Abortion: Life? Choice? Right?

Secular Arguments Against Abortion Richard Deem Evidence for God (www.evidence.info)

Secular Arguments Against Abortion?

Rich Deem the agnostic Libertarians for Life (L4L.org) atheists A Secular Case Against Abortion by Jennifer Roth secular humanist (http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/ debates/secularist/abortion/roth1.html) Feminists for Life (feministsforlife.org) non-sectarian

Why Should We Try to Persuade?

1999 Gallup Poll on Abortion Undecided Opinion nearly split (10%) Prochoice Prolife Only ~50% feel (48%) (42%) strongly either way Nearly half have no strong opinion (i.e., can be persuaded) Strongly Prochoice (26%)

No strong opinion (45%) Strongly Prolife (29%)

Abortion Arguments
Scientific considerations
Human Embryology 101 When does human life begin?

Legal Issues
Is the unborn a person? Are the laws logically consistent?

Moral Issues
When does a person begin to exist?

Scientific Arguments
When does human life begin? Medical textbooks Statements of doctors When does abortion occur? Products of conception just a blob of tissue

Medical Embryology Textbooks

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology "Zygote: this cell results from the union of an oocyte and a sperm. A zygote is the beginning of a new human being (i.e., an embryo). Human development begins at fertilization This highly specialized, totipotent cell marks the beginning of each of us as a unique individual.

Medical Embryology Textbooks

Essentials of Human Embryology In this text, we begin our description of the developing human with the formation and differentiation of the male and female sex cells or gametes, which will unite at fertilization to initiate the embryonic development of a new individual.

Medical Embryology Textbooks

Human Embryology & Teratology Fertilization is an important landmark because, under ordinary circumstances, a new, genetically distinct human organism is thereby formed

What Do Medical Doctors Say?

Dr. Alfred Bongioanni (University of Pennsylvania):
I have learned from my earliest medical education that human life begins at the time of conception.

Dr. Jerome LeJeune (University of Descartes):

after fertilization has taken place a new human being has come into being.

What Do Medical Doctors Say?

Dr. Hymie Gordon (Mayo Clinic):
By all criteria of modern molecular biology, life is present from the moment of conception.

Dr. Micheline Matthews-Roth (Harvard University Medical School):

It is scientifically correct to say that an individual human life begins at conception

Human Embryology 101

Fetal heart begins to form 18 days after conception Measurable heart beat 21-24 days after conception Fetal brain begins to form on day 23 Brain waves produced by 6 weeks

Abortion Statistics by Weeks of Gestation

Weeks of Gestation Abortions (% of total)

<6 7 8 >8

22 18 18 42

Therefore, 78% of abortions occur after fetal brain waves have begun
Elam-Evans, L.D., et al. 2002. Abortion Surveillance -- United States, 1999. Surveillance Summaries 51(SS09) 1-28. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)

Fetus Just a Blob of Tissue?

I opened the sock up and I put it on the towel and there were parts in there of a person. Id taken anatomy; I was a medical student. I knew what I was looking at. There was a little scapula and there was an arm, and I saw some ribs and a chest, and I saw a little tiny head, and I saw a piece of a leg, and I saw a tiny hand. ... I checked it out and there were two arms and two legs and one head, etc., and I turned and said, I guess you got it all ... It was pretty awful that first time... it was like somebody put a hot poker into me. (Dr. David Brewer, in training)

Fetus Just a Blob of Tissue?

I watched as the contents of the womans womb came through a suctioning device and into a stainless-steel pail sitting at his feet. I stepped back and wiped the perspiration from my brow. This is kind of gruesome, I said. The doctor said, At this point in a pregnancy, the products of conception arent much. I stepped forward and peered into the pail. This time I broke out in a cold sweat. I backed up and leaned against the wall, my eyes closed. Dear Jesus! I thought. I just saw someone murdered! And I just stood and watched! (Nurse Don Haines, in training)

Fetus Just a Blob of Tissue?

