, be con si der ed a s
compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (u )(1) of t h i s sec-
t i on i f t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t
t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr ovi des r ea dy a n d sa fe a c-
cess ba sed on t h e fol l owi n g evi den ce:
(1) Th a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on con for ms t o t h e
edi t i on of ANS I C2 t h a t wa s i n effect a t t h e
t i me t h e i n st a l l a t i on wa s ma de,
(2) Th a t t h e con fi gu r a t i on of t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on en a bl es empl oy ees t o ma i n t a i n t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (l )(2) of t h i s sect i on wh i l e t h ey a r e
wor k i n g on exposed, en er gi zed pa r t s, a n d
(3) Th a t t h e pr eca u t i on s t a k en wh en wor k
i s per for med on t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr ovi de pr o-
t ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h e pr ot ect i on t h a t
wou l d be pr ovi ded by a ccess a n d wor k i n g
spa ce meet i n g ANS I C21987.
(2) Draw-ou t -t y pe circu it break ers.
Wh en dr a w-ou t -t y pe ci r cu i t br ea k er s
a r e r emoved or i n ser t ed, t h e br ea k er
sh a l l be i n t h e open posi t i on . Th e con -
t r ol ci r cu i t sh a l l a l so be r en der ed i n op-
er a t i ve, i f t h e desi gn of t h e equ i pmen t
per mi t s.
(3) Su bst at ion f en ces. Con du ct i ve
fen ces a r ou n d su bst a t i on s sh a l l be
gr ou n ded. Wh en a su bst a t i on fen ce i s
expa n ded or a sect i on i s r emoved, fen ce
gr ou n di n g con t i n u i t y sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed, a n d bon di n g sh a l l be u sed t o
pr even t el ect r i ca l di scon t i n u i t y .
(4) Gu ardin g of rooms con t ain in g elec-
t ric su pply equ ipmen t . (i ) Rooms a n d
spa ces i n wh i ch el ect r i c su ppl y l i n es or
equ i pmen t a r e i n st a l l ed sh a l l meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (u )(4)(i i )
t h r ou gh (u )(4)(v) of t h i s sect i on u n der
(A) I f exposed l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t
50 t o 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d a r e l oca t ed
wi t h i n 8 feet of t h e gr ou n d or ot h er
wor k i n g su r fa ce i n si de t h e r oom or
spa ce,
(B) I f l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t 151 t o
600 vol t s a n d l oca t ed wi t h i n 8 feet of
t h e gr ou n d or ot h er wor k i n g su r fa ce i n -
si de t h e r oom or spa ce a r e gu a r ded
on l y by l oca t i on , a s per mi t t ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (u )(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on , or
(C) I f l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t mor e
t h a n 600 vol t s a r e l oca t ed wi t h i n t h e
r oom or spa ce, u n l ess:
(1) Th e l i ve pa r t s a r e en cl osed wi t h i n
gr ou n ded, met a l -en cl osed equ i pmen t
wh ose on l y open i n gs a r e desi gn ed so
t h a t for ei gn obj ect s i n ser t ed i n t h ese
open i n gs wi l l be defl ect ed fr om en er -
gi zed pa r t s, or
(2) Th e l i ve pa r t s a r e i n st a l l ed a t a
h ei gh t a bove gr ou n d a n d a n y ot h er
wor k i n g su r fa ce t h a t pr ovi des pr ot ec-
t i on a t t h e vol t a ge t o wh i ch t h ey a r e
en er gi zed cor r espon di n g t o t h e pr ot ec-
t i on pr ovi ded by a n 8-foot h ei gh t a t 50
vol t s.
(i i ) Th e r ooms a n d spa ces sh a l l be so
en cl osed wi t h i n fen ces, scr een s, pa r t i -
t i on s, or wa l l s a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e pos-
si bi l i t y t h a t u n qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l
en t er .
(i i i ) S i gn s wa r n i n g u n qu a l i fi ed per -
son s t o k eep ou t sh a l l be di spl a y ed a t
en t r a n ces t o t h e r ooms a n d spa ces.
(i v) En t r a n ces t o r ooms a n d spa ces
t h a t a r e n ot u n der t h e obser va t i on of
a n a t t en da n t sh a l l be k ept l ock ed.
(v) Un qu a l i fi ed per son s ma y n ot
en t er t h e r ooms or spa ces wh i l e t h e
el ect r i c su ppl y l i n es or equ i pmen t a r e
en er gi zed.
(5) Gu ardin g of en ergized part s. (i )
Gu a r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded a r ou n d a l l
l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t mor e t h a n 150
vol t s t o gr ou n d wi t h ou t a n i n su l a t i n g
cover i n g, u n l ess t h e l oca t i on of t h e l i ve
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
790
pa r t s gi ves su ffi ci en t h or i zon t a l or
ver t i ca l or a combi n a t i on of t h ese
cl ea r a n ces t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y
of a cci den t a l empl oy ee con t a ct .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for t h e di men si on s of
cl ea r a n ce di st a n ces a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t
i n su bst a t i on s a r e con t a i n ed i n Amer i ca n
Na t i on a l S t a n da r dNa t i on a l El ect r i ca l
S a fet y Code, ANS I C21987. I n st a l l a t i on s
meet i n g t h e ANS I pr ovi si on s compl y wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (u )(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on . An i n st a l -
l a t i on t h a t does n ot con for m t o t h i s ANS I
st a n da r d wi l l , n on et h el ess, be con si der ed a s
compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (u )(5)(i ) of t h i s
sect i on i f t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t
t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr ovi des su ffi ci en t cl ea r a n ce
ba sed on t h e fol l owi n g evi den ce:
(2) Th a t ea ch empl oy ee i s i sol a t ed fr om en -
er gi zed pa r t s a t t h e poi n t of cl osest a p-
pr oa ch , a n d
wou l d be pr ovi ded by h or i zon t a l a n d ver t i ca l
cl ea r a n ces meet i n g ANS I C21987.
(i i ) Except for fu se r epl a cemen t a n d
ot h er n ecessa r y a ccess by qu a l i fi ed per -
son s, t h e gu a r di n g of en er gi zed pa r t s
wi t h i n a compa r t men t sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed du r i n g oper a t i on a n d ma i n t e-
n a n ce fu n ct i on s t o pr even t a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h en er gi zed pa r t s a n d t o
pr even t t ool s or ot h er equ i pmen t fr om
bei n g dr opped on en er gi zed pa r t s.
(i i i ) Wh en gu a r ds a r e r emoved fr om
en er gi zed equ i pmen t , ba r r i er s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed a r ou n d t h e wor k a r ea t o pr e-
ven t empl oy ees wh o a r e n ot wor k i n g
on t h e equ i pmen t , bu t wh o a r e i n t h e
a r ea , fr om con t a ct i n g t h e exposed l i ve
pa r t s.
(6) Su bst at ion en t ry . (i ) Upon en t er i n g
a n a t t en ded su bst a t i on , ea ch empl oy ee
ot h er t h a n t h ose r egu l a r l y wor k i n g i n
t h e st a t i on sh a l l r epor t h i s or h er pr es-
en ce t o t h e empl oy ee i n ch a r ge i n or der
t o r ecei ve i n for ma t i on on speci a l sy s-
t em con di t i on s a ffect i n g empl oy ee
sa fet y .
(i i ) Th e j ob br i efi n g r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l cover
su ch a ddi t i on a l su bj ect s a s t h e l oca t i on
of en er gi zed equ i pmen t i n or a dj a cen t
t o t h e wor k a r ea a n d t h e l i mi t s of a n y
deen er gi zed wor k a r ea .
(v) Power gen erat ion . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
pr ovi des a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a n d
r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces for power gen er -
a t i n g pl a n t s.
(1) I n t erlock s an d ot h er saf et y devices.
(i ) I n t er l ock s a n d ot h er sa fet y devi ces
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa fe, oper a bl e
con di t i on .
(i i ) No i n t er l ock or ot h er sa fet y de-
vi ce ma y be modi fi ed t o defea t i t s fu n c-
t i on , except for t est , r epa i r , or a dj u st -
men t of t h e devi ce.
(2) Ch an gin g bru sh es. Befor e exci t er
or gen er a t or br u sh es a r e ch a n ged wh i l e
t h e gen er a t or i s i n ser vi ce, t h e exci t er
or gen er a t or fi el d sh a l l be ch eck ed t o
det er mi n e wh et h er a gr ou n d con di t i on
exi st s. Th e br u sh es ma y n ot be ch a n ged
wh i l e t h e gen er a t or i s en er gi zed i f a
gr ou n d con di t i on exi st s.
(3) Access an d work in g space. S u ffi -
ci en t a ccess a n d wor k i n g spa ce sh a l l be
pr ovi ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed a bou t el ect r i c
equ i pmen t t o per mi t r ea dy a n d sa fe op-
er a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of su ch equ i p-
men t .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for t h e di men si on s of a c-
cess a n d wor k i n g spa ce a bou t el ect r i c equ i p-
men t i n gen er a t i n g st a t i on s a r e con t a i n ed i n
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r dNa t i on a l El ec-
t r i ca l S a fet y Code, ANS I C21987. I n st a l l a -
t i on s meet i n g t h e ANS I pr ovi si on s compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (v)(3) of t h i s sect i on . An i n -
st a l l a t i on t h a t does n ot con for m t o t h i s
ANS I st a n da r d wi l l , n on et h el ess, be con si d-
er ed a s compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (v)(3) of
t h i s sect i on i f t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr ovi des r ea dy a n d sa fe
a ccess ba sed on t h e fol l owi n g evi den ce:
(2) Th a t t h e con fi gu r a t i on of t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on en a bl es empl oy ees t o ma i n t a i n t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces r equ i r ed by pa r a -
gr a ph (l )(2) of t h i s sect i on wh i l e t h ey a r e
wor k i n g on exposed, en er gi zed pa r t s, a n d
(3) Th a t t h e pr eca u t i on s t a k en wh en a r e
wor k i n g i s per for med on t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr o-
vi de pr ot ect i on equ i va l en t t o t h e pr ot ect i on
t h a t wou l d be pr ovi ded by a ccess a n d wor k -
i n g spa ce meet i n g ANS I C21987.
(4) Gu ardin g of rooms con t ain in g elec-
t ric su pply equ ipmen t . (i ) Rooms a n d
spa ces i n wh i ch el ect r i c su ppl y l i n es or
equ i pmen t a r e i n st a l l ed sh a l l meet t h e
r equ i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (v)(4)(i i )
t h r ou gh (v)(4)(v) of t h i s sect i on u n der
(A) I f exposed l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t
50 t o 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d a r e l oca t ed
wi t h i n 8 feet of t h e gr ou n d or ot h er
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
791
wor k i n g su r fa ce i n si de t h e r oom or
spa ce,
(B) I f l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t 151 t o
600 vol t s a n d l oca t ed wi t h i n 8 feet of
t h e gr ou n d or ot h er wor k i n g su r fa ce i n -
si de t h e r oom or spa ce a r e gu a r ded
on l y by l oca t i on , a s per mi t t ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (v)(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on , or
(C) I f l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t mor e
t h a n 600 vol t s a r e l oca t ed wi t h i n t h e
r oom or spa ce, u n l ess:
(1) Th e l i ve pa r t s a r e en cl osed wi t h i n
gr ou n ded, met a l -en cl osed equ i pmen t
wh ose on l y open i n gs a r e desi gn ed so
t h a t for ei gn obj ect s i n ser t ed i n t h ese
gi zed pa r t s, or
(2) Th e l i ve pa r t s a r e i n st a l l ed a t a
h ei gh t a bove gr ou n d a n d a n y ot h er
wor k i n g su r fa ce t h a t pr ovi des pr ot ec-
t i on a t t h e vol t a ge t o wh i ch t h ey a r e
en er gi zed cor r espon di n g t o t h e pr ot ec-
t i on pr ovi ded by a n 8-foot h ei gh t a t 50
vol t s.
(i i ) Th e r ooms a n d spa ces sh a l l be so
en cl osed wi t h i n fen ces, scr een s, pa r t i -
t i on s, or wa l l s a s t o mi n i mi ze t h e pos-
si bi l i t y t h a t u n qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l
en t er .
(i i i ) S i gn s wa r n i n g u n qu a l i fi ed per -
son s t o k eep ou t sh a l l be di spl a y ed a t
en t r a n ces t o t h e r ooms a n d spa ces.
(i v) En t r a n ces t o r ooms a n d spa ces
t h a t a r e n ot u n der t h e obser va t i on of
a n a t t en da n t sh a l l be k ept l ock ed.
(v) Un qu a l i fi ed per son s ma y n ot
en t er t h e r ooms or spa ces wh i l e t h e
el ect r i c su ppl y l i n es or equ i pmen t a r e
en er gi zed.
(5) Gu ardin g of en ergized part s. (i )
Gu a r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded a r ou n d a l l
l i ve pa r t s oper a t i n g a t mor e t h a n 150
vol t s t o gr ou n d wi t h ou t a n i n su l a t i n g
cover i n g, u n l ess t h e l oca t i on of t h e l i ve
pa r t s gi ves su ffi ci en t h or i zon t a l or
ver t i ca l or a combi n a t i on of t h ese
cl ea r a n ces t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y
of a cci den t a l empl oy ee con t a ct .
NOTE: Gu i del i n es for t h e di men si on s of
cl ea r a n ce di st a n ces a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t
i n gen er a t i n g st a t i on s a r e con t a i n ed i n
Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n da r dNa t i on a l El ec-
t r i ca l S a fet y Code, ANS I C21987. I n st a l l a -
t i on s meet i n g t h e ANS I pr ovi si on s compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (v)(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on . An
i n st a l l a t i on t h a t does n ot con for m t o t h i s
ANS I st a n da r d wi l l , n on et h el ess, be con si d-
er ed a s compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph (v)(5)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on i f t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e i n st a l l a t i on pr ovi des su ffi ci en t
cl ea r a n ce ba sed on t h e fol l owi n g evi den ce:
(2) Th a t ea ch empl oy ee i s i sol a t ed fr om en -
er gi zed pa r t s a t t h e poi n t of cl osest a p-
pr oa ch , a n d
wou l d be pr ovi ded by h or i zon t a l a n d ver t i ca l
cl ea r a n ces meet i n g ANS I C21987.
(i i ) Except for fu se r epl a cemen t or
ot h er n ecessa r y a ccess by qu a l i fi ed per -
son s, t h e gu a r di n g of en er gi zed pa r t s
wi t h i n a compa r t men t sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed du r i n g oper a t i on a n d ma i n t e-
n a n ce fu n ct i on s t o pr even t a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h en er gi zed pa r t s a n d t o
pr even t t ool s or ot h er equ i pmen t fr om
bei n g dr opped on en er gi zed pa r t s.
(i i i ) Wh en gu a r ds a r e r emoved fr om
en er gi zed equ i pmen t , ba r r i er s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed a r ou n d t h e wor k a r ea t o pr e-
ven t empl oy ees wh o a r e n ot wor k i n g
on t h e equ i pmen t , bu t wh o a r e i n t h e
a r ea , fr om con t a ct i n g t h e exposed l i ve
pa r t s.
(6) Wat er or st eam spaces. Th e fol -
l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o wor k i n
wa t er a n d st ea m spa ces a ssoci a t ed wi t h
boi l er s:
(i ) A desi gn a t ed empl oy ee sh a l l i n -
spect con di t i on s befor e wor k i s per -
mi t t ed a n d a ft er i t s compl et i on . Ey e
pr ot ect i on , or fu l l fa ce pr ot ect i on i f
n ecessa r y , sh a l l be wor n a t a l l t i mes
wh en con den ser , h ea t er , or boi l er t u bes
a r e bei n g cl ea n ed.
(i i ) Wh er e i t i s n ecessa r y for empl oy -
ees t o wor k n ea r t u be en ds du r i n g
cl ea n i n g, sh i el di n g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t
t h e t u be en ds.
(7) Ch emical clean in g of boilers an d
pressu re vessels. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r e-
men t s a ppl y t o ch emi ca l cl ea n i n g of
boi l er s a n d pr essu r e vessel s:
(i ) Ar ea s wh er e ch emi ca l cl ea n i n g i s
i n pr ogr ess sh a l l be cor don ed off t o r e-
st r i ct a ccess du r i n g cl ea n i n g. I f fl a m-
ma bl e l i qu i ds, ga ses, or va por s or com-
bu st i bl e ma t er i a l s wi l l be u sed or
mi gh t be pr odu ced du r i n g t h e cl ea n i n g
pr ocess, t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
a l so a ppl y :
(A) Th e a r ea sh a l l be post ed wi t h
si gn s r est r i ct i n g en t r y a n d wa r n i n g of
t h e h a za r ds of fi r e a n d expl osi on ; a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
792
(B) S mok i n g, wel di n g, a n d ot h er pos-
si bl e i gn i t i on sou r ces a r e pr oh i bi t ed i n
t h ese r est r i ct ed a r ea s.
(i i ) Th e n u mber of per son n el i n t h e
r est r i ct ed a r ea sh a l l be l i mi t ed t o
t h ose n ecessa r y t o a ccompl i sh t h e t a sk
sa fel y .
(i i i ) Th er e sh a l l be r ea dy a ccess t o
wa t er or sh ower s for emer gen cy u se.
NOTE: S ee 1910. 141 of t h i s pa r t for r equ i r e-
men t s t h a t a ppl y t o t h e wa t er su ppl y a n d t o
wa sh i n g fa ci l i t i es.
(i v) Empl oy ees i n r est r i ct ed a r ea s
sh a l l wea r pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t meet -
i n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t I of
t h i s pa r t a n d i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot l i mi t ed
t o, pr ot ect i ve cl ot h i n g, boot s, goggl es,
a n d gl oves.
(8) Ch lorin e sy st ems. (i ) Ch l or i n e sy s-
t em en cl osu r es sh a l l be post ed wi t h
si gn s r est r i ct i n g en t r y a n d wa r n i n g of
t h e h a za r d t o h ea l t h a n d t h e h a za r ds of
fi r e a n d expl osi on .
NOTE: S ee su bpa r t Z of t h i s pa r t for r e-
qu i r emen t s n ecessa r y t o pr ot ect t h e h ea l t h
of empl oy ees fr om t h e effect s of ch l or i n e.
(i i ) On l y desi gn a t ed empl oy ees ma y
en t er t h e r est r i ct ed a r ea . Addi t i on a l l y ,
t h e n u mber of per son n el sh a l l be l i m-
i t ed t o t h ose n ecessa r y t o a ccompl i sh
t h e t a sk sa fel y .
(i i i ) Emer gen cy r epa i r k i t s sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e n ea r t h e sh el t er or en cl osu r e
t o a l l ow for t h e pr ompt r epa i r of l ea k s
i n ch l or i n e l i n es, equ i pmen t , or con -
t a i n er s.
(i v) Befor e r epa i r pr ocedu r es a r e
st a r t ed, ch l or i n e t a n k s, pi pes, a n d
equ i pmen t sh a l l be pu r ged wi t h dr y a i r
a n d i sol a t ed fr om ot h er sou r ces of ch l o-
r i n e.
(v) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
ch l or i n e i s n ot mi xed wi t h ma t er i a l s
t h a t wou l d r ea ct wi t h t h e ch l or i n e i n a
da n ger ou sl y exot h er mi c or ot h er h a z-
a r dou s ma n n er .
(9) Boilers. (i ) Befor e i n t er n a l fu r n a ce
or a sh h opper r epa i r wor k i s st a r t ed,
over h ea d a r ea s sh a l l be i n spect ed for
possi bl e fa l l i n g obj ect s. I f t h e h a za r d of
fa l l i n g obj ect s exi st s, over h ea d pr ot ec-
t i on su ch a s pl a n k i n g or n et s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Wh en open i n g a n oper a t i n g boi l er
door , empl oy ees sh a l l st a n d cl ea r of t h e
open i n g of t h e door t o a voi d t h e h ea t
bl a st a n d ga ses wh i ch ma y esca pe fr om
t h e boi l er .
(10) T u rbin e gen erat ors. (i ) S mok i n g
a n d ot h er i gn i t i on sou r ces a r e pr oh i b-
i t ed n ea r h y dr ogen or h y dr ogen sea l i n g
sy st ems, a n d si gn s wa r n i n g of t h e da n -
ger of expl osi on a n d fi r e sh a l l be post -
ed.
(i i ) Excessi ve h y dr ogen ma k eu p or
a bn or ma l l oss of pr essu r e sh a l l be con -
si der ed a s a n emer gen cy a n d sh a l l be
cor r ect ed i mmedi a t el y .
(i i i ) A su ffi ci en t qu a n t i t y of i n er t ga s
sh a l l be a va i l a bl e t o pu r ge t h e h y dr o-
gen fr om t h e l a r gest gen er a t or .
(11) Coal an d ash h an dlin g. (i ) On l y
desi gn a t ed per son s ma y oper a t e r a i l -
r oa d equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Befor e a l ocomot i ve or l oco-
mot i ve cr a n e i s moved, a wa r n i n g sh a l l
be gi ven t o empl oy ees i n t h e a r ea .
(i i i ) Empl oy ees en ga ged i n swi t ch i n g
or du mpi n g ca r s ma y n ot u se t h ei r feet
t o l i n e u p dr a wh ea ds.
(i v) Dr a wh ea ds a n d k n u ck l es ma y n ot
be sh i ft ed wh i l e l ocomot i ves or ca r s
a r e i n mot i on .
(v) Wh en a r a i l r oa d ca r i s st opped for
u n l oa di n g, t h e ca r sh a l l be secu r ed
fr om di spl a cemen t t h a t cou l d en da n ger
empl oy ees.
(vi ) An emer gen cy mea n s of st oppi n g
du mp oper a t i on s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t
r a i l ca r du mps.
(vi i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l en su r e t h a t
empl oy ees wh o wor k i n coa l - or a sh -
h a n dl i n g con vey or a r ea s a r e t r a i n ed
a n d k n owl edgea bl e i n con vey or oper -
a t i on a n d i n t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph s (v)(11)(vi i i ) t h r ou gh (v)(11)(xi i )
(vi i i ) Empl oy ees ma y n ot r i de a coa l -
or a sh -h a n dl i n g con vey or bel t a t a n y
t i me. Empl oy ees ma y n ot cr oss over
t h e con vey or bel t , except a t wa l k wa y s,
u n l ess t h e con vey or s en er gy sou r ce
h a s been deen er gi zed a n d h a s been
l ock ed ou t or t a gged i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (d) of t h i s sect i on .
(i x) Wh a t cou l d ca u se i n j u r y wh en
st a r t ed ma y n ot be st a r t ed u n t i l per -
son n el i n t h e a r ea a r e a l er t ed by a si g-
n a l or by a desi gn a t ed per son t h a t t h e
con vey or i s a bou t t o st a r t .
(x) I f a con vey or t h a t cou l d ca u se i n -
j u r y wh en st a r t ed i s a u t oma t i ca l l y
con t r ol l ed or i s con t r ol l ed fr om a r e-
mot e l oca t i on , a n a u di bl e devi ce sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t h a t sou n ds a n a l a r m t h a t
wi l l be r ecogn i zed by ea ch empl oy ee a s
a wa r n i n g t h a t t h e con vey or wi l l st a r t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
793
a n d t h a t ca n be cl ea r l y h ea r d a t a l l
poi n t s a l on g t h e con vey or wh er e per -
son n el ma y be pr esen t . Th e wa r n i n g de-
vi ce sh a l l be a ct u a t ed by t h e devi ce
st a r t i n g t h e con vey or a n d sh a l l con -
t i n u e for a per i od of t i me befor e t h e
con vey or st a r t s t h a t i s l on g en ou gh t o
a l l ow empl oy ees t o move cl ea r of t h e
con vey or sy st em. A vi su a l wa r n i n g
ma y be u sed i n pl a ce of t h e a u di bl e de-
vi ce i f t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t i t wi l l pr ovi de a n equ a l l y effect i ve
wa r n i n g i n t h e pa r t i cu l a r ci r -
cu mst a n ces i n vol ved.
Except ion : I f t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e sy st ems fu n ct i on
wou l d be ser i ou sl y h i n der ed by t h e r e-
qu i r ed t i me del a y , wa r n i n g si gn s ma y
be pr ovi ded i n pl a ce of t h e a u di bl e
wa r n i n g devi ce. I f t h e sy st em wa s i n -
st a l l ed befor e J a n u a r y 31, 1995, wa r n i n g
si gn s ma y be pr ovi ded i n pl a ce of t h e
a u di bl e wa r n i n g devi ce u n t i l su ch t i me
a s t h e con vey or or i t s con t r ol sy st em i s
r ebu i l t or r ewi r ed. Th ese wa r n i n g si gn s
sh a l l be cl ea r , con ci se, a n d l egi bl e a n d
sh a l l i n di ca t e t h a t con vey or s a n d a l l i ed
equ i pmen t ma y be st a r t ed a t a n y t i me,
t h a t da n ger exi st s, a n d t h a t per son n el
mu st k eep cl ea r . Th ese wa r n i n g si gn s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a l on g t h e con vey or a t
a r ea s n ot gu a r ded by posi t i on or l oca -
t i on .
(xi ) Remot el y a n d a u t oma t i ca l l y con -
t r ol l ed con vey or s, a n d con vey or s t h a t
h a ve oper a t i n g st a t i on s wh i ch a r e n ot
ma n n ed or wh i ch a r e bey on d voi ce a n d
vi su a l con t a ct fr om dr i ve a r ea s, l oa d-
i n g a r ea s, t r a n sfer poi n t s, a n d ot h er l o-
ca t i on s on t h e con vey or pa t h n ot
gu a r ded by l oca t i on , posi t i on , or
gu a r ds sh a l l be fu r n i sh ed wi t h emer -
gen cy st op bu t t on s, pu l l cor ds, l i mi t
swi t ch es, or si mi l a r emer gen cy st op de-
vi ces. However , i f t h e empl oy er ca n
demon st r a t e t h a t t h e desi gn , fu n ct i on ,
a n d oper a t i on of t h e con vey or do n ot
expose a n empl oy ee t o h a za r ds, a n
emer gen cy st op devi ce i s n ot r equ i r ed.
(A) Emer gen cy st op devi ces sh a l l be
ea si l y i den t i fi a bl e i n t h e i mmedi a t e vi -
ci n i t y of su ch l oca t i on s.
(B) An emer gen cy st op devi ce sh a l l
a ct di r ect l y on t h e con t r ol of t h e con -
vey or i n vol ved a n d ma y n ot depen d on
t h e st oppi n g of a n y ot h er equ i pmen t .
(C) Emer gen cy st op devi ces sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h ey ca n n ot be over -
r i dden fr om ot h er l oca t i on s.
(xi i ) Wh er e coa l -h a n dl i n g oper a t i on s
ma y pr odu ce a combu st i bl e a t mosph er e
fr om fu el sou r ces or fr om fl a mma bl e
ga ses or du st , sou r ces of i gn i t i on sh a l l
be el i mi n a t ed or sa fel y con t r ol l ed t o
pr even t i gn i t i on of t h e combu st i bl e a t -
mosph er e.
NOTE: Loca t i on s t h a t a r e h a za r dou s be-
ca u se of t h e pr esen ce of combu st i bl e du st a r e
cl a ssi fi ed a s Cl a ss I I h a za r dou s l oca t i on s.
S ee 1910. 307 of t h i s pa r t .
(xi i i ) An empl oy ee ma y n ot wor k on
or ben ea t h over h a n gi n g coa l i n coa l
bu n k er s, coa l si l os, or coa l st or a ge
a r ea s, u n l ess t h e empl oy ee i s pr ot ect ed
fr om a l l h a za r ds posed by sh i ft i n g coa l .
(xi v) An empl oy ee en t er i n g a bu n k er
or si l o t o di sl odge t h e con t en t s sh a l l
wea r a body h a r n ess wi t h l i fel i n e a t -
t a ch ed. Th e l i fel i n e sh a l l be secu r ed t o
a fi xed su ppor t ou t si de t h e bu n k er a n d
sh a l l be a t t en ded a t a l l t i mes by a n
empl oy ee l oca t ed ou t si de t h e bu n k er or
fa ci l i t y .
(12) Hy droplan t s an d equ ipmen t . Em-
pl oy ees wor k i n g on or cl ose t o wa t er
ga t es, va l ves, i n t a k es, for eba y s,
fl u mes, or ot h er l oca t i on s wh er e i n -
cr ea sed or decr ea sed wa t er fl ow or l ev-
el s ma y pose a si gn i fi ca n t h a za r d sh a l l
be wa r n ed a n d sh a l l va ca t e su ch da n -
ger ou s a r ea s befor e wa t er fl ow ch a n ges
a r e ma de.
(w) Special con dit ion s(1) Capacit ors.
Th e fol l owi n g a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o wor k on ca pa ci t or s a n d on
l i n es con n ect ed t o ca pa ci t or s.
NOTE: S ee pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (n ) of t h i s
sect i on for r equ i r emen t s per t a i n i n g t o t h e
deen er gi zi n g a n d gr ou n di n g of ca pa ci t or i n -
st a l l a t i on s.
(i ) Befor e empl oy ees wor k on ca pa ci -
t or s, t h e ca pa ci t or s sh a l l be di scon -
n ect ed fr om en er gi zed sou r ces a n d,
a ft er a wa i t of a t l ea st 5 mi n u t es fr om
t h e t i me of di scon n ect i on , sh or t -
ci r cu i t ed.
(i i ) Befor e t h e u n i t s a r e h a n dl ed, ea ch
u n i t i n ser i es-pa r a l l el ca pa ci t or ba n k s
sh a l l be sh or t -ci r cu i t ed bet ween a l l
t er mi n a l s a n d t h e ca pa ci t or ca se or i t s
r a ck . I f t h e ca ses of ca pa ci t or s a r e on
u n gr ou n ded su bst a t i on r a ck s, t h e r a ck s
sh a l l be bon ded t o gr ou n d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
794
(i i i ) An y l i n e t o wh i ch ca pa ci t or s a r e
con n ect ed sh a l l be sh or t -ci r cu i t ed be-
for e i t i s con si der ed deen er gi zed.
(2) Cu rren t t ran sf ormer secon daries.
Th e secon da r y of a cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer
ma y n ot be open ed wh i l e t h e t r a n s-
for mer i s en er gi zed. I f t h e pr i ma r y of
t h e cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer ca n n ot be de-
en er gi zed befor e wor k i s per for med on
a n i n st r u men t , a r el a y , or ot h er sec-
t i on of a cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer sec-
on da r y ci r cu i t , t h e ci r cu i t sh a l l be
br i dged so t h a t t h e cu r r en t t r a n s-
for mer secon da r y wi l l n ot be open ed.
(3) Series st reet ligh t in g. (i ) I f t h e open -
ci r cu i t vol t a ge exceeds 600 vol t s, t h e
ser i es st r eet l i gh t i n g ci r cu i t sh a l l be
wor k ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(q) or (t ) of t h i s sect i on , a s a ppr opr i a t e.
(i i ) A ser i es l oop ma y on l y be open ed
a ft er t h e st r eet l i gh t i n g t r a n sfor mer
h a s been deen er gi zed a n d i sol a t ed fr om
t h e sou r ce of su ppl y or a ft er t h e l oop i s
br i dged t o a voi d a n open -ci r cu i t con di -
t i on .
(4) I llu min at ion . S u ffi ci en t i l l u mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o en a bl e t h e em-
pl oy ee t o per for m t h e wor k sa fel y .
(5) Prot ect ion again st drown in g. (i )
Wh en ever a n empl oy ee ma y be pu l l ed
or pu sh ed or ma y fa l l i n t o wa t er wh er e
t h e da n ger of dr own i n g exi st s, t h e em-
pl oy ee sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n d sh a l l
u se U. S . Coa st Gu a r d a ppr oved per -
son a l fl ot a t i on devi ces.
(i i ) Ea ch per son a l fl ot a t i on devi ce
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed i n sa fe con di t i on
a n d sh a l l be i n spect ed fr equ en t l y
en ou gh t o en su r e t h a t i t does n ot h a ve
r ot , mi l dew, wa t er sa t u r a t i on , or a n y
ot h er con di t i on t h a t cou l d r en der t h e
devi ce u n su i t a bl e for u se.
(i i i ) An empl oy ee ma y cr oss st r ea ms
or ot h er bodi es of wa t er on l y i f a sa fe
mea n s of pa ssa ge, su ch a s a br i dge, i s
pr ovi ded.
(6) Employ ee prot ect ion in pu blic work
areas. (i ) Tr a ffi c con t r ol si gn s a n d t r a f-
fi c con t r ol devi ces u sed for t h e pr ot ec-
t i on of empl oy ees sh a l l meet t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1926. 200(g)(2) of t h i s
ch a pt er .
(i i ) Befor e wor k i s begu n i n t h e vi ci n -
i t y of veh i cu l a r or pedest r i a n t r a ffi c
t h a t ma y en da n ger empl oy ees, wa r n i n g
si gn s or fl a gs a n d ot h er t r a ffi c con t r ol
devi ces sh a l l be pl a ced i n con spi cu ou s
l oca t i on s t o a l er t a n d ch a n n el a p-
pr oa ch i n g t r a ffi c.
(i i i ) Wh er e a ddi t i on a l empl oy ee pr o-
t ect i on i s n ecessa r y , ba r r i ca des sh a l l
be u sed.
(i v) Exca va t ed a r ea s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed wi t h ba r r i ca des.
(v) At n i gh t , wa r n i n g l i gh t s sh a l l be
pr omi n en t l y di spl a y ed.
(7) Back f eed. I f t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y
of vol t a ge ba ck feed fr om sou r ces of co-
gen er a t i on or fr om t h e secon da r y sy s-
t em (for exa mpl e, ba ck feed fr om mor e
t h a n on e en er gi zed ph a se feedi n g a
common l oa d), t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (l ) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y i f
t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t a r e t o be
wor k ed a s en er gi zed, a n d t h e r equ i r e-
men t s of pa r a gr a ph s (m) a n d (n ) of t h i s
sect i on a ppl y i f t h e l i n es or equ i pmen t
a r e t o be wor k ed a s deen er gi zed.
(8) L asers. La ser equ i pmen t sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed, a dj u st ed, a n d oper a t ed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h 1926. 54 of t h i s ch a pt er .
(9) Hy drau lic f lu ids. Hy dr a u l i c fl u i ds
u sed for t h e i n su l a t ed sect i on s of
equ i pmen t sh a l l pr ovi de i n su l a t i on for
t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved.
(x) Def in it ion s.
Af f ect ed employ ee. An empl oy ee wh ose
j ob r equ i r es h i m or h er t o oper a t e or
u se a ma ch i n e or equ i pmen t on wh i ch
ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce i s bei n g per -
for med u n der l ock ou t or t a gou t , or
wh ose j ob r equ i r es h i m or h er t o wor k
i n a n a r ea i n wh i ch su ch ser vi ci n g or
ma i n t en a n ce i s bei n g per for med.
At t en dan t . An empl oy ee a ssi gn ed t o
r ema i n i mmedi a t el y ou t si de t h e en -
t r a n ce t o a n en cl osed or ot h er spa ce t o
r en der a ssi st a n ce a s n eeded t o empl oy -
ees i n si de t h e spa ce.
Au t h orized employ ee. An empl oy ee
wh o l ock s ou t or t a gs ou t ma ch i n es or
equ i pmen t i n or der t o per for m ser v-
i ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce on t h a t ma ch i n e
or equ i pmen t . An a ffect ed empl oy ee be-
comes a n a u t h or i zed empl oy ee wh en
t h a t empl oy ees du t i es i n cl u de per -
for mi n g ser vi ci n g or ma i n t en a n ce cov-
er ed u n der t h i s sect i on .
Au t omat ic circu it recloser. A sel f-con -
t r ol l ed devi ce for i n t er r u pt i n g a n d r e-
cl osi n g a n a l t er n a t i n g cu r r en t ci r cu i t
wi t h a pr edet er mi n ed sequ en ce of open -
i n g a n d r ecl osi n g fol l owed by r eset t i n g,
h ol d-cl osed, or l ock ou t oper a t i on .
Barricade. A ph y si ca l obst r u ct i on
su ch a s t a pes, con es, or A-fr a me t y pe
wood or met a l st r u ct u r es i n t en ded t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
795
pr ovi de a wa r n i n g a bou t a n d t o l i mi t
a ccess t o a h a za r dou s a r ea .
Barrier. A ph y si ca l obst r u ct i on wh i ch
i s i n t en ded t o pr even t con t a ct wi t h en -
er gi zed l i n es or equ i pmen t or t o pr e-
ven t u n a u t h or i zed a ccess t o a wor k
a r ea .
Bon d. Th e el ect r i ca l i n t er con n ect i on
of con du ct i ve pa r t s desi gn ed t o ma i n -
t a i n a common el ect r i ca l pot en t i a l .
Bu s. A con du ct or or a gr ou p of con -
du ct or s t h a t ser ve a s a common con -
n ect i on for t wo or mor e ci r cu i t s.
Bu sh in g. An i n su l a t i n g st r u ct u r e, i n -
cl u di n g a t h r ou gh con du ct or or pr o-
vi di n g a pa ssa gewa y for su ch a con -
du ct or , wi t h pr ovi si on for mou n t i n g on
a ba r r i er , con du ct i n g or ot h er wi se, for
t h e pu r poses of i n su l a t i n g t h e con -
du ct or fr om t h e ba r r i er a n d con du ct i n g
cu r r en t fr om on e si de of t h e ba r r i er t o
t h e ot h er .
Cable. A con du ct or wi t h i n su l a t i on ,
or a st r a n ded con du ct or wi t h or wi t h -
ou t i n su l a t i on a n d ot h er cover i n gs (si n -
gl e-con du ct or ca bl e), or a combi n a t i on
of con du ct or s i n su l a t ed fr om on e a n -
ot h er (mu l t i pl e-con du ct or ca bl e).
Cable sh eat h . A con du ct i ve pr ot ect i ve
cover i n g a ppl i ed t o ca bl es.
NOTE: A ca bl e sh ea t h ma y con si st of mu l -
t i pl e l a y er s of wh i ch on e or mor e i s con du c-
t i ve.
Circu it . A con du ct or or sy st em of con -
du ct or s t h r ou gh wh i ch a n el ect r i c cu r -
r en t i s i n t en ded t o fl ow.
Clearan ce (bet ween object s). Th e cl ea r
di st a n ce bet ween t wo obj ect s mea su r ed
su r fa ce t o su r fa ce.
Clearan ce (f or work ). Au t h or i za t i on t o
per for m speci fi ed wor k or per mi ssi on
t o en t er a r est r i ct ed a r ea .
Commu n icat ion lin es. (S ee L in es, com-
mu n icat ion . )
Con du ct or. A ma t er i a l , u su a l l y i n t h e
for m of a wi r e, ca bl e, or bu s ba r , u sed
for ca r r y i n g a n el ect r i c cu r r en t .
Covered con du ct or. A con du ct or cov-
er ed wi t h a di el ect r i c h a vi n g n o r a t ed
i n su l a t i n g st r en gt h or h a vi n g a r a t ed
i n su l a t i n g st r en gt h l ess t h a n t h e vol t -
a ge of t h e ci r cu i t i n wh i ch t h e con -
du ct or i s u sed.
Cu rren t -carry in g part . A con du ct i n g
pa r t i n t en ded t o be con n ect ed i n a n
el ect r i c ci r cu i t t o a sou r ce of vol t a ge.
Non -cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s a r e t h ose
n ot i n t en ded t o be so con n ect ed.
Deen ergized. F r ee fr om a n y el ect r i ca l
con n ect i on t o a sou r ce of pot en t i a l di f-
fer en ce a n d fr om el ect r i c ch a r ge; n ot
h a vi n g a pot en t i a l di ffer en t fr om t h a t
of t h e ea r t h .
NOTE: Th e t er m i s u sed on l y wi t h r efer en ce
t o cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s, wh i ch a r e some-
t i mes en er gi zed (a l i ve).
Design at ed employ ee (design at ed per-
son ). An empl oy ee (or per son ) wh o i s
desi gn a t ed by t h e empl oy er t o per for m
speci fi c du t i es u n der t h e t er ms of t h i s
sect i on a n d wh o i s k n owl edgea bl e i n
t h e con st r u ct i on a n d oper a t i on of t h e
equ i pmen t a n d t h e h a za r ds i n vol ved.
Elect ric lin e t ru ck . A t r u ck u sed t o
t r a n spor t per son n el , t ool s, a n d ma t e-
r i a l for el ect r i c su ppl y l i n e wor k .
Elect ric su pply equ ipmen t . Equ i pmen t
t h a t pr odu ces, modi fi es, r egu l a t es, con -
t r ol s, or sa fegu a r ds a su ppl y of el ect r i c
en er gy .
Elect ric su pply lin es. (S ee L in es, elec-
t ric su pply . )
Elect ric u t ilit y . An or ga n i za t i on r e-
spon si bl e for t h e i n st a l l a t i on , oper -
a t i on , or ma i n t en a n ce of a n el ect r i c
su ppl y sy st em.
En closed space. A wor k i n g spa ce, su ch
a s a ma n h ol e, va u l t , t u n n el , or sh a ft ,
t h a t h a s a l i mi t ed mea n s of egr ess or
en t r y , t h a t i s desi gn ed for per i odi c em-
pl oy ee en t r y u n der n or ma l oper a t i n g
con di t i on s, a n d t h a t u n der n or ma l con -
di t i on s does n ot con t a i n a h a za r dou s
a t mosph er e, bu t t h a t ma y con t a i n a
h a za r dou s a t mosph er e u n der a bn or ma l
con di t i on s.
NOTE: S pa ces t h a t a r e en cl osed bu t n ot de-
si gn ed for empl oy ee en t r y u n der n or ma l op-
er a t i n g con di t i on s a r e n ot con si der ed t o be
en cl osed spa ces for t h e pu r poses of t h i s sec-
t i on . S i mi l a r l y , spa ces t h a t a r e en cl osed a n d
t h a t a r e expect ed t o con t a i n a h a za r dou s a t -
mosph er e a r e n ot con si der ed t o be en cl osed
spa ces for t h e pu r poses of t h i s sect i on . S u ch
spa ces meet t h e defi n i t i on of per mi t spa ces
i n 1910. 146 of t h i s pa r t , a n d en t r y i n t o t h em
mu st be per for med i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h a t
st a n da r d.
En ergized (alive, live). El ect r i ca l l y
con n ect ed t o a sou r ce of pot en t i a l di f-
fer en ce, or el ect r i ca l l y ch a r ged so a s t o
h a ve a pot en t i a l si gn i fi ca n t l y di ffer en t
fr om t h a t of ea r t h i n t h e vi ci n i t y .
En ergy isolat in g device. A ph y si ca l de-
vi ce t h a t pr even t s t h e t r a n smi ssi on or
r el ea se of en er gy , i n cl u di n g, bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g: a ma n u a l l y
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
796
oper a t ed el ect r i c ci r cu i t br ea k er , a di s-
con n ect swi t ch , a ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
swi t ch , a sl i de ga t e, a sl i p bl i n d, a l i n e
va l ve, bl ock s, a n d a n y si mi l a r devi ce
wi t h a vi si bl e i n di ca t i on of t h e posi t i on
of t h e devi ce. (P u sh bu t t on s, sel ect or
swi t ch es, a n d ot h er con t r ol -ci r cu i t -
t y pe devi ces a r e n ot en er gy i sol a t i n g
devi ces. )
En ergy sou rce. An y el ect r i ca l , me-
ch a n i ca l , h y dr a u l i c, pn eu ma t i c, ch em-
i ca l , n u cl ea r , t h er ma l , or ot h er en er gy
sou r ce t h a t cou l d ca u se i n j u r y t o per -
son n el .
Equ ipmen t (elect ric). A gen er a l t er m
i n cl u di n g ma t er i a l , fi t t i n gs, devi ces,
a ppl i a n ces, fi xt u r es, a ppa r a t u s, a n d t h e
l i k e u sed a s pa r t of or i n con n ect i on
wi t h a n el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on .
Exposed. Not i sol a t ed or gu a r ded.
Grou n d. A con du ct i n g con n ect i on ,
wh et h er i n t en t i on a l or a cci den t a l , be-
t ween a n el ect r i c ci r cu i t or equ i pmen t
a n d t h e ea r t h , or t o some con du ct i n g
body t h a t ser ves i n pl a ce of t h e ea r t h .
Grou n ded. Con n ect ed t o ea r t h or t o
some con du ct i n g body t h a t ser ves i n
pl a ce of t h e ea r t h .
Gu arded. Cover ed, fen ced, en cl osed,
or ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed, by mea n s of
su i t a bl e cover s or ca si n gs, ba r r i er r a i l s
or scr een s, ma t s, or pl a t for ms, de-
si gn ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y ,
u n der n or ma l con di t i on s, of da n ger ou s
a ppr oa ch or a cci den t a l con t a ct by per -
son s or obj ect s.
NOTE: Wi r es wh i ch a r e i n su l a t ed, bu t n ot
ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed, a r e n ot con si der ed a s
gu a r ded.
Hazardou s at mosph ere mea n s a n a t -
mosph er e t h a t ma y expose empl oy ees
t o t h e r i sk of dea t h , i n ca pa ci t a t i on ,
i mpa i r men t of a bi l i t y t o sel f-r escu e
(t h a t i s, esca pe u n a i ded fr om a n en -
cl osed spa ce), i n j u r y , or a cu t e i l l n ess
fr om on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g
ca u ses:
(1) F l a mma bl e ga s, va por , or mi st i n
excess of 10 per cen t of i t s l ower fl a m-
ma bl e l i mi t (LF L);
(2) Ai r bor n e combu st i bl e du st a t a
con cen t r a t i on t h a t meet s or exceeds i t s
LF L;
NOTE: Th i s con cen t r a t i on ma y be a ppr oxi -
ma t ed a s a con di t i on i n wh i ch t h e du st ob-
scu r es vi si on a t a di st a n ce of 5 feet (1. 52 m)
or l ess.
(3) At mosph er i c oxy gen con cen t r a -
t i on bel ow 19. 5 per cen t or a bove 23. 5
per cen t ;
(4) At mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on of a n y
su bst a n ce for wh i ch a dose or a per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t i s pu bl i sh ed i n
S u bpa r t G, Occu pat ion al Healt h an d En -
viron men t al Con t rol, or i n S u bpa r t Z,
T oxic an d Hazardou s Su bst an ces, of t h i s
pa r t a n d wh i ch cou l d r esu l t i n em-
pl oy ee exposu r e i n excess of i t s dose or
per mi ssi bl e exposu r e l i mi t ;
NOTE: An a t mosph er i c con cen t r a t i on of
a n y su bst a n ce t h a t i s n ot ca pa bl e of ca u si n g
dea t h , i n ca pa ci t a t i on , i mpa i r men t of a bi l i t y
t o sel f-r escu e, i n j u r y , or a cu t e i l l n ess du e t o
i t s h ea l t h effect s i s n ot cover ed by t h i s pr o-
vi si on .
(5) An y ot h er a t mosph er i c con di t i on
t h a t i s i mmedi a t el y da n ger ou s t o l i fe
or h ea l t h .
NOTE: F or a i r con t a mi n a n t s for wh i ch
OS HA h a s n ot det er mi n ed a dose or per mi s-
si bl e exposu r e l i mi t , ot h er sou r ces of i n for -
ma t i on , su ch a s Ma t er i a l S a fet y Da t a S h eet s
t h a t compl y wi t h t h e Ha za r d Commu n i ca -
t i on S t a n da r d, 1910. 1200 of t h i s pa r t , pu b-
l i sh ed i n for ma t i on , a n d i n t er n a l docu men t s
ca n pr ovi de gu i da n ce i n est a bl i sh i n g a ccept -
a bl e a t mosph er i c con di t i on s.
High -power t est s. Test s i n wh i ch fa u l t
cu r r en t s, l oa d cu r r en t s, ma gn et i zi n g
cu r r en t s, a n d l i n e-dr oppi n g cu r r en t s
a r e u sed t o t est equ i pmen t , ei t h er a t
t h e equ i pmen t s r a t ed vol t a ge or a t
l ower vol t a ges.
High -volt age t est s. Test s i n wh i ch
vol t a ges of a ppr oxi ma t el y 1000 vol t s
a r e u sed a s a pr a ct i ca l mi n i mu m a n d i n
wh i ch t h e vol t a ge sou r ce h a s su ffi ci en t
en er gy t o ca u se i n j u r y .
High win d. A wi n d of su ch vel oci t y
t h a t t h e fol l owi n g h a za r ds wou l d be
pr esen t :
(1) An empl oy ee wou l d be exposed t o
bei n g bl own fr om el eva t ed l oca t i on s, or
(2) An empl oy ee or ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g
equ i pmen t cou l d l ose con t r ol of ma t e-
r i a l bei n g h a n dl ed, or
(3) An empl oy ee wou l d be exposed t o
ot h er h a za r ds n ot con t r ol l ed by t h e
st a n da r d i n vol ved.
NOTE: Wi n ds exceedi n g 40 mi l es per h ou r
(64. 4 k i l omet er s per h ou r ), or 30 mi l es per
h ou r (48. 3 k i l omet er s per h ou r ) i f ma t er i a l
h a n dl i n g i s i n vol ved, a r e n or ma l l y con si d-
er ed a s meet i n g t h i s cr i t er i a u n l ess pr e-
ca u t i on s a r e t a k en t o pr ot ect empl oy ees
fr om t h e h a za r dou s effect s of t h e wi n d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
797
(I DLH) mea n s a n y con di t i on t h a t poses
a n i mmedi a t e or del a y ed t h r ea t t o l i fe
or t h a t wou l d ca u se i r r ever si bl e a d-
ver se h ea l t h effect s or t h a t wou l d
i n t er fer e wi t h a n i n di vi du a l s a bi l i t y t o
esca pe u n a i ded fr om a per mi t spa ce.
NOTE: S ome ma t er i a l sh y dr ogen fl u or i de
ga s a n d ca dmi u m va por , for exa mpl ema y
pr odu ce i mmedi a t e t r a n si en t effect s t h a t ,
even i f sever e, ma y pa ss wi t h ou t medi ca l a t -
t en t i on , bu t a r e fol l owed by su dden , possi bl y
fa t a l col l a pse 1272 h ou r s a ft er exposu r e. Th e
vi ct i m feel s n or ma l fr om r ecover y fr om
t r a n si en t effect s u n t i l col l a pse. S u ch ma t e-
r i a l s i n h a za r dou s qu a n t i t i es a r e con si der ed
t o be i mmedi a t el y da n ger ou s t o l i fe or
h ea l t h .
I n su lat ed. S epa r a t ed fr om ot h er con -
du ct i n g su r fa ces by a di el ect r i c (i n -
cl u di n g a i r spa ce) offer i n g a h i gh r e-
si st a n ce t o t h e pa ssa ge of cu r r en t .
l a t ed, i t i s u n der st ood t o be i n su l a t ed for t h e
con di t i on s t o wh i ch i t i s n or ma l l y su bj ect ed.
Ot h er wi se, i t i s, wi t h i n t h e pu r pose of t h i s
sect i on , u n i n su l a t ed.
I n su lat ion (cable). Th a t wh i ch i s r e-
l i ed u pon t o i n su l a t e t h e con du ct or
fr om ot h er con du ct or s or con du ct i n g
pa r t s or fr om gr ou n d.
L in e-clearan ce t ree t rimmer. An em-
pl oy ee wh o, t h r ou gh r el a t ed t r a i n i n g or
on -t h e-j ob exper i en ce or bot h , i s fa mi l -
i a r wi t h t h e speci a l t ech n i qu es a n d
h a za r ds i n vol ved i n l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee
t r i mmi n g.
NOTE 1: An empl oy ee wh o i s r egu l a r l y a s-
si gn ed t o a l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee-t r i mmi n g
cr ew a n d wh o i s u n der goi n g on -t h e-j ob t r a i n -
i n g a n d wh o, i n t h e cou r se of su ch t r a i n i n g,
h a s demon st r a t ed a n a bi l i t y t o per for m du -
t i es sa fel y a t h i s or h er l evel of t r a i n i n g a n d
wh o i s u n der t h e di r ect su per vi si on of a l i n e-
cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer i s con si der ed t o be a
l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer for t h e per for m-
a n ce of t h ose du t i es.
NOTE 2: A l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer i s
n ot con si der ed t o be a qu a l i fi ed empl oy ee
u n der t h i s sect i on u n l ess h e or sh e h a s t h e
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed for a qu a l i fi ed empl oy ee
u n der pa r a gr a ph (a )(2)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
However , u n der t h e el ect r i ca l sa fet y -r el a t ed
wor k pr a ct i ces st a n da r d i n su bpa r t S of t h i s
pa r t , a l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i mmer is con si d-
er ed t o be a qu a l i fi ed empl oy ee. Tr ee t r i m-
mi n g per for med by su ch qu a l i fi ed empl oy -
ees i s n ot su bj ect t o t h e el ect r i ca l sa fet y -
r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ce r equ i r emen t s con -
t a i n ed i n 1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 of t h i s
pa r t . (S ee a l so t h e n ot e fol l owi n g
1910. 332(b)(3) of t h i s pa r t for i n for ma t i on r e-
ga r di n g t h e t r a i n i n g a n empl oy ee mu st h a ve
t o be con si der ed a qu a l i fi ed empl oy ee u n der
1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 of t h i s pa r t . )
L in e-clearan ce t ree t rimmin g. Th e
pr u n i n g, t r i mmi n g, r epa i r i n g, ma i n -
t a i n i n g, r emovi n g, or cl ea r i n g of t r ees
or t h e cu t t i n g of br u sh t h a t i s wi t h i n 10
feet (305 cm) of el ect r i c su ppl y l i n es
a n d equ i pmen t .
L in es(1) Commu n icat ion lin es. Th e
con du ct or s a n d t h ei r su ppor t i n g or
con t a i n i n g st r u ct u r es wh i ch a r e u sed
for pu bl i c or pr i va t e si gn a l or commu -
n i ca t i on ser vi ce, a n d wh i ch oper a t e a t
pot en t i a l s n ot exceedi n g 400 vol t s t o
gr ou n d or 750 vol t s bet ween a n y t wo
poi n t s of t h e ci r cu i t , a n d t h e t r a n s-
mi t t ed power of wh i ch does n ot exceed
150 wa t t s. I f t h e l i n es a r e oper a t i n g a t
l ess t h a n 150 vol t s, n o l i mi t i s pl a ced
on t h e t r a n smi t t ed power of t h e sy s-
t em. Un der cer t a i n con di t i on s, commu -
n i ca t i on ca bl es ma y i n cl u de commu -
n i ca t i on ci r cu i t s exceedi n g t h ese l i mi -
t a t i on s wh er e su ch ci r cu i t s a r e a l so
u sed t o su ppl y power sol el y t o commu -
n i ca t i on equ i pmen t .
NOTE: Tel eph on e, t el egr a ph , r a i l r oa d si g-
n a l , da t a , cl ock , fi r e, pol i ce a l a r m, ca bl e t el -
evi si on , a n d ot h er sy st ems con for mi n g t o
t h i s defi n i t i on a r e i n cl u ded. Li n es u sed for
si gn a l i n g pu r poses, bu t n ot i n cl u ded u n der
t h i s defi n i t i on , a r e con si der ed a s el ect r i c
su ppl y l i n es of t h e sa me vol t a ge.
(2) Elect ric su pply lin es. Con du ct or s
u sed t o t r a n smi t el ect r i c en er gy a n d
t h ei r n ecessa r y su ppor t i n g or con -
t a i n i n g st r u ct u r es. S i gn a l l i n es of mor e
t h a n 400 vol t s a r e a l wa y s su ppl y l i n es
wi t h i n t h i s sect i on , a n d t h ose of l ess
t h a n 400 vol t s a r e con si der ed a s su ppl y
l i n es, i f so r u n a n d oper a t ed t h r ou gh -
ou t .
Man h ole. A su bsu r fa ce en cl osu r e
wh i ch per son n el ma y en t er a n d wh i ch
i s u sed for t h e pu r pose of i n st a l l i n g, op-
er a t i n g, a n d ma i n t a i n i n g su bmer si bl e
equ i pmen t or ca bl e.
Man h ole st eps. A ser i es of st eps i n di -
vi du a l l y a t t a ch ed t o or set i n t o t h e
wa l l s of a ma n h ol e st r u ct u r e.
Min imu m approach dist an ce. Th e cl os-
est di st a n ce a n empl oy ee i s per mi t t ed
t o a ppr oa ch a n en er gi zed or a gr ou n ded
obj ect .
Qu alif ied employ ee (qu alif ied person ).
On e k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e con st r u ct i on
a n d oper a t i on of t h e el ect r i c power
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
798
gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu -
t i on equ i pmen t i n vol ved, a l on g wi t h
t h e a ssoci a t ed h a za r ds.
NOTE 1: An empl oy ee mu st h a ve t h e t r a i n -
i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (a )(2)(i i ) of t h i s
sect i on i n or der t o be con si der ed a qu a l i fi ed
empl oy ee.
NOTE 2: Except u n der pa r a gr a ph (g)(2)(v) of
t h i s sect i on , a n empl oy ee wh o i s u n der goi n g
on -t h e-j ob t r a i n i n g a n d wh o, i n t h e cou r se of
su ch t r a i n i n g, h a s demon st r a t ed a n a bi l i t y
t o per for m du t i es sa fel y a t h i s or h er l evel of
t r a i n i n g a n d wh o i s u n der t h e di r ect su per -
vi si on of a qu a l i fi ed per son i s con si der ed t o
be a qu a l i fi ed per son for t h e per for ma n ce of
t h ose du t i es.
St ep bolt . A bol t or r u n g a t t a ch ed a t
i n t er va l s a l on g a st r u ct u r a l member
a n d u sed for foot pl a cemen t du r i n g
cl i mbi n g or st a n di n g.
Swit ch . A devi ce for open i n g a n d cl os-
i n g or for ch a n gi n g t h e con n ect i on of a
ci r cu i t . I n t h i s sect i on , a swi t ch i s u n -
der st ood t o be ma n u a l l y oper a bl e, u n -
l ess ot h er wi se st a t ed.
Sy st em operat or. A qu a l i fi ed per son
desi gn a t ed t o oper a t e t h e sy st em or i t s
pa r t s.
Vau lt . An en cl osu r e, a bove or bel ow
gr ou n d, wh i ch per son n el ma y en t er a n d
wh i ch i s u sed for t h e pu r pose of i n st a l l -
i n g, oper a t i n g, or ma i n t a i n i n g equ i p-
men t or ca bl e.
Ven t ed vau lt . A va u l t t h a t h a s pr ovi -
si on for a i r ch a n ges u si n g exh a u st fl u e
st a ck s a n d l ow l evel a i r i n t a k es oper -
a t i n g on di ffer en t i a l s of pr essu r e a n d
t emper a t u r e pr ovi di n g for a i r fl ow
wh i ch pr ecl u des a h a za r dou s a t mos-
ph er e fr om devel opi n g.
Volt age. Th e effect i ve (r ms) pot en t i a l
di ffer en ce bet ween a n y t wo con du ct or s
or bet ween a con du ct or a n d gr ou n d.
Vol t a ges a r e expr essed i n n omi n a l va l -
u es u n l ess ot h er wi se i n di ca t ed. Th e
n omi n a l vol t a ge of a sy st em or ci r cu i t
i s t h e va l u e a ssi gn ed t o a sy st em or
ci r cu i t of a gi ven vol t a ge cl a ss for t h e
pu r pose of con ven i en t desi gn a t i on . Th e
oper a t i n g vol t a ge of t h e sy st em ma y
va r y a bove or bel ow t h i s va l u e.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 269F LOW CHARTS
Th i s a ppen di x pr esen t s i n for ma t i on , i n t h e
for m of fl ow ch a r t s, t h a t i l l u st r a t es t h e
scope a n d a ppl i ca t i on of 1910. 269. Th i s a p-
pen di x a ddr esses t h e i n t er fa ce bet ween
1910. 269 a n d su bpa r t S of t h i s pa r t
(Elect rical), bet ween 1910. 269 a n d 1910. 146 of
t h i s pa r t (Permit -requ ired con f in ed spaces),
a n d bet ween 1910. 269 a n d 1910. 147 of t h i s
pa r t (T h e con t rol of h azardou s en ergy (lock ou t /
t agou t )). Th ese fl ow ch a r t s pr ovi de gu i da n ce
for empl oy er s t r y i n g t o i mpl emen t t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 269 i n combi n a t i on wi t h
ot h er Gen er a l I n du st r y S t a n da r ds con t a i n ed
i n pa r t 1910.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
799
AP P ENDI X A1 TO 1910. 269AP P LI CATI ON OF 1910. 269 AND S UBP ART S OF
THI S P ART TO ELECTRI CAL I NS TALLATI ONS
Is this an electric power generation,
transmission, or distribution installation?
1
1910.269(u)
2
1910.269(v)
2
Is it a generation
installation?
YES NO
1910.302
through
1910.308
YES NO
1
Electrical installation design requirements only. See Appendix 1B
for electrical safety-related work practices. Supplementary electric
generating equipment that is used to supply a workplace for
emergency, standby, or similar purposes only is not considered to
be an electric power generation installation.
2
See Table 1 of Appendix A-2 for requirements that can be met
through compliance with Subpart S.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
2
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
800
THI S P ART TO ELECTRI CAL S AF ETY-RELATED WORK P RACTI CES
OR
OR
1910.269
1910.332
through
1910.335
1910.269
pl us
1910.332,
1910.333(a) & (b),
and
1910.334
Is this an electric
power generation,
transmission, or
di stributi on
installation?
Is it a commingled
1
installation?
1
Commingled to the extent that the electric power generation, transmission, or distribution
installation poses the greater hazard.
Are the employees
"qualified" as defined
in 1910.269(x)?
Does the installation
conform to 1910.302
through 1910.308?
1910.332
through
1910.335
1910.269
1910.332 through 1910.335
pl us
the supplementary requirements of 1910.269
identified in Appendix A-2, Table 1
NO
NO
NO
NO YES
YES
YES
YES
TABLE 1ELECTRICAL SAFETY-RELATED WORK PRACTICES IN 1910.269
Compliance with subpart S is considered as compliance with
1910.269
1

Paragraphs that apply regardless of compliance with subpart
S
(d), electric shock hazards only .................................................... (a)(2)
2
and (a)(3)
2
.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
3
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
801
TABLE 1ELECTRICAL SAFETY-RELATED WORK PRACTICES IN 1910.269Continued
Compliance with subpart S is considered as compliance with
1910.269
1

Paragraphs that apply regardless of compliance with subpart
S
(h)(3) ............................................................................................. (b)
2
.
(i)(2) .............................................................................................. (c)
2
.
(k) .................................................................................................. (d), other than electric shock hazards.
(l)(1) through (l)(4), (l)(6)(i), and (l)(8) through (l)(10) .................. (e).
(m) ................................................................................................. (f).
(p)(4) ............................................................................................. (g).
(s)(2) ............................................................................................. (h)(1) and (h)(2).
(u)(1) and (u)(3) through (u)(5) ..................................................... (i)(3)
2
and (i)(4)
2
.
(v)(3) through (v)(5) ...................................................................... (j)
2
.
(w)(1) and (w)(7) ........................................................................... (l)(5)
2
, (l)(6)(ii)
2
, (l)(6)(iii)
2
, and (l)(7)
2
.
(n)
2
.
(o)
2
.
(p)(1) through (p)(3).
(q)
2
.
(r)
2
.
(s)(1).
(t)
2
.
(u)(2)
2
and (u)(6)
2
.
(v)(1), (v)(2)
2
, and (v)(6) through (v)(12).
(w)(2) through (w)(6)
2
, (w)(8), and (w)(9)
2
.
1
If the electrical installation meets the requirements of 1910.303 through 1910.308 of this part, then the electrical installa-
tion and any associated electrical safety-related work practices conforming to 1910.332 through 1910.335 of this part are con-
sidered to comply with these provisions of 1910.269 of this part.
2
These provisions include electrical safety requirements that must be met regardless of compliance with subpart S of this part.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
802
THI S P ART TO TREE-TRI MMI NG OP ERATI ONS
Neither
1910.269 nor
Subpart S
applies.
Is the tree within 10 feet
1
of an overhead line?
Is the employee a line-
clearance tree trimmer?
Subpart S
applies.
(Employee
may not trim
branch within
10 feet
1
of
line.)
1910.269 applies. (Clearances are
specified in 1910.269(r)(1)(iii).)
1
10 feet plus 4 inches for every 10 kilovolts over 50 kilovolts.
NO
NO
YES
YES
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
803
AP P ENDI X A4 TO 1910. 269AP P LI CATI ON OF 1910. 147, 1910. 269 AND
1910. 333 TO HAZARDOUS ENERGY CONTROL P ROCEDURES (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT)
Is this an electric power generation,
transmission, or distribution installation?
1
Is there a hazard
of electric shock?
1910.269(m)
1910.269(d)
or
1910.147
1910.147
1910.333(b)
or
1910.147
3
Is it a commingled
2
installation?
Is it a generation
installation?
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO NO
NO
1
If the installation conforms to 1910.303 through 1910.308, the lockout and tagging
procedures of 1910.333(b) may be followed for electric shock hazards.
2
Commingled to the extent that the electric power generation, transmission, or
distribution installation poses the greater hazard.
3
1910.333(b)(2)(iii)(D) and (b)(2)(iv)(B) still apply.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
804
AP P ENDI X A5 TO 1910. 269AP P LI CATI ON OF 1910. 146 AND 1910. 269 TO
P ERMI T-REQUI RED CONF I NED S P ACES
Is this a confined space
as defined in
1910.146(b)?
1
Is it a permit space as
defined in 1910.146(b)?
Does the work
performed fall within the
scope of 1910.269?
Is this space an
enclosed space as
defined in 1910.269(x)?
1910.146
Are hazards controlled
through measures
required by 1910.269?
Neither
1910.146 nor
1910.269(e)
apply to entry.
1910.269(e)
or
1910.146
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
1
See 1910.146(c) for general non-entry requirements that apply to all confined spaces.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
805
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 269WORKI NG ON
EXP OS ED ENERGI ZED P ARTS
I . I n t rodu ct ion
El ect r i c t r a n smi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on l i n e
i n st a l l a t i on s h a ve been desi gn ed t o meet Na -
t i on a l El ect r i ca l S a fet y Code (NES C), ANS I
C2, r equ i r emen t s a n d t o pr ovi de t h e l evel of
l i n e ou t a ge per for ma n ce r equ i r ed by sy st em
r el i a bi l i t y cr i t er i a . Tr a n smi ssi on a n d di s-
t r i bu t i on l i n es a r e a l so desi gn ed t o wi t h -
st a n d t h e ma xi mu m over vol t a ges expect ed
t o be i mpr essed on t h e sy st em. S u ch
over vol t a ges ca n be ca u sed by su ch con di -
t i on s a s swi t ch i n g su r ges, fa u l t s, or l i gh t -
n i n g. I n su l a t or desi gn a n d l en gt h s a n d t h e
cl ea r a n ces t o st r u ct u r a l pa r t s (wh i ch , for l ow
vol t a ge t h r ou gh ext r a -h i gh vol t a ge, or EHV,
fa ci l i t i es, a r e gen er a l l y ba sed on t h e per -
for ma n ce of t h e l i n e a s a r esu l t of con t a mi -
n a t i on of t h e i n su l a t i on or du r i n g st or ms)
h a ve, over t h e y ea r s, come cl oser t o t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces u sed by wor k er s
(wh i ch a r e gen er a l l y ba sed on n on -st or m
con di t i on s). Th u s, a s mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
(wor k i n g) di st a n ces a n d st r u ct u r a l di st a n ces
(cl ea r a n ces) con ver ge, i t i s i n cr ea si n gl y i m-
por t a n t t h a t ba si c con si der a t i on s for est a b-
l i sh i n g sa fe a ppr oa ch di st a n ces for per -
for mi n g wor k be u n der st ood by t h e desi gn er s
a n d t h e oper a t i n g a n d ma i n t en a n ce per -
son n el i n vol ved.
Th e i n for ma t i on i n t h i s a ppen di x wi l l a s-
si st empl oy er s i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce r equ i r emen t s con -
t a i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph s (l )(2) a n d (q)(3) of t h i s
sect i on . Th e t ech n i ca l cr i t er i a a n d met h od-
ol ogy pr esen t ed h er ei n i s ma n da t or y for em-
pl oy er s u si n g r edu ced mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ces a s per mi t t ed i n Ta bl e R7 a n d
Ta bl e R8. Th i s a ppen di x i s i n t en ded t o pr o-
vi de essen t i a l ba ck gr ou n d i n for ma t i on a n d
t ech n i ca l cr i t er i a for t h e devel opmen t or
modi fi ca t i on , i f possi bl e, of t h e sa fe mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces for el ect r i c t r a n s-
mi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on l i ve-l i n e wor k . Th e
devel opmen t of t h ese sa fe di st a n ces mu st be
u n der t a k en by per son s k n owl edgea bl e i n t h e
t ech n i qu es di scu ssed i n t h i s a ppen di x a n d
compet en t i n t h e fi el d of el ect r i c t r a n s-
mi ssi on a n d di st r i bu t i on sy st em desi gn .
I I . Gen eral
A. Defi n i t i on s
Th e fol l owi n g defi n i t i on s fr om 1910. 269(x)
r el a t e t o wor k on or n ea r t r a n smi ssi on a n d
di st r i bu t i on l i n es a n d equ i pmen t a n d t h e
el ect r i ca l h a za r ds t h ey pr esen t .
Exposed. Not i sol a t ed or gu a r ded.
Gu arded. Cover ed, fen ced, en cl osed, or ot h -
er wi se pr ot ect ed, by mea n s of su i t a bl e cover s
or ca si n gs, ba r r i er r a i l s or scr een s, ma t s, or
pl a t for ms, desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze t h e possi -
bi l i t y , u n der n or ma l con di t i on s, of da n ger ou s
a ppr oa ch or a cci den t a l con t a ct by per son s or
obj ect s.
NOTE: Wi r es wh i ch a r e i n su l a t ed, bu t n ot
ot h er wi se pr ot ect ed, a r e n ot con si der ed a s
gu a r ded.
I n su lat ed. S epa r a t ed fr om ot h er con du ct i n g
su r fa ces by a di el ect r i c (i n cl u di n g a i r spa ce)
offer i n g a h i gh r esi st a n ce t o t h e pa ssa ge of
cu r r en t .
l a t ed, i t i s u n der st ood t o be i n su l a t ed for t h e
con di t i on s t o wh i ch i t i s n or ma l l y su bj ect ed.
Ot h er wi se, i t i s, wi t h i n t h e pu r pose of t h i s
sect i on , u n i n su l a t ed.
B. I n st a l l a t i on s En er gi zed a t 50 t o 300 Vol t s
Th e h a za r ds posed by i n st a l l a t i on s en er -
gi zed a t 50 t o 300 vol t s a r e t h e sa me a s t h ose
fou n d i n ma n y ot h er wor k pl a ces. Th a t i s n ot
t o sa y t h a t t h er e i s n o h a za r d, bu t t h e com-
pl exi t y of el ect r i ca l pr ot ect i on r equ i r ed does
n ot compa r e t o t h a t r equ i r ed for h i gh vol t -
a ge sy st ems. Th e empl oy ee mu st a voi d con -
t a ct wi t h t h e exposed pa r t s, a n d t h e pr ot ec-
t i ve equ i pmen t u sed (su ch a s r u bber i n su -
l a t i n g gl oves) mu st pr ovi de i n su l a t i on for
t h e vol t a ges i n vol ved.
C. Exposed En er gi zed P a r t s Over 300 Vol t s
AC
Ta bl e R6, Ta bl e R7, a n d Ta bl e R8 of
1910. 269 pr ovi de sa fe a ppr oa ch a n d wor k i n g
di st a n ces i n t h e vi ci n i t y of en er gi zed el ect r i c
a ppa r a t u s so t h a t wor k ca n be don e sa fel y
wi t h ou t r i sk of el ect r i ca l fl a sh over .
Th e wor k i n g di st a n ces mu st wi t h st a n d t h e
ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge t h a t ca n
r ea ch t h e wor k si t e u n der t h e wor k i n g con di -
t i on s a n d pr a ct i ces i n u se. Nor ma l sy st em
desi gn ma y pr ovi de or i n cl u de a mea n s t o
con t r ol t r a n si en t over vol t a ges, or t empor a r y
devi ces ma y be empl oy ed t o a ch i eve t h e
sa me r esu l t . Th e u se of t ech n i ca l l y cor r ect
pr a ct i ces or pr ocedu r es t o con t r ol
over vol t a ges (for exa mpl e, por t a bl e ga ps or
pr even t i n g t h e a u t oma t i c con t r ol fr om i n i t i -
a t i n g br ea k er r ecl osi n g) en a bl es l i n e desi gn
a n d oper a t i on t o be ba sed on r edu ced t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ge va l u es. Tech n i ca l i n for ma -
t i on for U. S . el ect r i ca l sy st ems i n di ca t es
t h a t cu r r en t desi gn pr ovi des for t h e fol -
l owi n g ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge va l -
u es (u su a l l y pr odu ced by swi t ch i n g su r ges):
362 k V a n d l ess3. 0 per u n i t ; 552 k V2. 4 per
u n i t ; 800 k V2. 0 per u n i t .
Addi t i on a l di scu ssi on of ma xi mu m t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ges ca n be fou n d i n pa r a gr a ph
I V. A. 2, l a t er i n t h i s a ppen di x.
I I I . Det ermin at ion of t h e Elect rical Compon en t
of Min imu m Approach Dist an ces
A. Vol t a ges of 1. 1 k V t o 72. 5 k V
F or vol t a ges of 1. 1 k V t o 72. 5 k V, t h e el ec-
t r i ca l compon en t of mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces i s ba sed on Amer i ca n Na t i on a l S t a n d-
a r ds I n st i t u t e (ANS I )/Amer i ca n I n st i t u t e of
El ect r i ca l En gi n eer s (AI EE) S t a n da r d No. 4,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
806
Ma r ch 1943, Ta bl es I I I a n d I V. (AI EE i s t h e
pr edecessor t ech n i ca l soci et y t o t h e I n st i -
t u t e of El ect r i ca l a n d El ect r on i c En gi n eer s
(I EEE). ) Th ese di st a n ces a r e ca l cu l a t ed by
t h e fol l owi n g for mu l a :
Equ a t i on (1)F or vol t a ges of 1. 1 k V t o 72. 5
k V
D
V pu
_
,
max
.
124
1 63
Wh er e:
D = El ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i n a i r i n feet
Vmax = Ma xi mu m r a t ed l i n e-t o-gr ou n d r ms
vol t a ge i n k V
pu = Ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge fa ct or
i n per u n i t
S OURCE: AI EE S t a n da r d No. 4, 1943.
Th i s for mu l a h a s been u sed t o gen er a t e
Ta bl e 1.
TABLE 1AC ENERGIZED LINE-WORK PHASE-TO-GROUND ELECTRICAL COMPONENT OF THE
MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE1.1 TO 72.5 KV
Maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage
Phase to phase voltage
15,000 36,000 46,000 72,500
3.0 ......................................................................................................... 0.08 0.33 0.49 1.03
NOTE: The distances given (in feet) are for air as the insulating medium and provide no additional clearance for inadvertent
movement.
B. Vol t a ges of 72. 6 k V t o 800 k V
F or vol t a ges of 72. 6 k V t o 800 k V, t h e el ec-
t r i ca l compon en t of mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces i s ba sed on ANS I /I EEE S t a n da r d 516
1987, I EEE Gu i de for Ma i n t en a n ce Met h ods
on En er gi zed P ower Li n es. Th i s st a n da r d
gi ves t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce ba sed on power fr e-
qu en cy r od-ga p da t a , su ppl emen t ed wi t h
t r a n si en t over vol t a ge i n for ma t i on a n d a
sa t u r a t i on fa ct or for h i gh vol t a ges. Th e di s-
t a n ces l i st ed i n ANS I /I EEE S t a n da r d 516
h a ve been ca l cu l a t ed a ccor di n g t o t h e fol -
Equ a t i on (2)F or vol t a ges of 72. 6 k V t o 800
k V
D=(C+a )pu Vmax
Wh er e:
D=El ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m a p-
pr oa ch di st a n ce i n a i r i n feet
C=0. 01 t o t a k e ca r e of cor r ect i on fa ct or s a s-
soci a t ed wi t h t h e va r i a t i on of ga p
spa r k over wi t h vol t a ge
a =A fa ct or r el a t i n g t o t h e sa t u r a t i on of a i r
a t vol t a ges of 345 k V or h i gh er
pu =Ma xi mu m a n t i ci pa t ed t r a n si en t over -
vol t a ge, i n per u n i t (p. u . )
Vmax=Ma xi mu m r ms sy st em l i n e-t o-gr ou n d
vol t a ge i n k i l ovol t si t sh ou l d be t h e a c-
t u a l ma xi mu m, or t h e n or ma l h i gh est
vol t a ge for t h e r a n ge (for exa mpl e, 10 per -
cen t a bove t h e n omi n a l vol t a ge)
S OURCE: F or mu l a devel oped fr om ANS I /I EEE
S t a n da r d No. 516, 1987.
Th i s for mu l a i s u sed t o ca l cu l a t e t h e el ec-
t r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ces i n a i r a n d i s u sed i n t h e devel op-
men t of Ta bl e 2 a n d Ta bl e 3.
MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE121 TO 242 KV
121,000 145,000 169,000 242,000
2.0 ......................................................................................................... 1.40 1.70 2.00 2.80
2.1 ......................................................................................................... 1.47 1.79 2.10 2.94
2.2 ......................................................................................................... 1.54 1.87 2.20 3.08
2.3 ......................................................................................................... 1.61 1.96 2.30 3.22
2.4 ......................................................................................................... 1.68 2.04 2.40 3.35
2.5 ......................................................................................................... 1.75 2.13 2.50 3.50
2.6 ......................................................................................................... 1.82 2.21 2.60 3.64
2.7 ......................................................................................................... 1.89 2.30 2.70 3.76
2.8 ......................................................................................................... 1.96 2.38 2.80 3.92
2.9 ......................................................................................................... 2.03 2.47 2.90 4.05
3.0 ......................................................................................................... 2.10 2.55 3.00 4.29
movement.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
807
MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE362 TO 800 KV
362,000 552,000 800,000
1.5 ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 4.97 8.66
1.6 ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 5.46 9.60
1.7 ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 5.98 10.60
1.8 ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 6.51 11.64
1.9 ...................................................................................................................... ........................ 7.08 12.73
2.0 ...................................................................................................................... 4.20 7.68 13.86
2.1 ...................................................................................................................... 4.41 8.27 ........................
2.2 ...................................................................................................................... 4.70 8.87 ........................
2.3 ...................................................................................................................... 5.01 9.49 ........................
2.4 ...................................................................................................................... 5.34 10.21 ........................
2.5 ...................................................................................................................... 5.67 ........................ ........................
2.6 ...................................................................................................................... 6.01 ........................ ........................
2.7 ...................................................................................................................... 6.36 ........................ ........................
2.8 ...................................................................................................................... 6.73 ........................ ........................
2.9 ...................................................................................................................... 7.10 ........................ ........................
3.0 ...................................................................................................................... 7.48 ........................ ........................
movement.
C. P r ovi si on s for I n a dver t en t Movemen t
Th e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces (wor k i n g
di st a n ces) mu st i n cl u de a n a dder t o com-
pen sa t e for t h e i n a dver t en t movemen t of t h e
wor k er r el a t i ve t o a n en er gi zed pa r t or t h e
movemen t of t h e pa r t r el a t i ve t o t h e wor k er .
A cer t a i n a l l owa n ce mu st be ma de t o a c-
cou n t for t h i s possi bl e i n a dver t en t move-
men t a n d t o pr ovi de t h e wor k er wi t h a com-
for t a bl e a n d sa fe zon e i n wh i ch t o wor k . A
di st a n ce for i n a dver t en t movemen t (ca l l ed
t h e er gon omi c compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce) mu st be a dded t o t h e
el ect r i ca l compon en t t o det er mi n e t h e t ot a l
sa fe mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces u sed i n
l i ve-l i n e wor k .
On e a ppr oa ch t h a t ca n be u sed t o est i ma t e
t h e er gon omi c compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i s r espon se t i me-di st a n ce
a n a l y si s. Wh en t h i s t ech n i qu e i s u sed, t h e
t ot a l r espon se t i me t o a h a za r dou s i n ci den t
i s est i ma t ed a n d con ver t ed t o di st a n ce t r a v-
el l ed. F or exa mpl e, t h e dr i ver of a ca r t a k es
a gi ven a mou n t of t i me t o r espon d t o a
st i mu l u s a n d st op t h e veh i cl e. Th e el a psed
t i me i n vol ved r esu l t s i n a di st a n ce bei n g
t r a vel l ed befor e t h e ca r comes t o a compl et e
st op. Th i s di st a n ce i s depen den t on t h e speed
of t h e ca r a t t h e t i me t h e st i mu l u s a ppea r s.
I n t h e ca se of l i ve-l i n e wor k , t h e empl oy ee
mu st fi r st per cei ve t h a t h e or sh e i s a p-
pr oa ch i n g t h e da n ger zon e. Th en , t h e wor k er
r espon ds t o t h e da n ger a n d mu st decel er a t e
a n d st op a l l mot i on t owa r d t h e en er gi zed
pa r t . Du r i n g t h e t i me i t t a k es t o st op, a di s-
t a n ce wi l l h a ve been t r a ver sed. I t i s t h i s di s-
t a n ce t h a t mu st be a dded t o t h e el ect r i ca l
compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ce t o obt a i n t h e t ot a l sa fe mi n i mu m a p-
pr oa ch di st a n ce.
At vol t a ges bel ow 72. 5 k V, t h e el ect r i ca l
t a n ce i s sma l l er t h a n t h e er gon omi c compo-
n en t . At 72. 5 k V t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t i s
on l y a l i t t l e mor e t h a n 1 foot . An er gon omi c
t a n ce i s n eeded t h a t wi l l pr ovi de for a l l t h e
wor k er s u n expect ed movemen t s. Th e u su a l
l i ve-l i n e wor k met h od for t h ese vol t a ges i s
t h e u se of r u bber i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t , fr e-
qu en t l y r u bber gl oves. Th e en er gi zed obj ect
n eeds t o be fa r en ou gh a wa y t o pr ovi de t h e
wor k er s fa ce wi t h a sa fe a ppr oa ch di st a n ce,
a s h i s or h er h a n ds a n d a r ms a r e i n su l a t ed.
I n t h i s ca se, 2 feet h a s been a ccept ed a s a
su ffi ci en t a n d pr a ct i ca l va l u e.
F or vol t a ges bet ween 72. 6 a n d 800 k V, t h er e
i s a ch a n ge i n t h e wor k pr a ct i ces empl oy ed
du r i n g en er gi zed l i n e wor k . Gen er a l l y , l i ve-
l i n e t ool s (h ot st i ck s) a r e empl oy ed t o per -
for m wor k wh i l e equ i pmen t i s en er gi zed.
Th ese t ool s, by desi gn , k eep t h e en er gi zed
pa r t a t a con st a n t di st a n ce fr om t h e em-
pl oy ee a n d t h u s ma i n t a i n t h e a ppr opr i a t e
mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce a u t oma t i ca l l y .
Th e l en gt h of t h e er gon omi c compon en t of
t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i s a l so i n -
fl u en ced by t h e l oca t i on of t h e wor k er a n d
by t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k . I n t h ese h i gh er
vol t a ge r a n ges, t h e empl oy ees u se wor k
met h ods t h a t mor e t i gh t l y con t r ol t h ei r
movemen t s t h a n wh en t h e wor k er s per for m
r u bber gl ove wor k . Th e wor k er i s fa r t h er
fr om en er gi zed l i n e or equ i pmen t a n d n eeds
t o be mor e pr eci se i n h i s or h er movemen t s
j u st t o per for m t h e wor k .
F or t h ese r ea son s, a sma l l er er gon omi c
t a n ce i s n eeded, a n d a di st a n ce of 1 foot h a s
been sel ect ed for vol t a ges bet ween 72. 6 a n d
800 k V.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
808
Ta bl e 4 su mma r i zes t h e er gon omi c compo-
n en t of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce for
t h e t wo vol t a ge r a n ges.
TABLE 4ERGONOMIC COMPONENT OF MINIMUM
APPROACH DISTANCE
Voltage range (kV)
Distance
(feet)
1.1 to 72.5 ............................................................. 2.0
72.6 to 800 ............................................................ 1.0
NOTE: This distance must be added to the electrical compo-
nent of the minimum approach distance to obtain the full min-
imum approach distance.
D. Ba r e-Ha n d Li ve-Li n e Mi n i mu m Appr oa ch
Di st a n ces
Ca l cu l a t i n g t h e st r en gt h of ph a se-t o-ph a se
t r a n si en t over vol t a ges i s compl i ca t ed by t h e
va r y i n g t i me di spl a cemen t bet ween
over vol t a ges on pa r a l l el con du ct or s (el ec-
t r odes) a n d by t h e va r y i n g r a t i o bet ween t h e
posi t i ve a n d n ega t i ve vol t a ges on t h e t wo
el ect r odes. Th e t i me di spl a cemen t ca u ses t h e
ma xi mu m vol t a ge bet ween ph a ses t o be l ess
t h a n t h e su m of t h e ph a se-t o-gr ou n d
vol t a ges. Th e I n t er n a t i on a l El ect r ot ech n i ca l
Commi ssi on (I EC) Tech n i ca l Commi t t ee 28,
Wor k i n g Gr ou p 2, h a s devel oped t h e fol -
l owi n g for mu l a for det er mi n i n g t h e ph a se-t o-
ph a se ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge, ba sed
on t h e per u n i t (p. u . ) of t h e sy st em n omi n a l
vol t a ge ph a se-t o-gr ou n d cr est :
pu p=pu g+1. 6.
Wh er e:
pu g=p. u . ph a se-t o-gr ou n d ma xi mu m t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ge
pu p=p. u . ph a se-t o-ph a se ma xi mu m t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge
Th i s va l u e of ma xi mu m a n t i ci pa t ed t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ge mu st be u sed i n Equ a t i on
(2) t o ca l cu l a t e t h e ph a se-t o-ph a se mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ces for l i ve-l i n e ba r e-h a n d
wor k .
E. Compi l i n g t h e Mi n i mu m Appr oa ch
Di st a n ce Ta bl es
F or ea ch vol t a ge i n vol ved, t h e di st a n ce i n
Ta bl e 4 i n t h i s a ppen di x h a s been a dded t o
t h e di st a n ce i n Ta bl e 1, Ta bl e 2 or Ta bl e 3 i n
t h i s a ppen di x t o det er mi n e t h e r esu l t i n g
mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces i n Ta bl e R6,
Ta bl e R7, a n d Ta bl e R8 i n 1910. 269.
F . Mi scel l a n eou s Cor r ect i on F a ct or s
Th e st r en gt h of a n a i r ga p i s i n fl u en ced by
t h e ch a n ges i n t h e a i r medi u m t h a t for ms
t h e i n su l a t i on . A br i ef di scu ssi on of ea ch fa c-
t or fol l ows, wi t h a su mma r y a t t h e en d.
1. Dielect ric st ren gt h of air. Th e di el ect r i c
st r en gt h of a i r i n a u n i for m el ect r i c fi el d a t
st a n da r d a t mosph er i c con di t i on s i s a ppr oxi -
ma t el y 31 k V (cr est ) per cm a t 60 Hz. Th e di s-
r u pt i ve gr a di en t i s a ffect ed by t h e a i r pr es-
su r e, t emper a t u r e, a n d h u mi di t y , by t h e
sh a pe, di men si on s, a n d sepa r a t i on of t h e
el ect r odes, a n d by t h e ch a r a ct er i st i cs of t h e
a ppl i ed vol t a ge (wa ve sh a pe).
2. At mosph eric ef f ect . F l a sh over for a gi ven
a i r ga p i s i n h i bi t ed by a n i n cr ea se i n t h e den -
si t y (h u mi di t y ) of t h e a i r . Th e empi r i ca l l y
det er mi n ed el ect r i ca l st r en gt h of a gi ven ga p
i s n or ma l l y a ppl i ca bl e a t st a n da r d a t mos-
ph er i c con di t i on s (20 C, 101. 3 k P a , 11 g/cm3
h u mi di t y ).
Th e combi n a t i on of t emper a t u r e a n d a i r
pr essu r e t h a t gi ves t h e l owest ga p fl a sh over
vol t a ge i s h i gh t emper a t u r e a n d l ow pr es-
su r e. Th ese a r e con di t i on s n ot l i k el y t o
occu r si mu l t a n eou sl y . Low a i r pr essu r e i s
gen er a l l y a ssoci a t ed wi t h h i gh h u mi di t y , a n d
t h i s ca u ses i n cr ea sed el ect r i ca l st r en gt h . An
a ver a ge a i r pr essu r e i s mor e l i k el y t o be a s-
soci a t ed wi t h l ow h u mi di t y . Hot a n d dr y
wor k i n g con di t i on s a r e t h u s n or ma l l y a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h r edu ced el ect r i ca l st r en gt h .
Th e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ces i n Ta bl e 1, Ta bl e 2, a n d
Ta bl e 3 h a s been ca l cu l a t ed u si n g t h e ma x-
i mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ges t o det er mi n e
wi t h st a n d vol t a ges a t st a n da r d a t mosph er i c
con di t i on s.
3. Alt it u de. Th e el ect r i ca l st r en gt h of a n a i r
ga p i s r edu ced a t h i gh a l t i t u de, du e pr i n -
ci pa l l y t o t h e r edu ced a i r pr essu r e. An i n -
cr ea se of a bou t 3 per cen t per 300 met er s i n
t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce for a l t i -
t u des a bove 900 met er s i s r equ i r ed. Ta bl e R
10 of 1910. 269 pr esen t s t h i s i n for ma t i on i n
t a bu l a r for m.
Su mmary . Aft er t a k i n g a l l t h ese cor r ect i on
fa ct or s i n t o a ccou n t a n d a ft er con si der i n g
t h ei r i n t er r el a t i on sh i ps r el a t i ve t o t h e a i r
ga p i n su l a t i on st r en gt h a n d t h e con di t i on s
u n der wh i ch l i ve wor k i s per for med, on e
fi n ds t h a t on l y a cor r ect i on for a l t i t u de n eed
be ma de. An el eva t i on of 900 met er s i s est a b-
l i sh ed a s t h e ba se el eva t i on , a n d t h e va l u es
of t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ces h a s been der i ved wi t h
t h i s cor r ect i on fa ct or i n mi n d. Th u s, t h e va l -
u es u sed for el eva t i on s bel ow 900 met er s a r e
con ser va t i ve wi t h ou t a n y ch a n ge; cor r ec-
t i on s h a ve t o be ma de on l y a bove t h i s ba se
el eva t i on .
I V. Det ermin at ion of Redu ced Min imu m
Approach Dist an ces
A. F a ct or s Affect i n g Vol t a ge S t r ess a t t h e
Wor k S i t e
1. Sy st em volt age (n omin al). Th e n omi n a l
sy st em vol t a ge r a n ge set s t h e a bsol u t e l ower
l i mi t for t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce.
Th e h i gh est va l u e wi t h i n t h e r a n ge, a s gi ven
i n t h e r el eva n t t a bl e, i s sel ect ed a n d u sed a s
a r efer en ce for per u n i t ca l cu l a t i on s.
2. T ran sien t overvolt ages. Tr a n si en t
over vol t a ges ma y be gen er a t ed on a n el ec-
t r i ca l sy st em by t h e oper a t i on of swi t ch es or
br ea k er s, by t h e occu r r en ce of a fa u l t on t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
809
1
S i gma , s, i s t h e sy mbol for st a n da r d devi -
a t i on .
l i n e or ci r cu i t bei n g wor k ed or on a n a dj a -
cen t ci r cu i t , a n d by si mi l a r a ct i vi t i es. Most
of t h e over vol t a ges a r e ca u sed by swi t ch i n g,
a n d t h e t er m swi t ch i n g su r ge i s oft en u sed
t o r efer gen er i ca l l y t o a l l t y pes of
over vol t a ges. However , ea ch over vol t a ge h a s
a n a ssoci a t ed t r a n si en t vol t a ge wa ve sh a pe.
Th e wa ve sh a pe a r r i vi n g a t t h e si t e a n d i t s
ma gn i t u de va r y con si der a bl y .
Th e i n for ma t i on u sed i n t h e devel opmen t
of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces t a k es
i n t o con si der a t i on t h e most common wa ve
sh a pes; t h u s, t h e r equ i r ed mi n i mu m a p-
pr oa ch di st a n ces a r e a ppr opr i a t e for a n y
t r a n si en t over vol t a ge l evel u su a l l y fou n d on
el ect r i c power gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d
di st r i bu t i on sy st ems. Th e va l u es of t h e per
u n i t (p. u . ) vol t a ge r el a t i ve t o t h e n omi n a l
ma xi mu m vol t a ge a r e u sed i n t h e ca l cu l a -
t i on of t h ese di st a n ces.
3. T y pical magn it u de of overvolt ages. Th e
ma gn i t u de of t y pi ca l t r a n si en t over vol t a ges
i s gi ven i n Ta bl e 5.
4. St an dard deviat ion air-gap wit h st an d.
F or ea ch a i r ga p l en gt h , a n d u n der t h e sa me
a t mosph er i c con di t i on s, t h er e i s a st a t i st i ca l
va r i a t i on i n t h e br ea k down vol t a ge. Th e
pr oba bi l i t y of t h e br ea k down vol t a ge i s a s-
su med t o h a ve a n or ma l (Ga u ssi a n ) di st r i bu -
t i on . Th e st a n da r d devi a t i on of t h i s di st r i bu -
t i on va r i es wi t h t h e wa ve sh a pe, ga p geom-
et r y , a n d a t mosph er i c con di t i on s. Th e wi t h -
st a n d vol t a ge of t h e a i r ga p u sed i n ca l cu -
l a t i n g t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce h a s been set a t
t h r ee st a n da r d devi a t i on s (3s
1
) bel ow t h e
cr i t i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge. (Th e cr i t i ca l
fl a sh over vol t a ge i s t h e cr est va l u e of t h e
i mpu l se wa ve t h a t , u n der speci fi ed con di -
t i on s, ca u ses fl a sh over on 50 per cen t of t h e
a ppl i ca t i on s. An i mpu l se wa ve of t h r ee
st a n da r d devi a t i on s bel ow t h i s va l u e, t h a t i s,
t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge, h a s a pr oba bi l i t y of
fl a sh over of a ppr oxi ma t el y 1 i n 1000. )
TABLE 5MAGNITUDE OF TYPICAL TRANSIENT
OVERVOLTAGES
Cause
Mag-
nitude
(per
unit)
Energized 200 mile line without closing resistors ... 3.5
Energized 200 mile line with one step closing re-
sistor ..................................................................... 2.1
Energized 200 mile line with multi-step resistor ..... 2.5
Reclosed with trapped charge one step resistor .... 2.2
Opening surge with single restrike .......................... 3.0
Fault initiation unfaulted phase ............................... 2.1
Fault initiation adjacent circuit ................................. 2.5
Fault clearing ........................................................... 1.71.9
Source: ANSI/IEEE Standard No. 516, 1987.
5. Brok en I n su lat ors. Test s h a ve sh own t h a t
t h e i n su l a t i on st r en gt h of a n i n su l a t or st r i n g
wi t h br ok en sk i r t s i s r edu ced. Br ok en u n i t s
ma y h a ve l ost u p t o 70% of t h ei r wi t h st a n d
ca pa ci t y . Beca u se t h e i n su l a t i n g ca pa bi l i t y
of a br ok en u n i t ca n n ot be det er mi n ed wi t h -
ou t t est i n g i t , da ma ged u n i t s i n a n i n su l a t or
a r e u su a l l y con si der ed t o h a ve n o i n su l a t i n g
va l u e. Addi t i on a l l y , t h e over a l l i n su l a t i n g
st r en gt h of a st r i n g wi t h br ok en u n i t s ma y
be fu r t h er r edu ced i n t h e pr esen ce of a l i ve-
l i n e t ool a l on gsi de i t . Th e n u mber of good
u n i t s t h a t mu st be pr esen t i n a st r i n g i s
ba sed on t h e ma xi mu m over vol t a ge possi bl e
a t t h e wor k si t e.
B. Mi n i mu m Appr oa ch Di st a n ces Ba sed on
Kn own Ma xi mu m An t i ci pa t ed P er -Un i t
Tr a n si en t Over vol t a ges
1. Redu ct ion of t h e min imu m approach dis-
t an ce f or AC sy st ems. Wh en t h e t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge va l u es a r e k n own a n d su ppl i ed
by t h e empl oy er , Ta bl e R7 a n d Ta bl e R8 of
1910. 269 a l l ow t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces fr om en er gi zed pa r t s t o be r edu ced. I n
or der t o det er mi n e wh a t t h i s ma xi mu m over -
vol t a ge i s, t h e empl oy er mu st u n der t a k e a n
en gi n eer i n g a n a l y si s of t h e sy st em. As a r e-
su l t of t h i s en gi n eer i n g st u dy , t h e empl oy er
mu st pr ovi de n ew l i ve wor k pr ocedu r es, r e-
fl ect i n g t h e n ew mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces, t h e con di t i on s a n d l i mi t a t i on s of a p-
pl i ca t i on of t h e n ew mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di s-
t a n ces, a n d t h e speci fi c pr a ct i ces t o be u sed
wh en t h ese pr ocedu r es a r e i mpl emen t ed.
2. Calcu lat ion of redu ced approach dist an ce
valu es. Th e fol l owi n g met h od of ca l cu l a t i n g
r edu ced mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces i s
ba sed on ANS I /I EEE S t a n da r d 516:
St ep 1. Det er mi n e t h e ma xi mu m vol t a ge
(wi t h r espect t o a gi ven n omi n a l vol t a ge
r a n ge) for t h e en er gi zed pa r t .
St ep 2. Det er mi n e t h e ma xi mu m t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge (n or ma l l y a swi t ch i n g su r ge)
t h a t ca n be pr esen t a t t h e wor k si t e du r i n g
wor k oper a t i on .
St ep 3. Det er mi n e t h e t ech n i qu e t o be u sed
t o con t r ol t h e ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over -
vol t a ge. (S ee pa r a gr a ph s I V. C a n d I V. D of
t h i s a ppen di x. ) Det er mi n e t h e ma xi mu m
vol t a ge t h a t ca n exi st a t t h e wor k si t e wi t h
t h a t for m of con t r ol i n pl a ce a n d wi t h a con -
fi den ce l evel of 3s. Th i s vol t a ge i s con si der ed
t o be t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge for t h e pu r pose
of ca l cu l a t i n g t h e a ppr opr i a t e mi n i mu m a p-
St ep 4. S peci fy i n det a i l t h e con t r ol t ech -
n i qu e t o be u sed, a n d di r ect i t s i mpl emen t a -
t i on du r i n g t h e cou r se of t h e wor k .
St ep 5. Usi n g t h e n ew va l u e of t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge i n per u n i t (p. u . ), det er mi n e t h e
r equ i r ed ph a se-t o-gr ou n d mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ce fr om Ta bl e R7 or Ta bl e R8 of
1910. 269.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
810
2
Th e det a i l ed desi gn of a ci r cu i t i n t er -
r u pt er , su ch a s t h e desi gn of t h e con t a ct s, of
r esi st or i n ser t i on , a n d of br ea k er t i mi n g con -
t r ol , a r e bey on d t h e scope of t h i s a ppen di x.
Th ese fea t u r es a r e r ou t i n el y pr ovi ded a s pa r t
of t h e desi gn for t h e sy st em. On l y fea t u r es
t h a t ca n l i mi t t h e ma xi mu m swi t ch i n g t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ge on a sy st em a r e di scu ssed
i n t h i s a ppen di x.
3
S u r ge a r r est or a ppl i ca t i on i s bey on d t h e
scope of t h i s a ppen di x. However , i f t h e a r -
r est er i s i n st a l l ed n ea r t h e wor k si t e, t h e a p-
pl i ca t i on wou l d be si mi l a r t o pr ot ect i ve ga ps
a s di scu ssed i n pa r a gr a ph I V. D. of t h i s a p-
pen di x.
4
S i n ce a gi ven r od ga p of a gi ven con fi gu -
r a t i on cor r espon ds t o a cer t a i n wi t h st a n d
vol t a ge, t h i s met h od ca n a l so be u sed t o de-
t er mi n e t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce for
a k n own ga p.
5
Th e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge for t h e ga p i s equ a l
t o 85 per cen t of i t s cr i t i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge.
6
S wi t ch st eps 1 a n d 2 i f t h e l en gt h of t h e
pr ot ect i ve ga p i s k n own . Th e wi t h st a n d vol t -
a ge mu st t h en be ch eck ed t o en su r e t h a t i t
pr ovi des a n a ccept a bl e pr oba bi l i t y of ga p
fl a sh over . I n gen er a l , i t sh ou l d be a t l ea st
1. 25 t i mes t h e ma xi mu m cr est oper a t i n g
vol t a ge.
C. Met h ods of Con t r ol l i n g P ossi bl e Tr a n si en t
Over vol t a ge S t r ess F ou n d on a S y st em
1. I n t rodu ct ion . Th er e a r e sever a l mea n s of
con t r ol l i n g over vol t a ges t h a t occu r on t r a n s-
mi ssi on sy st ems. F i r st , t h e oper a t i on of ci r -
cu i t br ea k er s or ot h er swi t ch i n g devi ces ma y
be modi fi ed t o r edu ce swi t ch i n g t r a n si en t
over vol t a ges. S econ d, t h e over vol t a ge i t sel f
ma y be for ci bl y h el d t o a n a ccept a bl e l evel
by mea n s of i n st a l l a t i on of su r ge a r r est er s a t
t h e speci fi c l oca t i on t o be pr ot ect ed. Th i r d,
t h e t r a n smi ssi on sy st em ma y be ch a n ged t o
mi n i mi ze t h e effect of swi t ch i n g oper a t i on s.
2. Operat ion of circu it break ers.
2
Th e ma x-
i mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge t h a t ca n r ea ch
t h e wor k si t e i s oft en du e t o swi t ch i n g on
t h e l i n e on wh i ch wor k i s bei n g per for med. I f
t h e a u t oma t i c-r ecl osi n g i s r emoved du r i n g
en er gi zed l i n e wor k so t h a t t h e l i n e wi l l n ot
be r e-en er gi zed a ft er bei n g open ed for a n y
r ea son , t h e ma xi mu m swi t ch i n g su r ge over -
vol t a ge i s t h en l i mi t ed t o t h e l a r ger of t h e
open i n g su r ge or t h e gr ea t est possi bl e fa u l t -
gen er a t ed su r ge, pr ovi ded t h a t t h e devi ces
(for exa mpl e, i n ser t i on r esi st or s) a r e oper -
a bl e a n d wi l l fu n ct i on t o l i mi t t h e t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge. I t i s essen t i a l t h a t t h e oper -
a t i n g a bi l i t y of su ch devi ces be a ssu r ed wh en
t h ey a r e empl oy ed t o l i mi t t h e over vol t a ge
l evel . I f i t i s pr u den t n ot t o r emove t h e r e-
cl osi n g fea t u r e (beca u se of sy st em oper a t i n g
con di t i on s), ot h er met h ods of con t r ol l i n g t h e
swi t ch i n g su r ge l evel ma y be n ecessa r y .
Tr a n si en t su r ges on a n a dj a cen t l i n e, pa r -
t i cu l a r l y for dou bl e ci r cu i t con st r u ct i on ,
ma y ca u se a si gn i fi ca n t over vol t a ge on t h e
l i n e on wh i ch wor k i s bei n g per for med. Th e
cou pl i n g t o a dj a cen t l i n es mu st be a ccou n t ed
for wh en mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces a r e
ca l cu l a t ed ba sed on t h e ma xi mu m t r a n si en t
over vol t a ge.
3. Su rge arrest ers. Th e u se of moder n su r ge
a r r est er s h a s per mi t t ed a r edu ct i on i n t h e
ba si c i mpu l se-i n su l a t i on l evel s of mu ch
t r a n smi ssi on sy st em equ i pmen t . Th e pr i -
ma r y fu n ct i on of ea r l y a r r est er s wa s t o pr o-
t ect t h e sy st em i n su l a t i on fr om t h e effect s
of l i gh t n i n g. Moder n a r r est er s n ot on l y di s-
si pa t e l i gh t n i n g-ca u sed t r a n si en t s, bu t ma y
a l so con t r ol ma n y ot h er sy st em t r a n si en t s
t h a t ma y be ca u sed by swi t ch i n g or fa u l t s.
I t i s possi bl e t o u se pr oper l y desi gn ed a r -
r est er s t o con t r ol t r a n si en t over vol t a ges
a l on g a t r a n smi ssi on l i n e a n d t h er eby r edu ce
t h e r equ i si t e l en gt h of t h e i n su l a t or st r i n g.
On t h e ot h er h a n d, i f t h e i n st a l l a t i on of a r -
r est er s h a s n ot been u sed t o r edu ce t h e
l en gt h of t h e i n su l a t or st r i n g, i t ma y be u sed
t o r edu ce t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce
i n st ea d.
3

