HIV – Human Immunodeficiency virus.

The greatest
medical science challenge of the last 40 years!

HIV-1 (in green) budding from

cultured CD4 Cell. A type of
lymphocyte sometimes called a
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T-cell
We are talking about something that is very,
very small

An HIV particle is around 100-150 billionths of a

meter in diameter. That's about 1/70th of the
diameter of a human white blood cell. 2
Cell Size and Scale – Learn Genetics
Click on Picture

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Budding off the
surface of the
infected white
blood cell.

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How pandemics spread

Published March 11, 2012

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG8YbNbdaco 5
I. One of today’s most serious
viruses.
A. The disease AIDS is the result of HIV.
1. Targets body’s immune system &
cripples its ability to defend itself.
2. First reported in 1981
3. Originated in Africa from Chimps
4. The disease is now spread primarily
through sexual contact.

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The Cut Hunter Hypothesis. Engaging in the
bushmeat trade

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https://www.cifor.org/publications/areports/english2008/domain6/reforming-bushmeat.htm
Bushmeat hunting is especially important for poor rural people, who
suffer most when hunted species decline or disappear. And that is
precisely what is happening in many areas. The bushmeat trade must
be reformed.

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https://www.cifor.org/publications/areports/english2008/domain6/reforming-bushmeat.htm
 HIV Origins in Africa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuY47dis7b0

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HIV Statistics:
• Since the start of the pandemic (1981)
more than 75 million people worldwide
have been infected with HIV, & 35 million
of those have died.https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet

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HIV Statistics:
• Since the start of the pandemic (1981) more than 75 million
people worldwide have been infected with HIV, & 35 million
of those have died. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
• In 2020 the population of Texas was 28,995,881

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 HIV Statistics:
• In the U.S. 1.1 million people are infected with HIV.

Percentage of New HIV Diagnoses in the U.S. and Dependent 12

Areas by Region, 2018. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics
New HIV Infections by Race and Transmission Group, U.S.
2010 vs. 2016

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https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics
HIV Statistics:
• New HIV infections have been reduced 40% since
the peak in 1998. In 2019 there were 1.7 million
newly infected globally.

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HIV Statistics:
• About 70% of all AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan
Africa

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https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/05/15/723564110/new-hiv-map-offers-most-detailed-look-yet-at-the-epidemic
II. Causes of Transmission
A. Transmitted through bodily fluids.
(Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk)
1. Unprotected sex - contaminated fluids
make contact with mucous membranes
(lining of the vagina, penis, etc.)
2. Virus enters blood stream through an
abrasion, or cut in the membrane.
3. Can also be passed using a
contaminated needle (drug users).

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B. NOT spread by:
1. Coughing
2. Shaking hands
3. Saliva, sweat, & tears (can carry virus
in low levels, but are not believed to
allow transmission). Not by Kissing

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 III. HIV Structure

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http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/biology/Pages/structure.aspx
III. HIV Structure.
A. HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it
contains RNA instead of DNA.

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III. HIV Structure.
A. HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it
contains RNA instead of DNA.
1. HIV attaches to
a helper T cell’s
surface protein,
allowing the
virus RNA to
enter cell.

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2. Reverse transcriptase (an enzyme)
converts RNA to DNA

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2. Reverse transcriptase (an enzyme)
converts RNA to DNA
3. The viral DNA moves into the nucleus &
fuses with the human DNA

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IV. HIV Infection Process
A. HIV attacks the immune system’s
helper T-cells (CD4+ cells).
1. Helper T-cells coordinate the
body’s entire immune response to
pathogens.
2. Now, the body cannot activate:
• B cells to activate antibodies
• Killer T cells & Macrophages
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B. HIV Binds to the CD4 molecule on the
surface of the helper T cell which allows the
virus to enter.

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C. Inside the cell, the virus:
1. sheds its protein coat
2. uses reverse transcriptase to make
a DNA copy of its own RNA.
3. integrates (joins) viral DNA with
human DNA
4. Every time the cell divides it also
copies the viral DNA*
5. HIV can force the host to make
millions of copies of viral RNA
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6. In about 1 day an infected T cell will die.
7. After the helper T cells decline to about
20% of normal, opportunistic infections
occur that the body can not fight. Person
now has AIDS.

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 HHMI HIV Life Cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlSvywlLuNw&t=20s 27
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IV. Treatments
A. No cure or vaccine for HIV infections
B. Some drugs slow the progress of HIV
AZT & others inhibits the action of the reverse
transcriptase enzyme
Protease inhibitors interfere with HIV’s ability
to make its protein coat.
ART (antiretroviral therapy): The main method
of treatment today. Combination of 2 or more
reverse transcriptase inhibitors & one
protease inhibitor. This triple cocktail
drastically reduces the viral particles in a
person. Cost: $10,000 -$12,000/patient/year 29
 Medications that Prevent
the Spread of HIV
• Inhibitors prevent enzymes from
functioning
-Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-Fusion/entry inhibitors
-Integrase inhibitors -Protease inhibitors

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Medications that prevent the spread of HIV

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Treating HIV Infection with a Reverse
Transcriptase Inhibitor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5PSRt4Lj1s
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Treating HIV Infections with Protease Inhibitor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRT-l-N0bGk

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V. HIV Key Points
1. You can protect yourself.
2. Risk is greatly reduced by avoiding
intercourse (or sharing needles)
with an infected partner.
3. You cannot get HIV through casual
contact.
4. You cannot get HIV from giving
blood.

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AIDS 101 – National Geographic

Published: Nov. 30, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjdqw9rXXd8 35
 Want to know more?
How a Sick Chimp Led to a Global Pandemic: The Rise of HIV

Published November 29, 2017 36

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izwomieBwG0
 Want to know more?
Why HIV Isn’t a Death Sentence Anymore

Published December 13, 2017 37

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U52g6ZlR1W0&t=30s