Lecture No.

: 8

Remember
Solution Steps of assembly method :
Drive the member local stiffness matrix
F4

F2

l l
l
F = K D

d2

d4

d1

d3

F3

F1

Drive the member transformation matrix

T
Obtain the member global stiffness matrix
g

Km = T Km T

T
2

Remember

Km

Make assembly

Km

Km

F = K

Km

Make partition

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr
3

Remember
Extract the stiffness equation

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

Fu = Kuu Du + Kur

Dr

Obtain the deformation

Du = Kuu

-1

{F

- Kur

Dr

}
4

Remember
Calculate the reactions

Fr = Kru

Du + Krr

Dr

Find internal forces in members

l T g
l
Fm = Km T Dm

Degrees of freedom (DOF)

d2
d1

d1

Drive the member local stiffness matrix

F4

F2
d2

d1

d4

d3

F3

F1

l l
l
F = K D
8

F4

F2

Local

d2

d1

d4

d3

F3

F1
F1

k11 k12 k13 k14

d1

F2

k21

k22 k23 k24

d2

k31

k32 k33 k34

d3

k41

k42 k43 k44

d4

F3
F4

First column in
Local Stiffness matrix

d1 =1
D=1

F4

F2

d2

d1

d4

d3

F3

F1

EA
L

EA
L

EA
F1 =
L

EA
F3 = L

F2 = 0

F4 = 0
10

First column in Local Stiffness matrix

EA
F1 =
L

EA
F3 = L

F2 = 0

F4 = 0

F2
d1

d4

d3

F3

F1

k11

EA
L

k21

0
=

d2

F4

k31

E
A
L

k41

0
11

Second column in
Local Stiffness matrix

d2 =1

F4

F2

d2

d1

d4

d3

F3

D=1

F1

F1 = 0

F3 = 0

F2 = 0

F4 = 0
12

Second column in Local Stiffness matrix

F4

F2

F1 = 0

F2 = 0

d2

F3 = 0
F4 = 0

d1

d4

d3

F3

F1

k12

k22

0
=

k32

k42

0
13

First column in
Local Stiffness matrix

d3 =1

F4

F2

d2

d1

d4

d3

F3

F1
D=1

EA
L

EA
L

E
A
F1 = L

EA
F3 =
L

F2 = 0

F4 = 0
14

Third column in Local Stiffness matrix

EA
F1 = L

EA
F3 =
L

F2 = 0

F4 = 0

F2
d2

d4

d3

F3

F1

k13

E
A
L

k23

0
=

d1

F4

k33

EA
L

k43

0
15

Fourth column in
Local Stiffness matrix

F4

F2

d2

d4 =1

d1

d4

d3

F3

D=1

F1

F1 = 0

F3 = 0

F2 = 0

F4 = 0
16

Fourth column in Local Stiffness matrix

F2

F1 = 0

F2 = 0

d2

F3 = 0
F4 = 0

d1

F4
d4

d3

F3

F1

k14

k24

0
=

k34

k44

0
17

k11

EA
L

k12

k13

E
A
L

k14

k21

k22

k23

k24

k31

E
A
L

k32

k41

k42

k33

EA
L

k34

k43

k44

18

EA
L

E
A
L

E
A
L

EA
L

19

-1

-1

= EA

20

Drive the member transformation matrix

g

F4

F3

F2

F1

21

F2 cosq

F1 sinq
g

F2
q

F2 sinq

F1 cosq

F1
g

F1 = F1 cos q F2 sin q
g

F2 = F1 sin q + F2 cos q
22

F4 cosq

F3 sinq
g

F4
q

F4 sinq

F3 cosq

F3
g

F3 = F3 cos q F4 sin q
g

F4 = F3 sin q + F4 cos q
23

F1 = F1 cosq F2 sinq

F3 = F3 cosq F4 sinq

F2 = F1 sinq + F2 cosq

F4 = F3 sinq + F4 cosq

F1g

cos q - sin q

F1

F2g

sin q cos q

F2

F3g

cos q - sin q

F3

F4g

sin q cos q

F4
24

cos q

- sin q

sin q

cos q

cos q - sin q

sin q

T=

cos q

25

T=

-s

-s

s = sin q
c = cos q
26

Obtain the member global stiffness matrix

Km = T Km T

Km =

c
s
0
0

-s
c
0
0

0
0
c
s

0
0 EA
-s L
c

c
0 0 0 0 -s
-1 0 1 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
1

0 -1 0

s 0
c 0
0 c
0 -s

0
0
s
c

27

c2

cs

- c2 - c s

EA c s

s2

- c s - s2

Km = L

- c2 - c s

c2

cs

- c s - s2

cs

s2

28

Example 1:
Calculate the reactions and internal forces
for the shown truss due to the shown force
where
E = 2000 kN/cm2, ABA= 100 cm2, ACA= 200 cm2
A

12 kN

3
C

4m
29

E = 2000 kN/cm2, ABA= 100 cm2, ACA= 200 cm2

EABA=
kN
EACA= 4x105 kN
LBA= 400 cm
LCA= 500 cm

2x105

3
C

4m
30

First element : ( BA )
Start Joint : B

End Joint : A
Angle

4m

:0

s = sin q = 0
c = cos q = 1
EABA= 2x105 kN
LBA= 400 cm
EABA
LBA

2x105 kN
400 cm

= 500 kN/cm
31

s = sin q = 0

l
K

T=

c = cos q = 1

-1

-1

= EA

EA/L = 500 kN/cm

= 500

-1

-1

-s

-s

32

Obtain the member global stiffness matrix

Km = T Km T

For horizontal members ( q = 0 )

