Abstract This work is the first part of a study that aims to

analyze the technical and economic implications of the

penetration of wind power in the Colombian Interconnected
system (SIN).
Using the software DigSilent
TM
, studies of steady state,
contingencies and short-circuit were conducted in order to
identify problems of stress, overload, voltage profiles,
transmission bottlenecks and the most neuralgic elements for the
operation of the proposed wind parks. Additional electrical
studies, such as stability, power quality, voltage ride through
capability, and the development of some indicators associated
with the penetration of wind power in Colombia, will be
addressed on a second part of this work.
Index Terms-- Wind Energy, National Interconnected System
of Colombia (SIN), Power Systems Planning, Electrical Studies.
I. INTRODUCTION
W
ind power is today the renewable resource that could
penetrate more easily an electric system providing large
amounts of energy. The experience of countries like United
States, Germany and Spain in the design, implementation,
operation and control of wind parks is essential for countries
seeking to increase penetration of wind energy in their systems
[1].
Many Latin American countries are using schemes such as
auctions, private investment promotion and generation of new
legislation to increase wind power in their systems. This is the
case of Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile, which are
included in regional studies with the largest installed capacity
at present and ongoing projects for the near future [2].
Colombia, for its part has an excellent position to exploit the
wind resource. First, the wind is high and persistent
throughout the year, especially in the northern zone (Peninsula

