BACTERIA

Chapter 20.2

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 Agenda
 November 10 – Day 4
 Bacteria Notes
 Bacterial Disease Poster Project

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This is a
pore in
human skin
and the
yellow
spheres are
bacteria 3
Clean skin has about 20 million
bacteria per square inch

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 Evolution/Classification
 Prokaryotes
 The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion
years old, are fossils of bacteria-like
organisms.
 Evolution has yielded many species adapted
to survive where no other organisms can.
 Grouped based on:
 Structure, physiology, molecular Composition,
reaction to specific types of stain (Gram
Positive/Gram Negative).
 Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria
 Archaebacteria

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 Kingdom Archaebacteria
 First discovered in extreme environments
 Methanogens: Harvest energy by
converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas
 Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts
 Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in
Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
 Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid
environments and high temps.
 Hot Springs, volcanic vents

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 Depending on the
species, bacteria
can be aerobic
which means they
require oxygen to
live
or
anaerobic which
means oxygen is
deadly to them.

Green patches are green sulfur

bacteria.  The rust patches are
colonies of purple non sulfur
bacteria.  The red patches are
purple sulfur bacteria.
Chemosynthetic bacteria use the
sulfur in the “smoke” for energy
to make ATP. 8
The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria
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 Kingdom Eubacteria
 Can have one of three basic shapes
1. Bacilli – rod-shaped
2. Spirilla – spiral-shaped
3. Cocci – sphere-shaped
o Can live in colonies
•Strepto – in chains
•Staphylo – grape-like
clusters
•Diplo – pairs

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BACTERIA PICS

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Bacillus
bacteria
are rod
shaped
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Coccus
bacteria
are ball
shaped

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Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

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Diplo-bacteria
occur in pairs,
such as the
diplococcus
bacteria that
causes
gonorrhea 15
Staphylo -
occur in
clumps, such as
this
staphylococcus
that causes
infections of
cuts 16
Strepto- occur
in chains of
bacteria, such
as this
streptococcus
bacteria that
causes some
types of sore
throats
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Cyanobacteria
You may have seen
them as "green slime"
in your aquarium or in
a pond.

Cyanobacteria can do
"modern
photosynthesis", which
is the kind that makes
oxygen from water. All
plants do this kind of
photosynthesis and
inherited the ability
from the cyanobacteria.
 The Gram stain, which divides most
clinically significant bacteria into two main
groups, is the first step in bacterial
identification. 

 Bacteria stained purple/violet are Gram +

- their cell walls have thick peptidoglycan.

 Bacteria stained pink are Gram – - Their

cell walls have thin peptidoglycan and
lipopolysaccharides.
 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
Structure Function
Cell Wall Protects and gives shape
Outer Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)
Membrane
Cell Regulates movement of materials, contains
Membrane enzymes important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromosome Carries genetic information
Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through
recombination
Capsule & Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to
Slime Layer other surfaces
Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments
Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other cells
Flagellum Moves the cell
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Eubacteria - Nutrition and Growth
 Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
 Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy
 Some are Chemoautotrophs.
 Many are Obligate Anaerobes. (live w/o O2)
 Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus
 Some are Faculatative Anaerobes (can live w/ or w/o
O2)
 Ex. Escherichia Coli
 Some are Obligate Aerobes (need O2 to survive)
 Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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REPRODUCTION
IN
BACTERIA
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BACTERIA REPRODUCES
BY FISSION

First the chromosomal DNA

makes a copy
The DNA replicates
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NEXT THE CYTOPLASM
AND CELL DIVIDES

The two resulting cells are

exactly the same
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In addition to
the large
chromosomal
DNA, bacteria
have many
small loops of
DNA called
Plasmids 26
 Bacteria can reproduce sexually -
conjugation or asexually - binary fission.
CONJUGATION

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 19.3 Diseases Caused by
Bacteria

Key Concepts:
1.How do Bacteria cause disease?

2.How can Bacterial growth be

controlled?
Vocabulary: Pathogen, Vaccine,
Antibiotic
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 Microorganisms Cause Disease
 The Who
 Louis Pasteur – French Chemist
 Disproved Theory of Spontaneous
Generation
 Chapter 1 – What is it?

 Germ Theory of Disease

 Observed and hypothesized that
microorganisms caused infection and
disease
 Encouraged doctors and surgeons to

sanitize and sterilize themselves and

equipment
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 Microorganisms Cause Disease
 The How
 Some Bacteria need room to grow and
reproduce, in order to do so, they destroy
living tissue for food
 Other types of bacteria create toxins during
growth and development which can destroy
living tissue
 Disease results when bacteria interfere with an
organisms ability to function properly.

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 Bacteria and Disease
Disease Pathogen Areas Mode of
affected transmission
Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly
preserved food
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water

Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, Teeth Environment to

sanguis, salivarius mouth
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, Sexual contact
fallopian
Rocky Rickettsia recketsii Blood, Tick bite
Mountain SF skin
Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, Sneezes, coughs,
blood, etc.
skin
Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated
wounds
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, coughs
bones

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Helicobacter
pylori
is the
pathogenic
bacteria
that can
causes ulcers 33
 Leprosy is a
bacterial
infection that
decreases
blood flow to
the
extremities
resulting in
the
deterioration
of toes, ears,
the nose and
the fingers.

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BOTULISM

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ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

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 LYME DISEASE

Berrelia burgdorferi Affects Transmitted

Skin and by a Tick
joints bite

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Salmonella Affects the Transmitted
Intestine through
contaminated
food and water

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STREP THROAT

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TUBERCULOSIS

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 Common Antibiotics
Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria

Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive

Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum

Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin

Ointment
Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive

Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum

Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis

Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis,

UTI
Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg.

Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI

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 Antibiotics
 Anti – against
 Bio- life
 = against life, so antibiotics will only kill
living things, which means they are
ineffective against viruses (which aren’t
alive)
 How do they work?
 They block the growth and reproduction of
bacteria

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 Vaccines
 An injection of a weakened of killed pathogen
 Prompts the body to begin the primary
immune response
 What is the Primary Immune Response?

 Secondary Immune response is then activated

 What is the Secondary Immune Response?

 Once the person comes in contact with the

bacteria for a 2nd time, they will have
antibodies ready and present to fight the
disease

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 How to kill Bacteria
 Sterilization by Heat – Most bacteria can not
survive high temperatures, so pathogens
will be killed by exposure to high heat
 Disinfectants – chemical solutions that kill
pathogens
 Food Storage/Processing –
 Refrigerator storage slows bacterial reproduction
 Boiling, Frying, Steaming – heat food to the
point at which bacteria will be killed
 Preserved food – use of vinegar, salt and sugar
to prevent food from spoiling due to bacterial
contamination

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 Some Final Information
 Because antibiotics have been overused,
many diseases that were once easy to
treat are becoming more difficult to
treat. MRSA

 Some Bacteria are Useful

 Ex. Producing and Processing food
 Breaking down dead organic material
 Make unripened cheese like ricotta and
cottage by breaking down the protein in
milk.

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