Km = Km
g

K1 = 500

-1

-1

0
33

K1 = 500

-1

Start Joint : B

End Joint : A

-1

500
g

K1 =

- 500 0

- 500

500

A
34

Second element : ( CA )
Start Joint : C

End Joint : A

: 37oC

Angle

4m

s = sin q = 0.6
c = cos q = 0.8
EACA= 4x105 kN
LCA= 500 cm
EACA
LCA

4x105 kN
500 cm

= 800 kN/cm
35

s = sin q = 0.6 c = cos q = 0.8

l
K

T=

-1

-1

= EA

EA/L = 800 kN/cm

= 800

-1

-1

-s

0.8 -0.6

0.6

0.8

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

-s

36

Obtain the member global stiffness matrix

Km = T Km T

K2 =
0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8

-1

0.8 0.6

-0.6 0.8

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

800

37

K2 =
0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8

-1

0.8 0.6

-0.6 0.8

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

= 800

800

0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8

0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8
38

K2 =
800

= 800

0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8

0.8 -0.6

-1

0.8 0.6

0.6 0.8

-0.6 0.8

0.8

-0.8 0

0.8 0.6

0.6

-0.6 0

-0.6 0.8

-0.8

0.8

0.8 0.6

-0.6

0.6

-0.6 0.8

39

K2 =
800

= 800

0.8

-0.8 0

0.8 0.6

0.6

-0.6 0

-0.6 0.8

-0.8

0.8

0.8 0.6

-0.6

0.6

-0.6 0.8

0.64

0.48

-0.64 -0.48

0.48

0.36

-0.48 -0.36

-0.64 -0.48

0.64

0.48

-0.48 -0.36

0.48

0.36

40

or

s = sin q = 0.6

EA/L = 800 kN/cm

c2

cs

- c2 - c s

EA c s

s2

- c s - s2

K2 = L

c = cos q = 0.8

K 2 = 800

- c2 - c s

c2

cs

- c s - s2

cs

s2

0.64

0.48

-0.64 -0.48

0.48

0.36

-0.48 -0.36

-0.64 -0.48

0.64

0.48

-0.48 -0.36

0.48

0.36

c2 = 0.64
s2 = 0.36
cs = 0.48

41

K 2 = 800

0.64

0.48

-0.64 -0.48

0.48

0.36

-0.48 -0.36

-0.64 -0.48

0.64

0.48

-0.48 -0.36

0.48

0.36

512
g

K2 =

384

Start Joint : C
End Joint : A

384 -512 -384

288 -384 -288

-512 -384 512 384

-384 -288 384 288

42

Assembly :
B

500
g

K1 =

0
- 500
0

- 500 0

500

K2 =
A

1012 384 -500

Ks =

-512 -384
-384 -288

384 288 -384 -288

-512 -384 512 384

-384 -288 384 288

-500

512 384 -512 -384

384 288

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

0
C

43

Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

0
0

-512 -384

Partition

-384 -288

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

K
C

4m

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
44

Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

0
0

-512 -384
-384 -288

1012