This work was supported by Pontificia Bolivariana University
I. A. Isaac is with Pontificia Bolivariana University, Medellin, Colombia,
(e-mail: idi.isaac@upb.edu.co or iisaac@isa.com.co).
J. W. Gonzalez is with Pontificia Bolivariana University, Medellin,
Colombia, (e-mail: jorgew.gonzalez @upb.edu.co).
H. Biechl is with the University of Applied Sciences of Kempten,
germany, (e-mail: biechl@fh-kempten.de).
J. Areiza is with Interconexion Electrica S.A - ISA, Medellin, Colombia,
(e-mail: jmareiza@isa.com.co)
H. Cardona is with Pontificia Bolivariana University, Medellin, Colombia,
(e-mail: hugo.cardona@upb.edu.co).
G. Lopez is with Pontificia Bolivariana University, Medellin, Colombia,
(e-mail: Gabriel.lopez@upb.edu.co)
of La Guajira) and second, there is an important
complementarity with hydro resource. Approximated
calculations show a potential close to 20GW [3][4].
Unfortunately, the high costs of technology and the precarious
legal and regulatory framework to encourage the
implementation of wind projects have relegated the country to
a second role in the continent background of this type of
energy [5].
Despite the expected growth of the wind sector in Colombia
appear to be restricted to medium and long term, last years
have been conducted studies aimed at analyzing the economic
implications for the National Interconnected System of
Colombia (SIN) have high wind penetration scenarios; the
most recent coincide in qualify the impact could be quite
positive for the overall system costs, but also raise the need to
supplement the economic-related findings with electrical
studies with high level of detail as to be carried out through
this work [4][6].
The electrical performance of the SIN to the massive
deployment of wind parks is a major technical challenge for
the planning and operation. This is due primarily to the area
where the wind power density is greater (north of Colombia),
is far away from the major centers of electric production and
its connection is made through radial networks, consisting
mostly of weak nodes. Furthermore, this area is dominated by
thermal plants, a situation that could affect the operation.
In this work are developed steady-state, short-circuit and
contingencies analysis studies that apply to wind farms to
assess the problems associated with its penetration into the
power system. Initially an overview of these studies is
presented, then the detailed models are described, later the
results are presented and analyzed, and finally, conclusions
and suggestions are raised.
II. ELECTRICAL STUDIES IN WIND INTEGRATION
The characteristics of wind parks suggest the adaptation of
electrical studies typically carried out for planning and
connection of new projects [7][8]. Several references have
developed work plans to define the sensitivities to be
performed, with the aim of assessing the consequences and
identify appropriate ways of integrating large wind power.
ETSO in [9] and Wind Task Force 25 in [10] are examples for
the European case.
In power system planning studies, the development of
electrical analysis must be intensive and contemplate the more
likely scenarios and operating conditions, within the horizon
of analysis defined. Given the typical size of power systems,
simulations and sensitivities require high computation times,
Large Scale Integration of Wind Energy in
Colombia: Electrical Analysis-Part I
I. Isaac, J. Gonzalez, J. Areiza, H. Biechl, H. Cardona and G. Lopez
2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America 231
978-1-4577-0487-1/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
delivering large volume of data, forcing the use of tools to
systematize and organize the information.
The case of wind farms is even more critical, because in
addition to the typical studies should be carried out other
exclusive. Below provides a comparative analysis of electrical
studies required for conventional projects and wind farms,
seeking to establish the common aspects and differences.
A. Comparative Analysis Between Conventional Projects and
Wind Parks Planning Studies.
In general, the steady-state and short-circuit analysis
conducted in wind projects are almost equal to those defined
in a conventional study. The common objectives are
identifying potential bottlenecks in the network, raise
reinforcements if the case, check the voltage levels, reactive
power requirements, calculate losses, assessing the
performance of the system with the new wind farms for
contingencies N-1 and define the maximum and minimum
values required to design and equipment sizing.
Most important differences often appear linked to the
Stability studies, as presented below.
In wind parks planning, usually, Angle stability is not an
important topic of analysis, because most wind turbines are
induction machines, therefore synchronizing and damping
torque concepts are irrelevant [11]. However, studies must be
done to neighboring synchronous generators for wind sites.
According to Pller [12], the effect of wind farms on the
transient stability is important from two perspectives: If the
wind area exports energy, transient stability limits can be even
increased, if instead operates importing, after failures inertia is
reduced which can cause a rapid drop in the frequency would
increase the load shedding, eventually precipitating tension
problems especially in weak networks with limited reactive
power resources.
The Voltage stability analysis must be qualified in two
aspects: the supportability of new wind generators to voltage
sags -Voltage Ride Through (VRT)-, and the variations of
tension arising from imbalances in generation-load importing
areas.
The Frequency stability must be calculated, especially if one
considers that even wind farms cannot provide primary or
secondary regulation.
The small signal stability, especially modal analysis must be
characterized carefully. To determine the eigenvalues, the
damping and participation factors is important. Interarea
oscillations are very common in systems involving wind
farms.
As in conventional projects, if thermal plants are near to wind
areas, interaction becomes important. If series compensation is
located in proximities, then must be taken into account
possible subsynchronous resonances.
Studies of electric power quality are essential, particularly the
calculation of flicker and the harmonics related to turbines
movement and power electronic converters used in wind
generators [7].
Table I summarized the before mentioned analysis.
TABLE I. COMPARISON BETWEEN STUDIES CONDUCTED IN WIND PARK
PLANNING AND CONVENTIONAL PROJECTS
Study Conventional Wind Projects
Steady-state Yes Yes
Short Circuit Yes
Yes
(important for flicker
coefficient calculation)
Angle Stability Yes No
Transient Stability Yes
Exporting/Importing
Area concept
Voltage Stability
P-V curves and
eigenvalue analysis
In addition must be
done Voltage Ride
Through Capability
(VRT)
Harmonics-Flicker
Required in specific
projects
Always required
Subsynchronous
Resonance
Required in specific
projects
Required in specific
projects

Before entering the details of the models used in the
simulations, it is convenient to describe the most important
aspects of the Colombian electric system, with emphasis on
the location of the proposed wind parks.
B. General Description of Colombian Power System.
Figure 1 shows the National Interconnected System of
Colombia (SIN). It comprises the transmission lines of 220
and 500kV. The geographical situation of proposed wind
parks is depicted. In general terms, the central part of the
country has a meshed network, strong nodes and big amounts
of hydro generation. Moreover, in the northern region (area
with best conditions for wind parks), the network is radial,
nodes are weak and thermal generation is predominant.
In Table II are described other important characteristics of
Colombian power system.
Fig.1. Colombian Interconnected System 500-220kV (SIN).

232 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
TABLE II. KEY FIGURES OF COLOMBIAN POW
Item Categories
Installed capacity
Hydro (63.2%)
Thermal (32.3%)
Annual Energy
demand
Industrial (35%)
Commercial (18%)
Household (40%)
Others (7%)
Market Agents
(Active participants)
Generation
Transmission
Local Operators
Marketers
Transmission Lines
110-115kV
138kV
220-230kV
500kV

International
Interconnections
(Lines)
Venezuela (3)
Ecuador (4)
Panama (1)
Source: XM. Co
C. Proposed Wind Parks Characteristics
The location of proposed wind par
according to Colombian wind charts
government [3] and previous measurem
Empresas Publicas de Medellin (EPM),
wind farm currently operating in Colom
zones were determined: Bahia Honda, Ipa
in the northern part of the country (Guajir
park was implemented in each zone
alternatives (A01, A02 and A03).
In addition to these parks, two more w
central part of the country: Legiosa and G
A05) to clearly distinguish the impact of v
networks related to its weaknesses.
The total wind installed capacity used w
distributed in Guajira projects and 100MW
The amount of wind power injected int
system was determined following a com
criteria based on the previous measure
simulation. It can be seen as a conserva
values close to 6.3% when taking int
installed capacity of Colombia (13.495MW
the peak demand (9200MW) is taken
values are representatives compared with
consistent with the reality of the dynamic
power in a country with a marked pre
resource and without solid international
UCTE for example.
Figure 2 describes the implemen
geographical location, installed capacity a
the alternatives set (A00 to A07). Deser
A00 corresponding to Base Case, A06 w
northern region connected at the same
correspond to all Colombian wind parks
center of the country). Note that three
lines (1, 2, 3) interconnect central and nor
WER SYSTEM(2009)
Value
13.495 MW
54.679 GWh
53 (43)
11 (9)
32 (32)
92 (72)
10.074 km
16 km
11.647 km
2400 km
450MW (Inactive)
500 MW
300 MW Future
olombian SIN Operator
rks was determined
developed by the
ments developed by
owner of the unique
mbia. Three strategic
apure and Maicao, all
ra Region). One wind
e, corresponding to
were simulated in the
Gachaneca (A04 and
variable generation in
was 850MW, 750MW
W in the central zone.
to the interconnected
mbination of heuristic
ements and iterative
ative first step, yields
to account the total
W), or close to 9% if
as reference. These
h other countries and
cs of growth of wind
dominance in hydro
interconnections like
nted projects with
and its number within
rves special attention
with all wind parks of
time, and A07 that
connected (including
500kV transmission
rthern region.
Fig.2. Proposed Wind Parks locat
III. MODELING AND PRE
In a planning analysis, the
will be used affects largely t
into account the scientific
offered for the simulation pac
models for each subsystem in
A. Wind Farm Model
For planning purposes is
simplify the models using a
parks, excluding the internal
turbine, so as recommended
[12].
B. Wind Turbo-Generator (W
For the mechanical power
use variable speed turbines co
control-. This kind of turbines
according to wind conditions.
The employed model for gen
Generators -DFIG-widely stu
field. DFIG generators offer
power control, to a cheaper
generators (FCSG).
C. Control and Power Electr
For control and power e
models are generally restrict
software engineers have de
quite reliable, especially for
are explained in the annexes
and the particular case of the
one was adopted for the mode
An important experience t
obtained with a former work
the basics of DFIG wind
emphasis on pitch angle regul

tion and installed capacity.
EPARATION OF THE STUDIES
e correct definition of the models
the validity of the results; taking
literature and the possibilities
ckage, were carefully selected the
the study. See Table III.
s a widely accepted practice to
aggregate representation of the
network and the details of each
d by expert authors in [11] and
WTG) Model
capture the current practice is to
ontrolled by blade rotation -pitch
s facilitates the flexible operation