4. Swit ch in g Rest rict ion s. An ot h er for m of
over vol t a ge con t r ol i s t h e est a bl i sh men t of
swi t ch i n g r est r i ct i on s, u n der wh i ch br ea k er s
a r e n ot per mi t t ed t o be oper a t ed u n t i l cer -
t a i n sy st em con di t i on s a r e sa t i sfi ed. Rest r i c-
t i on of swi t ch i n g i s a ch i eved by t h e u se of a
t a ggi n g sy st em, si mi l a r t o t h a t u sed for a
per mi t , except t h a t t h e common t er m
u sed for t h i s a ct i vi t y i s a h ol d-off or r e-
st r i ct i on . Th ese t er ms a r e u sed t o i n di ca t e
t h a t oper a t i on i s n ot pr even t ed, bu t on l y
modi fi ed du r i n g t h e l i ve-wor k a ct i vi t y .
D. Mi n i mu m Appr oa ch Di st a n ce Ba sed on
Con t r ol of Vol t a ge S t r ess (Over vol t a ges) a t
t h e Wor k S i t e.
Redu ced mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ces ca n
be ca l cu l a t ed a s fol l ows:
1. First Met h odDet ermin in g t h e redu ced
min imu m approach dist an ce f rom a given wit h -
st an d volt age.
4

St ep 1. S el ect t h e a ppr opr i a t e wi t h st a n d
vol t a ge for t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p ba sed on sy s-
t em r equ i r emen t s a n d a n a ccept a bl e pr ob-
a bi l i t y of a ct u a l ga p fl a sh over .
St ep 2. Det er mi n e a ga p di st a n ce t h a t pr o-
vi des a wi t h st a n d vol t a ge
5
gr ea t er t h a n or
equ a l t o t h e on e sel ect ed i n t h e fi r st st ep.
6

St ep 3. Usi n g 110 per cen t of t h e ga ps cr i t -
i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge, det er mi n e t h e el ec-
t r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ce fr om Equ a t i on (2) or Ta bl e 6, wh i ch
i s a t a bu l a t i on of di st a n ce vs. wi t h st a n d
vol t a ge ba sed on Equ a t i on (2).
St ep 4. Add t h e 1-foot er gon omi c compo-
n en t t o obt a i n t h e t ot a l mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ce t o be ma i n t a i n ed by t h e empl oy ee.
2. Secon d Met h odDet ermin in g t h e n ecessary
prot ect ive gap len gt h f rom a desired (redu ced)
min imu m approach dist an ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
811
7
S i n ce t h e va l u e of t h e sa t u r a t i on fa ct or ,
a , i n Equ a t i on (2) i s depen den t on t h e ma x-
i mu m vol t a ge, sever a l i t er a t i ve compu t a -
t i on s ma y be n ecessa r y t o det er mi n e t h e cor -
r ect wi t h st a n d vol t a ge u si n g t h e equ a t i on . A
gr a ph of wi t h st a n d vol t a ge vs. di st a n ce i s
gi ven i n ANS I /I EEE S t d. 516, 1987. Th i s gr a ph
cou l d a l so be u sed t o det er mi n e t h e a ppr o-
pr i a t e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge for t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i n vol ved.
8
To el i mi n a t e u n wa n t ed fl a sh over s du e t o
mi n or sy st em di st u r ba n ces, i t i s desi r a bl e t o
h a ve t h e cr est wi t h st a n d vol t a ge n o l ower
t h a n 1. 25 p. u .
St ep 1. Det er mi n e t h e desi r ed mi n i mu m a p-
pr oa ch di st a n ce for t h e empl oy ee. S u bt r a ct
t h e 1-foot er gon omi c compon en t of t h e mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce.
St ep 2. Usi n g t h i s di st a n ce, ca l cu l a t e t h e
a i r ga p wi t h st a n d vol t a ge fr om Equ a t i on (2).
Al t er n a t i vel y , fi n d t h e vol t a ge cor -
r espon di n g t o t h e di st a n ce i n Ta bl e 6.
7

St ep 3. S el ect a pr ot ect i ve ga p di st a n ce cor -
r espon di n g t o a cr i t i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge
t h a t , wh en mu l t i pl i ed by 110 per cen t , i s l ess
t h a n or equ a l t o t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge fr om
S t ep 2.
St ep 4. Ca l cu l a t e t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge of
t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p (85 per cen t of t h e cr i t i ca l
fl a sh over vol t a ge) t o en su r e t h a t i t pr ovi des
a n a ccept a bl e r i sk of fl a sh over du r i n g t h e
t i me t h e ga p i s i n st a l l ed.
TABLE 6WITHSTAND DISTANCES FOR
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES
Crest voltage (kV)
Withstand
distance
(in feet) air
gap
100 ....................................................................... 0.71
150 ....................................................................... 1.06
200 ....................................................................... 1.41
250 ....................................................................... 1.77
300 ....................................................................... 2.12
350 ....................................................................... 2.47
400 ....................................................................... 2.83
450 ....................................................................... 3.18
500 ....................................................................... 3.54
550 ....................................................................... 3.89
600 ....................................................................... 4.24
650 ....................................................................... 4.60
700 ....................................................................... 5.17
750 ....................................................................... 5.73
800 ....................................................................... 6.31
850 ....................................................................... 6.91
900 ....................................................................... 7.57
950 ....................................................................... 8.23
1000 ..................................................................... 8.94
1050 ..................................................................... 9.65
1100 ..................................................................... 10.42
1150 ..................................................................... 11.18
1200 ..................................................................... 12.05
1250 ..................................................................... 12.90
1300 ..................................................................... 13.79
1350 ..................................................................... 14.70
1400 ..................................................................... 15.64
1450 ..................................................................... 16.61
1500 ..................................................................... 17.61
1550 ..................................................................... 18.63
Source: Calculations are based on Equation (2).
Note: The air gap is based on the 60-Hz rod-gap withstand
distance.
3. Sample prot ect ive gap calcu lat ion s.
Problem 1: Wor k i s t o be per for med on a 500-
k V t r a n smi ssi on l i n e t h a t i s su bj ect t o t r a n -
si en t over vol t a ges of 2. 4 p. u . Th e ma xi mu m
oper a t i n g vol t a ge of t h e l i n e i s 552 k V. De-
t er mi n e t h e l en gt h of t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p t h a t
wi l l pr ovi de t h e mi n i mu m pr a ct i ca l sa fe a p-
pr oa ch di st a n ce. Al so, det er mi n e wh a t t h a t
mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i s.
St ep 1. Ca l cu l a t e t h e sma l l est pr a ct i ca l
ma xi mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge (1. 25 t i mes
t h e cr est l i n e-t o-gr ou n d vol t a ge):
8

552 kV
2
1.25 = 563 kV.
3
Th i s wi l l be t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge of t h e pr o-
t ect i ve ga p.
St ep 2. Usi n g t est da t a for a pa r t i cu l a r pr o-
t ect i ve ga p, sel ect a ga p t h a t h a s a cr i t i ca l
fl a sh over vol t a ge gr ea t er t h a n or equ a l t o:
563 k V 0. 85 = 662 k V.
F or exa mpl e, i f a pr ot ect i ve ga p wi t h a 4. 0-
foot spa ci n g t est ed t o a cr i t i ca l fl a sh over
vol t a ge of 665 k V, cr est , sel ect t h i s ga p spa c-
i n g.
St ep 3. Th i s pr ot ect i ve ga p cor r espon ds t o a
110 per cen t of cr i t i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge
va l u e of:
665 kV 1.10 = 732 kV.
Th i s cor r espon ds t o t h e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge
of t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m
a ppr oa ch di st a n ce.
St ep 4. Usi n g t h i s vol t a ge i n Equ a t i on (2)
r esu l t s i n a n el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e
mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce of:
D + ( ) 0 01 0 0006
552
5 5 . . .
kV
3
ft.
St ep 5. Add 1 foot t o t h e di st a n ce ca l -
cu l a t ed i n st ep 4, r esu l t i n g i n a t ot a l mi n -
i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce of 6. 5 feet .
Problem 2: F or a l i n e oper a t i n g a t a ma x-
i mu m vol t a ge of 552 k V su bj ect t o a ma x-
i mu m t r a n si en t over vol t a ge of 2. 4 p. u . , fi n d a
pr ot ect i ve ga p di st a n ce t h a t wi l l per mi t t h e
u se of a 9. 0-foot mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce.
(A mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce of 11 feet , 3
i n ch es i s n or ma l l y r equ i r ed. )
St ep 1. Th e el ect r i ca l compon en t of t h e
mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce i s 8. 0 feet (9. 0
1. 0).
St ep 2. F r om Ta bl e 6, sel ect t h e wi t h st a n d
vol t a ge cor r espon di n g t o a di st a n ce of 8. 0
feet . By i n t er pol a t i on :
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
2
<
/
M
A
T
H
>
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
4
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
5
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
812
1
Th i s a ppen di x pr ovi des i n for ma t i on pr i -
ma r i l y wi t h r espect t o empl oy ee pr ot ect i on
fr om con t a ct bet ween equ i pmen t bei n g u sed
a n d a n en er gi zed power l i n e. Th e i n for ma t i on
pr esen t ed i s a l so r el eva n t t o gr ou n d fa u l t s t o
t r a n smi ssi on t ower s a n d su bst a t i on st r u c-
t u r es; h owever , gr ou n di n g sy st ems for t h ese
st r u ct u r es sh ou l d be desi gn ed t o mi n i mi ze
t h e st ep a n d t ou ch pot en t i a l s i n vol ved.
900 kV+ 50
8.00
kV.
( )
( )
1
]
1
1
7 57
8 23 7 57
933
.
. .
St ep 3. Th e vol t a ge ca l cu l a t ed i n S t ep 2
cor r espon ds t o 110 per cen t of t h e cr i t i ca l
fl a sh over vol t a ge of t h e ga p t h a t sh ou l d be
empl oy ed. Usi n g t est da t a for a pa r t i cu l a r
pr ot ect i ve ga p, sel ect a ga p t h a t h a s a cr i t -
i ca l fl a sh over vol t a ge l ess t h a n or equ a l t o:
D = (0. 01+0. 0006)732k V2
F or exa mpl e, i f a pr ot ect i ve ga p wi t h a 5. 8-
foot spa ci n g t est ed t o a cr i t i ca l fl a sh over
vol t a ge of 820 k V, cr est , sel ect t h i s ga p spa c-
i n g.
St ep 4. Th e wi t h st a n d vol t a ge of t h i s pr o-
t ect i ve ga p wou l d be:
820 kV 0.85 = 697 kV.
Th e ma xi mu m oper a t i n g cr est vol t a ge wou l d
be:
552 kV
2
449 kV,
3
Th e cr est wi t h st a n d vol t a ge of t h e pr ot ect i ve
ga p i n per u n i t i s t h u s:
697 kV+ 449 kV =1.55 p. u.
I f t h i s i s a ccept a bl e, t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p
cou l d be i n st a l l ed wi t h a 5. 8-foot spa ci n g,
a n d t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch di st a n ce cou l d
t h en be r edu ced t o 9. 0 feet .
4. Commen t s an d variat ion s. Th e 1-foot er go-
n omi c compon en t of t h e mi n i mu m a ppr oa ch
di st a n ce mu st be a dded t o t h e el ect r i ca l
t a n ce ca l cu l a t ed u n der pa r a gr a ph I V. D of
t h i s a ppen di x. Th e ca l cu l a t i on s ma y be va r -
i ed by st a r t i n g wi t h t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p di s-
t a n ce or by st a r t i n g wi t h t h e mi n i mu m a p-
E. Loca t i on of P r ot ect i ve Ga ps
1. I n st a l l a t i on of t h e pr ot ect i ve ga p on a
st r u ct u r e a dj a cen t t o t h e wor k si t e i s a n a c-
cept a bl e pr a ct i ce, a s t h i s does n ot si gn i fi -
ca n t l y r edu ce t h e pr ot ect i on a ffor ded by t h e
ga p.
2. Ga ps i n st a l l ed a t t er mi n a l st a t i on s of
l i n es or ci r cu i t s pr ovi de a gi ven l evel of pr o-
t ect i on . Th e l evel ma y n ot , h owever , ext en d
t h r ou gh ou t t h e l en gt h of t h e l i n e t o t h e
wor k si t e. Th e u se of ga ps a t t er mi n a l st a -
t i on s mu st be st u di ed i n dept h . Th e u se of
su bst a t i on t er mi n a l ga ps r a i ses t h e possi -
bi l i t y t h a t sepa r a t e su r ges cou l d en t er t h e
l i n e a t opposi t e en ds, ea ch wi t h l ow en ou gh
ma gn i t u de t o pa ss t h e t er mi n a l ga ps wi t h ou t
fl a sh over . Wh en vol t a ge su r ges a r e i n i t i a t ed
si mu l t a n eou sl y a t ea ch en d of a l i n e a n d
t r a vel t owa r d ea ch ot h er , t h e t ot a l vol t a ge
on t h e l i n e a t t h e poi n t wh er e t h ey meet i s
t h e a r i t h met i c su m of t h e t wo su r ges. A ga p
t h a t i s i n st a l l ed wi t h i n 0. 5 mi l e of t h e wor k
si t e wi l l pr ot ect a ga i n st su ch i n t er sect i n g
wa ves. En gi n eer i n g st u di es of a pa r t i cu l a r
l i n e or sy st em ma y i n di ca t e t h a t a dequ a t e
pr ot ect i on ca n be pr ovi ded by even mor e di s-
t a n t ga ps.
3. I f pr ot ect i ve ga ps a r e u sed a t t h e wor k
si t e, t h e wor k si t e i mpu l se i n su l a t i on
st r en gt h i s est a bl i sh ed by t h e ga p set t i n g.
Li gh t n i n g st r i k es a s mu ch a s 6 mi l es a wa y
fr om t h e wor k si t e ma y ca u se a vol t a ge su r ge
gr ea t er t h a n t h e i n su l a t i on wi t h st a n d vol t -
a ge, a n d a ga p fl a sh over ma y occu r . Th e
fl a sh over wi l l n ot occu r bet ween t h e em-
pl oy ee a n d t h e l i n e, bu t a cr oss t h e pr ot ect i ve
ga p i n st ea d.
4. Th er e a r e t wo r ea son s t o di sa bl e t h e
a u t oma t i c-r ecl osi n g fea t u r e of ci r cu i t -i n t er -
r u pt i n g devi ces wh i l e empl oy ees a r e per -
for mi n g l i ve-l i n e ma i n t en a n ce:
To pr even t t h e r een er gi zi n g of a ci r cu i t
fa u l t ed by a ct i on s of a wor k er , wh i ch cou l d
possi bl y cr ea t e a h a za r d or compou n d i n j u -
r i es or da ma ge pr odu ced by t h e or i gi n a l
fa u l t ;
To pr even t a n y t r a n si en t over vol t a ge
ca u sed by t h e swi t ch i n g su r ge t h a t wou l d
occu r i f t h e ci r cu i t wer e r een er gi zed.
However , du e t o sy st em st a bi l i t y con si der -
a t i on s, i t ma y n ot a l wa y s be fea si bl e t o di s-
a bl e t h e a u t oma t i c-r ecl osi n g fea t u r e.
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 269P ROTECTI ON F ROM
S TEP AND TOUCH P OTENTI ALS
Wh en a gr ou n d fa u l t occu r s on a power
l i n e, vol t a ge i s i mpr essed on t h e gr ou n ded
obj ect fa u l t i n g t h e l i n e. Th e vol t a ge t o
wh i ch t h i s obj ect r i ses depen ds l a r gel y on
t h e vol t a ge on t h e l i n e, on t h e i mpeda n ce of
t h e fa u l t ed con du ct or , a n d on t h e i mpeda n ce
t o t r u e, or a bsol u t e, gr ou n d r epr esen t ed
by t h e obj ect . I f t h e obj ect ca u si n g t h e fa u l t
r epr esen t s a r el a t i vel y l a r ge i mpeda n ce, t h e
vol t a ge i mpr essed on i t i s essen t i a l l y t h e
ph a se-t o-gr ou n d sy st em vol t a ge. However ,
even fa u l t s t o wel l gr ou n ded t r a n smi ssi on
t ower s or su bst a t i on st r u ct u r es ca n r esu l t i n
h a za r dou s vol t a ges.
1
Th e degr ee of t h e h a z-
a r d depen ds u pon t h e ma gn i t u de of t h e fa u l t
cu r r en t a n d t h e t i me of exposu r e.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
6
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
8
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
1
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
2
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
813
I I . Volt age-Gradien t Dist ribu t ion
A. Vol t a ge-Gr a di en t Di st r i bu t i on Cu r ve
Th e di ssi pa t i on of vol t a ge fr om a gr ou n d-
i n g el ect r ode (or fr om t h e gr ou n ded en d of a n
en er gi zed gr ou n ded obj ect ) i s ca l l ed t h e
gr ou n d pot en t i a l gr a di en t . Vol t a ge dr ops a s-
soci a t ed wi t h t h i s di ssi pa t i on of vol t a ge a r e
ca l l ed gr ou n d pot en t i a l s. F i gu r e 1 i s a t y p-
i ca l vol t a ge-gr a di en t di st r i bu t i on cu r ve (a s-
su mi n g a u n i for m soi l t ext u r e). Th i s gr a ph
sh ows t h a t vol t a ge decr ea ses r a pi dl y wi t h i n -
cr ea si n g di st a n ce fr om t h e gr ou n di n g el ec-
t r ode.
B. S t ep a n d Tou ch P ot en t i a l s
S t ep pot en t i a l i s t h e vol t a ge bet ween
t h e feet of a per son st a n di n g n ea r a n en er -
gi zed gr ou n ded obj ect . I t i s equ a l t o t h e di f-
fer en ce i n vol t a ge, gi ven by t h e vol t a ge di s-
t r i bu t i on cu r ve, bet ween t wo poi n t s a t di f-
fer en t di st a n ces fr om t h e el ect r ode. A per -
son cou l d be a t r i sk of i n j u r y du r i n g a fa u l t
si mpl y by st a n di n g n ea r t h e gr ou n di n g poi n t .
Tou ch pot en t i a l i s t h e vol t a ge bet ween
t h e en er gi zed obj ect a n d t h e feet of a per son
i n con t a ct wi t h t h e obj ect . I t i s equ a l t o t h e
di ffer en ce i n vol t a ge bet ween t h e obj ect
(wh i ch i s a t a di st a n ce of 0 feet ) a n d a poi n t
some di st a n ce a wa y . I t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t
t h e t ou ch pot en t i a l cou l d be n ea r l y t h e fu l l
vol t a ge a cr oss t h e gr ou n ded obj ect i f t h a t
obj ect i s gr ou n ded a t a poi n t r emot e fr om
t h e pl a ce wh er e t h e per son i s i n con t a ct wi t h
i t . F or exa mpl e, a cr a n e t h a t wa s gr ou n ded
t o t h e sy st em n eu t r a l a n d t h a t con t a ct ed a n
en er gi zed l i n e wou l d expose a n y per son i n
con t a ct wi t h t h e cr a n e or i t s u n i n su l a t ed
l oa d l i n e t o a t ou ch pot en t i a l n ea r l y equ a l t o
t h e fu l l fa u l t vol t a ge.
S t ep a n d t ou ch pot en t i a l s a r e i l l u st r a t ed
i n F i gu r e 2.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
814
Distance from rod (ft)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
f
r
o
m
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
7
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
815
F I GURE 1TYP I CAL VOLTAGE-GRADI ENT DI S TRI BUTI ON CURVE
C. P r ot ect i on F r om t h e Ha za r ds of Gr ou n d-
P ot en t i a l Gr a di en t s.
An en gi n eer i n g a n a l y si s of t h e power sy s-
t em u n der fa u l t con di t i on s ca n be u sed t o de-
t er mi n e wh et h er or n ot h a za r dou s st ep a n d
t ou ch vol t a ges wi l l devel op. Th e r esu l t of
t h i s a n a l y si s ca n a scer t a i n t h e n eed for pr o-
t ect i ve mea su r es a n d ca n gu i de t h e sel ect i on
of a ppr opr i a t e pr eca u t i on s.
E
R
3
1
J
A
9
4
.
0
0
8
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
816
S ever a l met h ods ma y be u sed t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees fr om h a za r dou s gr ou n d-pot en t i a l
gr a di en t s, i n cl u di n g equ i pot en t i a l zon es, i n -
su l a t i n g equ i pmen t , a n d r est r i ct ed wor k
a r ea s.
1. Th e cr ea t i on of a n equ i pot en t i a l zon e
wi l l pr ot ect a wor k er st a n di n g wi t h i n i t fr om
h a za r dou s st ep a n d t ou ch pot en t i a l s. (S ee
F i gu r e 3. ) S u ch a zon e ca n be pr odu ced
t h r ou gh t h e u se of a met a l ma t con n ect ed t o
t h e gr ou n ded obj ect . I n some ca ses, a
gr ou n di n g gr i d ca n be u sed t o equ a l i ze t h e
vol t a ge wi t h i n t h e gr i d. Equ i pot en t i a l zon es
wi l l n ot , h owever , pr ot ect empl oy ees wh o a r e
ei t h er wh ol l y or pa r t i a l l y ou t si de t h e pr o-
t ect ed a r ea . Bon di n g con du ct i ve obj ect s i n
t h e i mmedi a t e wor k a r ea ca n a l so be u sed t o
mi n i mi ze t h e pot en t i a l bet ween t h e obj ect s
a n d bet ween ea ch obj ect a n d gr ou n d. (Bon d-
i n g a n obj ect ou t si de t h e wor k a r ea ca n i n -
cr ea se t h e t ou ch pot en t i a l t o t h a t obj ect i n
some ca ses, h owever . )
2. Th e u se of i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t , su ch a s
r u bber gl oves, ca n pr ot ect empl oy ees h a n -
dl i n g gr ou n ded equ i pmen t a n d con du ct or s
fr om h a za r dou s t ou ch pot en t i a l s. Th e i n su -
l a t i n g equ i pmen t mu st be r a t ed for t h e h i gh -
est vol t a ge t h a t ca n be i mpr essed on t h e
gr ou n ded obj ect s u n der fa u l t con di t i on s
(r a t h er t h a n for t h e fu l l sy st em vol t a ge).
3. Rest r i ct i n g empl oy ees fr om a r ea s wh er e
h a za r dou s st ep or t ou ch pot en t i a l s cou l d
a r i se ca n pr ot ect empl oy ees n ot di r ect l y i n -
vol ved i n t h e oper a t i on bei n g per for med.
Empl oy ees on t h e gr ou n d i n t h e vi ci n i t y of
t r a n smi ssi on st r u ct u r es sh ou l d be k ept a t a
di st a n ce wh er e st ep vol t a ges wou l d be i n su f-
fi ci en t t o ca u se i n j u r y . Empl oy ees sh ou l d
n ot h a n dl e gr ou n ded con du ct or s or equ i p-
men t l i k el y t o become en er gi zed t o h a z-
a r dou s vol t a ges u n l ess t h e empl oy ees a r e
wi t h i n a n equ i pot en t i a l zon e or a r e pr ot ect ed
by i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
817
E
R
3
1
ja
9
4
.
0
0
9
<
/
G
P
H
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
818
1
A pr oper l y gu y ed pol e i n good con di t i on
sh ou l d, a t a mi n i mu m, be a bl e t o h a n dl e t h e
wei gh t of a n empl oy ee cl i mbi n g i t .
2
Th e pr esen ce of a n y of t h ese con di t i on s i s
a n i n di ca t i on t h a t t h e pol e ma y n ot be sa fe
t o cl i mb or t o wor k fr om. Th e empl oy ee per -
for mi n g t h e i n spect i on mu st be qu a l i fi ed t o
ma k e a det er mi n a t i on a s t o wh et h er or n ot
i t i s sa fe t o per for m t h e wor k wi t h ou t t a k i n g
a ddi t i on a l pr eca u t i on s.
AP P ENDI X D TO 1910. 269METHODS OF
I NS P ECTI NG AND TES TI NG WOOD P OLES
Wh en wor k i s t o be per for med on a wood
pol e, i t i s i mpor t a n t t o det er mi n e t h e con di -
t i on of t h e pol e befor e i t i s cl i mbed. Th e
wei gh t of t h e empl oy ee, t h e wei gh t of equ i p-
men t bei n g i n st a l l ed, a n d ot h er wor k i n g
st r esses (su ch a s t h e r emova l or r et en si on i n g
of con du ct or s) ca n l ea d t o t h e fa i l u r e of a de-
fect i ve pol e or on e t h a t i s n ot desi gn ed t o
h a n dl e t h e a ddi t i on a l st r esses.
1
F or t h ese
r ea son s, i t i s essen t i a l t h a t a n i n spect i on
a n d t est of t h e con di t i on of a wood pol e be
per for med befor e i t i s cl i mbed.
I f t h e pol e i s fou n d t o be u n sa fe t o cl i mb or
t o wor k fr om, i t mu st be secu r ed so t h a t i t
does n ot fa i l wh i l e a n empl oy ee i s on i t . Th e
pol e ca n be secu r ed by a l i n e t r u ck boom, by
r opes or gu y s, or by l a sh i n g a n ew pol e
a l on gsi de i t . I f a n ew on e i s l a sh ed a l on gsi de
t h e defect i ve pol e, wor k sh ou l d be per for med
fr om t h e n ew on e.
I I . I n spect ion of Wood Poles
Wood pol es sh ou l d be i n spect ed by a qu a l i -
fi ed empl oy ee for t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
2

