Conditional Sentence and Wishes.

Counditional sentence are also known as conditional clauses or if clauses. Conditional sentences have a sort of truth value in the mind of the speaker. The ifclause contains a condition under which, in the speakers opinion, an expected result might or might not occur and They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only happen if - clause fulfilled. The result-clause can state the speakers prediction of an outcome.

20.1 Summary of basic verb form usage in conditional sentences:

Example : 1. 2. 3. 4. If I have enough time, I watch TV every evening. If I have enough time, I will watch TV later on tonight. If I had enough time, I would watch TV now or later on. If I had had enough time, I would have watched TV yesterday.

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20.2 True in present or future In conditional sentence that express true, factual ideas in the present/future is used in the if clause. Future time

Use conditional sentences make predictions about the future, or express future intentions or possibilities. will can If + S + present tense, S + may must + Verb1

Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan Contoh: 1. If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).

2. If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam). 3. I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat). 4. You must bring an umbrella if you dont want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).

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b. Present time Use conditional sentences to express a general or habitual fact. If + S + verb1, S + verb1

Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan. Contoh: 1. If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).

2. I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall a sleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur). 3. If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita). 20.3 Untrue ( contrary to fact ) in present or future. If is used to talk about situations that are contrary to fact, situations that are the opposite of the true situation. a. Jika faktanya dalam simple present tense atau future tense, maka conditionalnya umumnya mengikuti pola berikut: would could might

If + S + verb2, Contoh:

S+

+ Verb1

1. If the teacher didnt speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I cant understand well what he is teaching about. 2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he cant hug me, because, he is not here. 3. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya akan terbang tinggi). Faktanya: I dont have a pair of wings, I cant fly. Note: Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with I, he, she, it) is sometimes used in informal. Would: Wants to = expresses intended or desired result
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Could: Expresses possible options = would be able to.

20.4 Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple past tense

The past perfect tense is used to discuss a past situation in an if-clause. Jika faktanya dalam simple past tense atau past future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti formula berikut: would S + could might

If + S + had + verb3,

+ have + verb3

Contoh: True situation: You didnt told me about it. Contrary-to-fact situations: If you had told me about the problem, i would have helped you. True situation: We werent ready yesterday. Contrary-to-fact situations: If we had been ready, we could/would have gone. In speech, the auxiliary verbs are almost always contracted. You had = youd I would have = I wouldve = Idve Perhatikan: Unreal condition yang kedua ini juga dapat diekspresikan dengan menempatkan auxiliary had di awal kalimat. Arti kalimat tidak berubah. Dalam hal ini, kata if tidak digunakan. Jika formula berikut yang digunakan, main clause selalu ditempatkan di belakang (setelah sub-clause). would could might

Had + S + verb3,

S+

+ have + verb3

Contoh:

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1. Had Robby not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan. 2. Had the German football team played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team. 3. Had you studied well last night, you could have answered the questions well.

20. 5. Using progressive verb forms

Notice the use of progressive verb forms in these examples. Even in conditional sentences , progressive verb form are used in the situation. 1. True Conditional : It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk. : If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk. : I am not living in London. I am not working at a bank. : If I were living in London, I would be working at a bank. : He was sleeping last night, so she did not go outside. : If he had not been sleeping last night, she would have gone outside. : He was not sleeping yesterday, she was not reading the book. : If he had been sleeping last night, she would have been reading a book.

2. True Conditional 3. True Conditional 4. True Conditional

20.6. Using Mixed times in Conditional sentences

Sometimes Unreal Conditional sentences are mixed. Frequently, the time in the if- clause and the time in the result clause are different. 1. PAST PRESENT Example: The room is full of flies because you left the door open. But if you hadnt left the door open, the room wouldnt full of flies.

2. PRESENT PAST Example : He is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday. If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday.

3. PAST FUTURE Example : If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai. But Mark didn't get the job and Mark is not going to move to Shanghai.

4. FUTURE PAST

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Example :

If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip just for the two of us to Napa Valley. But my parents are going to come this weekend, and that is why I didn't plan a trip for the two of us to Napa Valley.

5. FUTURE PRESENT Example : If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited. But I am not going to go to that concert tonight and that is why I am not excited.

6. PRESENT FUTURE Example : If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on the cruise to Alaska next week. But I do have a lot of vacation time and I will go on the trip next week.