erator was Doubly Fed Induction
udied and proven effective in the
r independence in active/reactive
r cost than fully rated converter
ronic System Model
electronic systems, the detailed
ted by manufacturers. However,
eveloped specialized approaches
planning studies, some of which
to technical report Cigre 328 [8]
e platform DigSilent in [13]; this
eling.
that support the decision was
of the authors[14] which studied
turbine control, with particular
lation strategies.
ISAAC et al.: LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND 233
TABLE III. SUMMARY OF SELECTION CRITERIA FO
Model Options Selection
Turbine
Fixed Speed
Variable Speed
Variable
Fie
Ma
Generator
DFIG
FCSG
DFIG
VR
Fie
Lit
Control
PI-Classical
New approach
Classical
Sim
Pre
[14
Wind Farm
Detailed
Aggregated
Aggregated
Le
Ty
[12
Network
Simplified
Complete
Complete
Av
Pre
D. Colombian Network Model
As for the network model to be used, g
having the updated database of Colombia
simplifications, but consider the comp
National Interconnected System of 220k
the generation and transmission proje
construction and planned until 2022 [17]
a model for Regional Transmission Syst
110kV and 115 kV, with the transformatio
demand reflected in the bars of the respec
of each STR.
E. Conventional Electrical Equipment Mo
Conventional electrical equipmen
transformers, transmission lines, series
modeled employing the element libraries
Factory V.13.2.
A previous study concluded the need
Compensator (SVC) for voltage control i
park. It was modeled by the combinatio
and thyristor controlled reactor models fro
Figure 3 depicts the implementation of th
in the study, already mentioned B
correspondent to the alternative A01.
F. Methodology for Automation of condu
Figure 4 showed a flowchart with the g
followed for the automation of studie
number of possible combinations be
scenarios, horizons and contingencies i
simplify some cases. Initially were disca
corresponding to the years of the horizo
commissioning of expansion projects
network remains the same; this was ba
documents [17]. Subsequently had to co
using programming routines in Digs
Language (DPL) to automate each run,
relevant results, directing the flow of info
properly. The output files were exported
and using macros, organized for easy view
analysis work was conducted primarily
functions.
Only to provide a picture of the compl
managing and analyzing information, su
OR EMPLOYED MODELS
Criteria
eld experience
arket penetration
RT capabilities
eld experience
terature
mplicity
evious experience
4][15]
ess Calculation time
ypical for Planning
2][16]
vailability
ecision
given the privilege of
a, chose not to make
plete model of the
kV and 500kV, with
ects currently under
. Likewise, was used
tem (STR) at 66kV,
on to the SIN and the
ctive level of voltage
Models
nt, for example
compensators were
s of DigSilent Power
to use a Static Var
in Bahia Honda wind
on of shunt capacitor
om DigSilent library.
he biggest wind park
Bahia Honda Park,
cted studies
general methodology
es. Given the huge
etween alternatives,
it was necessary to
arded the simulations
on in which was not
and therefore the
ased on government
omplement the study
silent Programming
, capturing the most
formation and store it
d to Microsoft Excel
wing. The review and
through using Excel
exity associated with
uffice to say that in
steady state were develop
corresponding to the combina
contingencies in each one and
Fig.3. Example of an implemente
Fig.4. Methodology for automatio
IV. ELECTR
A. Steady-state Studies.
The general conditions for
in Table IV. Besides the sce
the output magnitudes and mo
TABLE IV. STEA
Scenarios
Time
horizon
Alterna
1-Hyd_Max
2013
2015
2017
2019
A00-Base
2-Hyd_Med A01-BHo
3-Hyd_Min A02-Ipap
4-Ther_Max A03-Maic
5-Ther_Med A04-Gach
6-Ther_Min A05-Legi
A06-WF
A07-All
ped near to 5760 simulations
ation of 8 alternatives, 4 years, 30
d 6 scenarios.
ed wind park. Bahia Honda (A01)
on of conducted studies.
RICAL STUDIES.
r steady state studies are depicted
enarios, horizon and alternatives,
onitored elements are presented.
ADY STATE STUDIES
atives
Output
magnitudes
Monitored
elements
e
Tension
Load
Busbars: 48
Lines: 64
Transformers: 14
Contingences: 30
Simulated Cases:
5760
onda
pure
cao
haneca
iosa
North
234 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
Three general observations can be done from a detailed
revision of steady-state analysis results:
As expected, in the individual evaluation of the alternatives,
the most relevant one coincides with the bigger installed
capacity (A01-Bahia Honda), its effect was notorious in all
Guajira region.
Northern parks and central parks are practically decoupled.
The long distance between two regions and lower capacity of
central parks minimizes the mutual effects.
The 110kV nodes could be highly affected by the operation of
wind parks, especially in its voltage profiles. By its part,
stronger nodes (500kV) did not experiment major
disturbances.
Going to detailed analysis, the worst case in transformers
loadability corresponds to the Alternative A07 (all wind
parks), in northern region appears the most important
overloads. In the Fig.5 can be observed the critical values.
Maicao and Ipapure present the higher ones.