Kuu =

384

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

384
288

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
45

Modeling
d4
B

d2

d3

d1

d6
d5

4
46

F1
F2

0
=

d4
d3
A

d6

-12

d2
d1

d5
C

12 kN

C
47

1012

Kuu =

F1

384

384

288

F2

F= K
0
-12

0
=

-12

1012

384

d1

384

288

d2

48

0
-12

d1
d2
d1

d2

= 10

1012

384

d1

384

288

d2
-1

=
-2.67

1012

384

384

288

-12

-2.67 7.03

-12

0.0320

=
-0.0843

cm

0.320
-0.843

mm

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

There is no settlement

Dr
Fu
Fr

= 0

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Fr = Kru

Du
50

Fr = Kru
-500

Du
Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

K ru =

Du =

-512 -384

-512 -384

-384 -288

-384 -288

0.0320
-0.0843

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
51

Fr = Kru

Du

-500

Du =

K ru =
-512 -384

0.0320
-0.0843

-384 -288

- 16

Fr =

16
12

F3

F4

F5
F6

FBx

d2
d1
A

d6

FBy

FCx

d4
d3

d5
C

FCy

52

To find internal forces in members

l l
l
Fm = Km Dm
g

Dm

l
= T Dm

Dm = T Dm

l
g
l
Fm = Km T Dm
53

First element : ( BA )
Start Joint : B End Joint : A

l
g
l
F1 = K1 T D1

d4
d3

d2
d1
A

d6

d5
C

l
K

l
F
1

= 500

= 500

0 -1 0

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

0 -1 0

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

1
0
T= 0
0
1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0.0320
-0.0843

0.0320

Du =

-0.0843

-16
0
16
0
54

First element : ( BA )
Start Joint : B End Joint : A

d4
d3
A

d6

l
F
1

-16
0
16
0

d2
d1

d5
C

16

16
B

FBA = 16 kN (tension)

55

Second element : ( CA )
Start Joint : C

End Joint : A
T g
l

l
F2 = K2 T D2

l
K

l
F
2

= 800

= 800

0 -1 0

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

-1 0
0

0 0

0 -1 0

0.8 0.6

-0.6 0.8

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

0 0
1 0

T=

4m
0.0320

Du =

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

0
0

0.8 0.6

0.0320

-0.6 0.8

-0.0843

-0.0843

56

Second element : ( CA )
1

0 -1 0

0.8 0.6

2 = 800 - 1 0

0 0
1 0

-0.6 0.8

0 0

l
F

0
640

480

-640 -480

0
0

0.8 0.6

0.0320

-0.6 0.8

-0.0843

-640 -480

0
0

640

480

0.0320

-0.0843

20

20
0
-20
0

20

FCA = 20 kN (compression)
57

Example 2:
Calculate the reactions and internal forces for
the shown truss due to the shown force and
horizontal left movement 0.5 cm of joint C where
E = 2000 kN/cm2, ABA= 100 cm2, ACA= 200 cm2
A

