Chapter 1 - Matrix

QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics
Chapter 1: Matrix 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX

A manufacturer produces 3 types of products; A, B and C. The units of
labor and material used to produce each product were shown in the
table below:
Product A Product B Product C
Labor 15 7 3
Material 20 5 1

The numerical information in the table can be arranged into a
rectangular block called matrix.
(
1 5 20
3 7 15
Row

Column
MATRIX is a rectangular array of numbers (elements) arranged in a form
of rows and column.
Row horizontal arrangement
Column vertical arrangement

EXERCISE 1
For each matrix, identify the number of rows and columns.
a)
(
(
(
0 1 2
1 2 3
4 5 1
b)
(
(
(

5 0 0
1 1 0
3 1 2
c)
(
7 5
3 8
d)
(
5
4

e)| | 0 0 0 3
2 5 1
0 7 9
6 3 8
Example 1:

Chapter 1: Matrix 2
MATRIX is a collection of elements (numbers) arranged
in rows and columns to form a rectangular array and
enclosed by square bracket or parentheses.

Symbolically, we shall use capital letters such as A, B, C etcetera to
represent a matrix.
For example,
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
mn m m m
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
A
L
M M M M M
L
L
L
3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11

Each number in the matrix is also known as entry or element.
To denote arbitrary entries in a matrix, we may use a single letter
along with appropriate double subscripts to indicate position.
Therefore, the entry at the first row and second column of matrix
A will be denote as
12
a
(reads a sub one-two), where the first
subscript specifies the row and the second subscript specify the
column in which the entry appears.
Generalizing, we say that the symbol
ij
a denotes the entry in the
i
th
row and j
th
column, where m i ,..., 2 , 1 = and n j ,..., 2 , 1 = .

Therefore, we can represent the matrix from example 1(page 1), with
capital letter B

(
=
1 5 20
3 7 15
B


Chapter 1: Matrix 3
A rectangular array of numbers consisting of m
horizontal rows and n vertical columns is called an
n m matrix or a matrix of order n m
Order of a matrix n m =
whereby the element on the first row and column of matrix B or
15
11
= b
,
7
12
= b
. How about other elements,
23 22 21 13
, , , b b b b
?

ORDER OF A MATRIX

For instance, in example 1,
(
=
1 5 20
3 7 15
B

the matrix B have 2 rows and 3 columns. Therefore we called it a matrix
of order 2 x 3.

m number of rows
n number of columns

For brevity, an n m matrix can be denoted by the symbol
| |
mxn
ij
a
where the order is understood to be which is
appropriate for the given context.
This notation merely indicates what types of symbols we are using
to denote the general entry.
In the case of matrix B, we can denote it as
| |
3 2x
ij
b


Chapter 1: Matrix 4
A matrix having the same number of rows and columns
is called a square matrix.

EXERCISE 2
For each matrix, specify the
i) Number of rows
ii) Number of columns
iii) Order of the matrix
a)
(
(
(
0 1
2 6
1 3
b)
| | 8 5 1
c)
(
(
(
4
9
6

1.2 SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES

1.2.1 SQUARE MATRIX

For example,
(
4 3
2 1
is a square matrix of order 2 x 2, and

(
(
(
0 6 1
2 7 5
3 1 4
is a square matrix of order 3 x 3.

EXERCISE 3
Write an example of a square matrix of
a) 1 x 1 b) 2 x 2 c) 3 x 3


Chapter 1: Matrix 5
A matrix that has exactly one column is called
column matrix or column vector.
A matrix consisting of a single row is called
row matrix or row vector.

1.2.2 COLUMN MATRIX/ COLUMN VECTOR

For example,
(
(
(
3
2
1
is a column matrix of order 3 x 1

1.2.3 ROW MATRIX/ ROW VECTOR

For example,
| | 2 0 1
is a row matrix of order 1 x 3

EXERCISE 4
Identify the type and order of each matrix.
a)
(
9
6
b) | | 3 8 9 c)
(
(
(
0
8
6


Chapter 1: Matrix 6
A matrix | |
n m
ij
a A

=
where 0 =
ij
a for
j i is called a diagonal matrix. In other
words, a diagonal matrix is
a square matrix
with all the entries that are on the main
diagonal are non-zeroes.
An upper triangular matrix is a:
a) square matrix
b) elements at the position where (row > column) = 0
c) elements at the position where (row column ) 0
1.2.4 DIAGONAL MATRIX

For example, A =
(
(
(
3 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 2

Each elements in this matrix are zero EXCEPT for the element that
lie on the main diagonal extending from the upper left corner
to the lower right corner (called the main-diagonal entries) a
11
,
a
22
and a
33
. This matrix is called diagonal matrix of order 3x3.