Fig.5. Critical Loadability in Transformers for Alternative 07 (All wind
parks in simultaneous operation)
Loadability analysis for 220kV transmission lines in Guajira
region shows more relevant results. In Fig.6 is depicted the
comparison between alternative A07 and base case. Increases
of more than 50% in showed lines can be observed. Special
attention should be paid to the lines related to Cuestecitas
substation.
Fig.6. Critical loadability in transmission lines. Comparison between
Alternative 07 and base case (A00).
The effect of wind parks in northern region was evaluated
from the point of view of transmission interconnectors. In
Fig.2 were illustrated three 500kV interconnectors between
northern and central zones of Colombia. The typical load flow
goes from central to northern zone. With the coming into
operation of wind parks, can be appreciated in Fig.7, a
reduction in loadability, mainly of interconnectors 1 and 2
(Cmt-PorIII and Cmt-SnC). The third interconnector (Cop-
Oca) raises its loadability, but considering as a group the
reduction effect is predominant.

Fig.7. 500kV Interconnectors between northern and central region of
Colombia. Loadability difference between Alternative A07 and Base Case.
In the voltage profile analysis were found some important
problems. In Table VI are summarized worst ones. For
illustrative purposes is depicted in Fig.8 the effect of Bahia
Honda project (A01) in selected 46 nodes of the system. The
raise observed in the first 24 nodes is uncorrelated to the wind
park, because are located in central and east region. Important
effect can be evidenced in nodes 24,25, 28-31, 34-36 and
38,39 that belong to Guajira region. All referred nodes
experiment a decrease in its voltage. Nodes 27, 42 and 47 are
out of the analysis, because correspond to the nodes of the
project itself (in base case did not exist).
Fig.8. Voltage Profile Analysis. Effect of Alternative A01 in relevant nodes of
the system.
B. Short-Circuit Studies.
Short-circuit studies were conducted taking into account
only the critical generation scenarios: Maximum Hydro-
injection in wet season (Hyd_Max) and Maximum Thermal-
injection (Ther_Max), correspondent to dry season.
The general conditions for short-circuit studies are depicted
in Table V. 1920 cases were simulated and most important
magnitudes were analyzed (short circuit currents, short circuit
power and impedance).
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ipa-T1 Mai-T1 BH-T1 BH-T2 Gguajira SECuest2 SECuest1
Load (%)
Transformers Loadability
Alternative A07-All Wind Power Connected
2013
2015
2017
2019
90-Limit
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Cop-Vall1 Cop-Vall2 Cue-Mai Cue(TRC)-Vall1 Cue(TRC)-Vall2 StaMta-Gua1 StaMta-Gua2
Load (%) Transmission Lines
Loadability comparison Alternative A07 - Base Case A00
A07-A00 [2013]
A07-A00 [2015]
A07-A00 [2017]
A07-A00 [2019]
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Cmt-PorIII SnC-PorIII Bol-Cop Cmt-SnC Cmt_ Prim Cop-Oca
L
o
a
d

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

(
%
)
500kV Interconnectors loadability difference
Alternatives A07-A00
2013 2015
2017 2019
-0,10
-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
p
.
u
)
Relevant nodes of the system
Effect of Alternative A01 (Bahia Honda 400MW) in the Voltage Profile
Reference A00 (Base Case)
2013 2015
2017 2019
ISAAC et al.: LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND 235
TABLE V. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
Scenarios
Time
horizon
Alternatives Output Monitored elements
1-Hyd_Max
4-Ther_Max
2013
2015
2017
2019
A00-Base
A01-A05
(Each park)
A06-WP North
A07-All
Isc3
Isc1
MVAcc
ZTh
Busbars: 48
Lines: 64
Transformers:14
Contingences:30
Simulated
Cases: 1920