12 kN

3
C

4m
58

Modeling
d4
B

d2

d3

d1

d6
d5

4
59

Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

0
0

-512 -384

Partition

-384 -288

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

K
C

4m

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
60

F1
F2

0
=

d4
d3
A

d6

-12

d2
d1

d5
C

12 kN

C
61

F1

1012 384

-500

-512 -384

d1

F2

384 288

-384 -288

d2

F3

-500

500

d3

d4

F4

F5

-512 -384

512 384

d5

F6

-384 -288

384 288

d6

d4
d3

d2
d1
A

d6
d5
C

62

1012 384

-500

-512 -384

d1

- 12

384 288

-384 -288

d2

F3
F4

-500

500

F5

-512 -384

512 384

- 0.5

F6

-384 -288

384 288

d4
d3

d2
d1
A

d6
d5
C

63

1012 384

-500

-512 -384

d1

- 12

384 288

-384 -288

d2

F3

F4

-500

500

F5

-512 -384

512 384

- 0.5

F6

-384 -288

384 288

- 12

1012 384

d1

384 288

d2

-500

-512 -384

-384 -288

0
- 0.5
0

64

- 12

1012 384

d1

384 288

d2

-500

-512 -384

-384 -288

0
- 0.5

1012 384

0
- 12

384 288

256

- 12

192

- 256
- 204

d1

256

d2

192

1012 384

d1

384 288

d2

1012 384

d1

384 288

d2

65

- 256
- 204

d1
d2
d1

d2

= 10

1012

384

d1

384

288

d2
-1

=
-2.67

1012

384

- 256

384

288

- 204

- 256

-2.67 7.03

- 204

0.0320

=
- 0.751

cm

0.320
- 7.51

mm

1012 384

-500

-512 -384

d1

- 12

384 288

-384 -288

d2

F3

-500

500

F4
F5

-512 -384

512 384

- 0.5

F6

-384 -288

384 288

F3
F4

-500
0

0
0

F5

-512 -384

F6

-384 -288

d1
d2

500

512 384

384 288

0
0
- 0.5
0

67

F3
F4

-500

0
0

F5

-512 -384

F6

-384 -288

F3
F4

-500
0

0
0

d1
d2

500

512 384

384 288

0.0320
- 0.751

F5

-512 -384

F6

-384 -288

0
0
- 0.5
0

500

512 384

384 288

0
0

- 0.5
0

68

F3

-500

F4

0.0320

500

512 384

384 288

- 0.751

F5

-512 -384

F6

-384 -288

F3

- 16

- 16

F4

F5

272

256

F6

204

192

0
0
- 0.5
0

Which is the same

with case of
zero joint movement

16
12

69

To find internal forces in members

l l
l
Fm = Km Dm
g

Dm

l
= T Dm

Dm = T Dm

l
g
l
Fm = Km T Dm
70

First element : ( BA )
Start Joint : B End Joint : A

l
g
l
F1 = K1 T D1

d4
d3

d2
d1
A

d6

d5
C

l
K

l
F
1

= 500

= 500

0 -1 0

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

0 -1 0

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

1
0
T= 0
0
1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0.0320
- 0.751

0.0320

Du =

- 0.751

-16
0
16
0
71

First element : ( BA )
Start Joint : B End Joint : A

d4
d3
A

d6

l
F
1

-16
0
16
0

d2
d1

d5
C

16

16
B

FBA = 16 kN (tension)

72

Second element : ( CA )
Start Joint : C

End Joint : A
T g
l

l
F2 = K2 T D2

l
K

l
F
2

= 800

= 800

0 -1 0

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

-1 0
0

0 0

0 -1 0

0.8 0.6

-0.6 0.8

-1 0

0 0
1 0

0 0

0 0
1 0

T=

0.0320

Du =

0.8 -0.6

0.6 0.8

0.8 0.6

-0.6 0.8

4m

0
0
0.0320
- 0.751

- 0.751

73

Second element : ( CA )
1

0 -1 0

0.8 0.6

2 = 800 - 1 0

0 0
1 0

-0.6 0.8

0 0

l
F

0
640

480

-640 -480

0
0

0.8 0.6

0.0320

-0.6 0.8

- 0.751

-640 -480

- 0.5

640

480

0.0320

- 0.751

20

20
0
-20
0

20

FCA = 20 kN (compression)
74

Example 3:
Calculate the reactions and internal forces for the
shown truss due to the shown forces where
the axial stiffness = 400 kN/cm for all members

50 kN

100 kN
C

4
A

4m
75

Modeling
d6

d8

d5

D
3

C
6

d2
A

d7

d4
d3

d1
1

B
76

Modeling

2
D

C
6

A
1

77

Global stiffness matrix

c2

cs

- c2 - c s

EA c s

s2

- c s - s2

= L

- c2 - c s

c2

cs

- c s - s2

cs

s2

78

A
B
member

AB
BC
DC
AD
AC
BD

0
90
0
90
45
135

400
400
400
400
566
566

EA
L

cos q sin q cos2q sin2q

400
1
0
400
0
1
400
1
0
400
0
1
400 .707 .707
400 -.707 .707

1
0

1
0
0.5
0.5

0
1
0
1

0.5
0.5

sinq
cosq

0
0
0
0
0.5
-0.5

79

First element : ( AB )