20.7 Omitting if
If is commonly used to introduce a conditional clause. However, if can be omitted from a conditional clause to shorten the sentence and place more emphasis on the result clause. In a conditional clause using were, had or should, move the auxiliary verb or be (main) verb before the subject. Omit if. Rumusnya : Example conditional clause : if she had known , she would have changed her mind. With a sentence as the one above, here are the steps to follow: 1. The word if is deleted. 2. The subject is placed between auxilary verb and verb base. 3. If the sentence is negative, the negation goes after the subject. Example result clause : Had she known , she would have changed her mind. So, had she known = if she had known

20.8 Implied conditions

Implied Condition is one form of Conditional Sentences. That in this form, the real meaning is implied. But although it is implied, its meaning is still the same. In other words, there will be more than one sentences with one meaning in the same. In its use, if clause is usually in the form of implicit, neither explicit nor stated.

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Example : She would have come, but she had to do. Implied condition: If she hadnt had to do. He never would have come without the call. Implied condition: If he hadnt received the call. Often the if clause is implied, not stated. He leaves; otherwise, he would have seen her.

Conditional verbs are frequently used following otherwise. The implied if clause is: if he hadnt left. Note : - The result clause is not changing, and the if clause is changing. - When the but transform into if its followed by tenses transformation also. (Past tense into Past perfect). - The transformation above also followed by the sentence value transformation. (Positive into negative, and in the contrary).

20.9 Using As if and as though

Conjunction as if atau as though (artinya: seolah-olah) juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan. Untuk tujuan ini, verb yang mengikuti conjunction ini harus dalam bentuk past tense (verb2) atau past perfect tense (had + verb3).

S + verb1 + as if/as though + S + verb2

Contoh: 1. Norman behaves as if he were a president. (Faktanya, he is not a president.) 2. You look as though you saw a ghost. (Faktanya, you dont see a ghost.)

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3. The plant grows fast as if it were 5 years old. (Faktanya, the plant is 1 years old.)

S + verb2 + (as if/as though) + S + had + verb3

Contoh: 1. Ali talked about the contest as if he had won the grand prize. (Faktanya, he didnt win the grand prize.) 2. He spoke as though he had not stolen the money. (Faktanya, he stole the money.) 3. She cried as though she had not been happy at all. (Faktanya, she was happy at all.) Note : Usually the idea following as if / as though is untrue.In this case, verb usage is similar to that in conditional sentences.

20.10 Verb Form following Wish

Wish is used when the speaker wants really to be different, to be exactly the opposite. Noun clause verbs following wish are in a past form. The past form signifies contrary to factjust as it does in conditional sentences in if-clauses. Discuss verb relationships: true situation wish situation simple present present progressive simple past present perfect will am/is/are going to can could + simple form simple past past progressive past perfect past perfect would was/were going to could could have + past participle

Note : When we use a comma and but (, but), we use the appropriate auxiliary.
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Example : I dont have time.I wish I had time. I dont have time, but I wish I did. She is absent. She wishes she werent absent. She is absent, but She wishes she werent. He can understand.He wishes he couldnt understand. He can understand, but He wishes he couldnt. Penggunaan wish dalam unreal conditionals ada 3, yaitu: future wish, present wish, dan past wish. a. Future wish When we express a wish in future , we use simple past.

S + wish + (that) +

S + could + verb1 S + would +verb1 S + were + verb-ing

Note: Penggunaan relative pronoun that adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak): Example : The true situation: (Future) He will not come. She isnt going to come. He can drive. Expressing a wish about that situation: (Simple past) She wishes (that) he would come He wishes she were coming. She wishes he couldnt drive.

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b. Present wish When we express a wish in the present, we use simple past.

S + wish + (that) + S + verb2

Contoh: The true situation: (Present) She doesnt see him. They are not present. He can understand. I dont have time. I have been worried. He has to wait. She is absent. Expressing a wish about that situation: (Simple past) She wishes (that) she saw him. They wish (that) they were present. He wishes he couldnt understand. I wish I had time. I wish I had been worried. He wishes he didnt have to wait. She wishes she werent absent.

c. Past wish When we express a wish in the past, we use the past perfect. S + wish + (that) + Contoh: The true situation: (Simple past) She didnt see him. They were not present. He could understand. I didnt have time. Expressing a wish about that situation: (Past perfect) She wishes (that) she had seen him. They wish (that) they hadnt been present. He wishes he couldnt have understood. I wish I had had time. S + had S + could + have + verb3 + verb3

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I had not time. He had to wait.

I wish I hadnt had time. He wishes he hadnt had to wait.

20.11 Using would to make wishes about the future

When speakers want something to happen in the future and think it is possible, they usually use hope to introduce their idea: Example : I hope they (will) come. Unlike a hope (which is possible), a wish usually will not come true. In general, you wish for a miracle, something that is impossible. When they want something happen but think it is probably not possible / may or may not come true (be realized). theyd probably use wish. Example : a. It is raining . I wish it would stop. ( i want it to stop raining ) b. Were going to be late. I wish you would hurry. ( i want you to hurry ) Note : Wish would is often used to make a request.

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