BAB I Definition of tenses

The meaning of tenses is a description or explanation of when an event, and actions. Events or actions occur in a sentence: current past or future. Or change the verb form in accordance with the time occurrence of an event and change the time information.
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.[1][note 1] The tenses are past, present, and future.

Tense can also make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that. In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event. The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from experience or hearsay (evidentiality).[citation needed] Tense differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these meanings (see tenseaspectmood). In languages which have tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together.

BAB II

Berikut ini ke-16 rumus tenses dan jenis jenis tenses : 1. Simple Present + S + Verb-1 + s/es + O - S + do/does + Verb-1 + O ? Do/does + S + Verb-1 + O ? 2. Present Continous + S + (is,am,are) + Verb-ing + O - S + (is,am,are) + Not + Verb-ing + O ? (is,am,are) + S + Verb-ing + O ? 3. Present Perfect + S + Have/has + Verb-3 + O - S + Have/has + Not + Verb-3 + O ? Have/has + S + Verb-3 + O ? 4. Present Perfect Continous + S + have/has + been + Ving + O - S + have/has + Not + been + Ving + O ? Have/has + S + been + Ving + O? 5. Simple Past + S + V2 + O - S + did + Not + V-1 + O ? Did + S + V2 + O? 6. Past Continous + S + (was/were) + Ving + O - S + (was/were) + Not + Ving + O ? (was/were) + S + Ving + O ? 7. Past Perfect + S + had + v3 + O - S + had + not + v3 + O ? had + S + v3 + O ? 8. Past Perfect Continous + S + had + been + ving + O - S + had + + Not + been + ving + O ? Had + S + been + ving + O ? 9. Simple Future + S + Will/shall + V1 + O - S + Will/shall + Not + V1 + O ? Will/shall + S + V1 + O ? 10. Future Continous + S + will/shall + be + Ving + O - S + will/shall + Not + be + Ving + O ? will/shall + S + be + Ving + O? 11. Future Perfect

+ S + will/shall + have + V3 + O - S + will/shall + Not + have + V3 + O ? will/shall + S + have + V3 + O? 12. Future Perfect Continous + S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O - S + will/shall + Not + have + been + Ving + O ? will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O? 13. Simple Past Future + S + would/should + V1 + O - S + would/should + Not + V1 + O ? would/should + S + V1 + O? 14. Past Future Continous + S + would/should + be + Ving + O - S + would/should + Not + Be + Ving + O ? would/should + S + Be + Ving + O? 15. Past Future Perfect + S + would/should + Have + V3 + O - S + would/should + Not + Have + V3 + O ? would/should + S + Have + V3 + O? 16. Past Future Perfect Continous + S + would/should + Have + Been + Ving + O - S + would/should + Not + Have + Been + VIng + O ? would/should + S + Have + Been + Ving + O?

BAB III Contoh kalimat tenses Example : + } Sisca Reads book everyday - } Sisca does not Read book everyday ? } does Sisca Read book everyday (+) She is a new people here. (+) He plays football every morning (-) She isnt a new people here. (-) He does not playing football every morning. (?) Is she a new people here?