K1 = 500

2
D

-1

c2 = 1.0
s2 = 0.0

-1

500

K1 =

cs = 0.0

- 500 0

- 500

500

B
80

Second element : ( DC )

K2 = 500

2
D

-1

c2 = 1.0
s2 = 0.0

-1

500

K2 =

cs = 0.0

- 500 0

- 500

500

C
81

Third element : ( AD )

K3 = 500

2
D

-1

-1

K3 =

c2 = 0.0
s2 = 1.0
cs = 0.0

500

500

-500

-500
D
82

Fourth element : ( BC )

K4 = 500

2
D

-1

-1

K4 =

c2 = 0.0
s2 = 1.0
cs = 0.0

500

500

-500

-500
C
83

Fifth element : ( AC )

K5 = 500

2
D

0.5

0.5

-0.5 -0.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5 -0.5

K5 =

-0.5 -0.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5 -0.5

0.5

0.5

c2 = 0.5
s2 = 0.5

250 -250 -250

A
1

250

cs = 0.5
A

250 250 -250 -250

-250 -250 250 250
C

-250 -250 250

250
84

sixth element : ( BD )
0.5

-0.5 0.5

K6 = 500

250

K6 =

-0.5 0.5
0.5

-0.5

C
6

-0.5 0.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5 0.5

-0.5

-0.5

c2 = 0.5
s2 = 0.5

-250 -250 250

A
1

-0.5

cs = -0.5
B

-250 250 250 -250

-250 250 250 -250
D

250

-250 -250 250

85

A
Kg
1

500 0
0
0

B
- 500 0
0
0

- 500 0

500 0

0
B
g
K
=
4

0
0

500

-500 0

g
K =
2
- 500 0

C
0

0
0

D
500 0
0 0

0
0 -500
0

500

g
5

250 -500
0

D
0

500 0 -500
0

B
D
250 -250 -250 250
B
-250 250 250 -250

Kg =
6
-250250

250

A
0

0 -500 0 500

= 250 250 -250 -250

-250 -250 250 250

0
g
K =
3
0

250 750

500 0

-250 -250 250

750

A
C
250 250 -250 -250

C
- 500 0
0
0

250 -250

250 -250 -250 250

-512 -384

-512 -384

-384 -288

-384 -288

2
D

-500

Ks =

750 -250

-250 750

-500

500

-512 -384
-384 -288

750

250

250 750

0
0

512 384
384 288

512 384
384 288

C
6

A
1

86

87

A
K

g
=
1

500 0
0
0

B
- 500 0
0
0

- 500 0

500 0

g
K
4
=

C
0

0
0

500

-500 0

0
0 -500
0

0
500

g
K
2
=

D
500 0
0 0

C
- 500 0
0
0

- 500 0

500 0

0
B
g
K
C
= 5

D
C

250 250 -250 -250

-250 -250 250 250
C

250

500 0 -500

D
0

0 -500 0 500

A
C
250 250 -250 -250

-250 -250 250

g
K
3
=

A
0

g
K
6
=

B
D
250 -250 -250 250
B
-250 250 250 -250
-250250

250 -250

250 -250 -250 250

88

Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

0
0

-512 -384
-384 -288

1012

Kuu =

384

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

384
288

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
89

90

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

There is no settlement

Dr
Fu
Fr

= 0

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Fr = Kru

Du
91

Fr = Kru
-500

Du
Ks =

1012 384

-500

384 288
-500
0

-512 -384

-384 -288

500

512 384

384 288

K ru =

Du =

-512 -384

-512 -384

-384 -288

-384 -288

0.0320
-0.0843

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

r
92

Fr = Kru

Du

-500

Du =

K ru =
-512 -384

0.0320
-0.0843

-384 -288

- 16

Fr =

16
12

F3

