Bacteria: Section 19-1

Vibrio cholerae 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCn92mbWxd4

2
I. General Characteristics
A. Single-celled; no nucleus or
complex organelles
 What do we call this type of
organism?
B. Earliest known life forms
C. Smallest and simplest living
organisms
D. Size 20 - 200 microns in
diameter and 50 – 1,000
microns long
E. Few hundred genes
3
Needle Tip

4
 II. Bacterial Structure
A. All bacteria have an outer cell wall
made out of glycoproteins or
lipoprotein

5
B. Some bacteria have a sticky envelope
around the cell wall called a capsule.

6
 C. Very simple internal organization
1. Cytoplasm with very few organelles
2. Nucleoid region (loosely coiled DNA)

Draw & Label!

1. Cell 2. Ribosome
membrane
3. Nucleoid
6. Cell wall

4. Cytoplasm
5. Pili (short
flagella)
7
 Figure 19-2
The cell walls of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan

Cell Cell
Wall Membrane Ribosomes
Peptidoglycan

Flagellum DNA Pili 8

 III. Classifying Prokaryotes
A. Bacteria are placed into two major
kingdoms:
1. Kingdom Archaebacteria – Cell walls
lack peptidoglycan, different
membrane lipids than eubacteria, DNA
sequences are more like eukaryotes.
Live in harsh environments (thick
mud, animal digestive tracts, salt
lakes, and hot springs)
2. Kingdom Eubacteria –Cell walls
contain peptidoglycan.

9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcXdfofLoj0

10
IV. Identifying Prokaryotes – 4 ways
A. Shapes: There are three basic
shape types:
1. Cocci: Spherical shaped cells
a.single cocci

b.diplococci (pairs)

c. Streptococci (chains)

d.Staphylococci (clusters)

11
 Staphylococcus aureus – appears in pairs,
short chains or bunched like grapes. Causes
food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, skin and
wound infections, & scarlet fever. MRSA -
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In process of dividing On surface of small intestine

12
2. Bacillus (i) = Rod shaped cells
a.Single bacilli

b.Diplobacilli

c. Streptobacilli

13
 Bacilli Shape
Alicyclobacillus spp.

Causes food spoilage,

especially in fruit juices.
The spores can survive
pasteurization treatments
and heat can activate the
spores to begin growth
and cause contamination.
Magnification*: x2,400

14
 3. Spirillium = spiral shaped
Leptospira interrogans
Leptospirosis is the most
widespread bacterial
infection in the world,
affecting both animals
and humans. It is a
bacterial infection passed
from animals to humans
by way of contaminated
urine. Leptospirosis is
also know as hemorrhagic
jaundice, infectious
jaundice, mud fever,
caver’s flue & many other
names. 15
Review: The three basic shapes of
bacteria are?

16
IV. Identifying Prokaryotes cont.

B. Cell Walls – Eubacteria have

two different types of cell walls.
A Gram stain tells them apart.
1. Gram-positive bacteria: have
thick peptidoglycan walls.
2. Gram-negative bacteria: have
much thinner cell walls inside
an outer lipid layer.

17
C. Movement – Prokaryotes can be
identified by whether they move &
how they move.
1. Many forms
have flagella
for
movement.
2. Some
bacteria have
pili, which
allow them to
attach to Pili Flagella
other things.
18
Food producing microorganisms. Yeast,
bacteria, and mold.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eksagPy5tmQ

19
IV. Identifying Prokaryotes cont.
D. How they obtain energy
1. Autotrophic What does this mean?
a. Photoautotrophs (e.g.
cyanobacteria or blue-green algae)

Cyanobacteria

Thylakoids

20
IV. Identifying Prokaryotes cont.
b. Chemoautotrophs – Don’t require
sunlight for energy (e.g. methanogens
or halophiles)

Methylomonas methanica -
Methylotrophic bacteria
(methylotrophs) are bacteria
capable of growth on single
carbon compounds (such as
methane, methanol, etc.)
These compounds act as the
sources of carbon and energy
to sustain growth.
21
IV. Identifying Prokaryotes cont.
D. How they obtain energy cont.
2. Heterotrophic
 What does this mean?

a.Chemoheterotrophs – Must
take in organic (carbon)
molecules for both energy & a
supply of carbon.
b.Photoheterotrophs – Use
sunlight for energy, but need
organic compounds as a
carbon source. 22
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3ychzika4U

23
 V. Circulation, Excretion and
Respiration
A. By diffusion
B. Obligate aerobes - Must have
oxygen to live (e.g. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)

24
C. Obligate anaerobes - Can not live
in the presence of oxygen
e.g. Clostridium botulinum
 spores can be found in honey
children less than 12 months old
should not be fed honey.