1.2.5 UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

In other words we can say, a square matrix is said to be an upper
triangular matrix if all entries below the main diagonal are zero.
Or sometimes is denote by:
0
0

0

Chapter 1: Matrix 7
A lower triangular matrix is a:
a) square matrix
b) elements at the position where (row < column) = 0
c) elements at the position where (row column ) 0

| |
ij
a
= aij = 0; for i > j
aij 0; for i j

For example,
(
(
(
2 0 0
7 3 0
5 6 1
,
2 0
4 1

1.2.6 LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

In other words we can say, a square matrix is said to be a lower
triangular matrix if all entries above the main diagonal are zero.
Or sometimes is denote by:

| |
ij
a
= aij = 0; for i < j
aij 0; for i j

For example,
(
(
(
3 4 8
0 2 9
0 0 7
,
4 2
0 3

0

Chapter 1: Matrix 8
An Identity is a square matrix where the elements on the
main diagonal are 1 and the other elements are all zero.
A null matrix is a matrix where all the elements are
zero and denoted by O.
1.2.7 IDENTITY ( I )

Identity is denoted by the capital letter, I .
a) An identity of the order 2 x 2:
(
1 0
0 1
2 2
I

b) An identity of the order 3 x 3:
(
(
(
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3 3
I

1.2.8 NULL MATRIX ( O )

For example,

(
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 2
O is a null matrix of the order 2 x 3.


Chapter 1: Matrix 9

EXERCISE 5
For each matrix, determine the types and order:
a)
(
(
(
=
1 0 3
2 5 0
3 7 1
A b)
(
(
(
=
0
0
1
B
c) | | 3 5 0 = C

d)
(
(
(
=
6 0 1
0 4 0
3 0 2
D
e)
(
=
2 0
0 1
E

f)
(
(
(
=
5 0 1
0 3 2
0 0 1
F

1.3 EQUALITY OF MATRICES

Two matrices,
( )
n m
ij
a A

=
and
( )
q p
ij
b B

=
is equal, and can
be written as B A = if;

i. The order of each matrix A and B is equal, where p m = and
q n =
ii. The corresponding elements are equal, where
ij ij
b a = for all i
& j .


Chapter 1: Matrix 10

For example,
a)
2 3 2 3
6 5
1 2
0 4
6 5
1 2
0 4

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

b)
3 2
2 3
3 4 7
6 0 5
3 6
4 0
7 5
(
(
(

EXERCISE 6
1. Determine whether the pair of matrices below are equal
or not
a)
(
(
(
(
(
2
3
0
5 . 0 5
,
2
1
1 0
2
1
5
b)
(
(
(
(
3 . 0 25 . 0
4 . 0 5 . 0
,
10
3
4
1
5
2
2
1

2. Given
| | ,
49
9
, 7 3 ,
5 3
1 6
,
7
3
(
= =
(
=
(
= D C B A

(
(
=
(
=
5
2
3
2
3 3 2
,
5 1
3 6
0
F E
Name two matrices that are equal.

Both matrices
have a different
order
Both matrices have
the same order and
corresponding
elements.

The transpose of an m x n matrix A, denoted A
T
,
is the n x m matrix whose i
th
row is the i
th

column of A.

a) Given the matrices
(
=
0 4
y x
A
and
(
=
0
3 6
z
B . If
B A = , determine the value of x , y and z .

b) If
(
=
(
+
+
4 2
5 3
1 2 1
1 3
q r r
q
p r q
q q
determine the value of
p, q and r .

Solution:
As B A = , therefore
(
=
(
0
3 6
0 4 z
y x
. By matching each
element to their corresponding element
ij
a and
ij
b , we know
that:

1.4 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

If A is a matrix, the matrix formed from A by interchanging its rows with
its column is called the transpose of A.

Example 2:


(
(
(
(
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
= +
mn mn m m m m
n n
n n
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
B A
L
M M M M
L
L
2 2 1 1
2 2 22 22 21 21
1 1 12 12 11 11

Given
(

=
8 3 6
2 6 10
A ,
(
=
1
3
B and
(
=
1 7
4 2
C .
Determine the order of A, B and C. Find
T
A ,
T
B ,
T
C and the
order of each transposition.

