( Br2 )

( CCl4 ) .
CCl4
: =
RCH CH 2 + Br2
RCHBr CH 2 Br

H 2 ( )
Ni Pt Pd.
Ni , Pt , Pd
=
RCH CH 2 + H 2
RCH 2 CH 3
Ni , Pt , Pd
RC N + 2 H 2
RCH 2 NH 2

H 2 SO4 , Hg HgSO4 .
H 2 SO4
RC CH + 2 H 2O
RCH 2 CH 3
Hg , HgSO4

( H 2SO 4 )
.
+

H
RCN + 2 H 2O
RCOOH + NH 3 ( NH 4+ )
OH
H
CH 3CH ( OH ) CN + 2 H 2O
CH 3CH ( OH ) COOH + NH 3 ( NH 4+ )
OH
+

Grignard Mg RX

: RX + Mg
RMgX

,
RMgX , Grignard.

RMgX + H OH RH + Mg ( OH ) X
NaOH ( KOH) ,
.
( ) RX
H 2O
: RX + NaOH
ROH + NaX

( )
:

CH 3CH 2CHClCH 3 + NaOH
CH
=
CHCH 3 + NaCl + H 2O
3CH

170C H 2 SO4 :
H 2SO4
RCH 2CH 2OH
=
RC CH 2 + H 2O
170 C

, :

CH 4 + Cl2
CH 3Cl + HCl

.
(+) :
( H 2SO 4 )

RCOOH + R 'OH
RCOOR ' + H 2O

( H 2SO 4 )

( H 2SO 4 )

'

RCOOH + R 'OH
RCO OR
H

O
+
( H 2SO 4 )