I had a quick sonogram and then received a shot of methrotrexate. After the shot, I came home... I went to bed that evening around 9 p.m I continued contracting and bleeding most of the night. Around three in the morning, I went to the bathroom. When I stood up, I noticed that the pain and the pressure was not from clots, but from passing the placenta. When I looked in the commode, I saw laying in the center of the placenta my baby. I saw the baby's perfectly formed hands, the little fingers. I remember the scream that came from my mouth... [from a 7 week abortion] (Char, I used to be Pro-choice...But)

Scientific Conclusions
Human life begins at conception Human development proceeds rapidly (all organs and systems are in place by week 8) Abortion stops a beating heart Most abortions occur after the fetus exhibits measurable brain waves

Legal Arguments
Right to life Supreme Court decision Legal definition of murder Definition of murder exceptions Personhood issues

Right to Life
The Declaration of Independence of the United States guarantees certain unalienable Rights, that among those are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

Supreme Court Decision

The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy, assured the freedom of a person to abort unless the state had a compelling interest in preventing the abortion. The Court then held that, though the state had an interest in protecting fetal life, this interest did not become compelling until fetal viability occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Legal Definition of Murder

CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE SECTION 187-199
187. a. Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/pen/187-199.html

Definition of Murder Exceptions

CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE 187. b. This section shall not apply to any person who commits an act that results in the death of a fetus if any of the following apply:
3. The act was solicited, aided, abetted, or consented to by the mother of the fetus.
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/pen/187-199.html

Legal Personhood Issues

The fetus is granted personhood if wanted by the mother The fetus can become a non-person at the discretion of the mother However, a mother may not choose to kill her born child How can the personhood of a human being be decided by another person?

Moral Arguments
Benefit to women Benefit to child (every child wanted) Right to control their own body Population control Fetus is not a person personality argument

Benefit to Women
Prevention of deaths from coat hanger or back alley abortions Cases of rape or incest, fetal abnormalities or threats to mothers life or health Abortion alleviates economic and social problems

Abortion Must Remain Legal to Prevent Abortion Deaths

Year 1940 1950 1965 Abortion-related Deaths 1,470 263 201

We spoke of 5,000-10,000 deaths a year.... I confess that I knew the figures were totally false.
Dr. Bernard Nathanson, (co-founder NARAL), testimony before the Supreme Court in 1972

Abortion Must Remain Legal to Prevent Abortion Deaths

Year Deaths From Abortion Legal Abortions Legal Illegal

1972 1973 1974

? 615,831 763,476

24 25 26

41 21 7

Tietze, C. 1983. Induced Abortion: A World View. The Population Council, New York.

The Hard Cases

Abortion must be available for: cases of rape or incest
Represent only 1% of all cases

cases of fetal abnormalities

Represent only 1% of all cases

mothers health is at risk

Represents only 3% of all cases

The Alan Guttmacher Institute (http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_induced_abortion.html)

Abortion Alleviates Economic and Social Problems

Pregnancy subjugates women, interferes with career and educational choices For most women, pregnancy does not interfere with the ability to work or attend school, except after birth Laws prevent employers from firing or discriminating against pregnant women Women are not forced to keep their children. Adoption is always an option The existence of social problems is not justification for another evil

Every Child Should Be Wanted

Being wanted is not a condition of the child, but of the adult Is it fair to kill a child because of the attitude of an adult? Wanted children are less likely to suffer abuse (next slide)

Every Child Should Be Wanted

(Wanted Children Are Less Likely to Be Abused)

Year 1973 1980 1987 2000

Reported Child Abuse Cases 167,000 785,100 2,025,200 1,726,000

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Center of Child Abuse & Neglect; National Analysis of Official Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting

Women Have a Right to Control Their Own Body

Is the fetus part their body?
Separate circulatory system Unique DNA

Do we have rights to do anything with our bodies?

Assault Illegal drugs Use of drugs/alcohol during pregnancy

Population Control Rebuttal

Those countries that outlaw abortion have an overcrowding problem
This does not indicated cause and effect these countries also have little or no access to birth-control, poor education, etc. War, disease and famine also curb population growth. Should we condone them?