1.5 OPERATION OF A MATRIX

1.5.1 MATRIX ADDITION
Two or more matrices can only be added if and only if each
matrix has the same order/level.

For instance,

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
mn m m
n
n
mn m m
n
n
b b b
b b b
b b b
B
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
L
M M M M
L
L
L
M M M M
L
L
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
,

So,

MATRIX ADDITION
Example 3:

If A = [a
ij
] and B=[b
ij
] are both mxn matrices,
then the sum A+B is the mxn matrix obtained
by adding corresponding entries of A and B;
that is, A+B = [a
ij
+ b
ij
].

(
(
(
(

=
mn mn m m m m
n n
n n
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
B A
L
M M M M
L
L
2 2 1 1
2 2 22 22 21 21
1 1 12 12 11 11

Calculate the sum of both matrices below:
i)
(

=
(
=
3 1
2 4
,
2 3
4 1
B A Answer:
ii)
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
3 2 4
1 7 0
4 2 3
,
8 6 1
1 4 7
5 1 2
D C Answer:

iii) | | | | 0 2 1 4 , 14 0 4 3 = = F E Answer:

1.5.2 MATRIX SUBTRACTION
Two or more matrices can only be subtracted if and only if each
matrix has the same order/level.
For instance:

Example 4:


EXERCISE 7
Get the subtraction for both matrices:
i)
(
=
(
=
1
7
,
5
4
H G

ii) | | | | 2 1 0 , 4 5 1 = = K J

1.5.3 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
i) Matrix addition is commutative A B B A + = +
ii) Matrix subtraction is NOT commutative
A B B A
iii) Matrix addition is associative
( ) ( ) C B A C B A + + = + +
iv) Matrix subtraction is NOT associative
( ) ( ) C B A C B A
v) Matrix addition has the identity property
A A O O A = + = +
vi) Matrix subtraction is NOT identical
A O O A

1.5.4 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

a) Scalar Multiplication
If A is an mxn matrix and k is a real number (also called a
scalar), then, by k A, we denote the mxn matrix obtained by
multiplying each entry in A by k . This operation is called scalar
multiplication, and k A is called a scalar multiple of A.

Let A be a mxn matrix and B be a nxp matrix. Then
the product AB is the mxp matrix (we called it C)
whose entry c
ij
in row i and column j is obtained as
follows:
Sum of the products formed by multiplying (in
order), each entry (that is, first, second, etc.)
in row i of A by the corresponding entry (that is,
first, second, etc.) in column j of B.
For example, if
(
(
(
=
7 0 6
4 9 2
3 1 5
A , find the scalar multiple of A( kA) where
2 = k .

Solution:

1.5.5 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
i) ( ) kB kA B A k + = +
ii) ( ) A k A k A k k
2 1 2 1
+ = +
iii) ( ) ( )A k k A k k
2 1 2 1
=
iii) O OA =
iv) O kO =

b) Multiplication of two matrices



3 conditions of matrix multiplication (AB):
the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
of B.
the product will be a matrix of order mxp it will have as
many rows as A and as many columns as B.
the definition refers to the product AB, in that order; A is
the left factor and B is the right factor.

A multiply B = AB
Level : m x x p m x p

Must be the same size of product

Given matrix (
=
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
A
and
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
b b b
b b b
b b b
B

Find the product AB.

Solution
i. Determine whether operation is possible. If possible, determine
the size of the product.
Matrix A has size 2x3 and matrix B has size 3x3. The number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. Therefore, the
operation is possible, and the product will be a 2x3 matrix.
n n
Example 5:


ii. Calculate each entry in the AB matrix.
Let say the product of AB multiplication is matrix C, therefore
matrix C is defined as;
(
(
=
23 22 21
13 12 11
c c c
c c c
C

The entry
11
c
is obtained by summing the product of each
entry in row 1 of A by the corresponding entry in column 1 of B.
Thus,
Entries in the 1
st
row of A

C1 1
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
31 13 21 12 11 11
b a b a b a + + =

Entries in the 1st column of B

continue with other entries;

=
=
=
=
=
23
22
21
13
12
c
c
c
c
c

(
.... .... ....

13 12 11
a a a
(
(
(
.... ....
.... ....
.... ....
31
21
11
b
b
b


Given
(
=
(
=
5 7
3 2
,
2 0
4 1
B A
. Find AB.
Solution:

Compute
(
(
(
0 1
1 0
2 3
3 1 3
4 2 0

Compute
(
(
(
(
1 9
6 2
7 8 4
2 0 4
3 5 2

1.5.6 PROPERTIES FOR MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
i) ( ) ( )C AB BC A =
ii) ( ) AC AB C B A + = + and
( ) BC AC C B A + = +
iii) BA AB
iv) A IA AI = =
Example 7:
Example 6:
Example 8:


21 12 22 11
a a a a A =

1.6 DETERMINANT, SUBMATRIX, MINOR, COFACTOR, ADJOIN

1.6.1 DETERMINANT
9 Determinant can only be obtained from a square matrix and is
denoted as A .
9 The determinant will determine whether a matrix is invertible or not.

Determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix
FORMULA:
If
(
=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A
.
Therefore the determinant of A is

Find A :
a)
(

=
2 2
3 5
A

Solution:

Example 9:


Determinant for a 3 x 3 matrix
FORMULA:
If
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
.
Therefore the determinant for A is;

32 31
22 21
13
33 31
23 21
12
33 32
23 22
11
a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a A + =

=
( ) ( )
31 23 33 21 12 32 23 33 22 11
a a a a a a a a a a
+
( )
31 22 32 21 13
a a a a a

Get the determinant for matrix A:

(
(
(
=
4 1 0
6 3 2
1 0 2
A

EXERCISE 8
Calculate the determinant (|A|) for each matrix:
a)
(
=
2 3
3 0
A
b)
(
(
(
=
4
3
2
4
1
3
2
A

c)
(

=
2
3
q
p
A
d)
(

=
2 25 . 0
4 5 . 0
A

Example 10:

Sub matrix is a matrix obtained when we exclude entries in
a certain row and column. The sub matrix for the entry
ij
a
is obtained by excluding the entries in the
th
i row and the
th
j
column from the original matrix A.Thus, if a matrix consists of n entries,
therefore the number of sub matrix that can be obtained from the
matrix is n.
Solution:

1.6.1 SUB MATRIX

EXERCISE 9:
Find the determinant for each matrix:
i)
| | 5 = A
ii)
(
(
(
=
4 1 0
3 4 2
1 0 0
B

iii)
(
(
(
(
(
=
4 1 2
2 0 1
1
2
1
5
C
iv)
(
(
(
=
1 18 2
1 9 1
0 2 12
D


Minor, is the determinant of a sub matrix. Minor
ij
m , means
the determinant for a sub matrix that is obtained when the
entries in
th
i row and
th
j column are excluded from the
original matrix.
1.6.2 MINOR

Given a matrix
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A , get the sub matrix and minor
for the
11
a and
12
a

Solution:
Sub matrix
(
=
33 32
23 22
11
a a
a a
a
Minor
33 32
23 22
11
a a
a a
m = 23 32 33 22
a a a a =

11
m is minor for the entry
11
a , which is a 2 2 determinant obtained
by excluding the first row and first column of the original matrix.
Sub matrix
(
=
33 31
23 21
12
a a
a a
a
Minor
33 31
23 21
12
a a
a a
m = 23 31 33 21
a a a a =

Example 11:

Cofactor, ( )
ij
j i
ij
m K
+
= 1
Continue with,
13 31
21 32
22 33
23
m m
m m
m m
m

Minor matrix is obtained when all the minors are collected into one
single matrix. Thus,
Minor
( )
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
m m m
A m m m
m m m
(
(
=
(
(

EXERCISE 10:
If
1 2 3
1 3 5
1 5 12
A
(
(
=
(
(

, Find the minor matrix for A

1.6.3 COFACTOR

11
K for the entry
11
a
( )
1 1
11 11
1 m m
+
=

12
K for the entry
12
a
( )
1 2
12 12
1 m m
+
=
Continue with other cofactor entry
33 32 31 23 22 21 13
, , , , , , K K K K K K K

Adjoin = (Cofactor)
T

Therefore
Cof
( )
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
K K K
K K K
K K K
A
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
m m m
m m m
m m m
+ +
(
(
= +
(
( + +

1.6.3 ADJOIN
Adjoin is the transposed of cofactor

EXERCISE 11:

If
1 2 3
1 3 5
1 5 12
A
(
(
=
(
(

, find the cofactor and adjoin for A.

1.7 INVERSE OF A MATRIX (A
-1
)
Properties:
9 Can only be obtained from square matrix.
9 The inverse of A is denoted
1
A
9 If 0 = A , (determinant of A equal to zero) therefore the matrix
A is not invertible.
9 The product of A
1
A is the identity, I
1
AA = A A
1
= I


(
11 21
12 22 1
1
a a
a a
A
A

( )A adj
A
A
1
1
=

1.7.1 INVERSE OF A 2 X 2 MATRIX
Given
(
=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A
thus

where
21 12 22 11
a a a a A =

1.7.2 INVERSE OF A 3 X 3 MATRIX
Given a matrix
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A therefore

where A is the determinant for A
and ( )A adj = [ cof( A)]
T

EXERCISE 12:
Find the inverse for each matrix below (if exist):
i)
(
=
5 3
4 2
A
ii)
(