F4

F5
F6

FBx

d2
d1
A

d6

FBy

FCx

d4
d3

d5
C

FCy

93

94

95

96

3
C

4m

97

d4
d3

d2
d1
A

d6
d5
C

98

3
C

4m

99

100

101

d2

d4

d1

d3

d5

A
B

Direct method
102

F4

General Case
Global

d4

d3

F3

F2
d2

F1

k11 k12 k13 k14

d1

F2

k21

k22 k23 k24

d2

k31

k32 k33 k34

d3

k41

k42 k43 k44

d4

F3
F4

d1
F1

F = K

103

Assembly steps
d

4
2

104

Kaa Kab
=

Kba Kbb
a

105

Kbb Kbc
=

Kcb Kcc

c
2

106

Kcc Kcd
=

Kdc Kdd
d

107

Kaa Kad
=

Kda Kdd

d
4

108

Kaa Kac
=

Kca Kcc

a
109

Kaa Kab
1

Kba Kbb

Kcc Kcd

Kdc Kdd

Kbb Kbc

Kcb Kcc
a

Kaa Kad
4
4
Kda Kdd

c
a
d

Kaa Kac

Kca Kcc

a
c
110

Structure Stiffness Matrix

4
2

K=

d
a

Kaa Kab Kac Kad

Kba Kbb Kbc Kbd

Kca Kcb Kcc Kcd

Kda Kdb Kdc Kdd

111

Kaa Kab Kac Kad

K=

Kca Kcb Kcc Kcd

Kda Kdb Kdc Kdd

a
5

Kaa = Kaa + Kaa + Kaa

1

=
1

Kcc
3

Kcc = Kcc + Kcc + Kcc

3

Kdd = Kdd + Kdd

Kbb

Kaa

Kbb Kbc
=

Kcb Kcc

Kcd

Kdc

Kaa Kab
Kba

Kbb = Kbb + Kbb

2

Kba Kbb Kbc Kbd

Kdd

Kaa Kad
=

Kda Kdd

Kac

=
5

Kca

Kcc
112

a
1

Kaa +Kaa + Kaa

1

K=

Kba
5

Kca
4

Kda

Kab

Kcb
0

Kad

Kbc

Kbb + Kbb
2

Kac
2

Kcc +Kcc + Kcc

3

Kdc

Kcd
3

c
4

Kdd +Kdd d

113

d6
u

d8

d5

Kuu Kur

Kru Krr

d2
A

d7

d4

d1

d3

Kuu
114

l l
l
F = K D

F4

F2
d2

d4

d1

d3

F3

F1
F4

=K

d4

d3

F3

F2
d2

d1

F1
116

l l
l
F = K D

F4

=K

d4

d3

F3

F2
d2

d1
F1

117

F
D

= T F
= T D

l
l
F4

[T]
Transformation
Matrix

d4

d3

F3

F2
d2

d1
F1

118

l l
l
F = K D
F

=K

T F = K
T K

T K
T K

D = K
= K
-1

= T F

l
= T D

l
T D

T = K

g
g
g

l
T D
T
-1

T T
119

T K
T K

l
l

-1

-1

T = K

T = K

l
K =T K T
g
l
g

K =T K
g

-1

T T

-1

-1

T = T

Km = T Km T

Transpose
of Matrix

T
Transformation
Matrix

T
120

After assembly

F = K
Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

122

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

d6

d8

d5

d7

u : Unrestraint

r : Restraint

d2
A

Fu

Du

Fr

Dr

d4

d1

d3

123

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

d6

d8

d5

d7

u : Unrestraint

r : Restraint

d2

If there is no settlement

Dr
Fu
Fr

d4

d1

d3

= 0

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

0
124

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Fu = Kuu Du

Du = Kuu
Fr = Kru

-1

Fu

Du
125

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

d6

d8

d5

d7

u : Unrestraint

r : Restraint

d2

If there is settlement

Fr

d1

d3

Dr = 0
Fu

d4

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

126

Fu
Fr

Kuu Kur

Du

Kru Krr

Dr

Fu = Kuu Du + Kur
Fu - Kur
Du = Kuu

Fr = Kru

Dr

Dr = Kuu Du
-1

{F

- Kur

Du + Krr

Dr

Dr
127

To find internal forces in members

l l
l
Fm = Km Dm
g

Dm

l
= T Dm

Dm = T Dm
T g
l
l
Fm = Km T Dm

128

Summary

129

Questions
130