In the annex will be presented an example of 3-Phase short-
circuit level variation for 2013 Hyd_Max scenario.
In general terms, the results show an increase in short
circuit levels in almost all nodes of Guajira region. Special
attention should be paid to Cuestecitas substation; its
notorious increase ought to lead to reassess the busbar and
equipment capacity if wind projects are developed. Turn in the
central region the variation is negligible. Above is interesting,
since other authors as Kanellos and Kabouris in [19] have
found important short-circuit level increases in weak networks
with high wind penetration.
C. Contingencies General Results.
A list of 30 strategic contingencies was assessed through
simulations. As a general rule, were applied faults in lines and
substations closer to each project, and in particular on the
interconnections between areas. The results can be
summarized as follows:
- Failure of an interconnector.
Several problems of convergence when faults were applied to
500kV transmission lines Copey-Ocaa, Cerro-Prim and
Bolivar-Copey, that denotes the importance of the
interconnectors. More links between areas is recommended.

- Cuestecitas substation.
Problems were evident in contingencies associated to
cuestecitas 220/110kV transformer and Bahia Honda-
Cuestecitas transmission line.
V. SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Table VI in the Annex summarizes the most relevant problems
founded in the studies. Particular solutions and comments are
presented.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, steady-state, short-circuit and contingencies
studies were carried out to 7 alternatives for the
implementation of wind farms in Colombia and the results
were compared with a base case.
Using specific programming, the automation of the
simulations was performed and a systematic sweep of the
feasible combinations of scenarios, alternatives, horizons and
contingencies was conducted.
The analysis of results developed using macros in Microsoft
Excel made possible to diagnose over the next 9 years the
main effects of proposed wind penetration. A list with the
founded problems, proposed solutions and recommendations
has been generated from the main results.
This study will be complemented by the Stability Analysis
(frequency stability and small signal), Power Quality and
Voltage Ride Through capability (VRT). Parallel studies will
be oriented to determine the requirements of reserve and the
impact in dispatch and market.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation and support
of Eng. Cesar Fernandez from Interconexion Electrica S.A
ISA and Eng. Andres Zuluaga Pontificia Bolivariana
University.
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Generators PI Pitch Control," in IEEE Andean Region Conference -
Andescon 2010-, Bogota, 2010.
[16] J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H. de Haan, H. Polinder, W. L. Kling,
Aggregated Modeling of Wind Parks with Variable Speed Wind
Turbines in Power System Dynamics Simulations Proceedings of the
14th Power Systems Computation Conference, Sevilla, 2002.
[17] UPME (Minery and Energy Expansion Planning Department of
Colombia). Plan de expansin de Referencia Generacin-Transmisin
2009-2023. Repblica de Colombia: Ministerio de Minas y Energa,
2009.
236 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
[18] J. Charles Smith, M. Milligan, E. De Meo and B. Parsons. Utility Wind
Integration and Operating Impact State of the Art. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems. Vol.22, No. 3. Aug 2007.
[19] F.D. Kanellos and J. Kabouris. Wind Farms Modeling for Short-Circuit
Calculations in Large Power Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery. Vol.24, No. 3. Jul 2009.
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Idi Amin Isaac Milln obtained BSc (Eng) in 2000 and MSc. in 2005
from Univ. Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia, where he works at the IEE
Faculty since 2000. He has assessed multiple industrial projects. Currently
Eng. Isaac is developing an academic stay in the planning department of
Interconexion Electrica SA and pursues his PhD.
Jorge Wilson Gonzalez obtained BSc (Eng) from Univ. Nacional in
1992 and MSc and PhD. in 2003 and 2006 respectively from Univ. Pontificia
Bolivariana, Colombia, where he works at the IEE Faculty since 1997. He
worked eight years for HMV Consulting and at Siemens PTD in Germany. He
was guest researcher at Power Systems Institute Erlangen Univ. Germany and
Werner von Siemens Lab. in Univ. of Kempten.
Jorge Mauricio Areiza obtained BSc (Eng) from Univ. Nacional in 1992
and MSc and PhD. in 2003 and 2006 respectively from Univ. Pontificia
Bolivariana, Colombia, where he works at the IEE Faculty since 1997. He
worked eight years for HMV Consulting and at Siemens PTD in Germany. He
was guest researcher at Power Systems Institute Erlangen Univ. Germany and
Werner-von-Siemens-Laboratory of Electrical Drives and Mechatronics in
University of Kempten.
Helmuth Biechl Power Engineer. PhD and Professor. He worked ten
years for the planning department of E.ON Netz. Currently He is the chief of
Werner-von-Siemens-Laboratory of Electrical Drives and Mechatronics in
University of Kempten, Germany. He has developed multiple research studies
for utilities and industries in Germany.
Hugo Cardona Restrepo obtained BSc (Eng) in 2000 and MSc. in 2005
from Univ. Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia, where he works at the IEE
Faculty since 2000. He has assessed multiple industrial projects. Currently
Eng. Cardona is working on electrical market of Colombia and pursues his
PhD.
Gabriel Lopez Jimenez obtained BSc (Eng) in 2002 and MSc. in 2007
from Univ. Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia, where he works at the IEE
Faculty since 2005. He has assessed multiple industrial projects. Currently
Eng. Lopez is developing an academic stay in the TSO of Colombia-XM, and
pursues his PhD.