=
18 3
3 5 . 0
B



1.8 SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION
A system of linear equation with 2 unknown is normally written as
follow:

11 1 12 2 1
21 1 22 2 2
(1)
a x a x b
a x a x b
+ =

`
+ =
)

To solve the systems using matrix, the systems need to be rewritten
in a form of a matrix equation:
AX B =

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
B
a a x b
a a x b
A X
( ( (
=
( ( (

coefficients unknowns constants

Systems of linear equation with 3 unknowns

11 1 12 2 13 3 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 3
(2)
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + =

+ + =
`
+ + =
)

EXERCISE 13:
Find the inverse of A (if exist):
1 2 3
1 3 5
1 5 12
A
(
(
=
(
(


B A X
1
=
The system (2) can also be written in matrix form AX B =

11 12 13 1 1
21 22 23 2 2
31 32 33 3 3
B
a a a x b
a a a x b
a a a x b
A X
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

There are two common methods to solve the systems of linear equation
using matrix:
Using the inverse to solve a systems
Using the Cramers Rule

1.8.1 USING THE INVERSE TO SOLVE A SYSTEMS
By multiplying both side of the equation B AX = with
1
A
B A AX A
1 1
=
we will find that
B A IX
1
=

So,

Where
(
=
y
x
X for a 2 x 2 matrix of A
Where IX = X

and
(
(
(
=
z
y
x
X for a 3x3 matrix of A.

Find the value of x and y for the systems of linear equation:

1
4 2
= +
= +
y x
y x

Solution
Write in the form of matrix AX B =

Find
1
A
,

Find the value of x and y X = A
-1
.B

Example 11:


EXERCISE 13:
Solve the following systems of linear equation using the inverse method:
a)
y x
y x
+ =
= +
20 3
5
2
1

b)
2 3 1
3 5 2
5 12 3
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

1.8.2 CRAMERs RULE
Given a matrix equation,
B X A
b
b
b
x
x
x
a a a
a a a
a a a
n n mn m m
n
n
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
M M
L
M M M M
L
L
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

Using the CRAMERs RULE:
Find the determinant for A A
Form a Cramer matrix
i
A by replacing the entries in the i th column
of A with entries in B (constants):
For example
1
A is obtained by replacing the entries in the 1
st
column by B
2
A is obtained by replacing the entries in the2
nd
column by B


(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
mn n m
n
n
mn n n
n
n
a b a
a b a
a b a
A
a a b
a a b
a a b
A
L
M L M M
L
L
L
M M M M
L
L
1
2 2 21
1 1 11
2
2
2 22 2
1 12 1
1
,

The 1
st
column is replaced by B The 2
nd
column is replaced by B

i
A is obtained by replacing the entries in
th
i column by B
B
b a
b a
b a
b a
A
column i
n m
i
th
(
(
(
(
(
(
L L
M M M M
L L
L L
L L
1
3 31
2 21
1 11

Find the determinant of
i
A
i
A
The value of
i
x is obtained, using the formula
A
A
x
i
i
=

Given a systems of linear equation:
5 2 4
3 2
x y
x y
=
=

Find the value of x and y using the Cramers Rule.

Example 13:

Solution:
i) Write the systems in a form of AX = B

ii) Find |A| =

iii) Find the Cramer matrix : A1 and A2

iv) Compute |A
1
| and |A
2
|

v) Get the value of x and y:

?
1
= =
A
A
x
and

?
2
= =
A
A
y

EXERISE 14:
Solve the following systems of linear equations using the Cramers rule:
a)
3 3 2
2 2
= +
= +
y x
y x


b)
2 3 1
3 5 2
5 12 3
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

c) Every month Ali sends glass bottles, plastic bottles and old
newspapers to the recycling centre. Table 1 shows the weight of
each item sent by Ali for the first three months of 2005 and how
much it is paid.

Item /
Month
Glass
Bottle
(kg)
Plastic
Bottle
(kg)
Old
Newspaper
(kg)
Payment
received
(RM)
January 4.5 3.5 8.0 4.90
February 6.0 4.0 12.5 6.70
March 6.0 5.0 10.5 6.60

If RM x, y and z is paid for each kilogram of glass bottle, plastic bottle
and old newspaper sent,

i. Write the problem in a form of matrix: AX = B

ii. Find|A|

iii. Determine the price paid for a kilogram of old newspaper using
the Cramers Rule.

Chapter 1 - Matrix

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Chapter 1 - Matrix

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QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics

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