Fetus Is Not a Person

Persons . . . are members of a social community that shapes and values them, and personhood must be defined in terms of interactions and relationships with others. Susan Sherwin. 1999. Ethical Issues: Perspectives for Canadians. Ed. Soifer, Eldon. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, p. 267

Fetus Is Not a Person Rebuttal

Personality definition problems
Does a human non-person exist? What traits define personhood? Who makes the definition? Society has excluded certain humans from personhood before (e.g., African slaves, Chinese, etc.) Should we make a new list of human non-persons?

Fetus Is Not a Person Rebuttal

The lack of certain personality traits would remove from personhood:
Those who are in a coma Elderly with degenerative disorders (Alzheimer's, etc.) Mentally deficient
Genetic Neurological disease Mental illness

Is is okay to consider these human beings as non-persons?

Definition of Personhood
One who is consciously performing personal acts eliminates those who are sleeping One with a present capacity to perform personal acts eliminates those who are in a coma

Definition of Personhood
One who has a history of performing personal acts eliminates one who was in a coma from birth, but wakes up One with a future capacity for performing personal acts makes those who are dying as non-persons

Implications of FunctionallyDefined Personhood

Newborns lack the ability to perform personal functions in fact, newborn humans are less capable physically and mentally than virtually all other mammals Therefore, on the basis of functionallydefined personhood, newborns fail the test could be killed on the basis of non-personhood

When Does a Human Become a Person?

At conception After 20 weeks gestation After 24 weeks (fetal viability outside the womb) At birth At the point that the individual expresses self-consciousness and an interest in their continued existence

At Conception, It Is Only a Single Cell

Claim: Fertilized eggs are single cells, like blood cells or other parts of the body Rebuttal: The single cell is unique from both the fathers and mothers cells and is the beginning of every new human being

Claim: Prior to 20 Weeks, a Fetus Is Not a Person

A person possess an individual human personality Prior to 20 weeks gestation, the cerebral cortex has not yet developed to the point that the fetus can possess an individual human personality The fetus prior to 20 weeks gestation is not a person.

Prior to 20 Weeks, a Fetus Is Not a Person Rebuttal

Person = Personality Problem
All persons were once fetuses. When did we go from non-person status to person status? To say that personality defines personhood is to deny the role of the body Mind/Body dualism?

Prior to 20 Weeks, a Fetus Is Not a Person Rebuttal

Brain Development Problem
The development of the brain is programmed by the DNA it is an inherent function of the fertilized ovum and continues even after birth

Prior to 24 Weeks, a Fetus Is Not Viable Rebuttal

Depends upon current technology

Age of viability used to be 28 weeks Changed to 24 weeks in 1990

Artificial womb (Nature, 2002)

Developed for premature infants Uses oxygenated perfluorinated hydrocarbons Could cut the point of fetal viability in half?

Personhood Starts at the Point of Self-consciousness

In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide, Michael Tooley claims that individuals have a right to life only at the point of selfconsciousness and an interest in their own continued existence Tooley concludes, therefore, that infanticide is morally acceptable If the individual will, in the future develop such interest, is it permissible to kill the individual before such interests develop? Can fetuses be excluded from allowing such development to occur?

Morality and Abortion

Often quoted, safe, legal, and rare Why rare? Abortion rate too high
~30% of pregnancies in the U.S. ~70% of pregnancies in Russia

If abortion is good, wouldnt higher be better?

Do You Personally Believe That Abortion Is Wrong?

Even though 51% claimed to be pro-choice only 36% believe that abortion was not morally wrong Dont Know (8%) No (36%) Yes (56%)

Newsweek Poll conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates. October 2930, 1998

I Am Personally Against Abortion, But

Why are you personally against abortion? If you believe it is immoral, why do you think it should be legally allowed?
I am personally against murder, but I am personally against robbery, but

Abortion Vs. Slavery

Abortion (2003)
Theyre not persons

Slavery (1850s)*
Theyre not persons, but property

Its a personal choice Its a personal choice

Its a religious issue Its a religious issue

*Stephen Douglas used all of these arguments in favor of retaining slavery

Abortion: Life? Choice? Right?

Available Online at Evidence for God (www.evidence.info)