Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Viruses
Laboratory activities
#5 & #6
What do the following pictures have in common?
Bacillus thuringiensis
common soil
Hot spring in Yellowstone National Park bacterium-natural
pest killer
B. Bacteria are separated into 2 kingdoms: Eubacteria and
Archeabacteria
1. Eubacteria are the largest group of bacteria and live almost
everywhere
a. Generally surrounded by a cell wall made of
peptidoglycan, and have a cell membrane
2. Archeabacteria are structurally different from eubacteria because
they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and their DNA is more
closely related to eukaryotes
a. Live in extremely harsh environments such as: hot
springs, salty environments, digestive tracts of animals
C. Bacteria are identified 4 ways: By their shape, Cell walls, Movement,
and ways they obtain energy
1. Shape: There are 3 different shapes bacilli (rod), cocci (sphere),
and spirilla (spiral)
a. These bacteria can then arrange themselves in different
ways: long chains or clusters
2. Cell Walls- Eubacteria have 2 different types of cell wall and these
can be distinguished by a test called Gram Staining
1. Gram-positive bacteria turn violet or purple due to their cell wall
containing mainly peptidoglycan
2. Gram-negative bacteria have an extra outer layer that absorbs red
stain, so they appear pink to red.
Gram Staining
• Gram Staining is the process used to differentiate between types of cell walls
a. Autotrophs make their own food using either the energy from light
(photoautotrophs) or the energy from chemicals (chemoautotrophs)
b. Heterotrophs obtain energy from absorbing food
c. Photoheterotrophs are unique organisms that make their own food
by photosynthesis, but also need to take in organic compounds for
nutrition.
D. Bacteria also release energy by either cellular respiration or
fermentation
This can lead to breathing problems and be life-threatening and occurs when
bacteria enters an open wound
b.
• Most bacteria are harmless, and many are beneficial. However, the
risks of bacterial infections are great enough to warrant efforts to
control bacterial growth.
• SO, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT BACTERAL INFECTION IN
YOU?
WASH YOUR HANDS WELL FOR AT LEAST
20 SECONDS WITH SOAP
III. Viruses
A. Viruses are not living things, but are defined as a piece of nucleic acid
encased in protein
1. Viruses must infect a cell to reproduce
2. Viruses can be many different shapes and sizes
• They are particles of nucleic acid, proteins, and lipids that
reproduces only by infecting other organisms.
B. The structure of a viruses is either DNA or RNA, which contain between 1
and 100+ genes, and a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds the
DNA center
1. The capsid allows viruses to attach to other cells and inject them with
the DNA or RNA
C. Viruses are very specific to the type of cell they infect
1. Polio is a viral infection that can cause flu-like symptoms or can cause
muscle paralysis and death. It was eradicated in the western hemisphere
2. Influenza Virus causes fever, headache, muscle and body aches, sore
throat, dry cough, stuffy nose, and extreme tiredness.