A. Gen er a l Con di t i on
Th e pol e sh ou l d be i n spect ed for bu ck l i n g
a t t h e gr ou n d l i n e a n d for a n u n u su a l a n gl e
wi t h r espect t o t h e gr ou n d. Bu ck l i n g a n d odd
a n gl es ma y i n di ca t e t h a t t h e pol e h a s r ot t ed
or i s br ok en .
B. Cr a ck s
Th e pol e sh ou l d be i n spect ed for cr a ck s.
Hor i zon t a l cr a ck s per pen di cu l a r t o t h e gr a i n
of t h e wood ma y wea k en t h e pol e. Ver t i ca l
on es, a l t h ou gh n ot con si der ed t o be a si gn of
a defect i ve pol e, ca n pose a h a za r d t o t h e
cl i mber , a n d t h e empl oy ee sh ou l d k eep h i s or
h er ga ffs a wa y fr om t h em wh i l e cl i mbi n g.
C. Hol es
Hol l ow spot s a n d woodpeck er h ol es ca n r e-
du ce t h e st r en gt h of a wood pol e.
D. S h el l Rot a n d Deca y
Rot t i n g a n d deca y a r e cu t ou t h a za r ds a n d
a r e possi bl e i n di ca t i on s of t h e a ge a n d i n t er -
n a l con di t i on of t h e pol e.
E. Kn ot s
On e l a r ge k n ot or sever a l sma l l er on es a t
t h e sa me h ei gh t on t h e pol e ma y be evi den ce
of a wea k poi n t on t h e pol e.
F . Dept h of S et t i n g
Evi den ce of t h e exi st en ce of a for mer
gr ou n d l i n e su bst a n t i a l l y a bove t h e exi st i n g
gr ou n d l evel ma y be a n i n di ca t i on t h a t t h e
pol e i s n o l on ger bu r i ed t o a su ffi ci en t ex-
t en t .
G. S oi l Con di t i on s
S oft , wet , or l oose soi l ma y n ot su ppor t
a n y ch a n ges of st r ess on t h e pol e.
H. Bu r n Ma r k s
Bu r n i n g fr om t r a n sfor mer fa i l u r es or con -
du ct or fa u l t s cou l d da ma ge t h e pol e so t h a t
i t ca n n ot wi t h st a n d mech a n i ca l st r ess
ch a n ges.
I I I . T est in g of Wood Poles
Th e fol l owi n g t est s, wh i ch h a ve been t a k en
fr om 1910. 268(n )(3), a r e r ecogn i zed a s a ccept -
a bl e met h ods of t est i n g wood pol es:
A. Ha mmer Test
Ra p t h e pol e sh a r pl y wi t h a h a mmer
wei gh i n g a bou t 3 pou n ds, st a r t i n g n ea r t h e
gr ou n d l i n e a n d con t i n u i n g u pwa r ds ci r cu m-
fer en t i a l l y a r ou n d t h e pol e t o a h ei gh t of a p-
pr oxi ma t el y 6 feet . Th e h a mmer wi l l pr odu ce
a cl ea r sou n d a n d r ebou n d sh a r pl y wh en
st r i k i n g sou n d wood. Deca y pock et s wi l l be
i n di ca t ed by a du l l sou n d or a l ess pr o-
n ou n ced h a mmer r ebou n d. Al so, pr od t h e
pol e a s n ea r t h e gr ou n d l i n e a s possi bl e u si n g
a pol e pr od or a scr ewdr i ver wi t h a bl a de a t
l ea st 5 i n ch es l on g. I f su bst a n t i a l deca y i s
en cou n t er ed, t h e pol e i s con si der ed u n sa fe.
B. Rock i n g Test
Appl y a h or i zon t a l for ce t o t h e pol e a n d a t -
t empt t o r ock i t ba ck a n d for t h i n a di r ec-
t i on per pen di cu l a r t o t h e l i n e. Ca u t i on mu st
be exer ci sed t o a voi d ca u si n g power l i n es t o
swi n g t oget h er . Th e for ce ma y be a ppl i ed ei -
t h er by pu sh i n g wi t h a pi k e pol e or pu l l i n g
wi t h a r ope. I f t h e pol e cr a ck s du r i n g t h e
t est , i t sh a l l be con si der ed u n sa fe.
AP P ENDI X E TO 1910. 269REF ERENCE
DOCUMENTS
Th e r efer en ces con t a i n ed i n t h i s a ppen di x
pr ovi de i n for ma t i on t h a t ca n be h el pfu l i n
u n der st a n di n g a n d compl y i n g wi t h t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n 1910. 269. Th e n a -
t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds r efer en ced i n t h i s
a ppen di x con t a i n det a i l ed speci fi ca t i on s t h a t
empl oy er s ma y fol l ow i n compl y i n g wi t h t h e
mor e per for ma n ce-or i en t ed r equ i r emen t s of
OS HAs fi n a l r u l e. Except a s speci fi ca l l y
n ot ed i n 1910. 269, h owever , compl i a n ce wi t h
t h e n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds i s n ot a
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
819
su bst i t u t e for compl i a n ce wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of t h e OS HA st a n da r d.
ANS I /S I A A92. 21990, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d for Veh i cl e-Mou n t ed El eva t i n g a n d
Rot a t i n g Aer i a l Devi ces.
ANS I C21993, Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l S a fet y
Code.
ANS I Z133. 11988, Amer i ca n Na t i on a l
S t a n da r d S a fet y Requ i r emen t s for P r u n i n g,
Tr i mmi n g, Repa i r i n g, Ma i n t a i n i n g, a n d Re-
movi n g Tr ees, a n d for Cu t t i n g Br u sh .
ANS I /AS ME B20. 11990, S a fet y S t a n da r d
for Con vey or s a n d Rel a t ed Equ i pmen t .
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 41978 (F i ft h P r i n t i n g),
I EEE S t a n da r d Tech n i qu es for Hi gh -Vol t a ge
Test i n g.
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 1001988, I EEE S t a n da r d
Di ct i on a r y of El ect r i ca l a n d El ect r on i c
Ter ms.
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 5161987, I EEE Gu i de for
Ma i n t en a n ce Met h ods on En er gi zed P ower -
Li n es.
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 9351989, I EEE Gu i de on
Ter mi n ol ogy for Tool s a n d Equ i pmen t To Be
Used i n Li ve Li n e Wor k i n g.
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 9571987, I EEE Gu i de for
Cl ea n i n g I n su l a t or s.
ANS I /I EEE S t d. 9781984 (R1991), I EEE
Gu i de for I n -S er vi ce Ma i n t en a n ce a n d El ec-
t r i ca l Test i n g of Li ve-Li n e Tool s.
I n su l a t i n g Gl oves.
AS TM D 14992, Test Met h od for Di el ect r i c
Br ea k down Vol t a ge a n d Di el ect r i c S t r en gt h
of S ol i d El ect r i ca l I n su l a t i n g Ma t er i a l s a t
Commer ci a l P ower F r equ en ci es.
I n su l a t i n g Ma t t i n g.
I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s.
I n su l a t i n g Cover s.
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Li n e Hose a n d Cover s.
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Bl a n k et s.
AS TM F 49693b, S peci fi ca t i on for I n -S er v-
i ce Ca r e of I n su l a t i n g Gl oves a n d S l eeves.
AS TM F 71189, S peci fi ca t i on for F i ber -
gl a ss-Rei n for ced P l a st i c (F RP ) Rod a n d Tu be
Used i n Li ve Li n e Tool s.
AS TM F 71288, Test Met h ods for El ec-
t r i ca l l y I n su l a t i n g P l a st i c Gu a r d Equ i pmen t
for P r ot ect i on of Wor k er s.
AS TM F 81983a (1988), Defi n i t i on s of
Ter ms Rel a t i n g t o El ect r i ca l P r ot ect i ve
Equ i pmen t for Wor k er s.
AS TM F 85590, S peci fi ca t i on s for Tem-
por a r y Gr ou n di n g S y st ems To Be Used on
De-En er gi zed El ect r i c P ower Li n es a n d
Equ i pmen t .
AS TM F 88791a , S peci fi ca t i on s for P er -
son a l Cl i mbi n g Equ i pmen t .
AS TM F 91491, Test Met h od for Acou st i c
Emi ssi on for I n su l a t ed Aer i a l P er son n el De-
vi ces.
AS TM F 96893, S peci fi ca t i on for El ec-
t r i ca l l y I n su l a t i n g P l a st i c Gu a r d Equ i pmen t
for P r ot ect i on of Wor k er s.
AS TM F 111688, Test Met h od for Det er -
mi n i n g Di el ect r i c S t r en gt h of Over sh oe
F oot wea r .
AS TM F 111787, S peci fi ca t i on for Di el ec-
t r i c Over sh oe F oot wea r .
AS TM F 123689, Gu i de for Vi su a l I n spec-
t i on of El ect r i ca l P r ot ect i ve Ru bber P r od-
u ct s.
AS TM F 150594, S t a n da r d S peci fi ca t i on for
I n su l a t ed a n d I n su l a t i n g Ha n d Tool s.
AS TM F 150694, S t a n da r d P er for ma n ce
S peci fi ca t i on for Text i l e Ma t er i a l s for Wea r -
i n g Appa r el for Use by El ect r i ca l Wor k er s
Exposed t o Momen t a r y El ect r i c Ar c a n d Re-
l a t ed Th er ma l Ha za r ds.
I EEE S t d. 621978, I EEE Gu i de for F i el d
Test i n g P ower Appa r a t u s I n su l a t i on .
I EEE S t d. 5241992, I EEE Gu i de t o t h e I n -
st a l l a t i on of Over h ea d Tr a n smi ssi on Li n e
Con du ct or s.
I EEE S t d. 10481990, I EEE Gu i de for P r o-
t ect i ve Gr ou n di n g of P ower Li n es.
I EEE S t d. 10671990, I EEE Gu i de for t h e I n -
S er vi ce Use, Ca r e, Ma i n t en a n ce, a n d Test i n g
of Con du ct i ve Cl ot h i n g for Use on Vol t a ges
u p t o 765 k V AC.
[59 F R 4437, J a n . 31, 1994; 59 F R 33658, J u n e 30,
1994, a s a men ded a t 59 F R 4458, J a n . 31, 1994;
59 F R 40729, Au g. 9, 1994; 59 F R 51748, Oct . 12,
1994]
1910.272 Grain handling facilities.
(a ) Scope. Th i s sect i on con t a i n s r e-
qu i r emen t s for t h e con t r ol of gr a i n
du st fi r es a n d expl osi on s, a n d cer t a i n
ot h er sa fet y h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
gr a i n h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t i es. I t a ppl i es i n
a ddi t i on t o a l l ot h er r el eva n t pr ovi -
si on s of pa r t 1910 (or pa r t 1917 a t ma -
r i n e t er mi n a l s).
(b) Applicat ion . (1) P a r a gr a ph s (a )
t h r ou gh (n ) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o
gr a i n el eva t or s, feed mi l l s, fl ou r mi l l s,
r i ce mi l l s, du st pel l et i zi n g pl a n t s, dr y
cor n mi l l s, soy bea n fl a k i n g oper a t i on s,
a n d t h e dr y gr i n di n g oper a t i on s of
soy ca k e.
(2) P a r a gr a ph s (o), (p), a n d (q) of t h i s
sect i on a ppl y on l y t o gr a i n el eva t or s.
(c) Def in it ion s.
Ch ok ed leg mea n s a con di t i on of ma -
t er i a l bu i l du p i n t h e bu ck et el eva t or
t h a t r esu l t s i n t h e st oppa ge of ma t er i a l
fl ow a n d bu ck et movemen t . A bu ck et
el eva t or i s n ot con si der ed ch ok ed t h a t
h a s t h e u p-l eg pa r t i a l l y or fu l l y l oa ded
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
820
a n d h a s t h e boot a n d di sch a r ge cl ea r ed
a l l owi n g bu ck et movemen t .
Flat st orage st ru ct u re mea n s a gr a i n
st or a ge bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e t h a t wi l l
n ot empt y compl et el y by gr a vi t y , h a s
a n u n r est r i ct ed gr ou n d l evel open i n g
for en t r y , a n d mu st be en t er ed t o r e-
cl a i m t h e r esi du a l gr a i n u si n g power ed
equ i pmen t or ma n u a l mea n s.
Fu git ive grain du st mea n s combu st i bl e
du st pa r t i cl es, emi t t ed fr om t h e st ock
h a n dl i n g sy st em, of su ch si ze a s wi l l
pa ss t h r ou gh a U. S . S t a n da r d 40 mesh
si eve (425 mi cr on s or l ess).
Grain elevat or mea n s a fa ci l i t y en -
ga ged i n t h e r ecei pt , h a n dl i n g, st or a ge,
a n d sh i pmen t of bu l k r a w a gr i cu l t u r a l
commodi t i es su ch a s cor n , wh ea t , oa t s,
ba r l ey , su n fl ower seeds, a n d soy bea n s.
Hot work mea n s wor k i n vol vi n g el ec-
t r i c or ga s wel di n g, cu t t i n g, br a zi n g, or
si mi l a r fl a me pr odu ci n g oper a t i on s.
I n side bu ck et elevat or mea n s a bu ck et
el eva t or t h a t h a s t h e boot a n d mor e
t h a n 20 per cen t of t h e t ot a l l eg h ei gh t
(a bove gr a de or gr ou n d l evel ) i n si de t h e
gr a i n el eva t or st r u ct u r e. Bu ck et el e-
va t or s wi t h l eg ca si n gs t h a t a r e i n si de
(a n d pa ss t h r ou gh t h e r oofs) of r a i l or
t r u ck du mp sh eds wi t h t h e r ema i n der
of t h e l eg ou t si de of t h e gr a i n el eva t or
st r u ct u r e, a r e n ot con si der ed i n si de
bu ck et el eva t or s.
Joggin g mea n s r epea t ed st a r t i n g a n d
st oppi n g of dr i ve mot or s i n a n a t t empt
t o cl ea r ch ok ed l egs.
L aggin g mea n s a cover i n g on dr i ve
pu l l ey s u sed t o i n cr ea se t h e coeffi ci en t
of fr i ct i on bet ween t h e pu l l ey a n d t h e
bel t .
Permit mea n s t h e wr i t t en cer t i fi -
ca t i on by t h e empl oy er a u t h or i zi n g
empl oy ees t o per for m i den t i fi ed wor k
oper a t i on s su bj ect t o speci fi ed pr e-
ca u t i on s.
(d) Emergen cy act ion plan . Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t a n
emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n meet i n g t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 38.
(e)T rain in g. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
pr ovi de t r a i n i n g t o empl oy ees a t l ea st
a n n u a l l y a n d wh en ch a n ges i n j ob a s-
si gn men t wi l l expose t h em t o n ew h a z-
a r ds. Cu r r en t empl oy ees, a n d n ew em-
pl oy ees pr i or t o st a r t i n g wor k , sh a l l be
t r a i n ed i n a t l ea st t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) Gen er a l sa fet y pr eca u t i on s a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h e fa ci l i t y , i n cl u di n g r ec-
ogn i t i on a n d pr even t i ve mea su r es for
t h e h a za r ds r el a t ed t o du st a ccu mu l a -
t i on s a n d common i gn i t i on sou r ces
su ch a s smok i n g; a n d,
(i i ) S peci fi c pr ocedu r es a n d sa fet y
pr a ct i ces a ppl i ca bl e t o t h ei r j ob t a sk s
i n cl u di n g bu t n ot l i mi t ed t o, cl ea n i n g
pr ocedu r es for gr i n di n g equ i pmen t ,
cl ea r i n g pr ocedu r es for ch ok ed l egs,
h ou sek eepi n g pr ocedu r es, h ot wor k
pr ocedu r es, pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce
pr ocedu r es a n d l ock -ou t /t a g-ou t pr oce-
du r es.
(2) Empl oy ees a ssi gn ed speci a l t a sk s,
su ch a s bi n en t r y a n d h a n dl i n g of fl a m-
ma bl e or t oxi c su bst a n ces, sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t r a i n i n g t o per for m t h ese t a sk s
sa fel y .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (e)(2): Tr a i n i n g for a n
empl oy ee wh o en t er s gr a i n st or a ge st r u c-
t u r es i n cl u des t r a i n i n g a bou t en gu l fmen t
a n d mech a n i ca l h a za r ds a n d h ow t o a voi d
t h em.
(f) Hot work permit . (1) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l i ssu e a per mi t for a l l h ot wor k ,
wi t h t h e fol l owi n g except i on s:
(i ) Wh er e t h e empl oy er or t h e em-
pl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve (wh o wou l d ot h -
er wi se a u t h or i ze t h e per mi t ) i s pr esen t
wh i l e t h e h ot wor k i s bei n g per for med;
(i i ) I n wel di n g sh ops a u t h or i zed by
t h e empl oy er ;
(i i i ) I n h ot wor k a r ea s a u t h or i zed by
t h e empl oy er wh i ch a r e l oca t ed ou t si de
of t h e gr a i n h a n dl i n g st r u ct u r e.
(2) Th e per mi t sh a l l cer t i fy t h a t t h e
r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n 1910. 252(a )
h a ve been i mpl emen t ed pr i or t o begi n -
n i n g t h e h ot wor k oper a t i on s. Th e per -
t i on of t h e h ot wor k oper a t i on s.
(g) En t ry in t o grain st orage st ru ct u res.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o empl oy ee
en t r y i n t o bi n s, si l os , t a n k s, a n d ot h er
gr a i n st or a ge st r u ct u r es. Except ion :
En t r y t h r ou gh u n r est r i ct ed gr ou n d
l evel open i n gs i n t o fl a t st or a ge st r u c-
t u r es i n wh i ch t h er e a r e n o t oxi ci t y ,
fl a mma bi l i t y , oxy gen -defi ci en cy , or
ot h er a t mosph er i c h a za r ds i s cover ed
by pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on . F or
t h e pu r poses of t h i s pa r a gr a ph (g), t h e
t er m gr a i n i n cl u des r a w a n d pr oc-
essed gr a i n a n d gr a i n pr odu ct s i n fa ci l i -
t i es wi t h i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph
(1) Th e fol l owi n g a ct i on s sh a l l be
t a k en befor e empl oy ees en t er bi n s,
si l os, or t a n k s:
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
821
(i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i ssu e a per mi t
for en t er i n g bi n s, si l os, or t a n k s u n l ess
t h e empl oy er or t h e empl oy er s r ep-
r esen t a t i ve (wh o wou l d ot h er wi se a u -
t h or i ze t h e per mi t ) i s pr esen t du r i n g
t h e en t i r e oper a t i on . Th e per mi t sh a l l
cer t i fy t h a t t h e pr eca u t i on s con t a i n ed
i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph (1910. 272(g)) h a ve
been i mpl emen t ed pr i or t o empl oy ees
en t er i n g bi n s, si l os or t a n k s. Th e per -
t i on of t h e en t r y oper a t i on s.
(i i ) Al l mech a n i ca l , el ect r i ca l , h y -
dr a u l i c, a n d pn eu ma t i c equ i pmen t
wh i ch pr esen t s a da n ger t o empl oy ees
i n si de gr a i n st or a ge st r u ct u r es sh a l l be
deen er gi zed a n d sh a l l be di scon n ect ed,
l ock ed-ou t a n d t a gged, bl ock ed-off, or
ot h er wi se pr even t ed fr om oper a t i n g by
ot h er equ a l l y effect i ve mea n s or met h -
ods.
(i i i ) Th e a t mosph er e wi t h i n a bi n ,
si l o, or t a n k sh a l l be t est ed for t h e
pr esen ce of combu st i bl e ga ses, va por s,
a n d t oxi c a gen t s wh en t h e empl oy er
h a s r ea son t o bel i eve t h ey ma y be
pr esen t . Addi t i on a l l y , t h e a t mosph er e
wi t h i n a bi n , si l o, or t a n k sh a l l be t est -
ed for oxy gen con t en t u n l ess t h er e i s
con t i n u ou s n a t u r a l a i r movemen t or
con t i n u ou s for ced-a i r ven t i l a t i on be-
for e a n d du r i n g t h e per i od empl oy ees
a r e i n si de. I f t h e oxy gen l evel i s l ess
t h a n 19. 5%, or i f combu st i bl e ga s or
va por i s det ect ed i n excess of 10% of
t h e l ower fl a mma bl e l i mi t , or i f t oxi c
a gen t s a r e pr esen t i n excess of t h e cei l -
i n g va l u es l i st ed i n su bpa r t Z of 29 CF R
pa r t 1910, or i f t oxi c a gen t s a r e pr esen t
i n con cen t r a t i on s t h a t wi l l ca u se
h ea l t h effect s wh i ch pr even t empl oy ees
fr om effect i n g sel f-r escu e or commu -
n i ca t i on t o obt a i n a ssi st a n ce, t h e fol -
l owi n g pr ovi si on s a ppl y .
(A) Ven t i l a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded
u n t i l t h e u n sa fe con di t i on or con di -
t i on s a r e el i mi n a t ed, a n d t h e ven t i l a -
t i on sh a l l be con t i n u ed a s l on g a s t h er e
i s a possi bi l i t y of r ecu r r en ce of t h e u n -
sa fe con di t i on wh i l e t h e bi n , si l o, or
t a n k i s occu pi ed by empl oy ees.
(B) I f t oxi ci t y or oxy gen defi ci en cy
ca n n ot be el i mi n a t ed by ven t i l a t i on ,
empl oy ees en t er i n g t h e bi n , si l o, or
t a n k sh a l l wea r a n a ppr opr i a t e r es-
pi r a t or . Respi r a t or u se sh a l l be i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 134.
(i v) Wa l k i n g down gr a i n a n d si mi -
l a r pr a ct i ces wh er e a n empl oy ee wa l k s
on gr a i n t o ma k e i t fl ow wi t h i n or ou t
fr om a gr a i n st or a ge st r u ct u r e, or
wh er e a n empl oy ee i s on movi n g gr a i n ,
a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(2) Wh en ever a n empl oy ee en t er s a
gr a i n st or a ge st r u ct u r e fr om a l evel a t
or a bove t h e l evel of t h e st or ed gr a i n or
gr a i n pr odu ct s, or wh en ever a n em-
pl oy ee wa l k s or st a n ds on or i n st or ed
gr a i n of a dept h wh i ch poses a n en gu l f-
men t h a za r d, t h e empl oy er sh a l l equ i p
t h e empl oy ee wi t h a body h a r n ess wi t h
l i fel i n e, or a boa t swa i n s ch a i r t h a t
meet s t h e r equ i r emen t s of su bpa r t D of
t h i s pa r t . Th e l i fel i n e sh a l l be so posi -
t i on ed, a n d of su ffi ci en t l en gt h , t o pr e-
ven t t h e empl oy ee fr om si n k i n g fu r t h er
t h a n wa i st -deep i n t h e gr a i n . Except ion :
Wh er e t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e
t h a t t h e pr ot ect i on r equ i r ed by t h i s
pa r a gr a ph i s n ot fea si bl e or cr ea t es a
gr ea t er h a za r d, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr o-
vi de a n a l t er n a t i ve mea n s of pr ot ect i on
wh i ch i s demon st r a t ed t o pr even t t h e
empl oy ee fr om si n k i n g fu r t h er t h a n
wa i st -deep i n t h e gr a i n .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (g)(2): Wh en t h e em-
pl oy ee i s st a n di n g or wa l k i n g on a su r fa ce
wh i ch t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es i s fr ee
fr om en gu l fmen t h a za r ds, t h e l i fel i n e or a l -
t er n a t i ve mea n s ma y be di scon n ect ed or r e-
moved.
(3) An obser ver , equ i pped t o pr ovi de
a ssi st a n ce, sh a l l be st a t i on ed ou t si de
t h e bi n , si l o, or t a n k bei n g en t er ed by
a n empl oy ee. Commu n i ca t i on s (vi su a l ,
voi ce, or si gn a l l i n e) sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed bet ween t h e obser ver a n d em-
pl oy ee en t er i n g t h e bi n , si l o, or t a n k .
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de equ i p-
men t for r escu e oper a t i on s wh i ch i s
speci fi ca l l y su i t ed for t h e bi n , si l o, or
t a n k bei n g en t er ed.
(5) Th e empl oy ee a ct i n g a s obser ver
sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n r escu e pr ocedu r es,
i n cl u di n g n ot i fi ca t i on met h ods for ob-
t a i n i n g a ddi t i on a l a ssi st a n ce.
(6) Empl oy ees sh a l l n ot en t er bi n s,
si l os, or t a n k s u n der n ea t h a br i dgi n g
con di t i on , or wh er e a bu i l du p of gr a i n
pr odu ct s on t h e si des cou l d fa l l a n d
bu r y t h em.
(h ) En t ry in t o f lat st orage st ru ct u res.
F or t h e pu r poses of t h i s pa r a gr a ph (h ),
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
822
t h e t er m gr a i n mea n s r a w a n d pr oc-
essed gr a i n a n d gr a i n pr odu ct s i n fa ci l i -
t i es wi t h i n t h e scope of pa r a gr a ph
(1) Ea ch empl oy ee wh o wa l k s or
st a n ds on or i n st or ed gr a i n , wh er e t h e
dept h of t h e gr a i n poses a n en gu l fmen t
h a za r d, sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a l i fe-
l i n e or a l t er n a t i ve mea n s wh i ch t h e
empl oy er demon st r a t es wi l l pr even t
t h e empl oy ee fr om si n k i n g fu r t h er
t h a n wa i st -deep i n t o t h e gr a i n .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (h )(1): Wh en t h e em-
pl oy ee i s st a n di n g or wa l k i n g on a su r fa ce
wh i ch t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es i s fr ee
fr om en gu l fmen t h a za r ds, t h e l i fel i n e or a l -
t er n a t i ve mea n s ma y be di scon n ect ed or r e-
moved.
(2)(i ) Wh en ever a n empl oy ee wa l k s or
st a n ds on or i n st or ed gr a i n or gr a i n
pr odu ct s of a dept h wh i ch poses a n en -
gu l fmen t h a za r d, a l l equ i pmen t wh i ch
pr esen t s a da n ger t o t h a t empl oy ee
(su ch a s a n a u ger or ot h er gr a i n t r a n s-
por t equ i pmen t ) sh a l l be deen er gi zed,
a n d sh a l l be di scon n ect ed, l ock ed-ou t
a n d t a gged, bl ock ed-off, or ot h er wi se
pr even t ed fr om oper a t i n g by ot h er
equ a l l y effect i ve mea n s or met h ods.
(i i ) Wa l k i n g down gr a i n a n d si mi -
l a r pr a ct i ces wh er e a n empl oy ee wa l k s
on gr a i n t o ma k e i t fl ow wi t h i n or ou t
fr om a gr a i n st or a ge st r u ct u r e, or
wh er e a n empl oy ee i s on movi n g gr a i n ,
a r e pr oh i bi t ed.
(3) No empl oy ee sh a l l be per mi t t ed t o
be ei t h er u n der n ea t h a br i dgi n g con di -
t i on , or i n a n y ot h er l oca t i on wh er e a n
a ccu mu l a t i on of gr a i n on t h e si des or
el sewh er e cou l d fa l l a n d en gu l f t h a t
empl oy ee.
(i ) Con t ract ors. (1) Th e empl oy er sh a l l
i n for m con t r a ct or s per for mi n g wor k a t
t h e gr a i n h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t y of k n own
pot en t i a l fi r e a n d expl osi on h a za r ds r e-
l a t ed t o t h e con t r a ct or s wor k a n d
wor k a r ea . Th e empl oy er sh a l l a l so i n -
for m con t r a ct or s of t h e a ppl i ca bl e sa fe-
t y r u l es of t h e fa ci l i t y .
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l expl a i n t h e a p-
pl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of t h e emer gen cy
a ct i on pl a n t o con t r a ct or s.
(j ) Hou sek eepin g. (1) Th e empl oy er
sh a l l devel op a n d i mpl emen t a wr i t t en
h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m t h a t est a bl i sh es
t h e fr equ en cy a n d met h od(s) det er -
mi n ed best t o r edu ce a ccu mu l a t i on s of
fu gi t i ve gr a i n du st on l edges, fl oor s,
equ i pmen t , a n d ot h er exposed su r fa ces.
(2) I n a ddi t i on , t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr o-
gr a m for grain elevat ors sh a l l a ddr ess
fu gi t i ve gr a i n du st a ccu mu l a t i on s a t
pr i or i t y h ou sek eepi n g a r ea s.
(i ) P r i or i t y h ou sek eepi n g a r ea s sh a l l
i n cl u de at least t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) F l oor a r ea s wi t h i n 35 feet (10. 7 m)
of i n si de bu ck et el eva t or s;
(B) F l oor s of en cl osed a r ea s con -
t a i n i n g gr i n di n g equ i pmen t ;
(C) F l oor s of en cl osed a r ea s con -
t a i n i n g gr a i n dr y er s l oca t ed i n si de t h e
fa ci l i t y .
(i i ) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i mmedi a t el y
r emove a n y fu gi t i ve gr a i n du st a ccu -
mu l a t i on s wh en ever t h ey exceed
1
8
i n ch (. 32 cm) a t pr i or i t y h ou sek eepi n g
a r ea s, pu r su a n t t o t h e h ou sek eepi n g
pr ogr a m, or sh a l l demon st r a t e a n d a s-
su r e, t h r ou gh t h e devel opmen t a n d i m-
pl emen t a t i on of t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr o-
gr a m, t h a t equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on i s
pr ovi ded.
(3) Th e u se of compr essed a i r t o bl ow
du st fr om l edges, wa l l s, a n d ot h er a r ea s
sh a l l on l y be per mi t t ed wh en a l l ma -
ch i n er y t h a t pr esen t s a n i gn i t i on
sou r ce i n t h e a r ea i s sh u t -down , a n d a l l
ot h er k n own pot en t i a l i gn i t i on sou r ces
i n t h e a r ea a r e r emoved or con t r ol l ed.
(4) Gr a i n a n d pr odu ct spi l l s sh a l l n ot
be con si der ed fu gi t i ve gr a i n du st a ccu -
mu l a t i on s. However , t h e h ou sek eepi n g
pr ogr a m sh a l l a ddr ess t h e pr ocedu r es
for r emovi n g su ch spi l l s fr om t h e wor k
a r ea .
(k ) Grat e open in gs. Recei vi n g-pi t feed
open i n gs, su ch a s t r u ck or r a i l ca r r e-
cei vi n g-pi t s, sh a l l be cover ed by gr a t es.
Th e wi dt h of open i n gs i n t h e gr a t es
sh a l l be a ma xi mu m of 2
1
2 i n ch es (6. 35
cm).
(l ) Filt er collect ors. (1) Al l fa br i c du st
fi l t er col l ect or s wh i ch a r e a pa r t of a
pn eu ma t i c du st col l ect i on sy st em sh a l l
be equ i pped wi t h a mon i t or i n g devi ce
t h a t wi l l i n di ca t e a pr essu r e dr op
a cr oss t h e su r fa ce of t h e fi l t er .
(2) F i l t er col l ect or s i n st a l l ed a ft er
Ma r ch 30, 1988 sh a l l be:
(i ) Loca t ed ou t si de t h e fa ci l i t y ; or
(i i ) Loca t ed i n a n a r ea i n si de t h e fa -
ci l i t y pr ot ect ed by a n expl osi on su p-
pr essi on sy st em; or
(i i i ) Loca t ed i n a n a r ea i n si de t h e fa -
ci l i t y t h a t i s sepa r a t ed fr om ot h er
a r ea s of t h e fa ci l i t y by con st r u ct i on
h a vi n g a t l ea st a on e h ou r fi r e-r esi st -
a n ce r a t i n g, a n d wh i ch i s a dj a cen t t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
823
a n ext er i or wa l l a n d ven t ed t o t h e ou t -
si de. Th e ven t a n d du ct wor k sh a l l be
desi gn ed t o r esi st r u pt u r e du e t o defl a -
gr a t i on .
(m) Preven t ive main t en an ce. (1) Th e
empl oy er sh a l l i mpl emen t pr even t i ve
ma i n t en a n ce pr ocedu r es con si st i n g of:
(i ) Regu l a r l y sch edu l ed i n spect i on s of
a t l ea st t h e mech a n i ca l a n d sa fet y con -
t r ol equ i pmen t a ssoci a t ed wi t h dr y er s,
gr a i n st r ea m pr ocessi n g equ i pmen t ,
du st col l ect i on equ i pmen t i n cl u di n g
fi l t er col l ect or s, a n d bu ck et el eva t or s;
(i i ) Lu br i ca t i on a n d ot h er a ppr o-
pr i a t e ma i n t en a n ce i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s, or
a s det er mi n ed n ecessa r y by pr i or oper -
a t i n g r ecor ds.
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ompt l y cor -
r ect du st col l ect i on sy st ems wh i ch a r e
ma l fu n ct i on i n g or wh i ch a r e oper a t i n g
bel ow desi gn ed effi ci en cy . Addi t i on -
a l l y , t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ompt l y cor -
r ect , or r emove fr om ser vi ce, over -
h ea t ed bea r i n gs a n d sl i ppi n g or mi s-
a l i gn ed bel t s a ssoci a t ed wi t h i n si de
bu ck et el eva t or s.
(3) A cer t i fi ca t i on r ecor d sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed of ea ch i n spect i on , per -
for med i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph (m), con t a i n i n g t h e da t e of t h e
i n spect i on , t h e n a me of t h e per son wh o
equ i pmen t speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(m)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on t h a t wa s i n -
spect ed.
(4) Th e empl oy er sh a l l i mpl emen t
pr ocedu r es for t h e u se of t a gs a n d l ock s
wh i ch wi l l pr even t t h e i n a dver t en t a p-
pl i ca t i on of en er gy or mot i on t o equ i p-
men t bei n g r epa i r ed, ser vi ced, or a d-
j u st ed, wh i ch cou l d r esu l t i n empl oy ee
i n j u r y . S u ch l ock s a n d t a gs sh a l l be r e-
moved i n a ccor da n ce wi t h est a bl i sh ed
pr ocedu r es on l y by t h e empl oy ee i n -
st a l l i n g t h em or , i f u n a va i l a bl e, by h i s
or h er su per vi sor .
(n ) Grain st ream processin g equ ipmen t .
Th e empl oy er sh a l l equ i p gr a i n st r ea m
pr ocessi n g equ i pmen t (su ch a s h a mmer
mi l l s, gr i n der s, a n d pu l ver i zer s) wi t h
a n effect i ve mea n s of r emovi n g fer r ou s
ma t er i a l fr om t h e i n comi n g gr a i n
st r ea m.
(o) Emergen cy escape. (1) Th e em-
pl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a t l ea st t wo mea n s
of emer gen cy esca pe fr om ga l l er i es (bi n
deck s).
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de a t
l ea st on e mea n s of emer gen cy esca pe i n
t u n n el s of exi st i n g gr a i n el eva t or s.
Tu n n el s i n gr a i n el eva t or s con st r u ct ed
a ft er t h e effect i ve da t e of t h i s st a n da r d
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a t l ea st t wo
mea n s of emer gen cy esca pe.
(p) Con t in u ou s-f low bu lk raw grain
dry ers. (1) Al l di r ect -h ea t gr a i n dr y er s
sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a u t oma t i c con -
t r ol s t h a t :
(i ) Wi l l sh u t -off t h e fu el su ppl y i n
ca se of power or fl a me fa i l u r e or i n t er -
r u pt i on of a i r movemen t t h r ou gh t h e
exh a u st fa n ; a n d,
(i i ) Wi l l st op t h e gr a i n fr om bei n g fed
i n t o t h e dr y er i f excessi ve t emper a t u r e
occu r s i n t h e exh a u st of t h e dr y i n g sec-
t i on .
(2) Di r ect -h ea t gr a i n dr y er s i n st a l l ed
a ft er Ma r ch 30, 1988 sh a l l be:
(i ) Loca t ed ou t si de t h e gr a i n el eva -
t or ; or
(i i ) Loca t ed i n a n a r ea i n si de t h e
gr a i n el eva t or pr ot ect ed by a fi r e or ex-
pl osi on su ppr essi on sy st em; or
(i i i ) Loca t ed i n a n a r ea i n si de t h e
gr a i n el eva t or wh i ch i s sepa r a t ed fr om
ot h er a r ea s of t h e fa ci l i t y by con st r u c-
t i on h a vi n g a t l ea st a on e h ou r fi r e-r e-
si st a n ce r a t i n g.
(q) I n side bu ck et elevat ors. (1) Bu ck et
el eva t or s sh a l l n ot be j ogged t o fr ee a
ch ok ed l eg.
(2) Al l bel t s a n d l a ggi n g pu r ch a sed
a ft er Ma r ch 30, 1988 sh a l l be con du c-
t i ve. S u ch bel t s sh a l l h a ve a su r fa ce
el ect r i ca l r esi st a n ce n ot t o exceed 300
megoh ms.
(3) Al l bu ck et el eva t or s sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a mea n s of a ccess t o t h e
h ea d pu l l ey sect i on t o a l l ow i n spect i on
of t h e h ea d pu l l ey , l a ggi n g, bel t , a n d
di sch a r ge t h r oa t of t h e el eva t or h ea d.
Th e boot sect i on sh a l l a l so be pr ovi ded
wi t h a mea n s of a ccess for cl ea n -ou t of
t h e boot a n d for i n spect i on of t h e boot ,
pu l l ey , a n d bel t .
(4) Al l t h e empl oy er sh a l l :
(i ) Mou n t bea r i n gs ext er n a l l y t o t h e
l eg ca si n g; or ,
(i i ) P r ovi de vi br a t i on mon i t or i n g,
t emper a t u r e mon i t or i n g, or ot h er
mea n s t o mon i t or t h e con di t i on of
t h ose bea r i n gs mou n t ed i n si de or pa r -
t i a l l y -i n si de t h e l eg ca si n g.
(5) Al l t h e empl oy er sh a l l equ i p bu ck -
et el eva t or s wi t h a mot i on det ect i on
devi ce wh i ch wi l l sh u t -down t h e bu ck et
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
824
el eva t or wh en t h e bel t speed i s r edu ced
by n o mor e t h a n 20% of t h e n or ma l op-
er a t i n g speed.
(6) Al l t h e empl oy er sh a l l :
(i ) Equ i p bu ck et el eva t or s wi t h a bel t
a l i gn men t mon i t or i n g devi ce wh i ch
wi l l i n i t i a t e a n a l a r m t o empl oy ees
wh en t h e bel t i s n ot t r a ck i n g pr oper l y ;
or ,
(i i ) P r ovi de a mea n s t o k eep t h e bel t
t r a ck i n g pr oper l y , su ch a s a sy st em
t h a t pr ovi des con st a n t a l i gn men t a d-
j u st men t of bel t s.
(7) P a r a gr a ph s (q)(5) a n d (q)(6) of t h i s
sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o gr a i n el eva t or s
h a vi n g a per ma n en t st or a ge ca pa ci t y of
l ess t h a n on e mi l l i on bu sh el s, pr ovi ded
t h a t da i l y vi su a l i n spect i on i s ma de of
bu ck et movemen t a n d t r a ck i n g of t h e
bel t .
(8) P a r a gr a ph s (q)(4), (q)(5), a n d (q)(6)
of t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Bu ck et el eva t or s wh i ch a r e
equ i pped wi t h a n oper a t i on a l fi r e a n d
expl osi on su ppr essi on sy st em ca pa bl e
of pr ot ect i n g a t l ea st t h e h ea d a n d boot
sect i on of t h e bu ck et el eva t or ; or ,
(i i ) Bu ck et el eva t or s wh i ch a r e
equ i pped wi t h pn eu ma t i c or ot h er du st
con t r ol sy st ems or met h ods t h a t k eep
t h e du st con cen t r a t i on i n si de t h e bu ck -
et el eva t or a t l ea st 25% bel ow t h e
l ower expl osi ve l i mi t a t a l l t i mes du r -
NOTE: Th e fol l owi n g a ppen di ces t o 1910. 272
ser ve a s n on ma n da t or y gu i del i n es t o a ssi st
empl oy er s a n d empl oy ees i n compl y i n g wi t h
t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s sect i on , a s wel l a s
t o pr ovi de ot h er h el pfu l i n for ma t i on .
No a ddi t i on a l bu r den s a r e i mposed t h r ou gh
t h ese a ppen di ces.
AP P ENDI X A TO 1910. 272 GRAI N HANDLI NG
F ACI LI TI ES
Exa mpl es pr esen t ed i n t h i s a ppen di x ma y
n ot be t h e on l y mea n s of a ch i evi n g t h e per -
for ma n ce goa l s i n t h e st a n da r d.
1. Scope an d Applicat ion
Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s st a n da r d a ppl y i n
a ddi t i on t o a n y ot h er a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s pa r t 1910 (or pa r t 1917 a t ma -
r i n e t er mi n a l s). Th e st a n da r d con t a i n s r e-
qu i r emen t s for n ew a n d exi st i n g gr a i n h a n -
dl i n g fa ci l i t i es. Th e st a n da r d does n ot a ppl y
t o seed pl a n t s wh i ch h a n dl e a n d pr epa r e
seeds for pl a n t i n g of fu t u r e cr ops, n or t o on -
fa r m st or a ge or feed l ot s.
2. Emergen cy Act ion Plan
Th e st a n da r d r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o de-
vel op a n d i mpl emen t a n emer gen cy a ct i on
pl a n . Th e emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n (1910. 38)
cover s t h ose desi gn a t ed a ct i on s empl oy er s
a n d empl oy ees a r e t o t a k e t o en su r e em-
pl oy ee sa fet y fr om fi r e a n d ot h er emer -
gen ci es. Th e pl a n speci fi es cer t a i n mi n i mu m
el emen t s wh i ch a r e t o be a ddr essed. Th ese
el emen t s i n cl u de t h e est a bl i sh men t of a n
empl oy ee a l a r m sy st em, t h e devel opmen t of
eva cu a t i on pr ocedu r es, a n d t r a i n i n g empl oy -
ees i n t h ose a ct i on s t h ey a r e t o t a k e du r i n g
a n emer gen cy .
Th e st a n da r d does n ot speci fy a pa r t i cu l a r
met h od for n ot i fy i n g empl oy ees of a n emer -
gen cy . P u bl i c a n n ou n cemen t sy st ems, a i r
h or n s, st ea m wh i st l es, a st a n da r d fi r e a l a r m
sy st em, or ot h er t y pes of empl oy ee a l a r m
ma y be u sed. However , empl oy er s sh ou l d be
a wa r e t h a t empl oy ees i n a gr a i n fa ci l i t y ma y
h a ve di ffi cu l t y h ea r i n g a n emer gen cy a l a r m,
or di st i n gu i sh i n g a n emer gen cy a l a r m fr om
ot h er a u di bl e si gn a l s a t t h e fa ci l i t y , or bot h .
Th er efor e, i t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t t h e t y pe of
empl oy ee a l a r m u sed be di st i n gu i sh a bl e a n d
di st i n ct .
Th e u se of fl oor pl a n s or wor k pl a ce ma ps
wh i ch cl ea r l y sh ow t h e emer gen cy esca pe
r ou t es sh ou l d be i n cl u ded i n t h e emer gen cy
a ct i on pl a n ; col or codi n g wi l l a i d empl oy ees
i n det er mi n i n g t h ei r r ou t e a ssi gn men t s. Th e
empl oy er sh ou l d desi gn a t e a sa fe a r ea , ou t -
si de t h e fa ci l i t y , wh er e empl oy ees ca n con -
gr ega t e a ft er eva cu a t i on , a n d i mpl emen t
pr ocedu r es t o a ccou n t for a l l empl oy ees a ft er
emer gen cy eva cu a t i on h a s been compl et ed.
I t i s a l so r ecommen ded t h a t empl oy er s
seek t h e a ssi st a n ce of t h e l oca l fi r e depa r t -
men t for t h e pu r pose of pr epl a n n i n g for
emer gen ci es. P r epl a n n i n g i s en cou r a ged t o
fa ci l i t a t e coor di n a t i on a n d cooper a t i on be-
t ween fa ci l i t y per son n el a n d t h ose wh o ma y
be ca l l ed u pon for a ssi st a n ce du r i n g a n emer -
gen cy . I t i s i mpor t a n t for emer gen cy ser vi ce
u n i t s t o be a wa r e of t h e u su a l wor k l oca t i on s
of empl oy ees a t t h e fa ci l i t y .
3. T rain in g
I t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t empl oy ees be t r a i n ed
i n t h e r ecogn i t i on a n d pr even t i on of h a za r ds
a ssoci a t ed wi t h gr a i n fa ci l i t i es, especi a l l y
t h ose h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h ei r own
wor k t a sk s. Empl oy ees sh ou l d u n der st a n d
t h e fa ct or s wh i ch a r e n ecessa r y t o pr odu ce a
fi r e or expl osi on , i . e. , fu el (su ch a s gr a i n
du st ), oxy gen , i gn i t i on sou r ce, a n d (i n t h e
ca se of expl osi on s) con fi n emen t . Empl oy ees
sh ou l d be ma de a wa r e t h a t a n y effor t s t h ey
ma k e t o k eep t h ese fa ct or s fr om occu r r i n g
si mu l t a n eou sl y wi l l be a n i mpor t a n t st ep i n
r edu ci n g t h e pot en t i a l for fi r es a n d expl o-
si on s.
Th e st a n da r d pr ovi des fl exi bi l i t y for t h e
empl oy er t o desi gn a t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m wh i ch
fu l fi l l s t h e n eeds of a fa ci l i t y . Th e t y pe,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
825
a mou n t , a n d fr equ en cy of t r a i n i n g wi l l n eed
t o r efl ect t h e t a sk s t h a t empl oy ees a r e ex-
pect ed t o per for m. Al t h ou gh t r a i n i n g i s t o be
pr ovi ded t o empl oy ees a t l ea st a n n u a l l y , i t i s
r ecommen ded t h a t sa fet y meet i n gs or di s-
cu ssi on s a n d dr i l l s be con du ct ed a t mor e fr e-
qu en t i n t er va l s.
Th e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d i n cl u de t h ose
t opi cs a ppl i ca bl e t o t h e pa r t i cu l a r fa ci l i t y ,
a s wel l a s t opi cs su ch a s: Hot wor k pr oce-
du r es; l ock -ou t /t a g-ou t pr ocedu r es; bi n en t r y
pr ocedu r es; bi n cl ea n i n g pr ocedu r es; gr a i n
du st expl osi on s; fi r e pr even t i on ; pr ocedu r es
for h a n dl i n g h ot gr a i n ; h ou sek eepi n g pr o-
cedu r es, i n cl u di n g met h ods a n d fr equ en cy of
du st r emova l ; pest i ci de a n d fu mi ga n t u sa ge;
pr oper u se a n d ma i n t en a n ce of per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t ; a n d, pr even t i ve ma i n t e-
n a n ce. Th e t y pes of wor k cl ot h i n g sh ou l d
a l so be con si der ed i n t h e pr ogr a m a t l ea st t o
ca u t i on a ga i n st u si n g pol y est er cl ot h i n g
t h a t ea si l y mel t s a n d i n cr ea ses t h e sever i t y
of bu r n s, a s compa r ed t o wool or fi r e r et a r d-
a n t cot t on .
I n i mpl emen t i n g t h e t r a i n i n g pr ogr a m, i t
i s r ecommen ded t h a t t h e empl oy er u t i l i ze
fi l ms, sl i de-t a pe pr esen t a t i on s, pa mph l et s,
a n d ot h er i n for ma t i on wh i ch ca n be obt a i n ed
fr om su ch sou r ces a s t h e Gr a i n El eva t or a n d
P r ocessi n g S oci et y , t h e Cooper a t i ve Ext en -
si on S er vi ce of t h e U. S . Depa r t men t of Agr i -
cu l t u r e, Ka n sa s S t a t e Un i ver si t y s Ext en si on
Gr a i n S ci en ce a n d I n du st r y , a n d ot h er st a t e
a gr i cu l t u r e sch ool s, i n du st r y a ssoci a t i on s,
u n i on or ga n i za t i on s, a n d i n su r a n ce gr ou ps.
4. Hot Work Permit
Th e i mpl emen t a t i on of a per mi t sy st em for
h ot wor k i s i n t en ded t o a ssu r e t h a t empl oy -
er s ma i n t a i n con t r ol over oper a t i on s i n vol v-
i n g h ot wor k a n d t o a ssu r e t h a t empl oy ees
a r e a wa r e of a n d u t i l i ze a ppr opr i a t e sa fe-
gu a r ds wh en con du ct i n g t h ese a ct i vi t i es.
P r eca u t i on s for h ot wor k oper a t i on s a r e
speci fi ed i n 29 CF R 1910. 252(a ), a n d i n cl u de
su ch sa fegu a r ds a s r el oca t i n g t h e h ot wor k
oper a t i on t o a sa fe l oca t i on i f possi bl e, r el o-
ca t i n g or cover i n g combu st i bl e ma t er i a l i n
t h e vi ci n i t y , pr ovi di n g fi r e ext i n gu i sh er s,
a n d pr ovi si on s for est a bl i sh i n g a fi r e wa t ch .
P er mi t s a r e n ot r equ i r ed for h ot wor k oper -
a t i on s con du ct ed i n t h e pr esen ce of t h e em-
pl oy er or t h e empl oy er s a u t h or i zed r ep-
r esen t a t i ve wh o wou l d ot h er wi se i ssu e t h e
per mi t , or i n a n empl oy er a u t h or i zed wel di n g
sh op or wh en wor k i s con du ct ed ou t si de a n d
a wa y fr om t h e fa ci l i t y .
I t sh ou l d be n ot ed t h a t t h e per mi t i s n ot a
r ecor d, bu t i s a n a u t h or i za t i on of t h e em-
pl oy er cer t i fy i n g t h a t cer t a i n sa fet y pr e-
ca u t i on s h a ve been i mpl emen t ed pr i or t o t h e
begi n n i n g of wor k oper a t i on s.
5. En t ry I n t o Bin s, Silos, An d T an k s
I n or der t o a ssu r e t h a t empl oy er s ma i n t a i n
con t r ol over empl oy ee en t r y i n t o bi n s, si l os,
a n d t a n k s, OS HA i s r equ i r i n g t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er i ssu e a per mi t for en t r y i n t o bi n s,
si l os, a n d t a n k s u n l ess t h e empl oy er (or t h e
empl oy er s r epr esen t a t i ve wh o wou l d ot h er -
wi se a u t h or i ze t h e per mi t ) i s pr esen t a t t h e
en t r y a n d du r i n g t h e en t i r e oper a t i on .
Empl oy ees sh ou l d h a ve a t h or ou gh u n der -
st a n di n g of t h e h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
en t r y i n t o bi n s, si l os, a n d t a n k s. Empl oy ees
a r e n ot t o be per mi t t ed t o en t er t h ese spa ces
fr om t h e bot t om wh en gr a i n or ot h er a gr i -
cu l t u r a l pr odu ct s a r e h u n g u p or st i ck i n g t o
t h e si des wh i ch mi gh t fa l l a n d i n j u r e or k i l l
a n empl oy ee. Empl oy ees sh ou l d be ma de
a wa r e t h a t t h e a t mosph er e i n bi n s, si l os, a n d
t a n k s ca n be oxy gen defi ci en t or t oxi c. Em-
pl oy ees sh ou l d be t r a i n ed i n t h e pr oper
met h ods of t est i n g t h e a t mosph er e, a s wel l
a s i n t h e a ppr opr i a t e pr ocedu r es t o be t a k en
i f t h e a t mosph er e i s fou n d t o be oxy gen defi -
ci en t or t oxi c. Wh en a fu mi ga n t h a s been r e-
cen t l y a ppl i ed i n t h ese a r ea s a n d en t r y mu st
be ma de, a er a t i on fa n s sh ou l d be r u n n i n g
con t i n u ou sl y t o a ssu r e a sa fe a t mosph er e for
t h ose i n si de. P er i odi c mon i t or i n g of t oxi c
l evel s sh u l d be don e by di r ect r ea di n g i n st r u -
men t s t o mea su r e t h e l evel s, a n d, i f t h er e i s
a n i n cr ea se i n t h ese r ea di n gs, a ppr opr i a t e a c-
t i on s sh ou l d be pr ompt l y t a k en .
Empl oy ees h a ve been bu r i ed a n d su ffoca t ed
i n gr a i n or ot h er a gr i cu l t u r a l pr odu ct s be-
ca u se t h ey sa n k i n t o t h e ma t er i a l . Th er e-
for e, i t i s su ggest ed t h a t empl oy ees n ot be
per mi t t ed t o wa l k or st a n d on t h e gr a i n or
ot h er gr a i n pr odu ct wh er e t h e dept h i s gr ea t -
er t h a n wa i st h i gh . I n t h i s r ega r d, empl oy ees
mu st u se a fu l l body h a r n ess or boa t swa i n s
ch a i r wi t h a l i fel i n e wh en en t er i n g fr om t h e
t op. A wi n ch sy st em wi t h mech a n i ca l a dva n -
t a ge (ei t h er power ed or ma n u a l ) wou l d a l l ow
bet t er con t r ol of t h e empl oy ee t h a n j u st
u si n g a h a n d h el d h oi st l i n e, a n d su ch a sy s-
t em wou l d a l l ow t h e obser ver t o r emove t h e
empl oy ee ea si l y wi t h ou t h a vi n g t o en t er t h e
spa ce.
I t i s i mpor t a n t t h a t empl oy ees be t r a i n ed
i n t h e pr oper sel ect i on a n d u se of a n y per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t wh i ch i s t o be
wor n . Equ a l l y i mpor t a n t i s t h e t r a i n i n g of
empl oy ees i n t h e pl a n n ed emer gen cy r escu e
pr ocedu r es. Empl oy er s sh ou l d ca r efu l l y r ea d
1910. 134(e)(3) a n d a ssu r e t h a t t h ei r pr oce-
du r es fol l ow t h ese r equ i r emen t s. Th e em-
pl oy ee a ct i n g a s obser ver i s t o be equ i pped t o
pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce a n d i s t o k n ow pr ocedu r es
for obt a i n i n g a ddi t i on a l a ssi st a n ce. Th e ob-
ser ver sh ou l d n ot en t er a spa ce u n t i l a de-
qu a t e a ssi st a n ce i s a va i l a bl e. I t i s r ec-
ommen ded t h a t a n empl oy ee t r a i n ed i n CP R
be r ea di l y a va i l a bl e t o pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce t o
t h ose empl oy ees en t er i n g bi n s, si l os, or
t a n k s.
6. Con t ract ors
Th ese pr ovi si on s of t h e st a n da r d a r e i n -
t en ded t o en su r e t h a t ou t si de con t r a ct or s
a r e cogn i za n t of t h e h a za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
826
gr a i n h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t i es, pa r t i cu l a r l y i n r e-
l a t i on t o t h e wor k t h ey a r e t o per for m for
t h e empl oy er . Al so, i n t h e even t of a n emer -
gen cy , con t r a ct or s sh ou l d be a bl e t o t a k e a p-
pr opr i a t e a ct i on a s a pa r t of t h e over a l l fa -
ci l i t y emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n . Con t r a ct or s
sh ou l d a l so be a wa r e of t h e empl oy er s per -
mi t sy st ems. Con t r a ct or s sh ou l d devel op
speci fi ed pr ocedu r es for per for mi n g h ot wor k
a n d for en t r y i n t o bi n s, si l os, a n d t a n k s a n d
t h ese a ct i vi t i es sh ou l d be coor di n a t ed wi t h
t h e empl oy er . Con t r a ct or s a r e r espon si bl e
for i n for mi n g t h ei r own empl oy ees.
Th i s coor di n a t i on wi l l h el p t o en su r e t h a t
empl oy er s k n ow wh a t wor k i s bei n g per -
for med a t t h e fa ci l i t y by con t r a ct or s; wh er e
i t i s bei n g per for med; a n d, t h a t i t i s bei n g
per for med i n a ma n n er t h a t wi l l n ot en da n -
ger empl oy ees.
7. Hou sek eepin g.
Th e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m i s t o be de-
si gn ed t o k eep du st a ccu mu l a t i on s a n d emi s-
si on s u n der con t r ol i n si de gr a i n fa ci l i t i es.
Th e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m, wh i ch i s t o be
wr i t t en , i s t o speci fy t h e fr equ en cy a n d
met h od(s) u sed t o best r edu ce du st a ccu mu -
l a t i on s.
S h i p, ba r ge, a n d r a i l l oa dou t a n d r ecei vi n g
a r ea s wh i ch a r e l oca t ed ou t si de t h e fa ci l i t y
n eed n ot be a ddr essed i n t h e h ou sek eepi n g
pr ogr a m. Addi t i on a l l y , t r u ck du mps wh i ch
a r e open on t wo or mor e si des n eed n ot be
a ddr essed by t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m.
Ot h er t r u ck du mps sh ou l d be a ddr essed i n
t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m t o pr ovi de for r eg-
u l a r cl ea n i n g du r i n g per i ods of r ecei vi n g
gr a i n or a gr i cu l t u r a l pr odu ct s. Th e h ou se-
k eepi n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d pr ovi de cover a ge for
a l l wor k spa ces i n t h e fa ci l i t y a n d i n cl u de
wa l l s, bea ms, et c. , especi a l l y i n r el a t i on t o
t h e ext en t t h a t du st cou l d a ccu mu l a t e.
Du st Accu mu l a t i on s
Al most a l l fa ci l i t i es wi l l r equ i r e some l evel
of ma n u a l h ou sek eepi n g. Ma n u a l h ou se-
k eepi n g met h ods, su ch a s va cu u mi n g or
sweepi n g wi t h soft br i st l e br ooms, sh ou l d be
u sed wh i ch wi l l mi n i mi ze t h e possi bi l i t y of
l a y er ed du st bei n g su spen ded i n t h e a i r wh en
i t i s bei n g r emoved.
Th e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d i n cl u de
a con t i n gen cy pl a n t o r espon d t o si t u a t i on s
wh er e du st a ccu mu l a t es r a pi dl y du e t o a fa i l -
u r e of a du st en cl osu r e h ood, a n u n expect ed
br ea k down of t h e du st con t r ol sy st em, a
du st -t i gh t con n ect i on i n a dver t en t l y k n ock ed
open , et c.
Th e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d a l so
speci fy t h e ma n n er of h a n dl i n g spi l l s. Gr a i n
spi l l s a r e n ot con si der ed t o be du st a ccu mu -
l a t i on s.
A fu l l y en cl osed h or i zon t a l bel t con vey i n g
sy st em wh er e t h e r et u r n bel t i s i n si de t h e
en cl osu r e sh ou l d h a ve i n spect i on a ccess su ch
a s sl i di n g pa n el s or door s t o per mi t ch eck i n g
of equ i pmen t , ch eck i n g for du st a ccu mu l a -
t i on s a n d fa ci l i t a t e cl ea n i n g i f n eeded.
Du st Emi ssi on s
Empl oy er s sh ou l d a n a l y ze t h e en t i r e st ock
h a n dl i n g sy st em t o det er mi n e t h e l oca t i on of
du st emi ssi on s a n d effect i ve met h ods t o con -
t r ol or t o el i mi n a t e t h em. Th e empl oy er
sh ou l d ma k e su r e t h a t h ol es i n spou t i n g, ca s-
i n gs of bu ck et el eva t or s, pn eu ma t i c con -
vey i n g pi pes, scr ew a u ger s, or dr a g con vey or
ca si n gs, a r e pa t ch ed or ot h er wi se pr oper l y
r epa i r ed t o pr even t l ea k a ge. Mi n i mi zi n g fr ee
fa l l s of gr a i n or gr a i n pr odu ct s by u si n g
ch ok e feedi n g t ech n i qu es, a n d u t i l i za t i on of
du st -t i gh t en cl osu r es a t t r a n sfer poi n t s, ca n
be effect i ve i n r edu ci n g du st emi ssi on s.
Ea ch h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m sh ou l d speci fy
t h e sch edu l es a n d con t r ol mea su r es wh i ch
wi l l be u sed t o con t r ol du st emi t t ed fr om t h e
st ock h a n dl i n g sy st em. Th e h ou sek eepi n g
pr ogr a m sh ou l d a ddr ess t h e sch edu l es t o be
u sed for cl ea n i n g du st a ccu mu l a t i on s fr om
mot or s, cr i t i ca l bea r i n gs a n d ot h er pot en t i a l
i gn i t i on sou r ces i n t h e wor k i n g a r ea s. Al so,
t h e a r ea s a r ou n d bu ck et el eva t or l egs, mi l l -
i n g ma ch i n er y a n d si mi l a r equ i pmen t sh ou l d
be gi ven pr i or i t y i n t h e cl ea n i n g sch edu l e.
Th e met h od of di sposa l of t h e du st wh i ch i s
swept or va cu u med sh ou l d a l so be pl a n n ed.
Du st ma y a ccu mu l a t e i n somewh a t i n a c-
cessi bl e a r ea s, su ch a s t h ose a r ea s wh er e l a d-
der s or sca ffol ds mi gh t be n ecessa r y t o r ea ch
t h em. Th e empl oy er ma y wa n t t o con si der
t h e u se of compr essed a i r a n d l on g l a n ces t o
bl ow down t h ese a r ea s fr equ en t l y . Th e em-
pl oy er ma y a l so wa n t t o con si der t h e per i -
odi c u se of wa t er a n d h osel i n es t o wa sh down
t h ese a r ea s. I f t h ese met h ods a r e u sed, t h ey
a r e t o be speci fi ed i n t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr o-
gr a m a l on g wi t h t h e a ppr opr i a t e sa fet y pr e-
ca u t i on s, i n cl u di n g t h e u se of per son a l pr o-
t ect i ve equ i pmen t su ch a s ey ewea r a n d du st
r espi r a t or s.
S ever a l met h ods h a ve been effect i ve i n
con t r ol l i n g du st emi ssi on s. A fr equ en t l y
u sed met h od of con t r ol l i n g du st emi ssi on s i s
a pn eu ma t i c du st col l ect i on sy st em. How-
ever , t h e i n st a l l a t i on of a poor l y desi gn ed
pn eu ma t i c du st col l ect i on sy st em h a s fos-
t er ed a fa l se sen se of secu r i t y a n d h a s oft en
l ed t o a n i n a ppr opr i a t e r edu ct i on i n ma n u a l
h ou sek eepi n g. Th er efor e, i t i s i mper a t i ve
t h a t t h e sy st em be desi gn ed pr oper l y a n d i n -
st a l l ed by a compet en t con t r a ct or . Th ose
empl oy er s wh o h a ve a pn eu ma t i c du st con -
t r ol sy st em t h a t i s n ot wor k i n g a ccor di n g t o
expect a t i on s sh ou l d r equ est t h e en gi n eer i n g
desi gn fi r m, or t h e ma n u fa ct u r er of t h e fi l t er
a n d r el a t ed equ i pmen t , t o con du ct a n eva l u a -
t i on of t h e sy st em t o det er mi n e t h e cor r ec-
t i on s n ecessa r y for pr oper oper a t i on of t h e
sy st em. I f t h e desi gn fi r m or ma n u fa ct u r er of
t h e equ i pmen t i s n ot k n own , empl oy er s
sh ou l d con t a ct t h ei r t r a de a ssoci a t i on for
r ecommen da t i on s of compet en t desi gn er s of
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
827
pn eu ma t i c du st con t r ol sy st ems wh o cou l d
pr ovi de a ssi st a n ce.
Wh en i n st a l l i n g a n ew or u pgr a ded pn eu -
ma t i c con t r ol sy st em, t h e empl oy er sh ou l d
i n si st on a n a ccept a n ce t est per i od of 30 t o 45
da y s of oper a t i on t o en su r e t h a t t h e sy st em
i s oper a t i n g a s i n t en ded a n d desi gn ed. Th e
empl oy er sh ou l d a l so obt a i n ma i n t en a n ce,
t est i n g, a n d i n spect i on i n for ma t i on fr om t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er t o en su r e t h a t t h e sy st em wi l l
con t i n u e t o oper a t e a s desi gn ed.
Aspi r a t i on of t h e l eg, a s pa r t of a pn eu -
ma t i c du st col l ect i on sy st em, i s a n ot h er ef-
fect i ve met h od of con t r ol l i n g du st emi ssi on s.
Aspi r a t i on of t h e l eg con si st s of a fl ow of a i r
a cr oss t h e en t i r e boot , wh i ch en t r a i n s t h e
l i ber a t ed du st a n d ca r r i es i t u p t h e u p-l eg t o
t a k e-off poi n t s. Wi t h pr oper a spi r a t i on , du st
con cen t r a t i on s i n t h e l eg ca n be l ower ed
bel ow t h e l ower expl osi ve l i mi t . Wh er e a pr o-
t ot y pe l eg i n st a l l a t i on h a s been i n st r u -
men t ed a n d sh own t o be effect i ve i n k eepi n g
t h e du st l evel 25% bel ow t h e l ower expl osi ve
l i mi t du r i n g n or ma l oper a t i on s for t h e va r -
i ou s pr odu ct s h a n dl ed, t h en ot h er l egs of
si mi l a r si ze, ca pa ci t y a n d pr odu ct s bei n g
h a n dl ed wh i ch h a ve t h e sa me desi gn cr i t er i a
for t h e a i r a spi r a t i on wou l d be a ccept a bl e t o
OS HA, pr ovi ded t h e pr ot ot y pe t est r epor t i s
a va i l a bl e on si t e.
An ot h er met h od of con t r ol l i n g du st emi s-
si on s i s en cl osi n g t h e con vey i n g sy st em,
pr essu r i zi n g t h e gen er a l wor k a r ea , a n d pr o-
vi di n g a l ower pr essu r e i n si de t h e en cl osed
con vey i n g sy st em. Al t h ou gh t h i s met h od i s
effect i ve i n con t r ol l i n g du st emi ssi on s fr om
t h e con vey i n g sy st em, a dequ a t e a ccess t o
t h e i n si de of t h e en cl osu r e i s n ecessa r y t o fa -
ci l i t a t e fr equ en t r emova l of du st a ccu mu l a -
t i on s. Th i s i s a l so n ecessa r y for t h ose sy s-
t ems ca l l ed sel f-cl ea n i n g.
Th e u se of edi bl e oi l spr a y ed on or i n t o a
movi n g st r ea m of gr a i n i s a n ot h er met h od
wh i ch h a s been u sed t o con t r ol du st emi s-
si on s. Test s per for med u si n g t h i s met h od
h a ve sh own t h a t t h e oi l t r ea t men t ca n r e-
du ce du st emi ssi on s. Repea t ed h a n dl i n g of
t h e gr a i n ma y n ecessi t a t e a ddi t i on a l oi l
t r ea t men t t o pr even t l i ber a t i on of du st .
However , befor e u si n g t h i s met h od, oper a t or s
of gr a i n h a n dl i n g fa ci l i t i es sh ou l d be a wa r e
t h a t t h e F ood a n d Dr u g Admi n i st r a t i on mu st
a ppr ove t h e speci fi c oi l t r ea t men t u sed on
pr odu ct s for food or feed.
As a pa r t of t h e h ou sek eepi n g pr ogr a m,
gr a i n el eva t or s a r e r equ i r ed t o a ddr ess a ccu -
mu l a t i on s of du st a t pr i or i t y a r ea s u si n g t h e
a ct i on l evel . Th e st a n da r d speci fi es a ma x-
i mu m a ccu mu l a t i on of
1
8 i n ch du st , mea su r -
a bl e by a r u l er or ot h er mea su r i n g devi ce,
a n y wh er e wi t h i n a pr i or i t y a r ea a s t h e u pper
l i mi t a t wh i ch t i me empl oy er s mu st i n i t i a t e
a ct i on t o r emove t h e a ccu mu l a t i on s u si n g
desi gn a t ed mea n s or met h ods. An y a ccu mu -
l a t i on i n excess of t h i s a mou n t a n d wh er e n o
a ct i on h a s been i n i t i a t ed t o i mpl emen t
cl ea n i n g wou l d con st i t u t e a vi ol a t i on of t h e
st a n da r d, u n l ess t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e equ i va l en t pr ot ect i on . Empl oy er s
sh ou l d ma k e ever y effor t t o mi n i mi ze du st
a ccu mu l a t i on s on exposed su r fa ces si n ce
du st i s t h e fu el for a fi r e or expl osi on , a n d i t
i s r ecogn i zed t h a t a
1
8 i n ch du st a ccu mu l a -
t i on i s mor e t h a n en ou gh t o fu el su ch occu r -
r en ces.
8. Filt er Collect ors
P r oper si zi n g of fi l t er col l ect or s for t h e
pn eu ma t i c du st con t r ol sy st em t h ey ser ve i s
ver y i mpor t a n t for t h e over a l l effect i ven ess
of t h e sy st em. Th e a i r t o cl ot h r a t i o of t h e
sy st em sh ou l d be i n a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er s r ecommen da t i on s. I f h i gh er
r a t i os a r e u sed, t h ey ca n r esu l t i n mor e
ma i n t en a n ce on t h e fi l t er , sh or t er ba g or
sock l i fe, i n cr ea sed di ffer en t i a l pr essu r e r e-
su l t i n g i n h i gh er en er gy cost s, a n d a n i n -
cr ea se i n oper a t i on a l pr obl ems.
A ph ot oh el i c ga u ge, ma gn eh el i c ga u ge, or
ma n omet er , ma y be u sed t o i n di ca t e t h e
pr essu r e r i se a cr oss t h e i n l et a n d ou t l et of
t h e fi l t er . Wh en t h e pr essu r e exceeds t h e de-
si gn va l u e for t h e fi l t er , t h e a i r vol u me wi l l
st a r t t o dr op, a n d ma i n t en a n ce wi l l be r e-
qu i r ed. An y of t h ese t h r ee mon i t or i n g de-
vi ces i s a ccept a bl e a s meet i n g pa r a gr a ph
(l )(1) of t h e st a n da r d.
Th e empl oy er sh ou l d est a bl i sh a l evel or
t a r get r ea di n g on t h e i n st r u men t wh i ch i s
con si st en t wi t h t h e ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s t h a t wi l l i n di ca t e wh en t h e
fi l t er sh ou l d be ser vi ced. Th i s t a r get r ea di n g
on t h e i n st r u men t a n d t h e a ccompa n y i n g
pr ocedu r es sh ou l d be i n t h e pr even t i ve ma i n -
t en a n ce pr ogr a m. Th ese effor t s wou l d mi n i -
mi ze t h e bl i n di n g of t h e fi l t er a n d t h e su bse-
qu en t fa i l u r e of t h e pn eu ma t i c du st con t r ol
sy st em.
Th er e a r e ot h er i n st r u men t s t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er ma y wa n t t o con si der u si n g t o mon -
i t or t h e oper a t i on of t h e fi l t er . On e i n st r u -
men t i s a zer o mot i on swi t ch for det ect i n g a
fa i l u r e of mot i on by t h e r ot a r y di sch a r ge
va l ve on t h e h opper . I f t h e r ot a r y di sch a r ge
va l ve st ops t u r n i n g, t h e du st r el ea sed by t h e
ba g or sock wi l l a ccu mu l a t e i n t h e fi l t er h op-
per u n t i l t h e fi l t er becomes cl ogged. An ot h er
i n st r u men t i s a l evel i n di ca t or wh i ch i s i n -
st a l l ed i n t h e h opper of t h e fi l t er t o det ect
t h e bu i l du p of du st t h a t wou l d ot h er wi se
ca u se t h e fi l t er h opper t o be pl u gged. Th e i n -
st a l l a t i on of t h ese i n st r u men t s sh ou l d be i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s.
Al l of t h ese mon i t or i n g devi ces a n d i n st r u -
men t s a r e t o be ca pa bl e of bei n g r ea d a t a n
a ccessi bl e l oca t i on a n d ch eck ed a s fr e-
qu en t l y a s speci fi ed i n t h e pr even t i ve ma i n -
t en a n ce pr ogr a m.
F i l t er col l ect or s on por t a bl e va cu u m
cl ea n er s, a n d t h ose u sed wh er e fa n s a r e n ot
pa r t of t h e sy st em, a r e n ot cover ed by r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph (l ) of t h e st a n da r d.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
828
9. Preven t ive Main t en an ce
Th e con t r ol of du st a n d t h e con t r ol of i gn i -
t i on sou r ces a r e t h e most effect i ve mea n s for
r edu ci n g expl osi on h a za r ds. P r even t i ve
ma i n t en a n ce i s r el a t ed t o i gn i t i on sou r ces i n
t h e sa me ma n n er a s h ou sek eepi n g i s r el a t ed
t o du st con t r ol a n d sh ou l d be t r ea t ed a s a
ma j or fu n ct i on i n a fa ci l i t y . Equ i pmen t su ch
a s cr i t i ca l bea r i n gs, bel t s, bu ck et s, pu l l ey s,
a n d mi l l i n g ma ch i n er y a r e pot en t i a l i gn i t i on
sou r ces, a n d per i odi c i n spect i on a n d l u br i ca -
t i on of su ch equ i pmen t t h r ou gh a sch edu l ed
pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a m i s a n effec-
t i ve met h od for k eepi n g equ i pmen t fu n c-
t i on i n g pr oper l y a n d sa fel y . Th e u se of vi br a -
t i on det ect i on met h ods, h ea t sen si t i ve t a pe
or ot h er h ea t det ect i on met h ods t h a t ca n be
seen by t h e i n spect or or ma i n t en a n ce per son
wi l l a l l ow for a qu i ck , a ccu r a t e, a n d con -
si st en t eva l u a t i on of bea r i n gs a n d wi l l h el p
i n t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of t h e pr ogr a m.
Th e st a n da r d does n ot r equ i r e a speci fi c
fr equ en cy for pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce. Th e
empl oy er i s per mi t t ed fl exi bi l i t y i n det er -
mi n i n g t h e a ppr opr i a t e i n t er va l for ma i n t e-
n a n ce pr ovi ded t h a t t h e effect i ven ess of t h e
ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a m ca n be demon st r a t ed.
S ch edu l i n g of pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce
sh ou l d be ba sed on ma n u fa ct u r er s r ec-
ommen da t i on s for effect i ve oper a t i on , a s
wel l a s fr om t h e empl oy er s pr evi ou s exper i -
en ce wi t h t h e equ i pmen t . However , t h e em-
pl oy er s sch edu l e for pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce
sh ou l d be fr equ en t en ou gh t o a l l ow for bot h
pr ompt i den t i fi ca t i on a n d cor r ect i on of a n y
pr obl ems con cer n i n g t h e fa i l u r e or ma l fu n c-
t i on of t h e mech a n i ca l a n d sa fet y con t r ol
equ i pmen t a ssoci a t ed wi t h bu ck et el eva t or s,
dr y er s, fi l t er col l ect or s a n d ma gn et s. Th e
pr essu r e-dr op mon i t or i n g devi ce for a fi l t er
col l ect or , a n d t h e con di t i on of t h e l a ggi n g on
t h e h ea d pu l l ey , a r e exa mpl es of i t ems t h a t
r equ i r e r egu l a r l y sch edu l ed i n spect i on s. A
sy st em of i den t i fy i n g t h e da t e, t h e equ i p-
men t i n spect ed a n d t h e ma i n t en a n ce per -
for med, i f a n y , wi l l a ssi st empl oy er s i n con -
t i n u a l l y r efi n i n g t h ei r pr even t i ve ma i n t e-
n a n ce sch edu l es a n d i den t i fy i n g equ i pmen t
pr obl em a r ea s. Open wor k or der s wh er e r e-
pa i r wor k or r epl a cemen t i s t o be don e a t a
desi gn a t ed fu t u r e da t e a s sch edu l ed, wou l d
be a n i n di ca t i on of a n effect i ve pr even t i ve
ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a m.
I t i s i mper a t i ve t h a t t h e pr ea r r a n ged
sch edu l e of ma i n t en a n ce be a dh er ed t o r e-
ga r dl ess of ot h er fa ci l i t y con st r a i n t s. Th e
empl oy er sh ou l d gi ve pr i or i t y t o t h e ma i n t e-
n a n ce or r epa i r wor k a ssoci a t ed wi t h sa fet y
con t r ol equ i pmen t , su ch a s t h a t on dr y er s,
ma gn et s, a l a r m a n d sh u t -down sy st ems on
bu ck et el eva t or s, bea r i n gs on bu ck et el e-
va t or s, a n d t h e fi l t er col l ect or s i n t h e du st
con t r ol sy st em. Ben efi t s of a st r i ct pr even -
t i ve ma i n t en a n ce pr ogr a m ca n be a r edu c-
t i on of u n pl a n n ed down t i me, i mpr oved
equ i pmen t per for ma n ce, pl a n n ed u se of r e-
sou r ces, mor e effi ci en t oper a t i on s, a n d, most
i mpor t a n t l y , sa fer oper a t i on s.
Th e st a n da r d a l so r equ i r es t h e empl oy er t o
devel op a n d i mpl emen t pr ocedu r es con -
si st i n g of l ock i n g ou t a n d t a ggi n g equ i pmen t
t o pr even t t h e i n a dver t en t a ppl i ca t i on of en -
er gy or mot i on t o equ i pmen t bei n g r epa i r ed,
ser vi ced, or a dj u st ed, wh i ch cou l d r esu l t i n
empl oy ee i n j u r y . Al l empl oy ees wh o h a ve r e-
spon si bi l i t y for r epa i r i n g or ser vi ci n g equ i p-
men t , a s wel l a s t h ose wh o oper a t e t h e
equ i pmen t , a r e t o be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e em-
pl oy er s l ock a n d t a g pr ocedu r es. A l ock i s t o
be u sed a s t h e posi t i ve mea n s t o pr even t op-
er a t i on of t h e di scon n ect ed equ i pmen t . Ta gs
a r e t o be u sed t o i n for m empl oy ees wh y
equ i pmen t i s l ock ed ou t . Ta gs a r e t o meet
r equ i r emen t s i n 1910. 145(f). Lock s a n d t a gs
ma y on l y be r emoved by empl oy ees t h a t
pl a ced t h em, or by t h ei r su per vi sor , t o en -
su r e t h e sa fet y of t h e oper a t i on .
10. Grain St ream Processin g Equ ipmen t
Th e st a n da r d r equ i r es a n effect i ve mea n s
of r emovi n g fer r ou s ma t er i a l fr om gr a i n
st r ea ms so t h a t su ch ma t er i a l does n ot en t er
equ i pmen t su ch a s h a mmer mi l l s, gr i n der s
a n d pu l ver i zer s. La r ge for ei gn obj ect s, su ch
a s st on es, sh ou l d h a ve been r emoved a t t h e
r ecei vi n g pi t . I n t r odu ct i on of for ei gn obj ect s
a n d fer r ou s ma t er i a l i n t o su ch equ i pmen t
ca n pr odu ce spa r k s wh i ch ca n cr ea t e a n ex-
pl osi on h a za r d. Accept a bl e mea n s for r e-
mova l of fer r ou s ma t er i a l s i n cl u de t h e u se of
per ma n en t or el ect r oma gn et s. Mea n s u sed t o
sepa r a t e for ei gn obj ect s a n d fer r ou s ma t er i a l
sh ou l d be cl ea n ed r egu l a r l y a n d k ept i n good
r epa i r a s pa r t of t h e pr even t i ve ma i n t en a n ce
pr ogr a m i n or der t o ma xi mi ze t h ei r effec-
t i ven ess.
11. Emergen cy Escape
Th e st a n da r d speci fi es t h a t a t l ea st t wo
mea n s of esca pe mu st be pr ovi ded fr om ga l -
l er i es (bi n deck s). Mea n s of emer gen cy es-
ca pe ma y i n cl u de a n y a va i l a bl e mea n s of
egr ess (con si st i n g of t h r ee compon en t s, exi t
a ccess, exi t , a n d exi t di sch a r ge a s defi n ed i n
1910. 35), t h e u se of con t r ol l ed descen t de-
vi ces wi t h l a n di n g vel oci t i es n ot t o exceed 15
ft /sec. , or emer gen cy esca pe l a dder s fr om
ga l l er i es. I mpor t a n t l y , t h e mea n s of emer -
gen cy esca pe a r e t o be a ddr essed i n t h e fa ci l -
i t y emer gen cy a ct i on pl a n . Empl oy ees a r e t o
k n ow t h e l oca t i on of t h e n ea r est mea n s of
emer gen cy esca pe a n d t h e a ct i on t h ey mu st
t a k e du r i n g a n emer gen cy .
12. Dry ers
Li qu efi ed pet r ol eu m ga s fi r ed dr y er s
sh ou l d h a ve t h e va por i zer s i n st a l l ed a t l ea st
t en feet fr om t h e dr y er . Th e ga s pi pi n g sy s-
t em sh ou l d be pr ot ect ed fr om mech a n i ca l
da ma ge. Th e empl oy er sh ou l d est a bl i sh pr o-
cedu r es for l oca t i n g a n d r epa i r i n g l ea k s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
829
wh en t h er e i s a st r on g odor of ga s or ot h er
si gn s of a l ea k .
13. I n side Bu ck et Elevat ors
Ha za r ds a ssoci a t ed wi t h i n si de bu ck et el e-
va t or l egs a r e t h e sou r ce of ma n y gr a i n el e-
va t or fi r es a n d expl osi on s. Th er efor e, t o
mi t i ga t e t h ese h a za r ds, t h e st a n da r d r e-
qu i r es t h e i mpl emen t a t i on of speci a l sa fet y
pr eca u t i on s a n d pr ocedu r es, a s wel l a s t h e
i n st a l l a t i on of sa fet y con t r ol devi ces. Th e
st a n da r d pr ovi des for a ph a se-i n per i od for
ma n y of t h e r equ i r emen t s t o pr ovi de t h e em-
pl oy er t i me for pl a n n i n g t h e i mpl emen t a t i on
of t h e r equ i r emen t s. Addi t i on a l l y , for el e-
va t or s wi t h a per ma n en t st or a ge ca pa ci t y of
l ess t h a n on e mi l l i on bu sh el s, da i l y vi su a l i n -
spect i on of bel t a l i gn men t a n d bu ck et move-
men t ca n be su bst i t u t ed for a l i gn men t mon i -
t or i n g devi ces a n d mot i on det ect i on devi ces.
Th e st a n da r d r equ i r es t h a t bel t s (pu r -
ch a sed a ft er t h e effect i ve da t e of t h e st a n d-
a r d) h a ve su r fa ce el ect r i ca l r esi st a n ce n ot t o
exceed 300 megoh ms. Test met h ods a va i l a bl e
r ega r di n g el ect r i ca l r esi st a n ce of bel t s a r e:
Th e Amer i ca n S oci et y for Test i n g a n d Ma t e-
r i a l s D25776, S t a n da r d Test Met h ods for D-
C Resi st a n ce or Con du ct a n ce of I n su l a t i n g
Ma t er i a l s; a n d, t h e I n t er n a t i on a l S t a n da r ds
Or ga n i za t i on s # 284, Con vey or Bel t s-El ec-
t r i ca l Con du ct i vi t y -S peci fi ca t i on a n d Met h -
od of Test . Wh en a n empl oy er h a s a wr i t t en
cer t i fi ca t i on fr om t h e ma n u fa ct u r er t h a t a
bel t h a s been t est ed u si n g on e of t h e a bove
t est met h ods, a n d meet s t h e 300 megoh m cr i -
t er i a , t h e bel t i s a ccept a bl e a s meet i n g t h i s
st a n da r d. Wh en u si n g con du ct i ve bel t s, t h e
empl oy er sh ou l d ma k e cer t a i n t h a t t h e h ea d
pu l l ey a n d sh a ft a r e gr ou n ded t h r ou gh t h e
dr i ve mot or gr ou n d or by some ot h er equ a l l y
effect i ve mea n s. Wh en V-t y pe bel t s a r e u sed
t o t r a n smi t power t o t h e h ea d pu l l ey a ssem-
bl y fr om t h e mot or dr i ve sh a ft , i t wi l l be
n ecessa r y t o pr ovi de el ect r i ca l con t i n u i t y
fr om t h e h ea d pu l l ey a ssembl y t o gr ou n d,
e. g. , mot or gr ou n ds.
Empl oy er s sh ou l d a l so con si der pu r ch a si n g
n ew bel t s t h a t a r e fl a me r et a r da n t or fi r e r e-
si st i ve. A fl a me r esi st a n ce t est for bel t s i s
con t a i n ed i n 30 CF R 18. 65.
AP P ENDI X B TO 1910. 272 GRAI N HANDLI NG
F ACI LI TI ES
Nat ion al Con sen su s St an dards
Th e fol l owi n g t a bl e con t a i n s a cr oss-r ef-
er en ce l i st i n g of cu r r en t n a t i on a l con sen su s
st a n da r ds wh i ch pr ovi de i n for ma t i on t h a t
ma y be of a ssi st a n ce t o gr a i n h a n dl i n g oper -
a t i on s. Empl oy er s wh o compl y wi t h pr ovi -
si on s i n t h ese n a t i on a l con sen su s st a n da r ds
t h a t pr ovi de equ a l or gr ea t er pr ot ect i on t h a n
t h ose i n 1910. 272 wi l l be con si der ed i n com-
pl i a n ce wi t h t h e cor r espon di n g r equ i r emen t s
i n 1910. 272.
Subject National consensus standards
Grain elevators and facilities handling bulk raw agricultural commodities ........................... ANSI/NFPA 61B
Feed mills .............................................................................................................................. ANSI/NFPA 61C
Facilities handling agricultural commodities for human consumption ................................... ANSI/NFPA 61D
Pneumatic conveying systems for agricultural commodities ................................................ ANSI/NFPA 66
Guide for explosion venting ................................................................................................... ANSI/NFPA 68
Explosion prevention systems ............................................................................................... ANSI/NFPA 69
Dust removal and exhaust systems ...................................................................................... ANSI/NFPA 91
AP P ENDI X C TO 1910. 272 GRAI N HANDLI NG
F ACI LI TI ES
Ref eren ces f or Fu rt h er I n f ormat ion
Th e fol l owi n g r efer en ces pr ovi de i n for ma -
t i on wh i ch ca n be h el pfu l i n u n der st a n di n g
t h e r equ i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n va r i ou s pr ovi -
si on s of t h e st a n da r d, a s wel l a s pr ovi de
ot h er h el pfu l i n for ma t i on .
1. Acciden t Preven t ion Man u al f or I n du st rial
Operat ion s; Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l , 425
Nor t h Mi ch i ga n Aven u e, Ch i ca go, I l l i n oi s
60611.
2. Pract ical Gu ide t o Elevat or Design ; Na -
t i on a l Gr a i n a n d F eed Associ a t i on , P . O. Box
28328, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20005.
3. Du st Con t rol f or Grain Elevat ors; Na t i on a l
Gr a i n a n d F eed Associ a t i on , P . O. Box 28328,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20005.
4. Preven t ion of Grain Elevat or an d Mill Ex-
plosion s; Na t i on a l Aca demy of S ci en ces,
Wa sh i n gt on , DC. (Ava i l a bl e fr om Na t i on a l
Tech n i ca l I n for ma t i on S er vi ce, S pr i n gfi el d,
Vi r gi n i a 22151. )
5. St an dard f or t h e Preven t ion of Fires an d
Explosion s in Grain Elevat ors an d Facilit ies
Han dlin g Bu lk Raw Agricu lt u ral Commodit ies,
NF P A 61B; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a -
t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , Ma ssa ch u -
set t s 02269.
6. St an dard f or t h e Preven t ion of Fire an d
Du st Explosion s in Feed Mills, NF P A 61C; Na -
Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , Ma ssa ch u set t s
02269.
7. St an dard f or t h e Preven t ion of Fire an d
Du st Explosion s in t h e Millin g of Agricu lt u ral
Commodit ies f or Hu man Con su mpt ion , NF P A
61D; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on Associ a t i on ,
02269.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
830
8. St an dard f or Pn eu mat ic Con vey in g Sy st ems
f or Han dlin g Feed, Flou r, Grain an d Ot h er Ag-
ricu lt u ral Du st s, NF P A 66; Na t i on a l F i r e P r o-
Qu i n cy , Ma ssa ch u set t s 02269.
9. Gu ide f or Explosion Ven t in g, NF P A 68; Na -
02269.
10. St an dard on Explosion Preven t ion Sy s-
t ems, NF P A 69; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on As-
soci a t i on , Ba t t er y ma r ch P a r k , Qu i n cy , Ma s-
sa ch u set t s 02269.
11. Saf et y -Operat ion s Plan s; U. S . Depa r t -
men t of Agr i cu l t u r e, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20250.
12. I n plan t Fire Preven t ion Con t rol Programs;
Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on Mu t u a l F i r e
P r even t i on Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260
West , I t a sca , I l l i n oi s 601431269.
13. Gu idelin es f or T ermin al Elevat ors; Mi l l
Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce
P l a ce, S u i t e 1260 West , I t a sca , I l l i n oi s 60143
1269.
14. St an dards f or Preven t in g t h e Horizon t al
an d Vert ical Spread of Fires in Grain Han dlin g
Propert ies; Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e Mu t u a l F i r e P r e-
ven t i on Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260
15. Belt Con vey ors f or Bu lk Mat erials, P a r t I
a n d P a r t I I , Da t a S h eet 570, Revi si on A; Na -
t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l , 425 Nor t h Mi ch i ga n
Aven u e, Ch i ca go, I l l i n oi s 60611.
16. Su ggest ion s f or Precau t ion s an d Saf et y
Pract ices in Weldin g an d Cu t t in g; Mi l l Mu t u a l
F i r e P r even t i on Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce,
S u i t e 1260 West , I t a sca , I l l i n oi s 601431269.
17. Food Bin s an d T an k s, Da t a S h eet 524;
Na t i on a l S a fet y Cou n ci l , 425 Nor t h Mi ch i ga n
Aven u e, Ch i ca go, I l l i n oi s 60611.
18. Pn eu mat ic Du st Con t rol in Grain Ele-
vat ors; Na t i on a l Aca demy of S ci en ces, Wa sh -
i n gt on , DC. (Ava i l a bl e fr om Na t i on a l Tech -
n i ca l I n for ma t i on S er vi ce, S pr i n gfi el d, Vi r -
gi n i a 22151. )
19. Du st Con t rol An aly sis an d L ay ou t Proce-
du res f or Grain St orage an d Processin g Plan t s;
Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on Bu r ea u , 1
P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260 West , I t a sca , I l l i n oi s
601431269.
20. St an dard f or t h e I n st allat ion of Blower
an d Exh au st Sy st ems f or Du st , St ock an d Vapor
Removal, NF P A 91; Na t i on a l F i r e P r ot ect i on
Ma ssa ch u set t s 02269.
21. St an dards f or t h e I n st allat ion of Direct
Heat Grain Driers in Grain an d Millin g Prop-
ert ies; Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on Bu r ea u , 1
601431269.
22. Gu idelin es f or L u bricat ion an d Bearin g
Main t en an ce; Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on
Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260 West ,
I t a sca , I l l i n oi s 601431269.
23. Organ ized Main t en an ce in Grain an d Mill-
in g Propert ies; Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r even t i on
Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260 West ,
I t a sca , I l l i n oi s 601431269.
24. Saf e an d Ef f icien t Elevat or L egs f or Grain
an d Millin g Propert ies; Mi l l Mu t u a l F i r e P r e-
ven t i on Bu r ea u , 1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260
25. Explosion Ven t in g an d Su pression of
Bu ck et Elevat ors; Na t i on a l Gr a i n a n d F eed
Associ a t i on , P . O. Box 28328, Wa sh i n gt on , DC
20005.
26. L igh t n in g Prot ect ion Code, NF P A 78; Na -
02269.
27. Occu pat ion al Saf et y in Grain Elevat ors,
DHHS (NI OS H) P u bl i ca t i on No. 83126); Na -
t i on a l I n st i t u t e for Occu pa t i on a l S a fet y a n d
Hea l t h , Mor ga n t own , West Vi r gi n i a 26505.
28. Ret rof it t in g an d Con st ru ct in g Grain Ele-
vat ors; Na t i on a l Gr a i n a n d F eed Associ a t i on ,
P . O. Box 28328, Wa sh i n gt on , DC 20005.
29. Grain I n du st ry Saf et y an d Healt h Cen -
t erT rain in g Series (P r even t i n g gr a i n du st
expl osi on s, oper a t i on s ma i n t en a n ce sa fet y ,
t r a n spor t a t i on sa fet y , occu pa t i on a l sa fet y
a n d h ea l t h ); Gr a i n El eva t or a n d P r ocessi n g
S oci et y , P . O. Box 15026, Commer ce S t a t i on ,
Mi n n ea pol i s, Mi n n esot a 554150026.
30. Su ggest ion s f or Organ ized Main t en an ce;
Th e Mi l l Mu t u a l s Loss Con t r ol Depa r t men t ,
1 P i er ce P l a ce, S u i t e 1260 West , I t a sca , I l l i -
n oi s 601431269.
31. Saf et y T h e First St ep t o Su ccess; Th e
Mi l l Mu t u a l Loss Con t r ol Depa r t men t , 1
601431269.
32. Emergen cy Plan Not ebook ; S ch oeff, Rob-
er t W. a n d J a mes L. Ba l di n g, Ka n sa s S t a t e
Un i ver si t y , Cooper a t i ve Ext en si on S er vi ce,
Ext en si on Gr a i n S ci en ce a n d I n du st r y ,
S h el l en ber ger Ha l l , Ma n h a t t a n , Ka n sa s 66506.
[52 F R 49625, Dec. 31, 1987, a s a men ded a t 53
F R 17696, Ma y 18, 1988; 54 F R 24334, J u n e 7,
1989; 55 F R 25094, J u n e 20, 1990; 61 F R 9242,
Ma r . 7, 1996; 61 F R 9584, Ma r . 8, 1996; 67 F R
67965, Nov. 7, 2002]
Subpart SElectrical
657; S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or der No. 876 (41
F R 25059) or 190 (55 F R 9033), a s a ppl i ca bl e;
29 CF R pa r t 1911.
14, 2007, t h e a u t h or i t y ci t a t i on for S u bpa r t S
wa s r evi sed, effect i ve Au g. 13, 2007. F or t h e
con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e a dded a n d r e-
vi sed t ext i s set for t h a s fol l ows:
657); S ecr et a r y of La bor s Or der No. 876 (41
F R 25059), 190 (55 F R 9033), or 52002 (67 F . R.
65008), a s a ppl i ca bl e; 29 CF R P a r t 1911.
S OURCE: 46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981, u n l ess
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
831
GENERAL
1910.301 Introduction.
Th i s su bpa r t a ddr esses el ect r i ca l
sa fet y r equ i r emen t s t h a t a r e n ecessa r y
for t h e pr a ct i ca l sa fegu a r di n g of em-
pl oy ees i n t h ei r wor k pl a ces a n d i s di -
vi ded i n t o fou r ma j or di vi si on s a s fol -
l ows:
(a ) Design saf et y st an dards f or elec-
t rical sy st ems. Th ese r egu l a t i on s a r e
con t a i n ed i n 1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 330.
S ect i on s 1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 con -
t a i n desi gn sa fet y st a n da r ds for el ec-
t r i c u t i l i za t i on sy st ems. I n cl u ded i n
t h i s ca t egor y a r e a l l el ect r i c equ i p-
men t a n d i n st a l l a t i on s u sed t o pr ovi de
el ect r i c power a n d l i gh t for empl oy ee
wor k pl a ces. S ect i on s 1910. 309 t h r ou gh
1910. 330 a r e r eser ved for possi bl e fu t u r e
desi gn sa fet y st a n da r ds for ot h er el ec-
t r i ca l sy st ems.
(b) Saf et y -relat ed work pract ices. Th ese
r egu l a t i on s wi l l be con t a i n ed i n
1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 360.
(c) Saf et y -relat ed main t en an ce requ ire-
men t s. Th ese r egu l a t i on s wi l l be con -
t a i n ed i n 1910. 361 t h r ou gh 1910. 380.
(d) Saf et y requ iremen t s f or special
equ ipmen t . Th ese r egu l a t i on s wi l l be
con t a i n ed i n 1910. 381 t h r ou gh 1910. 398.
(e) Def in it ion s. Defi n i t i on s a ppl i ca bl e
t o ea ch di vi si on a r e con t a i n ed i n
1910. 399.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1982; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
DES I GN S AF ETY S TANDARDS F OR
ELECTRI CAL S YS TEMS
1910.302 Electric utilization systems.
S ect i on s 1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 con -
t a i n desi gn sa fet y st a n da r ds for el ec-
t r i c u t i l i za t i on sy st ems.
(a ) Scope(1) Covered. Th e pr ovi si on s
of 1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 of t h i s
su bpa r t cover el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s
a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed or
u sed wi t h i n or on bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es,
a n d ot h er pr emi ses i n cl u di n g:
(i ) Ya r ds,
(i i ) Ca r n i va l s,
(i i i ) P a r k i n g a n d ot h er l ot s,
(i v) Mobi l e h omes,
(v) Recr ea t i on a l veh i cl es,
(vi ) I n du st r i a l su bst a t i on s,
(vi i ) Con du ct or s t h a t con n ect t h e i n -
st a l l a t i on s t o a su ppl y of el ect r i ci t y ,
a n d
(vi i i ) Ot h er ou t si de con du ct or s on t h e
pr emi ses.
(2) Not covered. Th e pr ovi si on s of
1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 of t h i s su b-
pa r t do n ot cover :
(i ) I n st a l l a t i on s i n sh i ps, wa t er cr a ft ,
r a i l wa y r ol l i n g st ock , a i r cr a ft , or a u t o-
mot i ve veh i cl es ot h er t h a n mobi l e
h omes a n d r ecr ea t i on a l veh i cl es.
(i i ) I n st a l l a t i on s u n der gr ou n d i n
mi n es.
(i i i ) I n st a l l a t i on s of r a i l wa y s for gen -
er a t i on , t r a n sfor ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on ,
or di st r i bu t i on of power u sed excl u -
si vel y for oper a t i on of r ol l i n g st ock or
i n st a l l a t i on s u sed excl u si vel y for si g-
n a l i n g a n d commu n i ca t i on pu r poses.
(i v) I n st a l l a t i on s of commu n i ca t i on
equ i pmen t u n der t h e excl u si ve con t r ol
of commu n i ca t i on u t i l i t i es, l oca t ed
ou t door s or i n bu i l di n g spa ces u sed ex-
cl u si vel y for su ch i n st a l l a t i on s.
(v) I n st a l l a t i on s u n der t h e excl u si ve
con t r ol of el ect r i c u t i l i t i es for t h e pu r -
pose of commu n i ca t i on or met er i n g; or
for t h e gen er a t i on , con t r ol , t r a n s-
for ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu -
t i on of el ect r i c en er gy l oca t ed i n bu i l d-
i n gs u sed excl u si vel y by u t i l i t i es for
su ch pu r poses or l oca t ed ou t door s on
pr oper t y own ed or l ea sed by t h e u t i l i t y
or on pu bl i c h i gh wa y s, st r eet s, r oa ds,
et c. , or ou t door s by est a bl i sh ed r i gh t s
on pr i va t e pr oper t y .
(b) Ext en t of applicat ion . (1) Th e r e-
qu i r emen t s con t a i n ed i n t h e sect i on s
l i st ed bel ow sh a l l a ppl y t o a l l el ec-
t r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s a n d u t i l i za t i on
equ i pmen t , r ega r dl ess of wh en t h ey
wer e desi gn ed or i n st a l l ed.
S ect i on s:
1910.303(b) .................. Examination, installation, and use
of equipment.
1910.303(c) ................... Splices.
1910.303(d) .................. Arcing parts.
1910.303(e) .................. Marking.
1910.303(f) ................... Identification of disconnecting
means.
1910.303(g)(2) .............. Guarding of live parts.
1910.304(e)(l)(i) ............ Protection of conductors and
equipment.
1910.304(e)(l)(iv) .......... Location in or on premises.
1910.304(e)(l)(v) ........... Arcing or suddenly moving parts.
1910.304(f)(l)(ii) ............ 2-Wire DC systems to be ground-
ed:
1910.304(f)(l)(iii) and
1910.304(f)(l)(iv).
AC Systems to be grounded.
1910.304(f)(l)(v) ............ AC Systems 50 to 1000 volts not
required to be grounded.
1910.304(f)(3) ............... Grounding connections.
1910.304(f)(4) ............... Grounding path.
1910.304(f)(5)(iv)(a)
through
1910.304(f)(5)(iv)(d).
Fixed equipment required to be
grounded.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
832
1910.304(f)(5)(v) ........... Grounding of equipment connected
by cord and plug.
1910.304(f)(5)(vi) .......... Grounding of nonelectrical equip-
ment.
1910.304(f)(6)(i) ............ Methods of grounding fixed equip-
ment.
1910.305(g)(l)(i) and
1910.305(g)(1)(ii).
Flexible cords and cables, uses.
1910.305(g)(l)(iii) .......... Flexible cords and cables prohib-
ited.
1910.305(g)(2)(ii) .......... Flexible cords and cables, splices.
1910.305(g)(2)(iii) ......... Pull at joints and terminals of flexi-
ble cords and cables.
1910.307 ....................... Hazardous (classified) locations.
(2) Ever y el ect r i c u t i l i za t i on sy st em
a n d a l l u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
a ft er Ma r ch 15, 1972, a n d ever y ma j or
r epl a cemen t , modi fi ca t i on , r epa i r , or
r eh a bi l i t a t i on , a ft er Ma r ch 15, 1972, of
a n y pa r t of a n y el ect r i c u t i l i za t i on sy s-
t em or u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
befor e Ma r ch 15, 1972, sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 302
t h r ou gh 1910. 308.
NOTE: Ma j or r epl a cemen t s, modi fi ca t i on s,
r epa i r s, or r eh a bi l i t a t i on s i n cl u de wor k
si mi l a r t o t h a t i n vol ved wh en a n ew bu i l di n g
or fa ci l i t y i s bu i l t , a n ew wi n g i s a dded, or a n
en t i r e fl oor i s r en ova t ed.
(3) Th e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s a ppl y t o
el ect r i c u t i l i za t i on sy st ems a n d u t i l i -
za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed a ft er Apr i l
16, 1981:
1910.303(h)(4) (i) and
(ii).
Entrance and access to workspace
(over 600 volts).
1910.304(e)(1)(vi)(b) .. Circuit breakers operated vertically.
1910.304(e)(1)(vi)(c) .. Circuit breakers used as switches.
1910.304(f)(7)(ii) ........ Grounding of systems of 1000
volts or more supplying portable
or mobile equipment.
1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(b) .... Switching series capacitors over
600 volts.
1910.306(c)(2) ............ Warning signs for elevators and
escalators.
1910.306(i) ................. Electrically controlled irrigation ma-
chines.
1910.306(j)(5) ............. Ground-fault circuit interrupters for
fountains.
1910.308(a)(1)(ii) ....... Physical protection of conductors
over 600 volts.
1910.308(c)(2) ............ Marking of Class 2 and Class 3
power supplies.
1910.308(d) ................ Fire protective signaling circuits.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
14, 2007, 1910. 302 wa s r evi sed, effect i ve Au g.
13, 2007. F or t h e con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e
r evi sed t ext i s set for t h a s fol l ows:
1910.302 Electric utilization systems.
S ect i on s 1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 con t a i n
desi gn sa fet y st a n da r ds for el ect r i c u t i l i za -
t i on sy st ems.
(a ) Scope(1) Covered. Th e pr ovi si on s of
1910. 302 t h r ou gh 1910. 308 cover el ect r i ca l i n -
st a l l a t i on s a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n -
st a l l ed or u sed wi t h i n or on bu i l di n gs, st r u c-
t u r es, a n d ot h er pr emi ses, i n cl u di n g:
(i ) Ya r ds;
(i i ) Ca r n i va l s;
(i i i ) P a r k i n g a n d ot h er l ot s;
(i v) Mobi l e h omes;
(v) Recr ea t i on a l veh i cl es;
(vi ) I n du st r i a l su bst a t i on s;
(vi i ) Con du ct or s t h a t con n ect t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on s t o a su ppl y of el ect r i ci t y ; a n d
(vi i i ) Ot h er ou t si de con du ct or s on t h e
pr emi ses.
(2) Not covered. Th e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 302
t h r ou gh 1910. 308 do n ot cover :
(i ) I n st a l l a t i on s i n sh i ps, wa t er cr a ft , r a i l -
wa y r ol l i n g st ock , a i r cr a ft , or a u t omot i ve
veh i cl es ot h er t h a n mobi l e h omes a n d r ec-
r ea t i on a l veh i cl es;
(i i ) I n st a l l a t i on s u n der gr ou n d i n mi n es;
(i i i ) I n st a l l a t i on s of r a i l wa y s for gen er a -
t i on , t r a n sfor ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , or di s-
t r i bu t i on of power u sed excl u si vel y for oper -
a t i on of r ol l i n g st ock or i n st a l l a t i on s u sed
excl u si vel y for si gn a l i n g a n d commu n i ca t i on
pu r poses;
(i v) I n st a l l a t i on s of commu n i ca t i on equ i p-
men t u n der t h e excl u si ve con t r ol of commu -
n i ca t i on u t i l i t i es, l oca t ed ou t door s or i n
bu i l di n g spa ces u sed excl u si vel y for su ch i n -
st a l l a t i on s; or
(v) I n st a l l a t i on s u n der t h e excl u si ve con -
t r ol of el ect r i c u t i l i t i es for t h e pu r pose of
commu n i ca t i on or met er i n g; or for t h e gen -
er a t i on , con t r ol , t r a n sfor ma t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on of el ect r i c en er gy
l oca t ed i n bu i l di n gs u sed excl u si vel y by u t i l -
i t i es for su ch pu r poses or l oca t ed ou t door s
on pr oper t y own ed or l ea sed by t h e u t i l i t y or
on pu bl i c h i gh wa y s, st r eet s, r oa ds, et c. , or
ou t door s by est a bl i sh ed r i gh t s on pr i va t e
pr oper t y .
(b) Ext en t of applicat ion (1) Requ iremen t s
applicable t o all in st allat ion s. Th e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o a l l el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a -
t i on s a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t , r ega r dl ess
of wh en t h ey wer e desi gn ed or i n st a l l ed:
1910. 303(b)Exa mi n a t i on , i n st a l l a t i on , a n d
u se of equ i pmen t
1910. 303(c)(3)El ect r i ca l con n ect i on s
S pl i ces
1910. 303(d)Ar ci n g pa r t s
1910. 303(e)Ma r k i n g
1910. 303(f), except (f)(4) a n d (f)(5)Di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s a n d ci r cu i t s
1910. 303(g)(2)600 vol t s or l essGu a r di n g of
l i ve pa r t s
1910. 304(a )(3)Use of gr ou n di n g t er mi n a l s
a n d devi ces
1910. 304(f)(1)(i ), (f)(1)(i v), a n d (f)(1)(v)Over -
cu r r en t pr ot ect i on 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or
l ess
1910. 304(g)(1)(i i ), (g)(1)(i i i ), (g)(1)(i v), a n d
(g)(1)(v)Gr ou n di n gS y st ems t o be
gr ou n ded
1910. 304(g)(4)Gr ou n di n gGr ou n di n g con -
n ect i on s
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
833
1910. 304(g)(5)Gr ou n di n gGr ou n di n g pa t h
1910. 304(g)(6)(i v)(A) t h r ou gh (g)(6)(i v)(D),
a n d (g)(6)(vi )Gr ou n di n gS u ppor t s, en cl o-
su r es, a n d equ i pmen t t o be gr ou n ded
1910. 304(g)(7)Gr ou n di n gNon el ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t
1910. 304(g)(8)(i )Gr ou n di n gMet h ods of
gr ou n di n g fi xed equ i pmen t
1910. 305(g)(1)F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es
Use of fl exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es
1910. 305(g)(2)(i i ) a n d (g)(2)(i i i )F l exi bl e
cor ds a n d ca bl esI den t i fi ca t i on , spl i ces,
a n d t er mi n a t i on s
1910. 307, except a s speci fi ed i n 1910. 307(b)
Ha za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s
(2) Requ iremen t s applicable t o in st allat ion s
made af t er March 15, 1972. Ever y el ect r i ca l i n -
st a l l a t i on a n d a l l u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n -
st a l l ed or over h a u l ed a ft er Ma r ch 15, 1972,
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 302
t h r ou gh 1910. 308, except a s n ot ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (b)(3) a n d (b)(4) of t h i s sect i on .
(3) Requ iremen t s applicable on ly t o in st alla-
t ion s made af t er April 16, 1981. Th e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s a ppl y on l y t o el ect r i ca l i n st a l -
l a t i on s a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
a ft er Apr i l 16, 1981:
1910. 303(h )(4)Over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l En -
t r a n ce a n d a ccess t o wor k spa ce
1910. 304(f)(1)(vi i ) a n d (f)(1)(vi i i )Over cu r -
r en t pr ot ect i on 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess
1910. 304(g)(9)(i )Gr ou n di n gGr ou n di n g of
sy st ems a n d ci r cu i t s of 1000 vol t s a n d over
(h i gh vol t a ge)
1910. 305(j )(6)(i i )(D)Equ i pmen t for gen er a l
u seCa pa ci t or s
1910. 306(c)(9)El eva t or s, du mbwa i t er s, esca -
l a t or s, movi n g wa l k s, wh eel ch a i r l i ft s, a n d
st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft sI n t er con n ect i on be-
t ween mu l t i ca r con t r ol l er s
1910. 306(i )El ect r i ca l l y dr i ven or con t r ol l ed
i r r i ga t i on ma ch i n es
1910. 306(j )(5)S wi mmi n g pool s, fou n t a i n s,
a n d si mi l a r i n st a l l a t i on sF ou n t a i n s
1910. 308(a )(1)(i i )S y st ems over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l Abovegr ou n d wi r i n g met h ods
1910. 308(c)(2)Cl a ss 1, Cl a ss 2, a n d Cl a ss 3
r emot e con t r ol , si gn a l i n g, a n d power -l i m-
i t ed ci r cu i t sMa r k i n g
1910. 308(d)F i r e a l a r m sy st ems
(4) Requ iremen t s applicable on ly t o in st alla-
t ion s made af t er Au gu st 13, 2007. Th e fol l owi n g
r equ i r emen t s a ppl y on l y t o el ect r i ca l i n st a l -
l a t i on s a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed
a ft er Au gu st 13, 2007:
1910. 303(f)(4)Di scon n ect i n g mea n s a n d ci r -
cu i t sCa pa bl e of a ccept i n g a l ock
1910. 303(f)(5)Di scon n ect i n g mea n s a n d ci r -
cu i t sMa r k i n g for ser i es combi n a t i on r a t -
i n gs
1910. 303(g)(1)(i v) a n d (g)(1)(vi i )600 Vol t s,
n omi n a l , or l essS pa ce a bou t el ect r i c
equ i pmen t
1910. 303(h )(5)(vi )Over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l
Wor k i n g spa ce a n d gu a r di n g
1910. 304(b)(1)Br a n ch ci r cu i t sI den t i fi ca -
t i on of mu l t i wi r e br a n ch ci r cu i t s
1910. 304(b)(3)(i )Br a n ch ci r cu i t sGr ou n d-
fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er pr ot ect i on for per -
son n el
1910. 304(f)(2)(i )(A), (f)(2)(i )(B) (bu t n ot t h e
i n t r odu ct or y t ext t o 1910. 304(f)(2)(i )), a n d
(f)(2)(i v)(A)Over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on
F eeder s a n d br a n ch ci r cu i t s over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l
1910. 305(c)(3)(i i )S wi t ch esCon n ect i on of
swi t ch es
1910. 305(c)(5)S wi t ch esGr ou n di n g
1910. 306(a )(1)(i i )El ect r i c si gn s a n d ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n gDi scon n ect i n g mea n s
st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft sOper a t i on
st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft sLoca t i on
st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft sI den t i fi ca t i on a n d
si gn s
st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft sS i n gl e-ca r a n d
mu l t i ca r i n st a l l a t i on s
1910. 306(j )(1)(i i i )S wi mmi n g pool s, fou n -
t a i n s, a n d si mi l a r i n st a l l a t i on sRecep-
t a cl es
1910. 306(k )Ca r n i va l s, ci r cu ses, fa i r s, a n d
si mi l a r even t s
1910. 308(a )(5)(v) a n d (a )(5)(vi )(B)S y st ems
over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l I n t er r u pt i n g a n d
i sol a t i n g devi ces
1910. 308(a )(7)(vi )S y st ems over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l Tu n n el i n st a l l a t i on s
1910. 308(b)(3)Emer gen cy power sy st ems
S i gn s
1910. 308(c)(3)Cl a ss 1, Cl a ss 2, a n d Cl a ss 3
r emot e con t r ol , si gn a l i n g, a n d power -l i m-
i t ed ci r cu i t sS epa r a t i on fr om con du ct or s
of ot h er ci r cu i t s
1910. 308(f)S ol a r ph ot ovol t a i c sy st ems
(c) Applicabilit y of requ iremen t s f or dis-
con n ect in g mean s. Th e r equ i r emen t i n
1910. 147(c)(2)(i i i ) t h a t en er gy i sol a t i n g de-
vi ces be ca pa bl e of a ccept i n g a l ock ou t de-
vi ce wh en ever r epl a cemen t or ma j or r epa i r ,
r en ova t i on or modi fi ca t i on of a ma ch i n e or
equ i pmen t i s per for med, a n d wh en ever n ew
ma ch i n es or equ i pmen t a r e i n st a l l ed a ft er
J a n u a r y 2, 1990, a ppl i es i n a ddi t i on t o a n y r e-
qu i r emen t s i n 1910. 303 t h r ou gh 1910. 308
t h a t di scon n ect i n g mea n s be ca pa bl e of bei n g
l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on u n der cer t a i n
con di t i on s.
(a ) Approval. Th e con du ct or s a n d
equ i pmen t r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed by
t h i s su bpa r t sh a l l be a ccept a bl e on l y i f
a ppr oved.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
834
(b) Examin at ion , in st allat ion , an d u se
of equ ipmen t (1) Examin at ion . El ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l be fr ee fr om r ec-
ogn i zed h a za r ds t h a t a r e l i k el y t o
ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s ph y si ca l h a r m
t o empl oy ees. S a fet y of equ i pmen t
sh a l l be det er mi n ed u si n g t h e fol l owi n g
con si der a t i on s:
(i ) S u i t a bi l i t y for i n st a l l a t i on a n d
u se i n con for mi t y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s
of t h i s su bpa r t . S u i t a bi l i t y of equ i p-
men t for a n i den t i fi ed pu r pose ma y be
evi den ced by l i st i n g or l a bel i n g for
t h a t i den t i fi ed pu r pose.
(i i ) Mech a n i ca l st r en gt h a n d du r a -
bi l i t y , i n cl u di n g, for pa r t s desi gn ed t o
en cl ose a n d pr ot ect ot h er equ i pmen t ,
t h e a dequ a cy of t h e pr ot ect i on t h u s
pr ovi ded.
(i i i ) El ect r i ca l i n su l a t i on .
(i v) Hea t i n g effect s u n der con di t i on s
of u se.
(v) Ar ci n g effect s.
(vi ) Cl a ssi fi ca t i on by t y pe, si ze, vol t -
a ge, cu r r en t ca pa ci t y , speci fi c u se.
(vi i ) Ot h er fa ct or s wh i ch con t r i bu t e
t o t h e pr a ct i ca l sa fegu a r di n g of em-
pl oy ees u si n g or l i k el y t o come i n con -
t a ct wi t h t h e equ i pmen t .
(2) I n st allat ion an d u se. Li st ed or l a -
bel ed equ i pmen t sh a l l be u sed or i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a n y i n st r u c-
t i on s i n cl u ded i n t h e l i st i n g or l a bel -
i n g.
(c) Splices. Con du ct or s sh a l l be
spl i ced or j oi n ed wi t h spl i ci n g devi ces
su i t a bl e for t h e u se or by br a zi n g, wel d-
i n g, or sol der i n g wi t h a fu si bl e met a l
or a l l oy . S ol der ed spl i ces sh a l l fi r st be
so spl i ced or j oi n ed a s t o be mech a n i -
ca l l y a n d el ect r i ca l l y secu r e wi t h ou t
sol der a n d t h en sol der ed. Al l spl i ces
a n d j oi n t s a n d t h e fr ee en ds of con du c-
t or s sh a l l be cover ed wi t h a n i n su l a t i on
equ i va l en t t o t h a t of t h e con du ct or s or
wi t h a n i n su l a t i n g devi ce su i t a bl e for
t h e pu r pose.
(d) Arcin g part s. P a r t s of el ect r i c
equ i pmen t wh i ch i n or di n a r y oper a t i on
pr odu ce a r cs, spa r k s, fl a mes, or mol t en
met a l sh a l l be en cl osed or sepa r a t ed
a n d i sol a t ed fr om a l l combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l .
(e) Mark in g. El ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
ma y n ot be u sed u n l ess t h e ma n u fa c-
t u r er s n a me, t r a dema r k , or ot h er de-
scr i pt i ve ma r k i n g by wh i ch t h e or ga n i -
za t i on r espon si bl e for t h e pr odu ct ma y
be i den t i fi ed i s pl a ced on t h e equ i p-
men t . Ot h er ma r k i n gs sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded gi vi n g vol t a ge, cu r r en t , wa t t a ge,
or ot h er r a t i n gs a s n ecessa r y . Th e
ma r k i n g sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t du r a -
bi l i t y t o wi t h st a n d t h e en vi r on men t i n -
vol ved.
(f) I den t if icat ion of discon n ect in g
mean s an d circu it s. Ea ch di scon n ect i n g
mea n s r equ i r ed by t h i s su bpa r t for mo-
t or s a n d a ppl i a n ces sh a l l be l egi bl y
ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e i t s pu r pose, u n l ess
l oca t ed a n d a r r a n ged so t h e pu r pose i s
evi den t . Ea ch ser vi ce, feeder , a n d
br a n ch ci r cu i t , a t i t s di scon n ect i n g
mea n s or over cu r r en t devi ce, sh a l l be
l egi bl y ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e i t s pu r pose,
u n l ess l oca t ed a n d a r r a n ged so t h e pu r -
pose i s evi den t . Th ese ma r k i n gs sh a l l
be of su ffi ci en t du r a bi l i t y t o wi t h st a n d
t h e en vi r on men t i n vol ved.
(g) 600 Volt s, n omin al, or less(1)
Work in g space abou t elect ric equ ipmen t .
S u ffi ci en t a ccess a n d wor k i n g spa ce
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed a bou t
a l l el ect r i c equ i pmen t t o per mi t r ea dy
a n d sa fe oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of
su ch equ i pmen t .
(i ) Work in g clearan ces. Except a s r e-
qu i r ed or per mi t t ed el sewh er e i n t h i s
su bpa r t , t h e di men si on of t h e wor k i n g
spa ce i n t h e di r ect i on of a ccess t o l i ve
pa r t s oper a t i n g a t 600 vol t s or l ess a n d
l i k el y t o r equ i r e exa mi n a t i on , a dj u st -
men t , ser vi ci n g, or ma i n t en a n ce wh i l e
a l i ve ma y n ot be l ess t h a n i n di ca t ed i n
Ta bl e S 1. I n a ddi t i on t o t h e di men -
si on s sh own i n Ta bl e S 1, wor k spa ce
ma y n ot be l ess t h a n 30 i n ch es wi de i n
fr on t of t h e el ect r i c equ i pmen t . Di s-
t a n ces sh a l l be mea su r ed fr om t h e l i ve
pa r t s i f t h ey a r e exposed, or fr om t h e
en cl osu r e fr on t or open i n g i f t h e l i ve
pa r t s a r e en cl osed. Con cr et e, br i ck , or
t i l e wa l l s a r e con si der ed t o be gr ou n d-
ed. Wor k i n g spa ce i s n ot r equ i r ed i n
ba ck of a ssembl i es su ch a s dea d-fr on t
swi t ch boa r ds or mot or con t r ol cen t er s
wh er e t h er e a r e n o r en ewa bl e or a dj u st -
a bl e pa r t s su ch a s fu ses or swi t ch es on
t h e ba ck a n d wh er e a l l con n ect i on s a r e
a ccessi bl e fr om l oca t i on s ot h er t h a n
t h e ba ck .
TABLE S1WORKING CLEARANCES
Nominal voltage to ground
Minimum clear distance
for condition
2
(ft)
(a) (b) (c)
0150 .........................................
1
3
1
3 3
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
835
TABLE S1WORKING CLEARANCES
Continued
Minimum clear distance
for condition
2
(ft)
(a) (b) (c)
151600 .....................................
1
3 3
1
2 4
1
Minimum clear distances may be 2 feet 6 inches for instal-
lations built prior to April 16, 1981.
2
Conditions (a), (b), and (c), are as follows: (a) Exposed
live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the
other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both
sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating
material. Insulated wire or insulated busbars operating at not
over 300 volts are not considered live parts. (b) Exposed live
parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side. (c)
Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace [not guard-
ed as provided in Condition (a)] with the operator between.
(i i ) Clear spaces. Wor k i n g spa ce r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s su bpa r t ma y n ot be u sed
for st or a ge. Wh en n or ma l l y en cl osed
l i ve pa r t s a r e exposed for i n spect i on or
ser vi ci n g, t h e wor k i n g spa ce, i f i n a
pa ssa gewa y or gen er a l open spa ce,
sh a l l be su i t a bl y gu a r ded.
(i i i ) Access an d en t ran ce t o work in g
space. At l ea st on e en t r a n ce of su ffi -
ci en t a r ea sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o gi ve a c-
cess t o t h e wor k i n g spa ce a bou t el ec-
t r i c equ i pmen t .
(i v) Fron t work in g space. Wh er e t h er e
a r e l i ve pa r t s n or ma l l y exposed on t h e
fr on t of swi t ch boa r ds or mot or con t r ol
cen t er s, t h e wor k i n g spa ce i n fr on t of
su ch equ i pmen t ma y n ot be l ess t h a n 3
feet .
(v) I llu min at ion . I l l u mi n a t i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded for a l l wor k i n g spa ces a bou t
ser vi ce equ i pmen t , swi t ch boa r ds, pa n -
el boa r ds, a n d mot or con t r ol cen t er s i n -
st a l l ed i n door s.
(vi ) Headroom. Th e mi n i mu m h ea d-
r oom of wor k i n g spa ces a bou t ser vi ce
equ i pmen t , swi t ch boa r ds, pa n el -boa r ds,
or mot or con t r ol cen t er s sh a l l be 6 feet
3 i n ch es.
NOTE: As u sed i n t h i s sect i on a mot or con -
t r ol cen t er i s a n a ssembl y of on e or mor e en -
cl osed sect i on s h a vi n g a common power bu s
a n d pr i n ci pa l l y con t a i n i n g mot or con t r ol
u n i t s.
(2) Gu ardin g of live part s. (i ) Except a s
r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed el sewh er e i n t h i s
su bpa r t , l i ve pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i p-
men t oper a t i n g a t 50 vol t s or mor e
sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci den t a l
con t a ct by a ppr oved ca bi n et s or ot h er
for ms of a ppr oved en cl osu r es, or by a n y
of t h e fol l owi n g mea n s:
(A) By l oca t i on i n a r oom, va u l t , or
si mi l a r en cl osu r e t h a t i s a ccessi bl e
on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s.
(B) By su i t a bl e per ma n en t , su bst a n -
t i a l pa r t i t i on s or scr een s so a r r a n ged
t h a t on l y qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l h a ve
a ccess t o t h e spa ce wi t h i n r ea ch of t h e
l i ve pa r t s. An y open i n gs i n su ch pa r t i -
t i on s or scr een s sh a l l be so si zed a n d
l oca t ed t h a t per son s a r e n ot l i k el y t o
come i n t o a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h t h e
l i ve pa r t s or t o br i n g con du ct i n g ob-
j ect s i n t o con t a ct wi t h t h em.
(C) By l oca t i on on a su i t a bl e ba l con y ,
ga l l er y , or pl a t for m so el eva t ed a n d a r -
r a n ged a s t o excl u de u n qu a l i fi ed per -
son s.
(D) By el eva t i on of 8 feet or mor e
a bove t h e fl oor or ot h er wor k i n g su r -
fa ce.
(i i ) I n l oca t i on s wh er e el ect r i c equ i p-
men t wou l d be exposed t o ph y si ca l
da ma ge, en cl osu r es or gu a r ds sh a l l be
so a r r a n ged a n d of su ch st r en gt h a s t o
pr even t su ch da ma ge.
(i i i ) En t r a n ces t o r ooms a n d ot h er
gu a r ded l oca t i on s con t a i n i n g exposed
l i ve pa r t s sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h con -
spi cu ou s wa r n i n g si gn s for bi ddi n g u n -
qu a l i fi ed per son s t o en t er .
(h ) Over 600 volt s, n omin al(1) Gen -
eral. Con du ct or s a n d equ i pmen t u sed on
ci r cu i t s exceedi n g 600 vol t s, n omi n a l ,
sh a l l compl y wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi -
si on s of pa r a gr a ph s (a ) t h r ou gh (g) of
t h i s sect i on a n d wi t h t h e fol l owi n g pr o-
vi si on s wh i ch su ppl emen t or modi fy
t h ose r equ i r emen t s. Th e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph s (h )(2), (h )(3), a n d (h )(4) of
t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o equ i pmen t
on t h e su ppl y si de of t h e ser vi ce con -
du ct or s.
(2) En closu re f or elect rical in st allat ion s.
El ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s i n a va u l t ,
r oom, cl oset or i n a n a r ea su r r ou n ded
by a wa l l , scr een , or fen ce, a ccess t o
wh i ch i s con t r ol l ed by l ock a n d k ey or
ot h er a ppr oved mea n s, a r e con si der ed
t o be a ccessi bl e t o qu a l i fi ed per son s
on l y . A wa l l , scr een , or fen ce l ess t h a n
8 feet i n h ei gh t i s n ot con si der ed t o
pr even t a ccess u n l ess i t h a s ot h er fea -
t u r es t h a t pr ovi de a degr ee of i sol a t i on
equ i va l en t t o a n 8 foot fen ce. Th e en -
t r a n ces t o a l l bu i l di n gs, r ooms, or en -
cl osu r es con t a i n i n g exposed l i ve pa r t s
or exposed con du ct or s oper a t i n g a t
over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , sh a l l be k ept
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
836
l ock ed or sh a l l be u n der t h e obser va -
t i on of a qu a l i fi ed per son a t a l l t i mes.
(i ) I n st allat ion s accessible t o qu alif ied
person s on ly . El ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s
h a vi n g exposed l i ve pa r t s sh a l l be a c-
cessi bl e t o qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y a n d
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi -
si on s of pa r a gr a ph (h )(3) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) I n st allat ion s accessible t o u n qu ali-
f ied person s. El ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s
t h a t a r e open t o u n qu a l i fi ed per son s
sh a l l be ma de wi t h met a l -en cl osed
equ i pmen t or sh a l l be en cl osed i n a
va u l t or i n a n a r ea , a ccess t o wh i ch i s
con t r ol l ed by a l ock . I f met a l -en cl osed
equ i pmen t i s i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h e bot -
t om of t h e en cl osu r e i s l ess t h a n 8 feet
a bove t h e fl oor , t h e door or cover sh a l l
be k ept l ock ed. Met a l -en cl osed
swi t ch gea r , u n i t su bst a t i on s, t r a n s-
for mer s, pu l l boxes, con n ect i on boxes,
a n d ot h er si mi l a r a ssoci a t ed equ i pmen t
sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h a ppr opr i a t e ca u -
t i on si gn s. I f equ i pmen t i s exposed t o
ph y si ca l da ma ge fr om veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c,
su i t a bl e gu a r ds sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
pr even t su ch da ma ge. Ven t i l a t i n g or
si mi l a r open i n gs i n met a l -en cl osed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t
for ei gn obj ect s i n ser t ed t h r ou gh t h ese
gi zed pa r t s.
(3) Work space abou t equ ipmen t . S u ffi -
ci en t spa ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d ma i n -
t a i n ed a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t t o per -
mi t r ea dy a n d sa fe oper a t i on a n d ma i n -
t en a n ce of su ch equ i pmen t . Wh er e en -
er gi zed pa r t s a r e exposed, t h e mi n -
i mu m cl ea r wor k spa ce ma y n ot be l ess
t h a n 6 feet 6 i n ch es h i gh (mea su r ed
ver t i ca l l y fr om t h e fl oor or pl a t for m),
or l ess t h a n 3 feet wi de (mea su r ed pa r -
a l l el t o t h e equ i pmen t ). Th e dept h
sh a l l be a s r equ i r ed i n Ta bl e S 2. Th e
wor k spa ce sh a l l be a dequ a t e t o per mi t
a t l ea st a 90-degr ee open i n g of door s or
h i n ged pa n el s.
(i ) Work in g space. Th e mi n i mu m cl ea r
wor k i n g spa ce i n fr on t of el ect r i c
equ i pmen t su ch a s swi t ch boa r ds, con -
t r ol pa n el s, swi t ch es, ci r cu i t br ea k er s,
mot or con t r ol l er s, r el a y s, a n d si mi l a r
equ i pmen t ma y n ot be l ess t h a n speci -
fi ed i n Ta bl e S 2 u n l ess ot h er wi se spec-
i fi ed i n t h i s su bpa r t . Di st a n ces sh a l l be
mea su r ed fr om t h e l i ve pa r t s i f t h ey
a r e exposed, or fr om t h e en cl osu r e
fr on t or open i n g i f t h e l i ve pa r t s a r e
en cl osed. However , wor k i n g spa ce i s
n ot r equ i r ed i n ba ck of equ i pmen t su ch
a s dea dfr on t swi t ch boa r ds or con t r ol
a ssembl i es wh er e t h er e a r e n o r en ew-
a bl e or a dj u st a bl e pa r t s (su ch a s fu ses
or swi t ch es) on t h e ba ck a n d wh er e a l l
con n ect i on s a r e a ccessi bl e fr om l oca -
t i on s ot h er t h a n t h e ba ck . Wh er e r ea r
a ccess i s r equ i r ed t o wor k on de-en er -
gi zed pa r t s on t h e ba ck of en cl osed
equ i pmen t , a mi n i mu m wor k i n g spa ce
of 30 i n ch es h or i zon t a l l y sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
TABLE S2MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORK-
ING SPACE IN FRONT OF ELECTRIC EQUIP-
MENT
Conditions
2
(ft)
(a) (b) (c)
601 to 2,500 .............................. 3 4 5
2,501 to 9,000 ........................... 4 5 6
9,001 to 25,000 ......................... 5 6 9
25,001 to 75kV
1
........................ 6 8 10
Above 75kV
1
............................. 8 10 12
1
Minimum depth of clear working space in front of electric
equipment with a nominal voltage to ground above 25,000
volts may be the same as for 25,000 volts under Conditions
(a), (b), and (c) for installations built prior to April 16, 1981.
2
Conditions (a), (b), and (c) are as follows: (a) Exposed live
parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other
side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides
effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating mate-
rials. Insulated wire or insulated busbars operating at not over
300 volts are not considered live parts. (b) Exposed live parts
on one side and grounded parts on the other side. Concrete,
brick, or tile walls will be considered as grounded surfaces. (c)
Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace not guard-
ed as provided in Condition (a) with the operator between.
(i i ) I llu min at ion . Adequ a t e i l l u mi n a -
t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded for a l l wor k i n g
spa ces a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t . Th e
l i gh t i n g ou t l et s sh a l l be so a r r a n ged
t h a t per son s ch a n gi n g l a mps or ma k i n g
r epa i r s on t h e l i gh t i n g sy st em wi l l n ot
be en da n ger ed by l i ve pa r t s or ot h er
equ i pmen t . Th e poi n t s of con t r ol sh a l l
be so l oca t ed t h a t per son s a r e n ot l i k e-
l y t o come i n con t a ct wi t h a n y l i ve
pa r t or movi n g pa r t of t h e equ i pmen t
wh i l e t u r n i n g on t h e l i gh t s.
(i i i ) Elevat ion of u n gu arded live part s.
Un gu a r ded l i ve pa r t s a bove wor k i n g
spa ce sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t el eva t i on s
n ot l ess t h a n speci fi ed i n Ta bl e S 3.
TABLE S3ELEVATION OF UNGUARDED
ENERGIZED PARTS ABOVE WORKING SPACE
Nominal voltage be-
tween phases
Minimum elevation
601 to 7,500 ................. *8 feet 6 inches.
7,501 to 35,000 ............ 9 feet.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
837
TABLE S3ELEVATION OF UNGUARDED ENER-
GIZED PARTS ABOVE WORKING SPACECon-
tinued
Nominal voltage be-
tween phases
Minimum elevation
Over 35kV .................... 9 feet + 0.37 inches per kV above
35kV.
*Note. Minimum elevation may be 8 feet 0 inches for instal-
lations built prior to April 16, 1981 if the nominal voltage be-
tween phases is in the range of 6016600 volts.
(4) En t ran ce an d access t o work space.
(S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
(i ) At l ea st on e en t r a n ce n ot l ess
t h a n 24 i n ch es wi de a n d 6 feet 6 i n ch es
h i gh sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o gi ve a ccess t o
t h e wor k i n g spa ce a bou t el ect r i c equ i p-
men t . On swi t ch boa r d a n d con t r ol pa n -
el s exceedi n g 48 i n ch es i n wi dt h , t h er e
sh a l l be on e en t r a n ce a t ea ch en d of
su ch boa r d wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e. Wh er e
ba r e en er gi zed pa r t s a t a n y vol t a ge or
i n su l a t ed en er gi zed pa r t s a bove 600
vol t s a r e l oca t ed a dj a cen t t o su ch en -
t r a n ce, t h ey sh a l l be su i t a bl y gu a r ded.
(i i ) P er ma n en t l a dder s or st a i r wa y s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o gi ve sa fe a ccess t o
t h e wor k i n g spa ce a r ou n d el ect r i c
equ i pmen t i n st a l l ed on pl a t for ms, ba l -
con i es, mezza n i n e fl oor s, or i n a t t i c or
r oof r ooms or spa ces.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
1910.303 General.
(a ) Approval. Th e con du ct or s a n d equ i p-
men t r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed by t h i s su bpa r t
sh a l l be a ccept a bl e on l y i f a ppr oved, a s de-
fi n ed i n 1910. 399.
(b) Examin at ion , in st allat ion , an d u se of
equ ipmen t (1) Examin at ion . El ect r i c equ i p-
men t sh a l l be fr ee fr om r ecogn i zed h a za r ds
t h a t a r e l i k el y t o ca u se dea t h or ser i ou s
ph y si ca l h a r m t o empl oy ees. S a fet y of equ i p-
men t sh a l l be det er mi n ed u si n g t h e fol l owi n g
con si der a t i on s:
(i ) S u i t a bi l i t y for i n st a l l a t i on a n d u se i n
con for mi t y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of t h i s su b-
pa r t ;
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (B)(1)(I ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON: S u i t a bi l i t y of equ i pmen t for a n i den t i -
fi ed pu r pose ma y be evi den ced by l i st i n g or
l a bel i n g for t h a t i den t i fi ed pu r pose.
(i i ) Mech a n i ca l st r en gt h a n d du r a bi l i t y , i n -
cl u di n g, for pa r t s desi gn ed t o en cl ose a n d
pr ot ect ot h er equ i pmen t , t h e a dequ a cy of t h e
pr ot ect i on t h u s pr ovi ded;
(i i i ) Wi r e-ben di n g a n d con n ect i on spa ce;
(i v) El ect r i ca l i n su l a t i on ;
(v) Hea t i n g effect s u n der a l l con di t i on s of
u se;
(vi ) Ar ci n g effect s;
(vi i ) Cl a ssi fi ca t i on by t y pe, si ze, vol t a ge,
cu r r en t ca pa ci t y , a n d speci fi c u se; a n d
(vi i i ) Ot h er fa ct or s t h a t con t r i bu t e t o t h e
pr a ct i ca l sa fegu a r di n g of per son s u si n g or
l i k el y t o come i n con t a ct wi t h t h e equ i p-
men t .
(2) I n st allat ion an d u se. Li st ed or l a bel ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a n d u sed i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h a n y i n st r u ct i on s i n cl u ded i n
t h e l i st i n g or l a bel i n g.
(3) I n su lat ion in t egrit y . Compl et ed wi r i n g
i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be fr ee fr om sh or t ci r cu i t s
a n d fr om gr ou n ds ot h er t h a n t h ose r equ i r ed
or per mi t t ed by t h i s su bpa r t .
(4) I n t erru pt in g rat in g. Equ i pmen t i n t en ded
t o i n t er r u pt cu r r en t a t fa u l t l evel s sh a l l
h a ve a n i n t er r u pt i n g r a t i n g su ffi ci en t for t h e
n omi n a l ci r cu i t vol t a ge a n d t h e cu r r en t t h a t
i s a va i l a bl e a t t h e l i n e t er mi n a l s of t h e
equ i pmen t . Equ i pmen t i n t en ded t o i n t er r u pt
cu r r en t a t ot h er t h a n fa u l t l evel s sh a l l h a ve
a n i n t er r u pt i n g r a t i n g a t n omi n a l ci r cu i t
vol t a ge su ffi ci en t for t h e cu r r en t t h a t mu st
be i n t er r u pt ed.
(5) Circu it impedan ce an d ot h er ch aract eris-
t ics. Th e over cu r r en t pr ot ect i ve devi ces, t h e
t ot a l i mpeda n ce, t h e compon en t sh or t -ci r -
cu i t cu r r en t r a t i n gs, a n d ot h er ch a r a ct er i s-
t i cs of t h e ci r cu i t t o be pr ot ect ed sh a l l be se-
l ect ed a n d coor di n a t ed t o per mi t t h e ci r cu i t
pr ot ect i ve devi ces u sed t o cl ea r a fa u l t t o do
so wi t h ou t t h e occu r r en ce of ext en si ve da m-
a ge t o t h e el ect r i ca l compon en t s of t h e ci r -
cu i t . Th i s fa u l t sh a l l be a ssu med t o be ei t h er
bet ween t wo or mor e of t h e ci r cu i t con du c-
t or s, or bet ween a n y ci r cu i t con du ct or a n d
t h e gr ou n di n g con du ct or or en cl osi n g met a l
r a cewa y .
(6) Det eriorat in g agen t s. Un l ess i den t i fi ed
for u se i n t h e oper a t i n g en vi r on men t , n o
con du ct or s or equ i pmen t sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
da mp or wet l oca t i on s; wh er e exposed t o
ga ses, fu mes, va por s, l i qu i ds, or ot h er a gen t s
t h a t h a ve a det er i or a t i n g effect on t h e con -
du ct or s or equ i pmen t ; or wh er e exposed t o
excessi ve t emper a t u r es.
(7) Mech an ical execu t ion of work . El ect r i c
equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a n ea t a n d
wor k ma n l i k e ma n n er .
(i ) Un u sed open i n gs i n boxes, r a cewa y s,
a u xi l i a r y gu t t er s, ca bi n et s, equ i pmen t ca ses,
or h ou si n gs sh a l l be effect i vel y cl osed t o a f-
for d pr ot ect i on su bst a n t i a l l y equ i va l en t t o
t h e wa l l of t h e equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Con du ct or s sh a l l be r a ck ed t o pr ovi de
r ea dy a n d sa fe a ccess i n u n der gr ou n d a n d
su bsu r fa ce en cl osu r es t h a t per son s en t er for
i n st a l l a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce.
(i i i ) I n t er n a l pa r t s of el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t ,
i n cl u di n g bu sba r s, wi r i n g t er mi n a l s,
i n su l a t or s, a n d ot h er su r fa ces, ma y n ot be
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
838
da ma ged or con t a mi n a t ed by for ei gn ma t e-
r i a l s su ch a s pa i n t , pl a st er , cl ea n er s, a br a -
si ves, or cor r osi ve r esi du es.
(i v) Th er e sh a l l be n o da ma ged pa r t s t h a t
ma y a dver sel y a ffect sa fe oper a t i on or me-
ch a n i ca l st r en gt h of t h e equ i pmen t , su ch a s
pa r t s t h a t a r e br ok en , ben t , cu t , or det er i o-
r a t ed by cor r osi on , ch emi ca l a ct i on , or over -
h ea t i n g.
(8) Mou n t in g an d coolin g of equ ipmen t . (i )
El ect r i c equ i pmen t sh a l l be fi r ml y secu r ed
t o t h e su r fa ce on wh i ch i t i s mou n t ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (B)(8)(I ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON: Wooden pl u gs dr i ven i n t o h ol es i n ma -
son r y , con cr et e, pl a st er , or si mi l a r ma t er i a l s
a r e n ot con si der ed secu r e mea n s of fa st en i n g
el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(i i ) El ect r i c equ i pmen t t h a t depen ds on t h e
n a t u r a l ci r cu l a t i on of a i r a n d con vect i on
pr i n ci pl es for cool i n g of exposed su r fa ces
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t r oom a i r fl ow over
su ch su r fa ces i s n ot pr even t ed by wa l l s or by
a dj a cen t i n st a l l ed equ i pmen t . F or equ i pmen t
desi gn ed for fl oor mou n t i n g, cl ea r a n ce be-
t ween t op su r fa ces a n d a dj a cen t su r fa ces
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di ssi pa t e r i si n g wa r m
a i r .
(i i i ) El ect r i c equ i pmen t pr ovi ded wi t h ven -
t i l a t i n g open i n gs sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t
wa l l s or ot h er obst r u ct i on s do n ot pr even t
t h e fr ee ci r cu l a t i on of a i r t h r ou gh t h e equ i p-
men t .
(c) Elect rical con n ect ion s(1) Gen eral. Be-
ca u se of di ffer en t ch a r a ct er i st i cs of di s-
si mi l a r met a l s:
(i ) Devi ces su ch a s pr essu r e t er mi n a l or
pr essu r e spl i ci n g con n ect or s a n d sol der i n g
l u gs sh a l l be i den t i fi ed for t h e ma t er i a l of
t h e con du ct or a n d sh a l l be pr oper l y i n st a l l ed
a n d u sed;
(i i ) Con du ct or s of di ssi mi l a r met a l s ma y
n ot be i n t er mi xed i n a t er mi n a l or spl i ci n g
con n ect or wh er e ph y si ca l con t a ct occu r s be-
t ween di ssi mi l a r con du ct or s (su ch a s copper
a n d a l u mi n u m, copper a n d copper -cl a d a l u -
mi n u m, or a l u mi n u m a n d copper -cl a d a l u -
mi n u m) u n l ess t h e devi ce i s i den t i fi ed for
t h e pu r pose a n d con di t i on s of u se; a n d
(i i i ) Ma t er i a l s su ch a s sol der , fl u xes, i n -
h i bi t or s, a n d compou n ds, wh er e empl oy ed,
sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e u se a n d sh a l l be of
a t y pe t h a t wi l l n ot a dver sel y a ffect t h e con -
du ct or s, i n st a l l a t i on , or equ i pmen t .
(2) T ermin als. (i ) Con n ect i on of con du ct or s
t o t er mi n a l pa r t s sh a l l en su r e a good con n ec-
t i on wi t h ou t da ma gi n g t h e con du ct or s a n d
sh a l l be ma de by mea n s of pr essu r e con n ec-
t or s (i n cl u di n g set -scr ew t y pe), sol der l u gs,
or spl i ces t o fl exi bl e l ea ds. However , No. 10
or sma l l er con du ct or s ma y be con n ect ed by
mea n s of wi r e bi n di n g scr ews or st u ds a n d
n u t s h a vi n g u pt u r n ed l u gs or equ i va l en t .
(i i ) Ter mi n a l s for mor e t h a n on e con du ct or
a n d t er mi n a l s u sed t o con n ect a l u mi n u m
sh a l l be so i den t i fi ed.
(3) Splices. (i ) Con du ct or s sh a l l be spl i ced or
j oi n ed wi t h spl i ci n g devi ces i den t i fi ed for t h e
u se or by br a zi n g, wel di n g, or sol der i n g wi t h
a fu si bl e met a l or a l l oy . S ol der ed spl i ces
sh a l l fi r st be spl i ced or j oi n ed t o be mech a n i -
ca l l y a n d el ect r i ca l l y secu r e wi t h ou t sol der
a n d t h en sol der ed. Al l spl i ces a n d j oi n t s a n d
t h e fr ee en ds of con du ct or s sh a l l be cover ed
wi t h a n i n su l a t i on equ i va l en t t o t h a t of t h e
con du ct or s or wi t h a n i n su l a t i n g devi ce i den -
t i fi ed for t h e pu r pose.
(i i ) Wi r e con n ect or s or spl i ci n g mea n s i n -
st a l l ed on con du ct or s for di r ect bu r i a l sh a l l
be l i st ed for su ch u se.
(d) Arcin g part s. P a r t s of el ect r i c equ i p-
men t t h a t i n or di n a r y oper a t i on pr odu ce
a r cs, spa r k s, fl a mes, or mol t en met a l sh a l l
be en cl osed or sepa r a t ed a n d i sol a t ed fr om
a l l combu st i bl e ma t er i a l .
(e) Mark in g(1) I den t if icat ion of man u f ac-
t u rer an d rat in gs. El ect r i c equ i pmen t ma y
n ot be u sed u n l ess t h e fol l owi n g ma r k i n gs
h a ve been pl a ced on t h e equ i pmen t :
(i ) Th e ma n u fa ct u r er s n a me, t r a dema r k ,
or ot h er descr i pt i ve ma r k i n g by wh i ch t h e
or ga n i za t i on r espon si bl e for t h e pr odu ct ma y
be i den t i fi ed; a n d
(i i ) Ot h er ma r k i n gs gi vi n g vol t a ge, cu r -
r en t , wa t t a ge, or ot h er r a t i n gs a s n ecessa r y .
(2) Du rabilit y . Th e ma r k i n g sh a l l be of su f-
fi ci en t du r a bi l i t y t o wi t h st a n d t h e en vi r on -
men t i n vol ved.
(f) Discon n ect in g mean s an d circu it s(1) Mo-
t ors an d applian ces. Ea ch di scon n ect i n g
mea n s r equ i r ed by t h i s su bpa r t for mot or s
a n d a ppl i a n ces sh a l l be l egi bl y ma r k ed t o i n -
di ca t e i t s pu r pose, u n l ess l oca t ed a n d a r -
r a n ged so t h e pu r pose i s evi den t .
(2) Services, f eeders, an d bran ch circu it s.
Ea ch ser vi ce, feeder , a n d br a n ch ci r cu i t , a t
i t s di scon n ect i n g mea n s or over cu r r en t de-
vi ce, sh a l l be l egi bl y ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e i t s
pu r pose, u n l ess l oca t ed a n d a r r a n ged so t h e
pu r pose i s evi den t .
(3) Du rabilit y of mark in gs. Th e ma r k i n gs r e-
qu i r ed by pa r a gr a ph s (f)(1) a n d (f)(2) of t h i s
sect i on sh a l l be of su ffi ci en t du r a bi l i t y t o
wi t h st a n d t h e en vi r on men t i n vol ved.
(4) Capable of accept in g a lock . Di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s r equ i r ed by t h i s su bpa r t
sh a l l be ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed i n t h e open
posi t i on .
(5) Mark in g f or series combin at ion rat in gs. (i )
Wh er e ci r cu i t br ea k er s or fu ses a r e a ppl i ed
i n compl i a n ce wi t h t h e ser i es combi n a t i on
r a t i n gs ma r k ed on t h e equ i pmen t by t h e
ma n u fa ct u r er , t h e equ i pmen t en cl osu r es
sh a l l be l egi bl y ma r k ed i n t h e fi el d t o i n di -
ca t e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t h a s been a ppl i ed
wi t h a ser i es combi n a t i on r a t i n g.
(i i ) Th e ma r k i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(f)(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be r ea di l y vi si bl e
a n d sh a l l st a t e Ca u t i on S er i es Combi n a -
t i on S y st em Ra t ed ll Amper es. I den t i fi ed
Repl a cemen t Compon en t Requ i r ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
839
(g) 600 Volt s, n omin al, or less. Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a ppl i es t o el ect r i c equ i pmen t oper -
a t i n g a t 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess t o gr ou n d.
(1) Space abou t elect ric equ ipmen t . S u ffi ci en t
a ccess a n d wor k i n g spa ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded
a n d ma i n t a i n ed a bou t a l l el ect r i c equ i pmen t
t o per mi t r ea dy a n d sa fe oper a t i on a n d ma i n -
t en a n ce of su ch equ i pmen t .
(i ) Wor k i n g spa ce for equ i pmen t l i k el y t o
r equ i r e exa mi n a t i on , a dj u st men t , ser vi ci n g,
or ma i n t en a n ce wh i l e en er gi zed sh a l l compl y
wi t h t h e fol l owi n g di men si on s, except a s r e-
qu i r ed or per mi t t ed el sewh er e i n t h i s su b-
pa r t :
(A) Th e dept h of t h e wor k i n g spa ce i n t h e
di r ect i on of a ccess t o l i ve pa r t s ma y n ot be
l ess t h a n i n di ca t ed i n Ta bl e S 1. Di st a n ces
sh a l l be mea su r ed fr om t h e l i ve pa r t s i f t h ey
a r e exposed or fr om t h e en cl osu r e fr on t or
open i n g i f t h ey a r e en cl osed;
(B) Th e wi dt h of wor k i n g spa ce i n fr on t of
t h e el ect r i c equ i pmen t sh a l l be t h e wi dt h of
t h e equ i pmen t or 762 mm (30 i n . ), wh i ch ever
i s gr ea t er . I n a l l ca ses, t h e wor k i n g spa ce
sh a l l per mi t a t l ea st a 90-degr ee open i n g of
equ i pmen t door s or h i n ged pa n el s; a n d
(C) Th e wor k spa ce sh a l l be cl ea r a n d ex-
t en d fr om t h e gr a de, fl oor , or pl a t for m t o t h e
h ei gh t r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(vi ) of t h i s
sect i on . However , ot h er equ i pmen t a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h e el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on a n d l o-
ca t ed a bove or bel ow t h e el ect r i c equ i pmen t
ma y ext en d n ot mor e t h a n 153 mm (6 i n . ) be-
y on d t h e fr on t of t h e el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Wor k i n g spa ce r equ i r ed by t h i s st a n d-
a r d ma y n ot be u sed for st or a ge. Wh en n or -
ma l l y en cl osed l i ve pa r t s a r e exposed for i n -
spect i on or ser vi ci n g, t h e wor k i n g spa ce, i f
i n a pa ssa gewa y or gen er a l open spa ce, sh a l l
be su i t a bl y gu a r ded.
(i i i ) At l ea st on e en t r a n ce of su ffi ci en t
a r ea sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o gi ve a ccess t o t h e
wor k i n g spa ce a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(i v) F or equ i pmen t r a t ed 1200 a mper es or
mor e a n d over 1. 83 m (6. 0 ft ) wi de, con t a i n i n g
over cu r r en t devi ces, swi t ch i n g devi ces, or
con t r ol devi ces, t h er e sh a l l be on e en t r a n ce
n ot l ess t h a n 610 mm (24 i n . ) wi de a n d 1. 98 m
(6. 5 ft ) h i gh a t ea ch en d of t h e wor k i n g spa ce,
except t h a t :
(A) Wh er e t h e l oca t i on per mi t s a con t i n -
u ou s a n d u n obst r u ct ed wa y of exi t t r a vel ,
on e mea n s of exi t i s per mi t t ed; or
(B) Wh er e t h e wor k i n g spa ce r equ i r ed by
pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on i s dou bl ed,
on l y on e en t r a n ce t o t h e wor k i n g spa ce i s r e-
qu i r ed; h owever , t h e en t r a n ce sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed so t h a t t h e edge of t h e en t r a n ce n ea r -
est t h e equ i pmen t i s t h e mi n i mu m cl ea r di s-
t a n ce gi ven i n Ta bl e S 1 a wa y fr om su ch
equ i pmen t .
(v) I l l u mi n a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded for a l l
wor k i n g spa ces a bou t ser vi ce equ i pmen t ,
swi t ch boa r ds, pa n el boa r ds, a n d mot or con -
t r ol cen t er s i n st a l l ed i n door s. Addi t i on a l
l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es a r e n ot r equ i r ed wh er e t h e
wor k i n g spa ce i s i l l u mi n a t ed by a n a dj a cen t
l i gh t sou r ce. I n el ect r i c equ i pmen t r ooms,
t h e i l l u mi n a t i on ma y n ot be con t r ol l ed by
a u t oma t i c mea n s on l y .
(vi ) Th e mi n i mu m h ea dr oom of wor k i n g
spa ces a bou t ser vi ce equ i pmen t , swi t ch -
boa r ds, pa n el boa r ds, or mot or con t r ol cen -
t er s sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
(A) F or i n st a l l a t i on s bu i l t befor e Au gu st
13, 2007, 1. 91 m (6. 25 ft ); a n d
(B) F or i n st a l l a t i on s bu i l t on or a ft er Au -
gu st 13, 2007, 1. 98 m (6. 5 ft ), except t h a t wh er e
t h e el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t exceeds 1. 98 m (6. 5
ft ) i n h ei gh t , t h e mi n i mu m h ea dr oom ma y
n ot be l ess t h a n t h e h ei gh t of t h e equ i pmen t .
TABLE S1MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORKING SPACE AT ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT, 600 V OR LESS
Minimum clear distance for condition
2 3

