PAPER

ESM MICROBIOLOGY FOR SCHOOL

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MUHAMMAD KURNIAWAN (1614440006)

BIOLOGY EDUCATION (ICP) PROGRAM

BIOLOGY DEPARTEMENT
MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

2020

A. Prokaryotic Microorganism
 Microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life: Archaea,
Bacteria, and Eukarya. Microbes within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are all
prokaryotes (their cells lack a nucleus), whereas microbes in the domain Eukarya
are eukaryotes (their cells have a nucleus). Prokaryotes are organisms made up of
cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. This means the
genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. Additionally,
the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes,
DNA is a single loop. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell
(unicellular) but there are a few that are made of collections of cells
(multicellular) (Razzak, 2010).
Some of the structures found in prokaryotic cells are similar to those found
in some eukaryotic cells; others are unique to prokaryotes. Although there are
some exceptions, eukaryotic cells tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells. The
comparatively larger size of eukaryotic cells dictates the need to
compartmentalize various chemical processes within different areas of the cell,
using complex membrane-bound organelles. In contrast, prokaryotic cells
generally lack membrane-bound organelles.
Individual cells of a particular prokaryotic organism are typically similar
in shape, or cell morphology. Although thousands of prokaryotic organisms have
been identified, only a handful of cell morphologies are commonly seen
microscopically. In addition to cellular shape, prokaryotic cells of the same
species may group together in certain distinctive arrangements depending on the
plane of cell division. Bacteria shapes are commonly shown in below:

Source: Parker, 2016.

B. Gram-Positive Bacteria
The classification of bacteria serves a variety of different functions. Because
of this variety, bacteria may be grouped using many different typing schemes.
Scientists interested in the evolution of microorganisms are more interested in
taxonomic techniques that allow for the comparison of highly conserved genes
among different species. As a result of these comparisons a phylogenetic tree can
be developed that displays the degree of relatedness of different organisms.
Of all the different classification systems, the Gram stain has withstood the
test of time. Discovered by H.C. Gram in 1884 it remains an important and useful
technique to this day. It allows a large proportion of clinically important bacteria
to be classified as either Gram positive or negative based on their morphology and
differential staining properties. Slides are sequentially stained with crystal violet,
iodine, then destained with alcohol and counter-stained with safranin. Gram
positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The
difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger
peptidoglycan (cell wall) in Gram positives. As a result the iodine and crystal
violet precipitate in the thickened cell wall and are not eluted by alcohol in
contrast with the Gram negatives where the crystal violet is readily eluted from
the bacteria. As a result bacteria can be distinguished based on their morphology
and staining properties (Lowi, 2012).
One of gram-positive bacteria called Staphylococcus, which is one of type
organism with coccus shape (spherical). This group of organism looks like cocci
in grapelike clusters.
C. Staphylococcus

SEM image of the bacterium Staphylacoccus

 Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria, with diameters of 0.5 – 1.5 µm
and characterised by individual cocci, which divide in more than one plane to
form grape-like clusters. To date, according NODC Taxonomic Code 1996 there
are 44 species.
1. Classification Taxonomy
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
(Source: Rosenbach, 1884)
2. Morphology and Characters
The staphylococci are non-motile, non-spore forming facultative anaerobes
that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation. Most species have a
relative complex nutritional requirement, however, in general they require
an organic source of nitrogen, supplied by 5 to 12 essential amino acids,
e.g. arginine, valine, and B vitamins, including thiamine and nicotinamide.
Members of this genus are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative,
distinguishing them from the genus streptococci, which are catalase-
negative, and have a different cell wall composition to staphylococci.
Staphylococci are tolerant to high concentrations of salt and show
resistance to heat.
Thee name Staphylococcus comes from a Greek word for bunches of
grapes, which describes their microscopic appearance in culture.
Staphylococcus spp. are facultative anaerobic, halophilic. The two best
studied species of this genus are S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Pathogenic
staphylococci are commonly identified by their ability to produce
coagulase, and thus clot blood.
3. Diseases and Infections
 Staphylococcus human pathogens shown on table below:

Organism Diseases

Staphylococcus Toxin-mediated (food poisoning, toxic shock

aureus syndrome); cutaneous (impetigo, folliculitid, furunvls
carbuncles, wound infections); other (bacteremia,
endocarditiss, pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis,
septic arthritis)

Staphylococccu Bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections,

s epidermis opportunistic infections

Staphylococcus Urinary tract infections, opportunistic infections

saprophyticus

Staphylococcus Bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections,

haemolyticus wound infections

CONCLUSION

Procaryotic microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life:

Archaea, and Bacteria. Most bacteria are harmless but some are pathogens. One of
bacteria common shape is coccus or circular. This kind of group including
staphylococcus. Staphylococcus are gram positive bacterium, small with
diameters of 0.5 – 1.5 µm, and look like bunches of grape under the microscope.
Most studied staphylococci are S. aureus and S. epidermis (human pathogen).
Dieases caused by the bacterium are bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and
human skin diseases.

REFERENCES
Harris L.G., Foster S.J., Richards R.G. 2002. An Introduction to Staphylococcus aureus
and Techniques for Identifying and Quantifying S. aureus Adhesis in Relation to
Adhesion to Biomaterials: Review. European Cells and Materials Journal, Vol. 4
2002, page 39-60.

Lowi, FD. 2012. Is Staphylacoccus aureus an interacellular pathogen. Trends Microbiol.

Parker Nina, Scheegurt M., Thi Tu A., Forster M.B., Lister P. 2016. Microbiology. Texas:
OpenStax of Rice University.

Razzak, A.L. 2010. Prokarryotic Cells: Structural Organisation of The Cytoskeleton and
Organelles. Mem Inst Cruz Journal, Vol. 1107 (3).
 GLOSSARY

Aerobic respiration Use of an oxygen molecule as the final electron acceptor of the
electron transport system
Arthritis An inflammatory condition that affects joints. Can be infective,
autoimmune, traumatic in origin
Bacillus (bacilli) rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
Bacteremia condition marked by the presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteria (singular: bacterium) any of various unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms typically (but not always) having cell wells
that contain peptidoglycan
Carbuncles a skin abscess, a collection of pus that forms inside the body.
Antibiotics are often not very helpful in treating abscesses.
Catalase enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen
Cell division The process in which the parent cell divides, eventually giving
rise to new daughter cells
Coagulase enzyme that causes the activation of fibrinogen to form fibrin,
promoting clotting of the blood
Coccobacillus (cocci-bacilli) rod circular shaped prokaryotic cell
Coccus (cocci) circular-shaped prokaryotic cell
Cutaneous any fungal infection that affects the surface of the skin, hair, or
nails
DNA Deoxyribonuceat acid

Endocarditis (pathology) exudative and proliferative inflammatory

alterations of the endocardium, characterised by the presence of
vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the
endocardium itself and most commonly involving a heart valve,
but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac
chambers or the endocardium elsewhere.
Essensial amino Groups of the building block of protein in which each is coded
acids for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds.
These are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
Eukaryotes Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell
 contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.
Facultative organism that grows better in the presence of oxygen but can
anaerobes proliferate in its absence
Fermentation process that uses an organic molecule as a final electron
acceptor to regenerate NAD+ from NADH such that glycolysis
can continue
Folliculitid a skin infection characterized by localized inflammation of hair
follicles, typically producing an itchy red rash
Furuncle a small, purulent skin lesion; sometimes called a boil
Genes A gene is the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of
heredity. The genes make up the sequences of DNA
(genotypes).
Gram stain A staining method performed to determine whether a bacterial
species is gram-positive (i.e. violet stain) or gram-negative
Gram-negative Of, or relating to the group of bacteria that take the color of the
counterstain (i.e. pink) under the microscope following gram
staining
Gram-positive Of, or relating to that group of bacteria that retain the violet
stain following Gram's method
Halophilic Literally, salt loving: able to survive in environments with high
ionic strength such as salt lakes.
Impetigo a skin infection that may result in vesicles,\ blisters, or bullae
especially around the mouth, commonly caused by
Staphylococcus aureus, S. pyogenes, or a combination of both
S. aureus and S. pyogenes
Morphology The biological study of the form and structure of living things
Motile capable of moving or self-propelling
Non-spore A non dormant, reproductive cell formed by certain organisms.
It is thick-walled and highly resistant to survive under
unfavorable conditions so that when conditions revert to being
suitable it gives rise to a new individual
Nucleus Inti of cells
Nutrional Nutrient needed for body
requirement
Opportunistic infections that occur in persons with weak immune systems due
infections to AIDS, cancer or immunosuppressive drugs.
Osteomyelitis inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may
remain localised or may spread through the bone to involve the
marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue and periosteum
Oxidase one of a group of enzymes, now termed oxidoreductases, that
bring about oxidation by the addition of oxygen to a metabolite
 or by the removal of hydrogen or of one or more electrons.
Pathogenic An agent causing disease or illness to its host, such as an
organism or infectious particle capable of producing a disease
in another organism.
Peptidoglycan A wall cell of prokaryotics
Pneumonia inflammation that causes the lungs to fill with fluids
Prokaryotes an organism whose cell structure does not include a membrane-
bound nucleus
Resistance The failure of a condition to respond or remit following
treatment. (medicine) the condition in which an organism can
resist disease.
Staphylococcus A gram-positive bacterium pathogen for human and animals