Toan Cao Cap - A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1
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Bi 1 Gii hn v lin tc

I. S THC V HM S

1.Cc s thc v ng thng thc
Cc s thc l nhng s c th biu din di dng thp phn nh :

trong du ba chm () ch dy cc k s sau du chm thp phn ko di n v
hn .
Cc s thc c th c biu din v mt hnh hc bi cc im trn 1 ng thng,
c gi l ng thng thc nh minh ha di y:

Tp hp tt c cc s thc (hay ng thng thc ) s c k hiu l R.
Trn tp hp cc s thc ta c hai php ton c bn + v * vi mt s tnh cht i s
quen thuc bit . T ta cng c php ton tr (-) v php chia (/) cho s khc 0.
Ngoi ra trn R ta cng c mt th t thng thng v vi th t ny ta c mt s
tnh cht c vit di dng cc bt ng thc nh sau:
Nu a,b, v c l cc s thc th ta c
a < b a+c <b+c
a < b a-c <b-c
a < b v c > 0 ac <bc


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a < b v c< 0 bc <ac
c bit : a < b -b <-a
a > 0 > 0
Nu (a v b cng l s dng )
hay (a v b cng l s m )
Th ta c :

R c mt s tp hp con quen thuc l tp hp cc s t nhin N ,tp hp cc s
nguyn Z, v tp hp cc s hu t Q . Theo th t "bao hm trong " th
N c Z c Q c R
Cc s thc khng thuc Q c gi l cc s v t .
K hiu cc khong on v na khong :
Vi a v b l cc s thc , ta k hiu :
(a ,b ) l { x e R / a< x <b}
[ a,b ] l {x e R / a <=x <= b}
[a,b) l {x e R / a <= x < b }
(a ,b ] l { x e R / a < x <=b}
(a, ) l {x e R / x > a}
[a, ) l { x e R /x >= a}
( - ,b) l {x e R /x < b }
( - b] l {x e R /x <= b}
( - , ) l R


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Ghi ch : Ngi ta cn chng minh c rng R c tnh cht y . Theo tnh
cht ny th mi tp s thc khc rng b chn trn u c cn trn ng (tc l chn
trn nh nht). Tng t , mi tp s thc khc rng b c chn di ng.
K hiu "gi tr tuyt i:
Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s thc x ,k hiu bi |x|, c nh ngha nh sau :

T ta c mt s tnh cht di y:
(1) Vi mi
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Lu rng v mt hnh hc , | x| biu din khong cch t im x n im 0 trn
ng thng thc . Tng qut hn l :
| x-y| = khong cch gia x v y


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2. Hm s
nh ngha:
Mt hm s f t mt tp D vo IR l mt quy tc cho ng vi mi x e D l mt phn
t duy nht f (x) e R.
Mt hm s thng c cho di dng cng thc nh cc v d sau:

Khi hm s c cho bi mt cng thc nh hm s g(x) trn th tp hp tt c cc
x m g(x) xc nh c gi l min xc nh ca hm s.
V d: Min xc nh ca hm s l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho :
x
2
4 > 0
x s -2 hay x > 2
Vy min xc nh l : ( - , -2 ] [ 2 , )
th ca hm s:
th ca hm s f l ng biu din trong mt phng Oxy c phng trnh y=f(x).
N bao gm tt c cc im (x , f(x)) vi x chy trong min xc nh ca hm s.
V d :
1) th hm s y = x
2

2) th hm s y = x
3/2


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Tng, hiu, tch, thng ca cc hm s:
Cho f v g l 2 hm s, v c l mt hng s. Ta nh ngha cc hm f+g, fg, f.g, f/g
v c.f bi cc cng thc sau:
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)
(f . g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)

(c.f) (x) =c.f(x)
Hp ni ca cc hm s:
Hp ni ca f(x) v g(x) l 1 hm s c k hiu l gof v c nh ngha bi :
(go f) (x) = g(f(x) )
Min xc nh ca go f l tp hp cc gi tr x sao cho f(x) e min xc nh ca g.
V d: Hm s y = c min xc nh l tp hp tt c cc s thc x
sao cho

hay x e (1, 2). Vy min xc nh l D = (- , 1] [2, + ).


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III. CC DNG V NH
1 . Hm tng ng ,VCB ,VCL
nh ngha 1:
Cho hai hm s f(x)v g(x) khng trit tiu trong mt khong quanh x
o
( c th loi
tr x
o
). Ta ni f(x) tng ng vi g(x) khi x -> x
o
nu:

Khi y , ta vit :
f(x) ~ g(x) khi x -> xo
Hoc l : khi x -> x
o ,
f(x) ~ g(x)
Tnh cht : Khi x -> x
o

(i) f(x) ~ g(x)
(ii) f(x) ~ g(x) g(x) ~ f(x)
(iii) f(x) ~ g(x) v g(x) ~ h(x) f(x) ~ h(x)
V d : Khi x -> 0, ta c :
sin x ~ x ln(1+x) ~ x

tg x ~ x ex -1 ~ x
arcsin x ~ x arctg x ~ x
nh ngha 2:
Cho f (x) xc nh quanh x
o
(c th loi tr x
o
). Ta ni f (x) l mt i lng v cng
b khi x -> xo vit tt l VCB , khi
Trong trng hp ta c (hoc + , hoc - ) ta ni f (x) l v cng ln
(vit tt l VCL) khi x -> x
o

V d:


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Khi x -> 0 , ta c x, ln(1+x), 1 cos x l cc VCB.
Khi x -> 0
+
, ta c ln(x), l cc VCL
Khi x -> + , ta c x, ln(x), ex l cc VCL
Ghi ch : Cc khi nim v hm tng ng, VCB v VCL cng c nh
ngha tng t nh hai nh ngha trn khi xt gii hn v tn, tc l khi xt x - >
, hoc x -> + , hoc x -> - .

2. By dng v nh.
Gi s ta xt gii hn ca f(x) v g(x)trong cng mt qa trnh bin i ca
x.Khi
1) Ta ni f (x) g (x) c dng v nh - nu f (x) v g (x) cng tin v + (hoc
l - ).
2) Ta ni f(x).g (x) c dng v nh o . nu:
f (x) l VCB v g (x) l VCL , hoc l:
f (x) l VCL v g (x) l VCB
3) Ta ni c dng v nh nu f(x) v g (x) u l cc VCB
4) Ta ni c dng v nh nu f(x) v g(x) u l cc VCL
5) Ta ni f(x)
g(x)
c dng v nh 0
0
khi f (x) v g (x) u l cc VCB.
6) Ta ni f(x)
g(x)
c dng v nh
0
nu f(x) -> + v g (x) l VCB.
7) Ta ni f (x)
g(x)
c dng v nh 1 nu f(x) -> 1 v g (x) l VCL .
3. Quy tc thay th tng ng khi tnh gii hn.
nh l : Gi s ta xt gii hn trong mt qu trnh bin i ca x. khi y :
f (x) ~ g (x) v g (x) c gii hn L
f(x) c gii hn L. (L hu hn hoc v hn)


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v

V d: Tnh
Khi x -> 0, ta c : x . ln(1+x) ~ x . x = x
2

=>
Vy:
4. So snh cc VCB , v cc VCL
nh ngha: Xt x -> a (a e R , hoc a l v tn )
Gi s u = f (x)v v = g (x) l cc VCB . Khi :
(i) Ta ni u v v c cng cp nu
(ii) Ta ni u c cp cao hn v nu
(iii) Ta ni u c cp thp hn v nu
V d : Khi xt x -> 0, ta c 1 cos x v x
2
l 2 VCB cng cp , 1 cos x l VCB cp
cao hn ln(1+x)
nh ngha: (So snh VCL)
Gi s f(x) v g (x) l 2 VCL khi x -> a . Ta ni


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(i) f (x) c cng cp vi g (x) nu
(ii) f(x) c cp cao hn g (x) nu
(iii) f(x) c cp thp hn g(x) nu
V d: Khi x -> + , ta c x v cng cp , x
3/2
c cp cao hn
nh l: Gi s f (x) v g(x) l cc VCB khi x -> a .Ta c:
(i) Nu f(x) c cp nh hn g(x) th f(x) g(x) ~ f(x) khi x->a
(ii) Nu f(x) cng cp g(x) v f(x) ~ f
1
(x), g(x) ~ g
1
(x) th :
f(x) - g(x) ~ f
1
(x) - g
1
(x)
vi iu kin f(x) v g(x) khng tng ng.
nh l: Gi s f(x) v g(x) l cc VCL khi x -> a. Ta c:
(i) Nu f(x) c cp ln hn g(x) th:
f(x) g(x) ~ f(x) khi x->a
(ii) Nu f v g cng cp nhng khng tng ng, v: f(x) ~ f
1
(x), g(x) ~ g
1
(x) th :
f(x) - g(x) ~ f
1
(x) - g
1
(x)
V d: Khi x - > + , ta c:
3x
4
+ x + 1 ~ 3x
2


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IV. KH DNG V NH

Nh bit , ta c th dng cc quy tc tnh gii hn trong trng hp khng phi
dng v nh v cc quy tc thay th tng ng tnh gii hn . Trong trng hp
gp cc dng v nh : - , 0. , , v ta c th phn tch biu thc n
gin hay thc hin cc quy tc thay th tng ng , c bit l p dng vic th
tng ng cho VCB v VCL c trnh by trong cc nh l mc II trn . i
vi cc dng v nh 0
0
, 1 v
0
ta thng dng cng thc bin i sau y :
(u > 0)
ri xt gii hn ca v. lnu
Ngoi ra , i vi cc dng v nh v ta cn c th p dng quy tc L
Hospitale. Quy tc ny s c trnh by trong phn p dng ca o hm trong
chng sau .
Di y chng ta s xt mt s v d minh ha cho cc phng php kh dng v
nh nu trn.
V d 1:
Tm v
Khi x -> + , ta c :

=>
Khi x -> + , ta c :
~


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=>
V d 2:
Tm
Khi x-> 0 , ta c :
2x + sin 3x ~ 5x
sin
2
x ~ x
2

2x + sin 3x + sin
2
x ~ 5x
sin 4x + ln(1+x) ~ 4x

+ x =5x
sin 4x + ln(1+x) - x
2
~ 5x
suy ra :
Vy:
V d 3:
Tm
Khi x -> 0, ta c:

=>


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Vy:
V d 4:
Tnh gii hn
Ta c dng v nh . Bin i:

Khi x ,ta c:

V

Suy ra
V


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V. HM S LIN TC
1 . nh ngha
(i) Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha xo. Ta ni f(x) lin tc ti xo nu

(ii) Cho f (x) xc nh trn vi [ xo, xo + o ] vi s > 0. Ta ni f (x) lin tc bn phi ti
xo nu:

(iii) Cho f(x) xc nh tn ( xo - o , xo

] vi s > 0
Ta ni f(x) lin tc bn tri ti xo nu:

Mnh : f lin tc ti x
o
<=> f lin tc bn tri v lin tc bn phi ti x
o

nh l: Cho f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s lin tc ti xo. Khi ta c :
(i) f(x) + g(x) v f(x) . g (x) cng lin tc ti xo
(ii) lin tc ti xo vi iu kin
(iii) | f (x) | lin tc ti xo
.

nh l: Nu hm s f(x) lin tc ti x
o
v hm s g(u) lin tc ti u
o
= f(x
o
) th
hm s hp h (x) =gof(x) lin tc ti x
o.

2.Tnh cht ca hm hm s lin tc trn mt on
nh ngha: Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc trn on [a,b] nu:
(i) f(x) lin tc trn khang (a,b) ,tc l f (x) lin tc ti mi xoe (a,b)
(ii) f(x) lin tc bn phi ti a.
(iii) f(x) lin tc bn tri ti b.


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Lin quan n hm s lin tc trn mt on , ngi ta chng minh c nh l
sau y:
nh l: Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi ta c:
(i) f c ga tr nh nht v ga tr ln nht trn [a,b]
(ii) t m = min {f(x)/ x e [a,b]}
M = max {f(x) / x e [a,b]}
Ta c f ([a,b] ) =[m,M]
(iii) Cho mt s thc yo ty thuc [m,M], ta c xoe [a,b] sao cho yo=f(xo)
H qu: Nu f lin tc trn [a,b] v:
f(a) .f(b) <0
Th phng trnh f(x) =0 c nghim trong khong (a,b).

BI TP CHNG I

1. Tnh cc gii hn sau:

(a > b)

2.Tnh gii hn :


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3.Tnh gii hn :

4.Xc nh a v b sao cho cc hm s sau y l lin tc trn IR.


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5.Chng minh rng phng trnh
2x
3
6x+1=0
C 3 nghim trn on [-2,2]
6.Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau y c nghim :
2x
2
5x
3
-2x-1=0
2
x
+3
x
= 6
x


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Bi 2 o hm v vi phn ca mt s bin

I. KHI NIM V O HM
1.nh ngha:
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong mt khong cha x
o
. Nu t s c gii
hn e R khi x x
o
th ta ni f c o hm ti x
o
v gi tr ca gii hn trn c gi
l o hm ca hm s f ti x
o
. o hm ca f ti x
o
thng c k hiu l: f(x
o
)

Cc k hiu khc ca o hm :
Cho hm s y = f(x). Ngoi cch k hiu o hm l f(x) ta cn c mt s cch k
hiu khc nh sau:
yHay y
x

ngha hnh hc ca o hm :

x= x
o
+h


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PT l tip tuyn ti

H s gc ca tip tuyn vi ng cong l
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s y = f (x) ti Mo(xo

f(x) l:
y-y
o
= f(x
o
) . (x- x
o
)
trong y
o
=f(x
o
)

2. Lin h gia o hm v tnh lin tc
nh l: nu f(x) lin tc ti x
o
th f(x) lin tc ti x
o

3. Bng o hm thng dng
(1) C=0 (C l hng s)
(2)
c bit:
(3) (sin x)= cos x
(4) (cos x) = -sin x
(5)
(6)


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(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)

II. CC QUY TC TNH O HM
1.o hm ca tng, hiu, tch , thng
nh l: Nu u(x) v v(x) u c o hm theo bin x th ta c:
(u + v)= u+ v
(u.v)= u.v+u.v

H qu :
(u
1
+u
2
un )=u
1
+u
2
++u
n

2. o hm ca hm s hp
nh l:


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Xt hm s hp y = f(u(x)). Gi s u(x) c o hm ti xo v f(u) c o hm ti
uo=u(xo). Khi y, hm s y = f(u(x)) c o hm ti xo v y(xo) = f(uo). u(xo).
V d:

3. o hm ca hm ngc
nh l:
Nu hm s y = y(x) c o hm y(xo) = 0 v nu c hm ngc x = x(y) lin tc ti
yo=y(xo), th hm ngc c o hm ti yo v:

4. o hm ca hm s c dng y = u(x)
v(x)
vi u(x)>0
Ta c:

V d:
y = x
x
(x > 0)
Ta c: y =

= x
x
. (lnx+1)


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III. O HM CP CAO
Gi s f(x) c o hm ti mi x thuc mt khong no . Khi y f(x) l mt hm s
xc nh trn khong . Nu hm s f(x) c o hm th o hm ny gi l o
hm cp 2 ca f(x), k hiu l f(x). Vy :
f(x)= (f(x))
Ta cn k hiu o hm cp 2 l :
Tng qut, o hm ca o hm cp n-1 c gi l o hm cp n. o hm cp n
ca f(x) c k hiu l vy:

o hm cp n ca f(x) cn c k hiu l:
V d : Tnh y
(n)
vi y=sinx

(*)
Cng thc (*) trn c th c chng minh bng phng php qui np.
IV .VI PHN
1.Vi phn cp 1
nh ngha:
Xt hm s f(x) xc nh trn 1 khong quanh xo. Ta ni f kh vi ti xo . Khi ta c
mt hng s A sao cho ng vi mi s gia A x nh ca bin x, s gia ca hm l Af
( x
0
+ Ax ) - f ( x
0
) c th vit di dng :
Af = A.Ax + 0(Ax)


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Trong 0(Ax) l VCB cp cao hn A x khi A x 0
Biu thc A.A x c gi l vi phn ca f(x) ti xo ng vi s gia A x v c k hiu
l df
Vy: df = A.A x
nh l: Hm s f(x) kh vi ti xo khi v ch khi f(x) c o hm ti x
o
. Khi ta
c:
df = f(x
o
) . A x
T nh l trn vi f(x) = x ta c dx = A x
Do biu thc vi phn ca mt hm s y=y(x) s c vit di dng :
dy = y. dx
Ghi ch:
T nh ngha ca vi phn trn v cng thc : dy = ydx
Ta c: nu y(x) = 0 th dy v A y l 2 VCB tng ng khi A x 0
Gi s y = f(x) v x = (t). Xt hm hp y = f( (t)), ta c:

Do dy = y
x
. x
t
.dt = y
x
.dx
Vy dng vi phn dy ca hm y = f(x) khng thay i d x l bin c lp hay l hm
kh vi theo bin c lp khc. Tnh cht ny c gi l tnh bt bin ca biu thc vi
phn.
T cc qui tc tnh o hm, ta c cc qui tc tnh vi phn nh sau :
d(u+v)=du + dv
d(u.v)=v.du + u.dv

2. Vi phn cp cao


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Gi s hm s y=f(x) kh vi trn mt khong no . Nh th vi phn dy=y.dx l
mt hm theo x trn khong v nu hm ny kh vi th vi phn ca n c gi l
vi phn cp 2 cu y v c k hiu l d
2
y.Vy:

Tng qut, vi phn cp n ca hm s y c k hiu l dny v c nh ngha bi:

Ta c th kim chng d dng cng thc sau:

V d : Vi y= sin x, ta c:
dy= cosx dx

Nhn xt: Cng thc vi phn cp cao:
( n > 2 )
khng cn ng na nu x khng phi l bin c lp

V. CC NH L C BN
1. Cc tr a phng v nh l Fermat
nh ngha:
Hm s f(x) c gi l t cc i a phng ti xo nu c mt ln cn quanh im
xo sao cho vi mi x thuc ln cn ny ta c :
f(x) s f(xo)


Su tm by hoangly85

Khi nim cc tiu a phng cng c nh ngha tng t. Cc i a phng
v cc tiu a phng c gi chung l cc tr a phng.
nh l (Fermat):
Nu hm s f(x) t cc tr a phng ti x
o
v c o hm ti xo th f(x
o
)=0
Chng minh:
Gi s f(x) t cc i a phng ti x
0
v c o hm ti x
o
. Khi f(x) xc nh
trn 1 khong ( x
o
-o , x
o
+ o )vi mt o > 0 v trn khong ny ta c:
Vi mi A x < o
Do :

Suy ra f(x
0
) = 0
2. nh l Rolle
Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trong khong (a,b) v f(a)=f(b) th tn ti c e
(a,b) sao cho f(c)=0
Chng minh:
Nu f(x) l hm hng trn [a,b], th f(x) = 0. x e (a,b). Vy ta c th gi s f(x)
khng hng trn [a,b]. V f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b] nn f([a,b]) = [m,M] vi m = M.
Ta c f(a) = m hay f(a) = M. Ta xt trng hp m = f(a). (trng hp M = f(a) th
tng t). Do m = f(a) = f(b) v m e f([a,b]) nn - c e (a,b) sao cho f(c) = m. Ta s
chng minh f(c)=0
Vi h nh c+h e (a,b) ta c:

V f(c+h) f(c) > 0
Suy ra f(c) = 0


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3. nh l Lagrange
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v c o hm
trn (a,b) th tn ti c e (a,b) sao cho:
f(b) - f(a) = f(c) . (b-a).
Chng minh
t k = , v xt hm g(x) = f(x) - f(a) - k.(x-a). Ta thy g(x) lin tc trn
[a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) v g(a) =g(b)=0. Do ,theo nh l Rolle ta c ce (a,b)
sao cho ce (a, b) sao cho: g(c) =0
V : g(x)=f(x)-k, nn:
g(c) = 0 f(c ) -k =0
f(c) =k
f (b)-f(a)=f(c).(b-a)

Minh ha hnh hc:

Gi s cung AB l th ca hm s f(x) tho iu kin ca nh l Lagrange trn
[a,b] nh hnh v. Khi trn cung AB phi c t nht mt im C c honh ce
(a,b) sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti C l song song vi ng thng AB.

Ch : Nu t h = b-a th ng thc trong nh l Lagrange c th c vit
li nh sau:
f(a + b) - f(a)= h . f(a+u h) vi 0 < u < 1
4. nh l Cauchy
Nu f(x) v g(x) l 2 hm s lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) v g(x) = 0 ti
mi x e (a,b), th tn ti c e (a,b) sao cho:


Su tm by hoangly85

Chng minh:
t k = . Do g(x) = 0 x e (a,b)
Nn theo nh l Rolle ta phi c g(a) = g(b) . Vy gi tr k l xc nh .
Xt hm s h(x) = f(x) - k.g(x)
Ta thy h(x) lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) cho bi :
h(x)=f(x) - k.g(x).
Hn na h(a) = h(b) nn theo nh l Rolle ta c c e (a,b) sao cho h(c) = 0.
Suy ra:
Hay
VI. CNG THC TAYLOR
1.nh l Taylor
Nu hm s f(x) c o hm n cp n+1 trong mt khong cha xo v x th ta c
cng thc Taylor sau y :

trong c l mt s nm gia xo v x
Trong cng thc trn ta gi:

l phn d Lagrange trong cng thc Taylor
Ch :
1) S c trong cng thc Taylor cn c vit di dng:


Su tm by hoangly85

c = xo + u (x- xo) vi 0 < u < 1
2) Phn d Rn(x) cng cn c vit di dng:

tc l VCB cp cao hn (x - xo)
n
. Dng ny c gi l phn d dng Peano
Cng thc Taylor ca hm s f(x) thng c gi l khai trin Taylor ca hm s f.
Trong trng hp x
o
= 0, cng thc Taylor c dng :

Vi

V cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Maclaurin ca hm s f

2.Khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp
Khai trin hm s : y = e
x

Vi mi k ta c y
(k)
(x) = e
x
v y
(k)
(0)=1
Vy :

Trong 0( x
n
) l VCB bc cao hn x
n
khi x -> 0.
Khai trin hm y=sin x
Ta c , nn:


Su tm by hoangly85

Vy:
Vi 0 < u < 1

Tng t , ta c cc khai trin Maclausin sau y:
Khai trin cos x.

vi 0 < u < 1

Khai trin

Khai trin ln(1+x), x > -1

vi 0 < u < 1


Su tm by hoangly85

Khai trin v

vi 0<u <1

Khai trin arctg x


Su tm by hoangly85

BI TP CHNG 2
1. Tnh o hm ca
2. Tnh gn ng chnh xc n 0,0001
3.Dng cng thc gn ng:
tnh ln (1,5) v nh gi sai s.
4. Tm gii hn ca cc hm s sau y khi x 0:

5. Tm gii hn ca cc hm s sau y khi x :


Su tm by hoangly85

6. p dng nh l Lagrange chng minh.
Vi xe (0,1)
Vi x>0
7. Kho st v v th cc hm s :

8. Vit cng thc khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti xo n cp n

9. Tm hin ca cc ng cong theo hm s :


Su tm by hoangly85

10. Phn tch 8 thnh tng ca 2 s dng sao cho tng lp phng ca 2 s ln
nht .


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Bi 3 ng dng ca o hm

VII .NG DNG:TNH XP X V TNH GII HN
1.Tnh gn ng (hay tnh xp x ) v tnh gii hn
Ta thng dng khai trin Taylor v khai trin Maclaurin tnh xp x gi tr ca
hm f(x) sau khi chn n ln phn d Rn(x) c gi tr tuyt i khng vt qu
sai s cho php.
V d: Tnh s e chnh xc n 0,00001.
Trong cng thc khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s e
x
:
Vi 0 < u < 1
ta ly x=1 v n=8 th phn d R
8
tha:

Vy ta c th tnh e chnh xc n 0,00001 bng cng thc xp x sau

Ta cn c th dng khai trin Maclaurin tnh gii hn c dng v nh nh trong
v d sau y :
V d:
1) Tm
Ta c:
S dng khai trin Maclaurin ca sinx n cp 4, ta c th vit sinx di dng:

Vi


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Suy ra
Khi x 0
Vy:
2) Tm
p dng khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm sinx v cosx ta c :

trong

Khi x 0
Vy
2. Quy tc LHospitale


Su tm by hoangly85

Nh nh l Cauchy, ngi ta chng minh c cc nh l di y m ta gi
l quy tc LHospitale. Quy tc ny rt thun li tm gii hn ca cc dng v nh
v .
nh l: (Quy tc LHospitale 1)
Gi s f(x) v g(x) c o hm trong khong (a,b) v g= 0 trong khong . Khi y,
nu:

th
nh l vn ng khi thay cho qu trnh x a
+
, ta xt qu trnh x b
-
hoc x c
vi ce (a,b). Trng hp a= - , b= + nh l vn ng.
nh l: (Quy tc LHospitale 2)
Gi s f(x) v g(x) c o hm trong (a,b) v g(x) = 0 trong khong . Khi y nu :
(i) f(x) v g (x) l cc VLC khi x -> a
+
,v
(hu hn hoc v tn)
th
nh l cng ng cho cc qu trnh x b
-
, x c e (a,b) v cho cc trng hp a =
- v b = +
Ch :
1) Khi xt trong quy tc lHospitale, nu thy vn c dng v nh hoc th
ta li c th p dng tip quy tc lHospitale


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2) Quy rc lHospitale ch l iu kin c gii hn ca khng phi l iu
kin cn. Do , nu khng tn ti gii hn ca th ta cha c kt lun g v gii
hn ca
V d:
1) Tm
t v g(x) = x - sin x
Xt qa trnh x 0 ta c:
c dng v nh
cng c dng v nh
cng c dng v nh

Vy sau 3 ln p dng quy tc lHospitale ta suy ra:

2)


Su tm by hoangly85

3) Tm
Gii hn ny c dng v nh - . Ta c th bin i gii hn v dng v nh
p dng quy tc lHospitale nh sau:

4) Tm
Gii hn ny c dng v nh . Ta bin i nh sau:

Ta c:

Suy ra
VIII. NG DNG :KHO ST HM S
1. Chiu bin thin v cc tr a phng
nh l:


Su tm by hoangly85

iu kin cn v f(x) hng trn khong (a,b) l f(x) = 0 vi mi x e (a,b)
nh l:
Gi s f c o hm trn khong (a,b) . Khi iu kin cn v hm s tng
trn (a,b) l f(x) > 0 vi mi xe (a,b). Tng t , iu kin cn v hm s f(x)
gim trn (a,b) l f'(x) s 0.
T nh l ny, xt s bin thin ca hm s f(x) ta tnh o hm f'(x)v xt du
o hm. Vic xt du o hm cng cho ta bit cc tr a phng ca hm s theo
nh l sau y:
nh l: ( iu kin c cc tr a phng)
Gi s f(x) lin tc ti xo v c o hm trong mt khong quanh x
o
(c th tr im
x
o
). Khi ta c:
(i) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f(x) i du t sang + th f(x) t cc tiu a phng
ti x
o

(ii) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f'(x) i du t + sang th f(x) t cc i a phng
ti x
o

(iii) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f'(x) khng i du th khng c cc tr a phng ti
x
o

Ngoi cch kho st cc tr i phng bng vic xt du o hm cp 1 f'(x), ta cn
c th xt du ca o hm cp 2 f''(x) ti im x
o
, nh vo nh l sau :
nh l : Gi s f(x) c o hm cp 2 lin tc f''(x
o
)

v f'(x
o
)=0.
Khi :
(i) Nu f''(x
o
) > 0 th f(x) t cc tiu a phng ti x
o

(ii) Nu f''(x
o
) < 0 th f(x) t cc i a phng ti x
o

Ch : nh l trn c th c m rng v c pht biu nh sau: Gi s f(x)
c o hm cp n lin tc trn mt khong cha xo v gi s :

Khi :
(i) Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr (i phng) ti x
o
Hn na nu f
(n)
(x
o
) >0 th f(x)
t cc tiu ti xo nu f
(n)
(x
o
) < 0 th f(x) t cc i ti x
o

(ii) Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti x
o


Su tm by hoangly85

Mt vn c lin quan n cc tr l tm ga tr nh nht v ga tr ln nht ca
mt hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b]. tm gi tr ln nht v b nht ca f(x)
trn on [a,b] ta ch cn so snh cc ga tr ca f ti 3 loi im :
(1) Cc im dng ( tc l f' ti bng 0)
(2) Cc im k d ( tc l f' khng tn ti )
(3) Hai u nt a v b.

V d:
1) Tm cc khong tng gim ca hm s v tm cc tr a phng:

Ta c:

y= 0 ti ti x = 1 v ykhng xc nh ti x = 0
Bng xt du ca nh sau:

Vy hm s gim trong khong(- ,1) v tng trong (1,+ ). Hm s y t cc tiu ti
x=1. Vi y(1) = -3.
2) Tm gi tr nh nht cu hm s.
vi
Ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

Nhn xt rng trn khong th v tng nghim
ngt t 2 ln 1 trong . Do tnh lin tc ca nn c duy nht
sao cho:

Khi ta c bng xt du ca L(u )nh sau:

Suy ra ga tr nh nht ca L(u ) trn khong l:

2.Tnh li, lm v im un
nh ngha:
Hm s f (x) lin tc trn khong (a,b) c gi l li trn (a,b) nu vi mi x
1 ,
x
2 e
(a,b) v mi x
1
,x
2 e
(a,b) v mi o
e
[0,1] ta c:

Hm s f(x) c gi l lm trn (a,b) nu f (x) l li trn (a,b).


Su tm by hoangly85

Hm s f(x) l li

Hm s f(x) l lm
V mt hnh hc, hm s f(x) l li trn 1 khong ngha l mi cung AB ca th
hm s u nm di dy cung AB.
Lu : Trong mt s gio trnh khc, ngi ta c th dng thut ng li v lm theo
ngha ngc vi y.
nh ngha im un:
im phn cch gia khong li v khong lm ca hm s y=f(x) c gi l im
un.
nh l di y cho ta cch dng o hm kho st tnh li, lm v tm im
un.
nh l:
(i) Gi s f(x) c o hm cp 2 f(x) trong khong (a,b). Khi hm s f l li
(tng ng lm) trn khong (a,b) nu v ch nu f(x) > 0 (tng ng, f(x)s 0) trn
(a,b).
(ii) Nu f(x) i du khi x vt qua xo th im (xo,f(xo)) trn th ca hm s
f(x) l mt im un.
V d: Xt tnh li, lm v tm im un cho hm s :

Min xc nh ca hm s l D = R \ {-1, +1}.
Tnh o hm :


Su tm by hoangly85

Bng xt du ca y:

Vy hm s y lm trn cc khong (- , -1) v (-1,0); li trn cc khong (0,1) v
(1,+ ). T , th hm s c 1 im un l M(0,0).
3. S kho st hm s
1) Tm min xc nh ca hm s y =f(x) ng thi nhn xt v tnh chn l, tnh tun
hon cu hm s rt gn min kho st.
2) Kho st s bin thin ca hm s v tm cc cc tr a phng. Tnh mt s gii
hn quan trng v lp bng bin thin ca hm s.
3) Kho st tnh li lm v im un.
4) Tm cc ng tim cn.
5) V th. v c th chnh xc ta cn xc nh cc im cc tr , im un,
giao im vi cc trc to v c th xc nh c tip tuyn ti cc im .
Ch : Cn lu cc trng hp sau y khi tm tin cn .

Th ng thng x = a l tim cn ng

Th ng thng y = b l mt tim cn ngang
Nu y = f(x) c dng f(x) = ax + b + x
Vi
Th ng thng y = ax + b l mt tin cn
Trong trng hp a = 0, ta ni tim cn ny l tim cn xin .
Lu rng cc h s a,b cu tim cn y = ax + b khi xt x (+ hay - ) c th
c tnh bi:


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V d : Kho st v v th hm s

Min xc nh : D = R \ {-1,+1}. Hm s y l hm s l.
Cc o hm:

Ta c ycng du vi 1-x
2
v:
ycng du vi 2x v ytrit tiu ti x = 0
Bng bin thin:

Tin cn ngang : y = 0
Tin cn ng : x = 1 ; x = -1
th ca hm s nh sau :


Su tm by hoangly85

IX. NG CONG THEO THAM S V NG CONG
TRONG TO CC
1 .ng cong theo tham s
Phng trnh tham s ca ng cong trong mt phng Oxy cho bi h 2 hm:

Trong t l tham s chy trn mt tp Dc R.
Khi t thay i im M( x(t),y(t) ) vch nn mt ng cong trong mt phng Oxy.
V d: ellipse c phng trnh tham s l:
9;
kho st ng cong theo tham s ta cng tin hnh tin cc bc nh i vi
hm s y = f(x).
Tm min xc nh , xt tnh chn l, tnh tun hon nu c.
Kho st s bin thin ca x v y bng cch xt du cc o hm x(t) v y(t) theo
t.
Tm cc tim cn
V th
2. ng cong trong ta cc
Ta cc:
xc nh v tr ca cc im trong mt phng, ngoi cch dng ta
Descartes(x,y) ta cn c th dng ta cc nh sau :


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r = | OM| > 0

Ta c s lin h gia (x,y) v (r, )
9;
V 9;
Phng trnh ca ng cong trong ta cc c th c cho bi h thc
F(r, ) = 0
Hay r = f( )
V d:
Phng trnh r = a l phng trnh ng trn tm 0, v bn knh a. Phng trnh l
phng trnh ca na ng thng (hay tia) lp vi Ox mt gc
kho st ng cong trong ta cc ta cng c th thc hin cc bc nh
thng thng.


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Bi 4 Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh

I. NH NGHA & TNH CHT
1.nh ngha
Ta gi mt nguyn hm ca hm s f(x) trn (a,b) l mt hm F(x) m F(x)= f(x) ,
xe (a,b)
V d:
1) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) = x trn R
2) F(x) = tgx l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x) = 1 + tg
2
x trn cc khong xc nh ca
tgx.
nh l:
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn khong (a,b) th mi nguyn hm ca f(x)
trn khong (a,b) u c dng F(x) + C vi C l mt hng s.
nh ngha:
Nu F(x ) l mt nguyn hm f(x) th biu thc F(x) + C, trong C l hng s c th
ly gi tr ty , c gi l tch phn bt nh ca hm s f(x), k hiu l .
Vy:
Du c gi l du tch phn, f(x) l hm di du tch phn, f(x)dx l biu thc
di du tch phn v x l bin tch phn.
2.Cc tnh cht
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.Bng cc tch phn c bn
1)


Su tm by hoangly85

2) ( o = -1 )
3)
4)
( a > 0, a = 1)

5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12) (h l hng s ty )
V d 1: Tnh:


Su tm by hoangly85

V d 2: Tnh:

II. PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN
1.Phng php phn tch
Tch phn } f (x) dx c th c tnh bng cch phn tch hm s f(x) thnh tng ca
cc hm n gin hn hay d tnh tch phn hn :
f(x) = f
1
(x) + f
2
(x) ++fn

(x)
V p dng cng thc :

V d:
1)

2)

3) Tnh


Su tm by hoangly85

Vi n > 2:

Nh h thc ny ta c th tnh I
n
vi n ty .
2. Phng php i bin
Phng php i bin trong tch phn bt nh c 2 dng sau y :
Dng 1: Gi s biu thc di du tch phn c dng:
F(u(x)) . u(x)dx
Trong u(x) l mt hm s kh vi. Khi y ta c th i bin bng cch t u=u(x),v
c:

Dng 2: t x = (+) , trong (t) l mt hm kh vi, n iu i vi bin t,
ta c :

V d:


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Tnh:
t: u = x
2
+ 1, du = 2xdx

2) , vi u = sinx

3) Tnh:
t u = x
2
, du = 2xdx hay xdx =

4) Tnh
t u = e
x
. Ta c : du = e
x
dx, v:


Su tm by hoangly85

5) Tnh
t u = cos
2
x Ta c:
du = -2cos x sinx dx = -sin 2xdx
Suy ra:

6) Tnh
t: x = sint ;
t = arcsin x, ( -1 s x s 1)
Ta c: dx = cost dt

Suy ra


Su tm by hoangly85

M
v t = arcsin x
Nn:

3.Phng php tch phn tng phn
Gi s u = u(x) v v = v(x) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc u= u(x) v v= v(x) :
Ta bit:
(u.v)= uv+u.v
hay u.v= (uv)-v.u
T suy ra cng thc:

Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn , v cn c vit di
dng :

Cng thc tch phn tng phn thng c p dng trong trng hp hm di du
tch phn c dng f(x) = u.vm hm g = v.uc tch phn d tnh hn.
Trong mt s bi ton, sau khi p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn v phi li
xut hin tch phn cho ban u vi h s khc, tc l :

Khi ta tnh c :

V d:
1)Tnh


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t u = ln x
v= x
p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn, ta c :

2) Tnh
t u = arctg x
v= x ,

Ta c :

Suy ra :

3) Tnh
t u = sinx u= cos x


Su tm by hoangly85

v= e
x
; v =
ex

tnh: ta t:
u
1
= cos x u
1
= -sinx
v
1
= ex

v
1
= ex
Suy ra:

Vy:

Suy ra:

4) Tnh (a > 0)
t
v= 1 v = x
Suy ra:
Ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

Do :
Suy ra
Vy:

5) Tnh
t ;
v=1 v = x
Suy ra :

Ta c:

Suy ra:


Su tm by hoangly85

6) Tm cng thc truy hi tnh tch phn
(a>0)
Ta c:

Vi n > 1, t:

v= 1 v = x
Suy ra:

Ta c:

Suy ra:

Vy:

BI TP CHNG 3
1. Tnh cc tch phn:


Su tm by hoangly85

2.Tnh cc tch phn:

3.Tnh tch phn bng phng php tch phn ton phn:

4.Tnh tch phn hm hu t.

5. Tnh tch phn hm lng gic.

6. Tnh tch phn hm v t.

7. Tnh cc tch phn sau:


Su tm by hoangly85

8. Tnh tch phn:

9. Lp cng thc truy hi v tnh tch phn:
v tnh I
4

v tnh I
6,
I
7

10. Tnh tch phn:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 5 Tch phn hm hu t v hm lng gic

III. TCH PHN HM HU T
Cho tch phn trong l mt phn thc hu t ti gin theo x.
Nu bc ca P(x) > bc ca Q(x) th bng cch chia a thc P(x) cho Q(x) ta vit
c:
P(x) = Q(x) . S(x) + R(x), vi bc R(x) < bc Q(x)
Do :

V S(x) l mt a thc theo x nn c th tnh c mt cch d dng. Nh
vy ta ch cn tm cch tnh vi bc ca R(x) < bc ca Q(x).
Tch phn c th c tnh bng cch phn tch phn thc hu t
thnh tng ca cc phn thc hu t n gin hn da vo 2 mnh sau y.
Mnh 1: Mi a thc Q(x) vi h s thc u c th phn tch thnh tch ca
cc nh thc bc nht v cc tam thc bc 2 khng c nghim thc :

Trong cc tam thc x
2
+ px + q ,., x
2
+ px + qkhng c nghim thc
Mnh 2: Gi s phn thc hu t c bc ca P(x)<bc ca Q(x) v Q(x)
c dng

Trong cc tam thc (x
2
+ px + q),.,(x
2
+ px + q) khng c nghim thc. Khi y
phn thc hu t c th phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin hn nh sau:


Su tm by hoangly85

Trong cc h s A
1
, , Am, B
1
,., Bk, M
1
, N
1
,., Ml, Nl,, R
1
,
S
1
,..,Rl
,Sl
l cc hng s, v ta c th tnh c cc hng s ny bng phng php

h s bt nh, phng php tr ring hay phng php phn tch tng bc. (Cc
phng php ny s c minh ha qua cc v d bn di).
Nh vy vic tnh tch phn c a v vic tnh 2 loi tch phn sau :
V:

vi p
2
- 4q < 0 ( Tc l x
2
+ px + q khng c nghim thc).
tnh I
1
ta ch cn t u = x a
tnh I
2
ta c th phn tch I
2
di dng:

Tch phn c tnh d dng bng cch t: u = x
2
+ px + q.
i vi . Ta bin i x
2
+ px + q = (x-b)
2
+ c
2
v t u = x b
a v dng: m ta bit cch tnh trong v d 6 ), Mc II.3.
V d :


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Tnh
x
5
- x
2
= x
2
(x
3
1) = x
2
(x 1) (x
2
+ x + 1)
Do :
Nhn 2 v cho x
5
x
2
ta c:

Thay x = 0, ri x = 1 vo ta c :1 = -B v 1 = 3c
B=-1; C =
ng nht cc h s ca x
4
, x
3
, x
2
2 v ca ng thc trn (ng vi mi x) ta c:

Thay B= -1 v C= vo, ri gii h ny s c:

Vy:

Ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

Suy ra:

2) Tnh
Phn tch phn thc ta c:

Ta c :

Theo cng thc truy hi trong v d 6) mc II,3, ta c


Su tm by hoangly85

Vy

3) Tnh
Trc ht ta i bin n gin ha tnh phn trn bng cch t u = x2 ,du =
2xdx

IV. TCH PHN HM LNG GIC
Xt tch phn I = } R(sinx, cosx)dx, trong R(u, v) l hm hu t i vi u v v.
tnh tch phn ny ta c th dng cc phng php i bin sau :
1. Phng php chung
t


Su tm by hoangly85

hay
Ta c:

Suy ra:

Tch phn ny c dng tch phn ca phn thc hu t xt trong mc III.
V d:
1) Tnh:
t: #9;
Suy ra:

2) Tnh:
t: 9;
Suy ra:


Su tm by hoangly85

Phn tch phn thc hu t ta c:

2. Mt s trng hp c bit
(1) Nu R(-sinx, -cosx) = R(sinx,cosx)
th t u=tgxhoc u=cotgx
(2) Nu R(sinx, -cosx) = -R(sinx,cosx)
th t u = sinx.
(3) Nu R(-sinx, cosx) = -R(sinx,cosx)
th t u = cosx
(4) Tch phn dng } sinmx cosnx dx vi m v n l cc s chn dng.Ta c th i
bin bng cch dng cng thc :

V d :


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Tnh:

t
Suy ra:

2) Tnh:
t u = sinx du = cosx dx
Suy ra:

3) Tnh:
t u = cosx du = -sinx dx.


Su tm by hoangly85

4) Tnh:
Ta c:

Suy ra:

Ch :
i vi cc tch phn dng

ta dng cc cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:


Su tm by hoangly85

V. TCH PHNHM HU T I VI X V
Xt tch phn , trong R(u,v) l hm hu t i vi u
v v v a
2
x + bx + c l mt tam thc bc 2 khng c nghim kp.
1. Phng php tng qut
Ty theo du ca h s a ta a tam thc a
2
x + bx + c v dng tng hay hiu hai bnh
phng . Khi tch phn I c mt trong ba dng sau:
(a)
t: vi

(b)
t: ,

(c)
t:

V d :
1)
Bin i : x
2
+ 2x = (x+1)
2
- 1


Su tm by hoangly85

Xt trng hp x+1 > 1
t
Ta c:

Do :

M:

Trng hp x + 1 < -1 ; cng thc (*) trn vn ng v o hm ca hm s v
phi (*) lun bng:
2)
t
Ta c dx = ( 1 + tg
2
t) dt


Su tm by hoangly85

t u = sin x du = cost dt. Khi :

M

sint v tgt cng du vi

2.Tch phn dng

tnh tch phn dng ny ta c th t :

3. Tch phn dng

tnh cc tch phn dng ta bin i tam thc ax
2
+ bx + c thnh tng hoc hiu ca
hai bnh phng ri i bin a v cc dng tch phn bit sau y:


Su tm by hoangly85

V d : Tnh cc tch phn:
1)
Bin i: x
2
- 4x + 5 = (x-2)
2
+ 1
t u = x 2 du = dx
Ta c :

2)
Bin i: 3 4x 4x
2
= 4 (2x+1)
2

t u = 2x + 1 du = 2dx
Ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

BI TP CHNG 3
1. Tnh cc tch phn:

2.Tnh cc tch phn:

3.Tnh tch phn bng phng php tch phn ton phn:

4.Tnh tch phn hm hu t.

5. Tnh tch phn hm lng gic.

6. Tnh tch phn hm v t.


Su tm by hoangly85

7. Tnh cc tch phn sau:

8. Tnh tch phn:

9. Lp cng thc truy hi v tnh tch phn:
v tnh I
4

v tnh I
6,
I
7

10. Tnh tch phn:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 6 Mt s dng tch phn khc

VI. MT S DNG TCH PHN KHC
1. Tch phn dng

Trong R l mt hm hu t v m,,k l cc s nguyn dng; a, b, c, d l cc hng
s
tnh tch phn ny ta gi x l mt bi s chung nh nht ca m,,k v t:

T , tch phn s c chuyn v dng:

Trong R
1
l mt hm hu t i vi u
V d: Tnh
t
Ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

2. Tch phn hm hu t i vi e
ax

Trong R l mt hm hu t i v a = 0
tnh phn tch ny ta t : u = eax

Khi dx = v:

C dng tch phn hm hu t.
V d:
t: u = e
x
du = e
x
dx

3.Cc tch phn c dng:


Su tm by hoangly85

Trong p(x) l mt a thc theo bin x.
tnh cc tch phn ny ta dng phng php tch phn ton phn bng cch t :
u = p(x)
V d:

t:

Suy ra

4.Cc tch phn c dng :

tnh cc tch phn ny ta dng phng php tch phn ton phn bng cch t:
dv= p (x) dx
V d: Tnh } xarctgxdx
t u = arctgx
du= xdx ,
Suy ra
Ta c


Su tm by hoangly85

Vy:

VII. MT S TCH PHN KHNG BIU DIN C
DI DNG HM S CP
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn (a,b) th f (x) lun lun c nguyn hm trn khong ,
tc l tch phn } f(x) dv tn ti . Tuy nhin c mt s tch phn khng th biu din
di dng hm s cp , chng hn cc tch phn nh sau y:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 7 Tch phn xc nh

I. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT
1.nh ngha
Cho hm f(x) trn on [a.b]. Chia on [a.b] mt cch ty thnh n on nh bi
cc im a = xo < x
1
< < xn = b. t A xi = xi xi
-1
v trn
[ xi
-1
, xi ] ly mt im ti ty , i = 1, 2 , , n. Lp tng

V gi Sn

l tng tch phn ca hm f(x) trn on [a,b] . Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn
I khi n sao cho max{ A xi

} 0 v I khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [a,b]
v cch chn cc ti, th I c gi l tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn on [a,b] v
c k hiu l:

Vy:

Khi ta ni f(x) l kh tch trn [a,b]; [a,b] l khong ly tch phn, a l cn di, b
l cn trn , f l hm di du tch phn v x l bin tch phn.
Ch :
(i) ch ph thuc f v cc cn a, b m khng ph thuc vo bin tch phn, tc
l:

(ii) Trng hp a > b , ta nh ngha :


Su tm by hoangly85

(iii) Trng hp a = b, nh ngha

(iv) T nh ngha, ta thy ngay hm f(x) b chn trn [a,b] nu f(x) kh tch trn [a,b].
ngha hnh hc:
Nu f(x) > 0 trn [a,b] v f(x) kh tch trn [a,b] th chnh l din tch S ca
hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng :
x = a; x = b; y = f(x) v trc honh y=0.

2.Cc tnh cht
(1)
(2)
(3) Nu

H qu:
(4) Vi ce [a,b] ta c:

(5) Gi s f(x) kh tch trn [-a, a]. Khi :


Su tm by hoangly85

nu f(x) l hm s chn
nu f (x) l hm s l
3.Tng Darboux & iu kin kh tch
Do hm kh tch th b chn nn ta ch xt cc hm b chn trn [a, b]. Mi php chia
nh on [a,b] bi cc im a = xo < x
1
< < xn c gi l mt phn hoch
ca[a,b] , k hiu P = { xo, x
1
. xn }. t:

(cn trn ng cu f(x) trn [ xi
-1
, xi ] )

(cn di ng cu f(x) trn [ xi
-1
, xi ] )

Ta gi U(f,P) v L(f,P) l cc tng (Darboux) trn v di ca f ng vi phn hoch
P. Ngi ta chng minh c mt iu kin kh tch c pht biu trong nh l
sau y :
nh l 1: iu kin cn v f kh tch l:

T nh l ny ta c th chng minh mt s lp hm kh tch c pht biu trong
cc nh l di y.
nh l 2: Hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
nh ngha:
Nu hm s f(x) xc nh ti x
o
v khng lin tc ti x
o
nhng c gii hn 2 pha ti x
o

th ta ni x
o
l im gin on loi 1 ti x
o
.
nh l 3:
Nu f ch c hu hn im gin on loi 1 trn [a,b] th f kh tch trn [a,b].


Su tm by hoangly85

nh l 4: Hm b chn v n iu trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
II- LIN H GIA TCH PHN XC NH V NGUYN HM
1.Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn
Cho f l mt hm kh tch trn [a ,b ]vi x e [ a , b ],

Xc nh v l mt hm s theo bin x. Hm s ny c chng minh l c nhng
tnh cht pht biu trong mnh sau y:
Mnh :
(i) Nu f kh tch trn [a,b] th F(x)= l hm lin tc trn [a,b].
(ii) Nu f(t) lin tc ti t = x
o
e (a,b), th F(x) c o hm ti x
o
v F(x
o
)=f(x
o
).
Nhn xt :
Nu f lin tc trn [a,b] th hm s l nguyn hm ca f trn [a,b].
2.nh l c bn
nh l : Gi s f lin tc trn [ a,b]. Khi :
(i) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b].
(ii) Nu G(x) l mt nguyn hm bt k ca f(x) trn [a,b] th:

(Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Newton-Leibnitz)
Chng minh: Ta ch cn chng minh phn (ii).
Do F(x) v G(x) l cc nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b] nn ta c hng s C sao cho
F(x) = G(x) + C, x e [a,b]. Cho x = a ta c 0 = G(a) + C, suy ra:
G(a) = - C
Vy F(b) = G(b) - G(a), tc l:


Su tm by hoangly85

Hiu s G(b) - G(a) trong cng thc Newton-Leibnitz ca nh l trn thng c
vit di cc k hiu sau:
, hay vn tt l
hay vn tt l
V d:Tnh tch phn xc nh :
1)

2)

3)


Su tm by hoangly85

BI TP CHNG 4
1.Tnh cc tch phn :

2/ Tnh cc tch phn :

3. Tnh tch phn suy rng:

4. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng

5. Tnh th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi:


Su tm by hoangly85

6. Mt hnh cu bn knh R v mt nn trn xoay c bn knh y r v ng cao h >
R sao cho nh nn trng vi tm cu. Tm th tch phn giao ca hai hnh.
7. Tnh di ng cong:

8. tnh din tch mt trn xoay:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 8 Phng php tnh tch phn xc nh

III- I BIN V TCH PHN TNG PHN I VI TCH PHN XC
NH
Tng t nh i vi tch phn bt nh, trong tch phn xc nh ta cng c th
i bin hoc dng phng php tch phn tng phn.
1.Phng php i bin
Dng 1:
t x = (t) tha cc iu kin:
a) (t) v (t) lin tc trn [o , | ]
b) (o ) =a v (| ) = b
c) Khi t bin thin trong [o , | ] th x bin thin trong [a.,b]
Khi :

Dng 2:
Gi s hm u = u(x) kh vi lin tc trn [ a,b ] v hm s g lin tc trn min gi tr
ca u. Khi :

V d:
1) Tnh:
t u = sinx ta c du = cosx dx v:

2)


Su tm by hoangly85

t

3)
t
Ta c v khi
Th 0 s x s 1. Vy:

4) Chng minh rng:

t
Ta c du = - du

2. Phng php tch phn tng phn


Su tm by hoangly85

Gi s cc hm s u = u(x) v v = v(x) c cc o hm theo bin x: u= u(x) v v=
v(x) c cc o hm theo bin x: u= u(x) v v= v(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi ta
c cng thc tch phn tng phn sau y:

Trong :

V d: Tnh tch phn xc nh:
1)
t:
Suy ra:

2)
t:
Suy ra:

tnh: ta li t:


Su tm by hoangly85

Suy ra:

Vy:

3)
t:

tnh ta li t:

Vy:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 9 Tch phn suy rng

IV. TCH PHN SUY RNG
1. Tch phn suy rng c cn v tn
nh ngha:
a) Gi s f(x) xc nh trn [a,+ ] v kh tch trn[a,b] vi mi b e [a, ]. Nu tn
ti gii hn l hu hn hoc v cng th gii hn ny c gi l tch
phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a, ] k hiu l
Vy:

Khi tch phn suy rng l hu hn th ta ni l tch phn suy rng hi t, ngc li,
nu tch phn suy rng khng tn ti hoc l v cng th ta ni tch phn suy rng l
phn k.
b) Hon ton tng t, i vi cc hm s f(x) xc nh trn (- ,a] v kh tch trn
[c,a] vi mi ce (- ,a] ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn (- ,a] bi:

c) i vi hm s f(x) xc nh trn (- ,+ ) ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng bi:

v tch phn ny hi t khi cc tch phn suy rng: v l hi t.
V d:
1)Tnh


Su tm by hoangly85

2) Tnh
Cho b e [o+ ), ta tnh bng phng php tch phn tng phn. t:

Suy ra:

Vy
Do tch phn suy rng l phn k
3) Tnh
Ta c:

Suy ra

m
(p dng quy tc l' hospitale)


Su tm by hoangly85

Vy:
4) Xt s hi t ca phn tch suy rng:

Tch phn ny c tnh theo 3 trng hp ca o nh sau:
o =1
khi b +
Vy l phn k
o >1

do
nn
Vy tch phn hi t vi o >1
o <1
Trong trng hp ny ta c
Suy ra tch phn l phn k
2.Tch phn ca hm s khng b chn
nh ngha:
Gi s f(x) kh tch trn [a.c], c e [a,b] v khng b chn ti b (ngha l
). Nu tn ti gii hn (hu hn hay v cng)


Su tm by hoangly85

th gii hn ny s c gi l tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a,b], k hiu l:

Nu gii hn l hu hn th ta ni tch phn suy rng hi t, nu gii hn
khng tn ti hoc l v cng th ta ni tch phn suy rng ny l phn k.
Vy:

Hon ton tng t, nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn [c,b] vi mi c e (a,b] v f khng
b chn ti a th ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a.b] bi:

Trng hp f(x) khng b chn ti mt im c e (a,b), ta nh ngha tch phn suy
rng ca f trn [a,b] bi:

Khi tch phn suy rng c xem l hi t .Khi c hai tch phn
v u hi t .
V d: Kho st tnh hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau v tnh gi tr tng
ng trong trng hp tch phn hi t
1)
Ta c:
t: v:


Su tm by hoangly85

Suy ra:
2)
Ta c:
Xt tch phn suy rng:
Ta c:

J
1
Phn k v do I
2
cng phn k.
3)
Ta c


Su tm by hoangly85

Vy I
3
hi t v
4) b > a v o l tham s .
Vi o = 1, ta c:

Vy tch phn I
4
phn k khi o =1
Vi o = 1, ta c:

Suy ra:
+ Nu o < 1 th tch phn I
4
hi t v

+ Nu o > 1 th tch phn I
4
phn k . V I
4
= +
3.Mt s tiu chun hi t
Trong phn ny ta s pht biu mt s tiu chun hi t ca tch suy rng
nh l 1:
(i) Cho f(x) > 0 trn [ a,+ ). Khi tch phn hi t khi v ch khi c M > 0
sao cho:


Su tm by hoangly85

(ii) Cho f(x) > 0 trn [a,b] v . Khi tch phn hi t khi v
ch khi c M > 0 sao cho:

nh l 2:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,b] vi mi b e [a,+ ) v f(x) s g(x)
vi x ln. Khi :
(i) Nu hi t th hi t
(ii) Nu phn k th phn k
nh l 3:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,b] vi mi b e [a, + ) v:

(i) Nu l = 0 ta c hi t hi t, v:
Phn k phn k
(ii) Nu l = + ta c:
hi t hi t ,v
phn k phn k
(iii) Nu l e (0 ,+ ) ta c hai tch phn suy rng v cng hi t
hoc cng phn k .


Su tm by hoangly85

nh l 4:
Cho f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,c] vi mi c e [a,b) . Gi s f (x) s g(x)
mt ln cn tri ca b . Khi ta c:
(i) Nu hi t th hi t
(ii) Nu phn k th phn k
nh l 5:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,c] vi mi ce [a,b), v:
(i) Nu l= 0 ta c:
hi t hi t
phn k phn k
(ii) Nu l=+ ta c:
hi t hi t
phn k phn k
(iii) Nu l e (0, + ) Th hai tch phn suy rng v cng hi t hoc
cng phn k
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca
Vi x > 1 ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

V 2/3 < 1 nn phn ky
Suy ra: cng l phn k
2) Xt s hi t ca
Khi x + ta c:

m hi t
Vy cng hi t
3) Xt s hi t ca
Khi x 0, ta c:

m hi t nn tch phn suy rng I cng hi t


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 10 ng dng ca tch phn

V. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH
1. Tnh din tch
Din tch hnh thang cng gii hn bi cc ng
y= 0 ,y = f (x) > 0 ,x = a , x = b
c tnh bi cng thc:

Hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng :
y = f (x), y = g (x), x = a, x = b vi f (x) s g (x) trn [a ,b ]
c din tch c tnh bi cng thc :

V d: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:
1) y = -x
2
v y = - x - 2
Honh giao im ca 2 ng y = - x
2
v y = - x - 2 l nghim cu phng trnh.
- x
2
= - x - 2 x = - 1 , x = 2 .
Trn [-1,2] ta c - x - 2 s - x
2
nn din tch cn tnh l :

2) v
Hai ng cong ct nhau ti A(-2a, a) v B(2a, a).


Su tm by hoangly85

Hn na ta c trn [-2a,2a].
Suy ra:

2.Tnh th tch
Th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ung :
y = f(x),
trc Ox
x = a, x = b
quay xung quanh trc Ox uc cho bi cng thc :

Tng t, th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ung :
x = g(y), trc Oy
y = c, y = d
quay xung quanh trc Oy c cho bi cng thc :

V d: Tnh th tch khi trn xoay
1) Cho min phng gii hn bi cc ung :
, trc Ox , x= 0 ,
quay xung quanh trc Ox.
Ta c :


Su tm by hoangly85

.v.t.t
2) Do min phng gii hn bi cc ng y
2
= x - 4 v x = 0 quay quanh Oy.
Ta c ta giao im ca ng cong y
2
= x 4 vi trc Oy l nghim ca h:

Suy ra :

3.Tnh di cung
di cung AB ca ng cong y=f(x) vi A(a,f(a)), B(b,f(b)) v a<b c tnh theo
cng thc :

V d:


Su tm by hoangly85

Tnh di cung ca ng cong gia hai giao im ca ng cong vi
trc honh.
ng cong ct trc honh ti 2 im v . Suy ra di cung AB
ca ng cong l:

Lu :
(1) Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh :
x = g (y) vi c s y s d
th di ca ng cong l:
(2) Trng hp ng cong c phng trnh tham s:

th di ca ng cong c tnh bi:

(3) Trng hp ng cong trong ta cc c phng trnh
r = r ( ) ,o s s |
th ta c :
(o s s | )
Do di ng cong l:


Su tm by hoangly85

4.Din tch mt trn xoay
Cho ng cong y=f(x) , khi ng cong ny quay
quang trc Ox trong khng gian s to ra mt mt trn xoay. Din
tch ca mt trn xoay ny c tnh theo cng thc.

V d: Tnh din tch ca vng xuyn sinh bi ng trn :

quay quanh trc Ox.
Din tch S ca vng xuyn bng tng hai din tch ca hai mt trn xoay sinh bi na
ng trn trn c phng trnh

v na ng trn di c phng trnh
Khi chng quay quanh trc Ox. Vi c 2 phng trnh trn
ta c :
do :

Lu :
Khi ng cong c cho bi phng trnh tham s


Su tm by hoangly85

th din tch mt trn xoay sinh ra bi ng cong quay quanh Ox c tnh bi :

Nu ng cong quay quanh Oy th din tch mt trn xoay l:


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 11 Chui s v tiu chun hi t

I. KHI NIM CHUI S
1.nh ngha:
Cho dy s thc { un} vi n = 1, 2, 3, . Biu thc tng v hn

c gi l mt chui s, v un c gi l s hng tng qut (th n) ca chui s.
Tng s

c gi l tng ring th n ca chui s. Nu dy cc tng ring { Sn} c gii hn l
mt s thc S khi n th chui s c gi l hi t v S c gi l tng ca
chui; trong trng hp ny ta vit

Ngc li, nu dy { Sn} khng hi t th chui s c gi l phn k.
V d: Xt chui hnh hc c dng

trong a l s khc 0.
Ta c:
= khi q = 1.
Nu |q| < 1 th . Suy ra .


Su tm by hoangly85

Ta c chui hi t v c tng l .
Nu |q| > 1 th . Suy ra .
Ta c chui phn k.
Trong trng hp |q| = 1, ta d thy rng chui phn k.
Kt lun: chui hnh hc hi t khi v ch khi |q| < 1. Khi

2. Cc tnh cht ca chui s:
Trong mc ny s pht biu mt s tnh cht ca chui s. Cc tnh cht ny c th
kim chng d dng t nh ngha ca chui s.
nh l:
Tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui s s khng i khi ta b i mt s hu hn s
hng u ca chui s.
H qu:
Tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui s s khng i nu ta b i hay thm vo mt
s hu hn s hng nhng v tr bt k.
nh l:
Nu chui s hi t v c tng bng S th vc ta c chui cng hi
t v
= a S.
nh l:
Nu v l cc chui s hi t th cc chui tng v chui hiu sau y


Su tm by hoangly85

v
cng l cc chui hi t. Hn na:

v

3.Tiu chun hi t Cauchy:
nh l: iu kin cn v chui s
(*)
hi t l vi mi c > 0 bt k, tn ti s N (ph thuc c ) sao cho vi mi n ty ln
hn N iu kin sau u c tha mn:
| an + an
+1
+ . . . + an
+p
| < c , vi mi p = 0, 1, 2,
T nh l trn ta suy ra nh l v iu kin cn cho s hi t ca mt chui s sau
y.
nh l:
Nu chui hi t th .
Vy chui s phn k nu { un} khng tin v 0 khi n .
V d:
Chui phn k v khc 0.


Su tm by hoangly85

Chui phn k v khng tn ti.

II.CHUI S DNG
Chui s c gi l chui s dng nu tt c cc s hng ca chui s
u l s dng. Trng hp tt c cc s hng u l s khng m th chui s c
gi l chui s khng m. Lu rng khi xt tnh hi t hay phn k cng nh tnh
tng ca chui s khng m ta c th loi b ra cc s hng bng 0, nn chui s
khng m cng thng c gi l chui s dng.
Nhn xt rng dy cc tng ring { Sn} ca chui s dng l dy tng nn chui
s hi t khi v ch khi dy { Sn} b chn trn.
1.Cc tiu chun so snh
nh l:
Gi s hai chui s dng v tha iu kin un s vn vi n kh ln
(ngha l ng vi mi n ln hn mt s n
0
no ). Khi
Nu hi t th hi t.
Nu phn k th phn k.
Nhn xt:
Hai chui s dng v hi t khi v ch khi chui hi
t.
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui s


Su tm by hoangly85

Vi mi n = 1, 2, 3, ta c:

V chui hnh hc c s hng tng qut hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh c
pht biu trong nh l trn chui s hi t.
H qu:
Nu tn ti gii hn vi L l mt s thc dng th cc chui s
dng v cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
Nu th t s hi t ca chui s ko theo s hi t ca
chui , v t s phn k ca chui s ko theo s phn k ca chui
.
.
Ghi ch:


Su tm by hoangly85

Trong trng hp ta ni un tng ng vi vn (khi n ) v vit
l un ~ vn . Vy: nu un ~ vn th cc chui s dng v cng hi t
hoc cng phn k.
p dng cc tiu chun so snh ta phi ghi nh tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca
mt s chui thng gp, chng hn chui hnh hc. y ta cng nhn kt qu sau
y v s hi t ca chui (o l tham s):
Chui hi t o > 1.
Kt qu ny c th c chng minh bng cch p dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy
s c trnh by sau. ng vi trng hp o = 1 ta c chui phn k.
V d:
1) Kho st s hi t ca chui s

Ta c: ~ . M chui phn k v t l mt hng s khc 0 nn
chui cng phn k.

