Java Programming Language: in This Session, You Will Learn To

Java Programming Language
Objectives In this session, you will learn to:

Write a program that uses command-line arguments and system properties Write a program that reads from standard input Describe the C-type formatted input and output Write a program that can create, read, and write files Describe the basic hierarchy of collections Write a program that uses sets and lists Write a program to iterate over a collection Write a program that uses generic collections
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Session 8
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Command-Line Arguments Command-line arguments are the parameters passed to a Java application at run time. Each command-line argument is placed in the args array that is passed to the static main method. For example: public static void main(String[] args)
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System Properties System properties are a feature that replaces the concept of environment variables (which are platform-specific). System properties include information about the current user, the current version of the Java runtime, and the character used to separate components of a file path name. The System.getProperties() method returns a Properties object. The System.getProperty(String) method returns a
String representing the value of the named property. The System.getProperty(String, String) method enables you to supply a default string value (second parameter), which is returned if the named property does not exist.
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Console I/O Applications interact with the user using console I/O. Java 2 SDK supports console I/O with three public variables in the java.lang.System class:
The variable System.out enables you to write to standard output. It is an object of type PrintStream. The variable System.in enables you to read from standard input. It is an object of type InputStream. The variable System.err enables you to write to standard error. It is an object of type PrintStream.
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Writing to Standard Output The println() method print the argument and a newline character (\n). The print() method print the argument without a newline character. The print() and println() methods are overloaded for most primitive types (boolean, char, int, long, float, and double) and for char[], Object, and String. The print(Object) and println(Object) methods call the toString() method on the argument.
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Reading from Standard Input The application program can use the following methods of the java.io package to read from the standard input:
Read characters from the keyboard and convert the raw bytes into Unicode characters: InputStreamReader ir=new InputStreamReader(system.in); Create a buffered reader to read each line from the keyboard: BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(ir); The BufferedReader(in) provides a readLine() method to read from standard input one line at a time: s=in.readLine();
The Scanner class of java.util package provides formatted input functionality.
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Files and File I/O The java.io package enables you to do the following:
Create File objects Manipulate File objects Read and write to file streams
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Files and File I/O (Contd.) Creating a new File Object: File myFile; The File class provides several utilities: myFile = new File("myfile.txt"); myFile = new File("MyDocs", "myfile.txt"); Directories are treated just like files in Java; the File class supports methods for retrieving an array of files in the directory, as follows: File myDir = new File("MyDocs"); myFile = new File(myDir, "myfile.txt");
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Files and File I/O (Contd.) For file input:
Use the FileReader class to read characters. Use the BufferedReader class to use the readLine() method.
For file output:

Use the FileWriter class to write characters. Use the PrintWriter class to use the print() and println() methods.
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Files and File I/O (Contd.) The application program can use the following methods of the java.io package to read input lines from the keyboard and write each line to a file:
Create file File file = new File(args[0]); Create a buffered reader to read each line from the keyboard InputStreamReader isr=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(isr); Create a print writer on this file PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(file));
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Files and File I/O (Contd.)
Read each line from the input stream and print to a file one line at a time: s = in.readLine(); out.println(s);
The application program can use the following methods of the java.io package to read from a text file and display each line on the standard output.
Create file: File file = new File(args[0]); Create a buffered reader to read each line from the keyboard: BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
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Files and File I/O (Contd.)
Read each line from the file and displays it on the standard output: s = in.readLine(); System.out.println(s);
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Demonstration Lets see how to read data from a file and display the output on the standard output device. This demo also shows how to run a program with user provided command line arguments.
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The Collections API A collection is a single object representing a group of objects known as its elements. The Collections API contains interfaces that group objects as one of the following:
Collection: A group of objects called elements; any specific ordering (or lack of) and allowance of duplicates is specified by each implementation. Set: An unordered collection; no duplicates are permitted. List: An ordered collection; duplicates are permitted.
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Generics Generics are described as follows:
Provides compile-time type safety Eliminates the need for casts Example of before Generics code: ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); list.add(0, new Integer(42)); int total = ((Integer)list.get(0)).intValue(); Example of after Generics code: ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); list.add(0, new Integer(42)); int total = list.get(0).intValue();
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Demonstration Lets see how to use the Collection API and generics in a Java program.
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Iterators Iteration is the process of retrieving every element in a collection. An iterator of a set is unordered. A ListIterator of a List can be scanned forwards (using the next method) or backwards (using the previous method). List list = new ArrayList(); // add some elements Iterator elements = list.iterator(); while ( elements.hasNext() ) { System.out.println(elements.next()); }
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Enhanced for Loop The enhanced for loop has the following characteristics:
Simplified iteration over collections Much shorter, clearer, and safer Effective for arrays Simpler when using nested loops Iterator disadvantages removed
Iterators are error prone:

Iterator variables occur three times per loop. This provides the opportunity for code to go wrong.
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Summary In this session, you learned that:
A program can be parameterized by command-line arguments and system properties. Applications interaction with the user is accomplished using text input and output to the console. The Scanner class provides formatted input functionality. It is a part of the java.util package. Java.io package enables you to create file objects, manipulate them, and read and write to the file streams. The J2SE platform supports file input in two forms:
The FileReader class to read characters. The BufferedReader class to use the readLine method.
The J2SE platform supports file output in two forms:

The FileWriter class to write characters. The PrintWriter class to use the print and println methods.
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Summary (Contd.)
A collection is a single object representing a group of objects. These objects are known as elements. There are two types of collections:
Set: It is an unordered collection, where no duplicates are permitted. List: It is an ordered collection, where duplicates are permitted.
The Iterator interface enables you to scan forward through any collection. The enhanced for loop can be used to iterate through a collection. Generics provide compile-time type safety and eliminate the need for casts.
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Session 8
Slide 20 of 20

Java Programming Language: in This Session, You Will Learn To

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Java Programming Language: in This Session, You Will Learn To

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Java Programming Language

Objectives In this session, you will learn to: