TYPES OF MICROORGANISM.

BACTERIA FUNGI

MICROORGANISM ALGAE ALGAE

PROTOZOA

VIRUSSES

MICROORGANISM VIRUS

CHARACTERISTIC

SMALLEST MICROORGANISM HAS VARIOUS SHAPE; CYLINDER, SPHERE CANNOT BE CLASSIFY AS LIVING ORG, IT CAN ONLY MULTIPLY IN LIVING CELL IT CRYSTALLIZES OUTSIDE LIVING CELL BASIC COMPONENT IS NUCLEAR ACID & OUTER PROTEIN COAT VIRUS CAUSES VARIOUS KINDS OD DISEASE

BACTERIA

UNICELLULAR ORGANISM REPRODUCES BY BINARY FISSION (COCCUS) FORM SPORES UNDER ADVERSE CONDITION.
UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM CAN CARRY PHOTOSYNTHESIS ( SPIROGYRA SP.) LIVE IN WATER (PARAMECIUM SP. & AMOEBA SP.)

ALGAE

PROTOZOA UNICELLULAR ORGANISM FUNGI

UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM REPRODUCE BY FORMING SPORE, (YEAST & MOULD)

PATHOGENS, VECTORS, SYMPTOM & METHOD IN TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES

DISEASE PATHOGEN METHOD OF TRANSMISSION SYMPTOM

MALARIA

PLASMODIUM SP (PROTOZOA) VIBRIO CHOLERA (BACTERIA) VIRUSES

VECTOR , ANOPHELES SP. MOSQUITO CONSUMING CONTAMINATED FOOD & WATER HEP A: OCCUR WHEN CONSUME CONTAMINATED FOOD & WATER HEP B: TRANSMITTED BY CONTAMINATED BLOOD & SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DIRECT CONTACT WITH INFECTED PERSON

HIGH FEVER, SEVERE SHIVERING & SWEATING DIARRHOEA, VOMITTING, DEHYDRATION. VOMITTING, DIARRHOEA , FEVER, STOMACH CRAMP. NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, CANCER OF THE LIVER.

CHOLERA

HEPATITIS

RINGWORM

FUNGI

REDDISH CIRCULAR RASHES, LESION & VERY ITCHY.

TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASES

Food & Water. Microorganism enter digestive system through contaminated food & water, unwashed hands & feaces of infected people. Eg: Cholera (b), Hepatitis A(v) HOW THE DISEASES SPREAD Airborne & Droplet Transmission Method where pathogens change into spores then transmit by air. Liquid droplet of infected people enter other people respiratory sys. Eg: flu, viral fever, Vectors Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp. transmit by mosquitoes Anopheles Houseflies can cause food poisoning .

Direct Contact Infected person by sharing personal item such as towel, unprotected sex Eg: ,Ringworm (f), AIDs

VACCINES Dead or weakened bacteria or viruses is inoculated into body to induce antibodies Eg: BCG

ANTIBIOTICS Penicillin & streptomycin are Produced by microogrs which inhibit the growth or kill other microogs esp. bacteria

METHODS OF CONTROLLING PATHOGENS

ANTISEPTICS Used on cuts & wounds to kill & inhibit growth of microorgs. Eg: iodine solution

DISINFECTANTS Solutions used to sterilize surgical equipment, kill microorgs on the floor Eg: phenol, farmaldehyde

THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISM

1. THE NITROGEN CYCLE Allows nitrogen to be utilized by organism & return to physical environment. a. Nitrogen fixation :Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Nostoc sp. & Rhizobium sp. will convert nitrogen from atmosferic to ammonium .. Plants absorb nitrogen in form of ammonium & nitrate then convert to plant protien. When animals eats plants the organic nitrogen is transfer into their body. When they die decompose bacteria change them into ammonium .

b. Nitrification process. :Ammonium compounds are converted into

nitrites by Nitrosomonas sp.

c. Nitryfying process :Nitrites convert into nitrates by Nitrobacter sp d. Denitryfying process:

Nitrates will break down to nitrogen back to atmosphere

2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMANS Symbiotic bacteria in human colon synthesis vitamin B 12 & Vit K. Deficiency in vitamin B 12 lead to anemia Lack of Vit K, slow down the blood clotting process

3. ALIMENTARY CANALS OF TERMITES Termites feed on wood which contain cellulase but they do not have cellulase enzyme. Trichonympha sp. Is mutualistic protozoa present in alimentary canal of termites & secrete cellulase.
4. DECOMPOSITION Carried out by saprophytic bacteria & fungi called decomposers Secretes enzyme that break down complex organic into simple inorganic it can reduce pollution cause it turns to water, minerals & CO2 Maintain life on earth by recycling & release nutrients into soil.

MICROORGANISM USE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. PRODUCTION OF ANTIIOTIC & VACCINES Penicillin the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Flemming is produced by the fungus Penicilium notatum is use to treat blood poisoning, syphlis & pneumonia. BCG vaccine use to treat tuberculosis. Salk vaccine protect us poliomyelities Bacteria which fed on oil are now used to clean up oil spills are sprayed on the surface of oil spill instead of using chemical methods. The hydrocarbon in the oil is decomposed by bacteria to release carbon dioxide. Sewage from household & industries Aerobic bacteria in the sewage decompose organic matter at treatment plants. Anaerobic bacteria continue decompose the organic matter to methane & carbon dioxide. The digested sludge is rich in nitrates &

2. CLEANING OF OIL SPILLS

3. WASTE TREATMENT

Can you give more example on usefull of microorganism?

4. Food Processing.
Fermentation by yeast in bread making produces CO2 which helps the dough to rise. Beer is brewed from barley grains. Wine is made by fermentation of grape juices, ethanol & CO2 are realeased. Yoghurt is made from fermentation of milk by using bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus which convert sugar into lactic acid. Cheese is made by mixing Streptococcus with the enzyme rennin.

5. Production of Biodegradable Plastic (bioplastic)

Bioplastic can be broken down into inorganic compound by bacteria. Bioplastic is produced by culturing bacteria such as Erwina sp in glucose. The bacteria react by producing plastic as a storage component in their cells Bioplastic is to used to make credit card, bottles, medical gums.

6. Production of Energy from Biomass

Two sources of energy that are generated through the activities of microorganism are biogas & gasohol. Biogas is a gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter or waste in a bioreactor Gasohol or biofuel is a combination of 10% ethanol & 99% petrol. Sugar cane & maize are the main sources of gasohol. The cane or maize is crushed & sucrose is extracted to form a syrup , the fermentation of this syrup by yeast will produce ethanol.