Condition A Condition B Condition C
m ft m ft m ft
0150 ............................................................................
1
0.9
1
3.0
1
0.9
1
3.0 0.9 3.0
151600 ........................................................................
1
0.9
1
3.0 1.0 3.5 1.2 4.0
Notes to Table S1:
1. Minimum clear distances may be 0.7 m (2.5 ft) for installations built before April 16, 1981.
2. Conditions A, B, and C are as follows:
Condition AExposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or ex-
posed live parts on both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material. Insulated wire or insulated
busbars operating at not over 300 volts are not considered live parts.
Condition BExposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side.
Condition CExposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator
between.
3. Working space is not required in back of assemblies such as dead-front switchboards or motor control centers where there
are no renewable or adjustable parts (such as fuses or switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible from lo-
cations other than the back. Where rear access is required to work on deenergized parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a
minimum working space of 762 mm (30 in.) horizontally shall be provided.
(vi i ) S wi t ch boa r ds, pa n el boa r ds, a n d di s-
t r i bu t i on boa r ds i n st a l l ed for t h e con t r ol of
l i gh t a n d power ci r cu i t s, a n d mot or con t r ol
cen t er s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n dedi ca t ed spa ces
a n d pr ot ect ed fr om da ma ge.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
840
(A) F or i n door i n st a l l a t i on , t h e dedi ca t ed
spa ce sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) Th e spa ce equ a l t o t h e wi dt h a n d dept h
of t h e equ i pmen t a n d ext en di n g fr om t h e
fl oor t o a h ei gh t of 1. 83 m (6. 0 ft ) a bove t h e
equ i pmen t or t o t h e st r u ct u r a l cei l i n g,
wh i ch ever i s l ower , sh a l l be dedi ca t ed t o t h e
el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on . Un l ess i sol a t ed fr om
equ i pmen t by h ei gh t or ph y si ca l en cl osu r es
or cover s t h a t wi l l a ffor d a dequ a t e mech a n -
i ca l pr ot ect i on fr om veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c or a cci -
den t a l con t a ct by u n a u t h or i zed per son n el or
t h a t compl i es wi t h pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(vi i )(A)(2)
of t h i s sect i on , pi pi n g, du ct s, or equ i pmen t
for ei gn t o t h e el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on ma y n ot
be l oca t ed i n t h i s a r ea ;
(2) Th e spa ce equ a l t o t h e wi dt h a n d dept h
of t h e equ i pmen t sh a l l be k ept cl ea r of for -
ei gn sy st ems u n l ess pr ot ect i on i s pr ovi ded t o
a voi d da ma ge fr om con den sa t i on , l ea k s, or
br ea k s i n su ch for ei gn sy st ems. Th i s a r ea
sh a l l ext en d fr om t h e t op of t h e el ect r i c
equ i pmen t t o t h e st r u ct u r a l cei l i n g;
(3) S pr i n k l er pr ot ect i on i s per mi t t ed for
t h e dedi ca t ed spa ce wh er e t h e pi pi n g com-
pl i es wi t h t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(4) Con t r ol equ i pmen t t h a t by i t s ver y n a -
t u r e or beca u se of ot h er r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s
su bpa r t mu st be a dj a cen t t o or wi t h i n si gh t
of i t s oper a t i n g ma ch i n er y i s per mi t t ed i n
t h e dedi ca t ed spa ce.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (g)(1)(vi i )(A) OF THI S
S ECTI ON: A dr opped, su spen ded, or si mi l a r
cei l i n g t h a t does n ot a dd st r en gt h t o t h e
bu i l di n g st r u ct u r e i s n ot con si der ed a st r u c-
t u r a l cei l i n g.
(B) Ou t door el ect r i c equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n su i t a bl e en cl osu r es a n d sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed fr om a cci den t a l con t a ct by u n a u -
t h or i zed per son n el , or by veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c, or
by a cci den t a l spi l l a ge or l ea k a ge fr om pi pi n g
sy st ems. No a r ch i t ect u r a l a ppu r t en a n ce or
ot h er equ i pmen t ma y be l oca t ed i n t h e wor k -
i n g spa ce r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on .
(2) Gu ardin g of live part s. (i ) Except a s el se-
wh er e r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed by t h i s st a n d-
a r d, l i ve pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t oper -
a t i n g a t 50 vol t s or mor e sh a l l be gu a r ded
a ga i n st a cci den t a l con t a ct by u se of a p-
pr oved ca bi n et s or ot h er for ms of a ppr oved
en cl osu r es or by a n y of t h e fol l owi n g mea n s:
(A) By l oca t i on i n a r oom, va u l t , or si mi l a r
en cl osu r e t h a t i s a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed
per son s;
(B) By su i t a bl e per ma n en t , su bst a n t i a l
pa r t i t i on s or scr een s so a r r a n ged so t h a t
on l y qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l h a ve a ccess t o t h e
spa ce wi t h i n r ea ch of t h e l i ve pa r t s. An y
open i n gs i n su ch pa r t i t i on s or scr een s sh a l l
be so si zed a n d l oca t ed t h a t per son s a r e n ot
l i k el y t o come i n t o a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h
t h e l i ve pa r t s or t o br i n g con du ct i n g obj ect s
i n t o con t a ct wi t h t h em;
(C) By pl a cemen t on a su i t a bl e ba l con y ,
ga l l er y , or pl a t for m so el eva t ed a n d ot h er -
wi se l oca t ed a s t o pr even t a ccess by u n qu a l i -
fi ed per son s; or
(D) By el eva t i on of 2. 44 m (8. 0 ft ) or mor e
a bove t h e fl oor or ot h er wor k i n g su r fa ce.
(i i ) I n l oca t i on s wh er e el ect r i c equ i pmen t
i s l i k el y t o be exposed t o ph y si ca l da ma ge,
en cl osu r es or gu a r ds sh a l l be so a r r a n ged a n d
of su ch st r en gt h a s t o pr even t su ch da ma ge.
(i i i ) En t r a n ces t o r ooms a n d ot h er gu a r ded
l oca t i on s con t a i n i n g exposed l i ve pa r t s sh a l l
be ma r k ed wi t h con spi cu ou s wa r n i n g si gn s
for bi ddi n g u n qu a l i fi ed per son s t o en t er .
(h ) Over 600 volt s, n omin al(1) Gen eral. Con -
du ct or s a n d equ i pmen t u sed on ci r cu i t s ex-
ceedi n g 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , sh a l l compl y wi t h
a l l a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of t h e pa r a gr a ph s
(a ) t h r ou gh (g) of t h i s sect i on a n d wi t h t h e
fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s, wh i ch su ppl emen t or
modi fy t h e pr ecedi n g r equ i r emen t s. How-
ever , pa r a gr a ph s (h )(2), (h )(3), a n d (h )(4) of
t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o t h e equ i pmen t
on t h e su ppl y si de of t h e ser vi ce poi n t .
(2) En closu re f or elect rical in st allat ion s. (i )
El ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s i n a va u l t , r oom, or
cl oset or i n a n a r ea su r r ou n ded by a wa l l ,
scr een , or fen ce, a ccess t o wh i ch i s con -
t r ol l ed by l ock a n d k ey or ot h er a ppr oved
mea n s, a r e con si der ed t o be a ccessi bl e t o
qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y . Th e t y pe of en cl osu r e
u sed i n a gi ven ca se sh a l l be desi gn ed a n d
con st r u ct ed a ccor di n g t o t h e h a za r ds a ssoci -
a t ed wi t h t h e i n st a l l a t i on .
(i i ) F or i n st a l l a t i on s ot h er t h a n equ i pmen t
descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(2)(v) of t h i s sec-
t i on , a wa l l , scr een , or fen ce sh a l l be u sed t o
en cl ose a n ou t door el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on t o
det er a ccess by per son s wh o a r e n ot qu a l i -
fi ed. A fen ce ma y n ot be l ess t h a n 2. 13 m (7. 0
ft ) i n h ei gh t or a combi n a t i on of 1. 80 m (6. 0
ft ) or mor e of fen ce fa br i c a n d a 305-mm (1-
ft ) or mor e ext en si on u t i l i zi n g t h r ee or mor e
st r a n ds of ba r bed wi r e or equ i va l en t .
(i i i ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
i n door i n st a l l a t i on s t h a t a r e a ccessi bl e t o
ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed per son s:
(A) Th e i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be ma de wi t h
met a l -en cl osed equ i pmen t or sh a l l be en -
cl osed i n a va u l t or i n a n a r ea t o wh i ch a c-
cess i s con t r ol l ed by a l ock ;
(B) Met a l -en cl osed swi t ch gea r , u n i t su b-
st a t i on s, t r a n sfor mer s, pu l l boxes, con n ec-
t i on boxes, a n d ot h er si mi l a r a ssoci a t ed
equ i pmen t sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h a ppr opr i a t e
ca u t i on si gn s; a n d
(C) Open i n gs i n ven t i l a t ed dr y -t y pe t r a n s-
for mer s a n d si mi l a r open i n gs i n ot h er equ i p-
men t sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t for ei gn ob-
j ect s i n ser t ed t h r ou gh t h ese open i n gs wi l l be
defl ect ed fr om en er gi zed pa r t s.
(i v) Ou t door el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s h a vi n g
exposed l i ve pa r t s sh a l l be a ccessi bl e t o
qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y .
(v) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
ou t door en cl osed equ i pmen t a ccessi bl e t o u n -
qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees:
(A) Ven t i l a t i n g or si mi l a r open i n gs i n
equ i pmen t sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t for ei gn
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
841
obj ect s i n ser t ed t h r ou gh t h ese open i n gs wi l l
be defl ect ed fr om en er gi zed pa r t s;
(B) Wh er e exposed t o ph y si ca l da ma ge
fr om veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c, su i t a bl e gu a r ds sh a l l
be pr ovi ded;
(C) Non met a l l i c or met a l -en cl osed equ i p-
men t l oca t ed ou t door s a n d a ccessi bl e t o t h e
gen er a l pu bl i c sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t ex-
posed n u t s or bol t s ca n n ot be r ea di l y r e-
moved, per mi t t i n g a ccess t o l i ve pa r t s;
(D) Wh er e n on met a l l i c or met a l -en cl osed
equ i pmen t i s a ccessi bl e t o t h e gen er a l pu bl i c
a n d t h e bot t om of t h e en cl osu r e i s l ess t h a n
2. 44 m (8. 0 ft ) a bove t h e fl oor or gr a de l evel ,
t h e en cl osu r e door or h i n ged cover sh a l l be
k ept l ock ed; a n d
(E) Except for u n der gr ou n d box cover s t h a t
wei gh over 45. 4 k g (100 l b), door s a n d cover s
of en cl osu r es u sed sol el y a s pu l l boxes, spl i ce
boxes, or j u n ct i on boxes sh a l l be l ock ed,
bol t ed, or scr ewed on .
(3) Work space abou t equ ipmen t . S u ffi ci en t
spa ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d ma i n t a i n ed
a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t t o per mi t r ea dy
a n d sa fe oper a t i on a n d ma i n t en a n ce of su ch
equ i pmen t . Wh er e en er gi zed pa r t s a r e ex-
posed, t h e mi n i mu m cl ea r wor k spa ce ma y
n ot be l ess t h a n 1. 98 m (6. 5 ft ) h i gh (mea su r ed
ver t i ca l l y fr om t h e fl oor or pl a t for m) or l ess
t h a n 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) wi de (mea su r ed pa r a l l el
t o t h e equ i pmen t ). Th e dept h sh a l l be a s r e-
qu i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(5)(i ) of t h i s sect i on .
I n a l l ca ses, t h e wor k spa ce sh a l l be a dequ a t e
t o per mi t a t l ea st a 90-degr ee open i n g of
door s or h i n ged pa n el s.
(4) En t ran ce an d access t o work space. (i ) At
l ea st on e en t r a n ce n ot l ess t h a n 610 mm (24
i n . ) wi de a n d 1. 98 m (6. 5 ft ) h i gh sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o gi ve a ccess t o t h e wor k i n g spa ce
a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(A) On swi t ch boa r d a n d con t r ol pa n el s ex-
ceedi n g 1. 83 m (6. 0 ft ) i n wi dt h , t h er e sh a l l be
on e en t r a n ce a t ea ch en d of su ch boa r ds u n -
l ess t h e l oca t i on of t h e swi t ch boa r ds a n d
con t r ol pa n el s per mi t s a con t i n u ou s a n d u n -
obst r u ct ed wa y of exi t t r a vel , or u n l ess t h e
wor k spa ce r equ i r ed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(5)(i ) of
t h i s sect i on i s dou bl ed.
(B) Wh er e on e en t r a n ce t o t h e wor k i n g
spa ce i s per mi t t ed u n der t h e con di t i on s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph (h )(4)(i )(A) of t h i s sec-
t i on , t h e en t r a n ce sh a l l be l oca t ed so t h a t
t h e edge of t h e en t r a n ce n ea r est t h e swi t ch -
boa r ds a n d con t r ol pa n el s i s a t l ea st t h e mi n -
i mu m cl ea r di st a n ce gi ven i n Ta bl e S 2 a wa y
fr om su ch equ i pmen t .
(C) Wh er e ba r e en er gi zed pa r t s a t a n y vol t -
a ge or i n su l a t ed en er gi zed pa r t s a bove 600
vol t s, n omi n a l , t o gr ou n d a r e l oca t ed a dj a -
cen t t o su ch en t r a n ce, t h ey sh a l l be su i t a bl y
gu a r ded.
(i i ) P er ma n en t l a dder s or st a i r wa y s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded t o gi ve sa fe a ccess t o t h e wor k -
i n g spa ce a r ou n d el ect r i c equ i pmen t i n -
st a l l ed on pl a t for ms, ba l con i es, mezza n i n e
fl oor s, or i n a t t i c or r oof r ooms or spa ces.
(5) Work in g space an d gu ardin g. (i )(vi ) Ex-
cept a s el sewh er e r equ i r ed or per mi t t ed i n
t h i s su bpa r t , t h e mi n i mu m cl ea r wor k i n g
spa ce i n t h e di r ect i on of a ccess t o l i ve pa r t s
of el ect r i c equ i pmen t ma y n ot be l ess t h a n
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e S 2. Di st a n ces sh a l l be
mea su r ed fr om t h e l i ve pa r t s, i f t h ey a r e ex-
posed, or fr om t h e en cl osu r e fr on t or open -
i n g, i f t h ey a r e en cl osed.
(i i ) I f swi t ch es, cu t ou t s, or ot h er equ i p-
men t oper a t i n g a t 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess,
a r e i n st a l l ed i n a r oom or en cl osu r e wh er e
t h er e a r e exposed l i ve pa r t s or exposed wi r -
i n g oper a t i n g a t over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , t h e
h i gh -vol t a ge equ i pmen t sh a l l be effect i vel y
sepa r a t ed fr om t h e spa ce occu pi ed by t h e
l ow-vol t a ge equ i pmen t by a su i t a bl e pa r t i -
t i on , fen ce, or scr een . However , swi t ch es or
ot h er equ i pmen t oper a t i n g a t 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , or l ess, a n d ser vi n g on l y equ i pmen t
wi t h i n t h e h i gh -vol t a ge va u l t , r oom, or en -
cl osu r e ma y be i n st a l l ed i n t h e h i gh -vol t a ge
en cl osu r e, r oom, or va u l t i f a ccessi bl e t o
qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y .
(i i i ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
t h e en t r a n ces t o a l l bu i l di n gs, r ooms, or en -
cl osu r es con t a i n i n g exposed l i ve pa r t s or ex-
posed con du ct or s oper a t i n g a t over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l :
(A) Th e en t r a n ces sh a l l be k ept l ock ed u n -
l ess t h ey a r e u n der t h e obser va t i on of a
qu a l i fi ed per son a t a l l t i mes; a n d
(B) P er ma n en t a n d con spi cu ou s wa r n i n g
si gn s sh a l l be pr ovi ded, r ea di n g su bst a n t i a l l y
a s fol l ows:
DANGERHI GH VOLTAGEKEEP OUT.
(i v) I l l u mi n a t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded for a l l
wor k i n g spa ces a bou t el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(A) Th e l i gh t i n g ou t l et s sh a l l be a r r a n ged
so t h a t per son s ch a n gi n g l a mps or ma k i n g
r epa i r s on t h e l i gh t i n g sy st em wi l l n ot be en -
da n ger ed by l i ve pa r t s or ot h er equ i pmen t .
(B) Th e poi n t s of con t r ol sh a l l be l oca t ed
so t h a t per son s a r e pr even t ed fr om con -
t a ct i n g a n y l i ve pa r t or movi n g pa r t of t h e
equ i pmen t wh i l e t u r n i n g on t h e l i gh t s.
(v) Un gu a r ded l i ve pa r t s a bove wor k i n g
spa ce sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed a t el eva t i on s n ot
l ess t h a n speci fi ed i n Ta bl e S 3.
(vi ) P i pes or du ct s t h a t a r e for ei gn t o t h e
el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on a n d t h a t r equ i r e per i -
odi c ma i n t en a n ce or wh ose ma l fu n ct i on
wou l d en da n ger t h e oper a t i on of t h e el ec-
t r i ca l sy st em ma y n ot be l oca t ed i n t h e vi -
ci n i t y of ser vi ce equ i pmen t , met a l -en cl osed
power swi t ch gea r , or i n du st r i a l con t r ol a s-
sembl i es. P r ot ect i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e
n ecessa r y t o a voi d da ma ge fr om con den sa -
t i on l ea k s a n d br ea k s i n su ch for ei gn sy s-
t ems.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (h )(5)(vi ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON: P i pi n g a n d ot h er fa ci l i t i es a r e n ot con -
si der ed for ei gn i f pr ovi ded for fi r e pr ot ect i on
of t h e el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
842
TABLE S2MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORKING SPACE AT ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT, OVER 600 V
Minimum clear distance for condition
2 3

