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A Survey On Position-Based Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
A Survey On Position-Based Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Alok Sabherwal
Overview
Introduction Location Services Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility Quorum-Based Location Service Grid location Service Homezone Forwarding Strategies Greedy Packet Forwarding Restricted Directional Flooding
DREAM LAR
Hierarchical Routing
Terminodes Routing Grid Routing
Comparisons
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Routing in MANET
Static vs. Mobile Flooding-based routing Reactive vs. Proactive Source routing vs. Table driven routing Flat vs. Hierarchical routing Non-location based vs. Location based routing
Position-based routing
Position-based routing algorithms eliminate some of the limitations of topology-based routing by using additional information. A location service is used by the sender of a packet to determine the position of the destination and to include it in the packets destination address. Position-based routing thus does not require the establishment or maintenance of routes. (Forwarding Strategy)
Location Services
In order to learn the current position of a specific node, the help of a location service is needed. Difficult to get the position of location server! (Egg & Chicken) No guarantee for one position server in each ad hoc network. Location services can be classified according to how many nodes host the service Some-for-some Some-for-all All-for-some All-for-all
Location Services
Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) Quorum-Based Location Service Grid Location Service (GLS) Homezone
A some-for-some scheme Node subset hosts position databases Virtual backbone between those nodes (nonposition-based routing algorithm) Send position update and query to the nearest backbone node Backbone node contacts the nodes of a (usually different) quorum Timestamps to choose most current information Tradeoff: Quorum size (communication cost and resilience against unreachable backbone nodes) ECE 5970 02/24/2005
backbone node?
The topology of the backbone will be rearranged If a backbone node has been disconnected from the network for more than a threshold amount of time, a new node will be chosen as the replacement
- Each node maintains its position using GPS and broadcast HELLO packet to its neighbors
nodes within two hops Forward a packet to the neighbor node closest to the destination ** All for some approach
An Example of Grid
Handling Failures
a node that is closest to the destination, within the order-2 square The packet is forwarded through the higher order grid square until it reaches the location server of the destination The destination responds directly with its destination to the source node
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- A location table - A location cache Update packet is sent to location servers Update distance threshold
- A location server has out-of-date information Solution: use the old location information - A node moves out of its current grid Solution: forwarding pointers
Homezone
A virtual homezone where position information for a node is stored The position C of the homezone for a node can be derived by applying a well-known hash function to the node identifier All nodes within a disk with radius R centered at C have to maintain position information for the node If the homezone is sparsely populated, R may have to be increased
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Forwarding Strategies
Greedy Packet Forwarding Restricted Directional Flooding Hierarchical Routing
MFR
Most Forward within R It tries to minimize the number of hops a packet has to traverse in order to reach D Nearest with Forward Progress The packet is transmitted to the nearest neighbor of the sender which is closer to the destination Better than MFR It selects the neighbor closest to the straight line between sender and destination
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NFP
Compass routing
DREAM
Sender will forward the packet to all one-hop neighbors that lie in the direction of destination Expected region is a circle around the position of destination as it is known to source The radius r of the expected region is set to (t1t0)*Vmax, where t1 is the current time, t0 is the timestamp of the position information source has about destination, and Vmax is the maximum speed that a node may travel in the ad hoc network The direction toward destination is defined by the line between source and destination and the angle
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DREAM
moment Using location information for route discovery Routing is done using the last known location + an assumption Route discovery is initiated when:
LAR - Definitions
Expected Zone
S knows the location L of D in t0 Current time t1 The location of D in t1 is the expected zone Flood with a modification Node S defines a request zone for the route request
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Request Zone
LAR
Hierarchical Routing
Terminodes Routing
Terminodes Routing
Grid Routing
It is similar to Terminodes Routing A proactive distance vector routing is used
at local level Intermediate Node Forwarding (INF) is used for long-distance routing
Work done
How to discover the position of the
Results
All for some services like GLS in
combination of greedy packet forwarding is the most promising in general position based routing. DREAM & LAR could be useful in situations where a small number of packets need to be transmitted very reliably.
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References
Martin Mauve, et al, A Survey on position based routing in ad-hoc networks , IEEE Network Magazine 15 (6), pp. 30-39, November 2001.
Thank you!!