ISAAC et al.: LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND 237
IX. ANNEXES
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF DETECTED PROBLEMS WITH PROPOSED SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
EXAMPLE OF 3-PHASE LEVEL VARIATION IN SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDIES.
MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC SCENARIO (HYD_MAX)- YEAR 2013
Problem description Location Proposed Solution Comment
1- Transmission Bottlenecks
Copey-Valledupar (220kV)
Cuestecitas-Maicao (115kV)
Cuestecitas-Valledupar (220kV)
Santa Marta-Guajira (220kV)
Construction of New lines
Facts equipment
Obtained from direct comparison
between Alternative 07 and Base Case
(A00). Congestion problems were
presented in all horizon [2013 to 2019].
2- Transformer loadability
[2019] >100% WF Paraiso-WF Guaca
[2015] >90% WF Maicao- WF Ipapure
[2015] >80% WF Bahia Honda
Upgrade the capacity
Showed overload only in simultaneous
maximum generation or all wind parks.
3- Voltage down-limit violation
[2015] 0.87 Valledupar 220kV
[2015] 0.91 Cuestecitas 220kV
[2013-2015] 0.92 Guajira 220kV
[2015] 0.93 Santa Marta 220kV
Compensation in Valledupar
and Cuestecitas
Critical case: A06 All Guajira projects
4- Voltage up-limit violation
[2015] 1.09 Purnio 220kV
[2015] 1.09 Miel 220kV
[2019] 1.10 Comuneros 220kV
[2017] 1.11 Sochagota220kV
[2017] 1.11 Paipa 220kV
Transformer tap-changing
and Voltage control in
Hydro plants
From Base Case A00, in central region.
Not associated with Wind parks.
5- Center to North 500kV
Interconnectors performance
Loadability under normal limits but
convergence problems when failures were
applied.
Studies for one more link
must be addressed
Studies for one more link must be
addressed
6- Excessive short-circuit level
Increase
[2013] Cuestecitas 220kV
[2013] Cuestecitas 110kV
Santa Marta
Valledupar
Re-dimensioning substation
equipment
Critical case: A06 All Guajira projects
7- Voltage regulation Bahia Honda [A01] SVC Implemented in simulation
8- Critical Node Cuestecitas 220kV substation
Implementation of a
regional control center and
already mentioned
compensation
Given the significance of this node,
could be an important option for central
control of Guajira wind parks.
9- Grid code All
To develop or to adapt a
special grid code
Wind parks installation requires
detailed grid codes for steady-state and
contingencies performance.
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238 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America