Condition A Condition B Condition C
m ft m ft m ft
6012500 V ................................................................... 0.9 3.0 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0
25019000 V ................................................................. 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0
9001 V25 kV ............................................................... 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0 2.8 9.0
Over 2575 kV
1
............................................................ 1.8 6.0 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0
Above 75 kV
1
............................................................... 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0 3.7 12.0
Notes to Table S2:
1
Minimum depth of clear working space in front of electric equipment with a nominal voltage to ground above 25,000 volts
may be the same as that for 25,000 volts under Conditions A, B, and C for installations built before April 16, 1981.
2
Conditions A, B, and C are as follows:
Condition AExposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed
live parts on both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material. Insulated wire or insulated busbars op-
erating at not over 300 volts are not considered live parts.
Condition BExposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side. Concrete, brick, and tile walls are consid-
ered as grounded surfaces.
Condition CExposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator
between.
3
Working space is not required in back of equipment such as dead-front switchboards or control assemblies that has no re-
newable or adjustable parts (such as fuses or switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible from locations
other than the back. Where rear access is required to work on the deenergized parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a min-
imum working space 762 mm (30 in.) horizontally shall be provided.
TABLE S3ELEVATION OF UNGUARDED LIVE
PARTS ABOVE WORKING SPACE
Nominal voltage
between phases
Elevation
m ft
6017500 V ..........
1
2.81 ....................
1
9.01.
7501 V35 kV ....... 2.8 ........................ 9.0.
Over 35 kV ........... 2.8 + 9.5 mm/kV
over 35 kV.
9.0 + 0.37 in./kV
over 35 kV.
1
The minimum elevation may be 2.6 m (8.5 ft) for installa-
tions built before August 13, 2007. The minimum elevation
may be 2.4 m (8.0 ft) for installations built before April 16,
1981, if the nominal voltage between phases is in the range
of 6016600 volts.
1910.304 Wiring design and protec-
tion.
(a ) Use an d iden t if icat ion of grou n ded
an d grou n din g con du ct ors(1) I den t if ica-
t ion of con du ct ors. A con du ct or u sed a s
a gr ou n ded con du ct or sh a l l be i den t i fi -
a bl e a n d di st i n gu i sh a bl e fr om a l l ot h er
con du ct or s. A con du ct or u sed a s a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l
be i den t i fi a bl e a n d di st i n gu i sh a bl e
fr om a l l ot h er con du ct or s.
(2) Polarit y of con n ect ion s. No gr ou n d-
ed con du ct or ma y be a t t a ch ed t o a n y
t er mi n a l or l ea d so a s t o r ever se des-
i gn a t ed pol a r i t y .
(3) Use of grou n din g t ermin als an d de-
vices. A gr ou n di n g t er mi n a l or gr ou n d-
i n g-t y pe devi ce on a r ecept a cl e, cor d
con n ect or , or a t t a ch men t pl u g ma y n ot
be u sed for pu r poses ot h er t h a n gr ou n d-
i n g.
(b) Bran ch circu it s(1) [Reser ved]
(2) Ou t let devices. Ou t l et devi ces sh a l l
h a ve a n a mper e r a t i n g n ot l ess t h a n
t h e l oa d t o be ser ved.
(c) Ou t side con du ct ors, 600 volt s, n omi-
n al, or less. P a r a gr a ph s (c)(1), (c)(2),
(c)(3), a n d (c)(4) of t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o
br a n ch ci r cu i t , feeder , a n d ser vi ce con -
du ct or s r a t ed 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess
a n d r u n ou t door s a s open con du ct or s.
P a r a gr a ph (c)(5) a ppl i es t o l a mps i n -
st a l l ed u n der su ch con du ct or s.
(1) Con du ct ors on poles. Con du ct or s
su ppor t ed on pol es sh a l l pr ovi de a h or i -
zon t a l cl i mbi n g spa ce n ot l ess t h a n t h e
fol l owi n g:
(i ) P ower con du ct or s bel ow commu -
n i ca t i on con du ct or s30 i n ch es.
(i i ) P ower con du ct or s a l on e or a bove
commu n i ca t i on con du ct or s: 300 vol t s or
l ess24 i n ch es; mor e t h a n 300 vol t s30
i n ch es.
(i i i ) Commu n i ca t i on con du ct or s
bel ow power con du ct or s wi t h power
con du ct or s 300 vol t s or l ess24 i n ch es;
mor e t h a n 300 vol t s30 i n ch es.
(2) Clearan ce f rom grou n d. Open con -
du ct or s sh a l l con for m t o t h e fol l owi n g
mi n i mu m cl ea r a n ces:
(i ) 10 feet a bove fi n i sh ed gr a de, si de-
wa l k s, or fr om a n y pl a t for m or pr oj ec-
t i on fr om wh i ch t h ey mi gh t be r ea ch ed.
(i i ) 12 feet over a r ea s su bj ect t o ve-
h i cu l a r t r a ffi c ot h er t h a n t r u ck t r a ffi c.
(i i i ) 15 feet over a r ea s ot h er t h a n
t h ose speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (c)(2)(i v) of
t h i s sect i on t h a t a r e su bj ect t o t r u ck
t r a ffi c.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
843
(i v) 18 feet over pu bl i c st r eet s,
a l l ey s, r oa ds, a n d dr i vewa y s.
(3) Clearan ce f rom bu ildin g open in gs.
Con du ct or s sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r a n ce of a t
l ea st 3 feet fr om wi n dows, door s, por ch -
es, fi r e esca pes, or si mi l a r l oca t i on s.
Con du ct or s r u n a bove t h e t op l evel of a
wi n dow a r e con si der ed t o be ou t of
r ea ch fr om t h a t wi n dow a n d, t h er efor e,
do n ot h a ve t o be 3 feet a wa y .
(4) Clearan ce over roof s. Con du ct or s
sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r a n ce of n ot l ess t h a n
8 feet fr om t h e h i gh est poi n t of r oofs
over wh i ch t h ey pa ss, except t h a t :
(i ) Wh er e t h e vol t a ge bet ween con -
du ct or s i s 300 vol t s or l ess a n d t h e r oof
h a s a sl ope of n ot l ess t h a n 4 i n ch es i n
12, t h e cl ea r a n ce fr om r oofs sh a l l be a t
l ea st 3 feet , or
(i i ) Wh er e t h e vol t a ge bet ween con -
du ct or s i s 300 vol t s or l ess a n d t h e con -
du ct or s do n ot pa ss over mor e t h a n 4
feet of t h e over h a n g por t i on of t h e r oof
a n d t h ey a r e t er mi n a t ed a t a t h r ou gh -
t h e-r oof r a cewa y or a ppr oved su ppor t ,
t h e cl ea r a n ce fr om r oofs sh a l l be a t
l ea st 18 i n ch es.
(5) L ocat ion of ou t door lamps. La mps
for ou t door l i gh t i n g sh a l l be l oca t ed
bel ow a l l l i ve con du ct or s, t r a n s-
for mer s, or ot h er el ect r i c equ i pmen t ,
u n l ess su ch equ i pmen t i s con t r ol l ed by
a di scon n ect i n g mea n s t h a t ca n be
l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on or u n l ess
a dequ a t e cl ea r a n ces or ot h er sa fe-
gu a r ds a r e pr ovi ded for r el a mpi n g oper -
a t i on s.
(d) Services(1) Discon n ect in g mean s
(i ) Gen eral. Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
di scon n ect a l l con du ct or s i n a bu i l di n g
or ot h er st r u ct u r e fr om t h e ser vi ce-en -
t r a n ce con du ct or s. Th e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l pl a i n l y i n di ca t e wh et h er i t
i s i n t h e open or cl osed posi t i on a n d
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a r ea di l y a cces-
si bl e l oca t i on n ea r est t h e poi n t of en -
t r a n ce of t h e ser vi ce-en t r a n ce con du c-
t or s.
(i i ) Simu lt an eou s open in g of poles.
Ea ch ser vi ce di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
si mu l t a n eou sl y di scon n ect a l l
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s.
(2) Services over 600 volt s, n omin al. Th e
fol l owi n g a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o ser vi ces over 600 vol t s, n omi -
n a l .
(i ) Gu ardin g. S er vi ce-en t r a n ce con -
du ct or s i n st a l l ed a s open wi r es sh a l l be
gu a r ded t o ma k e t h em a ccessi bl e on l y
t o qu a l i fi ed per son s.
(i i ) Warn in g sign s. S i gn s wa r n i n g of
h i gh vol t a ge sh a l l be post ed wh er e
ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees mi gh t
come i n con t a ct wi t h l i ve pa r t s.
(e) Overcu rren t prot ect ion (1) 600
volt s, n omin al, or less. Th e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s a ppl y t o over cu r r en t pr o-
t ect i on of ci r cu i t s r a t ed 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , or l ess.
(i ) Prot ect ion of con du ct ors an d equ ip-
men t . Con du ct or s a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed fr om over cu r r en t i n a c-
cor da n ce wi t h t h ei r a bi l i t y t o sa fel y
con du ct cu r r en t .
(i i ) Grou n ded con du ct ors. Except for
mot or r u n n i n g over l oa d pr ot ect i on ,
over cu r r en t devi ces ma y n ot i n t er r u pt
t h e con t i n u i t y of t h e gr ou n ded con -
du ct or u n l ess a l l con du ct or s of t h e ci r -
cu i t a r e open ed si mu l t a n eou sl y .
(i i i ) Discon n ect ion of f u ses an d t h ermal
cu t ou t s. Except for ser vi ce fu ses, a l l
ca r t r i dge fu ses wh i ch a r e a ccessi bl e t o
ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed per son s a n d a l l
fu ses a n d t h er ma l cu t ou t s on ci r cu i t s
over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h di scon n ect i n g mea n s. Th i s
di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
so t h a t t h e fu se or t h er ma l cu t ou t ca n
be di scon n ect ed fr om i t s su ppl y wi t h -
ou t di sr u pt i n g ser vi ce t o equ i pmen t
a n d ci r cu i t s u n r el a t ed t o t h ose pr o-
t ect ed by t h e over cu r r en t devi ce.
(i v) L ocat ion in or on premises. Over -
cu r r en t devi ces sh a l l be r ea di l y a cces-
si bl e t o ea ch empl oy ee or a u t h or i zed
bu i l di n g ma n a gemen t per son n el . Th ese
over cu r r en t devi ces ma y n ot be l oca t ed
wh er e t h ey wi l l be exposed t o ph y si ca l
da ma ge n or i n t h e vi ci n i t y of ea si l y i g-
n i t i bl e ma t er i a l .
(v) Arcin g or su dden ly movin g part s.
F u ses a n d ci r cu i t br ea k er s sh a l l be so
l oca t ed or sh i el ded t h a t empl oy ees wi l l
n ot be bu r n ed or ot h er wi se i n j u r ed by
t h ei r oper a t i on .
(vi ) Circu it break ers. (A) Ci r cu i t
br ea k er s sh a l l cl ea r l y i n di ca t e wh et h er
t h ey a r e i n t h e open (off) or cl osed (on )
posi t i on .
(B) Wh er e ci r cu i t br ea k er h a n dl es on
swi t ch boa r ds a r e oper a t ed ver t i ca l l y
r a t h er t h a n h or i zon t a l l y or
r ot a t i on a l l y , t h e u p posi t i on of t h e
h a n dl e sh a l l be t h e cl osed (on ) posi t i on .
(S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
844
(C) I f u sed a s swi t ch es i n 120-vol t , fl u -
or escen t l i gh t i n g ci r cu i t s, ci r cu i t
br ea k er s sh a l l be a ppr oved for t h e pu r -
pose a n d ma r k ed S WD. (S ee
1910. 302(b)(3). )
(2) Over 600 volt s, n omin al. F eeder s
a n d br a n ch ci r cu i t s over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , sh a l l h a ve sh or t -ci r cu i t pr o-
t ect i on .
(f) Grou n din g. P a r a gr a ph s (f)(1)
t h r ou gh (f)(7) of t h i s sect i on con t a i n
gr ou n di n g r equ i r emen t s for sy st ems,
ci r cu i t s, a n d equ i pmen t .
(1) Sy st ems t o be grou n ded. Th e fol -
l owi n g sy st ems wh i ch su ppl y pr emi ses
wi r i n g sh a l l be gr ou n ded:
(i ) Al l 3-wi r e DC sy st ems sh a l l h a ve
t h ei r n eu t r a l con du ct or gr ou n ded.
(i i ) Two-wi r e DC sy st ems oper a t i n g
a t over 50 vol t s t h r ou gh 300 vol t s be-
t ween con du ct or s sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n -
l ess:
(A) Th ey su ppl y on l y i n du st r i a l
equ i pmen t i n l i mi t ed a r ea s a n d a r e
equ i pped wi t h a gr ou n d det ect or ; or
(B) Th ey a r e r ect i fi er -der i ved fr om
a n AC sy st em compl y i n g wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph s (f)(1)(i i i ), (f)(1)(i v), a n d (f)(1)(v)
of t h i s sect i on ; or
(C) Th ey a r e fi r e-pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t s h a vi n g a ma xi mu m cu r r en t of
0. 030 a mper es.
(i i i ) AC ci r cu i t s of l ess t h a n 50 vol t s
sh a l l be gr ou n ded i f t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed
a s over h ea d con du ct or s ou t si de of
bu i l di n gs or i f t h ey a r e su ppl i ed by
t r a n sfor mer s a n d t h e t r a n sfor mer pr i -
ma r y su ppl y sy st em i s u n gr ou n ded or
exceeds 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d.
(i v) AC sy st ems of 50 vol t s t o 1000
vol t s sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n der a n y of
t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s, u n l ess ex-
empt ed by pa r a gr a ph (f)(1)(v) of t h i s
sect i on :
(A) I f t h e sy st em ca n be so gr ou n ded
t h a t t h e ma xi mu m vol t a ge t o gr ou n d
on t h e u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s does n ot
exceed 150 vol t s;
(B) I f t h e sy st em i s n omi n a l l y r a t ed
480Y/277 vol t , 3-ph a se, 4-wi r e i n wh i ch
t h e n eu t r a l i s u sed a s a ci r cu i t con -
du ct or ;
(C) I f t h e sy st em i s n omi n a l l y r a t ed
240/120 vol t , 3-ph a se, 4-wi r e i n wh i ch
t h e mi dpoi n t of on e ph a se i s u sed a s a
ci r cu i t con du ct or ; or
(D) I f a ser vi ce con du ct or i s
u n i n su l a t ed.
(v) AC sy st ems of 50 vol t s t o 1000
vol t s a r e n ot r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded
u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) I f t h e sy st em i s u sed excl u si vel y
t o su ppl y i n du st r i a l el ect r i c fu r n a ces
for mel t i n g, r efi n i n g, t emper i n g, a n d
t h e l i k e.
(B) I f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y de-
r i ved a n d i s u sed excl u si vel y for r ect i -
fi er s su ppl y i n g on l y a dj u st a bl e speed
i n du st r i a l dr i ves.
(C) I f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y de-
r i ved a n d i s su ppl i ed by a t r a n sfor mer
t h a t h a s a pr i ma r y vol t a ge r a t i n g l ess
t h a n 1000 vol t s, pr ovi ded a l l of t h e fol -
l owi n g con di t i on s a r e met :
(1) Th e sy st em i s u sed excl u si vel y for
con t r ol ci r cu i t s,
(2) Th e con di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce
a n d su per vi si on a ssu r e t h a t on l y qu a l i -
fi ed per son s wi l l ser vi ce t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on ,
(3) Con t i n u i t y of con t r ol power i s r e-
qu i r ed, a n d
(4) Gr ou n d det ect or s a r e i n st a l l ed on
t h e con t r ol sy st em.
(D) I f t h e sy st em i s a n i sol a t ed power
sy st em t h a t su ppl i es ci r cu i t s i n h ea l t h
ca r e fa ci l i t i es.
(2) Con du ct ors t o be grou n ded. F or AC
pr emi ses wi r i n g sy st ems t h e i den t i fi ed
con du ct or sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
(3) Grou n din g con n ect ion s. (i ) F or a
gr ou n ded sy st em, a gr ou n di n g el ec-
t r ode con du ct or sh a l l be u sed t o con -
n ect bot h t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or a n d t h e gr ou n ded ci r cu i t
con du ct or t o t h e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode.
Bot h t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or a n d t h e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode
con du ct or sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e
gr ou n ded ci r cu i t con du ct or on t h e su p-
pl y si de of t h e ser vi ce di scon n ect i n g
mea n s, or on t h e su ppl y si de of t h e sy s-
t em di scon n ect i n g mea n s or over cu r -
r en t devi ces i f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y
der i ved.
(i i ) F or a n u n gr ou n ded ser vi ce-su p-
pl i ed sy st em, t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e
gr ou n di n g el ect r ode con du ct or a t t h e
ser vi ce equ i pmen t . F or a n u n gr ou n ded
sepa r a t el y der i ved sy st em, t h e equ i p-
men t gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l be
con n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode
con du ct or a t , or a h ea d of, t h e sy st em
di scon n ect i n g mea n s or over cu r r en t de-
vi ces.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
845
(i i i ) On ext en si on s of exi st i n g br a n ch
ci r cu i t s wh i ch do n ot h a ve a n equ i p-
men t gr ou n di n g con du ct or , gr ou n di n g-
t y pe r ecept a cl es ma y be gr ou n ded t o a
gr ou n ded col d wa t er pi pe n ea r t h e
equ i pmen t .
(4) Grou n din g pat h . Th e pa t h t o
gr ou n d fr om ci r cu i t s, equ i pmen t , a n d
en cl osu r es sh a l l be per ma n en t a n d con -
t i n u ou s.
(5) Su pport s, en closu res, an d equ ipmen t
t o be grou n ded(i ) Su pport s an d en clo-
su res f or con du ct ors. Met a l ca bl e t r a y s,
met a l r a cewa y s, a n d met a l en cl osu r es
for con du ct or s sh a l l be gr ou n ded, ex-
cept t h a t :
(A) Met a l en cl osu r es su ch a s sl eeves
t h a t a r e u sed t o pr ot ect ca bl e a ssem-
bl i es fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded; or
(B) Met a l en cl osu r es for con du ct or s
a dded t o exi st i n g i n st a l l a t i on s of open
wi r e, k n ob-a n d-t u be wi r i n g, a n d n on -
met a l l i c-sh ea t h ed ca bl e n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded i f a l l of t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s a r e met : (1) Ru n s a r e l ess t h a n 25
feet ; (2) en cl osu r es a r e fr ee fr om pr ob-
a bl e con t a ct wi t h gr ou n d, gr ou n ded
met a l , met a l l a t h s, or ot h er con du ct i ve
ma t er i a l s; a n d (3) en cl osu r es a r e gu a r d-
ed a ga i n st empl oy ee con t a ct .
(i i ) Service equ ipmen t en closu res. Met a l
en cl osu r es for ser vi ce equ i pmen t sh a l l
be gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) Frames of ran ges an d clot h es dry -
ers. F r a mes of el ect r i c r a n ges, wa l l -
mou n t ed oven s, cou n t er -mou n t ed cook -
i n g u n i t s, cl ot h es dr y er s, a n d met a l
ou t l et or j u n ct i on boxes wh i ch a r e pa r t
of t h e ci r cu i t for t h ese a ppl i a n ces sh a l l
be gr ou n ded.
(i v) Fixed equ ipmen t . Exposed n on -
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of fi xed
equ i pmen t wh i ch ma y become en er -
gi zed sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n der a n y of
(A) I f wi t h i n 8 feet ver t i ca l l y or 5 feet
h or i zon t a l l y of gr ou n d or gr ou n ded
met a l obj ect s a n d su bj ect t o empl oy ee
con t a ct .
(B) I f l oca t ed i n a wet or da mp l oca -
t i on a n d n ot i sol a t ed.
(C) I f i n el ect r i ca l con t a ct wi t h
met a l .
(D) I f i n a h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca -
t i on .
(E) I f su ppl i ed by a met a l -cl a d,
met a l -sh ea t h ed, or gr ou n ded met a l
r a cewa y wi r i n g met h od.
(F ) I f equ i pmen t oper a t es wi t h a n y
t er mi n a l a t over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d;
h owever , t h e fol l owi n g n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded:
(1) En cl osu r es for swi t ch es or ci r cu i t
br ea k er s u sed for ot h er t h a n ser vi ce
equ i pmen t a n d a ccessi bl e t o qu a l i fi ed
per son s on l y ;
(2) Met a l fr a mes of el ect r i ca l l y h ea t -
ed a ppl i a n ces wh i ch a r e per ma n en t l y
a n d effect i vel y i n su l a t ed fr om gr ou n d;
a n d
(3) Th e ca ses of di st r i bu t i on a ppa -
r a t u s su ch a s t r a n sfor mer s a n d ca pa ci -
t or s mou n t ed on wooden pol es a t a
h ei gh t exceedi n g 8 feet a bove gr ou n d or
gr a de l evel .
(v) Equ ipmen t con n ect ed by cord an d
plu g. Un der a n y of t h e con di t i on s de-
scr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph s (f)(5)(v)(A)
t h r ou gh (f)(5)(v)(C) of t h i s sect i on , ex-
posed n on -cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s
of cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t
wh i ch ma y become en er gi zed sh a l l be
gr ou n ded.
(A) I f i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca -
t i on s (see 1910. 307).
(B) I f oper a t ed a t over 150 vol t s t o
gr ou n d, except for gu a r ded mot or s a n d
met a l fr a mes of el ect r i ca l l y h ea t ed a p-
pl i a n ces i f t h e a ppl i a n ce fr a mes a r e
per ma n en t l y a n d effect i vel y i n su l a t ed
fr om gr ou n d.
(C) I f t h e equ i pmen t i s of t h e fol -
l owi n g t y pes:
(1) Refr i ger a t or s, fr eezer s, a n d a i r
con di t i on er s;
(2) Cl ot h es-wa sh i n g, cl ot h es-dr y i n g
a n d di sh wa sh i n g ma ch i n es, su mp
pu mps, a n d el ect r i ca l a qu a r i u m equ i p-
men t ;
(3) Ha n d-h el d mot or -oper a t ed t ool s;
(4) Mot or -oper a t ed a ppl i a n ces of t h e
fol l owi n g t y pes: h edge cl i pper s, l a wn
mower s, sn ow bl ower s, a n d wet scr u b-
ber s;
(5) Cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed a ppl i -
a n ces u sed i n da mp or wet l oca t i on s or
by empl oy ees st a n di n g on t h e gr ou n d
or on met a l fl oor s or wor k i n g i n si de of
met a l t a n k s or boi l er s;
(6) P or t a bl e a n d mobi l e X-r a y a n d a s-
soci a t ed equ i pmen t ;
(7) Tool s l i k el y t o be u sed i n wet a n d
con du ct i ve l oca t i on s; a n d
(8) P or t a bl e h a n d l a mps.
Tool s l i k el y t o be u sed i n wet a n d con -
du ct i ve l oca t i on s n eed n ot be gr ou n ded
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
846
i f su ppl i ed t h r ou gh a n i sol a t i n g t r a n s-
for mer wi t h a n u n gr ou n ded secon da r y
of n ot over 50 vol t s. Li st ed or l a bel ed
por t a bl e t ool s a n d a ppl i a n ces pr ot ect ed
by a n a ppr oved sy st em of dou bl e i n su -
l a t i on , or i t s equ i va l en t , n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded. I f su ch a sy st em i s em-
pl oy ed, t h e equ i pmen t sh a l l be di st i n c-
t i vel y ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e t h a t t h e t ool
or a ppl i a n ce u t i l i zes a n a ppr oved sy s-
t em of dou bl e i n su l a t i on .
(vi ) Non elect rical equ ipmen t . Th e
met a l pa r t s of t h e fol l owi n g n on el ec-
t r i ca l equ i pmen t sh a l l be gr ou n ded:
fr a mes a n d t r a ck s of el ect r i ca l l y oper -
a t ed cr a n es; fr a mes of n on el ect r i ca l l y
dr i ven el eva t or ca r s t o wh i ch el ect r i c
con du ct or s a r e a t t a ch ed; h a n d oper a t ed
met a l sh i ft i n g r opes or ca bl es of el ec-
t r i c el eva t or s, a n d met a l pa r t i t i on s,
gr i l l wor k , a n d si mi l a r met a l en cl o-
su r es a r ou n d equ i pmen t of over 750
vol t s bet ween con du ct or s.
(6) Met h ods of grou n din g f ixed equ ip-
men t . (i ) Non -cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l
pa r t s of fi xed equ i pmen t , i f r equ i r ed t o
be gr ou n ded by t h i s su bpa r t , sh a l l be
gr ou n ded by a n equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or wh i ch i s con t a i n ed wi t h i n
t h e sa me r a cewa y , ca bl e, or cor d, or
r u n s wi t h or en cl oses t h e ci r cu i t con -
du ct or s. F or DC ci r cu i t s on l y , t h e
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or ma y
be r u n sepa r a t el y fr om t h e ci r cu i t con -
du ct or s.
(i i ) El ect r i c equ i pmen t i s con si der ed
t o be effect i vel y gr ou n ded i f i t i s se-
cu r ed t o, a n d i n el ect r i ca l con t a ct
wi t h , a met a l r a ck or st r u ct u r e t h a t i s
pr ovi ded for i t s su ppor t a n d t h e met a l
r a ck or st r u ct u r e i s gr ou n ded by t h e
met h od speci fi ed for t h e n on -cu r r en t -
ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of fi xed equ i p-
men t i n pa r a gr a ph (f)(6)(i ) of t h i s sec-
t i on . F or i n st a l l a t i on s ma de befor e
Apr i l 16, 1981, on l y , el ect r i c equ i pmen t
i s a l so con si der ed t o be effect i vel y
gr ou n ded i f i t i s secu r ed t o, a n d i n me-
t a l l i c con t a ct wi t h , t h e gr ou n ded st r u c-
t u r a l met a l fr a me of a bu i l di n g. Met a l
ca r fr a mes su ppor t ed by met a l h oi st i n g
ca bl es a t t a ch ed t o or r u n n i n g over
met a l sh ea ves or dr u ms of gr ou n ded el -
eva t or ma ch i n es a r e a l so con si der ed t o
be effect i vel y gr ou n ded.
(7) Grou n din g of sy st ems an d circu it s of
1000 volt s an d over (h igh volt age)(i )
Gen eral. I f h i gh vol t a ge sy st ems a r e
gr ou n ded, t h ey sh a l l compl y wi t h a l l
a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph s
(f)(1) t h r ou gh (f)(6) of t h i s sect i on a s
su ppl emen t ed a n d modi fi ed by t h i s
pa r a gr a ph (f)(7).
(i i ) Grou n din g of sy st ems su pply in g
port able or mobile equ ipmen t . (S ee
1910. 302(b)(3). ) S y st ems su ppl y i n g
por t a bl e or mobi l e h i gh vol t a ge equ i p-
men t , ot h er t h a n su bst a t i on s i n st a l l ed
on a t empor a r y ba si s, sh a l l compl y
(A) P or t a bl e a n d mobi l e h i gh vol t a ge
equ i pmen t sh a l l be su ppl i ed fr om a sy s-
t em h a vi n g i t s n eu t r a l gr ou n ded
t h r ou gh a n i mpeda n ce. I f a del t a -con -
n ect ed h i gh vol t a ge sy st em i s u sed t o
su ppl y t h e equ i pmen t , a sy st em n eu -
t r a l sh a l l be der i ved.
(B) Exposed n on -cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g
met a l pa r t s of por t a bl e a n d mobi l e
equ i pmen t sh a l l be con n ect ed by a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or t o t h e
poi n t a t wh i ch t h e sy st em n eu t r a l i m-
peda n ce i s gr ou n ded.
(C) Gr ou n d-fa u l t det ect i on a n d r el a y -
i n g sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o a u t oma t i ca l l y
de-en er gi ze a n y h i gh vol t a ge sy st em
compon en t wh i ch h a s devel oped a
gr ou n d fa u l t . Th e con t i n u i t y of t h e
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l
be con t i n u ou sl y mon i t or ed so a s t o de-
en er gi ze a u t oma t i ca l l y t h e h i gh vol t -
a ge feeder t o t h e por t a bl e equ i pmen t
u pon l oss of con t i n u i t y of t h e equ i p-
men t gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(D) Th e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode t o wh i ch
t h e por t a bl e or mobi l e equ i pmen t sy s-
t em n eu t r a l i mpeda n ce i s con n ect ed
sh a l l be i sol a t ed fr om a n d sepa r a t ed i n
t h e gr ou n d by a t l ea st 20 feet fr om a n y
ot h er sy st em or equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
el ect r ode, a n d t h er e sh a l l be n o di r ect
con n ect i on bet ween t h e gr ou n di n g
el ect r odes, su ch a s bu r i ed pi pe, fen ce,
et c.
(i i i ) Grou n din g of equ ipmen t . Al l n on -
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of por t -
a bl e equ i pmen t a n d fi xed equ i pmen t i n -
cl u di n g t h ei r a ssoci a t ed fen ces,
h ou si n gs, en cl osu r es, a n d su ppor t i n g
st r u ct u r es sh a l l be gr ou n ded. However ,
equ i pmen t wh i ch i s gu a r ded by l oca -
t i on a n d i sol a t ed fr om gr ou n d n eed n ot
be gr ou n ded. Addi t i on a l l y , pol e-mou n t -
ed di st r i bu t i on a ppa r a t u s a t a h ei gh t
exceedi n g 8 feet a bove gr ou n d or gr a de
l evel n eed n ot be gr ou n ded.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981, a s a men ded a t 55 F R 32015, Au g. 6, 1990]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
847
EF F ECTI VE DATE NOTE: At 72 F R 7195, 2007,
1910. 304 wa s r evi sed, effect i ve Au g. 13, 2007.
F or t h e con ven i en ce of t h e u ser , t h e r evi sed
t ext i s set for t h a s fol l ows:
1910.304 Wiring design and protection.
(a ) Use an d iden t if icat ion of grou n ded an d
grou n din g con du ct ors(1) I den t if icat ion of con -
du ct ors. (i ) A con du ct or u sed a s a gr ou n ded
con du ct or sh a l l be i den t i fi a bl e a n d di st i n -
gu i sh a bl e fr om a l l ot h er con du ct or s.
(i i ) A con du ct or u sed a s a n equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l be i den t i fi a bl e
a n d di st i n gu i sh a bl e fr om a l l ot h er con du c-
t or s.
(2) Polarit y of con n ect ion s. No gr ou n ded con -
du ct or ma y be a t t a ch ed t o a n y t er mi n a l or
l ea d so a s t o r ever se desi gn a t ed pol a r i t y .
(3) Use of grou n din g t ermin als an d devices. A
gr ou n di n g t er mi n a l or gr ou n di n g-t y pe devi ce
on a r ecept a cl e, cor d con n ect or , or a t t a ch -
men t pl u g ma y n ot be u sed for pu r poses
ot h er t h a n gr ou n di n g.
(b) Bran ch circu it s(1) I den t if icat ion of
mu lt iwire bran ch circu it s. Wh er e mor e t h a n
on e n omi n a l vol t a ge sy st em exi st s i n a bu i l d-
i n g con t a i n i n g mu l t i wi r e br a n ch ci r cu i t s,
ea ch u n gr ou n ded con du ct or of a mu l t i wi r e
br a n ch ci r cu i t , wh er e a ccessi bl e, sh a l l be
i den t i fi ed by ph a se a n d sy st em. Th e mea n s of
i den t i fi ca t i on sh a l l be per ma n en t l y post ed a t
ea ch br a n ch -ci r cu i t pa n el boa r d.
(2) Recept acles an d cord con n ect ors. (i ) Re-
cept a cl es i n st a l l ed on 15- a n d 20-a mper e
br a n ch ci r cu i t s sh a l l be of t h e gr ou n di n g
t y pe except a s per mi t t ed for r epl a cemen t r e-
cept a cl es i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i v) of t h i s sec-
t i on . Gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl es sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed on l y on ci r cu i t s of t h e vol t a ge cl a ss
a n d cu r r en t for wh i ch t h ey a r e r a t ed, except
a s pr ovi ded i n Ta bl e S 4 a n d Ta bl e S 5.
(i i ) Recept a cl es a n d cor d con n ect or s h a v-
i n g gr ou n di n g con t a ct s sh a l l h a ve t h ose con -
t a ct s effect i vel y gr ou n ded except for r ecep-
t a cl es mou n t ed on por t a bl e a n d veh i cl e-
mou n t ed gen er a t or s i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(3) of t h i s sect i on a n d r epl a cemen t
r ecept a cl es i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) Th e gr ou n di n g con t a ct s of r ecept a cl es
a n d cor d con n ect or s sh a l l be gr ou n ded by
con n ect i on t o t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or of t h e ci r cu i t su ppl y i n g t h e r ecep-
t a cl e or cor d con n ect or . Th e br a n ch ci r cu i t
wi r i n g met h od sh a l l i n cl u de or pr ovi de a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or t o wh i ch t h e
gr ou n di n g con t a ct s of t h e r ecept a cl e or cor d
con n ect or sh a l l be con n ect ed.
(i v) Repl a cemen t of r ecept a cl es sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Wh er e a gr ou n di n g mea n s exi st s i n t h e
r ecept a cl e en cl osu r e or a gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or i s i n st a l l ed, gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecep-
t a cl es sh a l l be u sed a n d sh a l l be con n ect ed t o
t h e gr ou n di n g mea n s or con du ct or ;
(B) Gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er pr o-
t ect ed r ecept a cl es sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e
r epl a cemen t s a r e ma de a t r ecept a cl e ou t l et s
t h a t a r e r equ i r ed t o be so pr ot ect ed el se-
wh er e i n t h i s su bpa r t ; a n d
(C) Wh er e a gr ou n di n g mea n s does n ot
exi st i n t h e r ecept a cl e en cl osu r e, t h e i n st a l -
l a t i on sh a l l compl y wi t h on e of t h e fol l owi n g
pr ovi si on s:
(1) A n on gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl e ma y be
r epl a ced wi t h a n ot h er n on gr ou n di n g-t y pe r e-
cept a cl e; or
r epl a ced wi t h a gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er -
r u pt er -t y pe of r ecept a cl e t h a t i s ma r k ed No
Equ i pmen t Gr ou n d; a n equ i pmen t gr ou n d-
i n g con du ct or ma y n ot be con n ect ed fr om
t h e gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er -t y pe r e-
cept a cl e t o a n y ou t l et su ppl i ed fr om t h e
gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er r ecept a cl e;
or
r epl a ced wi t h a gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl e
wh er e su ppl i ed t h r ou gh a gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r -
cu i t -i n t er r u pt er ; t h e r epl a cemen t r ecept a cl e
sh a l l be ma r k ed GF CI P r ot ect ed a n d No
Equ i pmen t Gr ou n d; a n equ i pmen t gr ou n d-
i n g con du ct or ma y n ot be con n ect ed t o su ch
gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl es.
(v) Recept a cl es con n ect ed t o ci r cu i t s h a v-
i n g di ffer en t vol t a ges, fr equ en ci es, or t y pes
of cu r r en t (a c or dc) on t h e sa me pr emi ses
sh a l l be of su ch desi gn t h a t t h e a t t a ch men t
pl u gs u sed on t h ese ci r cu i t s a r e n ot i n t er -
ch a n gea bl e.
(3) Grou n d-f au lt circu it in t erru pt er prot ect ion
f or person n el. (i ) Al l 125-vol t , si n gl e-ph a se, 15-
a n d 20-a mper e r ecept a cl es i n st a l l ed i n ba t h -
r ooms or on r ooft ops sh a l l h a ve gr ou n d-fa u l t
ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er pr ot ect i on for per son n el .
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
t empor a r y wi r i n g i n st a l l a t i on s t h a t a r e u sed
du r i n g ma i n t en a n ce, r emodel i n g, or r epa i r of
bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, or equ i pmen t or du r i n g
si mi l a r con st r u ct i on -l i k e a ct i vi t i es.
(A) Al l 125-vol t , si n gl e-ph a se, 15-, 20-, a n d
30-a mper e r ecept a cl e ou t l et s t h a t a r e n ot
pa r t of t h e per ma n en t wi r i n g of t h e bu i l di n g
or st r u ct u r e a n d t h a t a r e i n u se by per son n el
sh a l l h a ve gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er
pr ot ect i on for per son n el .
NOTE 1 TO P ARAGRAP H (b)(3)(i i )(A) OF THI S
S ECTI ON: A cor d con n ect or on a n ext en si on
cor d set i s con si der ed t o be a r ecept a cl e ou t -
l et i f t h e cor d set i s u sed for t empor a r y el ec-
t r i c power .
NOTE 2 TO P ARAGRAP H (b)(3)(i i )(A) OF THI S
S ECTI ON: Cor d set s a n d devi ces i n cor por a t i n g
t h e r equ i r ed gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er r u pt er
t h a t a r e con n ect ed t o t h e r ecept a cl e cl osest
t o t h e sou r ce of power a r e a ccept a bl e for ms
of pr ot ect i on .
(B) Recept a cl es ot h er t h a n 125 vol t , si n gl e-
ph a se, 15-, 20-, a n d 30-a mper e r ecept a cl es
t h a t a r e n ot pa r t of t h e per ma n en t wi r i n g of
t h e bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e a n d t h a t a r e i n u se
by per son n el sh a l l h a ve gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -
i n t er r u pt er pr ot ect i on for per son n el .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
848
(C) Wh er e t h e gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t -i n t er -
r u pt er pr ot ect i on r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(b)(3)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on i s n ot a va i l a bl e
for r ecept a cl es ot h er t h a n 125-vol t , si n gl e-
ph a se, 15-, 20-, a n d 30-a mper e, t h e empl oy er
sh a l l est a bl i sh a n d i mpl emen t a n a ssu r ed
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or pr ogr a m
cover i n g cor d set s, r ecept a cl es t h a t a r e n ot a
pa r t of t h e bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e, a n d equ i p-
men t con n ect ed by cor d a n d pl u g t h a t a r e
a va i l a bl e for u se or u sed by empl oy ees on
t h ose r ecept a cl es. Th i s pr ogr a m sh a l l com-
pl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(1) A wr i t t en descr i pt i on of t h e pr ogr a m,
i n cl u di n g t h e speci fi c pr ocedu r es a dopt ed by
t h e empl oy er , sh a l l be a va i l a bl e a t t h e j ob-
si t e for i n spect i on a n d copy i n g by t h e Assi st -
a n t S ecr et a r y of La bor a n d a n y a ffect ed em-
pl oy ee;
(2) Th e empl oy er sh a l l desi gn a t e on e or
mor e compet en t per son s t o i mpl emen t t h e
pr ogr a m;
(3) Ea ch cor d set , a t t a ch men t ca p, pl u g,
a n d r ecept a cl e of cor d set s, a n d a n y equ i p-
men t con n ect ed by cor d a n d pl u g, except
cor d set s a n d r ecept a cl es wh i ch a r e fi xed a n d
n ot exposed t o da ma ge, sh a l l be vi su a l l y i n -
spect ed befor e ea ch da y s u se for ext er n a l de-
fect s, su ch a s defor med or mi ssi n g pi n s or i n -
su l a t i on da ma ge, a n d for i n di ca t i on s of pos-
si bl e i n t er n a l da ma ge. Equ i pmen t fou n d
da ma ged or defect i ve sh a l l n ot be u sed u n t i l
r epa i r ed;
(4) Th e fol l owi n g t est s sh a l l be per for med
on a l l cor d set s a n d r ecept a cl es wh i ch a r e
n ot a pa r t of t h e per ma n en t wi r i n g of t h e
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e, a n d cor d- a n d pl u g-
con n ect ed equ i pmen t r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n d-
ed:
(i) Al l equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or s
sh a l l be t est ed for con t i n u i t y a n d sh a l l be
el ect r i ca l l y con t i n u ou s;
(ii) Ea ch r ecept a cl e a n d a t t a ch men t ca p or
pl u g sh a l l be t est ed for cor r ect a t t a ch men t
of t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or . Th e
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o i t s pr oper t er mi n a l ; a n d
(iii) Al l r equ i r ed t est s sh a l l be per for med
befor e fi r st u se; befor e equ i pmen t i s r et u r n ed
t o ser vi ce fol l owi n g a n y r epa i r s; befor e
equ i pmen t i s u sed a ft er a n y i n ci den t wh i ch
ca n be r ea son a bl y su spect ed t o h a ve ca u sed
da ma ge (for exa mpl e, wh en a cor d set i s r u n
over ); a n d a t i n t er va l s n ot t o exceed 3
mon t h s, except t h a t cor d set s a n d r ecep-
t a cl es wh i ch a r e fi xed a n d n ot exposed t o
da ma ge sh a l l be t est ed a t i n t er va l s n ot ex-
ceedi n g 6 mon t h s;
(5) Th e empl oy er sh a l l n ot ma k e a va i l a bl e
or per mi t t h e u se by empl oy ees of a n y equ i p-
men t wh i ch h a s n ot met t h e r equ i r emen t s of
pa r a gr a ph (b)(3)(i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on ; a n d
(6) Test s per for med a s r equ i r ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(3)(i i )(C) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be r e-
cor ded. Th i s t est r ecor d sh a l l i den t i fy ea ch
r ecept a cl e, cor d set , a n d cor d- a n d pl u g-con -
n ect ed equ i pmen t t h a t pa ssed t h e t est a n d
sh a l l i n di ca t e t h e l a st da t e i t wa s t est ed or
t h e i n t er va l for wh i ch i t wa s t est ed. Th i s
r ecor d sh a l l be k ept by mea n s of l ogs, col or
codi n g, or ot h er effect i ve mea n s a n d sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed u n t i l r epl a ced by a mor e cu r r en t
r ecor d. Th e r ecor d sh a l l be ma de a va i l a bl e
on t h e j obsi t e for i n spect i on by t h e Assi st a n t
S ecr et a r y a n d a n y a ffect ed empl oy ee.
(4) Ou t let devices. Ou t l et devi ces sh a l l h a ve
a n a mper e r a t i n g n ot l ess t h a n t h e l oa d t o be
ser ved a n d sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g
pr ovi si on s:
(i ) Wh er e con n ect ed t o a br a n ch ci r cu i t
h a vi n g a r a t i n g i n excess of 20 a mper es,
l a mph ol der s sh a l l be of t h e h ea vy -du t y t y pe.
A h ea vy -du t y l a mph ol der sh a l l h a ve a r a t i n g
of n ot l ess t h a n 660 wa t t s i f of t h e a dmedi u m
t y pe a n d n ot l ess t h a n 750 wa t t s i f of a n y
ot h er t y pe; a n d
(i i ) Recept a cl e ou t l et s sh a l l compl y wi t h
t h e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s:
(A) A si n gl e r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed on a n i n -
di vi du a l br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l h a ve a n a mper e
r a t i n g of n ot l ess t h a n t h a t of t h e br a n ch ci r -
cu i t ;
(B) Wh er e con n ect ed t o a br a n ch ci r cu i t
su ppl y i n g t wo or mor e r ecept a cl es or ou t l et s,
a r ecept a cl e ma y n ot su ppl y a t ot a l cor d-
a n d pl u g-con n ect ed l oa d i n excess of t h e
ma xi mu m speci fi ed i n Ta bl e S 4; a n d
(C) Wh er e con n ect ed t o a br a n ch ci r cu i t
su ppl y i n g t wo or mor e r ecept a cl es or ou t l et s,
r ecept a cl e r a t i n gs sh a l l con for m t o t h e va l -
u es l i st ed i n Ta bl e S 5; or , wh er e l a r ger t h a n
50 a mper es, t h e r ecept a cl e r a t i n g ma y n ot be
l ess t h a n t h e br a n ch -ci r cu i t r a t i n g. However ,
r ecept a cl es of cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed a r c
wel der s ma y h a ve a mper e r a t i n gs n ot l ess
t h a n t h e mi n i mu m br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or
a mpa ci t y .
(5) Cord con n ect ion s. A r ecept a cl e ou t l et
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed wh er ever fl exi bl e cor ds
wi t h a t t a ch men t pl u gs a r e u sed. Wh er e fl exi -
bl e cor ds a r e per mi t t ed t o be per ma n en t l y
con n ect ed, r ecept a cl es ma y be omi t t ed.
TABLE S4MAXIMUM CORD- AND PLUG-
CONNECTED LOAD TO RECEPTACLE
Circuit rating
(amperes)
Receptacle
rating
(amperes)
Maximum
load
(amperes)
15 or 20 ..................................... 15 12
20 ............................................... 20 16
30 ............................................... 30 24
TABLE S5RECEPTACLE RATINGS FOR
VARIOUS SIZE CIRCUITS
Circuit rating
(amperes)
Receptacle rating
(amperes)
15 ........................................... Not over 15.
20 ........................................... 15 or 20.
30 ........................................... 30.
40 ........................................... 40 or 50.
50 ........................................... 50.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
849
(c) Ou t side con du ct ors, 600 volt s, n omin al, or
less. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
br a n ch -ci r cu i t , feeder , a n d ser vi ce con du c-
t or s r a t ed 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess a n d r u n
ou t door s a s open con du ct or s.
(1) Con du ct ors on poles. Con du ct or s on pol es
sh a l l h a ve a sepa r a t i on of n ot l ess t h a n 305
mm (1. 0 ft ) wh er e n ot pl a ced on r a ck s or
br a ck et s. Con du ct or s su ppor t ed on pol es
sh a l l pr ovi de a h or i zon t a l cl i mbi n g spa ce n ot
l ess t h a n t h e fol l owi n g:
(i ) P ower con du ct or s bel ow commu n i ca t i on
con du ct or s762 mm (30 i n . );
(i i ) P ower con du ct or s a l on e or a bove com-
mu n i ca t i on con du ct or s:
(A) 300 vol t s or l ess610 mm (24 i n . ),
(B) Over 300 vol t s762 mm (30 i n . );
(i i i ) Commu n i ca t i on con du ct or s bel ow
power con du ct or ssa me a s power con du c-
t or s; a n d
(i v) Commu n i ca t i on s con du ct or s a l on en o
r equ i r emen t .
(2) Clearan ce f rom grou n d. Open con du ct or s,
open mu l t i con du ct or ca bl es, a n d ser vi ce-dr op
con du ct or s of n ot over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l ,
sh a l l con for m t o t h e mi n i mu m cl ea r a n ces
speci fi ed i n Ta bl e S 6.
TABLE S6CLEARANCES FROM GROUND
Distance
Installations built before August 13, 2007 Installations built on or after August 13,
2007
Maximum voltage Conditions
Voltage
to
ground
Conditions
3.05 m (10.0 ft) .................................. < 600 V .............. Above finished grade
or sidewalks, or from
any platform or pro-
jection from which
they might be
reached. (If these
areas are accessible
to other than pedes-
trian traffic, then one
of the other condi-
tions applies).
< 150 V .............. Above finished grade
or sidewalks, or from
any platform or pro-
jection from which
they might be
reached. (If these
areas are accessible
to other than pedes-
trian traffic, then one
of the other condi-
tions applies.)
3.66 m (12.0 ft) .................................. < 600 V .............. Over areas, other than
public streets, alleys,
roads, and drive-
ways, subject to ve-
hicular traffic other
than truck traffic.
< 300 V .............. Over residential prop-
erty and driveways.
Over commercial
areas subject to pe-
destrian traffic or to
vehicular traffic other
than truck traffic.
(This category in-
cludes conditions
covered under the
3.05-m (10.0-ft) cat-
egory where the
voltage exceeds 150
V.)
4.57 m (15.0 ft) .................................. < 600 V .............. Over areas, other than
public streets, alleys,
roads, and drive-
ways, subject to
truck traffic.
301 to 600 V ...... Over residential prop-
erty and driveways.
Over commercial
areas subject to pe-
destrian traffic or to
vehicular traffic other
than truck traffic.
(This category in-
cludes conditions
covered under the
3.05-m (10.0-ft) cat-
egory where the
voltage exceeds 300
V.)
5.49 m (18.0 ft) .................................. < 600 V .............. Over public streets,
alleys, roads, and
driveways.
< 600 V .............. Over public streets,
alleys, roads, and
driveways. Over
commercial areas
subject to truck traf-
fic. Other land tra-
versed by vehicles,
including land used
for cultivating or
grazing and forests
and orchards.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
850
(3) Clearan ce f rom bu ildin g open in gs. (i )
S er vi ce con du ct or s i n st a l l ed a s open con du c-
t or s or mu l t i con du ct or ca bl e wi t h ou t a n
over a l l ou t er j a ck et sh a l l h a ve a cl ea r a n ce of
n ot l ess t h a n 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) fr om wi n dows
t h a t a r e desi gn ed t o be open ed, door s, por ch -
es, ba l con i es, l a dder s, st a i r s, fi r e esca pes,
a n d si mi l a r l oca t i on s. However , con du ct or s
t h a t r u n a bove t h e t op l evel of a wi n dow ma y
be l ess t h a n 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) fr om t h e wi n dow.
Ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce of fi n a l spa n s a bove, or
wi t h i n 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) mea su r ed h or i zon t a l l y
of, pl a t for ms, pr oj ect i on s, or su r fa ces fr om
wh i ch t h ey mi gh t be r ea ch ed sh a l l be ma i n -
t a i n ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) of
t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) Over h ea d ser vi ce con du ct or s ma y n ot
be i n st a l l ed ben ea t h open i n gs t h r ou gh wh i ch
ma t er i a l s ma y be moved, su ch a s open i n gs i n
fa r m a n d commer ci a l bu i l di n gs, a n d ma y n ot
be i n st a l l ed wh er e t h ey wi l l obst r u ct en -
t r a n ce t o t h ese bu i l di n g open i n gs.
(4) Above roof s. Over h ea d spa n s of open con -
du ct or s a n d open mu l t i con du ct or ca bl es
sh a l l h a ve a ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce of n ot l ess
t h a n 2. 44 m (8. 0 ft ) a bove t h e r oof su r fa ce.
Th e ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce a bove t h e r oof l evel
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed for a di st a n ce n ot l ess
t h a n 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) i n a l l di r ect i on s fr om t h e
edge of t h e r oof.
(i ) Th e a r ea a bove a r oof su r fa ce su bj ect t o
pedest r i a n or veh i cu l a r t r a ffi c sh a l l h a ve a
ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce fr om t h e r oof su r fa ce i n
a ccor da n ce wi t h t h e cl ea r a n ce r equ i r emen t s
of pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i ) A r edu ct i on i n cl ea r a n ce t o 914 mm (3. 0
ft ) i s per mi t t ed wh er e t h e vol t a ge bet ween
con du ct or s does n ot exceed 300 a n d t h e r oof
h a s a sl ope of 102 mm (4 i n . ) i n 305 mm (12
i n . ) or gr ea t er .
(i i i ) A r edu ct i on i n cl ea r a n ce a bove on l y
t h e over h a n gi n g por t i on of t h e r oof t o n ot
l ess t h a n 457 mm (18 i n . ) i s per mi t t ed wh er e
t h e vol t a ge bet ween con du ct or s does n ot ex-
ceed 300 i f:
(A) Th e con du ct or s do n ot pa ss a bove t h e
r oof over h a n g for a di st a n ce of mor e t h a n
1. 83 m (6. 0 ft ), 1. 22 m (4. 0 ft ) h or i zon t a l l y , a n d
(B) Th e con du ct or s a r e t er mi n a t ed a t a
t h r ou gh -t h e-r oof r a cewa y or a ppr oved su p-
por t .
(i v) Th e r equ i r emen t for ma i n t a i n i n g a
ver t i ca l cl ea r a n ce of 914 mm (3. 0 ft ) fr om t h e
edge of t h e r oof does n ot a ppl y t o t h e fi n a l
con du ct or spa n , wh er e t h e con du ct or s a r e a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e si de of a bu i l di n g.
(d) L ocat ion of ou t door lamps. La mps for
ou t door l i gh t i n g sh a l l be l oca t ed bel ow a l l
en er gi zed con du ct or s, t r a n sfor mer s, or ot h er
el ect r i c equ i pmen t , u n l ess su ch equ i pmen t i s
con t r ol l ed by a di scon n ect i n g mea n s t h a t
ca n be l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on , or u n l ess
a dequ a t e cl ea r a n ces or ot h er sa fegu a r ds a r e
pr ovi ded for r el a mpi n g oper a t i on s.
(e) Services(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i )
Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di scon n ect a l l
con du ct or s i n a bu i l di n g or ot h er st r u ct u r e
fr om t h e ser vi ce-en t r a n ce con du ct or s. Th e
ser vi ce di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l pl a i n l y i n -
di ca t e wh et h er i t i s i n t h e open or cl osed po-
si t i on a n d sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t a r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e l oca t i on n ea r est t h e poi n t of en -
t r a n ce of t h e ser vi ce-en t r a n ce con du ct or s.
(i i ) Ea ch ser vi ce di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
si mu l t a n eou sl y di scon n ect a l l u n gr ou n ded
con du ct or s.
(i i i ) Ea ch ser vi ce di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e pr eva i l i n g con di -
t i on s.
(2) Services over 600 volt s, n omin al. Th e fol -
l owi n g a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
ser vi ces over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l .
(i ) S er vi ce-en t r a n ce con du ct or s i n st a l l ed
a s open wi r es sh a l l be gu a r ded t o ma k e t h em
a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s.
(i i ) S i gn s wa r n i n g of h i gh vol t a ge sh a l l be
post ed wh er e u n qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees mi gh t
come i n con t a ct wi t h l i ve pa r t s.
(f) Overcu rren t prot ect ion (1) 600 volt s, n omi-
n al, or less. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y
t o over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on of ci r cu i t s r a t ed
600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess.
(i ) Con du ct or s a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed fr om over cu r r en t i n a ccor da n ce wi t h
t h ei r a bi l i t y t o sa fel y con du ct cu r r en t .
(i i ) Except for mot or r u n n i n g over l oa d pr o-
t ect i on , over cu r r en t devi ces ma y n ot i n t er -
r u pt t h e con t i n u i t y of t h e gr ou n ded con -
du ct or u n l ess a l l con du ct or s of t h e ci r cu i t
a r e open ed si mu l t a n eou sl y .
(i i i ) A di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded on t h e su ppl y si de of a l l fu ses i n ci r -
cu i t s over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d a n d ca r t r i dge
fu ses i n ci r cu i t s of a n y vol t a ge wh er e a cces-
si bl e t o ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed per son s so t h a t
ea ch i n di vi du a l ci r cu i t con t a i n i n g fu ses ca n
be i n depen den t l y di scon n ect ed fr om t h e
sou r ce of power . However , a cu r r en t -l i mi t i n g
devi ce wi t h ou t a di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s per -
mi t t ed on t h e su ppl y si de of t h e ser vi ce di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s. I n a ddi t i on , a si n gl e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s i s per mi t t ed on t h e su ppl y
si de of mor e t h a n on e set of fu ses a s per -
mi t t ed by t h e except i on i n 1910. 305(j )(4)(vi )
for gr ou p oper a t i on of mot or s, a n d a si n gl e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s per mi t t ed for fi xed
el ect r i c spa ce-h ea t i n g equ i pmen t .
(i v) Over cu r r en t devi ces sh a l l be r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e t o ea ch empl oy ee or a u t h or i zed
bu i l di n g ma n a gemen t per son n el . Th ese over -
cu r r en t devi ces ma y n ot be l oca t ed wh er e
t h ey wi l l be exposed t o ph y si ca l da ma ge or
i n t h e vi ci n i t y of ea si l y i gn i t a bl e ma t er i a l .
(v) F u ses a n d ci r cu i t br ea k er s sh a l l be so
l oca t ed or sh i el ded t h a t empl oy ees wi l l n ot
be bu r n ed or ot h er wi se i n j u r ed by t h ei r oper -
a t i on . Ha n dl es or l ever s of ci r cu i t br ea k er s,
a n d si mi l a r pa r t s t h a t ma y move su dden l y i n
su ch a wa y t h a t per son s i n t h e vi ci n i t y a r e
l i k el y t o be i n j u r ed by bei n g st r u ck by t h em,
sh a l l be gu a r ded or i sol a t ed.
(vi ) Ci r cu i t br ea k er s sh a l l cl ea r l y i n di ca t e
wh et h er t h ey a r e i n t h e open (off) or cl osed
(on ) posi t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
851
(vi i ) Wh er e ci r cu i t br ea k er h a n dl es on
swi t ch boa r ds a r e oper a t ed ver t i ca l l y r a t h er
t h a n h or i zon t a l l y or r ot a t i on a l l y , t h e u p po-
si t i on of t h e h a n dl e sh a l l be t h e cl osed (on )
posi t i on .
(vi i i ) Ci r cu i t br ea k er s u sed a s swi t ch es i n
120-vol t a n d 277-vol t , fl u or escen t l i gh t i n g ci r -
cu i t s sh a l l be l i st ed a n d ma r k ed S WD.
(i x) A ci r cu i t br ea k er wi t h a st r a i gh t vol t -
a ge r a t i n g, su ch a s 240 V or 480 V, ma y on l y
be i n st a l l ed i n a ci r cu i t i n wh i ch t h e n omi n a l
vol t a ge bet ween a n y t wo con du ct or s does n ot
exceed t h e ci r cu i t br ea k er s vol t a ge r a t i n g.
A t wo-pol e ci r cu i t br ea k er ma y n ot be u sed
for pr ot ect i n g a 3-ph a se, cor n er -gr ou n ded
del t a ci r cu i t u n l ess t h e ci r cu i t br ea k er i s
ma r k ed 1F3F t o i n di ca t e su ch su i t a bi l i t y .
A ci r cu i t br ea k er wi t h a sl a sh r a t i n g, su ch a s
120/240 V or 480Y/277 V, ma y on l y be i n st a l l ed
i n a ci r cu i t wh er e t h e n omi n a l vol t a ge of a n y
con du ct or t o gr ou n d does n ot exceed t h e
l ower of t h e t wo va l u es of t h e ci r cu i t br ea k -
er s vol t a ge r a t i n g a n d t h e n omi n a l vol t a ge
bet ween a n y t wo con du ct or s does n ot exceed
t h e h i gh er va l u e of t h e ci r cu i t br ea k er s
vol t a ge r a t i n g.
(2) Feeders an d bran ch circu it s over 600 volt s,
n omin al. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
feeder s a n d br a n ch ci r cu i t s en er gi zed a t
mor e t h a n 600 vol t s, n omi n a l :
(i ) F eeder a n d br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or s
sh a l l h a ve over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on i n ea ch
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or l oca t ed a t t h e poi n t
wh er e t h e con du ct or r ecei ves i t s su ppl y or a t
a l oca t i on i n t h e ci r cu i t det er mi n ed u n der
en gi n eer i n g su per vi si on ;
(A) Ci r cu i t br ea k er s u sed for over cu r r en t
pr ot ect i on of t h r ee-ph a se ci r cu i t s sh a l l h a ve
a mi n i mu m of t h r ee over cu r r en t r el a y s oper -
a t ed fr om t h r ee cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer s. On
t h r ee-ph a se, t h r ee-wi r e ci r cu i t s, a n over cu r -
r en t r el a y i n t h e r esi du a l ci r cu i t of t h e cu r -
r en t t r a n sfor mer s ma y r epl a ce on e of t h e
ph a se r el a y s. An over cu r r en t r el a y , oper a t ed
fr om a cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer t h a t l i n k s a l l
ph a ses of a t h r ee-ph a se, t h r ee-wi r e ci r cu i t ,
ma y r epl a ce t h e r esi du a l r el a y a n d on e ot h er
ph a se-con du ct or cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer . Wh er e
t h e n eu t r a l i s n ot gr ou n ded on t h e l oa d si de
of t h e ci r cu i t , t h e cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer ma y
l i n k a l l t h r ee ph a se con du ct or s a n d t h e
gr ou n ded ci r cu i t con du ct or (n eu t r a l ); a n d
(B) I f fu ses a r e u sed for over cu r r en t pr ot ec-
t i on , a fu se sh a l l be con n ect ed i n ser i es wi t h
ea ch u n gr ou n ded con du ct or ;
(i i ) Ea ch pr ot ect i ve devi ce sh a l l be ca pa bl e
of det ect i n g a n d i n t er r u pt i n g a l l va l u es of
cu r r en t t h a t ca n occu r a t i t s l oca t i on i n ex-
cess of i t s t r i p set t i n g or mel t i n g poi n t ;
(i i i ) Th e oper a t i n g t i me of t h e pr ot ect i ve
devi ce, t h e a va i l a bl e sh or t -ci r cu i t cu r r en t ,
a n d t h e con du ct or u sed sh a l l be coor di n a t ed
t o pr even t da ma gi n g or da n ger ou s t emper a -
t u r es i n con du ct or s or con du ct or i n su l a t i on
u n der sh or t -ci r cu i t con di t i on s; a n d
(i v) Th e fol l owi n g a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o feeder s on l y :
(A) Th e con t i n u ou s a mper e r a t i n g of a fu se
ma y n ot exceed t h r ee t i mes t h e a mpa ci t y of
t h e con du ct or s. Th e l on g-t i me t r i p el emen t
set t i n g of a br ea k er or t h e mi n i mu m t r i p
set t i n g of a n el ect r on i ca l l y a ct u a t ed fu se
ma y n ot exceed si x t i mes t h e a mpa ci t y of
t h e con du ct or . F or fi r e pu mps, con du ct or s
ma y be pr ot ect ed for sh or t ci r cu i t on l y ; a n d
(B) Con du ct or s t a pped t o a feeder ma y be
pr ot ect ed by t h e feeder over cu r r en t devi ce
wh er e t h a t over cu r r en t devi ce a l so pr ot ect s
t h e t a p con du ct or .
(g) Grou n din g. P a r a gr a ph s (g)(1) t h r ou gh
(g)(9) of t h i s sect i on con t a i n gr ou n di n g r e-
qu i r emen t s for sy st ems, ci r cu i t s, a n d equ i p-
men t .
(1) Sy st ems t o be grou n ded. S y st ems t h a t
su ppl y pr emi ses wi r i n g sh a l l be gr ou n ded a s
fol l ows:
(i ) Al l 3-wi r e dc sy st ems sh a l l h a ve t h ei r
n eu t r a l con du ct or gr ou n ded;
(i i ) Two-wi r e dc sy st ems oper a t i n g a t over
50 vol t s t h r ou gh 300 vol t s bet ween con du c-
t or s sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n l ess:
(A) Th ey su ppl y on l y i n du st r i a l equ i pmen t
i n l i mi t ed a r ea s a n d a r e equ i pped wi t h a
gr ou n d det ect or ;
(B) Th ey a r e r ect i fi er -der i ved fr om a n a c
sy st em compl y i n g wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (g)(1)(i i i ),
(g)(1)(i v), a n d (g)(1)(v) of t h i s sect i on ; or
(C) Th ey a r e fi r e-a l a r m ci r cu i t s h a vi n g a
ma xi mu m cu r r en t of 0. 030 a mper es;
(i i i ) AC ci r cu i t s of l ess t h a n 50 vol t s sh a l l
be gr ou n ded i f t h ey a r e i n st a l l ed a s over h ea d
con du ct or s ou t si de of bu i l di n gs or i f t h ey a r e
su ppl i ed by t r a n sfor mer s a n d t h e t r a n s-
for mer pr i ma r y su ppl y sy st em i s u n gr ou n ded
or exceeds 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d;
(i v) AC sy st ems of 50 vol t s t o 1000 vol t s
sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s, u n l ess exempt ed by pa r a gr a ph
(g)(1)(v) of t h i s sect i on :
(A) I f t h e sy st em ca n be so gr ou n ded t h a t
t h e ma xi mu m vol t a ge t o gr ou n d on t h e
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s does n ot exceed 150
vol t s;
(B) I f t h e sy st em i s n omi n a l l y r a t ed t h r ee-
ph a se, fou r -wi r e wy e con n ect ed i n wh i ch t h e
n eu t r a l i s u sed a s a ci r cu i t con du ct or ;
(C) I f t h e sy st em i s n omi n a l l y r a t ed t h r ee-
ph a se, fou r -wi r e del t a con n ect ed i n wh i ch
t h e mi dpoi n t of on e ph a se i s u sed a s a ci r cu i t
con du ct or ; or
(D) I f a ser vi ce con du ct or i s u n i n su l a t ed;
(v) AC sy st ems of 50 vol t s t o 1000 vol t s a r e
n ot r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded u n der a n y of t h e
(A) I f t h e sy st em i s u sed excl u si vel y t o
su ppl y i n du st r i a l el ect r i c fu r n a ces for mel t -
i n g, r efi n i n g, t emper i n g, a n d t h e l i k e;
(B) I f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y der i ved a n d
i s u sed excl u si vel y for r ect i fi er s su ppl y i n g
on l y a dj u st a bl e speed i n du st r i a l dr i ves;
(C) I f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y der i ved a n d
i s su ppl i ed by a t r a n sfor mer t h a t h a s a pr i -
ma r y vol t a ge r a t i n g l ess t h a n 1000 vol t s, pr o-
vi ded a l l of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s a r e met :
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
852
(1) Th e sy st em i s u sed excl u si vel y for con -
t r ol ci r cu i t s;
(2) Th e con di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce a n d su -
per vi si on en su r e t h a t on l y qu a l i fi ed per son s
wi l l ser vi ce t h e i n st a l l a t i on ;
(3) Con t i n u i t y of con t r ol power i s r equ i r ed;
a n d
(4) Gr ou n d det ect or s a r e i n st a l l ed on t h e
con t r ol sy st em;
(D) I f t h e sy st em i s a n i sol a t ed power sy s-
t em t h a t su ppl i es ci r cu i t s i n h ea l t h ca r e fa -
ci l i t i es; or
(E) I f t h e sy st em i s a h i gh -i mpeda n ce
gr ou n ded n eu t r a l sy st em i n wh i ch a gr ou n d-
i n g i mpeda n ce, u su a l l y a r esi st or , l i mi t s t h e
gr ou n d-fa u l t cu r r en t t o a l ow va l u e for 3-
ph a se a c sy st ems of 480 vol t s t o 1000 vol t s
pr ovi ded a l l of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s a r e
met :
(1) Th e con di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce a n d su -
wi l l ser vi ce t h e i n st a l l a t i on ;
(2) Con t i n u i t y of power i s r equ i r ed;
(3) Gr ou n d det ect or s a r e i n st a l l ed on t h e
sy st em; a n d
(4) Li n e-t o-n eu t r a l l oa ds a r e n ot ser ved.
(2) Con du ct or t o be grou n ded. Th e con du ct or
t o be gr ou n ded for a c pr emi ses wi r i n g sy s-
t ems r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded by pa r a gr a ph
(g)(1) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be a s fol l ows:
(i ) On e con du ct or of a si n gl e-ph a se, t wo-
wi r e sy st em sh a l l be gr ou n ded;
(i i ) Th e n eu t r a l con du ct or of a si n gl e-
ph a se, t h r ee-wi r e sy st em sh a l l be gr ou n ded;
(i i i ) Th e common con du ct or of a mu l t i -
ph a se sy st em h a vi n g on e wi r e common t o a l l
ph a ses sh a l l be gr ou n ded;
(i v) On e ph a se con du ct or of a mu l t i ph a se
sy st em wh er e on e ph a se i s gr ou n ded sh a l l be
gr ou n ded; a n d
(v) Th e n eu t r a l con du ct or of a mu l t i ph a se
sy st em i n wh i ch on e ph a se i s u sed a s a n eu -
t r a l con du ct or sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
(3) Port able an d veh icle-mou n t ed gen erat ors.
(i ) Th e fr a me of a por t a bl e gen er a t or n eed
n ot be gr ou n ded a n d ma y ser ve a s t h e
gr ou n di n g el ect r ode for a sy st em su ppl i ed by
t h e gen er a t or u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s:
(A) Th e gen er a t or su ppl i es on l y equ i pmen t
mou n t ed on t h e gen er a t or or cor d- a n d pl u g-
con n ect ed equ i pmen t t h r ou gh r ecept a cl es
mou n t ed on t h e gen er a t or , or bot h ; a n d
(B) Th e n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of
equ i pmen t a n d t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or t er mi n a l s of t h e r ecept a cl es a r e
bon ded t o t h e gen er a t or fr a me.
(i i ) Th e fr a me of a veh i cl e n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded a n d ma y ser ve a s t h e gr ou n di n g
el ect r ode for a sy st em su ppl i ed by a gen er -
a t or l oca t ed on t h e veh i cl e u n der t h e fol -
(A) Th e fr a me of t h e gen er a t or i s bon ded t o
t h e veh i cl e fr a me;
(B) Th e gen er a t or su ppl i es on l y equ i pmen t
l oca t ed on t h e veh i cl e a n d cor d- a n d pl u g-
con n ect ed equ i pmen t t h r ou gh r ecept a cl es
mou n t ed on t h e veh i cl e;
(C) Th e n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of
equ i pmen t a n d t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or t er mi n a l s of t h e r ecept a cl es a r e
bon ded t o t h e gen er a t or fr a me; a n d
(D) Th e sy st em compl i es wi t h a l l ot h er
pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on .
(i i i ) A sy st em con du ct or t h a t i s r equ i r ed t o
be gr ou n ded by t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be bon ded t o t h e
gen er a t or fr a me wh er e t h e gen er a t or i s a
compon en t of a sepa r a t el y der i ved sy st em.
(4) Grou n din g con n ect ion s. (i ) F or a gr ou n d-
ed sy st em, a gr ou n di n g el ect r ode con du ct or
sh a l l be u sed t o con n ect bot h t h e equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or a n d t h e gr ou n ded ci r -
cu i t con du ct or t o t h e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode.
Bot h t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
a n d t h e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode con du ct or sh a l l
be con n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n ded ci r cu i t con -
du ct or on t h e su ppl y si de of t h e ser vi ce di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s or on t h e su ppl y si de of
t h e sy st em di scon n ect i n g mea n s or over cu r -
r en t devi ces i f t h e sy st em i s sepa r a t el y de-
r i ved.
(i i ) F or a n u n gr ou n ded ser vi ce-su ppl i ed
sy st em, t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n di n g el ec-
t r ode con du ct or a t t h e ser vi ce equ i pmen t .
F or a n u n gr ou n ded sepa r a t el y der i ved sy s-
t em, t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n di n g el ec-
t r ode con du ct or a t , or a h ea d of, t h e sy st em
di scon n ect i n g mea n s or over cu r r en t devi ces.
(i i i ) On ext en si on s of exi st i n g br a n ch ci r -
cu i t s t h a t do n ot h a ve a n equ i pmen t gr ou n d-
i n g con du ct or , gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl es
ma y be gr ou n ded t o a gr ou n ded col d wa t er
pi pe n ea r t h e equ i pmen t i f t h e ext en si on wa s
i n st a l l ed befor e Au gu st 13, 2007. Wh en a n y
el emen t of t h i s br a n ch ci r cu i t i s r epl a ced,
t h e en t i r e br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l u se a n equ i p-
men t gr ou n di n g con du ct or t h a t compl i es
wi t h a l l ot h er pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph (g) of
t h i s sect i on .
(5) Grou n din g pat h . Th e pa t h t o gr ou n d
fr om ci r cu i t s, equ i pmen t , a n d en cl osu r es
sh a l l be per ma n en t , con t i n u ou s, a n d effec-
t i ve.
(6) Su pport s, en closu res, an d equ ipmen t t o be
grou n ded. (i ) Met a l ca bl e t r a y s, met a l r a ce-
wa y s, a n d met a l en cl osu r es for con du ct or s
sh a l l be gr ou n ded, except t h a t :
(A) Met a l en cl osu r es su ch a s sl eeves t h a t
a r e u sed t o pr ot ect ca bl e a ssembl i es fr om
ph y si ca l da ma ge n eed n ot be gr ou n ded; a n d
(B) Met a l en cl osu r es for con du ct or s a dded
t o exi st i n g i n st a l l a t i on s of open wi r e, k n ob-
a n d-t u be wi r i n g, a n d n on met a l l i c-sh ea t h ed
ca bl e n eed n ot be gr ou n ded i f a l l of t h e fol -
(1) Ru n s a r e l ess t h a n 7. 62 met er s (25. 0 ft );
(2) En cl osu r es a r e fr ee fr om pr oba bl e con -
t a ct wi t h gr ou n d, gr ou n ded met a l , met a l
l a t h s, or ot h er con du ct i ve ma t er i a l s; a n d
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
853
(3) En cl osu r es a r e gu a r ded a ga i n st em-
pl oy ee con t a ct .
(i i ) Met a l en cl osu r es for ser vi ce equ i pmen t
sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) F r a mes of el ect r i c r a n ges, wa l l -mou n t -
ed oven s, cou n t er -mou n t ed cook i n g u n i t s,
cl ot h es dr y er s, a n d met a l ou t l et or j u n ct i on
boxes t h a t a r e pa r t of t h e ci r cu i t for t h ese
a ppl i a n ces sh a l l be gr ou n ded.
(i v) Exposed n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l
pa r t s of fi xed equ i pmen t t h a t ma y become
en er gi zed sh a l l be gr ou n ded u n der a n y of t h e
(A) I f wi t h i n 2. 44 m (8 ft ) ver t i ca l l y or 1. 52
m (5 ft ) h or i zon t a l l y of gr ou n d or gr ou n ded
met a l obj ect s a n d su bj ect t o empl oy ee con -
t a ct ;
(B) I f l oca t ed i n a wet or da mp l oca t i on
a n d n ot i sol a t ed;
(C) I f i n el ect r i ca l con t a ct wi t h met a l ;
(D) I f i n a h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on ;
(E) I f su ppl i ed by a met a l -cl a d, met a l -
sh ea t h ed, or gr ou n ded met a l r a cewa y wi r i n g
met h od; or
(F ) I f equ i pmen t oper a t es wi t h a n y t er -
mi n a l a t over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d.
(v) Not wi t h st a n di n g t h e pr ovi si on s of pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(6)(i v) of t h i s sect i on , exposed n on -
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of t h e fol l owi n g
t y pes of fi xed equ i pmen t n eed n ot be gr ou n d-
ed:
(A) En cl osu r es for swi t ch es or ci r cu i t
br ea k er s u sed for ot h er t h a n ser vi ce equ i p-
men t a n d a ccessi bl e t o qu a l i fi ed per son s
on l y ;
(B) El ect r i ca l l y h ea t ed a ppl i a n ces t h a t a r e
per ma n en t l y a n d effect i vel y i n su l a t ed fr om
gr ou n d;
(C) Di st r i bu t i on a ppa r a t u s, su ch a s t r a n s-
for mer a n d ca pa ci t or ca ses, mou n t ed on
wooden pol es, a t a h ei gh t exceedi n g 2. 44 m
(8. 0 ft ) a bove gr ou n d or gr a de l evel ; a n d
(D) Li st ed equ i pmen t pr ot ect ed by a sy s-
t em of dou bl e i n su l a t i on , or i t s equ i va l en t ,
a n d di st i n ct i vel y ma r k ed a s su ch .
(vi ) Exposed n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l
pa r t s of cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t
t h a t ma y become en er gi zed sh a l l be gr ou n d-
ed u n der a n y of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(A) I f i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s
(see 1910. 307);
(B) I f oper a t ed a t over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d,
except for gu a r ded mot or s a n d met a l fr a mes
of el ect r i ca l l y h ea t ed a ppl i a n ces i f t h e a ppl i -
a n ce fr a mes a r e per ma n en t l y a n d effect i vel y
i n su l a t ed fr om gr ou n d;
(C) I f t h e equ i pmen t i s of t h e fol l owi n g
t y pes:
(1) Refr i ger a t or s, fr eezer s, a n d a i r con di -
t i on er s;
(2) Cl ot h es-wa sh i n g, cl ot h es-dr y i n g, a n d
di sh wa sh i n g ma ch i n es, su mp pu mps, a n d
el ect r i c a qu a r i u m equ i pmen t ;
(3) Ha n d-h el d mot or -oper a t ed t ool s, st a -
t i on a r y a n d fi xed mot or -oper a t ed t ool s, a n d
l i gh t i n du st r i a l mot or -oper a t ed t ool s;
(4) Mot or -oper a t ed a ppl i a n ces of t h e fol -
l owi n g t y pes: h edge cl i pper s, l a wn mower s,
sn ow bl ower s, a n d wet scr u bber s;
(5) Cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed a ppl i a n ces
u sed i n da mp or wet l oca t i on s, or by empl oy -
ees st a n di n g on t h e gr ou n d or on met a l
fl oor s or wor k i n g i n si de of met a l t a n k s or
boi l er s;
(6) P or t a bl e a n d mobi l e X-r a y a n d a ssoci -
a t ed equ i pmen t ;
(7) Tool s l i k el y t o be u sed i n wet a n d con -
du ct i ve l oca t i on s; a n d
(8) P or t a bl e h a n d l a mps.
(vi i ) Not wi t h st a n di n g t h e pr ovi si on s of
pa r a gr a ph (g)(6)(vi ) of t h i s sect i on , t h e fol -
l owi n g equ i pmen t n eed n ot be gr ou n ded:
(A) Tool s l i k el y t o be u sed i n wet a n d con -
du ct i ve l oca t i on s i f su ppl i ed t h r ou gh a n i so-
l a t i n g t r a n sfor mer wi t h a n u n gr ou n ded sec-
on da r y of n ot over 50 vol t s; a n d
(B) Li st ed or l a bel ed por t a bl e t ool s a n d a p-
pl i a n ces i f pr ot ect ed by a n a ppr oved sy st em
of dou bl e i n su l a t i on , or i t s equ i va l en t , a n d
di st i n ct i vel y ma r k ed.
(7) Non elect rical equ ipmen t . Th e met a l pa r t s
of t h e fol l owi n g n on el ect r i ca l equ i pmen t
sh a l l be gr ou n ded: fr a mes a n d t r a ck s of el ec-
t r i ca l l y oper a t ed cr a n es a n d h oi st s; fr a mes of
n on el ect r i ca l l y dr i ven el eva t or ca r s t o wh i ch
el ect r i c con du ct or s a r e a t t a ch ed; h a n d-oper -
a t ed met a l sh i ft i n g r opes or ca bl es of el ec-
t r i c el eva t or s; a n d met a l pa r t i t i on s, gr i l l
wor k , a n d si mi l a r met a l en cl osu r es a r ou n d
equ i pmen t of over 750 vol t s bet ween con du c-
t or s.
(8) Met h ods of grou n din g f ixed equ ipmen t . (i )
Non cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of fi xed
equ i pmen t , i f r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded by t h i s
su bpa r t , sh a l l be gr ou n ded by a n equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or t h a t i s con t a i n ed wi t h -
i n t h e sa me r a cewa y , ca bl e, or cor d, or r u n s
wi t h or en cl oses t h e ci r cu i t con du ct or s. F or
dc ci r cu i t s on l y , t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or ma y be r u n sepa r a t el y fr om t h e
ci r cu i t con du ct or s.
(i i ) El ect r i c equ i pmen t i s con si der ed t o be
effect i vel y gr ou n ded i f i t i s secu r ed t o, a n d
i n el ect r i ca l con t a ct wi t h , a met a l r a ck or
st r u ct u r e t h a t i s pr ovi ded for i t s su ppor t a n d
t h e met a l r a ck or st r u ct u r e i s gr ou n ded by
t h e met h od speci fi ed for t h e n on cu r r en t -ca r -
r y i n g met a l pa r t s of fi xed equ i pmen t i n pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(8)(i ) of t h i s sect i on . Met a l ca r
fr a mes su ppor t ed by met a l h oi st i n g ca bl es
a t t a ch ed t o or r u n n i n g over met a l sh ea ves or
dr u ms of gr ou n ded el eva t or ma ch i n es a r e
a l so con si der ed t o be effect i vel y gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) F or i n st a l l a t i on s ma de befor e Apr i l 16,
1981, el ect r i c equ i pmen t i s a l so con si der ed t o
be effect i vel y gr ou n ded i f i t i s secu r ed t o,
a n d i n met a l l i c con t a ct wi t h , t h e gr ou n ded
st r u ct u r a l met a l fr a me of a bu i l di n g. Wh en
a n y el emen t of t h i s br a n ch ci r cu i t i s r e-
pl a ced, t h e en t i r e br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l u se a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or t h a t com-
pl i es wi t h a l l ot h er pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
854
(9) Grou n din g of sy st ems an d circu it s of 1000
volt s an d over (h igh volt age). I f h i gh vol t a ge
sy st ems a r e gr ou n ded, t h ey sh a l l compl y
wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of pa r a gr a ph s
(g)(1) t h r ou gh (g)(8) of t h i s sect i on a s su ppl e-
men t ed a n d modi fi ed by t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s:
(i ) S y st ems su ppl y i n g por t a bl e or mobi l e
h i gh vol t a ge equ i pmen t , ot h er t h a n su b-
st a t i on s i n st a l l ed on a t empor a r y ba si s, sh a l l
compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Th e sy st em sh a l l h a ve i t s n eu t r a l
gr ou n ded t h r ou gh a n i mpeda n ce. I f a del t a -
con n ect ed h i gh vol t a ge sy st em i s u sed t o
su ppl y t h e equ i pmen t , a sy st em n eu t r a l sh a l l
be der i ved.
(B) Exposed n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l
pa r t s of por t a bl e a n d mobi l e equ i pmen t sh a l l
be con n ect ed by a n equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or t o t h e poi n t a t wh i ch t h e sy st em
n eu t r a l i mpeda n ce i s gr ou n ded.
(C) Gr ou n d-fa u l t det ect i on a n d r el a y i n g
sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o a u t oma t i ca l l y deen er -
gi ze a n y h i gh vol t a ge sy st em compon en t
t h a t h a s devel oped a gr ou n d fa u l t . Th e con -
t i n u i t y of t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or sh a l l be con t i n u ou sl y mon i t or ed so a s
t o deen er gi ze a u t oma t i ca l l y t h e h i gh vol t a ge
feeder t o t h e por t a bl e equ i pmen t u pon l oss of
con t i n u i t y of t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or .
(D) Th e gr ou n di n g el ect r ode t o wh i ch t h e
por t a bl e equ i pmen t sy st em n eu t r a l i mped-
a n ce i s con n ect ed sh a l l be i sol a t ed fr om a n d
sepa r a t ed i n t h e gr ou n d by a t l ea st 6. 1 m
(20. 0 ft ) fr om a n y ot h er sy st em or equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g el ect r ode, a n d t h er e sh a l l be n o di -
r ect con n ect i on bet ween t h e gr ou n di n g el ec-
t r odes, su ch a s bu r i ed pi pe, fen ce, a n d so
for t h .
(i i ) Al l n on cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g met a l pa r t s of
por t a bl e equ i pmen t a n d fi xed equ i pmen t , i n -
cl u di n g t h ei r a ssoci a t ed fen ces, h ou si n gs, en -
cl osu r es, a n d su ppor t i n g st r u ct u r es, sh a l l be
gr ou n ded. However , equ i pmen t t h a t i s gu a r d-
ed by l oca t i on a n d i sol a t ed fr om gr ou n d n eed
n ot be gr ou n ded. Addi t i on a l l y , pol e-mou n t ed
di st r i bu t i on a ppa r a t u s a t a h ei gh t exceedi n g
2. 44 m (8. 0 ft ) a bove gr ou n d or gr a de l evel
n eed n ot be gr ou n ded.
1910.305 Wiring methods, compo-
nents, and equipment for general
use.
(a ) Wirin g met h ods. Th e pr ovi si on s of
t h i s sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o t h e con -
du ct or s t h a t a r e a n i n t egr a l pa r t of fa c-
t or y -a ssembl ed equ i pmen t .
(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s(i ) Elect rical
con t in u it y of met al raceway s an d en clo-
su res. Met a l r a cewa y s, ca bl e a r mor , a n d
ot h er met a l en cl osu r es for con du ct or s
sh a l l be met a l l i ca l l y j oi n ed t oget h er
i n t o a con t i n u ou s el ect r i c con du ct or
a n d sh a l l be so con n ect ed t o a l l boxes,
fi t t i n gs, a n d ca bi n et s a s t o pr ovi de ef-
fect i ve el ect r i ca l con t i n u i t y .
(i i ) Wirin g in du ct s. No wi r i n g sy st ems
of a n y t y pe sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n du ct s
u sed t o t r a n spor t du st , l oose st ock or
fl a mma bl e va por s. No wi r i n g sy st em of
a n y t y pe ma y be i n st a l l ed i n a n y du ct
u sed for va por r emova l or for ven t i l a -
t i on of commer ci a l -t y pe cook i n g equ i p-
men t , or i n a n y sh a ft con t a i n i n g on l y
su ch du ct s.
(2) T emporary wirin g. Tempor a r y el ec-
t r i ca l power a n d l i gh t i n g wi r i n g met h -
ods ma y be of a cl a ss l ess t h a n wou l d
be r equ i r ed for a per ma n en t i n st a l l a -
t i on . Except a s speci fi ca l l y modi fi ed i n
t h i s pa r a gr a ph , a l l ot h er r equ i r emen t s
of t h i s su bpa r t for per ma n en t wi r i n g
sh a l l a ppl y t o t empor a r y wi r i n g i n st a l -
l a t i on s.
(i ) Uses permit t ed, 600 volt s, n omin al, or
less. Tempor a r y el ect r i ca l power a n d
l i gh t i n g i n st a l l a t i on s 600 vol t s, n omi -
n a l , or l ess ma y be u sed on l y :
(A) Du r i n g a n d for r emodel i n g, ma i n -
t en a n ce, r epa i r , or demol i t i on of bu i l d-
i n gs, st r u ct u r es, or equ i pmen t , a n d
si mi l a r a ct i vi t i es;
(B) F or exper i men t a l or devel opmen t
wor k , a n d
(C) F or a per i od n ot t o exceed 90 da y s
for Ch r i st ma s decor a t i ve l i gh t i n g, ca r -
n i va l s, a n d si mi l a r pu r poses.
(i i ) Uses permit t ed, over 600 volt s, n omi-
n al. Tempor a r y wi r i n g over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , ma y be u sed on l y du r i n g per i -
ods of t est s, exper i men t s, or emer -
gen ci es.
(i i i ) Gen eral requ iremen t s f or t emporary
wirin g. (A) F eeder s sh a l l or i gi n a t e i n a n
a ppr oved di st r i bu t i on cen t er . Th e con -
du ct or s sh a l l be r u n a s mu l t i con du ct or
cor d or ca bl e a ssembl i es, or , wh er e n ot
su bj ect t o ph y si ca l da ma ge, t h ey ma y
be r u n a s open con du ct or s on
i n su l a t or s n ot mor e t h a n 10 feet a pa r t .
(B) Br a n ch ci r cu i t s sh a l l or i gi n a t e i n
a n a ppr oved power ou t l et or pa n el -
boa r d. Con du ct or s sh a l l be mu l t i con -
du ct or cor d or ca bl e a ssembl i es or open
con du ct or s. I f r u n a s open con du ct or s
t h ey sh a l l be fa st en ed a t cei l i n g h ei gh t
ever y 10 feet . No br a n ch -ci r cu i t con -
du ct or ma y be l a i d on t h e fl oor . Ea ch
br a n ch ci r cu i t t h a t su ppl i es r ecept a cl es
or fi xed equ i pmen t sh a l l con t a i n a sep-
a r a t e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
i f r u n a s open con du ct or s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
855
(C) Recept a cl es sh a l l be of t h e
gr ou n di n g t y pe. Un l ess i n st a l l ed i n a
compl et e met a l l i c r a cewa y , ea ch
br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l con t a i n a sepa r a t e
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or a n d a l l
r ecept a cl es sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y con -
n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(D) No ba r e con du ct or s n or ea r t h r e-
t u r n s ma y be u sed for t h e wi r i n g of a n y
t empor a r y ci r cu i t .
(E) S u i t a bl e di scon n ect i n g swi t ch es
or pl u g con n ect or s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o
per mi t t h e di scon n ect i on of a l l
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s of ea ch t em-
por a r y ci r cu i t .
(F ) La mps for gen er a l i l l u mi n a t i on
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om a cci den t a l con -
t a ct or br ea k a ge. P r ot ect i on sh a l l be
pr ovi ded by el eva t i on of a t l ea st 7 feet
fr om n or ma l wor k i n g su r fa ce or by a
su i t a bl e fi xt u r e or l a mph ol der wi t h a
gu a r d.
(G) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed fr om a cci den t a l da ma ge.
S h a r p cor n er s a n d pr oj ect i on s sh a l l be
a voi ded. Wh er e pa ssi n g t h r ou gh door -
wa y s or ot h er pi n ch poi n t s, fl exi bl e
cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h
pr ot ect i on t o a voi d da ma ge.
(3) Cable t ray s(i ) Uses permit t ed. (a)
On l y t h e fol l owi n g ma y be i n st a l l ed i n
ca bl e t r a y sy st ems:
(1) Mi n er a l -i n su l a t ed met a l -sh ea t h ed
ca bl e (Ty pe MI );
(2) Ar mor ed ca bl e (Ty pe AC);
(3) Met a l -cl a d ca bl e (Ty pe MC);
(4) P ower -l i mi t ed t r a y ca bl e (Ty pe
P LTC);
(5) Non met a l l i c-sh ea t h ed ca bl e (Ty pe
NM or NMC);
(6) S h i el ded n on met a l l i c-sh ea t h ed
ca bl e (Ty pe S NM);
(7) Mu l t i con du ct or ser vi ce-en t r a n ce
ca bl e (Ty pe S E or US E);
(8) Mu l t i con du ct or u n der gr ou n d feed-
er a n d br a n ch -ci r cu i t ca bl e (Ty pe UF );
(9) P ower a n d con t r ol t r a y ca bl e
(Ty pe TC);
(10) Ot h er fa ct or y -a ssembl ed, mu l t i -
con du ct or con t r ol , si gn a l , or power ca -
bl es wh i ch a r e speci fi ca l l y a ppr oved for
i n st a l l a t i on i n ca bl e t r a y s; or
(11) An y a ppr oved con du i t or r a cewa y
wi t h i t s con t a i n ed con du ct or s.
(b) I n i n du st r i a l est a bl i sh men t s on l y ,
wh er e con di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce a n d
su per vi si on a ssu r e t h a t on l y qu a l i fi ed
per son s wi l l ser vi ce t h e i n st a l l ed ca bl e
t r a y sy st em, t h e fol l owi n g ca bl es ma y
a l so be i n st a l l ed i n l a dder , ven t i l a t ed
t r ou gh , or 4 i n ch ven t i l a t ed ch a n n el -
t y pe ca bl e t r a y s:
(1) S i n gl e con du ct or ca bl es wh i ch a r e
250 MCM or l a r ger a n d a r e Ty pes RHH,
RHW, MV, US E, or THW, a n d ot h er 250
MCM or l a r ger si n gl e con du ct or ca bl es
i f speci fi ca l l y a ppr oved for i n st a l l a t i on
i n ca bl e t r a y s. Wh er e exposed t o di r ect
r a y s of t h e su n , ca bl es sh a l l be su n -
l i gh t -r esi st a n t .
(2) Ty pe MV ca bl es, wh er e exposed t o
di r ect r a y s of t h e su n , sh a l l be su n -
l i gh t -r esi st a n t .
(c) Ca bl e t r a y s i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi -
fi ed) l oca t i on s sh a l l con t a i n on l y t h e
ca bl e t y pes per mi t t ed i n su ch l oca -
t i on s.
(i i ) Uses n ot permit t ed. Ca bl e t r a y sy s-
t ems ma y n ot be u sed i n h oi st wa y s or
wh er e su bj ect ed t o sever e ph y si ca l
da ma ge.
(4) Open wirin g on in su lat ors(i ) Uses
permit t ed. Open wi r i n g on i n su l a t or s i s
on l y per mi t t ed on sy st ems of 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , or l ess for i n du st r i a l or a gr i -
cu l t u r a l est a bl i sh men t s a n d for ser v-
i ces.
(i i ) Con du ct or su pport s. Con du ct or s
sh a l l be r i gi dl y su ppor t ed on n on -
combu st i bl e, n on a bsor ben t i n su l a t i n g
ma t er i a l s a n d ma y n ot con t a ct a n y
ot h er obj ect s.
(i i i ) Flexible n on met allic t u bin g. I n dr y
l oca t i on s wh er e n ot exposed t o sever e
ph y si ca l da ma ge, con du ct or s ma y be
sepa r a t el y en cl osed i n fl exi bl e n on -
met a l l i c t u bi n g. Th e t u bi n g sh a l l be i n
con t i n u ou s l en gt h s n ot exceedi n g 15
feet a n d secu r ed t o t h e su r fa ce by
st r a ps a t i n t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 4 feet
6 i n ch es.
(i v) T h rou gh walls, f loors, wood cross
members, et c. Open con du ct or s sh a l l be
sepa r a t ed fr om con t a ct wi t h wa l l s,
fl oor s, wood cr oss member s, or pa r t i -
t i on s t h r ou gh wh i ch t h ey pa ss by t u bes
or bu sh i n gs of n on combu st i bl e, n on -
a bsor ben t i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l . I f t h e
bu sh i n g i s sh or t er t h a n t h e h ol e, a wa -
t er pr oof sl eeve of n on con du ct i ve ma t e-
r i a l sh a l l be i n ser t ed i n t h e h ol e a n d a n
i n su l a t i n g bu sh i n g sl i pped i n t o t h e
sl eeve a t ea ch en d i n su ch a ma n n er a s
t o k eep t h e con du ct or s a bsol u t el y ou t
of con t a ct wi t h t h e sl eeve. Ea ch con -
du ct or sh a l l be ca r r i ed t h r ou gh a sepa -
r a t e t u be or sl eeve.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
856
(v) Prot ect ion f rom ph y sical damage.
Con du ct or s wi t h i n 7 feet fr om t h e fl oor
a r e con si der ed exposed t o ph y si ca l
da ma ge. Wh er e open con du ct or s cr oss
cei l i n g j oi n t s a n d wa l l st u ds a n d a r e
exposed t o ph y si ca l da ma ge, t h ey sh a l l
be pr ot ect ed.
(b) Cabin et s, boxes, an d f it t in gs(1)
Con du ct ors en t erin g boxes, cabin et s, or
f it t in gs. Con du ct or s en t er i n g boxes,
ca bi n et s, or fi t t i n gs sh a l l a l so be pr o-
t ect ed fr om a br a si on , a n d open i n gs
t h r ou gh wh i ch con du ct or s en t er sh a l l
be effect i vel y cl osed. Un u sed open i n gs
i n ca bi n et s, boxes, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
effect i vel y cl osed.
(2) Covers an d can opies. Al l pu l l boxes,
j u n ct i on boxes, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h cover s a ppr oved for t h e
pu r pose. I f met a l cover s a r e u sed t h ey
sh a l l be gr ou n ded. I n compl et ed i n st a l -
l a t i on s ea ch ou t l et box sh a l l h a ve a
cover , fa cepl a t e, or fi xt u r e ca n opy .
Cover s of ou t l et boxes h a vi n g h ol es
t h r ou gh wh i ch fl exi bl e cor d pen da n t s
pa ss sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h bu sh i n gs
desi gn ed for t h e pu r pose or sh a l l h a ve
smoot h , wel l -r ou n ded su r fa ces on
wh i ch t h e cor ds ma y bea r .
(3) Pu ll an d ju n ct ion boxes f or sy st ems
over 600 volt s, n omin al. I n a ddi t i on t o
ot h er r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s sect i on for
pu l l a n d j u n ct i on boxes, t h e fol l owi n g
sh a l l a ppl y t o t h ese boxes for sy st ems
over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l :
(i ) Boxes sh a l l pr ovi de a compl et e en -
cl osu r e for t h e con t a i n ed con du ct or s or
ca bl es.
(i i ) Boxes sh a l l be cl osed by su i t a bl e
cover s secu r el y fa st en ed i n pl a ce. Un -
der gr ou n d box cover s t h a t wei gh over
100 pou n ds meet t h i s r equ i r emen t . Cov-
er s for boxes sh a l l be per ma n en t l y
ma r k ed HI GH VOLTAGE. Th e ma r k -
i n g sh a l l be on t h e ou t si de of t h e box
cover a n d sh a l l be r ea di l y vi si bl e a n d
l egi bl e.
(c) Swit ch es(1) Kn if e swit ch es. S i n -
gl e-t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es sh a l l be so
con n ect ed t h a t t h e bl a des a r e dea d
wh en t h e swi t ch i s i n t h e open posi -
t i on . S i n gl e-t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es sh a l l
be so pl a ced t h a t gr a vi t y wi l l n ot t en d
t o cl ose t h em. S i n gl e-t h r ow k n i fe
swi t ch es a ppr oved for u se i n t h e i n -
ver t ed posi t i on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
l ock i n g devi ce t h a t wi l l en su r e t h a t
t h e bl a des r ema i n i n t h e open posi t i on
wh en so set . Dou bl e-t h r ow k n i fe
swi t ch es ma y be mou n t ed so t h a t t h e
t h r ow wi l l be ei t h er ver t i ca l or h or i -
zon t a l . However , i f t h e t h r ow i s
ver t i ca l a l ock i n g devi ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o en su r e t h a t t h e bl a des r ema i n
i n t h e open posi t i on wh en so set .
(2) Faceplat es f or f lu sh -mou n t ed sn ap
swit ch es. F l u sh sn a p swi t ch es t h a t a r e
mou n t ed i n u n gr ou n ded met a l boxes
a n d l oca t ed wi t h i n r ea ch of con du ct i n g
fl oor s or ot h er con du ct i n g su r fa ces
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h fa cepl a t es of
n on con du ct i n g, n on combu st i bl e ma t e-
r i a l .
(d) Swit ch boards an d pan elboards.
S wi t ch boa r ds t h a t h a ve a n y exposed
l i ve pa r t s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n per ma -
n en t l y dr y l oca t i on s a n d a ccessi bl e
on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s. P a n el boa r ds
sh a l l be mou n t ed i n ca bi n et s, cu t ou t
boxes, or en cl osu r es a ppr oved for t h e
pu r pose a n d sh a l l be dea d fr on t . How-
ever , pa n el boa r ds ot h er t h a n t h e dea d
fr on t ext er n a l l y -oper a bl e t y pe a r e per -
mi t t ed wh er e a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i -
fi ed per son s. Exposed bl a des of k n i fe
swi t ch es sh a l l be dea d wh en open .
(e) En closu res f or damp or wet loca-
t ion s. (1) Ca bi n et s, cu t ou t boxes, fi t -
t i n gs, boxes, a n d pa n el boa r d en cl osu r es
i n da mp or wet l oca t i on s sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed so a s t o pr even t moi st u r e or
wa t er fr om en t er i n g a n d a ccu mu l a t i n g
wi t h i n t h e en cl osu r es. I n wet l oca t i on s
t h e en cl osu r es sh a l l be wea t h er pr oof.
(2) S wi t ch es, ci r cu i t br ea k er s, a n d
swi t ch boa r ds i n st a l l ed i n wet l oca t i on s
sh a l l be en cl osed i n wea t h er pr oof en -
cl osu r es.
(f) Con du ct ors f or gen eral wirin g. Al l
con du ct or s u sed for gen er a l wi r i n g
sh a l l be i n su l a t ed u n l ess ot h er wi se per -
mi t t ed i n t h i s S u bpa r t . Th e con du ct or
i n su l a t i on sh a l l be of a t y pe t h a t i s a p-
pr oved for t h e vol t a ge, oper a t i n g t em-
per a t u r e, a n d l oca t i on of u se. I n su l a t ed
con du ct or s sh a l l be di st i n gu i sh a bl e by
a ppr opr i a t e col or or ot h er su i t a bl e
mea n s a s bei n g gr ou n ded con du ct or s,
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s, or equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or s.
(g) Flexible cords an d cables(1) Use of
f lexible cords an d cables. (i ) F l exi bl e
cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be a ppr oved a n d
su i t a bl e for con di t i on s of u se a n d l oca -
t i on . F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be
u sed on l y for :
(A) P en da n t s;
(B) Wi r i n g of fi xt u r es;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
857
(C) Con n ect i on of por t a bl e l a mps or
a ppl i a n ces;
(D) El eva t or ca bl es;
(E) Wi r i n g of cr a n es a n d h oi st s;
(F ) Con n ect i on of st a t i on a r y equ i p-
men t t o fa ci l i t a t e t h ei r fr equ en t i n t er -
ch a n ge;
(G) P r even t i on of t h e t r a n smi ssi on of
n oi se or vi br a t i on ;
(H) Appl i a n ces wh er e t h e fa st en i n g
mea n s a n d mech a n i ca l con n ect i on s a r e
desi gn ed t o per mi t r emova l for ma i n t e-
n a n ce a n d r epa i r ; or
(I ) Da t a pr ocessi n g ca bl es a ppr oved
a s a pa r t of t h e da t a pr ocessi n g sy st em.
(i i ) I f u sed a s per mi t t ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (g)(1)(i )(c), (g)(1)(i )(f ), or
(g)(1)(i )(h ) of t h i s sect i on , t h e fl exi bl e
cor d sh a l l be equ i pped wi t h a n a t t a ch -
men t pl u g a n d sh a l l be en er gi zed fr om
a n a ppr oved r ecept a cl e ou t l et .
(i i i ) Un l ess speci fi ca l l y per mi t t ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(i ) of t h i s sect i on , fl exi -
bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es ma y n ot be u sed:
(A) As a su bst i t u t e for t h e fi xed wi r -
i n g of a st r u ct u r e;
(B) Wh er e r u n t h r ou gh h ol es i n wa l l s,
cei l i n gs, or fl oor s;
(C) Wh er e r u n t h r ou gh door wa y s,
wi n dows, or si mi l a r open i n gs;
(D) Wh er e a t t a ch ed t o bu i l di n g su r -
fa ces; or
(E) Wh er e con cea l ed beh i n d bu i l di n g
wa l l s, cei l i n gs, or fl oor s.
(i v) F l exi bl e cor ds u sed i n sh ow wi n -
dows a n d sh owca ses sh a l l be Ty pe S ,
S O, S J , S J O, S T, S TO, S J T, S J TO, or
AF S except for t h e wi r i n g of ch a i n -su p-
por t ed l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es a n d su ppl y
cor ds for por t a bl e l a mps a n d ot h er
mer ch a n di se bei n g di spl a y ed or exh i b-
i t ed.
(2) I den t if icat ion , splices, an d t ermi-
n at ion s. (i ) A con du ct or of a fl exi bl e
cor d or ca bl e t h a t i s u sed a s a gr ou n ded
con du ct or or a n equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or sh a l l be di st i n gu i sh a bl e
fr om ot h er con du ct or s. Ty pes S J , S J O,
S J T, S J TO, S , S O, S T, a n d S TO sh a l l
be du r a bl y ma r k ed on t h e su r fa ce wi t h
t h e t y pe desi gn a t i on , si ze, a n d n u mber
of con du ct or s.
(i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds sh a l l be u sed on l y
i n con t i n u ou s l en gt h s wi t h ou t spl i ce or
t a p. Ha r d ser vi ce fl exi bl e cor ds No. 12
or l a r ger ma y be r epa i r ed i f spl i ced so
t h a t t h e spl i ce r et a i n s t h e i n su l a t i on ,
ou t er sh ea t h pr oper t i es, a n d u sa ge
ch a r a ct er i st i cs of t h e cor d bei n g
spl i ced.
(i i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds sh a l l be con n ect ed
t o devi ces a n d fi t t i n gs so t h a t st r a i n
r el i ef i s pr ovi ded wh i ch wi l l pr even t
pu l l fr om bei n g di r ect l y t r a n smi t t ed t o
j oi n t s or t er mi n a l scr ews.
(h ) Port able cables over 600 volt s, n omi-
n al. Mu l t i con du ct or por t a bl e ca bl e for
u se i n su ppl y i n g power t o por t a bl e or
mobi l e equ i pmen t a t over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , sh a l l con si st of No. 8 or l a r ger
con du ct or s empl oy i n g fl exi bl e st r a n d-
i n g. Ca bl es oper a t ed a t over 2, 000 vol t s
sh a l l be sh i el ded for t h e pu r pose of con -
fi n i n g t h e vol t a ge st r esses t o t h e i n su -
l a t i on . Gr ou n di n g con du ct or s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded. Con n ect or s for t h ese ca bl es
sh a l l be of a l ock i n g t y pe wi t h pr ovi -
si on s t o pr even t t h ei r open i n g or cl os-
i n g wh i l e en er gi zed. S t r a i n r el i ef sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t con n ect i on s a n d t er mi -
n a t i on s. P or t a bl e ca bl es ma y n ot be op-
er a t ed wi t h spl i ces u n l ess t h e spl i ces
a r e of t h e per ma n en t mol ded, vu l ca n -
i zed, or ot h er a ppr oved t y pe. Ter mi -
n a t i on en cl osu r es sh a l l be su i t a bl y
ma r k ed wi t h a h i gh vol t a ge h a za r d
wa r n i n g, a n d t er mi n a t i on s sh a l l be a c-
cessi bl e on l y t o a u t h or i zed a n d qu a l i -
fi ed per son n el .
(i ) Fixt u re wires(1) Gen eral. F i xt u r e
wi r es sh a l l be a ppr oved for t h e vol t a ge,
t emper a t u r e, a n d l oca t i on of u se. A fi x-
t u r e wi r e wh i ch i s u sed a s a gr ou n ded
con du ct or sh a l l be i den t i fi ed.
(2) Uses permit t ed. F i xt u r e wi r es ma y
be u sed:
(i ) F or i n st a l l a t i on i n l i gh t i n g fi x-
t u r es a n d i n si mi l a r equ i pmen t wh er e
en cl osed or pr ot ect ed a n d n ot su bj ect
t o ben di n g or t wi st i n g i n u se; or
(i i ) F or con n ect i n g l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es
t o t h e br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or s su p-
pl y i n g t h e fi xt u r es.
(3) Uses n ot permit t ed. F i xt u r e wi r es
ma y n ot be u sed a s br a n ch -ci r cu i t con -
du ct or s except a s per mi t t ed for Cl a ss 1
power l i mi t ed ci r cu i t s.
(j ) Equ ipmen t f or gen eral u se(1)
L igh t in g f ixt u res, lamph olders, lamps,
an d recept acles. (i ) F i xt u r es,
l a mph ol der s, l a mps, r oset t es, a n d r e-
cept a cl es ma y h a ve n o l i ve pa r t s n or -
ma l l y exposed t o empl oy ee con t a ct .
However , r oset t es a n d cl ea t -t y pe
l a mph ol der s a n d r ecept a cl es l oca t ed a t
l ea st 8 feet a bove t h e fl oor ma y h a ve
exposed pa r t s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
858
(i i ) Ha n dl a mps of t h e por t a bl e t y pe
su ppl i ed t h r ou gh fl exi bl e cor ds sh a l l be
equ i pped wi t h a h a n dl e of mol ded com-
posi t i on or ot h er ma t er i a l a ppr oved for
t h e pu r pose, a n d a su bst a n t i a l gu a r d
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e l a mph ol der or
t h e h a n dl e.
(i i i ) La mph ol der s of t h e scr ew-sh el l
t y pe sh a l l be i n st a l l ed for u se a s
l a mph ol der s on l y . La mph ol der s i n -
st a l l ed i n wet or da mp l oca t i on s sh a l l
be of t h e wea t h er pr oof t y pe.
(i v) F i xt u r es i n st a l l ed i n wet or da mp
l oca t i on s sh a l l be a ppr oved for t h e pu r -
pose a n d sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed or i n -
st a l l ed t h a t wa t er ca n n ot en t er or a c-
cu mu l a t e i n wi r ewa y s, l a mph ol der s, or
ot h er el ect r i ca l pa r t s.
(2) Recept acles, cord con n ect ors, an d at -
t ach men t plu gs (caps). (i ) Recept a cl es,
cor d con n ect or s, a n d a t t a ch men t pl u gs
sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so t h a t n o r ecep-
t a cl e or cor d con n ect or wi l l a ccept a n
a t t a ch men t pl u g wi t h a di ffer en t vol t -
a ge or cu r r en t r a t i n g t h a n t h a t for
wh i ch t h e devi ce i s i n t en ded. However ,
a 20-a mper e T-sl ot r ecept a cl e or cor d
con n ect or ma y a ccept a 15-a mper e a t -
t a ch men t pl u g of t h e sa me vol t a ge r a t -
i n g.
(i i ) A r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed i n a wet or
da mp l oca t i on sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e
l oca t i on .
(3) Applian ces. (i ) Appl i a n ces, ot h er
t h a n t h ose i n wh i ch t h e cu r r en t -ca r -
r y i n g pa r t s a t h i gh t emper a t u r es a r e
n ecessa r i l y exposed, ma y h a ve n o l i ve
pa r t s n or ma l l y exposed t o empl oy ee
con t a ct .
(i i ) A mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di s-
con n ect ea ch a ppl i a n ce.
(i i i ) Ea ch a ppl i a n ce sh a l l be ma r k ed
wi t h i t s r a t i n g i n vol t s a n d a mper es or
vol t s a n d wa t t s.
(4) Mot ors. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o
mot or s, mot or ci r cu i t s, a n d con t r ol -
l er s.
(i ) I n sigh t f rom. I f speci fi ed t h a t on e
pi ece of equ i pmen t sh a l l be i n si gh t
fr om a n ot h er pi ece of equ i pmen t , on e
sh a l l be vi si bl e a n d n ot mor e t h a n 50
feet fr om t h e ot h er .
(i i ) Discon n ect in g mean s. (A) A di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be l oca t ed i n
si gh t fr om t h e con t r ol l er l oca t i on .
However , a si n gl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s
ma y be l oca t ed a dj a cen t t o a gr ou p of
coor di n a t ed con t r ol l er s mou n t ed a dj a -
cen t t o ea ch ot h er on a mu l t i -mot or
con t i n u ou s pr ocess ma ch i n e. Th e con -
t r ol l er di scon n ect i n g mea n s for mot or
br a n ch ci r cu i t s over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l ,
ma y be ou t of si gh t of t h e con t r ol l er , i f
t h e con t r ol l er i s ma r k ed wi t h a wa r n -
i n g l a bel gi vi n g t h e l oca t i on a n d i den -
t i fi ca t i on of t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s
wh i ch i s t o be l ock ed i n t h e open posi -
t i on .
(B) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
di scon n ect t h e mot or a n d t h e con -
t r ol l er fr om a l l u n gr ou n ded su ppl y con -
du ct or s a n d sh a l l be so desi gn ed t h a t
n o pol e ca n be oper a t ed i n depen den t l y .
(C) I f a mot or a n d t h e dr i ven ma ch i n -
er y a r e n ot i n si gh t fr om t h e con t r ol l er
l oca t i on , t h e i n st a l l a t i on sh a l l compl y
wi t h on e of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s:
(1) Th e con t r ol l er di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed
i n t h e open posi t i on .
(2) A ma n u a l l y oper a bl e swi t ch t h a t
wi l l di scon n ect t h e mot or fr om i t s
sou r ce of su ppl y sh a l l be pl a ced i n
si gh t fr om t h e mot or l oca t i on .
(D) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
pl a i n l y i n di ca t e wh et h er i t i s i n t h e
open (off) or cl osed (on ) posi t i on .
(E) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e. I f mor e t h a n on e
di scon n ect i s pr ovi ded for t h e sa me
equ i pmen t , on l y on e n eed be r ea di l y
a ccessi bl e.
(F ) An i n di vi du a l di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch
mot or , bu t a si n gl e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s ma y be u sed for a gr ou p of mo-
t or s u n der a n y on e of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s:
(1) I f a n u mber of mot or s dr i ve spe-
ci a l pa r t s of a si n gl e ma ch i n e or pi ece
of a ppa r a t u s, su ch a s a met a l or wood-
wor k i n g ma ch i n e, cr a n e, or h oi st ;
(2) I f a gr ou p of mot or s i s u n der t h e
pr ot ect i on of on e set of br a n ch -ci r cu i t
pr ot ect i ve devi ces; or
(3) I f a gr ou p of mot or s i s i n a si n gl e
r oom i n si gh t fr om t h e l oca t i on of t h e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s.
(i i i ) Mot or overload, sh ort -circu it , an d
grou n d-f au lt prot ect ion . Mot or s, mot or -
con t r ol a ppa r a t u s, a n d mot or br a n ch -
ci r cu i t con du ct or s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
a ga i n st over h ea t i n g du e t o mot or over -
l oa ds or fa i l u r e t o st a r t , a n d a ga i n st
sh or t -ci r cu i t s or gr ou n d fa u l t s. Th ese
pr ovi si on s sh a l l n ot r equ i r e over l oa d
pr ot ect i on t h a t wi l l st op a mot or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
859
wh er e a sh u t down i s l i k el y t o i n t r o-
du ce a ddi t i on a l or i n cr ea sed h a za r ds,
a s i n t h e ca se of fi r e pu mps, or wh er e
con t i n u ed oper a t i on of a mot or i s n ec-
essa r y for a sa fe sh u t down of equ i p-
men t or pr ocess a n d mot or over l oa d
sen si n g devi ces a r e con n ect ed t o a su -
per vi sed a l a r m.
(i v) Prot ect ion of live part sall
volt ages. (A) S t a t i on a r y mot or s h a vi n g
commu t a t or s, col l ect or s, a n d br u sh
r i ggi n g l oca t ed i n si de of mot or en d
br a ck et s a n d n ot con du ct i vel y con -
n ect ed t o su ppl y ci r cu i t s oper a t i n g a t
mor e t h a n 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d n eed n ot
h a ve su ch pa r t s gu a r ded. Exposed l i ve
pa r t s of mot or s a n d con t r ol l er s oper -
a t i n g a t 50 vol t s or mor e bet ween t er -
mi n a l s sh a l l be gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci -
den t a l con t a ct by a n y of t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) By i n st a l l a t i on i n a r oom or en -
cl osu r e t h a t i s a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i -
fi ed per son s;
(2) By i n st a l l a t i on on a su i t a bl e ba l -
con y , ga l l er y , or pl a t for m, so el eva t ed
a n d a r r a n ged a s t o excl u de u n qu a l i fi ed
per son s; or
(3) By el eva t i on 8 feet or mor e a bove
t h e fl oor .
(B) Wh er e l i ve pa r t s of mot or s or con -
t r ol l er s oper a t i n g a t over 150 vol t s t o
gr ou n d a r e gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci den t a l
con t a ct on l y by l oca t i on , a n d wh er e a d-
j u st men t or ot h er a t t en da n ce ma y be
n ecessa r y du r i n g t h e oper a t i on of t h e
a ppa r a t u s, su i t a bl e i n su l a t i n g ma t s or
pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded so t h a t t h e
a t t en da n t ca n n ot r ea di l y t ou ch l i ve
pa r t s u n l ess st a n di n g on t h e ma t s or
pl a t for ms.
(5) T ran sf ormers. (i ) Th e fol l owi n g
pa r a gr a ph s cover t h e i n st a l l a t i on of a l l
t r a n sfor mer s except t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer s;
(B) Dr y -t y pe t r a n sfor mer s i n st a l l ed
a s a compon en t pa r t of ot h er a ppa -
r a t u s;
(C) Tr a n sfor mer s wh i ch a r e a n i n t e-
gr a l pa r t of a n X-r a y , h i gh fr equ en cy ,
or el ect r ost a t i c-coa t i n g a ppa r a t u s;
(D) Tr a n sfor mer s u sed wi t h Cl a ss 2
a n d Cl a ss 3 ci r cu i t s, si gn a n d ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n g, el ect r i c di sch a r ge l i gh t i n g,
a n d power -l i mi t ed fi r e-pr ot ect i ve si g-
n a l l i n g ci r cu i t s; a n d
(E) Li qu i d-fi l l ed or dr y -t y pe t r a n s-
for mer s u sed for r esea r ch , devel op-
men t , or t est i n g, wh er e effect i ve sa fe-
gu a r d a r r a n gemen t s a r e pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Th e oper a t i n g vol t a ge of exposed
l i ve pa r t s of t r a n sfor mer i n st a l l a t i on s
sh a l l be i n di ca t ed by wa r n i n g si gn s or
vi si bl e ma r k i n gs on t h e equ i pmen t or
st r u ct u r e.
(i i i ) Dr y -t y pe, h i gh fi r e poi n t l i qu i d-
i n su l a t ed, a n d a sk a r el -i n su l a t ed t r a n s-
for mer s i n st a l l ed i n door s a n d r a t ed
over 35k V sh a l l be i n a va u l t .
(i v) I f t h ey pr esen t a fi r e h a za r d t o
empl oy ees, oi l -i n su l a t ed t r a n sfor mer s
i n st a l l ed i n door s sh a l l be i n a va u l t .
(v) Combu st i bl e ma t er i a l , combu s-
t i bl e bu i l di n gs a n d pa r t s of bu i l di n gs,
fi r e esca pes, a n d door a n d wi n dow
open i n gs sh a l l be sa fegu a r ded fr om
fi r es wh i ch ma y or i gi n a t e i n oi l -i n su -
l a t ed t r a n sfor mer s a t t a ch ed t o or a dj a -
cen t t o a bu i l di n g or combu st i bl e ma -
t er i a l .
(vi ) Tr a n sfor mer va u l t s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed so a s t o con t a i n fi r e a n d com-
bu st i bl e l i qu i ds wi t h i n t h e va u l t a n d t o
pr even t u n a u t h or i zed a ccess. Lock s
a n d l a t ch es sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t a
va u l t door ca n be r ea di l y open ed fr om
t h e i n si de.
(vi i ) An y pi pe or du ct sy st em for ei gn
t o t h e va u l t i n st a l l a t i on ma y n ot en t er
or pa ss t h r ou gh a t r a n sfor mer va u l t .
(vi i i ) Ma t er i a l s ma y n ot be st or ed i n
t r a n sfor mer va u l t s.
(6) Capacit ors. (i ) Al l ca pa ci t or s, ex-
cept su r ge ca pa ci t or s or ca pa ci t or s i n -
cl u ded a s a compon en t pa r t of ot h er a p-
pa r a t u s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a n
a u t oma t i c mea n s of dr a i n i n g t h e st or ed
ch a r ge a ft er t h e ca pa ci t or i s di scon -
n ect ed fr om i t s sou r ce of su ppl y .
(i i ) Ca pa ci t or s r a t ed over 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l , sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g a ddi t i on a l r equ i r emen t s:
(A) I sol a t i n g or di scon n ect i n g swi t ch -
es (wi t h n o i n t er r u pt i n g r a t i n g) sh a l l
be i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e l oa d i n t er -
r u pt i n g devi ce or sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h pr omi n en t l y di spl a y ed ca u t i on
si gn s t o pr even t swi t ch i n g l oa d cu r -
r en t .
(B) F or ser i es ca pa ci t or s (see
1910. 302(b)(3)), t h e pr oper swi t ch i n g
sh a l l be a ssu r ed by u se of a t l ea st on e
(1) Mech a n i ca l l y sequ en ced i sol a t i n g
a n d by pa ss swi t ch es,
(2) I n t er l ock s, or
(3) S wi t ch i n g pr ocedu r e pr omi n en t l y
di spl a y ed a t t h e swi t ch i n g l oca t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
860
(7) St orage bat t eries. P r ovi si on s sh a l l
be ma de for su ffi ci en t di ffu si on a n d
ven t i l a t i on of ga ses fr om st or a ge ba t -
t er i es t o pr even t t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of
expl osi ve mi xt u r es.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
1910.305 Wiring methods, components, and
equipment for general use.
(a ) Wirin g met h ods. Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s
sect i on do n ot a ppl y t o con du ct or s t h a t a r e
a n i n t egr a l pa r t of fa ct or y -a ssembl ed equ i p-
men t .
(1) Gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) Met a l r a cewa y s,
ca bl e t r a y s, ca bl e a r mor , ca bl e sh ea t h , en cl o-
su r es, fr a mes, fi t t i n gs, a n d ot h er met a l n on -
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s t h a t a r e t o ser ve a s
gr ou n di n g con du ct or s, wi t h or wi t h ou t t h e
u se of su ppl emen t a r y equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or s, sh a l l be effect i vel y bon ded wh er e
n ecessa r y t o en su r e el ect r i ca l con t i n u i t y a n d
t h e ca pa ci t y t o con du ct sa fel y a n y fa u l t cu r -
r en t l i k el y t o be i mposed on t h em. An y n on -
con du ct i ve pa i n t , en a mel , or si mi l a r coa t i n g
sh a l l be r emoved a t t h r ea ds, con t a ct poi n t s,
a n d con t a ct su r fa ces or be con n ect ed by
mea n s of fi t t i n gs desi gn ed so a s t o ma k e
su ch r emova l u n n ecessa r y .
(i i ) Wh er e n ecessa r y for t h e r edu ct i on of
el ect r i ca l n oi se (el ect r oma gn et i c i n t er -
fer en ce) of t h e gr ou n di n g ci r cu i t , a n equ i p-
men t en cl osu r e su ppl i ed by a br a n ch ci r cu i t
ma y be i sol a t ed fr om a r a cewa y con t a i n i n g
ci r cu i t s su ppl y i n g on l y t h a t equ i pmen t by
on e or mor e l i st ed n on met a l l i c r a cewa y fi t -
t i n gs l oca t ed a t t h e poi n t of a t t a ch men t of
t h e r a cewa y t o t h e equ i pmen t en cl osu r e. Th e
met a l r a cewa y sh a l l be su ppl emen t ed by a n
i n t er n a l i n su l a t ed equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or i n st a l l ed t o gr ou n d t h e equ i pmen t en -
cl osu r e.
(i i i ) No wi r i n g sy st ems of a n y t y pe ma y be
i n st a l l ed i n du ct s u sed t o t r a n spor t du st ,
l oose st ock , or fl a mma bl e va por s. No wi r i n g
sy st em of a n y t y pe ma y be i n st a l l ed i n a n y
du ct u sed for va por r emova l or for ven t i l a -
t i on of commer ci a l -t y pe cook i n g equ i pmen t ,
or i n a n y sh a ft con t a i n i n g on l y su ch du ct s.
(2) T emporary wirin g. Except a s speci fi ca l l y
modi fi ed i n t h i s pa r a gr a ph , a l l ot h er r equ i r e-
men t s of t h i s su bpa r t for per ma n en t wi r i n g
sh a l l a l so a ppl y t o t empor a r y wi r i n g i n st a l -
l a t i on s.
(i ) Tempor a r y el ect r i ca l power a n d l i gh t -
i n g i n st a l l a t i on s of 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess
ma y be u sed on l y a s fol l ows:
(A) Du r i n g a n d for r emodel i n g, ma i n t e-
n a n ce, or r epa i r of bu i l di n gs, st r u ct u r es, or
equ i pmen t , a n d si mi l a r a ct i vi t i es;
(B) F or a per i od n ot t o exceed 90 da y s for
Ch r i st ma s decor a t i ve l i gh t i n g, ca r n i va l s, a n d
si mi l a r pu r poses; or
(C) F or exper i men t a l or devel opmen t wor k ,
a n d du r i n g emer gen ci es.
(i i ) Tempor a r y wi r i n g sh a l l be r emoved i m-
medi a t el y u pon compl et i on of t h e pr oj ect or
pu r pose for wh i ch t h e wi r i n g wa s i n st a l l ed.
(i i i ) Tempor a r y el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on s of
mor e t h a n 600 vol t s ma y be u sed on l y du r i n g
per i ods of t est s, exper i men t s, emer gen ci es,
or con st r u ct i on -l i k e a ct i vi t i es.
(i v) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
feeder s:
(A) F eeder s sh a l l or i gi n a t e i n a n a ppr oved
di st r i bu t i on cen t er .
(B) Con du ct or s sh a l l be r u n a s mu l t i con -
du ct or cor d or ca bl e a ssembl i es. However , i f
i n st a l l ed a s per mi t t ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(a )(2)(i )(C) of t h i s sect i on , a n d i f a ccessi bl e
on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s, feeder s ma y be r u n
a s si n gl e i n su l a t ed con du ct or s.
(v) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
br a n ch ci r cu i t s:
(A) Br a n ch ci r cu i t s sh a l l or i gi n a t e i n a n
a ppr oved power ou t l et or pa n el boa r d.
(B) Con du ct or s sh a l l be mu l t i con du ct or
cor d or ca bl e a ssembl i es or open con du ct or s.
I f r u n a s open con du ct or s, t h ey sh a l l be fa s-
t en ed a t cei l i n g h ei gh t ever y 3. 05 m (10. 0 ft ).
(C) No br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or ma y be
l a i d on t h e fl oor .
(D) Ea ch br a n ch ci r cu i t t h a t su ppl i es r e-
cept a cl es or fi xed equ i pmen t sh a l l con t a i n a
sepa r a t e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or i f
r u n a s open con du ct or s.
(vi ) Recept a cl es sh a l l be of t h e gr ou n di n g
t y pe. Un l ess i n st a l l ed i n a con t i n u ou s
gr ou n ded met a l l i c r a cewa y or met a l l i c cov-
er ed ca bl e, ea ch br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l con t a i n
a sepa r a t e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
a n d a l l r ecept a cl es sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y con -
n ect ed t o t h e gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(vi i ) No ba r e con du ct or s n or ea r t h r et u r n s
ma y be u sed for t h e wi r i n g of a n y t empor a r y
ci r cu i t .
(vi i i ) S u i t a bl e di scon n ect i n g swi t ch es or
pl u g con n ect or s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o per mi t
t h e di scon n ect i on of a l l u n gr ou n ded con du c-
t or s of ea ch t empor a r y ci r cu i t . Mu l t i wi r e
br a n ch ci r cu i t s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
mea n s t o di scon n ect si mu l t a n eou sl y a l l
u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s a t t h e power ou t l et
or pa n el boa r d wh er e t h e br a n ch ci r cu i t or i gi -
n a t ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (a )(2)(vi i i ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON. Ci r cu i t br ea k er s wi t h t h ei r h a n dl es
con n ect ed by a ppr oved h a n dl e t i es a r e con -
si der ed a si n gl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s for t h e
pu r pose of t h i s r equ i r emen t .
(i x) Al l l a mps for gen er a l i l l u mi n a t i on
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om a cci den t a l con t a ct or
br ea k a ge by a su i t a bl e fi xt u r e or l a mph ol der
wi t h a gu a r d. Br a ss sh el l , pa per -l i n ed sock -
et s, or ot h er met a l -ca sed sock et s ma y n ot be
u sed u n l ess t h e sh el l i s gr ou n ded.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
861
(x) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed fr om a cci den t a l da ma ge, a s mi gh t be
ca u sed, for exa mpl e, by sh a r p cor n er s, pr o-
j ect i on s, a n d door wa y s or ot h er pi n ch poi n t s.
(xi ) Ca bl e a ssembl i es a n d fl exi bl e cor ds a n d
ca bl es sh a l l be su ppor t ed i n pl a ce a t i n t er -
va l s t h a t en su r e t h a t t h ey wi l l be pr ot ect ed
fr om ph y si ca l da ma ge. S u ppor t sh a l l be i n
t h e for m of st a pl es, ca bl es t i es, st r a ps, or
si mi l a r t y pe fi t t i n gs i n st a l l ed so a s n ot t o
ca u se da ma ge.
(3) Cable t ray s. (i ) On l y t h e fol l owi n g wi r i n g
met h ods ma y be i n st a l l ed i n ca bl e t r a y sy s-
t ems: a r mor ed ca bl e; el ect r i ca l met a l l i c t u b-
i n g; el ect r i ca l n on met a l l i c t u bi n g; fi r e a l a r m
ca bl es; fl exi bl e met a l con du i t ; fl exi bl e me-
t a l l i c t u bi n g; i n st r u men t a t i on t r a y ca bl e; i n -
t er medi a t e met a l con du i t ; l i qu i dt i gh t fl exi -
bl e met a l con du i t ; l i qu i dt i gh t fl exi bl e n on -
met a l l i c con du i t ; met a l -cl a d ca bl e; mi n er a l -
i n su l a t ed, met a l -sh ea t h ed ca bl e; mu l t i con -
du ct or ser vi ce-en t r a n ce ca bl e; mu l t i con -
du ct or u n der gr ou n d feeder a n d br a n ch -ci r -
cu i t ca bl e; mu l t i pu r pose a n d commu n i ca -
t i on s ca bl es; n on met a l l i c-sh ea t h ed ca bl e;
power a n d con t r ol t r a y ca bl e; power -l i mi t ed
t r a y ca bl e; opt i ca l fi ber ca bl es; a n d ot h er
fa ct or y -a ssembl ed, mu l t i con du ct or con t r ol ,
si gn a l , or power ca bl es t h a t a r e speci fi ca l l y
a ppr oved for i n st a l l a t i on i n ca bl e t r a y s, r i gi d
met a l con du i t , a n d r i gi d n on met a l l i c con -
du i t .
(i i ) I n i n du st r i a l est a bl i sh men t s wh er e con -
di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce a n d su per vi si on a s-
su r e t h a t on l y qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l ser vi ce
t h e i n st a l l ed ca bl e t r a y sy st em, t h e fol -
l owi n g ca bl es ma y a l so be i n st a l l ed i n l a d-
der , ven t i l a t ed-t r ou gh , or ven t i l a t ed-ch a n n el
ca bl e t r a y s:
(A) S i n gl e con du ct or ca bl e; t h e ca bl e sh a l l
be No. 1/0 or l a r ger a n d sh a l l be of a t y pe l i st -
ed a n d ma r k ed on t h e su r fa ce for u se i n ca bl e
t r a y s; wh er e Nos. 1/0 t h r ou gh 4/0 si n gl e con -
du ct or ca bl es a r e i n st a l l ed i n l a dder ca bl e
t r a y , t h e ma xi mu m a l l owa bl e r u n g spa ci n g
for t h e l a dder ca bl e t r a y sh a l l be 229 mm (9
i n . ); wh er e exposed t o di r ect r a y s of t h e su n ,
ca bl es sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a s bei n g su n l i gh t
r esi st a n t ;
(B) Wel di n g ca bl es i n st a l l ed i n dedi ca t ed
ca bl e t r a y s;
(C) S i n gl e con du ct or s u sed a s equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or s; t h ese con du ct or s,
wh i ch ma y be i n su l a t ed, cover ed, or ba r e,
sh a l l be No. 4 or l a r ger ; a n d
(D) Mu l t i con du ct or ca bl e, Ty pe MV; wh er e
exposed t o di r ect r a y s of t h e su n , t h e ca bl e
sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a s bei n g su n l i gh t r esi st -
a n t .
(i i i ) Met a l l i c ca bl e t r a y s ma y be u sed a s
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or s on l y wh er e
con t i n u ou s ma i n t en a n ce a n d su per vi si on en -
su r e t h a t qu a l i fi ed per son s wi l l ser vi ce t h e
i n st a l l ed ca bl e t r a y sy st em.
(i v) Ca bl e t r a y s i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l o-
ca t i on s ma y con t a i n on l y t h e ca bl e t y pes
per mi t t ed i n su ch l oca t i on s. (S ee 1910. 307. )
(v) Ca bl e t r a y sy st ems ma y n ot be u sed i n
h oi st wa y s or wh er e su bj ect ed t o sever e ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge.
(4) Open wirin g on in su lat ors. (i ) Open wi r -
i n g on i n su l a t or s i s on l y per mi t t ed on sy s-
t ems of 600 vol t s, n omi n a l , or l ess for i n du s-
t r i a l or a gr i cu l t u r a l est a bl i sh men t s, i n door s
or ou t door s, i n wet or dr y l oca t i on s, wh er e
su bj ect t o cor r osi ve va por s, a n d for ser vi ces.
(i i ) Con du ct or s sma l l er t h a n No. 8 sh a l l be
r i gi dl y su ppor t ed on n on combu st i bl e, n on -
a bsor ben t i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l s a n d ma y n ot
con t a ct a n y ot h er obj ect s. S u ppor t s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed a s fol l ows:
(A) Wi t h i n 152 mm (6 i n . ) fr om a t a p or
spl i ce;
(B) Wi t h i n 305 mm (12 i n . ) of a dea d-en d
con n ect i on t o a l a mph ol der or r ecept a cl e;
a n d
(C) At i n t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 1. 37 m (4. 5
ft ), a n d a t cl oser i n t er va l s su ffi ci en t t o pr o-
vi de a dequ a t e su ppor t wh er e l i k el y t o be di s-
t u r bed.
(i i i ) I n dr y l oca t i on s, wh er e n ot exposed t o
sever e ph y si ca l da ma ge, con du ct or s ma y be
sepa r a t el y en cl osed i n fl exi bl e n on met a l l i c
t u bi n g. Th e t u bi n g sh a l l be i n con t i n u ou s
l en gt h s n ot exceedi n g 4. 57 m (15. 0 ft ) a n d se-
cu r ed t o t h e su r fa ce by st r a ps a t i n t er va l s
n ot exceedi n g 1. 37 m (4. 5 ft ).
(i v) Open con du ct or s sh a l l be sepa r a t ed
fr om con t a ct wi t h wa l l s, fl oor s, wood cr oss
member s, or pa r t i t i on s t h r ou gh wh i ch t h ey
pa ss by t u bes or bu sh i n gs of n on combu st i bl e,
n on a bsor ben t i n su l a t i n g ma t er i a l . I f t h e
bu sh i n g i s sh or t er t h a n t h e h ol e, a wa t er -
pr oof sl eeve of n on con du ct i ve ma t er i a l sh a l l
be i n ser t ed i n t h e h ol e a n d a n i n su l a t i n g
bu sh i n g sl i pped i n t o t h e sl eeve a t ea ch en d i n
su ch a ma n n er a s t o k eep t h e con du ct or s a b-
sol u t el y ou t of con t a ct wi t h t h e sl eeve. Ea ch
con du ct or sh a l l be ca r r i ed t h r ou gh a sepa -
r a t e t u be or sl eeve.
(v) Wh er e open con du ct or s cr oss cei l i n g
j oi n t s a n d wa l l st u ds a n d a r e exposed t o
ph y si ca l da ma ge (for exa mpl e, l oca t ed wi t h -
i n 2. 13 m (7. 0 ft ) of t h e fl oor ), t h ey sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed.
(b) Cabin et s, boxes, an d f it t in gs(1) Con du c-
t ors en t erin g boxes, cabin et s, or f it t in gs. (i )
Con du ct or s en t er i n g cu t ou t boxes, ca bi n et s,
or fi t t i n gs sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om a br a si on ,
a n d open i n gs t h r ou gh wh i ch con du ct or s
en t er sh a l l be effect i vel y cl osed.
(i i ) Un u sed open i n gs i n ca bi n et s, boxes, a n d
fi t t i n gs sh a l l be effect i vel y cl osed.
(i i i ) Wh er e ca bl e i s u sed, ea ch ca bl e sh a l l
be secu r ed t o t h e ca bi n et , cu t ou t box, or
met er sock et en cl osu r e. However , wh er e
ca bl e wi t h a n en t i r el y n on met a l l i c sh ea t h
en t er s t h e t op of a su r fa ce-mou n t ed en cl o-
su r e t h r ou gh on e or mor e n on fl exi bl e r a ce-
wa y s n ot l ess t h a n 457 mm (18 i n . ) or mor e
t h a n 3. 05 m (10. 0 ft ) i n l en gt h , t h e ca bl e n eed
n ot be secu r ed t o t h e ca bi n et , box, or en cl o-
su r e pr ovi ded a l l of t h e fol l owi n g con di t i on s
a r e met :
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
862
(A) Ea ch ca bl e i s fa st en ed wi t h i n 305 mm
(12 i n . ) of t h e ou t er en d of t h e r a cewa y ,
mea su r ed a l on g t h e sh ea t h ;
(B) Th e r a cewa y ext en ds di r ect l y a bove t h e
en cl osu r e a n d does n ot pen et r a t e a st r u c-
t u r a l cei l i n g;
(C) A fi t t i n g i s pr ovi ded on ea ch en d of t h e
r a cewa y t o pr ot ect t h e ca bl e fr om a br a si on ,
a n d t h e fi t t i n gs r ema i n a ccessi bl e a ft er i n -
st a l l a t i on ;
(D) Th e r a cewa y i s sea l ed or pl u gged a t t h e
ou t er en d u si n g a ppr oved mea n s so a s t o pr e-
ven t a ccess t o t h e en cl osu r e t h r ou gh t h e
r a cewa y ;
(E) Th e ca bl e sh ea t h i s con t i n u ou s t h r ou gh
t h e r a cewa y a n d ext en ds i n t o t h e en cl osu r e
n ot l ess t h a n 6. 35 mm (0. 25 i n . ) bey on d t h e
fi t t i n g;
(F ) Th e r a cewa y i s fa st en ed a t i t s ou t er
en d a n d a t ot h er poi n t s a s n ecessa r y ; a n d
(G) Wh er e i n st a l l ed a s con du i t or t u bi n g,
t h e a l l owa bl e ca bl e fi l l does n ot exceed t h a t
per mi t t ed for compl et e con du i t or t u bi n g
sy st ems.
(2) Covers an d can opies. (i ) Al l pu l l boxes,
j u n ct i on boxes, a n d fi t t i n gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h cover s i den t i fi ed for t h e pu r pose. I f
met a l cover s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l be gr ou n d-
ed. I n compl et ed i n st a l l a t i on s, ea ch ou t l et
box sh a l l h a ve a cover , fa cepl a t e, or fi xt u r e
ca n opy . Cover s of ou t l et boxes h a vi n g h ol es
t h r ou gh wh i ch fl exi bl e cor d pen da n t s pa ss
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h bu sh i n gs desi gn ed for
t h e pu r pose or sh a l l h a ve smoot h , wel l -
r ou n ded su r fa ces on wh i ch t h e cor ds ma y
bea r .
(i i ) Wh er e a fi xt u r e ca n opy or pa n i s u sed,
a n y combu st i bl e wa l l or cei l i n g fi n i sh ex-
posed bet ween t h e edge of t h e ca n opy or pa n
a n d t h e ou t l et box sh a l l be cover ed wi t h n on -
combu st i bl e ma t er i a l .
(3) Pu ll an d ju n ct ion boxes f or sy st ems over
600 volt s, n omin al. I n a ddi t i on t o ot h er r e-
qu i r emen t s i n t h i s sect i on , t h e fol l owi n g r e-
qu i r emen t s a ppl y t o pu l l a n d j u n ct i on boxes
for sy st ems over 600 vol t s, n omi n a l :
(i ) Boxes sh a l l pr ovi de a compl et e en cl o-
su r e for t h e con t a i n ed con du ct or s or ca bl es.
(i i ) Boxes sh a l l be cl osed by su i t a bl e cover s
secu r el y fa st en ed i n pl a ce.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (b)(3)(i i ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON: Un der gr ou n d box cover s t h a t wei gh
over 45. 4 k g (100 l bs) meet t h i s r equ i r emen t .
(i i i ) Cover s for boxes sh a l l be per ma n en t l y
ma r k ed HI GH VOLTAGE. Th e ma r k i n g
sh a l l be on t h e ou t si de of t h e box cover a n d
sh a l l be r ea di l y vi si bl e a n d l egi bl e.
(c) Swit ch es(1) Sin gle-t h row k n if e swit ch es.
S i n gl e-t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es sh a l l be so
pl a ced t h a t gr a vi t y wi l l n ot t en d t o cl ose
t h em. S i n gl e-t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es a ppr oved
for u se i n t h e i n ver t ed posi t i on sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a l ock i n g devi ce t h a t wi l l en su r e
t h a t t h e bl a des r ema i n i n t h e open posi t i on
wh en so set .
(2) Dou ble-t h row k n if e swit ch es. Dou bl e-
t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es ma y be mou n t ed so
t h a t t h e t h r ow wi l l be ei t h er ver t i ca l or h or i -
zon t a l . However , i f t h e t h r ow i s ver t i ca l , a
l ock i n g devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o en su r e
t h a t t h e bl a des r ema i n i n t h e open posi t i on
wh en so set .
(3) Con n ect ion of swit ch es. (i ) S i n gl e-t h r ow
k n i fe swi t ch es a n d swi t ch es wi t h bu t t con -
t a ct s sh a l l be con n ect ed so t h a t t h e bl a des
a r e deen er gi zed wh en t h e swi t ch i s i n t h e
open posi t i on .
(i i ) S i n gl e-t h r ow k n i fe swi t ch es, mol ded-
ca se swi t ch es, swi t ch es wi t h bu t t con t a ct s,
a n d ci r cu i t br ea k er s u sed a s swi t ch es sh a l l
be con n ect ed so t h a t t h e t er mi n a l s su ppl y i n g
t h e l oa d a r e deen er gi zed wh en t h e swi t ch i s
i n t h e open posi t i on . However , bl a des a n d
t er mi n a l s su ppl y i n g t h e l oa d of a swi t ch ma y
be en er gi zed wh en t h e swi t ch i s i n t h e open
posi t i on wh er e t h e swi t ch i s con n ect ed t o
ci r cu i t s or equ i pmen t i n h er en t l y ca pa bl e of
pr ovi di n g a ba ck feed sou r ce of power . F or
su ch i n st a l l a t i on s, a per ma n en t si gn sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed on t h e swi t ch en cl osu r e or i mme-
di a t el y a dj a cen t t o open swi t ch es t h a t r ea d,
WARNI NGLOAD S I DE TERMI NALS MAY
BE ENERGI ZED BY BACKF EED.
(4) Faceplat es f or f lu sh -mou n t ed sn ap swit ch -
es. S n a p swi t ch es mou n t ed i n boxes sh a l l
h a ve fa cepl a t es i n st a l l ed so a s t o compl et el y
cover t h e open i n g a n d sea t a ga i n st t h e fi n -
i sh ed su r fa ce.
(5) Grou n din g. S n a p swi t ch es, i n cl u di n g
di mmer swi t ch es, sh a l l be effect i vel y
gr ou n ded a n d sh a l l pr ovi de a mea n s t o
gr ou n d met a l fa cepl a t es, wh et h er or n ot a
met a l fa cepl a t e i s i n st a l l ed. However , i f n o
gr ou n di n g mea n s exi st s wi t h i n t h e sn a p-
swi t ch en cl osu r e, or wh er e t h e wi r i n g met h -
od does n ot i n cl u de or pr ovi de a n equ i pmen t
gr ou n d, a sn a p swi t ch wi t h ou t a gr ou n di n g
con n ect i on i s per mi t t ed for r epl a cemen t pu r -
poses on l y . S u ch sn a p swi t ch es sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a fa cepl a t e of n on con du ct i n g,
n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l i f t h ey a r e l oca t ed
wi t h i n r ea ch of con du ct i n g fl oor s or ot h er
con du ct i n g su r fa ces.
(d) Swit ch boards an d pan elboards(1)
Swit ch boards wit h exposed live part s. S wi t ch -
boa r ds t h a t h a ve a n y exposed l i ve pa r t s sh a l l
be l oca t ed i n per ma n en t l y dr y l oca t i on s a n d
sh a l l be a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s.
(2) Pan elboard en closu res. P a n el boa r ds sh a l l
be mou n t ed i n ca bi n et s, cu t ou t boxes, or en -
cl osu r es desi gn ed for t h e pu r pose a n d sh a l l
be dea d fr on t . However , pa n el boa r ds ot h er
t h a n t h e dea d fr on t ext er n a l l y -oper a bl e t y pe
a r e per mi t t ed wh er e a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i -
fi ed per son s.
(3) Kn if e swit ch es mou n t ed in swit ch boards or
pan elboards. Exposed bl a des of k n i fe swi t ch es
mou n t ed i n swi t ch boa r ds or pa n el boa r ds
sh a l l be dea d wh en open .
(e) En closu res f or damp or wet locat ion s(1)
Cabin et s, cu t ou t boxes, f it t in gs, boxes, an d pan -
elboard en closu res. Ca bi n et s, cu t ou t boxes,
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
863
fi t t i n gs, boxes, a n d pa n el boa r d en cl osu r es i n
da mp or wet l oca t i on s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so a s
t o pr even t moi st u r e or wa t er fr om en t er i n g
a n d a ccu mu l a t i n g wi t h i n t h e en cl osu r es a n d
sh a l l be mou n t ed so t h er e i s a t l ea st 6. 35-mm
(0. 25-i n . ) a i r spa ce bet ween t h e en cl osu r e a n d
t h e wa l l or ot h er su ppor t i n g su r fa ce. How-
ever , n on met a l l i c en cl osu r es ma y be i n -
st a l l ed wi t h ou t t h e a i r spa ce on a con cr et e,
ma son r y , t i l e, or si mi l a r su r fa ce. Th e en cl o-
su r es sh a l l be wea t h er pr oof i n wet l oca t i on s.
(2) Swit ch es, circu it break ers, an d swit ch -
boards. S wi t ch es, ci r cu i t br ea k er s, a n d
swi t ch boa r ds i n st a l l ed i n wet l oca t i on s sh a l l
be en cl osed i n wea t h er pr oof en cl osu r es.
(f) Con du ct ors f or gen eral wirin g(1) I n su la-
t ion . Al l con du ct or s u sed for gen er a l wi r i n g
sh a l l be i n su l a t ed u n l ess ot h er wi se per mi t t ed
i n t h i s su bpa r t .
(2) T y pe. Th e con du ct or i n su l a t i on sh a l l be
of a t y pe t h a t i s a ppr oved for t h e vol t a ge, op-
er a t i n g t emper a t u r e, a n d l oca t i on of u se.
(3) Dist in gu ish able. I n su l a t ed con du ct or s
sh a l l be di st i n gu i sh a bl e by a ppr opr i a t e col or
or ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s a s bei n g gr ou n ded
con du ct or s, u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s, or
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or s.
(g) Flexible cords an d cables(1)Use of f lexi-
ble cords an d cables. (i ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca -
bl es sh a l l be a ppr oved for con di t i on s of u se
a n d l oca t i on .
(i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es ma y be u sed
on l y for :
(A) P en da n t s;
(B) Wi r i n g of fi xt u r es;
(C) Con n ect i on of por t a bl e l a mps or a ppl i -
a n ces;
(D) P or t a bl e a n d mobi l e si gn s;
(E) El eva t or ca bl es;
(F ) Wi r i n g of cr a n es a n d h oi st s;
(G) Con n ect i on of st a t i on a r y equ i pmen t t o
fa ci l i t a t e t h ei r fr equ en t i n t er ch a n ge;
(H) P r even t i on of t h e t r a n smi ssi on of n oi se
or vi br a t i on ;
(I ) Appl i a n ces wh er e t h e fa st en i n g mea n s
a n d mech a n i ca l con n ect i on s a r e desi gn ed t o
per mi t r emova l for ma i n t en a n ce a n d r epa i r ;
(J ) Da t a pr ocessi n g ca bl es a ppr oved a s a
pa r t of t h e da t a pr ocessi n g sy st em;
(K) Con n ect i on of movi n g pa r t s; a n d
(L) Tempor a r y wi r i n g a s per mi t t ed i n pa r a -
(i i i ) I f u sed a s per mi t t ed i n pa r a gr a ph s
(g)(1)(i i )(C), (g)(1)(i i )(G), or (g)(1)(i i )(I ) of t h i s
sect i on , t h e fl exi bl e cor d sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a n a t t a ch men t pl u g a n d sh a l l be en er -
gi zed fr om a n a ppr oved r ecept a cl e ou t l et .
(i v) Un l ess speci fi ca l l y per mi t t ed ot h er -
wi se i n pa r a gr a ph (g)(1)(i i ) of t h i s sect i on ,
fl exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es ma y n ot be u sed:
(A) As a su bst i t u t e for t h e fi xed wi r i n g of
a st r u ct u r e;
(B) Wh er e r u n t h r ou gh h ol es i n wa l l s, cei l -
i n gs, or fl oor s;
(C) Wh er e r u n t h r ou gh door wa y s, wi n dows,
or si mi l a r open i n gs;
(D) Wh er e a t t a ch ed t o bu i l di n g su r fa ces;
(E) Wh er e con cea l ed beh i n d bu i l di n g wa l l s,
cei l i n gs, or fl oor s; or
(F ) Wh er e i n st a l l ed i n r a cewa y s, except a s
ot h er wi se per mi t t ed i n t h i s su bpa r t .
(v) F l exi bl e cor ds u sed i n sh ow wi n dows
a n d sh owca ses sh a l l be Ty pe S , S E, S EO,
S EOO, S J , S J E, S J EO, S J EOO, S J O, S J OO,
S J T, S J TO, S J TOO, S O, S OO, S T, S TO, or
S TOO, except for t h e wi r i n g of ch a i n -su p-
por t ed l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es a n d su ppl y cor ds for
por t a bl e l a mps a n d ot h er mer ch a n di se bei n g
di spl a y ed or exh i bi t ed.
(2) I den t if icat ion , splices, an d t ermin at ion s.
(i ) A con du ct or of a fl exi bl e cor d or ca bl e
t h a t i s u sed a s a gr ou n ded con du ct or or a n
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or sh a l l be di s-
t i n gu i sh a bl e fr om ot h er con du ct or s. Ty pes S ,
S C, S CE, S CT, S E, S EO, S EOO, S J , S J E,
S J EO, S J EOO, S J O, S J T, S J TO, S J TOO, S O,
S OO, S T, S TO, a n d S TOO fl exi bl e cor ds a n d
Ty pes G, GGC, P P E, a n d W fl exi bl e ca bl es
sh a l l be du r a bl y ma r k ed on t h e su r fa ce a t i n -
t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 610 mm (24 i n . ) wi t h
t h e t y pe desi gn a t i on , si ze, a n d n u mber of
con du ct or s.
(i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds ma y be u sed on l y i n con -
t i n u ou s l en gt h s wi t h ou t spl i ce or t a p. Ha r d-
ser vi ce cor d a n d j u n i or h a r d-ser vi ce cor d No.
14 a n d l a r ger ma y be r epa i r ed i f spl i ced so
t h a t t h e spl i ce r et a i n s t h e i n su l a t i on , ou t er
sh ea t h pr oper t i es, a n d u sa ge ch a r a ct er i st i cs
of t h e cor d bei n g spl i ced.
(i i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o devi ces a n d fi t t i n gs so t h a t st r a i n
r el i ef i s pr ovi ded t h a t wi l l pr even t pu l l fr om
bei n g di r ect l y t r a n smi t t ed t o j oi n t s or t er -
mi n a l scr ews.
(h ) Port able cables over 600 volt s, n omin al.
Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o por t a bl e ca bl es
u sed a t mor e t h a n 600 vol t s, n omi n a l .
(1) Con du ct or con st ru ct ion . Mu l t i con du ct or
por t a bl e ca bl e for u se i n su ppl y i n g power t o
por t a bl e or mobi l e equ i pmen t a t over 600
vol t s, n omi n a l , sh a l l con si st of No. 8 or l a r g-
er con du ct or s empl oy i n g fl exi bl e st r a n di n g.
However , t h e mi n i mu m si ze of t h e i n su l a t ed
gr ou n d-ch eck con du ct or of Ty pe GGC ca bl es
sh a l l be No. 10.
(2) Sh ieldin g. Ca bl es oper a t ed a t over 2, 000
vol t s sh a l l be sh i el ded for t h e pu r pose of con -
fi n i n g t h e vol t a ge st r esses t o t h e i n su l a t i on .
(3) Equ ipmen t grou n din g con du ct ors. Gr ou n d-
i n g con du ct or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(4) Grou n din g sh ields. Al l sh i el ds sh a l l be
gr ou n ded.
(5) Min imu m ben din g radii. Th e mi n i mu m
ben di n g r a di i for por t a bl e ca bl es du r i n g i n -
st a l l a t i on a n d h a n dl i n g i n ser vi ce sh a l l be
a dequ a t e t o pr even t da ma ge t o t h e ca bl e.
(6) Fit t in gs. Con n ect or s u sed t o con n ect
l en gt h s of ca bl e i n a r u n sh a l l be of a t y pe
t h a t l ock fi r ml y t oget h er . P r ovi si on s sh a l l
be ma de t o pr even t open i n g or cl osi n g t h ese
con n ect or s wh i l e en er gi zed. S t r a i n r el i ef
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t con n ect i on s a n d t er mi -
n a t i on s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
864
(7) Splices. P or t a bl e ca bl es ma y n ot be op-
er a t ed wi t h spl i ces u n l ess t h e spl i ces a r e of
t h e per ma n en t mol ded, vu l ca n i zed, or ot h er
a ppr oved t y pe.
(8) T ermin at ion s. Ter mi n a t i on en cl osu r es
sh a l l be su i t a bl y ma r k ed wi t h a h i gh vol t a ge
h a za r d wa r n i n g, a n d t er mi n a t i on s sh a l l be
a ccessi bl e on l y t o a u t h or i zed a n d qu a l i fi ed
empl oy ees.
(i ) Fixt u re wires(1) Gen eral. F i xt u r e wi r es
sh a l l be a ppr oved for t h e vol t a ge, t emper a -
t u r e, a n d l oca t i on of u se. A fi xt u r e wi r e
wh i ch i s u sed a s a gr ou n ded con du ct or sh a l l
be i den t i fi ed.
(2) Uses permit t ed. F i xt u r e wi r es ma y be
u sed on l y :
(i ) F or i n st a l l a t i on i n l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es a n d
i n si mi l a r equ i pmen t wh er e en cl osed or pr o-
t ect ed a n d n ot su bj ect t o ben di n g or t wi st i n g
i n u se; or
(i i ) F or con n ect i n g l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es t o t h e
br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or s su ppl y i n g t h e fi x-
t u r es.
(3) Uses n ot permit t ed. F i xt u r e wi r es ma y
n ot be u sed a s br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or s ex-
cept a s per mi t t ed for Cl a ss 1 power l i mi t ed
ci r cu i t s a n d for fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s.
(j ) Equ ipmen t f or gen eral u se(1) L igh t in g
f ixt u res, lamph olders, lamps, an d recept acles. (i )
F i xt u r es, l a mph ol der s, l a mps, r oset t es, a n d
r ecept a cl es ma y h a ve n o l i ve pa r t s n or ma l l y
exposed t o empl oy ee con t a ct . However , r o-
set t es a n d cl ea t -t y pe l a mph ol der s a n d r ecep-
t a cl es l oca t ed a t l ea st 2. 44 m (8. 0 ft ) a bove
t h e fl oor ma y h a ve exposed t er mi n a l s.
(i i ) Ha n dl a mps of t h e por t a bl e t y pe su p-
pl i ed t h r ou gh fl exi bl e cor ds sh a l l be equ i pped
wi t h a h a n dl e of mol ded composi t i on or
ot h er ma t er i a l i den t i fi ed for t h e pu r pose,
a n d a su bst a n t i a l gu a r d sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o
t h e l a mph ol der or t h e h a n dl e. Met a l sh el l ,
pa per -l i n ed l a mph ol der s ma y n ot be u sed.
(i i i ) La mph ol der s of t h e scr ew-sh el l t y pe
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed for u se a s l a mph ol der s
on l y . Wh er e su ppl i ed by a ci r cu i t h a vi n g a
gr ou n ded con du ct or , t h e gr ou n ded con du ct or
sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e scr ew sh el l .
La mph ol der s i n st a l l ed i n wet or da mp l oca -
t i on s sh a l l be of t h e wea t h er pr oof t y pe.
(i v) F i xt u r es i n st a l l ed i n wet or da mp l oca -
t i on s sh a l l be i den t i fi ed for t h e pu r pose a n d
sh a l l be so con st r u ct ed or i n st a l l ed t h a t
wa t er ca n n ot en t er or a ccu mu l a t e i n
wi r ewa y s, l a mph ol der s, or ot h er el ect r i ca l
pa r t s.
(2) Recept acles, cord con n ect ors, an d at t ach -
men t plu gs (caps). (i ) Al l 15- a n d 20-a mper e a t -
t a ch men t pl u gs a n d con n ect or s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed so t h a t t h er e a r e n o exposed cu r -
r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s except t h e pr on gs,
bl a des, or pi n s. Th e cover for wi r e t er mi -
n a t i on s sh a l l be a pa r t t h a t i s essen t i a l for
t h e oper a t i on of a n a t t a ch men t pl u g or con -
n ect or (dea d-fr on t con st r u ct i on ). At t a ch -
men t pl u gs sh a l l be i n st a l l ed so t h a t t h ei r
pr on gs, bl a des, or pi n s a r e n ot en er gi zed u n -
l ess i n ser t ed i n t o a n en er gi zed r ecept a cl e. No
r ecept a cl es ma y be i n st a l l ed so a s t o r equ i r e
a n en er gi zed a t t a ch men t pl u g a s i t s sou r ce of
su ppl y .
(i i ) Recept a cl es, cor d con n ect or s, a n d a t -
t a ch men t pl u gs sh a l l be con st r u ct ed so t h a t
n o r ecept a cl e or cor d con n ect or wi l l a ccept
a n a t t a ch men t pl u g wi t h a di ffer en t vol t a ge
or cu r r en t r a t i n g t h a n t h a t for wh i ch t h e de-
vi ce i s i n t en ded. However , a 20-a mper e T-sl ot
r ecept a cl e or cor d con n ect or ma y a ccept a
15-a mper e a t t a ch men t pl u g of t h e sa me vol t -
a ge r a t i n g.
(i i i ) Non gr ou n di n g-t y pe r ecept a cl es a n d
con n ect or s ma y n ot be u sed for gr ou n di n g-
t y pe a t t a ch men t pl u gs.
(i v) A r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed i n a wet or da mp
l oca t i on sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e l oca t i on .
(v) A r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed ou t door s i n a l o-
ca t i on pr ot ect ed fr om t h e wea t h er or i n
ot h er da mp l oca t i on s sh a l l h a ve a n en cl osu r e
for t h e r ecept a cl e t h a t i s wea t h er pr oof wh en
t h e r ecept a cl e i s cover ed (a t t a ch men t pl u g
ca p n ot i n ser t ed a n d r ecept a cl e cover s
cl osed).
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (J )(2)(V) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON. A r ecept a cl e i s con si der ed t o be i n a l o-
ca t i on pr ot ect ed fr om t h e wea t h er wh en i t i s
l oca t ed u n der r oofed open por ch es, ca n opi es,
ma r qu ees, or t h e l i k e a n d wh er e i t wi l l n ot
be su bj ect ed t o a bea t i n g r a i n or wa t er r u n -
off.
(vi ) A r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed i n a wet l oca t i on
wh er e t h e pr odu ct i n t en ded t o be pl u gged
i n t o i t i s n ot a t t en ded wh i l e i n u se (for ex-
a mpl e, spr i n k l er sy st em con t r ol l er s, l a n d-
sca pe l i gh t i n g, a n d h ol i da y l i gh t s) sh a l l h a ve
a n en cl osu r e t h a t i s wea t h er pr oof wi t h t h e
a t t a ch men t pl u g ca p i n ser t ed or r emoved.
(vi i ) A r ecept a cl e i n st a l l ed i n a wet l oca -
t i on wh er e t h e pr odu ct i n t en ded t o be
pl u gged i n t o i t wi l l be a t t en ded wh i l e i n u se
(for exa mpl e, por t a bl e t ool s) sh a l l h a ve a n
en cl osu r e t h a t i s wea t h er pr oof wh en t h e a t -
t a ch men t pl u g ca p i s r emoved.
(3) Applian ces. (i ) Appl i a n ces ma y h a ve n o
l i ve pa r t s n or ma l l y exposed t o con t a ct ot h er
t h a n pa r t s fu n ct i on i n g a s open -r esi st a n ce
h ea t i n g el emen t s, su ch a s t h e h ea t i n g el e-
men t s of a t oa st er , wh i ch a r e n ecessa r i l y ex-
posed.
(i i ) Ea ch a ppl i a n ce sh a l l h a ve a mea n s t o
di scon n ect i t fr om a l l u n gr ou n ded con du c-
t or s. I f a n a ppl i a n ce i s su ppl i ed by mor e t h a n
on e sou r ce, t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be
gr ou ped a n d i den t i fi ed.
(i i i ) Ea ch el ect r i c a ppl i a n ce sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a n a mepl a t e gi vi n g t h e i den t i -
fy i n g n a me a n d t h e r a t i n g i n vol t s a n d a m-
per es, or i n vol t s a n d wa t t s. I f t h e a ppl i a n ce
i s t o be u sed on a speci fi c fr equ en cy or fr e-
qu en ci es, i t sh a l l be so ma r k ed. Wh er e mot or
over l oa d pr ot ect i on ext er n a l t o t h e a ppl i -
a n ce i s r equ i r ed, t h e a ppl i a n ce sh a l l be so
ma r k ed.
(i v) Ma r k i n g sh a l l be l oca t ed so a s t o be
vi si bl e or ea si l y a ccessi bl e a ft er i n st a l l a t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
865
(4) Mot ors. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o mo-
t or s, mot or ci r cu i t s, a n d con t r ol l er s.
(i ) I f speci fi ed i n pa r a gr a ph (j )(4) of t h i s
sect i on t h a t on e pi ece of equ i pmen t sh a l l be
wi t h i n si gh t of a n ot h er pi ece of equ i p-
men t , t h e pi ece of equ i pmen t sh a l l be vi si bl e
a n d n ot mor e t h a n 15. 24 m (50. 0 ft ) fr om t h e
ot h er .
(i i ) An i n di vi du a l di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch con t r ol l er . A di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be l oca t ed wi t h i n
si gh t of t h e con t r ol l er l oca t i on . However , a
si n gl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s ma y be l oca t ed
a dj a cen t t o a gr ou p of coor di n a t ed con t r ol -
l er s mou n t ed a dj a cen t t o ea ch ot h er on a
mu l t i -mot or con t i n u ou s pr ocess ma ch i n e.
Th e con t r ol l er di scon n ect i n g mea n s for
mot or br a n ch ci r cu i t s over 600 vol t s, n omi -
n a l , ma y be ou t of si gh t of t h e con t r ol l er , i f
t h e con t r ol l er i s ma r k ed wi t h a wa r n i n g
l a bel gi vi n g t h e l oca t i on a n d i den t i fi ca t i on
of t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s t h a t i s t o be
l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on .
(i i i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l di s-
con n ect t h e mot or a n d t h e con t r ol l er fr om
a l l u n gr ou n ded su ppl y con du ct or s a n d sh a l l
be so desi gn ed t h a t n o pol e ca n be oper a t ed
i n depen den t l y .
(i v) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l pl a i n l y
i n di ca t e wh et h er i t i s i n t h e open (off) or
cl osed (on ) posi t i on .
(v) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e. I f mor e t h a n on e di scon n ect i s
pr ovi ded for t h e sa me equ i pmen t , on l y on e
n eed be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e.
(vi ) An i n di vi du a l di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded for ea ch mot or , bu t a si n gl e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s ma y be u sed for a gr ou p
of mot or s u n der a n y on e of t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s:
(A) I f a n u mber of mot or s dr i ve sever a l
pa r t s of a si n gl e ma ch i n e or pi ece of a ppa -
r a t u s, su ch a s a met a l or woodwor k i n g ma -
ch i n e, cr a n e, or h oi st ;
(B) I f a gr ou p of mot or s i s u n der t h e pr o-
t ect i on of on e set of br a n ch -ci r cu i t pr ot ec-
t i ve devi ces; or
(C) I f a gr ou p of mot or s i s i n a si n gl e r oom
wi t h i n si gh t of t h e l oca t i on of t h e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s.
(vi i ) Mot or s, mot or -con t r ol a ppa r a t u s, a n d
mot or br a n ch -ci r cu i t con du ct or s sh a l l be
pr ot ect ed a ga i n st over h ea t i n g du e t o mot or
over l oa ds or fa i l u r e t o st a r t , a n d a ga i n st
sh or t -ci r cu i t s or gr ou n d fa u l t s. Th ese pr ovi -
si on s do n ot r equ i r e over l oa d pr ot ect i on t h a t
wi l l st op a mot or wh er e a sh u t down i s l i k el y
t o i n t r odu ce a ddi t i on a l or i n cr ea sed h a za r ds,
a s i n t h e ca se of fi r e pu mps, or wh er e con t i n -
u ed oper a t i on of a mot or i s n ecessa r y for a
sa fe sh u t down of equ i pmen t or pr ocess a n d
mot or over l oa d sen si n g devi ces a r e con -
n ect ed t o a su per vi sed a l a r m.
(vi i i ) Wh er e l i ve pa r t s of mot or s or con -
t r ol l er s oper a t i n g a t over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d
a r e gu a r ded a ga i n st a cci den t a l con t a ct on l y
by l oca t i on , a n d wh er e a dj u st men t or ot h er
a t t en da n ce ma y be n ecessa r y du r i n g t h e op-
er a t i on of t h e a ppa r a t u s, su i t a bl e i n su l a t i n g
ma t s or pl a t for ms sh a l l be pr ovi ded so t h a t
t h e a t t en da n t ca n n ot r ea di l y t ou ch l i ve
pa r t s u n l ess st a n di n g on t h e ma t s or pl a t -
for ms.
(5) T ran sf ormers. (i ) P a r a gr a ph (j )(5) of t h i s
sect i on cover s t h e i n st a l l a t i on of a l l t r a n s-
for mer s except t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Cu r r en t t r a n sfor mer s;
(B) Dr y -t y pe t r a n sfor mer s i n st a l l ed a s a
compon en t pa r t of ot h er a ppa r a t u s;
(C) Tr a n sfor mer s t h a t a r e a n i n t egr a l pa r t
of a n X-r a y , h i gh fr equ en cy , or el ect r ost a t i c-
coa t i n g a ppa r a t u s;
(D) Tr a n sfor mer s u sed wi t h Cl a ss 2 a n d
Cl a ss 3 ci r cu i t s, si gn a n d ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g,
el ect r i c di sch a r ge l i gh t i n g, a n d power -l i m-
i t ed fi r e-a l a r m ci r cu i t s; a n d
(E) Li qu i d-fi l l ed or dr y -t y pe t r a n sfor mer s
u sed for r esea r ch , devel opmen t , or t est i n g,
wh er e effect i ve sa fegu a r d a r r a n gemen t s a r e
pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Th e oper a t i n g vol t a ge of exposed l i ve
pa r t s of t r a n sfor mer i n st a l l a t i on s sh a l l be
i n di ca t ed by si gn s or vi si bl e ma r k i n gs on t h e
equ i pmen t or st r u ct u r e.
(i i i ) Dr y -t y pe, h i gh fi r e poi n t l i qu i d-i n su -
l a t ed, a n d a sk a r el -i n su l a t ed t r a n sfor mer s i n -
st a l l ed i n door s a n d r a t ed over 35k V sh a l l be
i n a va u l t .
(i v) Oi l -i n su l a t ed t r a n sfor mer s i n st a l l ed i n -
door s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n a va u l t .
(v) Combu st i bl e ma t er i a l , combu st i bl e
bu i l di n gs a n d pa r t s of bu i l di n gs, fi r e esca pes,
a n d door a n d wi n dow open i n gs sh a l l be sa fe-
gu a r ded fr om fi r es t h a t ma y or i gi n a t e i n oi l -
i n su l a t ed t r a n sfor mer s a t t a ch ed t o or a dj a -
cen t t o a bu i l di n g or combu st i bl e ma t er i a l .
(vi ) Tr a n sfor mer va u l t s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed so a s t o con t a i n fi r e a n d combu s-
t i bl e l i qu i ds wi t h i n t h e va u l t a n d t o pr even t
u n a u t h or i zed a ccess. Lock s a n d l a t ch es sh a l l
be so a r r a n ged t h a t a va u l t door ca n be r ea d-
i l y open ed fr om t h e i n si de.
(vi i ) An y pi pe or du ct sy st em for ei gn t o t h e
el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on ma y n ot en t er or pa ss
t h r ou gh a t r a n sfor mer va u l t .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (J )(5)(VI I ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON. P i pi n g or ot h er fa ci l i t i es pr ovi ded for
va u l t fi r e pr ot ect i on , or for t r a n sfor mer
cool i n g, a r e n ot con si der ed for ei gn t o t h e
el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on .
(vi i i ) Ma t er i a l ma y n ot be st or ed i n t r a n s-
for mer va u l t s.
(6) Capacit ors. (i ) Al l ca pa ci t or s, except
su r ge ca pa ci t or s or ca pa ci t or s i n cl u ded a s a
compon en t pa r t of ot h er a ppa r a t u s, sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a n a u t oma t i c mea n s of dr a i n -
i n g t h e st or ed ch a r ge a ft er t h e ca pa ci t or i s
di scon n ect ed fr om i t s sou r ce of su ppl y .
(i i ) Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o
ca pa ci t or s i n st a l l ed on ci r cu i t s oper a t i n g a t
mor e t h a n 600 vol t s, n omi n a l :
(A) Gr ou p-oper a t ed swi t ch es sh a l l be u sed
for ca pa ci t or swi t ch i n g a n d sh a l l be ca pa bl e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
866
(1) Ca r r y i n g con t i n u ou sl y n ot l ess t h a n 135
per cen t of t h e r a t ed cu r r en t of t h e ca pa ci t or
i n st a l l a t i on ;
(2) I n t er r u pt i n g t h e ma xi mu m con t i n u ou s
l oa d cu r r en t of ea ch ca pa ci t or , ca pa ci t or
ba n k , or ca pa ci t or i n st a l l a t i on t h a t wi l l be
swi t ch ed a s a u n i t ;
(3) Wi t h st a n di n g t h e ma xi mu m i n r u sh cu r -
r en t , i n cl u di n g con t r i bu t i on s fr om a dj a cen t
ca pa ci t or i n st a l l a t i on s; a n d
(4) Ca r r y i n g cu r r en t s du e t o fa u l t s on t h e
ca pa ci t or si de of t h e swi t ch ;
(B) A mea n s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed t o i sol a t e
fr om a l l sou r ces of vol t a ge ea ch ca pa ci t or ,
ca pa ci t or ba n k , or ca pa ci t or i n st a l l a t i on
t h a t wi l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce a s a u n i t .
Th e i sol a t i n g mea n s sh a l l pr ovi de a vi si bl e
ga p i n t h e el ect r i c ci r cu i t a dequ a t e for t h e
oper a t i n g vol t a ge;
(C) I sol a t i n g or di scon n ect i n g swi t ch es
(wi t h n o i n t er r u pt i n g r a t i n g) sh a l l be
i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e l oa d i n t er r u pt i n g de-
vi ce or sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h pr omi n en t l y
di spl a y ed ca u t i on si gn s t o pr even t swi t ch i n g
l oa d cu r r en t ; a n d
(D) F or ser i es ca pa ci t or s, t h e pr oper
swi t ch i n g sh a l l be a ssu r ed by u se of a t l ea st
on e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) Mech a n i ca l l y sequ en ced i sol a t i n g a n d
by pa ss swi t ch es;
(2) I n t er l ock s; or
(3) S wi t ch i n g pr ocedu r e pr omi n en t l y di s-
pl a y ed a t t h e swi t ch i n g l oca t i on .
(7) St orage Bat t eries. P r ovi si on s sh a l l be
ma de for su ffi ci en t di ffu si on a n d ven t i l a t i on
of ga ses fr om st or a ge ba t t er i es t o pr even t
t h e a ccu mu l a t i on of expl osi ve mi xt u r es.
1910.306 Specific purpose equipment
and installations.
(a ) Elect ric sign s an d ou t lin e ligh t in g
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. S i gn s oper a t ed
by el ect r on i c or el ect r omech a n i ca l
con t r ol l er s l oca t ed ou t si de t h e si gn
sh a l l h a ve a di scon n ect i n g mea n s l o-
ca t ed i n si de t h e con t r ol l er en cl osu r e or
wi t h i n si gh t of t h e con t r ol l er l oca t i on ,
a n d i t sh a l l be ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed
i n t h e open posi t i on . S u ch di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l h a ve n o pol e
t h a t ca n be oper a t ed i n depen den t l y ,
a n d i t sh a l l open a l l u n gr ou n ded con -
du ct or s t h a t su ppl y t h e con t r ol l er a n d
si gn . Al l ot h er si gn s, except t h e por t -
a bl e t y pe, a n d a l l ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g i n -
st a l l a t i on s sh a l l h a ve a n ext er n a l l y op-
er a bl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s wh i ch ca n
open a l l u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s a n d i s
wi t h i n t h e si gh t of t h e si gn or ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n g i t con t r ol s.
(2) Door s or cover s gi vi n g a ccess t o
u n i n su l a t ed pa r t s of i n door si gn s or
ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g exceedi n g 600 vol t s a n d
a ccessi bl e t o ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed per -
son s sh a l l ei t h er be pr ovi ded wi t h
i n t er l ock swi t ch es t o di scon n ect t h e
pr i ma r y ci r cu i t or sh a l l be so fa st en ed
t h a t t h e u se of ot h er t h a n or di n a r y
t ool s wi l l be n ecessa r y t o open t h em.
(b) Cran es an d h oist s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of el ect r i c
equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g u sed i n con n ec-
t i on wi t h cr a n es, mon or a i l h oi st s,
h oi st s, a n d a l l r u n wa y s.
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. A r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s (i ) sh a l l
be pr ovi ded bet ween t h e r u n wa y con -
t a ct con du ct or s a n d t h e power su ppl y .
(i i ) An ot h er di scon n ect i n g mea n s, ca -
pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed i n t h e open posi -
t i on , sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e l ea ds
fr om t h e r u n wa y con t a ct con du ct or s or
ot h er power su ppl y on a n y cr a n e or
mon or a i l h oi st .
(A) I f t h i s a ddi t i on a l di scon n ect i n g
mea n s i s n ot r ea di l y a ccessi bl e fr om
t h e cr a n e or mon or a i l h oi st oper a t i n g
st a t i on , mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e
oper a t i n g st a t i on t o open t h e power
ci r cu i t t o a l l mot or s of t h e cr a n e or
mon or a i l h oi st .
(B) Th e a ddi t i on a l di scon n ect ma y be
omi t t ed i f a mon or a i l h oi st or h a n d-
pr opel l ed cr a n e br i dge i n st a l l a t i on
meet s a l l of t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) Th e u n i t i s fl oor con t r ol l ed;
(2) Th e u n i t i s wi t h i n vi ew of t h e
power su ppl y di scon n ect i n g mea n s; a n d
(3) No fi xed wor k pl a t for m h a s been
pr ovi ded for ser vi ci n g t h e u n i t .
(2) Con t rol. A l i mi t swi t ch or ot h er
devi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e
l oa d bl ock fr om pa ssi n g t h e sa fe u pper
l i mi t of t r a vel of a n y h oi st i n g mech a -
n i sm.
(3) Clearan ce. Th e di men si on of t h e
wor k i n g spa ce i n t h e di r ect i on of a c-
cess t o l i ve pa r t s wh i ch ma y r equ i r e
exa mi n a t i on , a dj u st men t , ser vi ci n g, or
ma i n t en a n ce wh i l e a l i ve sh a l l be a
mi n i mu m of 2 feet 6 i n ch es. Wh er e con -
t r ol s a r e en cl osed i n ca bi n et s, t h e
door (s) sh a l l ei t h er open a t l ea st 90 de-
gr ees or be r emova bl e.
(c) Elevat ors, du mbwait ers, escalat ors,
an d movin g walk s(1) Discon n ect in g
mean s. El eva t or s, du mbwa i t er s, esca -
l a t or s, a n d movi n g wa l k s sh a l l h a ve a
si n gl e mea n s for di scon n ect i n g a l l
u n gr ou n ded ma i n power su ppl y con du c-
t or s for ea ch u n i t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
867
(2) Warn in g sign s. I f i n t er con n ect i on s
bet ween con t r ol pa n el s a r e n ecessa r y
for oper a t i on of t h e sy st em on a
mu l t i ca r i n st a l l a t i on t h a t r ema i n s en -
er gi zed fr om a sou r ce ot h er t h a n t h e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s, a wa r n i n g si gn
sh a l l be mou n t ed on or a dj a cen t t o t h e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s. Th e si gn sh a l l be
cl ea r l y l egi bl e a n d sh a l l r ea d Wa r n -
i n gP a r t s of t h e con t r ol pa n el a r e n ot
de-en er gi zed by t h i s swi t ch . (S ee
1910. 302(b)(3). )
(3) Con t rol pan els. I f con t r ol pa n el s
a r e n ot l oca t ed i n t h e sa me spa ce a s
t h e dr i ve ma ch i n e, t h ey sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed i n ca bi n et s wi t h door s or pa n el s
ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed cl osed.
(d) Elect ric weldersdiscon n ect in g
mean s. (1) A di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded i n t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t for
ea ch mot or -gen er a t or a r c wel der , a n d
for ea ch AC t r a n sfor mer a n d DC r ec-
t i fi er a r c wel der wh i ch i s n ot equ i pped
wi t h a di scon n ect mou n t ed a s a n
i n t er gr a l pa r t of t h e wel der .
(2) A swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er sh a l l
be pr ovi ded by wh i ch ea ch r esi st a n ce
wel der a n d i t s con t r ol equ i pmen t ca n
be i sol a t ed fr om t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t . Th e
a mper e r a t i n g of t h i s di scon n ect i n g
mea n s ma y n ot be l ess t h a n t h e su ppl y
con du ct or a mpa ci t y .
(e) Dat a processin g sy st emsdis-
con n ect in g mean s. A di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o di scon n ect
t h e power t o a l l el ect r on i c equ i pmen t
i n da t a pr ocessi n g or compu t er r ooms.
Th i s di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be con -
t r ol l ed fr om l oca t i on s r ea di l y a cces-
si bl e t o t h e oper a t or a t t h e pr i n ci pa l
exi t door s. Th er e sh a l l a l so be a si mi l a r
di scon n ect i n g mea n s t o di scon n ect t h e
a i r con di t i on i n g sy st em ser vi n g t h i s
a r ea .
(f) X -Ray equ ipmen t . Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o X-r a y equ i pmen t for ot h er
t h a n medi ca l or den t a l u se.
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) A di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n
t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t . Th e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be oper a bl e fr om a l oca -
t i on r ea di l y a ccessi bl e fr om t h e X-r a y
con t r ol . F or equ i pmen t con n ect ed t o a
120-vol t br a n ch ci r cu i t of 30 a mper es or
l ess, a gr ou n di n g-t y pe a t t a ch men t pl u g
ca p a n d r ecept a cl e of pr oper r a t i n g
ma y ser ve a s a di scon n ect i n g mea n s.
(i i ) I f mor e t h a n on e pi ece of equ i p-
men t i s oper a t ed fr om t h e sa me h i gh -
vol t a ge ci r cu i t , ea ch pi ece or ea ch
gr ou p of equ i pmen t a s a u n i t sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h a h i gh -vol t a ge swi t ch or
equ i va l en t di scon n ect i n g mea n s. Th i s
di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed, en cl osed, or l oca t ed so a s t o
a voi d con t a ct by empl oy ees wi t h i t s
l i ve pa r t s.
(2) Con t rol(i ) Radiograph ic an d
f lu oroscopic t y pes. Ra di ogr a ph i c a n d
fl u or oscopi c-t y pe equ i pmen t sh a l l be
effect i vel y en cl osed or sh a l l h a ve i n t er -
l ock s t h a t de-en er gi ze t h e equ i pmen t
a u t oma t i ca l l y t o pr even t r ea dy a ccess
t o l i ve cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s.
(i i ) Dif f ract ion an d irradiat ion t y pes.
Di ffr a ct i on - a n d i r r a di a t i on -t y pe equ i p-
men t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a mea n s t o
i n di ca t e wh en i t i s en er gi zed u n l ess t h e
equ i pmen t or i n st a l l a t i on i s effect i vel y
en cl osed or i s pr ovi ded wi t h i n t er l ock s
t o pr even t a ccess t o l i ve cu r r en t -ca r -
r y i n g pa r t s du r i n g oper a t i on .
(g) I n du ct ion an d dielect ric h eat in g
equ ipmen t (1) Scope. P a r a gr a ph s (g)(2)
a n d (g)(3) of t h i s sect i on cover i n du c-
t i on a n d di el ect r i c h ea t i n g equ i pmen t
a n d a ccessor i es for i n du st r i a l a n d sci -
en t i fi c a ppl i ca t i on s, bu t n ot for med-
i ca l or den t a l a ppl i ca t i on s or for a ppl i -
a n ces.
(2) Gu ardin g an d grou n din g. (i ) En clo-
su res. Th e con ver t i n g a ppa r a t u s (i n -
cl u di n g t h e DC l i n e) a n d h i gh -fr e-
qu en cy el ect r i c ci r cu i t s (excl u di n g t h e
ou t pu t ci r cu i t s a n d r emot e-con t r ol ci r -
cu i t s) sh a l l be compl et el y con t a i n ed
wi t h i n en cl osu r es of n on combu st i bl e
ma t er i a l .
(i i ) Pan el con t rols. Al l pa n el con t r ol s
sh a l l be of dea d-fr on t con st r u ct i on .
(i i i ) Access t o in t ern al equ ipmen t .
Wh er e door s a r e u sed for a ccess t o
vol t a ges fr om 500 t o 1000 vol t s AC or
DC, ei t h er door l ock s or i n t er l ock s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Wh er e door s a r e u sed
for a ccess t o vol t a ges of over 1000 vol t s
AC or DC, ei t h er mech a n i ca l l ock ou t s
wi t h a di scon n ect i n g mea n s t o pr even t
a ccess u n t i l vol t a ge i s r emoved fr om
t h e cu bi cl e, or bot h door i n t er l ock i n g
a n d mech a n i ca l door l ock s, sh a l l be
pr ovi ded.
(i v) Warn in g labels. Da n ger l a bel s
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed on t h e equ i pmen t a n d
sh a l l be pl a i n l y vi si bl e even wh en door s
a r e open or pa n el s a r e r emoved fr om
compa r t men t s con t a i n i n g vol t a ges of
over 250 vol t s AC or DC.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
868
(v) Work applicat or sh ieldin g. P r ot ec-
t i ve ca ges or a dequ a t e sh i el di n g sh a l l
be u sed t o gu a r d wor k a ppl i ca t or s
ot h er t h a n i n du ct i on h ea t i n g coi l s. I n -
du ct i on h ea t i n g coi l s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by i n su l a t i on a n d/or r efr a ct or y ma t e-
r i a l s. I n t er l ock swi t ch es sh a l l be u sed
on a l l h i n ged a ccess door s, sl i di n g pa n -
el s, or ot h er su ch mea n s of a ccess t o
t h e a ppl i ca t or . I n t er l ock swi t ch es sh a l l
be con n ect ed i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o r e-
move a l l power fr om t h e a ppl i ca t or
wh en a n y on e of t h e a ccess door s or
pa n el s i s open . I n t er l ock s on a ccess
door s or pa n el s a r e n ot r equ i r ed i f t h e
a ppl i ca t or i s a n i n du ct i on h ea t i n g coi l
a t DC gr ou n d pot en t i a l or oper a t i n g a t
l ess t h a n 150 vol t s AC.
(vi ) Discon n ect in g mean s. A r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded by wh i ch ea ch u n i t of h ea t i n g
equ i pmen t ca n be i sol a t ed fr om i t s su p-
pl y ci r cu i t .
(3) Remot e con t rol. I f r emot e con t r ol s
a r e u sed for a ppl y i n g power , a sel ect or
swi t ch sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d
i n t er l ock ed t o pr ovi de power fr om on l y
on e con t r ol poi n t a t a t i me. S wi t ch es
oper a t ed by foot pr essu r e sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a sh i el d over t h e con t a ct
bu t t on t o a voi d a cci den t a l cl osi n g of
t h e swi t ch .
(h ) Elect roly t ic cells(1) Scope. Th ese
pr ovi si on s for el ect r ol y t i c cel l s a ppl y
t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of t h e el ect r i ca l
compon en t s a n d a ccessor y equ i pmen t
of el ect r ol y t i c cel l s, el ect r ol y t i c cel l
l i n es, a n d pr ocess power su ppl y for t h e
pr odu ct i on of a l u mi n u m, ca dmi u m,
ch l or i n e, copper , fl u or i n e, h y dr ogen
per oxi de, ma gn esi u m, sodi u m, sodi u m
ch l or a t e, a n d zi n c. Cel l s u sed a s a
sou r ce of el ect r i c en er gy a n d for el ec-
t r opl a t i n g pr ocesses a n d cel l s u sed for
pr odu ct i on of h y dr ogen a r e n ot cover ed
by t h ese pr ovi si on s.
(2) Def in it ion s applicable t o t h is para-
graph .
Cell lin e: An a ssembl y of el ect r i ca l l y
i n t er con n ect ed el ect r ol y t i c cel l s su p-
pl i ed by a sou r ce of di r ect -cu r r en t
power .
Cell lin e at t ach men t s an d au xiliary
equ ipmen t : Cel l l i n e a t t a ch men t s a n d
a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t i n cl u de, bu t a r e
n ot l i mi t ed t o: a u xi l i a r y t a n k s; pr ocess
pi pi n g; du ct wor k ; st r u ct u r a l su ppor t s;
exposed cel l l i n e con du ct or s; con du i t s
a n d ot h er r a cewa y s; pu mps; posi t i on i n g
equ i pmen t a n d cel l cu t ou t or by -pa ss
el ect r i ca l devi ces. Au xi l i a r y equ i pmen t
a l so i n cl u des t ool s, wel di n g ma ch i n es,
cr u ci bl es, a n d ot h er por t a bl e equ i p-
men t u sed for oper a t i on a n d ma i n t e-
n a n ce wi t h i n t h e el ect r ol y t i c cel l l i n e
wor k i n g zon e. I n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g
zon e, a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t i n cl u des t h e
exposed con du ct i ve su r fa ces of
u n gr ou n ded cr a n es a n d cr a n e-mou n t ed
cel l -ser vi ci n g equ i pmen t .
Cell lin e work in g zon e: Th e cel l l i n e
wor k i n g zon e i s t h e spa ce en vel ope
wh er ei n oper a t i on or ma i n t en a n ce i s
n or ma l l y per for med on or i n t h e vi ci n -
i t y of exposed en er gi zed su r fa ces of cel l
l i n es or t h ei r a t t a ch men t s.
Elect roly t ic Cells: A r ecept a cl e or ves-
sel i n wh i ch el ect r och emi ca l r ea ct i on s
a r e ca u sed by a ppl y i n g en er gy for t h e
pu r pose of r efi n i n g or pr odu ci n g u sa bl e
ma t er i a l s.
(3) Applicat ion . I n st a l l a t i on s cover ed
by pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l
compl y wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s
of t h i s su bpa r t , except a s fol l ows:
(i ) Over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on of el ect r o-
l y t i c cel l DC pr ocess power ci r cu i t s
n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s
of 1910. 304(e).
(i i ) Equ i pmen t l oca t ed or u sed wi t h i n
t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e or a ssoci a t ed
wi t h t h e cel l l i n e DC power ci r cu i t s
n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of
1910. 304(f).
(i i i ) El ect r ol y t i c cel l s, cel l l i n e con -
du ct or s, cel l l i n e a t t a ch men t s, a n d t h e
wi r i n g of a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t a n d de-
vi ces wi t h i n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e
n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of
1910. 303, a n d 1910. 304 (b) a n d (c).
(4) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) I f mor e
t h a n on e DC cel l l i n e pr ocess power
su ppl y ser ves t h e sa me cel l l i n e, a di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded on
t h e cel l l i n e ci r cu i t si de of ea ch power
su ppl y t o di scon n ect i t fr om t h e cel l
l i n e ci r cu i t .
(i i ) Remova bl e l i n k s or r emova bl e
con du ct or s ma y be u sed a s t h e di s-
(5) Port able elect ric equ ipmen t . (i ) Th e
fr a mes a n d en cl osu r es of por t a bl e el ec-
t r i c equ i pmen t u sed wi t h i n t h e cel l
l i n e wor k i n g zon e ma y n ot be gr ou n d-
ed. However , t h ese fr a mes a n d en cl o-
su r es ma y be gr ou n ded i f t h e cel l l i n e
ci r cu i t vol t a ge does n ot exceed 200
vol t s DC or i f t h e fr a mes a r e gu a r ded.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
869
(i i ) Un gr ou n ded por t a bl e el ect r i c
equ i pmen t sh a l l be di st i n ct i vel y
ma r k ed a n d ma y n ot be i n t er ch a n ge-
a bl e wi t h gr ou n ded por t a bl e el ect r i c
equ i pmen t .
(6) Power su pply circu it s an d recep-
t acles f or port able elect ric equ ipmen t . (i )
Ci r cu i t s su ppl y i n g power t o
u n gr ou n ded r ecept a cl es for h a n d-h el d,
cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t
sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y i sol a t ed fr om a n y
di st r i bu t i on sy st em su ppl y i n g a r ea s
ot h er t h a n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e
a n d sh a l l be u n gr ou n ded. P ower for
t h ese ci r cu i t s sh a l l be su ppl i ed t h r ou gh
i sol a t i n g t r a n sfor mer s.
(i i ) Recept a cl es a n d t h ei r ma t i n g
pl u gs for u n gr ou n ded equ i pmen t ma y
n ot h a ve pr ovi si on for a gr ou n di n g con -
du ct or a n d sh a l l be of a con fi gu r a t i on
wh i ch pr even t s t h ei r u se for equ i pmen t
r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) Recept a cl es on ci r cu i t s su ppl i ed
by a n i sol a t i n g t r a n sfor mer wi t h a n
u n gr ou n ded secon da r y sh a l l h a ve a di s-
t i n ct i ve con fi gu r a t i on , sh a l l be di st i n c-
t i vel y ma r k ed, a n d ma y n ot be u sed i n
a n y ot h er l oca t i on i n t h e pl a n t .
(7) Fixed an d port able elect ric equ ip-
men t . (i ) AC sy st ems su ppl y i n g fi xed
a n d por t a bl e el ect r i c equ i pmen t wi t h i n
t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e n eed n ot be
gr ou n ded.
(i i ) Exposed con du ct i ve su r fa ces, su ch
a s el ect r i c equ i pmen t h ou si n gs, ca bi -
n et s, boxes, mot or s, r a cewa y s a n d t h e
l i k e t h a t a r e wi t h i n t h e cel l l i n e wor k -
i n g zon e n eed n ot be gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) Au xi l i a r y el ect r i ca l devi ces, su ch
a s mot or s, t r a n sdu cer s, sen sor s, con -
t r ol devi ces, a n d a l a r ms, mou n t ed on
a n el ect r ol y t i c cel l or ot h er en er gi zed
su r fa ce, sh a l l be con n ect ed by a n y of
t h e fol l owi n g mea n s:
(A) Mu l t i con du ct or h a r d u sa ge or
ext r a h a r d u sa ge fl exi bl e cor d;
(B) Wi r e or ca bl e i n su i t a bl e r a ce-
wa y s; or
(C) Exposed met a l con du i t , ca bl e
t r a y , a r mor ed ca bl e, or si mi l a r met a l -
l i c sy st ems i n st a l l ed wi t h i n su l a t i n g
br ea k s su ch t h a t t h ey wi l l n ot ca u se a
pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s el ect r i ca l con di -
t i on .
(i v) F i xed el ect r i c equ i pmen t ma y be
bon ded t o t h e en er gi zed con du ct i ve su r -
fa ces of t h e cel l l i n e, i t s a t t a ch men t s,
or a u xi l i a r i es. I f fi xed el ect r i c equ i p-
men t i s mou n t ed on a n en er gi zed con -
du ct i ve su r fa ce, i t sh a l l be bon ded t o
t h a t su r fa ce.
(8) Au xiliary n on elect ric con n ect ion s.
Au xi l i a r y n on el ect r i c con n ect i on s,
su ch a s a i r h oses, wa t er h oses, a n d t h e
l i k e, t o a n el ect r ol y t i c cel l , i t s a t t a ch -
men t s, or a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t ma y n ot
h a ve con t i n u ou s con du ct i ve r ei n for ci n g
wi r e, a r mor , br a i ds, a n d t h e l i k e. Hoses
sh a l l be of a n on con du ct i ve ma t er i a l .
(9) Cran es an d h oist s. (i ) Th e con du c-
t i ve su r fa ces of cr a n es a n d h oi st s t h a t
en t er t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e n eed
n ot be gr ou n ded. Th e por t i on of a n
over h ea d cr a n e or h oi st wh i ch con t a ct s
a n en er gi zed el ect r ol y t i c cel l or en er -
gi zed a t t a ch men t s sh a l l be i n su l a t ed
fr om gr ou n d.
(i i ) Remot e cr a n e or h oi st con t r ol s
wh i ch ma y i n t r odu ce h a za r dou s el ec-
t r i ca l con di t i on s i n t o t h e cel l l i n e
wor k i n g zon e sh a l l empl oy on e or mor e
of t h e fol l owi n g sy st ems:
(A) I n su l a t ed a n d u n gr ou n ded con t r ol
ci r cu i t ;
(B) Non con du ct i ve r ope oper a t or ;
(C) P en da n t pu sh bu t t on wi t h n on -
con du ct i ve su ppor t i n g mea n s a n d h a v-
i n g n on con du ct i ve su r fa ces or
u n gr ou n ded exposed con du ct i ve su r -
fa ces; or
(D) Ra di o.
(i ) Elect rically driven or con t rolled irri-
gat ion mach in es. (S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
(1) L igh t n in g prot ect ion . I f a n el ec-
t r i ca l l y dr i ven or con t r ol l ed i r r i ga t i on
ma ch i n e h a s a st a t i on a r y poi n t , a dr i v-
en gr ou n d r od sh a l l be con n ect ed t o t h e
ma ch i n e a t t h e st a t i on a r y poi n t for
l i gh t n i n g pr ot ect i on .
(2) Discon n ect in g mean s. Th e ma i n di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s for a cen t er pi vot i r -
r i ga t i on ma ch i n e sh a l l be l oca t ed a t
t h e poi n t of con n ect i on of el ect r i ca l
power t o t h e ma ch i n e a n d sh a l l be
r ea di l y a ccessi bl e a n d ca pa bl e of bei n g
l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on . A di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded for
ea ch mot or a n d con t r ol l er .
(j ) Swimmin g pools, f ou n t ain s, an d
similar in st allat ion s(1) Scope. P a r a -
gr a ph s (j )(2) t h r ou gh (j )(5) of t h i s sec-
t i on a ppl y t o el ect r i c wi r i n g for a n d
equ i pmen t i n or a dj a cen t t o a l l swi m-
mi n g, wa di n g, t h er a peu t i c, a n d decor a -
t i ve pool s a n d fou n t a i n s, wh et h er per -
ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed or st or a bl e, a n d t o
met a l l i c a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t , su ch a s
pu mps, fi l t er s, a n d si mi l a r equ i pmen t .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
870
Th er a peu t i c pool s i n h ea l t h ca r e fa ci l i -
t i es a r e exempt fr om t h ese pr ovi si on s.
(2) L igh t in g an d recept acles(i ) Recep-
t acles. A si n gl e r ecept a cl e of t h e l ock -
i n g a n d gr ou n di n g t y pe t h a t pr ovi des
power for a per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed
swi mmi n g pool r eci r cu l a t i n g pu mp
mot or ma y be l oca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 5
feet fr om t h e i n si de wa l l s of a pool . Al l
ot h er r ecept a cl es on t h e pr oper t y sh a l l
be l oca t ed a t l ea st 10 feet fr om t h e i n -
si de wa l l s of a pool . Recept a cl es wh i ch
a r e l oca t ed wi t h i n 15 feet of t h e i n si de
wa l l s of t h e pool sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er s.
NOTE: I n det er mi n i n g t h ese di men si on s,
t h e di st a n ce t o be mea su r ed i s t h e sh or t est
pa t h t h e su ppl y cor d of a n a ppl i a n ce con -
n ect ed t o t h e r ecept a cl e wou l d fol l ow wi t h -
ou t pi er ci n g a fl oor , wa l l , or cei l i n g of a
bu i l di n g or ot h er effect i ve per ma n en t ba r -
r i er .
(i i ) L igh t in g f ixt u res an d ligh t in g ou t -
let s. (A) Un l ess t h ey a r e 12 feet a bove
t h e ma xi mu m wa t er l evel , l i gh t i n g fi x-
t u r es a n d l i gh t i n g ou t l et s ma y n ot be
i n st a l l ed over a pool or over t h e a r ea
ext en di n g 5 feet h or i zon t a l l y fr om t h e
i n si de wa l l s of a pool . However , a l i gh t -
i n g fi xt u r e or l i gh t i n g ou t l et wh i ch h a s
been i n st a l l ed befor e Apr i l 16, 1981, ma y
be l oca t ed l ess t h a n 5 feet mea su r ed
h or i zon t a l l y fr om t h e i n si de wa l l s of a
pool i f i t i s a t l ea st 5 feet a bove t h e
su r fa ce of t h e ma xi mu m wa t er l evel
a n d sh a l l be r i gi dl y a t t a ch ed t o t h e ex-
i st i n g st r u ct u r e. I t sh a l l a l so be pr o-
t ect ed by a gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er -
r u pt er i n st a l l ed i n t h e br a n ch ci r cu i t
su ppl y i n g t h e fi xt u r e.
(B) Un l ess i n st a l l ed 5 feet a bove t h e
ma xi mu m wa t er l evel a n d r i gi dl y a t -
t a ch ed t o t h e st r u ct u r e a dj a cen t t o or
en cl osi n g t h e pool , l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es
a n d l i gh t i n g ou t l et s i n st a l l ed i n t h e
a r ea ext en di n g bet ween 5 feet a n d 10
feet h or i zon t a l l y fr om t h e i n si de wa l l s
of a pool sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a
gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er .
(3) Cord- an d plu g-con n ect ed equ ip-
men t . F l exi bl e cor ds u sed wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g equ i pmen t ma y n ot exceed 3
feet i n l en gt h a n d sh a l l h a ve a copper
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or wi t h a
gr ou n di n g-t y pe a t t a ch men t pl u g.
(i ) Cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed l i gh t i n g
fi xt u r es i n st a l l ed wi t h i n 16 feet of t h e
wa t er su r fa ce of per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed
pool s.
(i i ) Ot h er cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed,
fi xed or st a t i on a r y equ i pmen t u sed
wi t h per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed pool s.
(4) Un derwat er equ ipmen t . (i ) A
gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n t h e br a n ch ci r cu i t su p-
pl y i n g u n der wa t er fi xt u r es oper a t i n g
a t mor e t h a n 15 vol t s. Equ i pmen t i n -
st a l l ed u n der wa t er sh a l l be a ppr oved
for t h e pu r pose.
(i i ) No u n der wa t er l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es
ma y be i n st a l l ed for oper a t i on a t over
150 vol t s bet ween con du ct or s.
(5) Fou n t ain s. Al l el ect r i c equ i pmen t
oper a t i n g a t mor e t h a n 15 vol t s, i n cl u d-
i n g power su ppl y cor ds, u sed wi t h fou n -
t a i n s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by gr ou n d-
fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er s. (S ee
1910. 302(b)(3). )
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
1910.306 Specific purpose equipment and
installations.
(a ) Elect ric sign s an d ou t lin e ligh t in g(1)
Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) Ea ch si gn a n d ou t -
l i n e l i gh t i n g sy st em, or feeder ci r cu i t or
br a n ch ci r cu i t su ppl y i n g a si gn or ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n g sy st em, sh a l l be con t r ol l ed by a n ex-
t er n a l l y oper a bl e swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er
t h a t wi l l open a l l u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s.
However , a di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed for a n exi t di r ect i on a l si gn l oca t ed
wi t h i n a bu i l di n g or for cor d-con n ect ed si gn s
wi t h a n a t t a ch men t pl u g.
(i i ) S i gn s a n d ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g sy st ems l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n fou n t a i n s sh a l l h a ve t h e di s-
con n ect l oca t ed a t l ea st 1. 52 m (5. 0 ft ) fr om
t h e i n si de wa l l s of t h e fou n t a i n .
(2) L ocat ion . (i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l be wi t h i n si gh t of t h e si gn or ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n g sy st em t h a t i t con t r ol s. Wh er e t h e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s ou t of t h e l i n e of
si gh t fr om a n y sect i on t h a t ma y be en er -
gi zed, t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be ca pa -
bl e of bei n g l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on .
(i i ) S i gn s or ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g sy st ems oper -
a t ed by el ect r on i c or el ect r omech a n i ca l con -
t r ol l er s l oca t ed ext er n a l t o t h e si gn or ou t -
l i n e l i gh t i n g sy st em ma y h a ve a di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s l oca t ed wi t h i n si gh t of t h e
con t r ol l er or i n t h e sa me en cl osu r e wi t h t h e
con t r ol l er . Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
di scon n ect t h e si gn or ou t l i n e l i gh t i n g sy s-
t em a n d t h e con t r ol l er fr om a l l u n gr ou n ded
su ppl y con du ct or s. I t sh a l l be desi gn ed so n o
pol e ca n be oper a t ed i n depen den t l y a n d sh a l l
be ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed i n t h e open posi -
t i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
871
(i i i ) Door s or cover s gi vi n g a ccess t o
u n i n su l a t ed pa r t s of i n door si gn s or ou t l i n e
l i gh t i n g exceedi n g 600 vol t s a n d a ccessi bl e t o
ot h er t h a n qu a l i fi ed per son s sh a l l ei t h er be
pr ovi ded wi t h i n t er l ock swi t ch es t o di s-
con n ect t h e pr i ma r y ci r cu i t or sh a l l be so
fa st en ed t h a t t h e u se of ot h er t h a n or di n a r y
t ool s wi l l be n ecessa r y t o open t h em.
(b) Cran es an d h oist s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a p-
pl i es t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of el ect r i c equ i p-
men t a n d wi r i n g u sed i n con n ect i on wi t h
cr a n es, mon or a i l h oi st s, h oi st s, a n d a l l r u n -
wa y s.
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s f or ru n way con du c-
t ors. A di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded
bet ween t h e r u n wa y con t a ct con du ct or s a n d
t h e power su ppl y . S u ch di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l con si st of a mot or -ci r cu i t swi t ch , ci r -
cu i t br ea k er , or mol ded ca se swi t ch . Th e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l open a l l u n gr ou n ded
con du ct or s si mu l t a n eou sl y a n d sh a l l be:
(i ) Rea di l y a ccessi bl e a n d oper a bl e fr om
t h e gr ou n d or fl oor l evel ;
(i i ) Ar r a n ged t o be l ock ed i n t h e open posi -
t i on ; a n d
(i i i ) P l a ced wi t h i n vi ew of t h e r u n wa y con -
t a ct con du ct or s.
(2) Discon n ect in g mean s f or cran es an d mon o-
rail h oist s. (i ) Except a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a -
gr a ph (b)(2)(i v) of t h i s sect i on , a mot or -ci r -
cu i t swi t ch , mol ded ca se swi t ch , or ci r cu i t
br ea k er sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e l ea ds fr om
t h e r u n wa y con t a ct con du ct or s or ot h er
power su ppl y on a l l cr a n es a n d mon or a i l
h oi st s.
(i i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be ca pa -
(i i i ) Mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a t t h e oper -
a t i n g st a t i on t o open t h e power ci r cu i t t o a l l
mot or s of t h e cr a n e or mon or a i l h oi st wh er e
t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s n ot r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e fr om t h e cr a n e or mon or a i l h oi st op-
er a t i n g st a t i on .
(i v) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s ma y be omi t -
t ed wh er e a mon or a i l h oi st or h a n d-pr opel l ed
cr a n e br i dge i n st a l l a t i on meet s a l l of t h e fol -
(A) Th e u n i t i s con t r ol l ed fr om t h e gr ou n d
or fl oor l evel ;
(B) Th e u n i t i s wi t h i n vi ew of t h e power
su ppl y di scon n ect i n g mea n s; a n d
(C) No fi xed wor k pl a t for m h a s been pr o-
vi ded for ser vi ci n g t h e u n i t .
(3) L imit swit ch . A l i mi t swi t ch or ot h er de-
vi ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o pr even t t h e l oa d
bl ock fr om pa ssi n g t h e sa fe u pper l i mi t of
t r a vel of a n y h oi st i n g mech a n i sm.
(4) Clearan ce. Th e di men si on of t h e wor k -
i n g spa ce i n t h e di r ect i on of a ccess t o l i ve
pa r t s t h a t ma y r equ i r e exa mi n a t i on , a dj u st -
men t , ser vi ci n g, or ma i n t en a n ce wh i l e a l i ve
sh a l l be a mi n i mu m of 762 mm (2. 5 ft ). Wh er e
con t r ol s a r e en cl osed i n ca bi n et s, t h e door s
sh a l l ei t h er open a t l ea st 90 degr ees or be r e-
mova bl e.
(c) Elevat ors, du mbwait ers, escalat ors, movin g
walk s, wh eelch air lif t s, an d st airway ch air lif t s.
Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s a ppl y t o el e-
va t or s, du mbwa i t er s, esca l a t or s, movi n g
wa l k s, wh eel ch a i r l i ft s, a n d st a i r wa y ch a i r
l i ft s.
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. El eva t or s,
du mbwa i t er s, esca l a t or s, movi n g wa l k s,
wh eel ch a i r l i ft s, a n d st a i r wa y ch a i r l i ft s
sh a l l h a ve a si n gl e mea n s for di scon n ect i n g
a l l u n gr ou n ded ma i n power su ppl y con du c-
t or s for ea ch u n i t .
(2) Con t rol pan els. Con t r ol pa n el s n ot l o-
ca t ed i n t h e sa me spa ce a s t h e dr i ve ma ch i n e
sh a l l be l oca t ed i n ca bi n et s wi t h door s or
pa n el s ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed cl osed.
(3) T y pe. Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be
a n en cl osed ext er n a l l y oper a bl e fu sed mot or
ci r cu i t swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er ca pa bl e of
bei n g l ock ed i n t h e open posi t i on . Th e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be a l i st ed devi ce.
(4) Operat ion . No pr ovi si on ma y be ma de t o
open or cl ose t h i s di scon n ect i n g mea n s fr om
a n y ot h er pa r t of t h e pr emi ses. I f spr i n k l er s
a r e i n st a l l ed i n h oi st wa y s, ma ch i n e r ooms,
or ma ch i n er y spa ces, t h e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s ma y a u t oma t i ca l l y open t h e power
su ppl y t o t h e a ffect ed el eva t or s pr i or t o t h e
a ppl i ca t i on of wa t er . No pr ovi si on ma y be
ma de t o cl ose t h i s di scon n ect i n g mea n s
a u t oma t i ca l l y (t h a t i s, power ma y on l y be
r est or ed by ma n u a l mea n s).
(5) L ocat ion . Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be l oca t ed wh er e i t i s r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o
(i ) On el eva t or s wi t h ou t gen er a t or fi el d
con t r ol , t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n si gh t of t h e mot or con t r ol l er .
Dr i vi n g ma ch i n es or mot i on a n d oper a t i on
con t r ol l er s n ot wi t h i n si gh t of t h e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a
ma n u a l l y oper a t ed swi t ch i n st a l l ed i n t h e
con t r ol ci r cu i t a dj a cen t t o t h e equ i pmen t i n
or der t o pr even t st a r t i n g. Wh er e t h e dr i vi n g
ma ch i n e i s l oca t ed i n a r emot e ma ch i n er y
spa ce, a si n gl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s for di s-
con n ect i n g a l l u n gr ou n ded ma i n power su p-
pl y con du ct or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d be ca pa -
(i i ) On el eva t or s wi t h gen er a t or fi el d con -
t r ol , t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n si gh t of t h e mot or con t r ol l er
for t h e dr i vi n g mot or of t h e mot or -gen er a t or
set . Dr i vi n g ma ch i n es, mot or -gen er a t or set s,
or mot i on a n d oper a t i on con t r ol l er s n ot
wi t h i n si gh t of t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a ma n u a l l y oper a t ed
swi t ch i n st a l l ed i n t h e con t r ol ci r cu i t t o pr e-
ven t st a r t i n g. Th e ma n u a l l y oper a t ed swi t ch
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a dj a cen t t o t h i s equ i p-
men t . Wh er e t h e dr i vi n g ma ch i n e or t h e
mot or -gen er a t or set i s l oca t ed i n a r emot e
ma ch i n er y spa ce, a si n gl e mea n s for di s-
con n ect i n g a l l u n gr ou n ded ma i n power su p-
pl y con du ct or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d be ca pa -
(i i i ) On esca l a t or s a n d movi n g wa l k s, t h e
di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n t h e
spa ce wh er e t h e con t r ol l er i s l oca t ed.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
872
(i v) On wh eel ch a i r l i ft s a n d st a i r wa y ch a i r
l i ft s, t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be l o-
ca t ed wi t h i n si gh t of t h e mot or con t r ol l er .
(6) I den t if icat ion an d sign s. (i ) Wh er e t h er e
i s mor e t h a n on e dr i vi n g ma ch i n e i n a ma -
ch i n e r oom, t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be n u mber ed t o cor r espon d t o t h e i den t i fy i n g
n u mber of t h e dr i vi n g ma ch i n e t h a t t h ey
con t r ol .
(i i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h a si gn t o i den t i fy t h e l oca t i on of
t h e su ppl y -si de over cu r r en t pr ot ect i ve de-
vi ce.
(7) Sin gle-car an d mu lt icar in st allat ion s. On
si n gl e-ca r a n d mu l t i ca r i n st a l l a t i on s, equ i p-
men t r ecei vi n g el ect r i ca l power fr om mor e
t h a n on e sou r ce sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s for ea ch sou r ce of el ec-
t r i ca l power . Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be wi t h i n si gh t of t h e equ i pmen t ser ved.
(8) Warn in g sign f or mu lt iple discon n ect in g
mean s. A wa r n i n g si gn sh a l l be mou n t ed on
or n ext t o t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s wh er e
mu l t i pl e di scon n ect i n g mea n s a r e u sed a n d
pa r t s of t h e con t r ol l er s r ema i n en er gi zed
fr om a sou r ce ot h er t h a n t h e on e di scon -
n ect ed. Th e si gn sh a l l be cl ea r l y l egi bl e a n d
sh a l l r ea d WARNI NGP ARTS OF THE
CONTROLLER ARE NOT DEENERGI ZED
BY THI S S WI TCH.
(9) I n t ercon n ect ion bet ween mu lt icar con t rol-
lers. A wa r n i n g si gn wor ded a s r equ i r ed i n
pa r a gr a ph (c)(8) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be
mou n t ed on or n ext t o t h e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s wh er e i n t er con n ect i on s bet ween con -
t r ol l er s a r e n ecessa r y for t h e oper a t i on of
t h e sy st em on mu l t i ca r i n st a l l a t i on s t h a t r e-
ma i n en er gi zed fr om a sou r ce ot h er t h a n t h e
on e di scon n ect ed.
(10) Mot or con t rollers. Mot or con t r ol l er s
ma y be l oca t ed ou t si de t h e spa ces ot h er wi se
r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on ,
pr ovi ded t h ey a r e i n en cl osu r es wi t h door s or
r emova bl e pa n el s ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed
cl osed a n d t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s l o-
ca t ed a dj a cen t t o or i s a n i n t egr a l pa r t of t h e
mot or con t r ol l er . Mot or con t r ol l er en cl o-
su r es for esca l a t or s or movi n g wa l k s ma y be
l oca t ed i n t h e ba l u st r a de on t h e si de l oca t ed
a wa y fr om t h e movi n g st eps or movi n g
t r ea dwa y . I f t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s a n
i n t egr a l pa r t of t h e mot or con t r ol l er , i t sh a l l
be oper a bl e wi t h ou t open i n g t h e en cl osu r e.
(d) Elect ric weldersdiscon n ect in g mean s(1)
Arc welders. A di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded i n t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t for ea ch a r c
wel der t h a t i s n ot equ i pped wi t h a di s-
con n ect mou n t ed a s a n i n t egr a l pa r t of t h e
wel der . Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be a
swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er , a n d i t s r a t i n g ma y
n ot be l ess t h a n t h a t n ecessa r y t o a ccommo-
da t e over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on .
(2) Resist an ce welders. A swi t ch or ci r cu i t
br ea k er sh a l l be pr ovi ded by wh i ch ea ch r e-
si st a n ce wel der a n d i t s con t r ol equ i pmen t
ca n be di scon n ect ed fr om t h e su ppl y ci r cu i t .
Th e a mper e r a t i n g of t h i s di scon n ect i n g
mea n s ma y n ot be l ess t h a n t h e su ppl y con -
du ct or a mpa ci t y . Th e su ppl y ci r cu i t swi t ch
ma y be u sed a s t h e wel der di scon n ect i n g
mea n s wh er e t h e ci r cu i t su ppl i es on l y on e
wel der .
(e) I n f ormat ion t ech n ology equ ipmen t (1)
Discon n ect in g mean s. A mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o di scon n ect power t o a l l el ect r on i c
equ i pmen t i n a n i n for ma t i on t ech n ol ogy
equ i pmen t r oom. Th er e sh a l l a l so be a si mi -
l a r mea n s t o di scon n ect t h e power t o a l l
dedi ca t ed h ea t i n g, ven t i l a t i n g, a n d a i r -con -
di t i on i n g (HVAC) sy st ems ser vi n g t h e r oom
a n d t o ca u se a l l r equ i r ed fi r e/smok e da mper s
t o cl ose.
(2) Grou pin g. Th e con t r ol for t h ese di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be gr ou ped a n d i den -
t i fi ed a n d sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e a t t h e
pr i n ci pa l exi t door s. A si n gl e mea n s t o con -
t r ol bot h t h e el ect r on i c equ i pmen t a n d
HVAC sy st em i s per mi t t ed.
(3) Except ion . I n t egr a t ed el ect r i ca l sy st ems
cover ed by 1910. 308(g) n eed n ot h a ve t h e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph
(e)(1) of t h i s sect i on .
(f) X -Ray equ ipmen t . Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es
t o X-r a y equ i pmen t .
(1) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) A di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded i n t h e su ppl y ci r -
cu i t . Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be oper -
a bl e fr om a l oca t i on r ea di l y a ccessi bl e fr om
t h e X-r a y con t r ol . F or equ i pmen t con n ect ed
t o a 120-vol t br a n ch ci r cu i t of 30 a mper es or
l ess, a gr ou n di n g-t y pe a t t a ch men t pl u g ca p
a n d r ecept a cl e of pr oper r a t i n g ma y ser ve a s
a di scon n ect i n g mea n s.
(i i ) I f mor e t h a n on e pi ece of equ i pmen t i s
oper a t ed fr om t h e sa me h i gh -vol t a ge ci r cu i t ,
ea ch pi ece or ea ch gr ou p of equ i pmen t a s a
u n i t sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a h i gh -vol t a ge
swi t ch or equ i va l en t di scon n ect i n g mea n s.
Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be con -
st r u ct ed, en cl osed, or l oca t ed so a s t o a voi d
con t a ct by empl oy ees wi t h i t s l i ve pa r t s.
(2) Con t rol. Th e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s
a ppl y t o i n du st r i a l a n d commer ci a l l a bor a -
t or y equ i pmen t .
(i ) Ra di ogr a ph i c a n d fl u or oscopi c-t y pe
equ i pmen t sh a l l be effect i vel y en cl osed or
sh a l l h a ve i n t er l ock s t h a t deen er gi ze t h e
equ i pmen t a u t oma t i ca l l y t o pr even t r ea dy
a ccess t o l i ve cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s.
(i i ) Di ffr a ct i on - a n d i r r a di a t i on -t y pe equ i p-
men t sh a l l h a ve a pi l ot l i gh t , r ea da bl e met er
defl ect i on , or equ i va l en t mea n s t o i n di ca t e
wh en t h e equ i pmen t i s en er gi zed, u n l ess t h e
equ i pmen t or i n st a l l a t i on i s effect i vel y en -
cl osed or i s pr ovi ded wi t h i n t er l ock s t o pr e-
ven t a ccess t o l i ve cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g pa r t s
du r i n g oper a t i on .
(g) I n du ct ion an d dielect ric h eat in g equ ip-
men t . Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o i n du ct i on
a n d di el ect r i c h ea t i n g equ i pmen t a n d a cces-
sor i es for i n du st r i a l a n d sci en t i fi c a ppl i ca -
t i on s, bu t n ot for medi ca l or den t a l a ppl i ca -
t i on s or for a ppl i a n ces.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
873
(1) Gu ardin g an d grou n din g. (i ) Th e con -
ver t i n g a ppa r a t u s (i n cl u di n g t h e dc l i n e) a n d
h i gh -fr equ en cy el ect r i c ci r cu i t s (excl u di n g
t h e ou t pu t ci r cu i t s a n d r emot e-con t r ol ci r -
cu i t s) sh a l l be compl et el y con t a i n ed wi t h i n
en cl osu r es of n on combu st i bl e ma t er i a l .
(i i ) Al l pa n el con t r ol s sh a l l be of dea d-fr on t
(i i i ) Door s or det a ch a bl e pa n el s sh a l l be
empl oy ed for i n t er n a l a ccess. Wh er e door s
a r e u sed gi vi n g a ccess t o vol t a ges fr om 500 t o
1000 vol t s a c or dc, ei t h er door l ock s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded or i n t er l ock s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed.
Wh er e door s a r e u sed gi vi n g a ccess t o
vol t a ges of over 1000 vol t s a c or dc, ei t h er
mech a n i ca l l ock ou t s wi t h a di scon n ect i n g
mea n s t o pr even t a ccess u n t i l ci r cu i t pa r t s
wi t h i n t h e cu bi cl e a r e deen er gi zed, or bot h
door i n t er l ock i n g a n d mech a n i ca l door
l ock s, sh a l l be pr ovi ded. Det a ch a bl e pa n el s
n ot n or ma l l y u sed for a ccess t o su ch pa r t s
sh a l l be fa st en ed i n a ma n n er t h a t wi l l ma k e
t h em di ffi cu l t t o r emove (for exa mpl e, by r e-
qu i r i n g t h e u se of t ool s).
(i v) Wa r n i n g l a bel s or si gn s t h a t r ea d
DANGERHI GH VOLTAGEKEEP OUT
sh a l l be a t t a ch ed t o t h e equ i pmen t a n d sh a l l
be pl a i n l y vi si bl e wh er e per son s mi gh t con -
t a ct en er gi zed pa r t s wh en door s a r e open ed
or cl osed or wh en pa n el s a r e r emoved fr om
compa r t men t s con t a i n i n g over 250 vol t s a c
or dc.
(v) I n du ct i on a n d di el ect r i c h ea t i n g equ i p-
men t sh a l l be pr ot ect ed a s fol l ows:
(A) P r ot ect i ve ca ges or a dequ a t e sh i el di n g
sh a l l be u sed t o gu a r d wor k a ppl i ca t or s ot h er
t h a n i n du ct i on h ea t i n g coi l s.
(B) I n du ct i on h ea t i n g coi l s sh a l l be pr o-
t ect ed by i n su l a t i on or r efr a ct or y ma t er i a l s
or bot h .
(C) I n t er l ock swi t ch es sh a l l be u sed on a l l
h i n ged a ccess door s, sl i di n g pa n el s, or ot h er
su ch mea n s of a ccess t o t h e a ppl i ca t or , u n -
l ess t h e a ppl i ca t or i s a n i n du ct i on h ea t i n g
coi l a t dc gr ou n d pot en t i a l or oper a t i n g a t
l ess t h a n 150 vol t s a c.
(D) I n t er l ock swi t ch es sh a l l be con n ect ed
i n su ch a ma n n er a s t o r emove a l l power
fr om t h e a ppl i ca t or wh en a n y on e of t h e a c-
cess door s or pa n el s i s open .
(vi ) A r ea di l y a ccessi bl e di scon n ect i n g
mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded by wh i ch ea ch h ea t -
i n g equ i pmen t ca n be i sol a t ed fr om i t s su p-
pl y ci r cu i t . Th e a mper e r a t i n g of t h i s di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s ma y n ot be l ess t h a n t h e
n a mepl a t e cu r r en t r a t i n g of t h e equ i pmen t .
Th e su ppl y ci r cu i t di scon n ect i n g mea n s i s
per mi t t ed a s a h ea t i n g equ i pmen t di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s wh er e t h e ci r cu i t su ppl i es
on l y on e pi ece of equ i pmen t .
(2) Remot e con t rol. (i ) I f r emot e con t r ol s a r e
u sed for a ppl y i n g power , a sel ect or swi t ch
sh a l l be pr ovi ded a n d i n t er l ock ed t o pr ovi de
power fr om on l y on e con t r ol poi n t a t a t i me.
(i i ) S wi t ch es oper a t ed by foot pr essu r e
sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a sh i el d over t h e con -
t a ct bu t t on t o a voi d a cci den t a l cl osi n g of t h e
swi t ch .
(h ) Elect roly t ic cells. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es
t o t h e i n st a l l a t i on of t h e el ect r i ca l compo-
n en t s a n d a ccessor y equ i pmen t of el ect r o-
l y t i c cel l s, el ect r ol y t i c cel l l i n es, a n d pr ocess
power su ppl y for t h e pr odu ct i on of a l u -
mi n u m, ca dmi u m, ch l or i n e, copper , fl u or i n e,
h y dr ogen per oxi de, ma gn esi u m, sodi u m, so-
di u m ch l or a t e, a n d zi n c. Cel l s u sed a s a
sou r ce of el ect r i c en er gy a n d for el ect r o-
pl a t i n g pr ocesses a n d cel l s u sed for pr odu c-
t i on of h y dr ogen a r e n ot cover ed by t h i s
pa r a gr a ph .
(1) Applicat ion . I n st a l l a t i on s cover ed by
pa r a gr a ph (h ) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l compl y
wi t h a l l a ppl i ca bl e pr ovi si on s of t h i s su bpa r t ,
except a s fol l ows:
(i ) Over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on of el ect r ol y t i c
cel l dc pr ocess power ci r cu i t s n eed n ot com-
pl y wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of 1910. 304(f);
(i i ) Equ i pmen t l oca t ed or u sed wi t h i n t h e
cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e or a ssoci a t ed wi t h t h e
cel l l i n e dc power ci r cu i t s n eed n ot compl y
wi t h t h e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 304(g); a n d
(i i i ) El ect r ol y t i c cel l s, cel l l i n e con du ct or s,
cel l l i n e a t t a ch men t s, a n d t h e wi r i n g of a u x-
i l i a r y equ i pmen t a n d devi ces wi t h i n t h e cel l
l i n e wor k i n g zon e n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e
pr ovi si on s of 1910. 303 or 1910. 304(b) a n d (c).
(2) Discon n ect in g mean s. I f mor e t h a n on e dc
cel l l i n e pr ocess power su ppl y ser ves t h e
sa me cel l l i n e, a di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded on t h e cel l l i n e ci r cu i t si de of
ea ch power su ppl y t o di scon n ect i t fr om t h e
cel l l i n e ci r cu i t . Remova bl e l i n k s or r emov-
a bl e con du ct or s ma y be u sed a s t h e di s-
(3) Port able elect ric equ ipmen t . (i ) Th e
fr a mes a n d en cl osu r es of por t a bl e el ect r i c
equ i pmen t u sed wi t h i n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g
zon e ma y n ot be gr ou n ded, u n l ess t h e cel l
l i n e ci r cu i t vol t a ge does n ot exceed 200 vol t s
DC or t h e fr a mes a r e gu a r ded.
(i i ) Un gr ou n ded por t a bl e el ect r i c equ i p-
men t sh a l l be di st i n ct i vel y ma r k ed a n d sh a l l
empl oy pl u gs a n d r ecept a cl es of a con fi gu r a -
t i on t h a t pr even t s con n ect i on of t h i s equ i p-
men t t o gr ou n di n g r ecept a cl es a n d t h a t pr e-
ven t s i n a dver t en t i n t er ch a n ge of u n gr ou n ded
a n d gr ou n ded por t a bl e el ect r i c equ i pmen t .
(4) Power su pply circu it s an d recept acles f or
port able elect ric equ ipmen t . (i ) Ci r cu i t s su p-
pl y i n g power t o u n gr ou n ded r ecept a cl es for
h a n d-h el d, cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i p-
men t sh a l l meet t h e fol l owi n g r equ i r emen t s:
(A) Th e ci r cu i t s sh a l l be el ect r i ca l l y i so-
l a t ed fr om a n y di st r i bu t i on sy st em su p-
pl y i n g a r ea s ot h er t h a n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g
zon e a n d sh a l l be u n gr ou n ded;
(B) Th e ci r cu i t s sh a l l be su ppl i ed t h r ou gh
i sol a t i n g t r a n sfor mer s wi t h pr i ma r i es oper -
a t i n g a t n ot mor e t h a n 600 vol t s bet ween
con du ct or s a n d pr ot ect ed wi t h pr oper over -
cu r r en t pr ot ect i on ;
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
874
(C) Th e secon da r y vol t a ge of t h e i sol a t i n g
t r a n sfor mer s ma y n ot exceed 300 vol t s be-
t ween con du ct or s; a n d
(D) Al l ci r cu i t s su ppl i ed fr om t h e
secon da r i es sh a l l be u n gr ou n ded a n d sh a l l
h a ve a n a ppr oved over cu r r en t devi ce of pr op-
er r a t i n g i n ea ch con du ct or .
(i i ) Recept a cl es a n d t h ei r ma t i n g pl u gs for
u n gr ou n ded equ i pmen t ma y n ot h a ve pr ovi -
si on for a gr ou n di n g con du ct or a n d sh a l l be
of a con fi gu r a t i on t h a t pr even t s t h ei r u se for
equ i pmen t r equ i r ed t o be gr ou n ded.
(i i i ) Recept a cl es on ci r cu i t s su ppl i ed by a n
i sol a t i n g t r a n sfor mer wi t h a n u n gr ou n ded
secon da r y :
(A) S h a l l h a ve a di st i n ct i ve con fi gu r a t i on ;
(B) S h a l l be di st i n ct i vel y ma r k ed; a n d
(C) Ma y n ot be u sed i n a n y ot h er l oca t i on
i n t h e fa ci l i t y .
(5) Fixed an d port able elect ric equ ipmen t . (i )
Th e fol l owi n g n eed n ot be gr ou n ded:
(A) AC sy st ems su ppl y i n g fi xed a n d por t -
a bl e el ect r i c equ i pmen t wi t h i n t h e cel l l i n e
wor k i n g zon e; a n d
(B) Exposed con du ct i ve su r fa ces, su ch a s
el ect r i c equ i pmen t h ou si n gs, ca bi n et s, boxes,
mot or s, r a cewa y s a n d t h e l i k e t h a t a r e wi t h -
i n t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e.
(i i ) Au xi l i a r y el ect r i c equ i pmen t , su ch a s
mot or s, t r a n sdu cer s, sen sor s, con t r ol de-
vi ces, a n d a l a r ms, mou n t ed on a n el ect r o-
l y t i c cel l or ot h er en er gi zed su r fa ce sh a l l be
con n ect ed t o t h e pr emi ses wi r i n g sy st ems by
a n y of t h e fol l owi n g mea n s:
(A) Mu l t i con du ct or h a r d u sa ge or ext r a
h a r d u sa ge fl exi bl e cor d;
(B) Wi r e or ca bl e i n su i t a bl e n on met a l l i c
r a cewa y s or ca bl e t r a y s; or
(C) Wi r e or ca bl e i n su i t a bl e met a l r a ce-
wa y s or met a l ca bl e t r a y s i n st a l l ed wi t h i n -
su l a t i n g br ea k s su ch t h a t t h ey wi l l n ot ca u se
a pot en t i a l l y h a za r dou s el ect r i ca l con di t i on .
(i i i ) F i xed el ect r i c equ i pmen t ma y be bon d-
ed t o t h e en er gi zed con du ct i ve su r fa ces of
t h e cel l l i n e, i t s a t t a ch men t s, or a u xi l i a r i es.
I f fi xed el ect r i c equ i pmen t i s mou n t ed on a n
en er gi zed con du ct i ve su r fa ce, i t sh a l l be
bon ded t o t h a t su r fa ce.
(6) Au xiliary n on elect rical con n ect ion s. Au x-
i l i a r y n on el ect r i ca l con n ect i on s su ch a s a i r
h oses, wa t er h oses, a n d t h e l i k e, t o a n el ec-
t r ol y t i c cel l , i t s a t t a ch men t s, or a u xi l i a r y
equ i pmen t ma y n ot h a ve con t i n u ou s con du c-
t i ve r ei n for ci n g wi r e, a r mor , br a i ds, or t h e
l i k e. Hoses sh a l l be of a n on con du ct i ve ma t e-
r i a l .
(7) Cran es an d h oist s. (i ) Th e con du ct i ve
su r fa ces of cr a n es a n d h oi st s t h a t en t er t h e
cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e n eed n ot be gr ou n ded.
Th e por t i on of a n over h ea d cr a n e or h oi st
t h a t con t a ct s a n en er gi zed el ect r ol y t i c cel l
or en er gi zed a t t a ch men t s sh a l l be i n su l a t ed
fr om gr ou n d.
(i i ) Remot e cr a n e or h oi st con t r ol s t h a t
ma y i n t r odu ce h a za r dou s el ect r i ca l con di -
t i on s i n t o t h e cel l l i n e wor k i n g zon e sh a l l
empl oy on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g sy s-
t ems:
(A) I sol a t ed a n d u n gr ou n ded con t r ol ci r -
cu i t ;
(B) Non con du ct i ve r ope oper a t or ;
(C) P en da n t pu sh bu t t on wi t h n on con du c-
t i ve su ppor t i n g mea n s a n d wi t h n on con du c-
t i ve su r fa ces or u n gr ou n ded exposed con du c-
t i ve su r fa ces; or
(D) Ra di o.
(i ) Elect rically driven or con t rolled irrigat ion
mach in es(1) L igh t n in g prot ect ion . I f a n i r r i -
ga t i on ma ch i n e h a s a st a t i on a r y poi n t , a
gr ou n di n g el ect r ode sy st em sh a l l be con -
n ect ed t o t h e ma ch i n e a t t h e st a t i on a r y
poi n t for l i gh t n i n g pr ot ect i on .
(2) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) Th e ma i n di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s for a cen t er pi vot i r r i ga -
t i on ma ch i n e sh a l l be l oca t ed a t t h e poi n t of
con n ect i on of el ect r i ca l power t o t h e ma -
ch i n e or sh a l l be vi si bl e a n d n ot mor e t h a n
15. 2 m (50 ft ) fr om t h e ma ch i n e.
(i i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e a n d ca pa bl e of bei n g l ock ed i n
t h e open posi t i on .
(i i i ) A di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded for ea ch mot or a n d con t r ol l er .
(j ) Swimmin g pools, f ou n t ain s, an d similar in -
st allat ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o el ect r i c
wi r i n g for a n d equ i pmen t i n or a dj a cen t t o
a l l swi mmi n g, wa di n g, t h er a peu t i c, a n d dec-
or a t i ve pool s a n d fou n t a i n s; h y dr o-ma ssa ge
ba t h t u bs, wh et h er per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed or
st or a bl e; a n d met a l l i c a u xi l i a r y equ i pmen t ,
su ch a s pu mps, fi l t er s, a n d si mi l a r equ i p-
men t . Th er a peu t i c pool s i n h ea l t h ca r e fa -
ci l i t i es a r e exempt fr om t h ese pr ovi si on s.
(1) Recept acles. (i ) A si n gl e r ecept a cl e of t h e
l ock i n g a n d gr ou n di n g t y pe t h a t pr ovi des
power for a per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed swi mmi n g
pool r eci r cu l a t i n g pu mp mot or ma y be l o-
ca t ed n ot l ess t h a n 1. 52 m (5 ft ) fr om t h e i n -
si de wa l l s of a pool . Al l ot h er r ecept a cl es on
t h e pr oper t y sh a l l be l oca t ed a t l ea st 3. 05 m
(10 ft ) fr om t h e i n si de wa l l s of a pool .
(i i ) Recept a cl es t h a t a r e l oca t ed wi t h i n 4. 57
m (15 ft ), or 6. 08 m (20 ft ) i f t h e i n st a l l a t i on
wa s bu i l t a ft er Au gu st 13, 2007, of t h e i n si de
wa l l s of t h e pool sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by
gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er s.
(i i i ) Wh er e a pool i s i n st a l l ed per ma n en t l y
a t a dwel l i n g u n i t , a t l ea st on e 125-vol t , 15-
or 20-a mper e r ecept a cl e on a gen er a l -pu r pose
br a n ch ci r cu i t sh a l l be l oca t ed a mi n i mu m of
3. 05 m (10 ft ) a n d n ot mor e t h a n 6. 08 m (20 ft )
fr om t h e i n si de wa l l of t h e pool . Th i s r ecep-
t a cl e sh a l l be l oca t ed n ot mor e t h a n 1. 98 m
(6. 5 ft ) a bove t h e fl oor , pl a t for m, or gr a de
l evel ser vi n g t h e pool .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (J )(1) OF THI S S ECTI ON:
I n det er mi n i n g t h ese di men si on s, t h e di s-
t a n ce t o be mea su r ed i s t h e sh or t est pa t h t h e
su ppl y cor d of a n a ppl i a n ce con n ect ed t o t h e
r ecept a cl e wou l d fol l ow wi t h ou t pi er ci n g a
fl oor , wa l l , or cei l i n g of a bu i l di n g or ot h er
effect i ve per ma n en t ba r r i er .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
875
(2) L igh t in g f ixt u res, ligh t in g ou t let s, an d
ceilin g su spen ded (paddle) f an s. (i ) I n ou t door
pool a r ea s, l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es, l i gh t i n g ou t -
l et s, a n d cei l i n g-su spen ded (pa ddl e) fa n s ma y
n ot be i n st a l l ed over t h e pool or over t h e
a r ea ext en di n g 1. 52 m (5 ft ) h or i zon t a l l y fr om
t h e i n si de wa l l s of a pool u n l ess n o pa r t of
t h e l i gh t i n g fi xt u r e of a cei l i n g-su spen ded
(pa ddl e) fa n i s l ess t h a n 3. 66 m (12 ft ) a bove
t h e ma xi mu m wa t er l evel . However , a l i gh t -
i n g fi xt u r e or l i gh t i n g ou t l et t h a t wa s i n -
st a l l ed befor e Apr i l 16, 1981, ma y be l oca t ed
l ess t h a n 1. 52 m (5 ft ) mea su r ed h or i zon t a l l y
fr om t h e i n si de wa l l s of a pool i f i t i s a t l ea st
1. 52 m (5 ft ) a bove t h e su r fa ce of t h e ma x-
i mu m wa t er l evel a n d i s r i gi dl y a t t a ch ed t o
t h e exi st i n g st r u ct u r e. I t sh a l l a l so be pr o-
t ect ed by a gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er
i n st a l l ed i n t h e br a n ch ci r cu i t su ppl y i n g t h e
fi xt u r e.
(i i ) Li gh t i n g fi xt u r es a n d l i gh t i n g ou t l et s
i n st a l l ed i n t h e a r ea ext en di n g bet ween 1. 52
m (5 ft ) a n d 3. 05 m (10 ft ) h or i zon t a l l y fr om
t h e i n si de wa l l s of a pool sh a l l be pr ot ect ed
by a gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er u n l ess
i n st a l l ed 1. 52 m (5 ft ) a bove t h e ma xi mu m
wa t er l evel a n d r i gi dl y a t t a ch ed t o t h e st r u c-
t u r e a dj a cen t t o or en cl osi n g t h e pool .
(3) Cord- an d plu g-con n ect ed equ ipmen t .
F l exi bl e cor ds u sed wi t h t h e fol l owi n g equ i p-
men t ma y n ot exceed 0. 9 m (3 ft ) i n l en gt h
a n d sh a l l h a ve a copper equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or wi t h a gr ou n di n g-t y pe a t t a ch men t
pl u g:
(i ) Cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed l i gh t i n g fi x-
t u r es i n st a l l ed wi t h i n 4. 88 m (16 ft ) of t h e
wa t er su r fa ce of per ma n en t l y i n st a l l ed pool s;
a n d
(i i ) Ot h er cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed, fi xed
or st a t i on a r y equ i pmen t u sed wi t h per ma -
n en t l y i n st a l l ed pool s.
(4) Un derwat er equ ipmen t . (i ) A gr ou n d-fa u l t
ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n t h e
br a n ch ci r cu i t su ppl y i n g u n der wa t er fi xt u r es
oper a t i n g a t mor e t h a n 15 vol t s. Equ i pmen t
i n st a l l ed u n der wa t er sh a l l be i den t i fi ed for
t h e pu r pose.
(i i ) No u n der wa t er l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es ma y be
i n st a l l ed for oper a t i on a t over 150 vol t s be-
t ween con du ct or s.
(i i i ) A l i gh t i n g fi xt u r e fa ci n g u pwa r d sh a l l
h a ve t h e l en s a dequ a t el y gu a r ded t o pr even t
con t a ct by a n y per son .
(5) Fou n t ain s. Al l el ect r i c equ i pmen t , i n -
cl u di n g power su ppl y cor ds, oper a t i n g a t
mor e t h a n 15 vol t s a n d u sed wi t h fou n t a i n s
sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by gr ou n d-fa u l t ci r cu i t i n -
t er r u pt er s.
(k ) Carn ivals, circu ses, f airs, an d similar
even t s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph cover s t h e i n st a l l a -
t i on of por t a bl e wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t , i n -
cl u di n g wi r i n g i n or on a l l st r u ct u r es, for
ca r n i va l s, ci r cu ses, exh i bi t i on s, fa i r s, t r a v-
el i n g a t t r a ct i on s, a n d si mi l a r even t s.
(1) Prot ect ion of elect ric equ ipmen t . El ect r i c
equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g met h ods i n or on
r i des, con cessi on s, or ot h er u n i t s sh a l l be
pr ovi ded wi t h mech a n i ca l pr ot ect i on wh er e
su ch equ i pmen t or wi r i n g met h ods a r e su b-
j ect t o ph y si ca l da ma ge.
(2) I n st allat ion . (i ) S er vi ces sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h a ppl i ca bl e r e-
qu i r emen t s of t h i s su bpa r t , a n d, i n a ddi t i on ,
sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) S er vi ce equ i pmen t ma y n ot be i n -
st a l l ed i n a l oca t i on t h a t i s a ccessi bl e t o u n -
qu a l i fi ed per son s, u n l ess t h e equ i pmen t i s
l ock a bl e; a n d
(B) S er vi ce equ i pmen t sh a l l be mou n t ed on
sol i d ba ck i n g a n d i n st a l l ed so a s t o be pr o-
t ect ed fr om t h e wea t h er , u n l ess t h e equ i p-
men t i s of wea t h er pr oof con st r u ct i on .
(i i ) Amu semen t r i des a n d a mu semen t a t -
t r a ct i on s sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed n ot l ess t h a n
4. 57 m (15 ft ) i n a n y di r ect i on fr om over h ea d
con du ct or s oper a t i n g a t 600 vol t s or l ess, ex-
cept for t h e con du ct or s su ppl y i n g t h e a mu se-
men t r i de or a t t r a ct i on . Amu semen t r i des or
a t t r a ct i on s ma y n ot be l oca t ed u n der or
wi t h i n 4. 57 m (15 ft ) h or i zon t a l l y of con du c-
t or s oper a t i n g i n excess of 600 vol t s.
(i i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be l i st -
ed for ext r a -h a r d u sa ge. Wh en u sed ou t door s,
fl exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l a l so be l i st ed
for wet l oca t i on s a n d sh a l l be su n l i gh t r esi st -
a n t .
(i v) S i n gl e con du ct or ca bl e sh a l l be si ze
No. 2 or l a r ger .
(v) Open con du ct or s a r e pr oh i bi t ed except
a s pa r t of a l i st ed a ssembl y or fest oon l i gh t -
i n g i n st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h 1910. 304(c).
(vi ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es sh a l l be con -
t i n u ou s wi t h ou t spl i ce or t a p bet ween boxes
or fi t t i n gs. Cor d con n ect or s ma y n ot be l a i d
on t h e gr ou n d u n l ess l i st ed for wet l oca t i on s.
Con n ect or s a n d ca bl e con n ect i on s ma y n ot
be pl a ced i n a u di en ce t r a ffi c pa t h s or wi t h i n
a r ea s a ccessi bl e t o t h e pu bl i c u n l ess gu a r ded.
(vi i ) Wi r i n g for a n a mu semen t r i de, a t t r a c-
t i on , t en t , or si mi l a r st r u ct u r e ma y n ot be
su ppor t ed by a n ot h er r i de or st r u ct u r e u n -
l ess speci fi ca l l y i den t i fi ed for t h e pu r pose.
(vi i i ) F l exi bl e cor ds a n d ca bl es r u n on t h e
gr ou n d, wh er e a ccessi bl e t o t h e pu bl i c, sh a l l
be cover ed wi t h a ppr oved n on con du ct i ve
ma t s. Ca bl es a n d ma t s sh a l l be a r r a n ged so
a s n ot t o pr esen t a t r i ppi n g h a za r d.
(i x) A box or fi t t i n g sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t
ea ch con n ect i on poi n t , ou t l et , swi t ch poi n t ,
or j u n ct i on poi n t .
(3) I n side t en t s an d con cession s. El ect r i ca l
wi r i n g for t empor a r y l i gh t i n g, wh er e i n -
st a l l ed i n si de of t en t s a n d con cessi on s, sh a l l
be secu r el y i n st a l l ed, a n d, wh er e su bj ect t o
ph y si ca l da ma ge, sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h me-
ch a n i ca l pr ot ect i on . Al l t empor a r y l a mps for
gen er a l i l l u mi n a t i on sh a l l be pr ot ect ed fr om
a cci den t a l br ea k a ge by a su i t a bl e fi xt u r e or
l a mph ol der wi t h a gu a r d.
(4) Port able dist ribu t ion an d t ermin at ion
boxes. Empl oy er s ma y on l y u se por t a bl e di s-
t r i bu t i on a n d t er mi n a t i on boxes t h a t meet
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
876
(i ) Boxes sh a l l be desi gn ed so t h a t n o l i ve
pa r t s a r e exposed t o a cci den t a l con t a ct .
Wh er e i n st a l l ed ou t door s, t h e box sh a l l be of
wea t h er pr oof con st r u ct i on a n d mou n t ed so
t h a t t h e bot t om of t h e en cl osu r e i s n ot l ess
t h a n 152 mm (6 i n . ) a bove t h e gr ou n d;
(i i ) Bu sba r s sh a l l h a ve a n a mper e r a t i n g
n ot l ess t h a n t h e over cu r r en t devi ce su p-
pl y i n g t h e feeder su ppl y i n g t h e box. Bu sba r
con n ect or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded wh er e con du c-
t or s t er mi n a t e di r ect l y on bu sba r s;
(i i i ) Recept a cl es sh a l l h a ve over cu r r en t
pr ot ect i on i n st a l l ed wi t h i n t h e box. Th e
over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on ma y n ot exceed t h e
a mper e r a t i n g of t h e r ecept a cl e, except a s
per mi t t ed i n 1910. 305(j )(4) for mot or l oa ds;
(i v) Wh er e si n gl e-pol e con n ect or s a r e u sed,
t h ey sh a l l compl y wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Wh er e a c si n gl e-pol e por t a bl e ca bl e
con n ect or s a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l be l i st ed a n d
of t h e l ock i n g t y pe. Wh er e pa r a l l el ed set s of
cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g si n gl e-pol e sepa r a bl e con -
n ect or s a r e pr ovi ded a s i n pu t devi ces, t h ey
sh a l l be pr omi n en t l y l a bel ed wi t h a wa r n i n g
i n di ca t i n g t h e pr esen ce of i n t er n a l pa r a l l el
con n ect i on s. Th e u se of si n gl e-pol e sepa r a bl e
con n ect or s sh a l l compl y wi t h a t l ea st on e of
(1) Con n ect i on a n d di scon n ect i on of con -
n ect or s a r e on l y possi bl e wh er e t h e su ppl y
con n ect or s a r e i n t er l ock ed t o t h e sou r ce a n d
i t i s n ot possi bl e t o con n ect or di scon n ect
con n ect or s wh en t h e su ppl y i s en er gi zed; or
(2) Li n e con n ect or s a r e of t h e l i st ed se-
qu en t i a l -i n t er l ock i n g t y pe so t h a t l oa d con -
n ect or s a r e con n ect ed i n t h e fol l owi n g se-
qu en ce:
(i) Equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or con n ec-
t i on ;
(ii) Gr ou n ded ci r cu i t -con du ct or con n ect i on ,
i f pr ovi ded; a n d
(iii) Un gr ou n ded con du ct or con n ect i on ; a n d
so t h a t di scon n ect i on i s i n t h e r ever se or der ;
or
(3) A ca u t i on n ot i ce i s pr ovi ded a dj a cen t t o
t h e l i n e con n ect or s i n di ca t i n g t h a t pl u g con -
n ect i on mu st be i n t h e fol l owi n g sequ en ce:
(i) Equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or con n ec-
t i on ;
(ii) Gr ou n ded ci r cu i t -con du ct or con n ect i on ,
i f pr ovi ded; a n d
(iii) Un gr ou n ded con du ct or con n ect i on ; a n d
i n di ca t i n g t h a t di scon n ect i on i s i n t h e r e-
ver se or der ; a n d
(B) S i n gl e-pol e sepa r a bl e con n ect or s u sed
i n por t a bl e pr ofessi on a l mot i on pi ct u r e a n d
t el evi si on equ i pmen t ma y be i n t er ch a n ge-
a bl e for a c or dc u se or for di ffer en t cu r r en t
r a t i n gs on t h e sa me pr emi ses on l y i f t h ey a r e
l i st ed for a c/dc u se a n d ma r k ed t o i den t i fy
t h e sy st em t o wh i ch t h ey a r e con n ect ed;
(v) Over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on of equ i pmen t
a n d con du ct or s sh a l l be pr ovi ded; a n d
(vi ) Th e fol l owi n g equ i pmen t con n ect ed t o
t h e sa me sou r ce sh a l l be bon ded:
(A) Met a l r a cewa y s a n d met a l sh ea t h ed
ca bl e;
(B) Met a l en cl osu r es of el ect r i ca l equ i p-
men t ; a n d
(C) Met a l fr a mes a n d met a l pa r t s of r i des,
con cessi on s, t r a i l er s, t r u ck s, or ot h er equ i p-
men t t h a t con t a i n or su ppor t el ect r i ca l
equ i pmen t .
(5) Discon n ect in g mean s. (i ) Ea ch r i de a n d
con cessi on sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h a fu sed di s-
con n ect swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er l oca t ed
wi t h i n si gh t a n d wi t h i n 1. 83 m (6 ft ) of t h e
oper a t or s st a t i on .
(i i ) Th e di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l be r ea d-
i l y a ccessi bl e t o t h e oper a t or , i n cl u di n g
wh en t h e r i de i s i n oper a t i on .
(i i i ) Wh er e a ccessi bl e t o u n qu a l i fi ed per -
son s, t h e en cl osu r e for t h e swi t ch or ci r cu i t
br ea k er sh a l l be of t h e l ock a bl e t y pe.
(i v) A sh u n t t r i p devi ce t h a t open s t h e
fu sed di scon n ect or ci r cu i t br ea k er wh en a
swi t ch l oca t ed i n t h e r i de oper a t or s con sol e
i s cl osed i s a per mi ssi bl e met h od of open i n g
t h e ci r cu i t .
1910.307 Hazardous (classified) loca-
tions.
(a ) Scope. Th i s sect i on cover s t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s for el ect r i c equ i pmen t a n d
wi r i n g i n l oca t i on s wh i ch a r e cl a ssi fi ed
depen di n g on t h e pr oper t i es of t h e
fl a mma bl e va por s, l i qu i ds or ga ses, or
combu st i bl e du st s or fi ber s wh i ch ma y
be pr esen t t h er ei n a n d t h e l i k el i h ood
t h a t a fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e con -
cen t r a t i on or qu a n t i t y i s pr esen t . Ha z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s ma y be
fou n d i n occu pa n ci es su ch a s, bu t n ot
l i mi t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g: a i r cr a ft
h a n ga r s, ga sol i n e di spen si n g a n d ser v-
i ce st a t i on s, bu l k st or a ge pl a n t s for
ga sol i n e or ot h er vol a t i l e fl a mma bl e
l i qu i ds, pa i n t -fi n i sh i n g pr ocess pl a n t s,
h ea l t h ca r e fa ci l i t i es, a gr i cu l t u r a l or
ot h er fa ci l i t i es wh er e excessi ve com-
bu st i bl e du st s ma y be pr esen t , ma r i -
n a s, boa t y a r ds, a n d pet r ol eu m a n d
ch emi ca l pr ocessi n g pl a n t s. Ea ch r oom,
sect i on or a r ea sh a l l be con si der ed i n -
di vi du a l l y i n det er mi n i n g i t s cl a ssi fi ca -
t i on . Th ese h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca -
t i on s a r e a ssi gn ed si x desi gn a t i on s a s
fol l ows:
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2
Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 1
Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2
Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 1
Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 2
F or defi n i t i on s of t h ese l oca t i on s see
1910. 399(a ). Al l a ppl i ca bl e r equ i r e-
men t s i n t h i s su bpa r t sh a l l a ppl y t o
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
877
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s, u n l ess
modi fi ed by pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Elect rical in st allat ion s. Equ i pmen t ,
wi r i n g met h ods, a n d i n st a l l a t i on s of
equ i pmen t i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l o-
ca t i on s sh a l l be i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe, a p-
pr oved for t h e h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l o-
ca t i on , or sa fe or for t h e h a za r dou s
(cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on . Requ i r emen t s for
ea ch of t h ese opt i on s a r e a s fol l ows:
(1) I n t rin sically saf e. Equ i pmen t a n d
a ssoci a t ed wi r i n g a ppr oved a s i n t r i n si -
ca l l y sa fe sh a l l be per mi t t ed i n a n y
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on for
wh i ch i t i s a ppr oved.
(2) Approved f or t h e h azardou s (classi-
f ied) locat ion . (i ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be a p-
pr oved n ot on l y for t h e cl a ss of l oca -
t i on bu t a l so for t h e i gn i t i bl e or com-
bu st i bl e pr oper t i es of t h e speci fi c ga s,
va por , du st , or fi ber t h a t wi l l be
pr esen t .
NOTE: NF P A 70, t h e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l
Code, l i st s or defi n es h a za r dou s ga ses, va -
por s, a n d du st s by Gr ou ps ch a r a ct er i zed by
t h ei r i gn i t i bl e or combu st i bl e pr oper t i es.
(i i ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be ma r k ed t o
sh ow t h e cl a ss, gr ou p, a n d oper a t i n g
t emper a t u r e or t emper a t u r e r a n ge,
ba sed on oper a t i on i n a 40 degr ees C
a mbi en t , for wh i ch i t i s a ppr oved. Th e
t emper a t u r e ma r k i n g ma y n ot exceed
t h e i gn i t i on t emper a t u r e of t h e speci fi c
ga s or va por t o be en cou n t er ed. How-
ever , t h e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s modi fy
t h i s ma r k i n g r equ i r emen t for speci fi c
equ i pmen t :
(A) Equ i pmen t of t h e n on -h ea t -pr o-
du ci n g t y pe, su ch a s j u n ct i on boxes,
con du i t , a n d fi t t i n gs, a n d equ i pmen t of
t h e h ea t -pr odu ci n g t y pe h a vi n g a ma x-
i mu m t emper a t u r e n ot mor e t h a n 100
degr ees C (212 degr ees F ) n eed n ot h a ve
a ma r k ed oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e or
t emper a t u r e r a n ge.
(B) F i xed l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es ma r k ed
for u se i n Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s
on l y , n eed n ot be ma r k ed t o i n di ca t e
t h e gr ou p.
(C) F i xed gen er a l -pu r pose equ i pmen t
i n Cl a ss I l oca t i on s, ot h er t h a n l i gh t i n g
fi xt u r es, wh i ch i s a ccept a bl e for u se i n
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s n eed n ot be
ma r k ed wi t h t h e cl a ss, gr ou p, di vi si on ,
or oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e.
(D) F i xed du st -t i gh t equ i pmen t ,
ot h er t h a n l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es, wh i ch i s
a ccept a bl e for u se i n Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on
2 a n d Cl a ss I I I l oca t i on s n eed n ot be
ma r k ed wi t h t h e cl a ss, gr ou p, di vi si on ,
or oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e.
(3) Saf e f or t h e h azardou s (classif ied)
locat ion . Equ i pmen t wh i ch i s sa fe for
t h e l oca t i on sh a l l be of a t y pe a n d de-
si gn wh i ch t h e empl oy er demon st r a t es
wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on fr om t h e h a z-
a r ds a r i si n g fr om t h e combu st i bi l i t y
a n d fl a mma bi l i t y of va por s, l i qu i ds,
ga ses, du st s, or fi ber s.
NOTE: Th e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code, NF P A
70, con t a i n s gu i del i n es for det er mi n i n g t h e
t y pe a n d desi gn of equ i pmen t a n d i n st a l l a -
t i on s wh i ch wi l l meet t h i s r equ i r emen t . Th e
gu i del i n es of t h i s docu men t a ddr ess el ect r i c
wi r i n g, equ i pmen t , a n d sy st ems i n st a l l ed i n
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s a n d con t a i n
speci fi c pr ovi si on s for t h e fol l owi n g: wi r i n g
met h ods, wi r i n g con n ect i on s; con du ct or i n -
su l a t i on , fl exi bl e cor ds, sea l i n g a n d dr a i n a ge,
t r a n sfor mer s, ca pa ci t or s, swi t ch es, ci r cu i t
br ea k er s, fu ses, mot or con t r ol l er s, r ecep-
t a cl es, a t t a ch men t pl u gs, met er s, r el a y s, i n -
st r u men t s, r esi st or s, gen er a t or s, mot or s,
l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es, st or a ge ba t t er y ch a r gi n g
equ i pmen t , el ect r i c cr a n es, el ect r i c h oi st s
a n d si mi l a r equ i pmen t , u t i l i za t i on equ i p-
men t , si gn a l i n g sy st ems, a l a r m sy st ems, r e-
mot e con t r ol sy st ems, l oca l l ou d spea k er a n d
commu n i ca t i on sy st ems, ven t i l a t i on pi pi n g,
l i ve pa r t s, l i gh t n i n g su r ge pr ot ect i on , a n d
gr ou n di n g. Compl i a n ce wi t h t h ese gu i del i n es
wi l l con st i t u t e on e mea n s, bu t n ot t h e on l y
mea n s, of compl i a n ce wi t h t h i s pa r a gr a ph .
(c) Con du it s. Al l con du i t s sh a l l be
t h r ea ded a n d sh a l l be ma de wr en ch -
t i gh t . Wh er e i t i s i mpr a ct i ca l t o ma k e
a t h r ea ded j oi n t t i gh t , a bon di n g j u mp-
er sh a l l be u t i l i zed.
(d) Equ ipmen t in Division 2 locat ion s.
Equ i pmen t t h a t h a s been a ppr oved for
a Di vi si on 1 l oca t i on ma y be i n st a l l ed
i n a Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on of t h e sa me
cl a ss a n d gr ou p. Gen er a l -pu r pose equ i p-
men t or equ i pmen t i n gen er a l -pu r pose
en cl osu r es ma y be i n st a l l ed i n Di vi si on
2 l oca t i on s i f t h e equ i pmen t does n ot
con st i t u t e a sou r ce of i gn i t i on u n der
n or ma l oper a t i n g con di t i on s.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
878
1910.307 Hazardous (classified) locations.
(a ) Scope(1) Applicabilit y . Th i s sect i on
cover s t h e r equ i r emen t s for el ect r i c equ i p-
men t a n d wi r i n g i n l oca t i on s t h a t a r e cl a ssi -
fi ed depen di n g on t h e pr oper t i es of t h e fl a m-
ma bl e va por s, l i qu i ds or ga ses, or combu s-
t i bl e du st s or fi ber s t h a t ma y be pr esen t
t h er ei n a n d t h e l i k el i h ood t h a t a fl a mma bl e
or combu st i bl e con cen t r a t i on or qu a n t i t y i s
pr esen t . Ha za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s ma y
be fou n d i n occu pa n ci es su ch a s, bu t n ot l i m-
i t ed t o, t h e fol l owi n g: a i r cr a ft h a n ga r s, ga so-
l i n e di spen si n g a n d ser vi ce st a t i on s, bu l k
st or a ge pl a n t s for ga sol i n e or ot h er vol a t i l e
fl a mma bl e l i qu i ds, pa i n t -fi n i sh i n g pr ocess
pl a n t s, h ea l t h ca r e fa ci l i t i es, a gr i cu l t u r a l or
ot h er fa ci l i t i es wh er e excessi ve combu st i bl e
du st s ma y be pr esen t , ma r i n a s, boa t y a r ds,
a n d pet r ol eu m a n d ch emi ca l pr ocessi n g
pl a n t s. Ea ch r oom, sect i on or a r ea sh a l l be
con si der ed i n di vi du a l l y i n det er mi n i n g i t s
cl a ssi fi ca t i on .
(2) Classif icat ion s. (i ) Th ese h a za r dou s (cl a s-
si fi ed) l oca t i on s a r e a ssi gn ed t h e fol l owi n g
desi gn a t i on s:
(A) Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1
(B) Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2
(C) Cl a ss I , Zon e 0
(D) Cl a ss I , Zon e 1
(E) Cl a ss I , Zon e 2
(F ) Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 1
(G) Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2
(H) Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 1
(I ) Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 2
(i i ) F or defi n i t i on s of t h ese l oca t i on s, see
1910. 399.
(3) Ot h er sect ion s of t h is su bpart . Al l a ppl i -
ca bl e r equ i r emen t s i n t h i s su bpa r t a ppl y t o
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s u n l ess modi -
fi ed by pr ovi si on s of t h i s sect i on .
(4) Division an d zon e classif icat ion . I n Cl a ss
I l oca t i on s, a n i n st a l l a t i on mu st be cl a ssi fi ed
a s u si n g t h e di vi si on cl a ssi fi ca t i on sy st em
meet i n g pa r a gr a ph s (c), (d), (e), a n d (f) of
t h i s sect i on or u si n g t h e zon e cl a ssi fi ca t i on
sy st em meet i n g pa r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on .
I n Cl a ss I I a n d Cl a ss I I I l oca t i on s, a n i n st a l -
l a t i on mu st be cl a ssi fi ed u si n g t h e di vi si on
cl a ssi fi ca t i on sy st em meet i n g pa r a gr a ph s
(c), (d), (e), a n d (f) of t h i s sect i on .
(b) Docu men t at ion . Al l a r ea s desi gn a t ed a s
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s u n der t h e
Cl a ss a n d Zon e sy st em a n d a r ea s desi gn a t ed
u n der t h e Cl a ss a n d Di vi si on sy st em est a b-
l i sh ed a ft er Au gu st 13, 2007 sh a l l be pr oper l y
docu men t ed. Th i s docu men t a t i on sh a l l be
a va i l a bl e t o t h ose a u t h or i zed t o desi gn , i n -
st a l l , i n spect , ma i n t a i n , or oper a t e el ect r i c
equ i pmen t a t t h e l oca t i on .
(c) Elect rical in st allat ion s. Equ i pmen t , wi r -
i n g met h ods, a n d i n st a l l a t i on s of equ i pmen t
i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s sh a l l be
i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe, a ppr oved for t h e h a za r dou s
(cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on , or sa fe for t h e h a z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on . Requ i r emen t s
for ea ch of t h ese opt i on s a r e a s fol l ows:
(1) I n t rin sically saf e. Equ i pmen t a n d a ssoci -
a t ed wi r i n g a ppr oved a s i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe i s
per mi t t ed i n a n y h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca -
t i on for wh i ch i t i s a ppr oved;
(2) Approved f or t h e h azardou s (classif ied) lo-
cat ion . (i ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be a ppr oved n ot
on l y for t h e cl a ss of l oca t i on , bu t a l so for t h e
i gn i t a bl e or combu st i bl e pr oper t i es of t h e
speci fi c ga s, va por , du st , or fi ber t h a t wi l l be
pr esen t .
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (C)(2)(I ) OF THI S S EC-
TI ON: NF P A 70, t h e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code,
l i st s or defi n es h a za r dou s ga ses, va por s, a n d
du st s by Gr ou ps ch a r a ct er i zed by t h ei r i g-
n i t a bl e or combu st i bl e pr oper t i es.
(i i ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be ma r k ed t o sh ow t h e
cl a ss, gr ou p, a n d oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e or
t emper a t u r e r a n ge, ba sed on oper a t i on i n a
40-degr ee C a mbi en t , for wh i ch i t i s a p-
pr oved. Th e t emper a t u r e ma r k i n g ma y n ot
exceed t h e i gn i t i on t emper a t u r e of t h e spe-
ci fi c ga s or va por t o be en cou n t er ed. How-
ever , t h e fol l owi n g pr ovi si on s modi fy t h i s
ma r k i n g r equ i r emen t for speci fi c equ i pmen t :
(A) Equ i pmen t of t h e n on h ea t -pr odu ci n g
t y pe, su ch a s j u n ct i on boxes, con du i t , a n d
fi t t i n gs, a n d equ i pmen t of t h e h ea t -pr o-
du ci n g t y pe h a vi n g a ma xi mu m t emper a t u r e
n ot mor e t h a n 100 C (212 F ) n eed n ot h a ve
a ma r k ed oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e or t emper a -
t u r e r a n ge;
(B) F i xed l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es ma r k ed for u se
i n Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 or Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2
l oca t i on s on l y n eed n ot be ma r k ed t o i n di -
ca t e t h e gr ou p;
(C) F i xed gen er a l -pu r pose equ i pmen t i n
Cl a ss I l oca t i on s, ot h er t h a n l i gh t i n g fi x-
t u r es, t h a t i s a ccept a bl e for u se i n Cl a ss I ,
Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s n eed n ot be ma r k ed wi t h
t h e cl a ss, gr ou p, di vi si on , or oper a t i n g t em-
per a t u r e;
(D) F i xed du st -t i gh t equ i pmen t , ot h er t h a n
l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es, t h a t i s a ccept a bl e for u se
i n Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2 a n d Cl a ss I I I l oca t i on s
n eed n ot be ma r k ed wi t h t h e cl a ss, gr ou p, di -
vi si on , or oper a t i n g t emper a t u r e; a n d
(E) El ect r i c equ i pmen t su i t a bl e for a mbi -
en t t emper a t u r es exceedi n g 40 C (104 F )
sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h bot h t h e ma xi mu m a m-
bi en t t emper a t u r e a n d t h e oper a t i n g t em-
per a t u r e or t emper a t u r e r a n ge a t t h a t a mbi -
en t t emper a t u r e; a n d
(3) Saf e f or t h e h azardou s (classif ied) loca-
t ion . Equ i pmen t t h a t i s sa fe for t h e l oca t i on
sh a l l be of a t y pe a n d desi gn t h a t t h e em-
pl oy er demon st r a t es wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on
fr om t h e h a za r ds a r i si n g fr om t h e combu s-
t i bi l i t y a n d fl a mma bi l i t y of va por s, l i qu i ds,
ga ses, du st s, or fi ber s i n vol ved.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (C)(3) OF THI S S ECTI ON:
Th e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code, NF P A 70, con -
t a i n s gu i del i n es for det er mi n i n g t h e t y pe a n d
desi gn of equ i pmen t a n d i n st a l l a t i on s t h a t
wi l l meet t h i s r equ i r emen t . Th ose gu i del i n es
a ddr ess el ect r i c wi r i n g, equ i pmen t , a n d sy s-
t ems i n st a l l ed i n h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca -
t i on s a n d con t a i n speci fi c pr ovi si on s for t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
879
fol l owi n g: wi r i n g met h ods, wi r i n g con n ec-
t i on s; con du ct or i n su l a t i on , fl exi bl e cor ds,
sea l i n g a n d dr a i n a ge, t r a n sfor mer s, ca pa ci -
t or s, swi t ch es, ci r cu i t br ea k er s, fu ses, mot or
con t r ol l er s, r ecept a cl es, a t t a ch men t pl u gs,
met er s, r el a y s, i n st r u men t s, r esi st or s, gen -
er a t or s, mot or s, l i gh t i n g fi xt u r es, st or a ge
ba t t er y ch a r gi n g equ i pmen t , el ect r i c cr a n es,
el ect r i c h oi st s a n d si mi l a r equ i pmen t , u t i l i -
za t i on equ i pmen t , si gn a l i n g sy st ems, a l a r m
sy st ems, r emot e con t r ol sy st ems, l oca l l ou d
spea k er a n d commu n i ca t i on sy st ems, ven -
t i l a t i on pi pi n g, l i ve pa r t s, l i gh t n i n g su r ge
pr ot ect i on , a n d gr ou n di n g.
(d) Con du it s. Al l con du i t s sh a l l be t h r ea ded
a n d sh a l l be ma de wr en ch -t i gh t . Wh er e i t i s
i mpr a ct i ca l t o ma k e a t h r ea ded j oi n t t i gh t , a
bon di n g j u mper sh a l l be u t i l i zed.
(e) Equ ipmen t in Division 2 locat ion s. Equ i p-
men t t h a t h a s been a ppr oved for a Di vi si on 1
l oca t i on ma y be i n st a l l ed i n a Di vi si on 2 l o-
ca t i on of t h e sa me cl a ss a n d gr ou p. Gen er a l -
pu r pose equ i pmen t or equ i pmen t i n gen er a l -
pu r pose en cl osu r es ma y be i n st a l l ed i n Di vi -
si on 2 l oca t i on s i f t h e empl oy er ca n dem-
on st r a t e t h a t t h e equ i pmen t does n ot con -
st i t u t e a sou r ce of i gn i t i on u n der n or ma l op-
er a t i n g con di t i on s.
(f) Prot ect ion t ech n iqu es. Th e fol l owi n g a r e
a ccept a bl e pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu es for el ect r i c
a n d el ect r on i c equ i pmen t i n h a za r dou s (cl a s-
si fi ed) l oca t i on s.
(1) Explosion proof apparat u s. Th i s pr ot ec-
t i on t ech n i qu e i s per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n
t h e Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1 a n d 2 l oca t i on s for
(2) Du st ign it ion proof . Th i s pr ot ect i on t ech -
n i qu e i s per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n t h e Cl a ss
I I , Di vi si on 1 a n d 2 l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t i s
a ppr oved.
(3) Du st -t igh t . Th i s pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu e i s
per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n t h e Cl a ss I I , Di -
vi si on 2 a n d Cl a ss I I I l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t
i s a ppr oved.
(4) Pu rged an d pressu rized. Th i s pr ot ect i on
t ech n i qu e i s per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n a n y
h a za r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on for wh i ch i t i s
a ppr oved.
(5) Non in cen dive circu it . Th i s pr ot ect i on
t ech n i qu e i s per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2; Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2; or
Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 1or 2 l oca t i on s.
(6) Non in cen dive equ ipmen t . Th i s pr ot ect i on
Cl a ss I I I , Di vi si on 1 or 2 l oca t i on s.
(7) Non in cen dive compon en t . Th i s pr ot ect i on
(8) Oil immersion . Th i s pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu e
i s per mi t t ed for cu r r en t -i n t er r u pt i n g con -
t a ct s i n Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s a s de-
scr i bed i n t h e S u bpa r t .
(9) Hermet ically sealed. Th i s pr ot ect i on
Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 2; Cl a ss I I , Di vi si on 2; a n d
(10) Ot h er prot ect ion t ech n iqu es. An y ot h er
pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu e t h a t meet s pa r a gr a ph
(c) of t h i s sect i on i s a ccept a bl e i n a n y h a z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on .
(g) Class I , Z on e 0, 1, an d 2 locat ion s(1)
Scope. Empl oy er s ma y u se t h e zon e cl a ssi -
fi ca t i on sy st em a s a n a l t er n a t i ve t o t h e di vi -
si on cl a ssi fi ca t i on sy st em for el ect r i c a n d
el ect r on i c equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g for a l l vol t -
a ge i n Cl a ss I , Zon e 0, Zon e 1, a n d Zon e 2 h a z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s wh er e fi r e or ex-
pl osi on h a za r ds ma y exi st du e t o fl a mma bl e
ga ses, va por s, or l i qu i ds.
(2) L ocat ion an d gen eral requ iremen t s. (i ) Lo-
ca t i on s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed depen di n g on t h e
pr oper t i es of t h e fl a mma bl e va por s, l i qu i ds,
or ga ses t h a t ma y be pr esen t a n d t h e l i k el i -
h ood t h a t a fl a mma bl e or combu st i bl e con -
cen t r a t i on or qu a n t i t y i s pr esen t . Wh er e
py r oph or i c ma t er i a l s a r e t h e on l y ma t er i a l s
u sed or h a n dl ed, t h ese l oca t i on s n eed n ot be
cl a ssi fi ed.
(i i ) Ea ch r oom, sect i on , or a r ea sh a l l be
con si der ed i n di vi du a l l y i n det er mi n i n g i t s
cl a ssi fi ca t i on .
(i i i ) Al l t h r ea ded con du i t sh a l l be t h r ea ded
wi t h a n NP T (Na t i on a l (Amer i ca n ) S t a n da r d
P i pe Ta per ) st a n da r d con du i t cu t t i n g di e
t h a t pr ovi des
3
4-i n . t a per per foot . Th e con -
du i t sh a l l be ma de wr en ch t i gh t t o pr even t
spa r k i n g wh en fa u l t cu r r en t fl ows t h r ou gh
t h e con du i t sy st em a n d t o en su r e t h e
expl osi on pr oof or fl a mepr oof i n t egr i t y of t h e
con du i t sy st em wh er e a ppl i ca bl e.
(i v) Equ i pmen t pr ovi ded wi t h t h r ea ded en -
t r i es for fi el d wi r i n g con n ect i on sh a l l be i n -
st a l l ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph
(g)(2)(i v)(A) or (g)(2)(i v)(B) of t h i s sect i on .
(A) F or equ i pmen t pr ovi ded wi t h t h r ea ded
en t r i es for NP T t h r ea ded con du i t or fi t t i n gs,
l i st ed con du i t , con du i t fi t t i n gs, or ca bl e fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l be u sed.
(B) F or equ i pmen t wi t h met r i c t h r ea ded
en t r i es, su ch en t r i es sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a s
bei n g met r i c, or l i st ed a da pt or s t o per mi t
con n ect i on t o con du i t of NP T-t h r ea ded fi t -
t i n gs sh a l l be pr ovi ded wi t h t h e equ i pmen t .
Ada pt er s sh a l l be u sed for con n ect i on t o con -
du i t or NP T-t h r ea ded fi t t i n gs.
(3) Prot ect ion t ech n iqu es. On e or mor e of t h e
fol l owi n g pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu es sh a l l be u sed
for el ect r i c a n d el ect r on i c equ i pmen t i n h a z-
a r dou s (cl a ssi fi ed) l oca t i on s cl a ssi fi ed u n der
t h e zon e cl a ssi fi ca t i on sy st em.
(i ) F l a mepr oof dTh i s pr ot ect i on t ech -
I , Zon e 1 l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t i s a ppr oved.
(i i ) P u r ged a n d pr essu r i zedTh i s pr ot ec-
t h e Cl a ss I , Zon e 1 or Zon e 2 l oca t i on s for
(i i i ) I n t r i n si c sa fet y Th i s pr ot ect i on t ech -
I , Zon e 0 or Zon e 1 l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t i s
a ppr oved.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
880
(i v) Ty pe of pr ot ect i on n Th i s pr ot ec-
t h e Cl a ss I , Zon e 2 l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t i s
a ppr oved. Ty pe of pr ot ect i on n i s fu r t h er
su bdi vi ded i n t o n A, n C, a n d n R.
(v) Oi l I mmer si on oTh i s pr ot ect i on
t ech n i qu e i s per mi t t ed for equ i pmen t i n t h e
Cl a ss I , Zon e 1 l oca t i on s for wh i ch i t i s a p-
pr oved.
(vi ) I n cr ea sed sa fet y eTh i s pr ot ect i on
pr oved.
(vi i ) En ca psu l a t i on mTh i s pr ot ect i on
pr oved.
(vi i i ) P owder F i l l i n g qTh i s pr ot ect i on
pr oved.
(4) Special precau t ion . P a r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s
sect i on r equ i r es equ i pmen t con st r u ct i on a n d
i n st a l l a t i on t h a t wi l l en su r e sa fe per for m-
a n ce u n der con di t i on s of pr oper u se a n d
ma i n t en a n ce.
(i ) Cl a ssi fi ca t i on of a r ea s a n d sel ect i on of
equ i pmen t a n d wi r i n g met h ods sh a l l be
u n der t h e su per vi si on of a qu a l i fi ed r eg-
i st er ed pr ofessi on a l en gi n eer .
(i i ) I n i n st a n ces of a r ea s wi t h i n t h e sa me
fa ci l i t y cl a ssi fi ed sepa r a t el y , Cl a ss I , Zon e 2
l oca t i on s ma y a bu t , bu t n ot over l a p, Cl a ss I ,
Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s. Cl a ss I , Zon e 0 or Zon e
1 l oca t i on s ma y n ot a bu t Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1
or Di vi si on 2 l oca t i on s.
(i i i ) A Cl a ss I , Di vi si on 1 or Di vi si on 2 l oca -
t i on ma y be r ecl a ssi fi ed a s a Cl a ss I , Zon e 0,
Zon e 1, or Zon e 2 l oca t i on on l y i f a l l of t h e
spa ce t h a t i s cl a ssi fi ed beca u se of a si n gl e
fl a mma bl e ga s or va por sou r ce i s r ecl a ssi -
fi ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (G)(4) OF THI S S ECTI ON:
Low a mbi en t con di t i on s r equ i r e speci a l con -
si der a t i on . El ect r i c equ i pmen t depen di n g on
t h e pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu es descr i bed by pa r a -
gr a ph (g)(3)(i ) of t h i s sect i on ma y n ot be
su i t a bl e for u se a t t emper a t u r es l ower t h a n
20 C (4 F ) u n l ess t h ey a r e a ppr oved for
u se a t l ower t emper a t u r es. However , a t l ow
a mbi en t t emper a t u r es, fl a mma bl e con -
cen t r a t i on s of va por s ma y n ot exi st i n a l o-
ca t i on cl a ssi fi ed Cl a ss I , Zon e 0, 1, or 2 a t
n or ma l a mbi en t t emper a t u r e.
(5) L ist in g an d mark in g. (i ) Equ i pmen t t h a t
i s l i st ed for a Zon e 0 l oca t i on ma y be i n -
st a l l ed i n a Zon e 1 or Zon e 2 l oca t i on of t h e
sa me ga s or va por . Equ i pmen t t h a t i s l i st ed
for a Zon e 1 l oca t i on ma y be i n st a l l ed i n a
Zon e 2 l oca t i on of t h e sa me ga s or va por .
(i i ) Equ i pmen t sh a l l be ma r k ed i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (g)(5)(i i )(A) a n d
(g)(5)(i i )(B) of t h i s sect i on , except a s pr o-
vi ded i n (g)(5)(i i )(C).
(A) Equ i pmen t a ppr oved for Cl a ss I , Di vi -
si on 1 or Cl a ss 1, Di vi si on 2 sh a l l , i n a ddi t i on
t o bei n g ma r k ed i n a ccor da n ce wi t h (c)(2)(i i ),
be ma r k ed wi t h t h e fol l owi n g:
(1) Cl a ss I , Zon e 1 or Cl a ss I , Zon e 2 (a s a p-
pl i ca bl e);
(2) Appl i ca bl e ga s cl a ssi fi ca t i on gr ou ps;
a n d
(3) Temper a t u r e cl a ssi fi ca t i on ; or
(B) Equ i pmen t meet i n g on e or mor e of t h e
pr ot ect i on t ech n i qu es descr i bed i n pa r a gr a ph
(g)(3) of t h i s sect i on sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h
t h e fol l owi n g i n t h e or der sh own :
(1) Cl a ss, except for i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe a ppa -
r a t u s;
(2) Zon e, except for i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe a ppa -
r a t u s;
(3) S y mbol AEx;
(4) P r ot ect i on t ech n i qu es;
(5) Appl i ca bl e ga s cl a ssi fi ca t i on gr ou ps;
a n d
(6) Temper a t u r e cl a ssi fi ca t i on , except for
i n t r i n si ca l l y sa fe a ppa r a t u s.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (G)(5)(I I )(B) OF THI S
S ECTI ON: An exa mpl e of su ch a r equ i r ed
ma r k i n g i s Cl a ss I , Zon e 0, AEx i a I I C T6.
S ee F i gu r e S 1 for a n expl a n a t i on of t h i s
ma r k i n g.
(C) Equ i pmen t t h a t t h e empl oy er dem-
on st r a t es wi l l pr ovi de pr ot ect i on fr om t h e
h a za r ds a r i si n g fr om t h e fl a mma bi l i t y of t h e
ga s or va por a n d t h e zon e of l oca t i on i n -
vol ved a n d wi l l be r ecogn i zed a s pr ovi di n g
su ch pr ot ect i on by empl oy ees n eed n ot be
ma r k ed.
NOTE TO P ARAGRAP H (g)(5)(i i )(C) OF THI S
S ECTI ON: Th e Na t i on a l El ect r i ca l Code,
NF P A 70, con t a i n s gu i del i n es for det er -
mi n i n g t h e t y pe a n d desi gn of equ i pmen t a n d
i n st a l l a t i on s t h a t wi l l meet t h i s pr ovi si on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
881
1910.308 Special systems.
(a ) Sy st ems over 600 volt s, n omin al.
P a r a gr a ph s (a ) (1) t h r ou gh (4) of t h i s
sect i on cover t h e gen er a l r equ i r emen t s
for a l l ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t oper a t ed
a t over 600 vol t s.
(1) Wirin g met h ods f or f ixed in st alla-
t ion s. (i ) Above-gr ou n d con du ct or s sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed i n r i gi d met a l con du i t , i n
i n t er medi a t e met a l con du i t , i n ca bl e
t r a y s, i n ca bl ebu s, i n ot h er su i t a bl e
r a cewa y s, or a s open r u n s of met a l -cl a d
ca bl e su i t a bl e for t h e u se a n d pu r pose.
However , open r u n s of n on -met a l l i c-
sh ea t h ed ca bl e or of ba r e con du ct or s or
bu sba r s ma y be i n st a l l ed i n l oca t i on s
a ccessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed per son s.
Met a l l i c sh i el di n g compon en t s, su ch a s
t a pes, wi r es, or br a i ds for con du ct or s,
sh a l l be gr ou n ded. Open r u n s of i n su -
l a t ed wi r es a n d ca bl es h a vi n g a ba r e
l ea d sh ea t h or a br a i ded ou t er cover i n g
sh a l l be su ppor t ed i n a ma n n er de-
si gn ed t o pr even t ph y si ca l da ma ge t o
t h e br a i d or sh ea t h .
(i i ) Con du ct or s emer gi n g fr om t h e
gr ou n d sh a l l be en cl osed i n a ppr oved
r a cewa y s. (S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
(2) I n t erru pt in g an d isolat in g devices.
(i ) Ci r cu i t br ea k er i n st a l l a t i on s l oca t ed
i n door s sh a l l con si st of met a l -en cl osed
u n i t s or fi r e-r esi st a n t cel l -mou n t ed
u n i t s. I n l oca t i on s a ccessi bl e on l y t o
qu a l i fi ed per son n el , open mou n t i n g of
ci r cu i t br ea k er s i s per mi t t ed. A mea n s
of i n di ca t i n g t h e open a n d cl osed posi -
t i on of ci r cu i t br ea k er s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded.
(i i ) F u sed cu t ou t s i n st a l l ed i n bu i l d-
i n gs or t r a n for mer va u l t s sh a l l be of a
t y pe a ppr oved for t h e pu r pose. Th ey
sh a l l be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e for fu se r e-
pl a cemen t .
(i i i ) A mea n s sh a l l be pr ovi ded t o
compl et el y i sol a t e equ i pmen t for i n -
spect i on a n d r epa i r s. I sol a t i n g mea n s
wh i ch a r e n ot desi gn ed t o i n t er r u pt t h e
l oa d cu r en t of t h e ci r cu i t sh a l l be ei -
t h er i n t er l ock ed wi t h a n a ppr oved ci r -
cu i t i n t er r u pt er or pr ovi ded wi t h a si gn
wa r n i n g a ga i n st open i n g t h em u n der
l oa d.
(3) Mobile an d port able equ ipmen t . (i )
Power cable con n ect ion s t o mobile ma-
ch in es. A met a l l i c en cl osu r e sh a l l be
pr ovi ded on t h e mobi l e ma ch i n e for en -
cl osi n g t h e t er mi n a l s of t h e power
ca bl e. Th e en cl osu r e sh a l l i n cl u de pr o-
vi si on s for a sol i d con n ect i on for t h e
gr ou n d wi r e(s) t er mi n a l t o effect i vel y
gr ou n d t h e ma ch i n e fr a me. Th e met h od
of ca bl e t er mi n a t i on u sed sh a l l pr even t
a n y st r a i n or pu l l on t h e ca bl e fr om
st r essi n g t h e el ect r i ca l con n ect i on s.
Th e en cl osu r e sh a l l h a ve pr ovi si on for
l ock i n g so on l y a u t h or i zed qu a l i fi ed
per son s ma y open i t a n d sh a l l be
ma r k ed wi t h a si gn wa r n i n g of t h e
pr esen ce of en er gi zed pa r t s.
(i i ) Gu ardin g live part s. Al l en er gi zed
swi t ch i n g a n d con t r ol pa r t s sh a l l be en -
cl osed i n effect i vel y gr ou n ded met a l
ca bi n et s or en cl osu r es. Ci r cu i t br ea k -
er s a n d pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l
h a ve t h e oper a t i n g mea n s pr oj ect i n g
t h r ou gh t h e met a l ca bi n et or en cl osu r e
so t h ese u n i t s ca n be r eset wi t h ou t
l ock ed door s bei n g open ed. En cl osu r es
a n d met a l ca bi n et s sh a l l be l ock ed so
t h a t on l y a u t h or i zed qu a l i fi ed per son s
h a ve a ccess a n d sh a l l be ma r k ed wi t h a
E
R
1
4
F
E
0
7
.
0
0
0
<
/
G
P
H
>
<
/
R
E
V
T
X
T
>
<
/
E
F
F
D
N
O
T
P
>
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
882
si gn wa r n i n g of t h e pr esen ce of en er -
gi zed pa r t s. Col l ect or r i n g a ssembl i es
on r evol vi n g-t y pe ma ch i n es (sh ovel s,
dr a gl i n es, et c. ) sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(4) T u n n el in st allat ion (i ) Applicat ion .
Th e pr ovi si on s of t h i s pa r a gr a ph a ppl y
t o i n st a l l a t i on a n d u se of h i gh -vol t a ge
power di st r i bu t i on a n d u t i l i za t i on
equ i pmen t wh i ch i s por t a bl e a n d/or mo-
bi l e, su ch a s su bst a t i on s, t r a i l er s, ca r s,
mobi l e sh ovel s, dr a gl i n es, h oi st s, dr i l l s,
dr edges, compr essor s, pu mps, con -
vey or s, a n d u n der gr ou n d exca va t or s.
(i i ) Con du ct ors. Con du ct or s i n t u n n el s
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n on e or mor e of t h e
fol l owi n g:
(A) Met a l con du i t or ot h er met a l
r a cewa y ,
(B) Ty pe MC ca bl e, or
(C) Ot h er a ppr oved mu l t i con du ct or
ca bl e.
Con du ct or s sh a l l a l so be so l oca t ed or
gu a r ded a s t o pr ot ect t h em fr om ph y s-
i ca l da ma ge. Mu l t i con du ct or por t a bl e
ca bl e ma y su ppl y mobi l e equ i pmen t .
An equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or
sh a l l be r u n wi t h ci r cu i t con du ct or s i n -
si de t h e met a l r a cewa y or i n si de t h e
mu l t i con du ct or ca bl e j a ck et . Th e
equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g con du ct or ma y
be i n su l a t ed or ba r e.
(i i i ) Gu ardin g live part s. Ba r e t er mi -
n a l s of t r a n sfor mer s, swi t ch es, mot or
con t r ol l er s, a n d ot h er equ i pmen t sh a l l
be en cl osed t o pr even t a cci den t a l con -
t a ct wi t h en er gi zed pa r t s. En cl osu r es
for u se i n t u n n el s sh a l l be dr i p-pr oof,
wea t h er pr oof, or su bmer si bl e a s r e-
qu i r ed by t h e en vi r on men t a l con di -
t i on s.
(i v) Discon n ect in g mean s. A di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s t h a t si mu l t a n eou sl y
open s a l l u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s sh a l l
be i n st a l l ed a t ea ch t r a n sfor mer or
mot or l oca t i on .
(v) Grou n din g an d bon din g. Al l n on -
en er gi zed met a l pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i p-
men t a n d met a l r a cewa y s a n d ca bl e
sh ea t h s sh a l l be effect i vel y gr ou n ded
a n d bon ded t o a l l met a l pi pes a n d r a i l s
a t t h e por t a l a n d a t i n t er va l s n ot ex-
ceedi n g 1000 feet t h r ou gh ou t t h e t u n -
n el .
(b) Emergen cy power sy st ems(1)
Scope. Th e pr ovi si on s for emer gen cy
sy st ems a ppl y t o ci r cu i t s, sy st ems, a n d
equ i pmen t i n t en ded t o su ppl y power
for i l l u mi n a t i on a n d speci a l l oa ds, i n
t h e even t of fa i l u r e of t h e n or ma l su p-
pl y .
(2) Wirin g met h ods. Emer gen cy ci r cu i t
wi r i n g sh a l l be k ept en t i r el y i n de-
pen den t of a l l ot h er wi r i n g a n d equ i p-
men t a n d ma y n ot en t er t h e sa me r a ce-
wa y , ca bl e, box, or ca bi n et or ot h er
wi r i n g except ei t h er wh er e common
ci r cu i t el emen t s su i t a bl e for t h e pu r -
pose a r e r equ i r ed, or for t r a n sfer r i n g
power fr om t h e n or ma l t o t h e emer -
gen cy sou r ce.
(3) Emergen cy illu min at ion . Wh er e
emer gen cy l i gh t i n g i s n ecessa r y , t h e
sy st em sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t t h e
fa i l u r e of a n y i n di vi du a l l i gh t i n g el e-
men t , su ch a s t h e bu r n i n g ou t of a
l i gh t bu l b, ca n n ot l ea ve a n y spa ce i n
t ot a l da r k n ess.
(c) Class 1, Class 2, an d Class 3 remot e
con t rol, sign alin g, an d power-limit ed cir-
cu it s(1) Classif icat ion . Cl a ss 1, Cl a ss 2,
or Cl a ss 3 r emot e con t r ol , si gn a l i n g, or
power -l i mi t ed ci r cu i t s a r e ch a r a ct er -
i zed by t h ei r u sa ge a n d el ect r i ca l power
l i mi t a t i on wh i ch di ffer en t i a t es t h em
fr om l i gh t a n d power ci r cu i t s. Th ese
ci r cu i t s a r e cl a ssi fi ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h ei r r espect i ve vol t a ge a n d power
l i mi t a t i on s a s su mma r i zed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (c)(1)(i ) t h r ou gh (c)(1)(i i i ) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i ) Class 1 circu it s. (A) A Cl a ss 1
power -l i mi t ed ci r cu i t i s su ppl i ed fr om
a sou r ce h a vi n g a r a t ed ou t pu t of n ot
mor e t h a n 30 vol t s a n d 1000 vol t -a m-
per es.
(B) A Cl a ss 1 r emot e con t r ol ci r cu i t
or a Cl a ss 1 si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t h a s a vol t -
a ge wh i ch does n ot exceed 600 vol t s;
h owever , t h e power ou t pu t of t h e
sou r ce n eed n ot be l i mi t ed.
(i i ) Class 2 an d Class 3 circu it s. (A)
P ower for Cl a ss 2 a n d Cl a ss 3 ci r cu i t s i s
l i mi t ed ei t h er i n h er en t l y (i n wh i ch n o
over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on i s r equ i r ed) or
by a combi n a t i on of a power sou r ce a n d
over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on .
(B) Th e ma xi mu m ci r cu i t vol t a ge i s
150 vol t s AC or DC for a Cl a ss 2 i n h er -
en t l y l i mi t ed power sou r ce, a n d 100
vol t s AC or DC for a Cl a ss 3 i n h er en t l y
l i mi t ed power sou r ce.
(C) Th e ma xi mu m ci r cu i t vol t a ge i s
30 vol t s AC a n d 60 vol t s DC for a Cl a ss
2 power sou r ce l i mi t ed by over cu r r en t
pr ot ect i on , a n d 150 vol t s AC or DC for
a Cl a ss 3 power sou r ce l i mi t ed by over -
cu r r en t pr ot ect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
883
(i i i ) Th e ma xi mu m ci r cu i t vol t a ges
i n pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1)(i ) a n d (c)(1)(i i ) of
t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o si n u soi da l AC or
con t i n u ou s DC power sou r ces, a n d
wh er e wet con t a ct occu r en ce i s n ot
l i k el y .
(2) Mark in g. A Cl a ss 2 or Cl a ss 3
power su ppl y u n i t sh a l l be du r a bl y
ma r k ed wh er e pl a i n l y vi si bl e t o i n di -
ca t e t h e cl a ss of su ppl y a n d i t s el ec-
t r i ca l r a t i n g. (S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
(d) Fire prot ect ive sign alin g sy st ems.
(S ee 1910. 302(b)(3). )
(1) Classif icat ion s. F i r e pr ot ect i ve si g-
n a l i n g ci r cu i t s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed ei t h er
a s n on -power l i mi t ed or power l i mi t ed.
(2) Power sou rces. Th e power sou r ces
for u se wi t h fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t s sh a l l be ei t h er power l i mi t ed
or n on l i mi t ed a s fol l ows:
(i ) Th e power su ppl y of n on -power -
l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r -
cu i t s sh a l l h a ve a n ou t pu t vol t a ge n ot
i n excess of 600 vol t s.
(i i ) Th e power for power -l i mi t ed fi r e
pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t s sh a l l be
ei t h er i n h er en t l y l i mi t ed, i n wh i ch n o
over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on i s r equ i r ed, or
l i mi t ed by a combi n a t i on of a power
sou r ce a n d over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on .
(3) Non -power-limit ed con du ct or loca-
t ion . Non -power -l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve
si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t s a n d Cl a ss 1 ci r cu i t s
ma y occu py t h e sa me en cl osu r e, ca bl e,
or r a cewa y pr ovi ded a l l con du ct or s a r e
i n su l a t ed for ma xi mu m vol t a ge of a n y
con du ct or wi t h i n t h e en cl osu r e, ca bl e,
or r a cewa y . P ower su ppl y a n d fi r e pr o-
t ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t con du ct or s a r e
per mi t t ed i n t h e sa me en cl osu r e, ca bl e,
or r a cewa y on l y i f con n ect ed t o t h e
sa me equ i pmen t .
(4) Power-limit ed con du ct or locat ion .
Wh er e open con du ct or s a r e i n st a l l ed,
power -l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t s sh a l l be sepa r a t ed a t l ea st 2
i n ch es fr om con du ct or s of a n y l i gh t ,
power , Cl a ss 1, a n d n on -power -l i mi t ed
fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t s u n l ess
a speci a l a n d equ a l l y pr ot ect i ve met h -
od of con du ct or sepa r a t i on i s em-
pl oy ed. Ca bl es a n d con du ct or s of t wo or
mor e power -l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve si g-
n a l i n g ci r cu i t s or Cl a ss 3 ci r cu i t s a r e
per mi t t ed i n t h e sa me ca bl e, en cl osu r e,
or r a cewa y . Con du ct or s of on e or mor e
Cl a ss 2 ci r cu i t s a r e per mi t t ed wi t h i n
t h e sa me ca bl e, en cl osu r e, or r a cewa y
wi t h con du ct or s of power -l i mi t ed fi r e
pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t s pr ovi ded
t h a t t h e i n su l a t i on of Cl a ss 2 ci r cu i t
con du ct or s i n t h e ca bl e, en cl osu r e, or
r a cewa y i s a t l ea st t h a t n eeded for t h e
power -l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t s.
(5) I den t if icat ion . F i r e pr ot ect i ve si g-
n a l i n g ci r cu i t s sh a l l be i den t i fi ed a t
t er mi n a l a n d j u n ct i on l oca t i on s i n a
ma n n er wh i ch wi l l pr even t u n i n t en -
t i on a l i n t er fer en ce wi t h t h e si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t du r i n g t est i n g a n d ser vi ci n g.
P ower -l i mi t ed fi r e pr ot ect i ve si gn a l i n g
ci r cu i t s sh a l l be du r a bl y ma r k ed a s
su ch wh er e pl a i n l y vi si bl e a t t er mi -
n a t i on s.
(e) Commu n icat ion s sy st ems(1) Scope.
Th ese pr ovi si on s for commu n i ca t i on
sy st ems a ppl y t o su ch sy st ems a s cen -
t r a l -st a t i on -con n ect ed a n d n on -cen -
t r a l -st a t i on -con n ect ed t el eph on e ci r -
cu i t s, r a di o a n d t el evi si on r ecei vi n g
a n d t r a n smi t t i n g equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g
commu n i t y a n t en n a t el evi si on a n d
r a di o di st r i bu t i on sy st ems, t el egr a ph ,
di st r i ct messen ger , a n d ou t si de wi r i n g
for fi r e a n d bu r gl a r a l a r m, a n d si mi l a r
cen t r a l st a t i on sy st ems. Th ese i n st a l -
l a t i on s n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e pr ovi -
si on s of 1910. 303 t h r ou gh 1910. 308(d),
except 1910. 304(c)(1) a n d 1910. 307(b).
(2) Prot ect ive devices. (i ) Commu n i ca -
t i on ci r cu i t s so l oca t ed a s t o be ex-
posed t o a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h l i gh t
or power con du ct or s oper a t i n g a t over
300 vol t s sh a l l h a ve ea ch ci r cu i t so ex-
posed pr ovi ded wi t h a pr ot ect or a p-
pr oved for t h e pu r pose.
(i i ) Ea ch con du ct or of a l ea d-i n fr om
a n ou t door a n t en n a sh a l l be pr ovi ded
wi t h a n a n t en n a di sch a r ge u n i t or
ot h er su i t a bl e mea n s t h a t wi l l dr a i n
st a t i c ch a r ges fr om t h e a n t en n a sy s-
t em.
(3) Con du ct or locat ion (i ) Ou t side of
bu ildin gs. (a) Recei vi n g di st r i bu t i on
l ea d-i n or a er i a l -dr op ca bl es a t t a ch ed
t o bu i l di n gs a n d l ea d-i n con du ct or s t o
r a di o t r a n smi t t er s sh a l l be so i n st a l l ed
a s t o a voi d t h e possi bi l i t y of a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h el ect r i c l i gh t or power
con du ct or s.
(b) Th e cl ea r a n ce bet ween l ea d-i n
con du ct or s a n d a n y l i gh t n i n g pr ot ec-
t i on con du ct or s ma y n ot be l ess t h a n 6
feet .
(i i ) On poles. Wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e, com-
mu n i ca t i on con du ct or s on pol es sh a l l
be l oca t ed bel ow t h e l i gh t or power
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
884
con du ct or s. Commu n i ca t i on s con du c-
t or s ma y n ot be a t t a ch ed t o a cr ossa r m
t h a t ca r r i es l i gh t or power con du ct or s.
(i i i ) I n side of bu ildin gs. I n door a n t en -
n a s, l ea d-i n s, a n d ot h er commu n i ca t i on
con du ct or s a t t a ch ed a s open con du c-
t or s t o t h e i n si de of bu i l di n gs sh a l l be
l oca t ed a t l ea st 2 i n ch es fr om con du c-
t or s of a n y l i gh t or power or Cl a ss 1
ci r cu i t s u n l ess a speci a l a n d equ a l l y
pr ot ect i ve met h od of con du ct or sepa r a -
t i on , a ppr oved for t h e pu r pose, i s em-
pl oy ed.
(4) Equ ipmen t locat ion . Ou t door met a l
st r u ct u r es su ppor t i n g a n t en n a s, a s wel l
a s sel f-su ppor t i n g a n t en n a s su ch a s
ver t i ca l r ods or di pol e st r u ct u r es, sh a l l
be l oca t ed a s fa r a wa y fr om over h ea d
con du ct or s of el ect r i c l i gh t a n d power
ci r cu i t s of over 150 vol t s t o gr ou n d a s
n ecessa r y t o a voi d t h e possi bi l i t y of
t h e a n t en n a or st r u ct u r e fa l l i n g i n t o or
ma k i n g a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h su ch
ci r cu i t s.
(5) Grou n din g(i ) L ead-in con du ct ors.
I f exposed t o con t a ct wi t h el ect r i c
l i gh t a n d power con du ct or s, t h e met a l
sh ea t h of a er i a l ca bl es en t er i n g bu i l d-
i n gs sh a l l be gr ou n ded or sh a l l be i n t er -
r u pt ed cl ose t o t h e en t r a n ce t o t h e
bu i l di n g by a n i n su l a t i n g j oi n t or
equ i va l en t devi ce. Wh er e pr ot ect i ve de-
vi ces a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l be gr ou n ded
i n a n a ppr oved ma n n er .
(i i ) An t en n a st ru ct u res. Ma st s a n d
met a l st r u ct u r es su ppor t i n g a n t en n a s
sh a l l be per ma n en t l y a n d effect i vel y
gr ou n ded wi t h ou t spl i ce or con n ect i on
i n t h e gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(i i i ) Equ ipmen t en closu res. Tr a n smi t -
t er s sh a l l be en cl osed i n a met a l fr a me
or gr i l l or sepa r a t ed fr om t h e oper a t i n g
spa ce by a ba r r i er , a l l met a l l i c pa r t s of
wh i ch a r e effect i vel y con n ect ed t o
gr ou n d. Al l ext er n a l met a l h a n dl es a n d
con t r ol s a ccessi bl e t o t h e oper a t i n g
per son n el sh a l l be effect i vel y gr ou n ded.
Un power ed equ i pmen t a n d en cl osu r es
sh a l l be con si der ed gr ou n ded wh er e
con n ect ed t o a n a t t a ch ed coa xi a l ca bl e
wi t h a n effect i vel y gr ou n ded met a l l i c
sh i el d.
[46 F R 4056, J a n . 16, 1981; 46 F R 40185, Au g. 7,
1981]
1910.308 Special systems.
(a ) Sy st ems over 600 volt s, n omin al. Th i s
pa r a gr a ph cover s t h e gen er a l r equ i r emen t s
for a l l ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t oper a t ed a t
over 600 vol t s.
(1) Abovegrou n d wirin g met h ods. (i ) Above-
gr ou n d con du ct or s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed i n r i gi d
met a l con du i t , i n i n t er medi a t e met a l con -
du i t , i n el ect r i ca l met a l l i c t u bi n g, i n r i gi d
n on met a l l i c con du i t , i n ca bl e t r a y s, a s
bu swa y s, a s ca bl ebu s, i n ot h er i den t i fi ed
r a cewa y s, or a s open r u n s of met a l -cl a d ca bl e
su i t a bl e for t h e u se a n d pu r pose. I n l oca t i on s
a ccessi bl e t o qu a l i fi ed per son s on l y , open
r u n s of Ty pe MV ca bl es, ba r e con du ct or s,
a n d ba r e bu sba r s a r e a l so per mi t t ed. Bu sba r s
sh a l l be ei t h er copper or a l u mi n u m. Open
r u n s of i n su l a t ed wi r es a n d ca bl es h a vi n g a
ba r e l ea d sh ea t h or a br a i ded ou t er cover i n g
sh a l l be su ppor t ed i n a ma n n er desi gn ed t o
pr even t ph y si ca l da ma ge t o t h e br a i d or
sh ea t h .
(i i ) Con du ct or s emer gi n g fr om t h e gr ou n d
sh a l l be en cl osed i n a ppr oved r a cewa y s.
(2) Braid-covered in su lat ed con du ct orsopen
in st allat ion s. Th e br a i d on open r u n s of br a i d-
cover ed i n su l a t ed con du ct or s sh a l l be fl a me
r et a r da n t or sh a l l h a ve a fl a me-r et a r da n t
sa t u r a n t a ppl i ed a ft er i n st a l l a t i on . Th i s
t r ea t ed br a i d cover i n g sh a l l be st r i pped ba ck
a sa fe di st a n ce a t con du ct or t er mi n a l s, a c-
cor di n g t o t h e oper a t i n g vol t a ge.
(3) I n su lat ion sh ieldin g. (i ) Met a l l i c a n d
semi con du ct or i n su l a t i on sh i el di n g compo-
n en t s of sh i el ded ca bl es sh a l l be r emoved for
a di st a n ce depen den t on t h e ci r cu i t vol t a ge
a n d i n su l a t i on . S t r ess r edu ct i on mea n s sh a l l
be pr ovi ded a t a l l t er mi n a t i on s of fa ct or y -
a ppl i ed sh i el di n g.
(i i ) Met a l l i c sh i el di n g compon en t s su ch a s
t a pes, wi r es, or br a i ds, or combi n a t i on s
t h er eof, a n d t h ei r a ssoci a t ed con du ct i n g a n d
semi con du ct i n g compon en t s sh a l l be gr ou n d-
ed.
(4) Moist u re or mech an ical prot ect ion f or
met al-sh eat h ed cables. Wh er e ca bl e con du ct or s
emer ge fr om a met a l sh ea t h a n d wh er e pr o-
t ect i on a ga i n st moi st u r e or ph y si ca l da ma ge
i s n ecessa r y , t h e i n su l a t i on of t h e con du c-
t or s sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a ca bl e sh ea t h t er -
mi n a t i n g devi ce.
(5) I n t erru pt in g an d isolat in g devices. (i ) Ci r -
cu i t br ea k er i n st a l l a t i on s l oca t ed i n door s
sh a l l con si st of met a l -en cl osed u n i t s or fi r e-
r esi st a n t cel l -mou n t ed u n i t s. I n l oca t i on s a c-
cessi bl e on l y t o qu a l i fi ed empl oy ees, open
mou n t i n g of ci r cu i t br ea k er s i s per mi t t ed. A
mea n s of i n di ca t i n g t h e open a n d cl osed posi -
t i on of ci r cu i t br ea k er s sh a l l be pr ovi ded.
(i i ) Wh er e fu ses a r e u sed t o pr ot ect con du c-
t or s a n d equ i pmen t , a fu se sh a l l be pl a ced i n
ea ch u n gr ou n ded con du ct or . Two power fu ses
ma y be u sed i n pa r a l l el t o pr ot ect t h e sa me
l oa d, i f bot h fu ses h a ve i den t i ca l r a t i n gs, a n d
i f bot h fu ses a r e i n st a l l ed i n a n i den t i fi ed
common mou n t i n g wi t h el ect r i ca l con n ec-
t i on s t h a t wi l l di vi de t h e cu r r en t equ a l l y .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
885
P ower fu ses of t h e ven t ed t y pe ma y n ot be
u sed i n door s, u n der gr ou n d, or i n met a l en -
cl osu r es u n l ess i den t i fi ed for t h e u se.
(i i i ) F u sed cu t ou t s i n st a l l ed i n bu i l di n gs or
t r a n sfor mer va u l t s sh a l l be of a t y pe i den t i -
fi ed for t h e pu r pose. Di st r i bu t i on cu t ou t s
ma y n ot be u sed i n door s, u n der gr ou n d, or i n
met a l en cl osu r es. Th ey sh a l l be r ea di l y a c-
cessi bl e for fu se r epl a cemen t .
(i v) Wh er e fu sed cu t ou t s a r e n ot su i t a bl e t o
i n t er r u pt t h e ci r cu i t ma n u a l l y wh i l e ca r -
r y i n g fu l l l oa d, a n a ppr oved mea n s sh a l l be
i n st a l l ed t o i n t er r u pt t h e en t i r e l oa d. Un l ess
t h e fu sed cu t ou t s a r e i n t er l ock ed wi t h t h e
swi t ch t o pr even t open i n g of t h e cu t ou t s
u n der l oa d, a con spi cu ou s si gn sh a l l be
pl a ced a t su ch cu t ou t s r ea di n g: WARN-
I NGDO NOT OP ERATE UNDER LOAD.
(v) S u i t a bl e ba r r i er s or en cl osu r es sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o pr even t con t a ct wi t h n on sh i el ded
ca bl es or en er gi zed pa r t s of oi l -fi l l ed cu t ou t s.
(vi ) Loa d i n t er r u pt er swi t ch es ma y be u sed
on l y i f su i t a bl e fu ses or ci r cu i t s a r e u sed i n
con j u n ct i on wi t h t h ese devi ces t o i n t er r u pt
fa u l t cu r r en t s.
(A) Wh er e t h ese devi ces a r e u sed i n com-
bi n a t i on , t h ey sh a l l be coor di n a t ed el ec-
t r i ca l l y so t h a t t h ey wi l l sa fel y wi t h st a n d
t h e effect s of cl osi n g, ca r r y i n g, or i n t er -
r u pt i n g a l l possi bl e cu r r en t s u p t o t h e a s-
si gn ed ma xi mu m sh or t -ci r cu i t r a t i n g.
(B) Wh er e mor e t h a n on e swi t ch i s i n -
st a l l ed wi t h i n t er con n ect ed l oa d t er mi n a l s
t o pr ovi de for a l t er n a t e con n ect i on t o di f-
fer en t su ppl y con du ct or s, ea ch swi t ch sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h a con spi cu ou s si gn r ea di n g:
WARNI NGS WI TCH MAY BE ENERGI ZED
BY BACKF EED.
(vi i ) A mea n s (for exa mpl e, a fu seh ol der
a n d fu se desi gn ed for t h e pu r pose) sh a l l be
pr ovi ded t o compl et el y i sol a t e equ i pmen t for
i n spect i on a n d r epa i r s. I sol a t i n g mea n s t h a t
a r e n ot desi gn ed t o i n t er r u pt t h e l oa d cu r -
r en t of t h e ci r cu i t sh a l l be ei t h er i n t er l ock ed
wi t h a n a ppr oved ci r cu i t i n t er r u pt er or pr o-
vi ded wi t h a si gn wa r n i n g a ga i n st open i n g
t h em u n der l oa d.
(6) Mobile an d port able equ ipmen t . (i ) A me-
t a l l i c en cl osu r e sh a l l be pr ovi ded on t h e mo-
bi l e ma ch i n e for en cl osi n g t h e t er mi n a l s of
t h e power ca bl e. Th e en cl osu r e sh a l l i n cl u de
pr ovi si on s for a sol i d con n ect i on for t h e
gr ou n di n g t er mi n a l t o effect i vel y gr ou n d t h e
ma ch i n e fr a me. Th e met h od of ca bl e t er mi -
n a t i on u sed sh a l l pr even t a n y st r a i n or pu l l
on t h e ca bl e fr om st r essi n g t h e el ect r i ca l
con n ect i on s. Th e en cl osu r e sh a l l h a ve pr ovi -
si on for l ock i n g so on l y a u t h or i zed qu a l i fi ed
per son s ma y open i t a n d sh a l l be ma r k ed
wi t h a si gn wa r n i n g of t h e pr esen ce of en er -
gi zed pa r t s.
(i i ) Al l en er gi zed swi t ch i n g a n d con t r ol
pa r t s sh a l l be en cl osed i n effect i vel y gr ou n d-
ed met a l ca bi n et s or en cl osu r es. Ci r cu i t
br ea k er s a n d pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l
h a ve t h e oper a t i n g mea n s pr oj ect i n g t h r ou gh
t h e met a l ca bi n et or en cl osu r e so t h ese u n i t s
ca n be r eset wi t h ou t l ock ed door s bei n g
open ed. En cl osu r es a n d met a l ca bi n et s sh a l l
be l ock ed so t h a t on l y a u t h or i zed qu a l i fi ed
per son s h a ve a ccess a n d sh a l l be ma r k ed
wi t h a si gn wa r n i n g of t h e pr esen ce of en er -
gi zed pa r t s. Col l ect or r i n g a ssembl i es on r e-
vol vi n g-t y pe ma ch i n es (sh ovel s, dr a gl i n es,
et c. ) sh a l l be gu a r ded.
(7) T u n n el in st allat ion s. Th i s pa r a gr a ph a p-
pl i es t o i n st a l l a t i on a n d u se of h i gh -vol t a ge
power di st r i bu t i on a n d u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t
t h a t i s por t a bl e or mobi l e, su ch a s su b-
st a t i on s, t r a i l er s, ca r s, mobi l e sh ovel s, dr a g-
l i n es, h oi st s, dr i l l s, dr edges, compr essor s,
pu mps, con vey or s, a n d u n der gr ou n d exca -
va t or s.
(i ) Con du ct or s i n t u n n el s sh a l l be i n st a l l ed
i n on e or mor e of t h e fol l owi n g:
(A) Met a l con du i t or ot h er met a l r a cewa y ;
(B) Ty pe MC ca bl e; or
(C) Ot h er a ppr oved mu l t i con du ct or ca bl e.
(i i ) Mu l t i con du ct or por t a bl e ca bl e ma y
su ppl y mobi l e equ i pmen t .
(i i i ) Con du ct or s a n d ca bl es sh a l l a l so be so
l oca t ed or gu a r ded a s t o pr ot ect t h em fr om
ph y si ca l da ma ge. An equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or sh a l l be r u n wi t h ci r cu i t con du c-
t or s i n si de t h e met a l r a cewa y or i n si de t h e
mu l t i con du ct or ca bl e j a ck et . Th e equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or ma y be i n su l a t ed or
ba r e.
(i v) Ba r e t er mi n a l s of t r a n sfor mer s,
swi t ch es, mot or con t r ol l er s, a n d ot h er equ i p-
men t sh a l l be en cl osed t o pr even t a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h en er gi zed pa r t s.
(v) En cl osu r es for u se i n t u n n el s sh a l l be
dr i p-pr oof, wea t h er pr oof, or su bmer si bl e a s
r equ i r ed by t h e en vi r on men t a l con di t i on s.
(vi ) S wi t ch or con t a ct or en cl osu r es ma y
n ot be u sed a s j u n ct i on boxes or r a cewa y s for
con du ct or s feedi n g t h r ou gh or t a ppi n g off t o
ot h er swi t ch es, u n l ess speci a l desi gn s a r e
u sed t o pr ovi de a dequ a t e spa ce for t h i s pu r -
pose.
(vi i ) A di scon n ect i n g mea n s t h a t si mu l t a -
n eou sl y open s a l l u n gr ou n ded con du ct or s
sh a l l be i n st a l l ed a t ea ch t r a n sfor mer or
mot or l oca t i on .
(vi i i ) Al l n on en er gi zed met a l pa r t s of el ec-
t r i c equ i pmen t a n d met a l r a cewa y s a n d ca bl e
sh ea t h s sh a l l be effect i vel y gr ou n ded a n d
bon ded t o a l l met a l pi pes a n d r a i l s a t t h e
por t a l a n d a t i n t er va l s n ot exceedi n g 305 m
(1000 ft ) t h r ou gh ou t t h e t u n n el .
(b) Emergen cy power sy st ems. Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a ppl i es t o ci r cu i t s, sy st ems, a n d equ i p-
men t i n t en ded t o su ppl y power for i l l u mi n a -
t i on a n d speci a l l oa ds i n t h e even t of fa i l u r e
of t h e n or ma l su ppl y .
(1) Wirin g met h ods. Emer gen cy ci r cu i t wi r -
i n g sh a l l be k ept en t i r el y i n depen den t of a l l
ot h er wi r i n g a n d equ i pmen t a n d ma y n ot
en t er t h e sa me r a cewa y , ca bl e, box, or ca bi -
n et or ot h er wi r i n g except ei t h er wh er e com-
mon ci r cu i t el emen t s su i t a bl e for t h e pu r -
pose a r e r equ i r ed, or for t r a n sfer r i n g power
fr om t h e n or ma l t o t h e emer gen cy sou r ce.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
886
(2) Emergen cy illu min at ion . Emer gen cy i l l u -
mi n a t i on sh a l l i n cl u de a l l r equ i r ed mea n s of
egr ess l i gh t i n g, i l l u mi n a t ed exi t si gn s, a n d
a l l ot h er l i gh t s n ecessa r y t o pr ovi de i l l u -
mi n a t i on . Wh er e emer gen cy l i gh t i n g i s n ec-
essa r y , t h e sy st em sh a l l be so a r r a n ged t h a t
t h e fa i l u r e of a n y i n di vi du a l l i gh t i n g el e-
men t , su ch a s t h e bu r n i n g ou t of a l i gh t bu l b,
ca n n ot l ea ve a n y spa ce i n t ot a l da r k n ess.
(3) Sign s. (i ) A si gn sh a l l be pl a ced a t t h e
ser vi ce en t r a n ce equ i pmen t i n di ca t i n g t h e
t y pe a n d l oca t i on of on -si t e emer gen cy
power sou r ces. However , a si gn i s n ot r e-
qu i r ed for i n di vi du a l u n i t equ i pmen t .
(i i ) Wh er e t h e gr ou n ded ci r cu i t con du ct or
con n ect ed t o t h e emer gen cy sou r ce i s con -
n ect ed t o a gr ou n di n g el ect r ode con du ct or a t
a l oca t i on r emot e fr om t h e emer gen cy
sou r ce, t h er e sh a l l be a si gn a t t h e gr ou n di n g
l oca t i on t h a t sh a l l i den t i fy a l l emer gen cy
a n d n or ma l sou r ces con n ect ed a t t h a t l oca -
t i on .
(c) Class 1, Class 2, an d Class 3 remot e con -
t rol, sign alin g, an d power-limit ed circu it s(1)
Classif icat ion . Cl a ss 1, Cl a ss 2, a n d Cl a ss 3 r e-
mot e con t r ol , si gn a l i n g, or power -l i mi t ed
ci r cu i t s a r e ch a r a ct er i zed by t h ei r u sa ge a n d
el ect r i ca l power l i mi t a t i on t h a t di ffer en -
t i a t es t h em fr om l i gh t a n d power ci r cu i t s.
Th ese ci r cu i t s a r e cl a ssi fi ed i n a ccor da n ce
wi t h t h ei r r espect i ve vol t a ge a n d power l i mi -
t a t i on s a s su mma r i zed i n pa r a gr a ph s (c)(1)(i )
t h r ou gh (c)(1)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(i ) A Cl a ss 1 power -l i mi t ed ci r cu i t sh a l l be
su ppl i ed fr om a sou r ce h a vi n g a r a t ed ou t pu t
of n ot mor e t h a n 30 vol t s a n d 1000 vol t -a m-
per es.
(i i ) A Cl a ss 1 r emot e con t r ol ci r cu i t or a
Cl a ss 1 si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t sh a l l h a ve a vol t a ge
n ot exceedi n g 600 vol t s; h owever , t h e power
ou t pu t of t h e sou r ce n eed n ot be l i mi t ed.
(i i i ) Th e power sou r ce for a Cl a ss 2 or Cl a ss
3 ci r cu i t sh a l l be l i st ed equ i pmen t ma r k ed a s
a Cl a ss 2 or Cl a ss 3 power sou r ce, except a s
fol l ows:
(A) Th er mocou pl es do n ot r equ i r e l i st i n g
a s a Cl a ss 2 power sou r ce; a n d
(B) A dr y cel l ba t t er y i s con si der ed a n i n -
h er en t l y l i mi t ed Cl a ss 2 power sou r ce, pr o-
vi ded t h e vol t a ge i s 30 vol t s or l ess a n d t h e
ca pa ci t y i s l ess t h a n or equ a l t o t h a t a va i l -
a bl e fr om ser i es-con n ect ed No. 6 ca r bon zi n c
cel l s.
(2) Mark in g. A Cl a ss 2 or Cl a ss 3 power su p-
pl y u n i t sh a l l be du r a bl y ma r k ed wh er e
pl a i n l y vi si bl e t o i n di ca t e t h e cl a ss of su ppl y
a n d i t s el ect r i ca l r a t i n g.
(3) Separat ion f rom con du ct ors of ot h er cir-
cu it s. Ca bl es a n d con du ct or s of Cl a ss 2 a n d
Cl a ss 3 ci r cu i t s ma y n ot be pl a ced i n a n y
ca bl e, ca bl e t r a y , compa r t men t , en cl osu r e,
ma n h ol e, ou t l et box, devi ce box, r a cewa y , or
si mi l a r fi t t i n g wi t h con du ct or s of el ect r i c
l i gh t , power , Cl a ss 1, n on power -l i mi t ed fi r e
a l a r m ci r cu i t s, a n d medi u m power n et wor k -
power ed br oa dba n d commu n i ca t i on s ca bl es
u n l ess a ba r r i er or ot h er equ i va l en t for m of
pr ot ect i on a ga i n st con t a ct i s empl oy ed.
(d) Fire alarm sy st ems(1) Classif icat ion s.
F i r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s sh a l l be cl a ssi fi ed ei t h er
a s n on power l i mi t ed or power l i mi t ed.
(2) Power sou rces. Th e power sou r ces for u se
wi t h fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s sh a l l be ei t h er power
l i mi t ed or n on power l i mi t ed a s fol l ows:
(i ) Th e power sou r ce of n on power -l i mi t ed
fi r e a l a r m (NP LF A) ci r cu i t s sh a l l h a ve a n
ou t pu t vol t a ge of n ot mor e t h a n 600 vol t s,
n omi n a l ; a n d
(i i ) Th e power sou r ce for a power -l i mi t ed
fi r e a l a r m (P LF A) ci r cu i t sh a l l be l i st ed
equ i pmen t ma r k ed a s a P LF A power sou r ce.
(3) Separat ion f rom con du ct ors of ot h er cir-
cu it s. (i ) Non power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m ci r -
cu i t s a n d Cl a ss 1 ci r cu i t s ma y occu py t h e
sa me en cl osu r e, ca bl e, or r a cewa y pr ovi ded
a l l con du ct or s a r e i n su l a t ed for ma xi mu m
vol t a ge of a n y con du ct or wi t h i n t h e en cl o-
su r e, ca bl e, or r a cewa y . P ower su ppl y a n d
fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t con du ct or s a r e per mi t t ed
i n t h e sa me en cl osu r e, ca bl e, or r a cewa y
on l y i f con n ect ed t o t h e sa me equ i pmen t .
(i i ) P ower -l i mi t ed ci r cu i t ca bl es a n d con -
du ct or s ma y n ot be pl a ced i n a n y ca bl e,
ca bl e t r a y , compa r t men t , en cl osu r e, ou t l et
box, r a cewa y , or si mi l a r fi t t i n g wi t h con du c-
t or s of el ect r i c l i gh t , power , Cl a ss 1,
n on power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t con du c-
t or s, or medi u m power n et wor k -power ed
br oa dba n d commu n i ca t i on s ci r cu i t s.
(i i i ) P ower -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t con -
du ct or s sh a l l be sepa r a t ed a t l ea st 50. 8 mm (2
i n . ) fr om con du ct or s of a n y el ect r i c l i gh t ,
power , Cl a ss 1, n on power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m,
or medi u m power n et wor k -power ed
br oa dba n d commu n i ca t i on s ci r cu i t s u n l ess a
speci a l a n d equ a l l y pr ot ect i ve met h od of
con du ct or sepa r a t i on i s empl oy ed.
(i v) Con du ct or s of on e or mor e Cl a ss 2 ci r -
cu i t s a r e per mi t t ed wi t h i n t h e sa me ca bl e,
en cl osu r e, or r a cewa y wi t h con du ct or s of
power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s pr ovi ded
t h a t t h e i n su l a t i on of Cl a ss 2 ci r cu i t con du c-
t or s i n t h e ca bl e, en cl osu r e, or r a cewa y i s a t
l ea st t h a t n eeded for t h e power -l i mi t ed fi r e
a l a r m ci r cu i t s.
(4) I den t if icat ion . F i r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s sh a l l
be i den t i fi ed a t t er mi n a l a n d j u n ct i on l oca -
t i on s i n a ma n n er t h a t wi l l pr even t u n i n t en -
t i on a l i n t er fer en ce wi t h t h e si gn a l i n g ci r cu i t
du r i n g t est i n g a n d ser vi ci n g. P ower -l i mi t ed
fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t s sh a l l be du r a bl y ma r k ed
a s su ch wh er e pl a i n l y vi si bl e a t t er mi -
n a t i on s.
(e) Commu n icat ion s sy st ems. Th i s pa r a gr a ph
a ppl i es t o cen t r a l -st a t i on -con n ect ed a n d
n on -cen t r a l -st a t i on -con n ect ed t el eph on e ci r -
cu i t s, r a di o a n d t el evi si on r ecei vi n g a n d
t r a n smi t t i n g equ i pmen t , i n cl u di n g commu -
n i t y a n t en n a t el evi si on a n d r a di o di st r i bu -
t i on sy st ems, t el egr a ph , di st r i ct messen ger ,
a n d ou t si de wi r i n g for fi r e a n d bu r gl a r
a l a r m, a n d si mi l a r cen t r a l st a t i on sy st ems.
Th ese i n st a l l a t i on s n eed n ot compl y wi t h t h e
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
887
pr ovi si on s of 1910. 303 t h r ou gh 1910. 308(d),
except for 1910. 304(c)(1) a n d 1910. 307.
(1) Prot ect ive devices. (i ) A l i st ed pr i ma r y
pr ot ect or sh a l l be pr ovi ded on ea ch ci r cu i t
r u n pa r t l y or en t i r el y i n a er i a l wi r e or a er i a l
ca bl e n ot con fi n ed wi t h i n a bl ock .
(i i ) A l i st ed pr i ma r y pr ot ect or sh a l l be a l so
pr ovi ded on ea ch a er i a l or u n der gr ou n d ci r -
cu i t wh en t h e l oca t i on of t h e ci r cu i t wi t h i n
t h e bl ock con t a i n i n g t h e bu i l di n g ser ved a l -
l ows t h e ci r cu i t t o be exposed t o a cci den t a l
con t a ct wi t h el ect r i c l i gh t or power con du c-
t or s oper a t i n g a t over 300 vol t s t o gr ou n d.
(i i i ) I n a ddi t i on , wh er e t h er e exi st s a l i gh t -
n i n g exposu r e, ea ch i n t er bu i l di n g ci r cu i t on
pr emi ses sh a l l be pr ot ect ed by a l i st ed pr i -
ma r y pr ot ect or a t ea ch en d of t h e i n t er -
bu i l di n g ci r cu i t .
(2) Con du ct or locat ion . (i ) Lea d-i n or a er i a l -
dr op ca bl es fr om a pol e or ot h er su ppor t , i n -
cl u di n g t h e poi n t of i n i t i a l a t t a ch men t t o a
bu i l di n g or st r u ct u r e, sh a l l be k ept a wa y
fr om el ect r i c l i gh t , power , Cl a ss 1, or
n on power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m ci r cu i t con du c-
t or s so a s t o a voi d t h e possi bi l i t y of a cci -
(i i ) A sepa r a t i on of a t l ea st 1. 83 m (6 ft )
sh a l l be ma i n t a i n ed bet ween commu n i ca -
t i on s wi r es a n d ca bl es on bu i l di n gs a n d l i gh t -
n i n g con du ct or s.
(i i i ) Wh er e commu n i ca t i on s wi r es a n d ca -
bl es a n d el ect r i c l i gh t or power con du ct or s
a r e su ppor t ed by t h e sa me pol e or r u n pa r -
a l l el t o ea ch ot h er i n -spa n , t h e fol l owi n g
con di t i on s sh a l l be met :
(A) Wh er e pr a ct i ca bl e, commu n i ca t i on
wi r es a n d ca bl es on pol es sh a l l be l oca t ed
bel ow t h e el ect r i c l i gh t or power con du ct or s;
a n d
(B) Commu n i ca t i on s wi r es a n d ca bl es ma y
n ot be a t t a ch ed t o a cr ossa r m t h a t ca r r i es
el ect r i c l i gh t or power con du ct or s.
(i v) I n door commu n i ca t i on s wi r es a n d ca -
bl es sh a l l be sepa r a t ed a t l ea st 50. 8 mm (2
i n . ) fr om con du ct or s of a n y el ect r i c l i gh t ,
power , Cl a ss 1, n on power -l i mi t ed fi r e a l a r m,
or medi u m power n et wor k -power ed
br oa dba n d commu n i ca t i on s ci r cu i t s, u n l ess a
speci a l a n d equ a l l y pr ot ect i ve met h od of
con du ct or sepa r a t i on , i den t i fi ed for t h e pu r -
pose, i s empl oy ed.
(3) Equ ipmen t locat ion . Ou t door met a l
st r u ct u r es su ppor t i n g a n t en n a s, a s wel l a s
sel f-su ppor t i n g a n t en n a s su ch a s ver t i ca l
r ods or di pol e st r u ct u r es, sh a l l be l oca t ed a s
fa r a wa y fr om over h ea d con du ct or s of el ec-
t r i c l i gh t a n d power ci r cu i t s of over 150 vol t s
t o gr ou n d a s n ecessa r y t o pr even t t h e a n -
t en n a or st r u ct u r e fr om fa l l i n g i n t o or ma k -
i n g a cci den t a l con t a ct wi t h su ch ci r cu i t s.
(4) Grou n din g. (i ) I f exposed t o con t a ct wi t h
el ect r i c l i gh t a n d power con du ct or s, t h e
met a l sh ea t h of a er i a l ca bl es en t er i n g bu i l d-
i n gs sh a l l be gr ou n ded or sh a l l be i n t er -
r u pt ed cl ose t o t h e en t r a n ce t o t h e bu i l di n g
by a n i n su l a t i n g j oi n t or equ i va l en t devi ce.
Wh er e pr ot ect i ve devi ces a r e u sed, t h ey sh a l l
be gr ou n ded i n a n a ppr oved ma n n er .
(i i ) Ma st s a n d met a l st r u ct u r es su ppor t i n g
a n t en n a s sh a l l be per ma n en t l y a n d effec-
t i vel y gr ou n ded wi t h ou t spl i ce or con n ect i on
i n t h e gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(i i i ) Tr a n smi t t er s sh a l l be en cl osed i n a
met a l fr a me or gr i l l or sepa r a t ed fr om t h e
oper a t i n g spa ce by a ba r r i er , a l l met a l l i c
pa r t s of wh i ch a r e effect i vel y con n ect ed t o
gr ou n d. Al l ext er n a l met a l h a n dl es a n d con -
t r ol s a ccessi bl e t o t h e oper a t i n g per son n el
sh a l l be effect i vel y gr ou n ded. Un power ed
equ i pmen t a n d en cl osu r es a r e con si der ed t o
be gr ou n ded wh er e con n ect ed t o a n a t t a ch ed
coa xi a l ca bl e wi t h a n effect i vel y gr ou n ded
met a l l i c sh i el d.
(f) Solar ph ot ovolt aic sy st ems. Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph cover s sol a r ph ot ovol t a i c sy st ems t h a t
ca n be i n t er a ct i ve wi t h ot h er el ect r i c power
pr odu ct i on sou r ces or ca n st a n d a l on e wi t h
or wi t h ou t el ect r i ca l en er gy st or a ge su ch a s
ba t t er i es. Th ese sy st ems ma y h a ve a c or dc
ou t pu t for u t i l i za t i on .
(1) Con du ct ors of dif f eren t sy st ems. P h ot o-
vol t a i c sou r ce ci r cu i t s a n d ph ot ovol t a i c ou t -
pu t ci r cu i t s ma y n ot be con t a i n ed i n t h e
sa me r a cewa y , ca bl e t r a y , ca bl e, ou t l et box,
j u n ct i on box, or si mi l a r fi t t i n g a s feeder s or
br a n ch ci r cu i t s of ot h er sy st ems, u n l ess t h e
con du ct or s of t h e di ffer en t sy st ems a r e sepa -
r a t ed by a pa r t i t i on or a r e con n ect ed t o-
get h er .
(2) Discon n ect in g mean s. Mea n s sh a l l be pr o-
vi ded t o di scon n ect a l l cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g con -
du ct or s of a ph ot ovol t a i c power sou r ce fr om
a l l ot h er con du ct or s i n a bu i l di n g or ot h er
st r u ct u r e. Wh er e a ci r cu i t gr ou n di n g con n ec-
t i on i s n ot desi gn ed t o be a u t oma t i ca l l y i n -
t er r u pt ed a s pa r t of t h e gr ou n d-fa u l t pr ot ec-
t i on sy st em, a swi t ch or ci r cu i t br ea k er u sed
a s di scon n ect i n g mea n s ma y n ot h a ve a pol e
i n t h e gr ou n ded con du ct or .
(g) I n t egrat ed elect rical sy st ems(1) Scope.
P a r a gr a ph (g) of t h i s sect i on cover s i n t e-
gr a t ed el ect r i ca l sy st ems, ot h er t h a n u n i t
equ i pmen t , i n wh i ch or der l y sh u t down i s
n ecessa r y t o en su r e sa fe oper a t i on . An i n t e-
gr a t ed el ect r i ca l sy st em a s u sed i n t h i s sec-
t i on sh a l l be a u n i t i zed segmen t of a n i n du s-
t r i a l wi r i n g sy st em wh er e a l l of t h e fol -
(i ) An or der l y sh u t down pr ocess mi n i mi zes
empl oy ee h a za r d a n d equ i pmen t da ma ge;
(i i ) Th e con di t i on s of ma i n t en a n ce a n d su -
wi l l ser vi ce t h e sy st em; a n d
(i i i ) Effect i ve sa fegu a r ds a r e est a bl i sh ed
a n d ma i n t a i n ed.
(2) L ocat ion of overcu rren t devices in or on
premises. Over cu r r en t devi ces t h a t a r e cr i t -
i ca l t o i n t egr a t ed el ect r i ca l sy st ems n eed
n ot be r ea di l y a ccessi bl e t o empl oy ees a s r e-
qu i r ed by 1910. 304(f)(1)(i v) i f t h ey a r e l o-
ca t ed wi t h mou n t i n g h ei gh t s t o en su r e secu -
r i t y fr om oper a t i on by n on qu a l i fi ed per son s.
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
888
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) 1910.3091910.330
1910.3091910.330 [Reserved]
S AF ETY-RELATED WORK P RACTI CES
1910.331 Scope.
(a ) Covered work by bot h qu alif ied an d
u n qu alif ied person s. Th e pr ovi si on s of
1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 cover el ec-
t r i ca l sa fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces for
bot h qu a l i fi ed per son s (t h ose wh o h a ve
t r a i n i n g i n a voi di n g t h e el ect r i ca l h a z-
a r ds of wor k i n g on or n ea r exposed en -
er gi zed pa r t s) a n d u n qu a l i fi ed per son s
(t h ose wi t h l i t t l e or n o su ch t r a i n i n g)
wor k i n g on , n ea r , or wi t h t h e fol l owi n g
i n st a l l a t i on s:
(1) Premises wirin g. I n st a l l a t i on s of
el ect r i c con du ct or s a n d equ i pmen t
wi t h i n or on bu i l di n gs or ot h er st r u c-
t u r es, a n d on ot h er pr emi ses su ch a s
y a r ds, ca r n i va l , pa r k i n g, a n d ot h er
l ot s, a n d i n du st r i a l su bst a t i on s;
(2) Wirin g f or con n ect ion t o su pply . I n -
st a l l a t i on s of con du ct or s t h a t con n ect
t o t h e su ppl y of el ect r i ci t y ; a n d
(3) Ot h er wirin g. I n st a l l a t i on s of ot h er
ou t si de con du ct or s on t h e pr emi ses.
(4) Opt ical f iber cable. I n st a l l a t i on s of
opt i ca l fi ber ca bl e wh er e su ch i n st a l l a -
t i on s a r e ma de a l on g wi t h el ect r i c con -
du ct or s.
NOTE: S ee 1910. 399 for t h e defi n i t i on of
qu a l i fi ed per son . S ee 1910. 332 for t r a i n i n g
r equ i r emen t s t h a t a ppl y t o qu a l i fi ed a n d u n -
(b) Ot h er covered work by u n qu alif ied
person s. Th e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 331
t h r ou gh 1910. 335 a l so cover wor k per -
for med by u n qu a l i fi ed per son s on , n ea r ,
or wi t h t h e i n st a l l a t i on s l i st ed i n pa r a -
gr a ph s (c)(1) t h r ou gh (c)(4) of t h i s sec-
t i on .
(c) Exclu ded work by qu alif ied person s.
Th e pr ovi si on s of 1910. 331 t h r ou gh
1910. 335 do n ot a ppl y t o wor k per for med
by qu a l i fi ed per son s on or di r ect l y a s-
soci a t ed wi t h t h e fol l owi n g i n st a l l a -
t i on s:
(1) Gen erat ion , t ran smission , an d dis-
t ribu t ion in st allat ion s. I n st a l l a t i on s for
t h e gen er a t i on , con t r ol , t r a n s-
for ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu -
t i on of el ect r i c en er gy (i n cl u di n g com-
mu n i ca t i on a n d met er i n g) l oca t ed i n
bu i l di n gs u sed for su ch pu r poses or l o-
ca t ed ou t door s.
NOTE 1: Wor k on or di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed
wi t h i n st a l l a t i on s of u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t
u sed for pu r poses ot h er t h a n gen er a t i n g,
t r a n smi t t i n g, or di st r i bu t i n g el ect r i c en er gy
(su ch a s i n st a l l a t i on s wh i ch a r e i n offi ce
bu i l di n gs, wa r eh ou ses, ga r a ges, ma ch i n e
sh ops, or r ecr ea t i on a l bu i l di n gs, or ot h er u t i -
l i za t i on i n st a l l a t i on s wh i ch a r e n ot a n i n t e-
gr a l pa r t of a gen er a t i n g i n st a l l a t i on , su b-
st a t i on , or con t r ol cen t er ) i s cover ed u n der
pa r a gr a ph (a )(1) of t h i s sect i on .
NOTE 2: F or wor k on or di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed
wi t h u t i l i za t i on i n st a l l a t i on s, a n empl oy er
wh o compl i es wi t h t h e wor k pr a ct i ces of
1910. 269 (el ect r i c power gen er a t i on , t r a n s-
mi ssi on , a n d di st r i bu t i on ) wi l l be deemed t o
be i n compl i a n ce wi t h 1910. 333(c) a n d
1910. 335. However , t h e r equ i r emen t s of
1910. 332, 1910. 333(a ), 1910. 333(b), a n d
1910. 334 a ppl y t o all wor k on or di r ect l y a s-
soci a t ed wi t h u t i l i za t i on i n st a l l a t i on s, r e-
ga r dl ess of wh et h er t h e wor k i s per for med by
qu a l i fi ed or u n qu a l i fi ed per son s.
NOTE 3: Wor k on or di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed
wi t h gen er a t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , or di st r i bu -
t i on i n st a l l a t i on s i n cl u des:
(1) Wor k per for med di r ect l y on su ch i n st a l -
l a t i on s, su ch a s r epa i r i n g over h ea d or u n der -
gr ou n d di st r i bu t i on l i n es or r epa i r i n g a feed-
wa t er pu mp for t h e boi l er i n a gen er a t i n g
pl a n t .
(2) Wor k di r ect l y a ssoci a t ed wi t h su ch i n -
st a l l a t i on s, su ch a s l i n e-cl ea r a n ce t r ee t r i m-
mi n g a n d r epl a ci n g u t i l i t y pol es.
(3) Wor k on el ect r i c u t i l i za t i on ci r cu i t s i n
a gen er a t i n g pl a n t pr ovi ded t h a t :
(A) S u ch ci r cu i t s a r e commi n gl ed wi t h i n -
st a l l a t i on s of power gen er a t i on equ i pmen t or
ci r cu i t s, a n d
(B) Th e gen er a t i on equ i pmen t or ci r cu i t s
pr esen t gr ea t er el ect r i ca l h a za r ds t h a n t h ose
posed by t h e u t i l i za t i on equ i pmen t or ci r -
cu i t s (su ch a s exposu r e t o h i gh er vol t a ges or
l a ck of over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on ).
Th i s wor k i s cover ed by 1910. 269 of t h i s
P a r t .
(2) Commu n icat ion s in st allat ion s. I n -
st a l l a t i on s of commu n i ca t i on equ i p-
men t t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h e wor k i s
cover ed u n der 1910. 268.
(3) I n st allat ion s in veh icles. I n st a l l a -
t i on s i n sh i ps, wa t er cr a ft , r a i l wa y r ol l -
i n g st ock , a i r cr a ft , or a u t omot i ve veh i -
cl es ot h er t h a n mobi l e h omes a n d r ec-
r ea t i on a l veh i cl es.
(4) Railway in st allat ion s. I n st a l l a t i on s
of r a i l wa y s for gen er a t i on , t r a n s-
for ma t i on , t r a n smi ssi on , or di st r i bu -
t i on of power u sed excl u si vel y for oper -
a t i on of r ol l i n g st ock or i n st a l l a t i on s
of r a i l wa y s u sed excl u si vel y for si g-
n a l i n g a n d commu n i ca t i on pu r poses.
[55 F R 32016, Au g. 6, 1990, a s a men ded a t 59
F R 4476, J a n . 31, 1994]
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
889
1910.332 Training.
(a ) Scope. Th e t r a i n i n g r equ i r emen t s
con t a i n ed i n t h i s sect i on a ppl y t o em-
pl oy ees wh o fa ce a r i sk of el ect r i c
sh ock t h a t i s n ot r edu ced t o a sa fe
l evel by t h e el ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on r e-
qu i r emen t s of 1910. 303 t h r ou gh
1910. 308.
NOTE: Empl oy ees i n occu pa t i on s l i st ed i n
Ta bl e S 4 fa ce su ch a r i sk a n d a r e r equ i r ed
t o be t r a i n ed. Ot h er empl oy ees wh o a l so ma y
r ea son a bl y be expect ed t o fa ce a compa r a bl e
r i sk of i n j u r y du e t o el ect r i c sh ock or ot h er
el ect r i ca l h a za r ds mu st a l so be t r a i n ed.
(b) Con t en t of t rain in g(1) Pract ices
addressed in t h is st an dard. Empl oy ees
sh a l l be t r a i n ed i n a n d fa mi l i a r wi t h
t h e sa fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces r e-
qu i r ed by 1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 335
t h a t per t a i n t o t h ei r r espect i ve j ob a s-
si gn men t s.
(2) Addit ion al requ iremen t s f or u n qu ali-
f ied person s. Empl oy ees wh o a r e cov-
er ed by pa r a gr a ph (a ) of t h i s sect i on
bu t wh o a r e n ot qu a l i fi ed per son s sh a l l
a l so be t r a i n ed i n a n d fa mi l i a r wi t h
a n y el ect r i ca l l y r el a t ed sa fet y pr a c-
t i ces n ot speci fi ca l l y a ddr essed by
1910. 331 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 bu t wh i ch
a r e n ecessa r y for t h ei r sa fet y .
(3) Addit ion al requ iremen t s f or qu alif ied
person s. Qu a l i fi ed per son s (i . e. , t h ose
per mi t t ed t o wor k on or n ea r exposed
en er gi zed pa r t s) sh a l l , a t a mi n i mu m,
be t r a i n ed i n a n d fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e fol -
l owi n g:
(i ) Th e sk i l l s a n d t ech n i qu es n ec-
essa r y t o di st i n gu i sh exposed l i ve pa r t s
fr om ot h er pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t ,
(i i ) Th e sk i l l s a n d t ech n i qu es n ec-
essa r y t o det er mi n e t h e n omi n a l vol t -
a ge of exposed l i ve pa r t s, a n d
(i i i ) Th e cl ea r a n ce di st a n ces speci fi ed
i n 1910. 333(c) a n d t h e cor r espon di n g
vol t a ges t o wh i ch t h e qu a l i fi ed per son
wi l l be exposed.
NOTE 1: F or t h e pu r poses of 1910. 331
t h r ou gh 1910. 335, a per son mu st h a ve t h e
t r a i n i n g r equ i r ed by pa r a gr a ph (b)(3) of t h i s
sect i on i n or der t o be con si der ed a qu a l i fi ed
per son .
NOTE 2: Qu a l i fi ed per son s wh ose wor k on
en er gi zed equ i pmen t i n vol ves ei t h er di r ect
con t a ct or con t a ct by mea n s of t ool s or ma -
t er i a l s mu st a l so h a ve t h e t r a i n i n g n eeded t o
meet 1910. 333(c)(2).
(c) T y pe of t rain in g. Th e t r a i n i n g r e-
qu i r ed by t h i s sect i on sh a l l be of t h e
cl a ssr oom or on -t h e-j ob t y pe. Th e de-
gr ee of t r a i n i n g pr ovi ded sh a l l be de-
t er mi n ed by t h e r i sk t o t h e empl oy ee.
TABLE S4TYPICAL OCCUPATIONAL CAT-
EGORIES OF EMPLOYEES FACING A HIGHER
THAN NORMAL RISK OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT
Occupation
Blue collar supervisors.
1

