The Evolution of Microbial Life

Prokaryotic Cell VS. Eukaryotic Cell

• Kingdoms diff pro and eukarya
 Workhorse examples: 1)

Archaea produce industrial small

enzymes suited for a wide

range of temps, pH and ionic

strengths; 2) E. coli for genetic Easy to grow in large scale production

engineering
Prokaryotic Cells

Easy to genetically engineer

“Workhorses”
Prokaryotic Cell VS. Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cells
 Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Eukaryotic Cells

Organelles

Endomembrane System
Microbial Life

Prokaryotes Protists

Catch-all category that includes all eukaryotes

Archaebacteria
that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants

Eubacteria
• Kingdoms diff pro and eukarya
Prokaryotes

•Found wherever there is life,

including in and on the bodies of
multicellular organisms
•Collective biological mass
(biomass) of prokaryotes is at
least 10x that of all eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Forms
Prokaryotes
Prokaryote Diversity
Actinomycete-branching chains of rod-shaped cells

Actinomycete Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic Reproduction

Binary Fission
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell
division, which divides the cytoplasm of a
parental cell into two daughter cells.
Bacterial Diseases
 Cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery

diarrhea.

It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a

bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually

found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with

the infection.
 Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases are a collection of

diseases caused by multiple viral, bacterial,

and parasitic organisms that share the

common symptom of diarrhea, defined as the

passage of three or more loose or liquid

stools per day.

 Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that

inflames the air sacs in one or both

lungs. The air sacs may fill with

fluid, causing cough with phlegm ,

fever, chills, and difficulty

breathing.
 Diphtheria

Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the

back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty

breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even

death.

Hallmark sign is a sheet of thick, gray

 Whooping cough
(pertussis)
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a

highly contagious respiratory

tract infection. In many people,

it's marked by a severe hacking

cough followed by a high-pitched

intake of breath that sounds like

 Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis -- or TB, as it’s

commonly called -- is a contagious

infection that usually attacks the

lungs. It can also spread to other

parts of the body, like the brain and

spine. A type of bacteria called

Anthrax
 Tetanus
Tetanus is a serious illness caused by

Clostridium bacteria. The bacteria live in soil,

saliva, dust, and manure. The bacteria can

enter the body through a deep cut, like those

you might get from stepping on a nail, or

through a burn. The infection causes painful

 Plague

Plague is a disease that affects

humans and other mammals. It is

caused by the bacterium, Yersinia

pestis. Humans usually get plague

after being bitten by a rodent flea

 Leprosy
Leprosy is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection caused

by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects

the nerves of the extremities, the skin, the lining of the nose,

and the upper respiratory tract. Leprosy is also known as

Hansen’s disease.

Leprosy produces skin ulcers, nerve damage, and muscle

weakness. If it isn’t treated, it can cause severe disfigurement

and significant disability.

 Typhoid
Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a high fever,

diarrhea, and vomiting. It can be fatal. It is caused by the

bacteria Salmonella typhi.

The infection is often passed on through contaminated food

and drinking water

The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of

• ​EUS or red spot disease in a silver perch caused by the fungus
Aphanomyces invadans.
 Bacterial Disease:

Necrotizing Fascitis

Flesh eating bacteria- Streptococcus

pyogenes
Necrotizing Fascitis
 Bioremediation
•The use of organisms to remove
pollutants from water, air, or soil.
•Prokaryotic decomposers in treating
sewage
•Industrial pollution treatment of soil
and water
•Oil spill
Origin of Eukaryotes
• Kingdoms diff pro and eukarya
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
Protist
• Protist mode of nutrition
• Autotroph
• Heterotroph
• mixotroph

Caulerpa Trypanosoma Euglena

 Protists
Algae

Protozoans
Protists
Slime molds

Seaweeds
Algae
Protozoans
• Protists that live primarily by ingesting food
Apicomplexans-apex is specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Flagellates

Amoebas
Protozoans
Apicomplexans

Ciliates
Protozoans

• Protists that live primarily by ingesting food

• Giardia- flagellated protozoan parasite in human intestine
• Trichomonas-std parasite
• Amoeba -engulfing algae

Giardia Trichomonas Amoeba

Slime Molds

• Fungi-like protists