25
D. Facultative anaerobes - Can grow
with or without O2 but do better
without O2 (e.g. Escherichia coli &
Yeast)

26
 VI. Reproduction
A. Asexual
1. Binary fission - splitting into two
equal cells.

E. coli undergoing
binary fission.

27
 VI. Reproduction
B. Sexual reproduction
1. Conjugation - Exchange of genetic
information. This exchange increases
genetic diversity of bacteria
populations.

28
 VI. Reproduction
C. Spore formation
1. Spores are special structures that
allow a bacteria to remain dormant
and protected until environmental
conditions become favorable to live.

Clostridium
botulinum
forming spores

29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5UyBrgVsvs

30
 VII. Harmful Effects of Bacteria
A. Pathogenic (cause diseases)
1. By directly damaging cells as they
digest cells for food.
2. Or by indirectly damaging cells by
releasing toxins which damage hosts.
3. They also trigger body's immune
response, i.e. fever or inflammation.
4. Examples: botulism, tuberculosis,
gonorrhea, typhoid fever, bubonic
plague, diphtheria, cholera, tetanus
etc.
31
VII. Harmful Effects of Bacteria
B. Other problems caused by
bacteria
1. Food spoilage (many species)
2. Food poisoning Salmonella sp.
3. Disorders like boils, pimples,
pneumonia, and some forms of
arthritis.

32
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pf6fLmKWw9I&t=111s

33
VIII.Optimal Growth Requirements
A. Warmth; 25-37 °C (77 – 98.6 °F).
Food is refrigerated to slow bacteria
growth.
B. Dark
C. Moisture
D. Food
 Where can we normally find these
conditions?
 In your body!!!
34
 IX. Treatment of bacterial
diseases
A. Antibiotics are usually made from fungi,
mold, or other bacteria. why?
1. Examples: Penicillin, Streptomycin,
tetracycline.
B. Problems with Antibiotics
1. Antibiotic resistance.
2. Kills off good bacteria as well as bad.
3. Inhibits body's natural immunity.
C. Pasteurization and sterilization (UV &
alcohol) help prevent the spread of
disease. 35
 Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the
evolution of more harmful bacteria. We are
running out of antibiotics that work and are
selecting for diseases such as MRSA.
How do antibiotics work?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1GT2bKgci8
36
What Causes Antibiotic Resistance?

Published Mar 16, 2016

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZbcwi7SfZE&t=6s
37
 The real-life view from the CDC
Antibiotic Use to Combat Antibiotic Resistance

Published: Nov 13, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9GSIz78aDQ 38
 The real-life view from the CDC
Environment & Sanitation to Combat Antibiotic
Resistance

Published: Nov 13, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnSBYWQI07A 39
X. Beneficial effects of bacteria
A. Decomposition & recycling of organic
material & nutrients.
B. Nitrogen fixation in some plants
(legumes)
C. Used to make antibiotics
D. Food production: e.g. Yogurt, Cottage
cheese, Blue cheese, Vinegar
E. Used as a tool in genetic engineering
F. Certain ones carry out photosynthesis
G. Bioleaching-extracting minerals from ore
deposits
40
Bacteria with The Amoeba Sisters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORB866QSGv8

41
 Mike & Salmonella Video
1. What are some symptoms of
Salmonella poisoning?
2. What are 2 other ways salmonella
bacteria could spread?
3. Would you recommend that
somebody with salmonella poisoning
take the diarrhea pill? Why or why
not?
4. How can you prevent the spread of
bacterial disease?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yG5rWjwi6uA&t=39s 42
QUICKWRITE: Should livestock
be given antibiotics? Think
about: health of human
populations, health of
livestock, antibiotic resistance,
cost effectiveness,
environment, living conditions
for animals, etc.
43