Khi n , ta c 0


Su tm by hoangly85

~ ~ =
V chui hnh hc c s hng tng qut hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c
chui cng hi t.

Khi n , ta c 0.
~ .
V chui phn k nn chui cng phn k.
2. Tiu chun dAlembert.
nh l: (Tiu chun dAlembert) Xt chui s dng
t . Ta c:
Nu c mt s q < 1 v c mt s t nhin n
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Dn s q
th chui s hi t.
Nu c mt s t nhin n
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Dn > 1


Su tm by hoangly85

th chui s phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun hi t
dAlembert:
H qu: Cho chui s dng . Gi s
= .
(i) Nu < 1 th chui s hi t.
(ii) Nu > 1 th chui s phn k.
Lu :
Trong trng hp = 1 (*) th ta cha kt lun c mt cch chnh xc
chui s dng hi t hay phn k. Chui l mt v d cho trng
hp chui s dng phn k tha mn iu kin (*), v chui l mt v d
cho trng hp chui s dng hi t tha mn iu kin (*).
Cc khng nh (i) v (ii) trong h qu trn cng ng cho chui bt k vi gi thit
rng
= .
V d:


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Xt chui s vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca
chui s.
S hng th n ca chui s l . Nhn xt rng vi x = 0 th cc s hng u
bng 0 nn chui hi t. Xt trng hp x = 0, ta c:

Suy ra
= 0.
Vy chui hi t vi mi x.
2) Kho st s hi t ca chui s .
S hng th n ca chui s l . Ta c:

=
v > 1.
Suy ra chui phn k.
3. Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy.


Su tm by hoangly85

nh l: (Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy) Xt chui s dng .
t Cn = .
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Cn s q
th chui s hi t.
Nu c mt s t nhin n
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Cn > 1
th chui s phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun cn thc
Cauchy:
= .
Nu < 1 th chui s hi t.
Nu > 1 th chui s phn k.
Lu :


Su tm by hoangly85

rng
= .
V d:
Xt chui s vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca chui s.
= 0 khi n
T tiu chun Cauchy ta suy ra chui hi t vi mi x.
Xt s hi t ca chui s

= 2 khi n
Suy ra chui s phn k theo tiu chun Cauchy.
4. Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy.
nh l: (tiu chun tch phn Cauchy)


Su tm by hoangly85

Nu chui s c dng , ngha l vi mi n; trong f l
mt hm s lin tc, khng m v gim trn [1, + ) th ta c:
hi t hi t
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha m rng .
Trc ht ta thy rng nu o s 0 th ( > 1) khng hi t v 0 nn chui phn
k. Xt trng hp o > 0. D thy rng cc tiu chun dAlembert v tiu chun cn
thc Cauchy u khng cho ta kt lun c v tnh hi t hay phn k ca chui s.
Hm s f(x) = tha cc iu kin gi thit trong tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Do
tch phn suy rng hi t khi v ch khi o > 1 nn chui hi t khi
v ch khi o >1. Tm li ta c:
hi t o > 1.
2) Xt s hi t ca chui

, vi .
Hm s f(x) tha cc iu kin ca tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Xt tch phn


Su tm by hoangly85

i bin: u = ln(x), th c
= = +
Vy chui phn k.


Su tm by hoangly85

BI TP CHNG 5
1. Dng nh ngha kho st s hi t v tnh tng (nu c) ca chui s:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
2. Kho st d hi t ca cc chui s.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
3. S dng tiu chun cn thc Cauchy kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
4. S dng tiu chun dAlembert kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)


Su tm by hoangly85

5. S dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a) (b)
6. Cc chui sau y hi t hay phn k:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
7. Chng minh rng nu cc chui v hi t th chui s
hi t tuyt i.
8. Cc chui s sau y hi t tuyt i, bn hi t hay phn k?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
9. Tm min hi t ca chui hm.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)


Su tm by hoangly85

(e) (f)
10. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau y:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
11. Cho hm s y = f(x) = .
a) Tm min xc nh ca f(x).
b) Chng minh rng hm s y = f(x) nghim ng phng trnh
(1-x) y= 1 + x y
12. Khai trin Maclaurin cc hm sau:
a) y = x
2
ex
b) y = sin
2
x


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 12 Chui s v tiu chun hi t (tt)

II.CHUI S DNG
Chui s c gi l chui s dng nu tt c cc s hng ca chui s
u l s dng. Trng hp tt c cc s hng u l s khng m th chui s c
gi l chui s khng m. Lu rng khi xt tnh hi t hay phn k cng nh tnh
tng ca chui s khng m ta c th loi b ra cc s hng bng 0, nn chui s
khng m cng thng c gi l chui s dng.
Nhn xt rng dy cc tng ring { Sn} ca chui s dng l dy tng nn chui
s hi t khi v ch khi dy { Sn} b chn trn.
1.Cc tiu chun so snh
nh l:
Gi s hai chui s dng v tha iu kin un s vn vi n kh ln
(ngha l ng vi mi n ln hn mt s n
0
no ). Khi
Nu hi t th hi t.
Nu phn k th phn k.
Nhn xt:
Hai chui s dng v hi t khi v ch khi chui hi
t.
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui s

Vi mi n = 1, 2, 3, ta c:


Su tm by hoangly85

V chui hnh hc c s hng tng qut hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh c
pht biu trong nh l trn chui s hi t.
H qu:
Nu tn ti gii hn vi L l mt s thc dng th cc chui s
dng v cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
.
.
Ghi ch:


Su tm by hoangly85

Trong trng hp ta ni un tng ng vi vn (khi n ) v vit
l un ~ vn . Vy: nu un ~ vn th cc chui s dng v cng hi t
hoc cng phn k.
p dng cc tiu chun so snh ta phi ghi nh tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca
mt s chui thng gp, chng hn chui hnh hc. y ta cng nhn kt qu sau
y v s hi t ca chui (o l tham s):
Chui hi t o > 1.
Kt qu ny c th c chng minh bng cch p dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy
s c trnh by sau. ng vi trng hp o = 1 ta c chui phn k.
V d:

Ta c: ~ . M chui phn k v t l mt hng s khc 0 nn
chui cng phn k.

Khi n , ta c 0


Su tm by hoangly85

~ ~ =
V chui hnh hc c s hng tng qut hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c
chui cng hi t.

Khi n , ta c 0.
~ .
V chui phn k nn chui cng phn k.
2. Tiu chun dAlembert.
nh l: (Tiu chun dAlembert) Xt chui s dng
t . Ta c:
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Dn s q
th chui s hi t.
Nu c mt s t nhin n
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Dn > 1


Su tm by hoangly85

th chui s phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun hi t
dAlembert:
= .
(i) Nu < 1 th chui s hi t.
(ii) Nu > 1 th chui s phn k.
Lu :
rng
= .
V d:


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Xt chui s vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca
chui s.
S hng th n ca chui s l . Nhn xt rng vi x = 0 th cc s hng u
bng 0 nn chui hi t. Xt trng hp x = 0, ta c:

Suy ra
= 0.
Vy chui hi t vi mi x.
2) Kho st s hi t ca chui s .

=
v > 1.
Suy ra chui phn k.
3. Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy.


Su tm by hoangly85

nh l: (Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy) Xt chui s dng .
t Cn = .
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Cn s q
th chui s hi t.
Nu c mt s t nhin n
0
sao cho
n > n
0
, Cn > 1
th chui s phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun cn thc
Cauchy:
= .
Nu < 1 th chui s hi t.
Nu > 1 th chui s phn k.
Lu :


Su tm by hoangly85

rng
= .
V d:
Xt chui s vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca chui s.
= 0 khi n
T tiu chun Cauchy ta suy ra chui hi t vi mi x.
Xt s hi t ca chui s

= 2 khi n
Suy ra chui s phn k theo tiu chun Cauchy.
4. Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy.
nh l: (tiu chun tch phn Cauchy)


Su tm by hoangly85

Nu chui s c dng , ngha l vi mi n; trong f l
mt hm s lin tc, khng m v gim trn [1, + ) th ta c:
hi t hi t
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha m rng .
Trc ht ta thy rng nu o s 0 th ( > 1) khng hi t v 0 nn chui phn
k. Xt trng hp o > 0. D thy rng cc tiu chun dAlembert v tiu chun cn
thc Cauchy u khng cho ta kt lun c v tnh hi t hay phn k ca chui s.
Hm s f(x) = tha cc iu kin gi thit trong tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Do
tch phn suy rng hi t khi v ch khi o > 1 nn chui hi t khi
v ch khi o >1. Tm li ta c:
hi t o > 1.
2) Xt s hi t ca chui

, vi .
Hm s f(x) tha cc iu kin ca tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Xt tch phn


Su tm by hoangly85

i bin: u = ln(x), th c
= = +
Vy chui phn k.


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 13 Chui tng qut, chui hm

III. CHUI TNG QUT
1. Chui an du
Cho dy { a
n
} cc s dng, chui s c s hng tng qut u
n
= (-1)
na
n hay u
n
= (-
1)
n+1
a
n
c gi l chui an du. Lin quan n chui an du ta c tiu chun hi t
leinitz nh sau:
nh l: (tiu chun Leibnits)
Nu chui an du tha mn 2 iu kin:
Dy { a
n
} l dy dng gim, v
= 0;
th chui hi t. Hn na tng S ca chui tha 0 < S s u
1
.
Ch thch:
Chui tha iu kin ca tiu chun Leibnitz trong nh l trn c gi l chui
Leibnitz. Nu dng tng
Sn =
xp x tng ca chui Leibnitz th phn d th n ca chui l Rn tha:
| Rn | s | un
+1
|
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui .


Su tm by hoangly85

Chui s l chui an du c s hng th n l = , vi
l dy s dng gim v hi t v 0. Vy chui s l chui Leibnitz nn
chui hi t.
2. Hi t tuyt i
nh ngha:
Chui s (c du bt k) c gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui
hi t.
Chui s c gi l bn hi t nu chui hi t nhng chui
phn k.
Ghi ch: Chui khng dn ti s hi t ca chui .
V d:
1) Chui hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz nhng chui iu ha
phn k. Vy chui l bn hi t.
2) Xt chui c s hng tng qut .
Ta c:
~ ~


Su tm by hoangly85

v chui iu ha m rng hi t. Suy ra chui hi t theo tiu
chun so snh. Vy chui hi t tuyt i.
nh l:
Nu chui hi t th chui hi t v
.
Di y l mt s tnh cht c chng minh lin quan n cc chui hi t
tuyt i.
nh l: (Riemann)
Gi s chui bn hi t. Khi vi mi s S hu hn hoc l S = , tn ti
mt cch thay i v tr ca cc s hng ca chui c mt chui mi c tng l
S.
nh l:
Nu chui hi t tuyt i th khi thay i v tr cc s hng ca chui mt
cch ty ta vn c mt chui mi hi t tuyt i v c cng tng vi chui ban
u.
nh l: (Cauchy)
Nu cc chui v hi t tuyt i v c tng ln lt l S v T th
chui gm mi s hng (i = 1, 2, , n; j = 1, 2, , n) theo mt th t bt k
lun hi t tuyt i v c tng bng ST.


Su tm by hoangly85

IV. CHUI HM
1. nh ngha
Cho dy hm s vi n = 1, 2, cng xc nh trn mt tp E cc s thc. Khi
vi mi x e E ta c chui s

Khi xt x bin thin trong E, ta gi chui l mt chui hm. im x
0
e E
m chui hi t c gi l im hi t; ta cng ni chui hm hi t ti
x
0
. Tp tt c cc im hi t c gi l min hi t ca chui hm. Gi D l min
hi t ca chui ly tha, ta c:
,
,

l cc hm s ca x xc nh trn D. Sn(x) c gi l tng ring th n ca chui
hm, S(x) l tng ca chui hm v Rn(x) l phn d th n ca chui hm. Tng S(x)
c th biu din di dng

Vi mi x e D ta c , nn , ngha l phn d
ca chui hm hi t n 0 khi n + .
V d:
1) Tm min hi t ca chui hm


Su tm by hoangly85

bit rng chui s hi t khi v ch khi o > 1. Do chui
hi t khi v ch khi ln(x) > 1, hay x > e. Suy ra min hi t ca chui hm l D = (e,
+ ).

Vi mi x, chui s (*) c s hng tng qut
, vi
=
= = ex.
Theo tiu chun hi t dAlembert ta c:
< 1 x < 0 : chui (*) hi t.
> 1 x > 0 : chui (*) phn k.
= 1 x = 0 : chui (*) c dng l chui phn k.
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l D = (- , 0).


Su tm by hoangly85

Vi mi x, chui s (*) c c s hng tng qut , vi
=
= = + .
Theo tiu chun cn Cauchy ta c chui phn k (vi mi x). Vy min hi t ca
chui hm l tp hp rng.
2. Hi t u
nh ngha:
Xt x bin thin trong mt tp X no nm trong min hi t ca chui hm
. Gi S(x) l tng ca chui hm v Sn(x) l tng ring th n ca chui
hm. Nu vi mi c > 0, tn ti n
0
(c ) sao cho
n > n
0
(c ), x e X, | Sn(x) S(x) | < c
th ta ni chui hm hi t u ti hm S(x) trn tp X, hoc dy hm Sn(x) hi t u
ti hm S(x) trn tp X. iu ny cng c ngha l dy cc phn d Rn(x) = S(x) -
Sn(x) hi t u ti 0 trn X.
nh l sau y cho ta mt tiu chun v s hi t cng nh hi t u ca chui
hm.
nh l: (tiu chun Weierstrass)
Nu ng vi mi n ln hn mt n
0
no v vi mi x e X v chui s
dng hi t, th chui hm hi t u v hi t tuyt i trn X.
V d:
1) Kho st s hi t ca chui hm


Su tm by hoangly85

Ta c:

ng vi mi x e R v do chui hi t , nn chui hm hi t
u v hi t tuyt i trn ton trc s theo tiu chun Weierstrass.
2) Kho st s hi t ca chui hm

Do nn tn ti n
0
sao cho vi mi n > n
0
th
.
Suy ra vi mi n > n
0
v vi mi s thc x ta c:
s
m chui s iu ha (m rng) hi t. Vy theo tiu chun Weierstrass
chui hm hi t u v hi t tuyt i trn ton trc s.
3. Tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u
Trong mc ny s pht biu mt s nh l v tnh cht ca cc chui hm hi t
u.
nh l: (Tnh lin tc ca hm tng)


Su tm by hoangly85

Nu mi hm lin tc trn X v chui hm hi t u n hm S(x)
trn X, th S(x) cng lin tc trn X.
nh l: (tch phn tng s hng)
Nu mi hm lin tc trn [a, b] v chui hm hi t u n hm
S(x) trn [a, b], th
.
nh l: (o hm tng s hng)
Gi s ta c cc iu kin sau y:
Cc hm c o hm lin tc trong khong (a, b);
Chui hm hi t n S(x) trong (a, b);
Chui cc o hm hi t u trong (a, b).
Khi S(x) c o hm trong khong (a, b) v
S(x) =


Su tm by hoangly85

Bi 14 Chui ly tha

V.CHUI LY THA
1.nh ngha
Ta gi chui hm c dng

l chui ly tha. Cc hng s c gi l cc h s ca chui ly
tha, h s c gi l h s tng qut ca chui. Ta gi l
s hng tng qut ca chui ly tha.
Nu thc hin php i bin th chui ly tha trn tr thnh chui c
dng . Do trong cc mc tip theo di y ta ch chui ly tha c
dng
(*).
V d:
1) Chui ly tha
c h s tng qut l .
2) Chui ly tha


Su tm by hoangly85

c h s tng qut l . Bng cch i bin X = x+2, chui ly tha
c chuyn v dng
.
2. Bn knh hi t v min hi t
Mt trong nhng vn c xem xt i vi chui ly tha l tm min hi t. Cho
chui ly tha
(*).
Trc ht c th thy rng chui (*) hi t ti x = 0. nh l sau y l mt trong
nhng kt qu quan trng lin quan n vn tm min hi t ca chui ly tha.
nh l: (Abel)
Nu chui ly tha hi t ti th chui cng hi t tuyt i ti
mi x e .
Nu chui ly tha phn k ti th chui cng phn k ti mi x e
.
Chng minh:
Gi s chui ly tha hi t ti , ngha l chui s hi
t. Khi

c s dng M sao cho s M vi mi s t nhin n.


Su tm by hoangly85

Cho mt s thc x e . Ta c:
s
vi 0 = < 1.
Chui hnh hc hi t do q < 1, nn chui hi t tuyt i.
Tm li ta c chui ly tha hi t tuyt i trn . Phn (i)
ca nh l c chng minh.
By gi gi s chui ly tha phn k ti , ngha l chui s
phn k. Nu c s thc x e m chui hi t
th theo phn chng minh trn ta c chui hi t (mu thun). Vy
chui phn k ti mi x e . Phn (ii) ca nh l c chng minh.
T nh l Abel ta c mt s nhn xt v dng ca min hi t ca chui ly tha
nh sau. Trc ht chui hi t ti x = 0 vi tng bp sau y:
Trng hp 1: Chui ch hi t ti x = 0.
Trng hp 2: Chui hi t trn ton trc s.
Trng hp 3: Chui c im hi t v c im phn k . Tt
nhin l theo nh l Abel. Vy min hi t D ca chui ly tha phi
tha D c nn b chn. Do tnh y ca tp s thc D c cn trn


Su tm by hoangly85

ng R. C th thy rng nu > R th chui phn k ti x, v nu x e (-R, R) th
chui hi t ti x.
nh ngha: (bn knh hi t)
Cho chui ly tha . Nu tn ti s dng R sao cho chui ly tha hi t
ti mi x m < R v chui phn k ti mi x m > R, th R c gi l bn
knh i t ca chui ly tha. Trng hp chui ch hi t ti x = 0 ta ni bn knh hi
t ca chui ly tha l R = 0; nu chui hi t trn ton trc s th ta ni bn knh
hi t l R = + .
Theo nh ngha trn ta c cc trng hp v min hi t ca chui ly tha nh
sau:
Nu bn knh hi t R l mt s thc dng th min hi t D ca chui ly tha l
mt trong 4 trng hp sau:
1) D = (-R, R) khi chui khng hi t ti R.
2) D = [-R, R] khi chui hi t ti R.
3) D = [-R, R) khi chui hi t ti -R nhng khng hi t ti R.
4) D = (-R, R] khi chui hi t ti R nhng khng hi t ti -R.
Nu R = 0 th min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = { 0} .
Nu R = + th min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = R.
Vy vic tm bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l bc rt quan trng cho vic tm
min hi t ca chui ly tha. Ta c th tnh bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha da
theo nh l di y.
nh l: (Tm bn knh hi t)
Cho chui ly tha . Gi s hay = .
Khi bn knh hi t R ca chui ly tha l
R = nu l s thc dng;
R = 0 nu = + ;
R = + nu = 0.
V d:


Su tm by hoangly85

1) Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha

H s tng qut ca chui ly tha l . Ta c
= 1 R = 1
xc nh min hi t ta cn xt s hi t ca chui ti cc im -1 v +1. Xt ti x
= -1, ta thy chui s phn k. Ti x = 1, ta c chui
s cng phn k(do s hng tng qut ca chui s khng dn v
0).
Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = (-1, 1).

H s tng qut ca chui ly tha l . Ta c
= 1
bn knh hi t R = 1.
Xt ti x = -1, ta c chui l chui Leibnitz nn hi t. Ti x = 1 ta c
chui iu ha nn l chui phn k.
Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = [-1, 1).


Su tm by hoangly85


H s tng qut ca chui ly tha l , vi x
0
= -2 Ta c
= 1/2
bn knh hi t R = 2.
Xt ti x = x
0
R = -4, ta c chui s = =
phn k. Ti x = x
0
+ R = 0, ta c chui =
hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.
Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = (-4, 0].

C th tnh c bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = 0. Suy ra chui ch hi t
ti x = 0, tc l min hi t D = { 0} .

C th tnh c bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = + . Suy ra chui hi t ti
mi x, tc l min hi t D = R.
3. Cc tnh cht ca chui ly tha


Su tm by hoangly85

Trong mc ny s nu ln mt s tnh cht ca chui ly tha lin quan n s hi t
u, tnh lin tc, tnh o hm v tch phn.
Tnh cht 1:
Chui ly tha hi t u trn mi on [a, b] nm trong khong hi t ca n.
Tnh cht 2:
Tng ca chui ly tha l mt hm lin tc trong khong hi t ca n.
Tnh cht 3:
Ta c th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui ly tha trn on [a, b] nm trong
khong hi t ca n. Ni cch khc ta c

Ngoi ra, nu gi S(x) l hm tng ca chui ly tha v R l bn knh hi t th vi
mi x thuc khong hi t (-R, R) ta c:

=
Tnh cht 4:
Ta c th ly o hm tng s hng ca chui ly tha trong khong hi t ca n v
chui mi nhn c cng c cng bn knh hi t vi chui ban u.
V d:
1) Tnh tng

C th tnh c d dng l bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = 1, vy khong
hi t l (-1, 1). Trong khong hi t ny, ta ly o hm tng s hng ca chui th
c


Su tm by hoangly85

=
2) Ly tch phn ca S(x) trn on [0, x] s c

Suy ra:

Tnh tng
, | x | < 1.
Ta c:

Ly o hm tng s hng trong khong (-1, 1) th c
=

Toan Cao Cap - A1

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