Electrical and electronic engineers.
1

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers.
1

Electrical and electronic technicians.
1

Electricians.
Industrial machine operators.
1

Material handling equipment operators.
1

Mechanics and repairers.
1

Painters.
1

Riggers and roustabouts.
1

Stationary engineers.
1

Welders.
1
Workers in these groups do not need to be trained if their
work or the work of those they supervise does not bring them
or the employees they supervise close enough to exposed
parts of electric circuits operating at 50 volts or more to
ground for a hazard to exist.
[55 F R 32016, Au g. 6, 1990]
1910.333 Selection and use of work
practices.
(a ) Gen eral. S a fet y -r el a t ed wor k pr a c-
t i ces sh a l l be empl oy ed t o pr even t el ec-
t r i c sh ock or ot h er i n j u r i es r esu l t i n g
fr om ei t h er di r ect or i n di r ect el ect r i ca l
con t a ct s, wh en wor k i s per for med n ea r
or on equ i pmen t or ci r cu i t s wh i ch a r e
or ma y be en er gi zed. Th e speci fi c sa fe-
t y -r el a t ed wor k pr a ct i ces sh a l l be con -
si st en t wi t h t h e n a t u r e a n d ext en t of
t h e a ssoci a t ed el ect r i ca l h a za r ds.
(1) Deen ergized part s. Li ve pa r t s t o
wh i ch a n empl oy ee ma y be exposed
sh a l l be deen er gi zed befor e t h e em-
pl oy ee wor k s on or n ea r t h em, u n l ess
t h e empl oy er ca n demon st r a t e t h a t de-
en er gi zi n g i n t r odu ces a ddi t i on a l or i n -
cr ea sed h a za r ds or i s i n fea si bl e du e t o
equ i pmen t desi gn or oper a t i on a l l i mi -
t a t i on s. Li ve pa r t s t h a t oper a t e a t l ess
t h a n 50 vol t s t o gr ou n d n eed n ot be de-
en er gi zed i f t h er e wi l l be n o i n cr ea sed
exposu r e t o el ect r i ca l bu r n s or t o ex-
pl osi on du e t o el ect r i c a r cs.
NOTE 1: Exa mpl es of i n cr ea sed or a ddi -
t i on a l h a za r ds i n cl u de i n t er r u pt i on of l i fe
su ppor t equ i pmen t , dea ct i va t i on of emer -
gen cy a l a r m sy st ems, sh u t down of h a za r dou s
l oca t i on ven t i l a t i on equ i pmen t , or r emova l
of i l l u mi n a t i on for a n a r ea .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
890
NOTE 2: Exa mpl es of wor k t h a t ma y be per -
for med on or n ea r en er gi zed ci r cu i t pa r t s be-
ca u se of i n fea si bi l i t y du e t o equ i pmen t de-
si gn or oper a t i on a l l i mi t a t i on s i n cl u de t est -
i n g of el ect r i c ci r cu i t s t h a t ca n on l y be per -
for med wi t h t h e ci r cu i t en er gi zed a n d wor k
on ci r cu i t s t h a t for m a n i n t egr a l pa r t of a
con t i n u ou s i n du st r i a l pr ocess i n a ch emi ca l
pl a n t t h a t wou l d ot h er wi se n eed t o be com-
pl et el y sh u t down i n or der t o per mi t wor k on
on e ci r cu i t or pi ece of equ i pmen t .
NOTE 3: Wor k on or n ea r deen er gi zed pa r t s
i s cover ed by pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
(2) En ergized part s. I f t h e exposed l i ve
pa r t s a r e n ot deen er gi zed (i . e. , for r ea -
son s of i n cr ea sed or a ddi t i on a l h a za r ds
or i n fea si bi l i t y ), ot h er sa fet y -r el a t ed
wor k pr a ct i ces sh a l l be u sed t o pr ot ect
empl oy ees wh o ma y be exposed t o t h e
el ect r i ca l h a za r ds i n vol ved. S u ch wor k
pr a ct i ces sh a l l pr ot ect empl oy ees
a ga i n st con t a ct wi t h en er gi zed ci r cu i t
pa r t s di r ect l y wi t h a n y pa r t of t h ei r
body or i n di r ect l y t h r ou gh some ot h er
con du ct i ve obj ect . Th e wor k pr a ct i ces
t h a t a r e u sed sh a l l be su i t a bl e for t h e
con di t i on s u n der wh i ch t h e wor k i s t o
be per for med a n d for t h e vol t a ge l evel
of t h e exposed el ect r i c con du ct or s or
ci r cu i t pa r t s. S peci fi c wor k pr a ct i ce r e-
qu i r emen t s a r e det a i l ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(b) Work in g on or n ear exposed deen er-
gized part s(1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a ppl i es t o wor k on exposed deen -
er gi zed pa r t s or n ea r en ou gh t o t h em
t o expose t h e empl oy ee t o a n y el ec-
t r i ca l h a za r d t h ey pr esen t . Con du ct or s
a n d pa r t s of el ect r i c equ i pmen t t h a t
h a ve been deen er gi zed bu t h a ve n ot
been l ock ed ou t or t a gged i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on
sh a l l be t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed pa r t s, a n d
pa r a gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on a ppl i es t o
wor k on or n ea r t h em.
(2) L ock ou t an d t aggin g. Wh i l e a n y
empl oy ee i s exposed t o con t a ct wi t h
pa r t s of fi xed el ect r i c equ i pmen t or ci r -
cu i t s wh i ch h a ve been deen er gi zed, t h e
ci r cu i t s en er gi zi n g t h e pa r t s sh a l l be
l ock ed ou t or t a gged or bot h i n a ccor d-
a n ce wi t h t h e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s
pa r a gr a ph . Th e r equ i r emen t s sh a l l be
fol l owed i n t h e or der i n wh i ch t h ey a r e
pr esen t ed (i . e. , pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i ) fi r st ,
t h en pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i i ), et c. ).
NOTE 1: As u sed i n t h i s sect i on , fi xed equ i p-
men t r efer s t o equ i pmen t fa st en ed i n pl a ce
or con n ect ed by per ma n en t wi r i n g met h ods.
NOTE 2: Lock ou t a n d t a ggi n g pr ocedu r es
t h a t compl y wi t h pa r a gr a ph s (c) t h r ou gh (f)
of 1910. 147 wi l l a l so be deemed t o compl y
wi t h pa r a gr a ph (b)(2) of t h i s sect i on pr ovi ded
t h a t :
(1) Th e pr ocedu r es a ddr ess t h e el ect r i ca l
sa fet y h a za r ds cover ed by t h i s S u bpa r t ; a n d
(2) Th e pr ocedu r es a l so i n cor por a t e t h e r e-
qu i r emen t s of pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(i i i )(D) a n d
(b)(2)(i v)(B) of t h i s sect i on .
(i ) Procedu res. Th e empl oy er sh a l l
ma i n t a i n a wr i t t en copy of t h e pr oce-
du r es ou t l i n ed i n pa r a gr a ph (b)(2) a n d
sh a l l ma k e i t a va i l a bl e for i n spect i on
by empl oy ees a n d by t h e Assi st a n t S ec-
r et a r y of La bor a n d h i s or h er a u t h or -
i zed r epr esen t a t i ves.
NOTE: Th e wr i t t en pr ocedu r es ma y be i n
t h e for m of a copy of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s
sect i on .
(i i ) Deen ergizin g equ ipmen t . (A) S a fe
pr ocedu r es for deen er gi zi n g ci r cu i t s
a n d equ i pmen t sh a l l be det er mi n ed be-
for e ci r cu i t s or equ i pmen t a r e deen er -
gi zed.
(B) Th e ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t t o be
wor k ed on sh a l l be di scon n ect ed fr om
a l l el ect r i c en er gy sou r ces. Con t r ol ci r -
cu i t devi ces, su ch a s pu sh bu t t on s, se-
l ect or swi t ch es, a n d i n t er l ock s, ma y
n ot be u sed a s t h e sol e mea n s for deen -
er gi zi n g ci r cu i t s or equ i pmen t . I n t er -
l ock s for el ect r i c equ i pmen t ma y n ot
be u sed a s a su bst i t u t e for l ock ou t a n d
t a ggi n g pr ocedu r es.
(C) S t or ed el ect r i c en er gy wh i ch
mi gh t en da n ger per son n el sh a l l be r e-
l ea sed. Ca pa ci t or s sh a l l be di sch a r ged
a n d h i gh ca pa ci t a n ce el emen t s sh a l l be
sh or t -ci r cu i t ed a n d gr ou n ded, i f t h e
st or ed el ect r i c en er gy mi gh t en da n ger
per son n el .
NOTE: I f t h e ca pa ci t or s or a ssoci a t ed equ i p-
men t a r e h a n dl ed i n meet i n g t h i s r equ i r e-
men t , t h ey sh a l l be t r ea t ed a s en er gi zed.
(D) S t or ed n on -el ect r i ca l en er gy i n
devi ces t h a t cou l d r een er gi ze el ect r i c
ci r cu i t pa r t s sh a l l be bl ock ed or r e-
l i eved t o t h e ext en t t h a t t h e ci r cu i t
pa r t s cou l d n ot be a cci den t a l l y en er -
gi zed by t h e devi ce.
(i i i ) Applicat ion of lock s an d t ags. (A)
A l ock a n d a t a g sh a l l be pl a ced on
ea ch di scon n ect i n g mea n s u sed t o de-
en er gi ze ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t on
wh i ch wor k i s t o be per for med, except
a s pr ovi ded i n pa r a gr a ph s (b)(2)(i i i )(C)
a n d (b)(2)(i i i )(E) of t h i s sect i on . Th e
l ock sh a l l be a t t a ch ed so a s t o pr even t
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
891
per son s fr om oper a t i n g t h e di s-
con n ect i n g mea n s u n l ess t h ey r esor t t o
u n du e for ce or t h e u se of t ool s.
(B) Ea ch t a g sh a l l con t a i n a st a t e-
men t pr oh i bi t i n g u n a u t h or i zed oper -
a t i on of t h e di scon n ect i n g mea n s a n d
r emova l of t h e t a g.
(C) I f a l ock ca n n ot be a ppl i ed, or i f
t a ggi n g pr ocedu r es wi l l pr ovi de a l evel
of sa fet y equ i va l en t t o t h a t obt a i n ed
by t h e u se of a l ock , a t a g ma y be u sed
wi t h ou t a l ock .
(D) A t a g u sed wi t h ou t a l ock , a s per -
mi t t ed by pa r a gr a ph (b)(2)(i i i )(C) of
t h i s sect i on , sh a l l be su ppl emen t ed by
a t l ea st on e a ddi t i on a l sa fet y mea su r e
t h a t pr ovi des a l evel of sa fet y equ i va -
l en t t o t h a t obt a i n ed by t h e u se of a
l ock . Exa mpl es of a ddi t i on a l sa fet y
mea su r es i n cl u de t h e r emova l of a n
i sol a t i n g ci r cu i t el emen t , bl ock i n g of a
con t r ol l i n g swi t ch , or open i n g of a n
ext r a di scon n ect i n g devi ce.
(E) A l ock ma y be pl a ced wi t h ou t a
t a g on l y u n der t h e fol l owi n g con di -
t i on s:
(1) On l y on e ci r cu i t or pi ece of equ i p-
men t i s deen er gi zed, a n d
(2) Th e l ock ou t per i od does n ot ex-
t en d bey on d t h e wor k sh i ft , a n d
(3) Empl oy ees exposed t o t h e h a za r ds
a ssoci a t ed wi t h r een er gi zi n g t h e ci r -
cu i t or equ i pmen t a r e fa mi l i a r wi t h
t h i s pr ocedu r e.
(i v) Ver i fi ca t i on of deen er gi zed con di -
t i on . Th e r equ i r emen t s of t h i s pa r a -
gr a ph sh a l l be met befor e a n y ci r cu i t s
or equ i pmen t ca n be con si der ed a n d
wor k ed a s deen er gi zed.
(A) A qu a l i fi ed per son sh a l l oper a t e
t h e equ i pmen t oper a t i n g con t r ol s or
ot h er wi se ver i fy t h a t t h e equ i pmen t
ca n n ot be r est a r t ed.
(B) A qu a l i fi ed per son sh a l l u se t est
equ i pmen t t o t est t h e ci r cu i t el emen t s
a n d el ect r i ca l pa r t s of equ i pmen t t o
wh i ch empl oy ees wi l l be exposed a n d
sh a l l ver i fy t h a t t h e ci r cu i t el emen t s
a n d equ i pmen t pa r t s a r e deen er gi zed.
Th e t est sh a l l a l so det er mi n e i f a n y en -
er gi zed con di t i on exi st s a s a r esu l t of
i n a dver t en t l y i n du ced vol t a ge or u n r e-
l a t ed vol t a ge ba ck feed even t h ou gh
speci fi c pa r t s of t h e ci r cu i t h a ve been
deen er gi zed a n d pr esu med t o be sa fe. I f
t h e ci r cu i t t o be t est ed i s over 600
vol t s, n omi n a l , t h e t est equ i pmen t
sh a l l be ch eck ed for pr oper oper a t i on
i mmedi a t el y befor e a n d i mmedi a t el y
a ft er t h i s t est .
(v) Reen ergizin g equ ipmen t . Th ese r e-
qu i r emen t s sh a l l be met , i n t h e or der
gi ven , befor e ci r cu i t s or equ i pmen t a r e
r een er gi zed, even t empor a r i l y .
(A) A qu a l i fi ed per son sh a l l con du ct
t est s a n d vi su a l i n spect i on s, a s n ec-
essa r y , t o ver i fy t h a t a l l t ool s, el ec-
t r i ca l j u mper s, sh or t s, gr ou n ds, a n d
ot h er su ch devi ces h a ve been r emoved,
so t h a t t h e ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t ca n
be sa fel y en er gi zed.
(B) Empl oy ees exposed t o t h e h a za r ds
a ssoci a t ed wi t h r een er gi zi n g t h e ci r -
cu i t or equ i pmen t sh a l l be wa r n ed t o
st a y cl ea r of ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t .
(C) Ea ch l ock a n d t a g sh a l l be r e-
moved by t h e empl oy ee wh o a ppl i ed i t
or u n der h i s or h er di r ect su per vi si on .
However , i f t h i s empl oy ee i s a bsen t
fr om t h e wor k pl a ce, t h en t h e l ock or
t a g ma y be r emoved by a qu a l i fi ed per -
son desi gn a t ed t o per for m t h i s t a sk
pr ovi ded t h a t :
(1) Th e empl oy er en su r es t h a t t h e
empl oy ee wh o a ppl i ed t h e l ock or t a g
i s n ot a va i l a bl e a t t h e wor k pl a ce, a n d
(2) Th e empl oy er en su r es t h a t t h e
empl oy ee i s a wa r e t h a t t h e l ock or t a g
h a s been r emoved befor e h e or sh e r e-
su mes wor k a t t h a t wor k pl a ce.
(D) Th er e sh a l l be a vi su a l det er -
mi n a t i on t h a t a l l empl oy ees a r e cl ea r
of t h e ci r cu i t s a n d equ i pmen t .
(c) Work in g on or n ear exposed en er-
gized part s(1) Applicat ion . Th i s pa r a -
gr a ph a ppl i es t o wor k per for med on ex-
posed l i ve pa r t s (i n vol vi n g ei t h er di r ect
con t a ct or con t a ct by mea n s of t ool s or
ma t er i a l s) or n ea r en ou gh t o t h em for
empl oy ees t o be exposed t o a n y h a za r d
t h ey pr esen t .
(2) Work on en ergized equ ipmen t . On l y
qu a l i fi ed per son s ma y wor k on el ect r i c
ci r cu i t pa r t s or equ i pmen t t h a t h a ve
n ot been deen er gi zed u n der t h e pr oce-
du r es of pa r a gr a ph (b) of t h i s sect i on .
S u ch per son s sh a l l be ca pa bl e of wor k -
i n g sa fel y on en er gi zed ci r cu i t s a n d
sh a l l be fa mi l i a r wi t h t h e pr oper u se of
speci a l pr eca u t i on a r y t ech n i qu es, per -
son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t , i n su l a t i n g
a n d sh i el di n g ma t er i a l s, a n d i n su l a t ed
t ool s.
(3) Overh ead lin es. I f wor k i s t o be
per for med n ea r over h ea d l i n es, t h e
l i n es sh a l l be deen er gi zed a n d gr ou n d-
ed, or ot h er pr ot ect i ve mea su r es sh a l l
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
892
be pr ovi ded befor e wor k i s st a r t ed. I f
t h e l i n es a r e t o be deen er gi zed, a r -
r a n gemen t s sh a l l be ma de wi t h t h e per -
son or or ga n i za t i on t h a t oper a t es or
con t r ol s t h e el ect r i c ci r cu i t s i n vol ved
t o deen er gi ze a n d gr ou n d t h em. I f pr o-
t ect i ve mea su r es, su ch a s gu a r di n g,
i sol a t i n g, or i n su l a t i n g a r e pr ovi ded,
t h ese pr eca u t i on s sh a l l pr even t em-
pl oy ees fr om con t a ct i n g su ch l i n es di -
r ect l y wi t h a n y pa r t of t h ei r body or
i n di r ect l y t h r ou gh con du ct i ve ma t e-
r i a l s, t ool s, or equ i pmen t .
NOTE: Th e wor k pr a ct i ces u sed by qu a l i fi ed
per son s i n st a l l i n g i n su l a t i n g devi ces on over -
h ea d power t r a n smi ssi on or di st r i bu t i on
l i n es a r e cover ed by 1910. 269 of t h i s P a r t ,
n ot by 1910. 332 t h r ou gh 1910. 335 of t h i s
P a r t . Un der pa r a gr a ph (c)(2) of t h i s sect i on ,
u n qu a l i fi ed per son s a r e pr oh i bi t ed fr om per -
for mi n g t h i s t y pe of wor k .
(i ) Un qu alif ied person s. (A) Wh en a n
u n qu a l i fi ed per son i s wor k i n g i n a n el e-
va t ed posi t i on n ea r over h ea d l i n es, t h e
l oca t i on sh a l l be su ch t h a t t h e per son
a n d t h e l on gest con du ct i ve obj ect h e or
sh e ma y con t a ct ca n n ot come cl oser t o
a n y u n gu a r ded, en er gi zed over h ea d l i n e
t h a n t h e fol l owi n g di st a n ces:
(1) F or vol t a ges t o gr ou n d 50k V or
bel ow10 ft . (305 cm);
(2) F or vol t a ges t o gr ou n d over
50k V10 ft . (305 cm) pl u s 4 i n . (10 cm)
for ever y 10k V over 50k V.
(B) Wh en a n u n qu a l i fi ed per son i s
wor k i n g on t h e gr ou n d i n t h e vi ci n i t y
of over h ea d l i n es, t h e per son ma y n ot
br i n g a n y con du ct i ve obj ect cl oser t o
u n gu a r ded, en er gi zed over h ea d l i n es
t h a n t h e di st a n ces gi ven i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i )(A) of t h i s sect i on .
NOTE: F or vol t a ges n or ma l l y en cou n t er ed
wi t h over h ea d power l i n es, obj ect s wh i ch do
n ot h a ve a n i n su l a t i n g r a t i n g for t h e vol t a ge
i n vol ved a r e con si der ed t o be con du ct i ve.
(i i ) Qu alif ied person s. Wh en a qu a l i -
fi ed per son i s wor k i n g i n t h e vi ci n i t y of
over h ea d l i n es, wh et h er i n a n el eva t ed
posi t i on or on t h e gr ou n d, t h e per son
ma y n ot a ppr oa ch or t a k e a n y con du c-
t i ve obj ect wi t h ou t a n a ppr oved i n su -
l a t i n g h a n dl e cl oser t o exposed en er -
gi zed pa r t s t h a n sh own i n Ta bl e S 5 u n -
l ess:
(A) Th e per son i s i n su l a t ed fr om t h e
en er gi zed pa r t (gl oves, wi t h sl eeves i f
n ecessa r y , r a t ed for t h e vol t a ge i n -
vol ved a r e con si der ed t o be i n su l a t i on
of t h e per son fr om t h e en er gi zed pa r t
on wh i ch wor k i s per for med), or
(B) Th e en er gi zed pa r t i s i n su l a t ed
bot h fr om a l l ot h er con du ct i ve obj ect s
a t a di ffer en t pot en t i a l a n d fr om t h e
per son , or
(C) Th e per son i s i n su l a t ed fr om a l l
con du ct i ve obj ect s a t a pot en t i a l di f-
fer en t fr om t h a t of t h e en er gi zed pa r t .
TABLE S5APPROACH DISTANCES FOR
QUALIFIED EMPLOYEESALTERNATING CURRENT
Voltage range (phase to
phase)
Minimum approach distance
300V and less ........................ Avoid contact.
Over 300V, not over 750V .... 1 ft. 0 in. (30.5 cm).
Over 750V, not over 2kV ....... l ft. 6 in. (46 cm).
Over 2kV, not over 15kV ....... 2 ft. 0 in. (61 cm).
Over 15kV, not over 37kV ..... 3 ft. 0 in. (91 cm).
Over 37kV, not over 87.5kV .. 3 ft. 6 in. (107 cm).
Over 87.5kV, not over 121kV 4 ft. 0 in. (122 cm).
Over 121kV, not over 140kV 4 ft. 6 in. (137 cm).
(i i i ) Veh icu lar an d mech an ical equ ip-
men t . (A) An y veh i cl e or mech a n i ca l
equ i pmen t ca pa bl e of h a vi n g pa r t s of
i t s st r u ct u r e el eva t ed n ea r en er gi zed
over h ea d l i n es sh a l l be oper a t ed so t h a t
a cl ea r a n ce of 10 ft . (305 cm) i s ma i n -
t a i n ed. I f t h e vol t a ge i s h i gh er t h a n
50k V, t h e cl ea r a n ce sh a l l be i n cr ea sed 4
i n . (10 cm) for ever y 10k V over t h a t
vol t a ge. However , u n der a n y of t h e fol -
l owi n g con di t i on s, t h e cl ea r a n ce ma y
be r edu ced:
(1) I f t h e veh i cl e i s i n t r a n si t wi t h i t s
st r u ct u r e l ower ed, t h e cl ea r a n ce ma y
be r edu ced t o 4 ft . (122 cm). I f t h e vol t -
a ge i s h i gh er t h a n 50k V, t h e cl ea r a n ce
sh a l l be i n cr ea sed 4 i n . (10 cm) for
ever y 10k V over t h a t vol t a ge.
(2) I f i n su l a t i n g ba r r i er s a r e i n st a l l ed
t o pr even t con t a ct wi t h t h e l i n es, a n d
i f t h e ba r r i er s a r e r a t ed for t h e vol t a ge
of t h e l i n e bei n g gu a r ded a n d a r e n ot a
pa r t of or a n a t t a ch men t t o t h e veh i cl e
or i t s r a i sed st r u ct u r e, t h e cl ea r a n ce
ma y be r edu ced t o a di st a n ce wi t h i n
t h e desi gn ed wor k i n g di men si on s of t h e
i n su l a t i n g ba r r i er .
(3) I f t h e equ i pmen t i s a n a er i a l l i ft
i n su l a t ed for t h e vol t a ge i n vol ved, a n d
i f t h e wor k i s per for med by a qu a l i fi ed
per son , t h e cl ea r a n ce (bet ween t h e
u n i n su l a t ed por t i on of t h e a er i a l l i ft
a n d t h e power l i n e) ma y be r edu ced t o
t h e di st a n ce gi ven i n Ta bl e S 5.
(B) Empl oy ees st a n di n g on t h e
gr ou n d ma y n ot con t a ct t h e veh i cl e or
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
893
mech a n i ca l equ i pmen t or a n y of i t s a t -
t a ch men t s, u n l ess:
(1) Th e empl oy ee i s u si n g pr ot ect i ve
equ i pmen t r a t ed for t h e vol t a ge; or
(2) Th e equ i pmen t i s l oca t ed so t h a t
n o u n i n su l a t ed pa r t of i t s st r u ct u r e
(t h a t por t i on of t h e st r u ct u r e t h a t pr o-
vi des a con du ct i ve pa t h t o empl oy ees
on t h e gr ou n d) ca n come cl oser t o t h e
l i n e t h a n per mi t t ed i n pa r a gr a ph
(c)(3)(i i i ) of t h i s sect i on .
(C) I f a n y veh i cl e or mech a n i ca l
equ i pmen t ca pa bl e of h a vi n g pa r t s of
i t s st r u ct u r e el eva t ed n ea r en er gi zed
over h ea d l i n es i s i n t en t i on a l l y gr ou n d-
ed, empl oy ees wor k i n g on t h e gr ou n d
n ea r t h e poi n t of gr ou n di n g ma y n ot
st a n d a t t h e gr ou n di n g l oca t i on wh en -
ever t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y of over h ea d
l i n e con t a ct . Addi t i on a l pr eca u t i on s,
su ch a s t h e u se of ba r r i ca des or i n su l a -
t i on , sh a l l be t a k en t o pr ot ect empl oy -
ees fr om h a za r dou s gr ou n d pot en t i a l s,
depen di n g on ea r t h r esi st i vi t y a n d
fa u l t cu r r en t s, wh i ch ca n devel op wi t h -
i n t h e fi r st few feet or mor e ou t wa r d
fr om t h e gr ou n di n g poi n t .
(4) I llu min at ion . (i ) Empl oy ees ma y
n ot en t er spa ces con t a i n i n g exposed en -
er gi zed pa r t s, u n l ess i l l u mi n a t i on i s
pr ovi ded t h a t en a bl es t h e empl oy ees t o
per for m t h e wor k sa fel y .
(i i ) Wh er e l a ck of i l l u mi n a t i on or a n
obst r u ct i on pr ecl u des obser va t i on of
t h e wor k t o be per for med, empl oy ees
ma y n ot per for m t a sk s n ea r exposed
en er gi zed pa r t s. Empl oy ees ma y n ot
r ea ch bl i n dl y i n t o a r ea s wh i ch ma y
con t a i n en er gi zed pa r t s.
(5) Con f in ed or en closed work spaces.
Wh en a n empl oy ee wor k s i n a con fi n ed
or en cl osed spa ce (su ch a s a ma n h ol e or
va u l t ) t h a t con t a i n s exposed en er gi zed
pa r t s, t h e empl oy er sh a l l pr ovi de, a n d
t h e empl oy ee sh a l l u se, pr ot ect i ve
sh i el ds, pr ot ect i ve ba r r i er s, or i n su -
l a t i n g ma t er i a l s a s n ecessa r y t o a voi d
i n a dver t en t con t a ct wi t h t h ese pa r t s.
Door s, h i n ged pa n el s, a n d t h e l i k e sh a l l
be secu r ed t o pr even t t h ei r swi n gi n g
i n t o a n empl oy ee a n d ca u si n g t h e em-
pl oy ee t o con t a ct exposed en er gi zed
pa r t s.
(6) Con du ct ive mat erials an d equ ipmen t .
Con du ct i ve ma t er i a l s a n d equ i pmen t
t h a t a r e i n con t a ct wi t h a n y pa r t of a n
empl oy ees body sh a l l be h a n dl ed i n a
ma n n er t h a t wi l l pr even t t h em fr om
con t a ct i n g exposed en er gi zed con du c-
t or s or ci r cu i t pa r t s. I f a n empl oy ee
mu st h a n dl e l on g di men si on a l con du c-
t i ve obj ect s (su ch a s du ct s a n d pi pes) i n
a r ea s wi t h exposed l i ve pa r t s, t h e em-
pl oy er sh a l l i n st i t u t e wor k pr a ct i ces
(su ch a s t h e u se of i n su l a t i on , gu a r d-
i n g, a n d ma t er i a l h a n dl i n g t ech n i qu es)
wh i ch wi l l mi n i mi ze t h e h a za r d.
(7) Port able ladders. P or t a bl e l a dder s
sh a l l h a ve n on con du ct i ve si der a i l s i f
t h ey a r e u sed wh er e t h e empl oy ee or
t h e l a dder cou l d con t a ct exposed en er -
gi zed pa r t s.
(8) Con du ct ive apparel. Con du ct i ve a r -
t i cl es of j ewel r y a n d cl ot h i n g (su ch a s
wa t ch ba n ds, br a cel et s, r i n gs, k ey
ch a i n s, n eck l a ces, met a l i zed a pr on s,
cl ot h wi t h con du ct i ve t h r ea d, or met a l
h ea dgea r ) ma y n ot be wor n i f t h ey
mi gh t con t a ct exposed en er gi zed pa r t s.
However , su ch a r t i cl es ma y be wor n i f
t h ey a r e r en der ed n on con du ct i ve by
cover i n g, wr a ppi n g, or ot h er i n su l a t i n g
mea n s.
(9) Hou sek eepin g du t ies. Wh er e l i ve
pa r t s pr esen t a n el ect r i ca l con t a ct h a z-
a r d, empl oy ees ma y n ot per for m h ou se-
k eepi n g du t i es a t su ch cl ose di st a n ces
t o t h e pa r t s t h a t t h er e i s a possi bi l i t y
of con t a ct , u n l ess a dequ a t e sa fegu a r ds
(su ch a s i n su l a t i n g equ i pmen t or ba r -
r i er s) a r e pr ovi ded. El ect r i ca l l y con -
du ct i ve cl ea n i n g ma t er i a l s (i n cl u di n g
con du ct i ve sol i ds su ch a s st eel wool ,
met a l i zed cl ot h , a n d si l i con ca r bi de, a s
wel l a s con du ct i ve l i qu i d sol u t i on s)
ma y n ot be u sed i n pr oxi mi t y t o en er -
gi zed pa r t s u n l ess pr ocedu r es a r e fol -
l owed wh i ch wi l l pr even t el ect r i ca l
con t a ct .
(10) I n t erlock s. On l y a qu a l i fi ed per son
fol l owi n g t h e r equ i r emen t s of pa r a -
gr a ph (c) of t h i s sect i on ma y defea t a n
el ect r i ca l sa fet y i n t er l ock , a n d t h en
on l y t empor a r i l y wh i l e h e or sh e i s
wor k i n g on t h e equ i pmen t . Th e i n t er -
l ock sy st em sh a l l be r et u r n ed t o i t s op-
er a bl e con di t i on wh en t h i s wor k i s
compl et ed.
[55 F R 32016, Au g. 6, 1990; 55 F R 42053, Nov. 1,
1990, a s a men ded a t 59 F R 4476, J a n . 31, 1994]
1910.334 Use of equipment.
(a ) Port able elect ric equ ipmen t . Th i s
pa r a gr a ph a ppl i es t o t h e u se of cor d-
a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t , i n cl u d-
i n g fl exi bl e cor d set s (ext en si on cor ds).
(1) Han dlin g. P or t a bl e equ i pmen t
sh a l l be h a n dl ed i n a ma n n er wh i ch
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
894
wi l l n ot ca u se da ma ge. F l exi bl e el ec-
t r i c cor ds con n ect ed t o equ i pmen t ma y
n ot be u sed for r a i si n g or l ower i n g t h e
equ i pmen t . F l exi bl e cor ds ma y n ot be
fa st en ed wi t h st a pl es or ot h er wi se
h u n g i n su ch a fa sh i on a s cou l d da ma ge
t h e ou t er j a ck et or i n su l a t i on .
(2) Visu al in spect ion . (i ) P or t a bl e cor d-
a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i pmen t a n d
fl exi bl e cor d set s (ext en si on cor ds)
sh a l l be vi su a l l y i n spect ed befor e u se
on a n y sh i ft for ext er n a l defect s (su ch
a s l oose pa r t s, defor med a n d mi ssi n g
pi n s, or da ma ge t o ou t er j a ck et or i n -
su l a t i on ) a n d for evi den ce of possi bl e
i n t er n a l da ma ge (su ch a s pi n ch ed or
cr u sh ed ou t er j a ck et ). Cor d- a n d pl u g-
con n ect ed equ i pmen t a n d fl exi bl e cor d
set s (ext en si on cor ds) wh i ch r ema i n
con n ect ed on ce t h ey a r e pu t i n pl a ce
a n d a r e n ot exposed t o da ma ge n eed
n ot be vi su a l l y i n spect ed u n t i l t h ey a r e
r el oca t ed.
(i i ) I f t h er e i s a defect or evi den ce of
da ma ge t h a t mi gh t expose a n empl oy ee
t o i n j u r y , t h e defect i ve or da ma ged
i t em sh a l l be r emoved fr om ser vi ce,
a n d n o empl oy ee ma y u se i t u n t i l r e-
pa i r s a n d t est s n ecessa r y t o r en der t h e
equ i pmen t sa fe h a ve been ma de.
(i i i ) Wh en a n a t t a ch men t pl u g i s t o
be con n ect ed t o a r ecept a cl e (i n cl u di n g
a n y on a cor d set ), t h e r el a t i on sh i p of
t h e pl u g a n d r ecept a cl e con t a ct s sh a l l
fi r st be ch eck ed t o en su r e t h a t t h ey a r e
of pr oper ma t i n g con fi gu r a t i on s.
(3) Grou n din g-t y pe equ ipmen t . (i ) A
fl exi bl e cor d u sed wi t h gr ou n di n g-t y pe
equ i pmen t sh a l l con t a i n a n equ i pmen t
gr ou n di n g con du ct or .
(i i ) At t a ch men t pl u gs a n d r ecept a cl es
ma y n ot be con n ect ed or a l t er ed i n a
ma n n er wh i ch wou l d pr even t pr oper
con t i n u i t y of t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con du ct or a t t h e poi n t wh er e pl u gs a r e
a t t a ch ed t o r ecept a cl es. Addi t i on a l l y ,
t h ese devi ces ma y n ot be a l t er ed t o
a l l ow t h e gr ou n di n g pol e of a pl u g t o be
i n ser t ed i n t o sl ot s i n t en ded for con n ec-
t i on t o t h e cu r r en t -ca r r y i n g con du c-
t or s.
(i i i ) Ada pt er s wh i ch i n t er r u pt t h e
con t i n u i t y of t h e equ i pmen t gr ou n di n g
con n ect i on ma y n ot be u sed.
(4) Con du ct ive work locat ion s. P or t a bl e
el ect r i c equ i pmen t a n d fl exi bl e cor ds
u sed i n h i gh l y con du ct i ve wor k l oca -
t i on s (su ch a s t h ose i n u n da t ed wi t h
wa t er or ot h er con du ct i ve l i qu i ds), or
i n j ob l oca t i on s wh er e empl oy ees a r e
l i k el y t o con t a ct wa t er or con du ct i ve
l i qu i ds, sh a l l be a ppr oved for t h ose l o-
ca t i on s.
(5) Con n ect in g at t ach men t plu gs. (i )
Empl oy ees h a n ds ma y n ot be wet wh en
pl u ggi n g a n d u n pl u ggi n g fl exi bl e cor ds
a n d cor d- a n d pl u g-con n ect ed equ i p-
men t , i f en er gi zed equ i pmen t i s i n -
vol ved.
(i i ) En er gi zed pl u g a n d r ecept a cl e
con n ect i on s ma y be h a n dl ed on l y wi t h
i n su l a t i n g pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t i f t h e
con di t i on of t h e con n ect i on cou l d pr o-
vi de a con du ct i n g pa t h t o t h e empl oy -
ees h a n d (i f, for exa mpl e, a cor d con -
n ect or i s wet fr om bei n g i mmer sed i n
wa t er ).
(i i i ) Lock i n g-t y pe con n ect or s sh a l l be
pr oper l y secu r ed a ft er con n ect i on .
(b) Elect ric power an d ligh t in g cir-
cu it s(1) Rou t in e open in g an d closin g of
circu it s. Loa d r a t ed swi t ch es, ci r cu i t
br ea k er s, or ot h er devi ces speci fi ca l l y
desi gn ed a s di scon n ect i n g mea n s sh a l l
be u sed for t h e open i n g, r ever si n g, or
cl osi n g of ci r cu i t s u n der l oa d con di -
t i on s. Ca bl e con n ect or s n ot of t h e l oa d-
br ea k t y pe, fu ses, t er mi n a l l u gs, a n d
ca bl e spl i ce con n ect i on s ma y n ot be
u sed for su ch pu r poses, except i n a n
emer gen cy .
(2) Reclosin g circu it s af t er prot ect ive de-
vice operat ion . Aft er a ci r cu i t i s deen er -
gi zed by a ci r cu i t pr ot ect i ve devi ce, t h e
ci r cu i t ma y n ot be ma n u a l l y r een er -
gi zed u n t i l i t h a s been det er mi n ed t h a t
t h e equ i pmen t a n d ci r cu i t ca n be sa fel y
en er gi zed. Th e r epet i t i ve ma n u a l r e-
cl osi n g of ci r cu i t br ea k er s or r een er -
gi zi n g ci r cu i t s t h r ou gh r epl a ced fu ses
i s pr oh i bi t ed.
NOTE: Wh en i t ca n be det er mi n ed fr om t h e
desi gn of t h e ci r cu i t a n d t h e over cu r r en t de-
vi ces i n vol ved t h a t t h e a u t oma t i c oper a t i on
of a devi ce wa s ca u sed by a n over l oa d r a t h er
t h a n a fa u l t con di t i on , n o exa mi n a t i on of t h e
ci r cu i t or con n ect ed equ i pmen t i s n eeded be-
for e t h e ci r cu i t i s r een er gi zed.
(3) Overcu rren t prot ect ion modif icat ion .
Over cu r r en t pr ot ect i on of ci r cu i t s a n d
con du ct or s ma y n ot be modi fi ed, even
on a t empor a r y ba si s, bey on d t h a t a l -
l owed by 1910. 304(e), t h e i n st a l l a t i on
sa fet y r equ i r emen t s for over cu r r en t
pr ot ect i on .
r
f
r
e
d
e
r
i
c
k

o
n

P
R
O
D
1
P
C
6
7

w
i
t
h

C
F
R
895
(c) T est in st ru men t s an d equ ipmen t (1)
Use. On l y qu a l i fi ed per son s ma y per -
for m t est i n g wor k on el ect r i c ci r cu i t s
or equ i pmen t .
(2) Visu al in spect ion . Test i n st r u men t s
a n d equ i pmen t a n d a l l a ssoci a t ed t est
l ea ds, ca bl es, power cor ds, pr obes, a n d
con n ect or s sh a l l be vi su a l l y i n spect ed
for ext er n a l defect s a n d da ma ge befor e
t h e equ i pmen t i s u sed. I f t h er e i s a de-
fect or evi den ce of da ma ge t h a t mi gh t
expose a n empl oy ee t o i n j u r y , t h e de-
fect i ve or da ma ged i t em sh a l l be r e-
moved fr om ser vi ce, a n d n o empl oy ee
ma y u se i t u n t i l r epa i r s a n d t est s n ec-
essa r y t o r en der t h e equ i pmen t sa fe
h a ve been ma de.
(3) Rat in g of equ ipmen t . Test i n st r u -
men t s a n d equ i pmen t a n d t h ei r a cces-
sor i es sh a l l be r a t ed for t h e ci r cu i t s
a n d equ i pmen t t o wh i ch t h ey wi l l be
con n ect ed a n d sh a l l be desi gn ed for t h e
en vi r on men t i n wh i ch t h ey wi l l be
u sed.
(d) Occasion al u se of f lammable or ig-
n it ible mat erials. Wh er e fl a mma bl e ma -
t er i a l s a r e pr esen t on l y occa si on a l l y ,
el ect r i c equ i pmen t ca pa bl e of i gn i t i n g
t h em sh a l l n ot be u sed, u n l ess mea s-
u r es a r e t a k en t o pr even t h a za r dou s
con di t i on s fr om devel opi n g. S u ch ma -
t er i a l s i n cl u de, bu t a r e n ot l i mi t ed t o:
fl a mma bl e ga ses, va por s, or l i qu i ds;
combu st i bl e du st ; a n d i gn i t i bl e fi ber s
or fl y i n gs.
NOTE: El ect r i ca l i n st a l l a t i on r equ i r emen t s
for l oca t i on s wh er e fl a mma bl e ma t er i a l s a r e
pr esen t on a r egu l a r ba si s a r e con t a i n ed i n
1910. 307.
[55 F R 32019, Au g. 6, 1990]
1910.335 Safeguards for personnel
protection.
(a ) Use of prot ect ive equ ipmen t (1)
Person al prot ect ive equ ipmen t . (i ) Em-
pl oy ees wor k i n g i n a r ea s wh er e t h er e
a r e pot en t i a l el ect r i ca l h a za r ds sh a l l
be pr ovi ded wi t h , a n d sh a l l u se, el ec-
t r i ca l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t t h a t i s a p-
pr opr i a t e for t h e speci fi c pa r t s of t h e
body t o be pr ot ect ed a n d for t h e wor k
t o be per for med.
NOTE: P er son a l pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t r e-
qu i r emen t s a r e con t a i n ed i n su bpa r t I of t h i s
pa r t .
(i i ) P r ot ect i ve equ i pmen t sh a l l be
ma i n t a i n ed i n a sa fe, r el i a bl e con di t i on
a n d sh a l l be per i odi ca l l y i n spect ed or
t est ed, a s r equ i r ed by 1910. 137.
(i i i ) I f t h e i n su l a t i n g ca pa bi l i t y of
pr ot ect i ve equ i pmen t ma y be su bj ect
t o da ma ge du r i n g u se, t h e i n su l a t i n g
ma t er i a l sh a l l be pr ot ect ed. (F or exa m-
pl e,

Engineering Safety Management

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Safety Management

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

87

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1910

You might also like