Quick Reference Sheets

Indices
am an = am+n am n = amn a ( am )n = amn ( ab)m = am bm a b
n

a0 = 1 a b
m

=
1 an

am bm

an =
n

b a

bn an

1 = an an
m

an =

an

= ( am ) n

Factorization
( a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ( a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 a2 b2 = ( a b)( a + b)

( a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 ( a b)3 = a3 3a2 b + 3ab2 b3 a3 + b3 = ( a + b) a2 ab + b2 a3 b3 = ( a b) a2 + ab + b2

( x + a)( x + b) = x2 + ( a + b) x + ab x2 + x2 + 1 = x2 1 = x2 x+ x 1 x 1 x
2

2
2

+2

Quadratic Equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation a, b, c are real number and a = 0 b b2 4ac x= 2a 1. b2 4ac = 0 ; 2. b2 4ac > 0 ; 3. b2 4ac < 0 ; b b , x= both the roots are equal 2a 2a b + b2 4ac b b2 4ac x= , x= two distinct roots 2a 2a no real roots x=

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Quick Reference Sheets

Arithmetic Operations
ab + ac = a(b + c) a c ad bc = b d bd a b = a c bc a b c ab c

( a b) (b a) = (c d) (d c)
a b c d

a c ad + bc + = b d bd a ac = b b c a+b a b = + c c c

ad bc

Properties of Roots

n n

a = an

an = a n n n a. b = ab

n a a = n n b b m n a = mn a =

Ratio Proportion
Properties of ratio, a : b and c : d are the two given ratio 1. ma : mb = a : b = 2. If a d = b c, 3. If a d > b c, 4. If a d < b c,
a m

b m

then then then

a:b=c:d a:b>c:d a:b<c:d

Properties of equal ratio 1. If 2. If 3. If 4. If 5. If 6. If a c = , b d a c = , b d a c = , b d a c = , b d a c = , b d a c = , b d then then then then then then b d = a c a b = c d a+b c+d = b d a+b c+d = b d ab cd = b d a+b cd = ab cd

Invertendo Alternendo Componendo Componendo Dividendo Componendo Dividendo

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Quick Reference Sheets

Proportion If

a b

c d

then a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion If a c = b d then ad = bc

Equal Ratios If

a b

c d

e f

then,

a a+c+e = b b+d+ f c a+c+e = d b+d+ f a+c+e e = f b+d+ f

a Continued Proportion If b = b then a, b, c c are said to be in continued proportion. And if a, b, c are in continued proportion then,

a b = or b c b = ac

b2 =

a c

b is called Geometric Mean or Mean

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