Automatic source transfer (fig.

2) The system in figure 2 shows an installation with two busbars normally supplied by two sources with the coupling open (2/3 configuration). If source 1 is lost, the power system is reconfigured. Source 1 is opened and the coupling is closed; this automatic source transfer takes place according to a procedure: b initialization of the transfer by the detection of undervoltage (ANSI 27) on source 1 resulting in opening of the source 1 circuit breaker: Us = 70% Un, b inhibition of transfer if a fault is detected downstream from source 1 by an overcurrent protection unit (ANSI 50 and 50N), b enabling of transfer after the disappearance of voltage sustained by rotating machines is checked by the remanent undervoltage protection unit (ANSI 27R): Us = 25% Un, b enabling of transfer after verification that there is sufficient voltage (ANSI 59) on source 2 and closing of coupling circuit breaker: Us = 85% Un. Power-system protection25G2727R59S

Load shedding function The load shedding function is used when a shortage of available power in comparison to the load demand causes an abnormal drop in voltage and frequency: certain consumer loads are disconnected according to a preset scenario, called a load shedding plan, in order to recover the required power balance. Different load shedding criteria may be chosen: b undervoltage (ANSI 27), b underfrequency (ANSI 81L), b rate of change of frequency (ANSI 81R).
TABLE 12: Motor function groups Group Function ANSI number Motor thermal overload 49 Motor locked rotor 51LR Motor short circuit 50 Motor unbalance 46 Motor earth ground fault 51N Short-circuit: Motor short-circuit protection (50) is often provided to cater for major stator winding faults and terminal flashovers Stator overheating

There are two main classes of overtemperature thermal protective devices (49). One is a line break type, which interrupts load current directly. The second is a control circuit system using detector devices, which interrupts the motor current through its controller Stalled rotor: Motors have three modes of operation: locked rotor or stalled, acceleration, and running.--- A locked rotor (51LR) function is very common on this protection For Motor protection:1. Overcurrent protection-50, 51, 50N, 51N. 2. Directional ground Overcurrent protection-67N 3. Dynamic Cold Load pickup. 4. Voltage protection 27, 59. 5. Negative Sequence protection 46 6. Motor protection(Motor starting protection 48, Motor restart inhibit 66, Load Jam protection). 7. Frequency protection 81 0/U. 8. Thermal overload protection 49. 9. Motor Monitoring functions. 10. Ground fault protection 64, 67N(s), 50N(s), 51N(s). 11. Breaker failure protection 50BF. 12. Reverse power protection application with flexible protection function. 13. Phase rotation reversal

In systems with high-resistance neutral earthing (IE N Motor) I

Low impedance - Busbar protection

1) Cable-type current transformer is necessary for sensitive earth-fault protection
b) In systems with high-resistance neutral earthing (IE N Motor) I a) In systems with solid grounding or low-resistance neutral earthing (IE N Motor) I

2) Directional protection, Earth-fault monitoring

 Especially used in multiple busbars for which an isolator replica is necessary Current transformers can be different Feeder protection can be connected to the same current transformer core
(87): Differential protection (86): Tripping relay

(BF): Breaker failure Protection